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Proposed federal regulations that would finally shed some light on protection claims by the makers of sunscreen are welcome. They're also long overdue.
The Food and Drug Administration's current labeling system, unchanged since 1978, uses a number to designate a lotion's sun protection factor (or SPF) against ultraviolet B waves, known as UVB radiation.
What many consumers may not know is there's no system for rating a sunscreen's effectiveness against deeper-penetrating rays, called UVA radiation, which causes wrinkles and sunspots.
Both types of radiation are linked to skin cancer.
Under the FDA's proposed rules, makers of sunscreen would be required to test and label their products for protection against both kinds of radiation.
Manufacturers would also have to conduct specific laboratory and human tests for UVA protection; each product would be labeled with one to four stars, indicating low to highest levels of protection. Companies not doing UVA testing would be required to label their products as having "No UVA protection."
Sunscreen labels would also be updated to encourage sunbathers to reapply sunscreen as needed.
From 1981 to 2003, the incidence of melanoma, a potentially fatal form of skin cancer, rose 2.9 percent annually in the United States, according to the federal Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Deaths appear to be generally on the decline in recent years, a tribute to earlier detection, improved treatment and increased public awareness of the dangers of overexposure.
Still, how many deaths might have been prevented if better regulations were in place years ago? FDA officials predict the new rules won't take effect until 2009. We think they should be in place by next summer. | <urn:uuid:5cabf20f-06fb-496b-b681-f1855b8dfcb0> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://www.courant.com/news/connecticut/hc-xpm-2007-09-04-0709030140-story.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780056890.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20210919125659-20210919155659-00555.warc.gz | en | 0.964868 | 346 | 3.46875 | 3 |
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The NX bit (no-execute) is a technology used in CPUs to segregate areas of memory for use by either storage of processor instructions (code) or for storage of data, a feature normally only found in Harvard architecture processors. However, the NX bit is being increasingly used in conventional von Neumann architecture processors for security reasons.
An operating system with support for the NX bit may mark certain areas of memory as non-executable. The processor will then refuse to execute any code residing in these areas of memory. The general technique, known as executable space protection, is used to prevent certain types of malicious software from taking over computers by inserting their code into another program's data storage area and running their own code from within this section; one class of such attacks is known as the buffer overflow attack.
Intel markets the feature as the XD bit (execute disable). Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) uses the marketing term Enhanced Virus Protection (EVP). The ARM architecture refers to the feature, which was introduced in ARMv6, as XN (execute never). The term NX bit itself is sometimes used to describe similar technologies in other processors.
x86 processors, since the 80286, included a similar capability implemented at the segment level. However, almost all operating systems for the 80386 and later x86 processors implement the flat memory model, so they cannot use this capability. There was no 'Executable' flag in the page table entry (page descriptor) in those processors, until, to make this capability available to operating systems using the flat memory model, AMD added a "no-execute" or NX bit to the page table entry in its AMD64 architecture, providing a mechanism that can control execution per page rather than per whole segment.
Intel implemented a similar feature in its Itanium (Merced) processor—having IA-64 architecture—in 2001, but did not bring it to the more popular x86 processor families (Pentium, Celeron, Xeon, etc.). In the x86 architecture it was first implemented by AMD, as the NX bit, for use by its AMD64 line of processors, such as the Athlon 64 and Opteron.
After AMD's decision to include this functionality in its AMD64 instruction set, Intel implemented the similar XD bit feature in x86 processors beginning with the Pentium 4 processors based on later iterations of the Prescott core. The NX bit specifically refers to bit number 63 (i.e. the most significant bit) of a 64-bit entry in the page table. If this bit is set to 0, then code can be executed from that page; if set to 1, code cannot be executed from that page, and anything residing there is assumed to be data. It is only available with the long mode (64-bit mode) and legacy Physical Address Extension (PAE) page-table formats, but not x86's original 32-bit page table format because page table entries in that format lack the 63rd bit used to disable and enable execution.
In ARMv6, a new page table entry format was introduced; it includes an "execute never" bit. For ARMv8-A, VMSAv8-64 block and page descriptors, and VMSAv8-32 long-descriptor block and page descriptors, for stage 1 translations have "execute never" bits for both privileged and unprivileged modes, and block and page descriptors for stage 2 translations have a single "execute never" bit(two bits due to ARMv8.2-TTS2UXN feature); VMSAv8-32 short-descriptor translation table descriptors at level 1 have "execute never" bits for both privileged and unprivileged mode and at level 2 have a single "execute never" bit.
The SPARC Reference MMU for Sun SPARC version 8 has permission values of Read Only, Read/Write, Read/Execute, and Read/Write/Execute in page table entries, although not all SPARC processors have a SPARC Reference MMU.
A SPARC version 9 MMU may provide, but is not required to provide, any combination of read/write/execute permissions. A Translation Table Entry in a Translation Storage Buffer in Oracle SPARC Architecture 2011, Draft D1.0.0 has separate Executable and Writable bits.
Page table entries for IBM PowerPC's hashed page tables have a no-execute page bit. Page table entries for radix-tree page tables in the Power ISA have separate permission bits granting read/write and execute access.
As of the twelfth edition of the z/Architecture Principles of Operation, z/Architecture processors may support the Instruction-Execution Protection facility, which adds a bit in page table entries that controls whether instructions from a given region, segment, or page can be executed.
- "ARM Architecture Reference Manual" (PDF). ARM Limited. pp. B4-8,B4-27. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-02-06.
APX and XN (execute never) bits have been added in VMSAv6 [Virtual Memory System Architecture]
- Ted Simpson; Jason Novak (24 May 2017). Hands on Virtual Computing. Cengage Learning. pp. 8–9. ISBN 978-1-337-10193-6.
- "Data Execution Prevention" (PDF). Hewlett Packard. 2005. Retrieved 2014-03-23.
- "ARM Architecture Reference Manual, ARMv8, for ARMv8-A architecture profile". ARM Limited. pp. D4-1779,D4-1780,D4-1781,G4-4042,G4-4043,G4-4044,G4-4054,G4-4055.
- Alpha Architecture Reference Manual (PDF) (Fourth ed.). Compaq Computer. January 2002. pp. 11-5,17-5,22-5.
- "The SPARC Architectural Manual, Version 8". SPARC International. p. 244.
- "The SPARC Architecture Manual, Version 9" (PDF). SPARC International. 1994. F.3.2 Attributes the MMU Associates with Each Mapping, p. 284. ISBN 0-13-825001-4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-01-18.
- "Oracle SPARC Architecture 2011, Draft D1.0.0" (PDF). Oracle Corporation. January 12, 2016. p. 452.
- PowerPC Operating Environment Architecture Book III, Version 2.01. IBM. December 2003. p. 31.
- "Power ISA Version 3.0". IBM. November 30, 2015. p. 1003.
- "PA-RISC 1.1 Architecture and Instruction Set Reference Manual, Third Edition" (PDF). Hewlett-Packard. February 1994. p. 3-13. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 7, 2011.
- Gerry Kane. "PA-RISC 2.0 Architecture, Chapter 3: Addressing and Access Control" (PDF). Hewlett-Packard. p. 3-14.
- "Intel Itanium Architecture Software Developer's Manual, Volume 2: System Architecture, Revision 2.0". Intel. December 2001. p. 2:46.
- z/Architecture Principles of Operation (PDF). IBM. September 2017. p. 3-14. | <urn:uuid:c043ed50-2632-4149-8d59-afa3eed85867> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NX_Bit | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514573289.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20190918131429-20190918153429-00192.warc.gz | en | 0.848144 | 1,575 | 3.703125 | 4 |
Unusual Facts About Languages
Last Updated On: July 26, 2019 by admin
The Origin of Human Language
No-one knows for sure just how old human language is, i.e. the capacity of evolving humans to use a spoken language to communicate. It is presumed that it developed in stages, and not just all at once. Humans are basically a social, co-operative species of primate and language serves to increase the success of co-operation. As humans spread out of Africa (according to the most up to date theories about human evolution), the number of languages would have gradually changed and increased in overall number.
Linguistic Diversity comes from Geographic Isolation
Geographic isolation is the main factor in language creation. The island with the most diverse languages is the island of New Guinea, which is divided into modern-day Papua New Guinea to the east and Irian Jaya, a contested part of Indonesia to the west. There are over 800 separate languages recorded in Papua New Guinea alone and probably a similar number in Irian Jaya. That’s nearly a quarter of the world total of 7,000 languages! The major reasons for this incredible number of languages are that historically, the human communities in New Guinea have been separated from each other by huge geographical barriers: jagged mountain ranges, impenetrable forests, volcanic islands surrounded by treacherous seas and vast, fast-flowing rivers.
The Most Spoken Languages
Most of the 7,000 languages currently spoken are spoken by only relatively small numbers of people, but on the other hand, some languages are spoken by huge numbers of people. , The most spoken language is Chinese, which has around a billion people who speak it as a native language. This is followed by Spanish, most of whose speakers live in Central and South America and the Caribbean. The third most commonly spoken language is English. Other languages with large numbers of speakers include Arabic, Hindi, Indonesian, French, Portuguese and Russian.
Some languages aren’t real languages at all, or at least they have been created by people at one time or another for a particular reason. Esperanto was created in the nineteenth century, hopefully, to be used as an international language that wasn’t tied too much to any individual country’s national language. In fact, it is much more like a Latin language and despite the fact that there are still people who speak it, it never caught on.
Other rather more esoteric ‘languages’ are imaginary languages like Elvish, spoken by the fictional Elves of J.R.R. Tolkien in the lord of the Rings trilogy. Amazingly, there are over 200 of these imaginary languages that have been created.
Perhaps much more useful are official sign languages. These are used by most countries to communicate with the deaf. In fact, in some countries, sign language might be the only other ‘official’ language apart from the main national language spoken by most.
Words that Sound Like the Sounds Of Nature – Onomatopoeia
Many words have been taken from sounds in nature. These may be totally inanimate like the sound of the wind or waves or trains chugging over the tracks. They may be sounds made by animals and birds. Strangely enough, onomatopoeia, which is the name for this origin of human language, is not entirely uniform. For example, the sound of the crow is ‘go-geh-go-go’ in Chinese, but ‘co-co-ro-co’ in Catalan, ‘kikeriki’ in German and ‘cockle-doodle-doo’ in English! In Bengal, India, where cows are sacred to Hindus at least, they make a noise which in Bengali is rendered ‘hamba, hamba.’ In English, the very same cows go ‘mooooo!’
Letters and Characters
The spoken language was converted into a script when human societies first developed irrigation and organised agriculture. Hebrew, Sanskrit, Basque and Sumerian were some of the first languages to be written down. There are many ways to write down all those 7,000 languages. Some like Chinese, Korean and Japanese use characters. Others use the Latinised alphabet like English, German and Indonesian. There is the Cyrillic alphabet used by Russian and Bulgarian. Then there is a myriad of other languages that are mutually unintelligible and use their own scripts like Hindi, Thai and Arabic.
Some languages have never been written down before very recently and their alphabet has almost been invented by others who have learned their language, often to promote the Bible. Of the languages that use the Latin alphabet, English gets along just fine with 26 letters, while Rotokas, a Papua New Guinean language only uses 11. Khmer, the official language of Cambodia, uses an incredible 74.
Just to show that these scripts are limited in comparison, consider Chinese, which can boast 50,000 different characters. This might seem far too many if you are only learning Chinese for the first time, but apparently, only 2,000 characters are ever used most of the time, which cuts down your learning time considerably! | <urn:uuid:b7e339d1-a377-43a7-a34f-7492ade66450> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.migrationtranslators.com.au/unusual-facts-about-languages/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594705.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119180644-20200119204644-00048.warc.gz | en | 0.955627 | 1,071 | 3.109375 | 3 |
It was rather a jolt to discover how smart octopuses are. Not only do we find them hard to relate to, they challenge our understanding of intelligence. We’ve already seen that crows can be as smart as apes, though their brains are organized quite differently. If intelligence does not derive from a specific type of brain structure, what is its origin?
We sometimes assume that reptiles cannot be as smart as mammals because they are exothermic (cold-blooded) rather than endothermic (warm-blooded), and the brain is a high metabolic area. Here, though, we find some surprises.
Reptiles lack some brain structures found in mammals but they can use what they’ve got for behavior that we would describe as intelligent: Crocodilians (alligators and crocodiles) have been reported to use sticks as decoys, play, and work in teams.
Exothermy slows intelligence but does not absolutely prevent it: Anole lizards were found as capable as tits (birds) in a problem-solving test for a food reward. But the anoles, being exothermic, don’t need much food — which, of course, hinders research.
Even fish have shown signs of what seems like intelligence. We are told that pairs of rabbitfishes “cooperate and support each other while feeding”:
While such behaviour has been documented for highly social birds and mammals, it has previously been believed to be impossible for fishes. … “We found that rabbitfish pairs coordinate their vigilance activity quite strictly, thereby providing safety for their foraging partner,” says Dr Simon Brandl from the ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies. “I’ve got your back: Fish really do look after their mates” at ScienceDaily
In 2009, evolutionary biologist Giacomo Bernardi was able to film a fish intentionally using a rock as a tool:
An orange-dotted tuskfish uncovered a clam buried in the sand, picked up the mollusk in his mouth, and carried it to a large rock 30 yards away. Then, using several rapid head-flicks and well-timed releases, the fish eventually smashed open the clam against the rock. In the ensuing 20 minutes, the tuskfish ate three clams, using the same sequence of behaviors to open them… And it’s more than tool use. By using a logical series of flexible behaviors separated in time and space, the tuskfish is a planner. This behavior brings to mind chimpanzees’ use of twigs or grass stems to draw termites from their nests. Or Brazilian capuchin monkeys who use heavy stones to smash hard nuts against flat boulders that serve as anvils. Or crows who drop nuts onto busy intersections and then swoop down during a red light to retrieve the fragments that the car wheels have cracked open for them. Jonathan Balcombe, “Fish Can Be Smarter Than Primates” at Nautilus
All the life forms discussed above are vertebrates except one. The smart octopus, like the coconut octopus featured below, is not only exothermic but an invertebrate. Its massive neural hardware has, we are told, “little in common with” the mammalian design. And, to deepen the mystery, the nautilus, also a mollusc, is the octopus’s stupid cousin, that is, it is just like other molluscs. So even common descent does not seem to be nearly as useful an explanation for differences in animal intelligence as we might have expected.
The narrator of the Smithsonian video assumes that the coconut octopus is uniquely intelligent. But we should keep in mind that most animal intelligence discoveries are comparatively recent and most of the ocean remains unexplored. For now, we can say that there are rough general trends in intelligence as in evolution, but they appear to be patterns, not laws. For example, endotherms like mammals and birds, who can maintain a fixed internal temperature, may be able to exhibit intelligent behavior more often (that was the lesson or the birds vs. the anoles), not more intelligent behavior as such.
All this bears on the question of making machines intelligent. What is it that we want machines to be and do under our guidance that these—often seemingly strange—life forms are and do spontaneously? The life forms do those things to stay alive. Does it matter then that machines are not alive? Stay tuned.
Note: Here we are concerned with intelligence seen as problem-solving. Whether reptiles, for example, experience emotions like love or whether various animals—whales, for example—have personality traits like those of humans are interesting but separate questions. They may bear on whether machines can have personalities.
See also: Is the octopus a “second genesis” of intelligence?
Furry, feathery, and finny animals speak their minds. Listen. | <urn:uuid:702c2ab0-3478-4dcb-88dc-f07b1a5adbc2> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://mindmatters.ai/2018/11/yes-even-lizards-can-be-smart/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141729522.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20201203155433-20201203185433-00148.warc.gz | en | 0.951092 | 1,020 | 3.390625 | 3 |
by Brandon Liguori
I want to focus on a major issue today that I feel everybody needs to be paying close attention to daily: racism.
What is racism? Racism is a term used to discriminate or antagonize against someone of a different race, in the beliefs that one’s own race is superior and rises above another race.
When it comes to problems in society, racism and discrimination are two prime topics to discuss.
Racism, unfortunately, happens worldwide, and thus causes numerous amounts of problems. Because I am Jewish on my mother’s side of the family, people inside and outside of school tend to avoid me sometimes, for as I tend to act differently based on my religious beliefs.
For example, debate is an advanced class that I decided to take for senior year, in reason to challenge myself.
Each week, we are given a new topic to discuss and present our thoughts and ideas to the classmates. It was extremely ironic last week in class. Our teacher, Ms. Schawb, wanted each student to tell a prank or a joke, and to elaborate on it.
Everything was ordinary until this one guy, Victor, took the stage and entered onto the podium. His exact words were, “What is the difference between a pizza and a Jewish boy? A pizza does not scream when you put it inside of the oven.”
Victor was inferring this statement to the horrific acts that occurred throughout the period of the Holocaust. This act of racism was deeply troubling, and I must be real honest with everybody; it bothered me tremendously.
Racism is something that many people do not quite understand the full concept. Equality between the races is something discussed most of the time throughout the United States.
What makes our country sturdy and strong is how there are several programs and laws, which give people an automatic guarantee of freedom and civil rights.
I find it humorous how people define this significant term as “black-and-white,” but it is not only a conflict regarding African Americans vs. White Americans. There is racism between all types of people.
The future of America depends on if this problem can be solved, how long it will take to solve it, and if so, will this be the end of the controversy regarding racism?
We, Americans, should learn, understand and grab as much knowledge as possible when having discussions on racism and discrimination.
If racism and discrimination continue to make a notable impact on the lives of people of color in the modern United States, what can be done about the issue?
The objective is to draw attention, to blast out a humongous message: “one for all, all for one”. We are all one nation, one country, one world. All individuals deserve the expected freedom and rights of equality! | <urn:uuid:bde66cd2-6064-4a84-bc71-63a7b7f3b274> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://wearedynasty.com/2016/11/10/when-will-it-end/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496670635.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20191120213017-20191121001017-00003.warc.gz | en | 0.965786 | 582 | 3.15625 | 3 |
- Guide to “pyro gardening”
The Girona Provincial Council, with the collaboration of the Girona Association of Nurseries and the Gardening Guild of Catalonia, has published a "guide to pyro-gardening", a guide of gardening adapted to prevent forest fires.
Pyro-gardening aims to reduce the risk of damage from a possible fire in the urban-forestry interface area, while preventing its generation and making it difficult to spread, never eliminating it, since there are no fireproof plants, simply plant structures that are more resistant to fire.
The main objective of this guide is to provide owners with knowledge and specific technical insight into pyro-gardening, whether they manage the gardens themselves or refer them to professional services.
The control of forest fires is complex because of the mixture of inhabited areas and forest areas. Gardening has a fundamental role in maintaining spaces of discontinuity between urban and forest areas, and must constitute an element of protection against forest fires: protecting the forest heritage if the fire is generated from the urban margin and protecting it if it is generated from the forest mass.
Gardens, properly designed and managed, are places of opportunity to defend homes at the urban-forest interface, but if they are not properly managed, they can add a great deal of complexity in the event of an emergency, as they make it difficult to extinguish the fire and act as its transmitters.PDF: | <urn:uuid:9cf7e361-d088-4e83-8ee6-c378e82377fe> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://www.viveristesdegirona.com/news.html?id=114 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610704799711.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20210126073722-20210126103722-00453.warc.gz | en | 0.938914 | 295 | 3.109375 | 3 |
For close to 180 years, Charles Darwin's library aboard the ship HMS Beagle during his landmark expedition around the world in the 1830s remained lost. The library was dispersed at the end of the voyage. Today, the library has been electronically re-constructed in its entirety and made freely available online as part of the Darwin Online website by historian of science Dr John van Wyhe, a Senior Lecturer at the National University of Singapore.
The voyage of the Beagle between 1831 and 1836 was one of the most important scientific expeditions in history. On board was the young Charles Darwin, whose explorations and investigations would later lead to his groundbreaking work in evolutionary biology and change science and the world forever. The Beagle may not have had the internet, but she had a stunning, and what was then state-of-the-art, library. It was housed in the same cabin where Darwin worked and slept for five years. It played a major part in Darwin's research on board the ship, serving as reference and inspiration for the voracious reader and inquisitive naturalist.
The reconstructed Beagle library online consists of 404 volumes amounting to over 195,000 pages containing more than 5,000 illustrations. Much of the Beagle library was devoted to books on travel and voyages, and natural history, but it also included books on geology, history, literature as well as atlases and nautical maps. At least a third of the reconstructed library is in foreign languages such as French, Spanish, German, Latin and Greek.
Dr van Wyhe said, "The Beagle library reveals the sources and inspirations that Darwin read day after day as he swung in his hammock during long sea crossings, or as he worked on his specimens at the chart table or under the microscope. For a long time this was lost to us, but this reconstructed library provides us an unprecedented insight into the journey that changed science and our understanding of the world."
Deciphering and reconstructing the lost library
Reconstructing the Beagle library was no easy task. There was originally a catalogue aboard the ship but this is also lost. The Beagle's captain FitzRoy estimated the library was about 400 volumes. Earlier efforts had identified 132 works that were likely to have been part of the Beagle Library.
Identifying the contents of the Beagle's library required some historical sleuthing, piecing together disparate clues and information from Darwin's notes, annotations in his surviving books and the writings of other members of the crew. Some of the references in Darwin's notes are very brief and obscure, adding to the challenges.
Dr John van Wyhe edited the Beagle field notebooks – a series of small notebooks that Darwin used on his shore excursions during the Beagle voyage. Here he found more clues to what Darwin read during the voyage. Work started in 2012, and the Beagle library has now been reconstructed online after two years of meticulous work.
To reconstruct the library, Dr van Wyhe and his assistant Dr Kees Rookmaaker sourced scans of the books online and then had them specially transcribed to make them searchable on the Darwin Online website. As far as possible, the team strived to use the same editions that Darwin had, or when that was not attainable, the closest editions available. The reconstructed library also includes works that have been digitised for the first time, such as the plates for Alexander von Humboldt's Personal Narrative of Travels, which is currently available nowhere else online in colour. Now, for the first time, it is possible for anyone to browse or search through Darwin's Beagle library in an instant.
The Beagle library project has been funded by an Academic Research Fund granted by the Ministry of Education of the Singapore Government and supported by the Office of the Dean of the Faculty of Science and Charles Darwin University and the Charles Darwin University Foundation, Northern Territory, Australia.
Dr John van Wyhe, the well-known historian of science, is the founder and Director of Darwin Online and has published nine books and many articles on Darwin, Wallace and the history of science. He lectures and broadcasts around the world. Darwin Online is the world's largest and mostly widely consulted publication on Darwin. Dr van Wyhe currently holds a joint appointment at NUS as Senior Lecturer at the Department of Biological Sciences and the Department of History.
Explore further: 'Darwin's delay' the stuff of myth
The Beagle library can now be viewed at: darwin-online.org.uk/BeagleLibrary/Beagle_Library_Introduction.htm | <urn:uuid:a6414356-d303-49a7-b5da-a7d8bab998f5> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://phys.org/news/2014-07-historian-re-constructs-charles-darwin-beagle.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395039.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00177-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.968253 | 940 | 3.421875 | 3 |
More Caffeine, Thanks Mom
The color of your eyes, the color of your hair and the shape of your nose are all things someone can thank genetics for. And according to the National Cancer Institute, you can now say ‘thanks’ to Mom and Dad for the amount of caffeine you intake.
The amount of caffeine a person craves can be found in two genes in the human body. The specific genes are labeled CYP1A2 and AHR. The CYP1A2 gene is connected with the process of how our body uses caffeine, and AHR is in charge of regulating the CYP1A2 gene.
People usually think of only characteristics someone can see when they think of family genetics. However, genetic epidemiologists at the National Cancer Institute say genetics also plays a part in behaviors such as the amount of alcohol someone drinks, smoking and the cravings for caffeine. | <urn:uuid:31f38baa-5f7b-451d-94ff-c9ae22de6024> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://kikn.com/more-caffeine-thanks-mom-3/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394011118294/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305091838-00064-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.944691 | 185 | 2.71875 | 3 |
One of the many things I love about astronomy is the uncovering of a mystery. As
someone once said (nuts, I can't find the reference) Isaac Asimov once said (paraphrased) science isn't moved forward when someone yells "Eureka!", it gets that nudge when a scientist looks at the data and says, "That's funny..."
Mysteries are everywhere, if you just know where to look. And their solutions can be found, if you know how to look.
So start by taking a look at this image from Hubble:
What you're seeing at here is the cluster MS 0735. It's not a cluster of stars, but of entire galaxies! Each object you see there is a galaxy, much like our own. The cluster is something like a couple of million light years across. There are no big galaxies that close to the Milky Way, yet this clusters has dozens, hundreds, in that same volume. It's a crowded place.
However, it's not that different than lots of other galaxy clusters we see. Most of them are crowded. This one has a big galaxy right at the center, which is also typical. Heavier galaxies tend to "fall" toward the center, merge, and grow into one monster one.
But this cluster hides a secret. And behind that secret is a mystery...
When viewed in X-rays, the cluster's secret is revealed:
This view by the Chandra X-ray observatory shows that the cluster is surrounded by extremely hot gas, millions of degrees hot. Even this isn't too surprising to astronomers: we've seen lots of clusters embedded in hot gas like this, and there are many reasons it happens. Gas from inside the galaxies gets blown out by exploding stars, for example. As galaxies move inside the cluster, orbiting each other, the gas inside galaxies can be stripped away (think of the air inside a convertible getting stripped out as the car speeds down the highway).
Without our X-ray eyes, we'd never know about that gas. So looking at the cluster in a different way reveals something hidden.
But wait a sec... that gas has a shape. It's not just some blob. There are two big circular dark patches where there appears to be less gas. What gives?
Ah, there is the mystery! And to solve it, we need a cosmic detective.
Enter my old friend Brian McNamara. Those of you who watched the PBS NOVA show "Monster of the Milky Way" may remember Brian (I remember him because we went to grad school together). The show opened with him looking at images of this giant hot ball of gas in space. He was the one who took that image of the cluster above, and as soon as he saw it he knew he had something interesting. Those two dark patches are indeed holes, vast cavities carved out of the gas surrounding the cluster.
It's possible to calculate the amount of gas that had to be pushed aside to sculpt those holes. The number is numbing: more than a trillion times the mass of the Sun was moved. Think about the energy involved! What sort of object could wield such vast power on fantastic scales?
The only thing astronomers know of that can do it is a black hole. And not just any black hole, but a supermassive one-- millions of times the Sun's mass. These exist in the centers of galaxies -- there's one that is 4 million solar masses in the center of ours. As matter falls into such a black hole, it heats up. The energy generated can be huge, and in many cases this drives vast beams of matter and energy outward from the black hole. It's ironic that black holes are known for eating up everything near them, yet can actually eject tremendous amounts of matter at incredible velocities... but remember, this matter isn't actually inside the black hole, just very close. And with a big black hole, there's a lot of gravitational energy to tap into.
The galaxy in the center of MS 0735 must have a supermassive black hole at its core. It should even be pretty big, given how many other galaxies must have merged together to form that one beast. But if there are beams of matter ejected from it, there's no hint of them in those images.
But just as we had to switch from visible light to X-rays to see the hot gas, we have to go to another set of eyes to see the beams. Here's a third image of the cluster, as seen in radio waves:
Aha! There you go! In radio, we can see the gas ejected by the black hole, focused into beams (astronomers call them jets) hundreds of thousands of light years long. They're not as hot as the intercluster gas, so they don't emit X-rays, and the gas is too thin to emit visible light. But they glow brightly in radio waves. These beams scream out from the central black hole, moving at nearly the speed of light. Pity any gas that gets in the way... even a trillion solar masses of it.
These jets are what carved those cavities into the gas surrounding the cluster. They plowed through all that material, pushing it aside, powered paradoxically by the immense gravity of the black hole deep inside the cluster. This all becomes clear when all three images are put together:
Click on it for a hi-res version. It's beautiful, stunning.
There's your complete picture. Any one of these images is interesting, even provocative, but none by itself presents the complete picture. Astronomers need many eyes to look into space, and see what there is to see. And what a canvas the Universe reveals... Power on unimaginable scales! Destruction a million light years across! Monsters lurking in the deep cores of galaxies, central engines capable of wreaking such havoc!
Yeah, that's why I love astronomy. Sometimes it's the mystery, and sometimes it's the solution. But always, always, it's the story behind the images. | <urn:uuid:c511d4f6-b8d0-4eda-9b76-eabecb22da21> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | http://www.slate.com/blogs/bad_astronomy/2006/11/08/plowing_through_the_electromagnetic_spectrum.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257647768.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20180322034041-20180322054041-00435.warc.gz | en | 0.96085 | 1,239 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Did explosion spawn Milky Way's youngest black hole? (pictures)
An oddly shaped supernova remnant may contain our galaxy's most recent -- and closest -- black hole.
Rare explosion spawns our galaxy's youngest black hole
This newly formed supernova remnant, called W49B, is only about a thousand years old as seen from Earth -- and located about 26,000 light-years away. Scientists believe that a black hole might have been created -- a mysterious, compact object whose gravitational pull is so strong that nothing can escape its pull, not even light.
When a massive star burns all of its fuel, the result is the collapse of the core, triggering a supernova explosion. Typically, these explosions are symmetrical, ejecting material evenly in all directions, and then collapsing into a dense neutron star core.
W49B, though, is different. There is no neutron star remaining, which implies the supernova may have instead resulted in the creation of a black hole -- one that is very close to Earth. Material near the poles of the star ejected much faster than the material from the equator in this case, NASA believes.
Supernova explosions are not particularly well-understood in the scientific community, which is why this one is so exciting. The close proximity to Earth is a good opportunity for more detailed study of these powerful cosmic events.
The optical view of W49B. There's evidence that W49B left behind a black hole -- not a neutron star like most other supernovas.
"W49B is the first of its kind to be discovered in the galaxy," said Laura Lopez, who led the study at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "It appears its parent star ended its life in a way that most others don't." | <urn:uuid:67c51418-5754-4dd7-8b5e-17122c620000> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://www.cnet.com/pictures/did-explosion-spawn-milky-ways-youngest-black-hole-pictures/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207926736.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113206-00266-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.940081 | 360 | 3.5625 | 4 |
Quarantined…? Yes, the whole world is!
The minute deadly virus has forced the world to stop and shut down. Ever imagined a virus can make you locked up in your home? It will force you to practice social distancing and maintain high levels of hygiene.
Yes, the Corona virus is a reality check on how we take things and personal hygiene for granted. The world is taking a sudden shift from buzzing streets to vacant, silent cities. The governments are leaving no stone unturned by taking precautionary measures to prevent further spread of disease.
As we all are locked up at home to fight the pandemic caused by COVID-19, it can take a toll on our health and relationships. Read through this blog to make your quarantine period positive, productive and pragmatic.
Can Quarantine affect you?
Yes., A period where everyone is advised to practice social-distancing and stay at home. It can get boring as it is unusual and disrupts normal life. “Quarantine” almost seemed like never going to happen but now it’s a reality we live in.
A recent study from medical journal The Lancet notes that the psychological impact of quarantine can be great, resulting in a range of mental health concerns from anxiety and anger to sleep disturbances, depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
Being in quarantine and social distancing is the only option we have to fight back and control the spread of coronavirus, does not necessarily have to be the cause for our mental health outbreak and loss of physical fitness.
Tips to maintain your mental health during quarantine:
- Limit news intake if it makes you anxious.
- Stay connected with friends and family through calls and video calls.
- Plan your everyday routine.
- Keep yourself busy.
- Limit social media and binge-watching series.
- Meditate to calm yourself down.
- Be thankful and grateful for all that life has given you.
How can you make the most out of Quarantine?
The quarantine can make you lazy and unproductive but it can be the other way round if you plan it well. We have more time dedicated to ourselves now than ever, making use of it to develop and understand ourselves better is the best we can do.
Use Quarantine time to:
- To actually know ourselves better?
- To know what we really WANT in life?
- To go back to our lost hobbies?
- To cherish and value time spent with loved ones?
- To be thankful & grateful enough?
Time spent during quarantine can be both stressful and positive depending on how we look at it. With not much option left, we must try to accept it and embrace the period positively.
Best practices while in Quarantine
Know the best practices which you can do while in quarantine to maintain physical fitness and mental health.
- Prepare a to-do list for every day.
- Start your day with exercise and workout.
- Meditate for a few minutes.
- Eat a healthy balanced diet.
- Cook your meals at home.
- Do your chores.
- Avoid unhealthy snacking.
- Learn something new.
- Do a hobby you love.
- Relax and stay positive.
Best Quarantine Home workouts you can do
Home workouts are ideal and can be most effective. Home workout routines can be simple yet very effective. You can have a mixture of cardio and strength training. Cardio exercises can get your heart rate pumping and condition your body, whereas the strength training workouts using your body weight can help you tone up.
Here are a few best techniques to help you win the home workouts during Quarantine:
- Add working out to your daily to-do list.
- Have a workout plan. Decide what you want to workout on for the day.
- Have a dedicated place of workout.
- Pick the best time suitable to schedule a workout.
- Prefer adding versatile equipment like resistance tube, bands to your workouts.
- Do it with a partner.
- Combine both strength and cardio exercises in your workouts.
- Perform exercises using body weights like push-ups, pull-ups etc.
- Prefer using apps with exercise videos, live workout sessions to make it interesting.
- Take up online fitness Challenges.
To make it easy for you we designed Joyfit 30 mins full body quick home workout circuit. This circuit is quick, effective and high-calorie burning. Do this at the comfort of your home to burn those extra calories off.
These exercises will help you work on your core, back, full-body conditioning improves strength and stamina.
- Burpees (10 reps)
- Push-ups (10 reps)
- Crunches (10 reps)
- Mountain Climbers (15 each leg)
- Pull-ups/Chin-ups (10 reps)
- Squats (15 reps)
- Planks (1 min reps)
Perform these exercises in a circuit with a maximum of 30 sec time spent on each of these. Repeat this circuit for 2-3 times. This is most effective for fat burning.
For increased intensity, you should perform the exercise using simple multipurpose equipment.
Complete your home workout sessions by adding exercises using resistance tubes and AB roller.
They are excellent and super versatile. You can work on your complete body just by using one resistance tube. Work on your core, back, biceps, shoulders, chest, glutes and legs.
The resistance tube uses body weight to increase the intensity making the workouts more effective. You can perform any number of exercises using the tube set anywhere and anytime.
Rock, solid abs! Possible only in the gym? Well not anymore. You can tone up your abdomen and work on the core effectively using AB roller. AB roller is a most helpful core exercise equipment as it builds more tension and engages most muscles. Your AB workouts are incomplete without these super-effective rollers.
Times are hard and testing each one of us differently, but we need to stand united and defeat COVID-19. At times when good immunity is an asset, it is important to take care of ourselves by following the precautionary measures, eating healthy and working out. We are all stronger only when we are fitter and healthier.
We can all get through this. Please stay safe, stay at home. Do your bit to save the world! | <urn:uuid:8e37e996-9ef9-4ed1-80f0-6db496d0f34b> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://joyfit.in/blogs/fitness-workout-tips/fit-during-quarantine | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945279.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20230324082226-20230324112226-00131.warc.gz | en | 0.918486 | 1,336 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Wonderful example of Ernst Chladni plates, to see the sounds:
Chladni repeated the pioneering experiments of Robert Hooke of Oxford University who, on July 8, 1680, had observed the nodal patterns associated with the vibrations of glass plates. Hooke ran a bow along the edge of a plate covered with flour, and saw the nodal patterns emerge.
Chladni’s technique, first published in 1787 in his book, Entdeckungen über die Theorie des Klanges (“Discoveries in the Theory of Sound”), consisted of drawing a bow over a piece of metal whose surface was lightly covered with sand. The plate was bowed until it reached resonance and the sand formed a pattern showing the nodal regions. Since the 20th century it has become more common to place a loudspeaker driven by an electronic signal generator over or under the plate to achieve a more accurate adjustable frequency.
Variations of this technique are commonly used in the design and construction of acoustic instruments such as violins, guitars, and cellos. | <urn:uuid:d61e74fe-ac57-479b-b8a6-5454e4d5b13c> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | http://www.amareway.org/holisticliving/02/see-the-sounds-ernst-chladni-plates/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370499280.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20200331003537-20200331033537-00332.warc.gz | en | 0.945965 | 220 | 3.578125 | 4 |
Q: My bulbs have all put out great leaves, but only a few stalks and even fewer blooms. They're mostly tulips. Is it because of all the rain and not enough sun? Maybe the Harrisburg beaver got across the river and munched on my plants!
A: Good one. Any beaver that can eat pipe should have no problem sawing off a few tulip stems.
Actually, I think this is a case of your tulips running out of steam, which most of them do after a few years. This spring's rainy, cloudy weather isn't the reason since a tulip's flower power is determined mainly by what happened the year before.
Besides the usual short-lived nature of most tulips (which is why botanic gardens plant fresh ones every fall), one factor that speeds up their demise is cutting back foliage too soon the spring before. Tulip foliage is best left to completely die back before removing it. So long as it's green, it's still manufacturing sugars that are stored in the bulb and used as energy to produce the next year's flowers.
Too much shade (while the leaves are recharging the spring before) and lack of soil nutrition are two other factors that help tulips peter out.
Flower stems that have no flowers most likely got nipped by an animal, usually either rabbits or deer. Probably not the Harrisburg beaver. He's no doubt already filled up on pipe fragments. | <urn:uuid:6d2f02ce-d27d-4b54-a33a-32089699a3d2> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://blog.pennlive.com/gardening/2011/04/tulip_leaves_no_flowers.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500823634.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021343-00035-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.97143 | 300 | 2.625 | 3 |
In his childhood, Vladislav Surkov, an ethnic Chechen by birth, initially had his father’s surname, Dudaev—a surname that is related to the Zandak teip (clan) (www.anticompromat.org/surkov/surkbio.html). However, with Russian first and last names, he managed to achieve not simply a breathtaking career, but to become the main ideologue of the policies pursued by President Vladimir Putin.
Surkov was able to become the “gray eminence” in the Kremlin after dethroning Boris Berezovsky and destroying Vladimir Gusinsky’s media monopoly in Russia (Segodnya newspaper, March 30, 2000). Mikhail Khodorkovsky and Platon Lebedev, who challenged Putin’s policies, fell from grace later (https://inosmi.ru/inrussia/20050620/220396.html). As the creator of the new United Russia party, Surkov could handpick candidates across the whole country for the purpose of providing support for Putin (https://www.rb.ru/inform/63947.html). Surkov was also the “father” of the notorious youth organization Nashi, which provoked massive criticism in Russian society. Observers also attribute to Surkov the establishment of a range of nominal opposition parties in Russia designed to create the illusion of political competition and democratic choice for the population.
Regarding the North Caucasus, Surkov was the informal supervisor of the Kremlin’s policies in this controversial sector of Russian politics. His activities as supervisor of the Kremlin’s policies toward the North Caucasus should be subdivided into two periods. The first was during the first presidency of Vladimir Putin in 2000–2008 (https://putin.kremlin.ru/bio) and the second during the presidency of Dmitry Medvedev in 2008–2012.
During the first period, no one was supposed to know that Surkov was responsible for the Kremlin’s policy toward the North Caucasus and, specifically, toward Chechnya. The reason for the secrecy was that the government wanted to create the illusion that the situation in Chechnya was developing according to its own internal logic and was not directed by the Kremlin. At that time, few people in Russia realized that Surkov was an ethnic Chechen. Any hints of his ethnicity were perceived as jokes made by his enemies.
Surkov’s anonymity changed dramatically in the second period of his policymaking preeminence, when he started to overemphasize his Chechen background. He made frequent visits to Chechnya, including for vacations, and had numerous meetings and tours of ambitious construction sites in Chechen President Ramzan Kadyrov’s company. This probably showed that Surkov became much more confident of his position and no longer considered it necessary to conceal his ethnic identity. At one of his many meetings in Chechnya, Surkov said: “I know the attitude people have toward us, the Chechens, in different parts of the country,” but in the Kremlin, they know very well that “the [North] Caucasus is the foundation of Russia” (https://stringer-news.com/publication.mhtml?Part=50&PubID=18512).
Surkov emphasized that if the North Caucasus leaves Russia, Russia itself will disappear from the political arena. By raising the importance of the region for Russia, Surkov also raised his own importance in Putin’s government, as a person indispensable to managing the North Caucasus against the backdrop of rising anti-Caucasian hysteria across Russia (https://trollpost.ru/node/61). During another meeting, Kadyrov told Surkov: “You are the most respected Chechen among the [Chechen] people and you have taken part in all positive changes in the republic from the very beginning” (https://newsland.com/news/detail/id/575964/). Kadyrov was thereby confirming that Surkov was indeed responsible for the Kremlin’s policies vis-à-vis Chechnya. Having access to the United Russia party’s money, Surkov could afford to help Chechnya without worrying much about the funds (www.kasparov.ru/material.php?id=519629F7D704B).
Outsiders could not discern any special attitude on Surkov’s part toward Chechnya until Ramzan Kadyrov came to power in the republic, and Surkov’s hints about his Chechen background became his hallmark. The Kremlin apparently wanted to signal that the Chechen war was not only an ethnic Russian issue, but also an issue the Chechens could solve on their own (www.forbes.ru/sobytiya-photogallery/vlast/238819-put-surkova-ot-ohrannika-do-vitse-premera/photo/11).
Surkov was distinct from many other public politicians in the Kremlin (www.inosmi.ru/politic/20101202/164630846.html). He writes poetry and music, and is believed to be the author of the popular Russian novel Okolonulya. Surkov is an intelligent person who can discuss any issue but not necessarily be easily persuaded (https://tvrain.ru/articles/literaturnoe_nasledie_surkova_ot_agaty_kristi_do_okolonolja-342915/).
However, after Putin temporarily became the prime minister, Surkov’s seemingly unlimited influence on the Russian president and prime minister plummeted, especially under the Kremlin faction reportedly led by Igor Sechin (www.anticompromat.org/sechin/raskad11-07.html). Surkov voluntarily resigned from the position of deputy prime minister after a May 8, 2013 government meeting presided over by Putin on the implementation of the presidential decrees (www.kommersant.ru/Doc/2185689). Most observers failed to notice that Surkov’s actual resignation occurred as early as in December 2011, when he was transferred from the Kremlin administration to the Russian government (https://news.bigmir.net/world/498858-Analitika-Kreml-brosil-serogo-kardinala-Syrkova-na-pravitelstvo). This decision was a disappointment for Surkov, as he was deprived of the role of the ruling party’s and ruling elite’s main ideologue. His appointment to a cabinet position should have made his dismissal from the political team a smoother experience. The primary reason for his removal may have been that he gave the opposition permission to hold public protests following the parliamentary elections (www.economist.com/blogs/easternapproaches/2011/12/protest-russia-0).
Vladislav Surkov is not one of those who simply leave power of their own free will. He could become a very dangerous enemy for many people in the government, so it is unlikely that he had a conflict with his patron, Vladimir Putin. Certainly Ramzan Kadyrov’s reaction to Surkov’s dismissal indicates that Putin and Surkov parted on good terms. Kadyrov did not leave his ex-patron and friend, Surkov, without moral support for a minute, stating immediately that he was inviting Surkov to visit Chechnya and expressing his confidence that Surkov would not be left without a job on Putin’s political team (www.ridus.ru/news/83389/). It would have been entirely improbable that a regional leader would have extended an invitation to a government functionary who was out of favor: indeed, it would have been perceived as a personal challenge to the Russian president. On May 18, Kadyrov published several photographs showing him and Surkov fishing in Gudermes, which can be seen as a public gesture of support for the famous Chechen (https://instagram.com/p/Zdlc_TiRvi/).
Despite his dismissal, it remains too early to discount Surkov from possibly one day returning to power in the Russian government because he was successful at carrying out the tasks he was assigned to fulfill. Ironically, the mysterious Chechen and self-admitted Anglophile was forced to fight against the influence of American culture that he also reportedly admires. At the time, that was the only way to survive in Kremlin politics, but ultimately he still lost his job regardless of how well he performed his duties (https://slon.ru/world/surkov_nesovmestimost_s_intellektom_-940083.xhtml). | <urn:uuid:f76d297b-f205-4b64-bbc2-d6e432cb9bbc> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://jamestown.org/program/did-surkov-step-down-or-was-he-forced-to-step-down-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510942.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20231002001302-20231002031302-00660.warc.gz | en | 0.958578 | 1,839 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Author ORCID Identifier
Year of Publication
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Educational Policy Studies and Eval
Dr. John R. Thelin
The Women in White generation of women physicians who graduated from American medical schools between World War II and the enactment of Title IX were trailblazers. They successfully pursued and achieved physician careers during a time when doctoring was still considered “man’s work.” They helped to clear a path to a modern medical student culture where women and men had more choices.
In a 2008 oral history interview, Dr. Jacqueline Noonan, world-renowned pediatric cardiologist, discoverer of the congenital heart condition known as “Noonan Syndrome,” and the first woman appointed to a chairman role at the University of Kentucky College of Medicine, said it was exciting to observe and experience the cultural changes brought about by increasing numbers of women physicians. Rather than devoting all of their lives only to work, Noonan observed that many women were interested in professional careers balanced with family life and personal time. Because of the cultural changes brought about by women, she believes today’s medical men are making these same choices as well.
The Women in White trailblazer generation of women physicians pushed agendas which were not typical. They successfully pursued professional careers, defined their own domestic roles, and brought a new dimension to medicine. These women became leaders of medical associations, chairs of academic departments, discoverers and scientists, and givers of compassionate and innovative care in their communities. The trailblazer generation of women physicians helped pave the way to contemporary medicine.
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)
Clancy, Karen, "WOMEN IN WHITE: A RETROSPECTIVE LOOK AT MEDICAL EDUCATION AT ONE SCHOOL BEFORE TITLE IX" (2016). Theses and Dissertations--Educational Policy Studies and Evaluation. 42. | <urn:uuid:e6471e64-2932-45b7-982d-6bd745d9b5e5> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://uknowledge.uky.edu/epe_etds/42/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514574182.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20190921022342-20190921044342-00030.warc.gz | en | 0.956494 | 396 | 2.625 | 3 |
You’ve probably heard of black ice and the threat it poses to drivers, but what is it exactly? What’s the difference between regular ice and black ice? Should you really be concerned about it?
To answer that last question, yes, you should be concerned about it. Black ice is ice that’s developed on the surface of a roadway. It’s transparent, but takes on the color of the surface of road it’s on. When ice gets wet from outside temperatures warming up, it becomes dangerously slick. Tires can’t provide the proper traction needed to grip the road, and that’s when accidents happen.
The most dangerous place to drive on black ice is on bridges and overpasses. Why are these areas more susceptible to black ice? They not only cool from the top, but from the bottom as well. Cold air hits these structures from both directions, causing them to freeze way more quickly than normal roads.
Over 150,000 car crashes occur every year due to icy pavement, and over 550 people die in these crashes. That means on a given year, black ice claims more lives than salmonella, which kills 400 people every year.
So, if you find yourself sliding across dangerous black ice, what should you do? Hit the brakes and stop immediately? Take your foot off the gas and coast through? Accelerate to get out of the icy patch?
The right thing to do would be to take your foot off the gas and coast through. When you slide over black ice, you should immediately slow down your reactions and not make any quick movements. Slowly take your foot off the pedal, stay calm, and try to coast through without endangering yourself or others. Once your car slows down, it’s likely the tires will be able to grip the road better.
Stay safe this winter season and be on the lookout for black ice in your area! | <urn:uuid:1bcc4e06-3670-4ae7-967b-82c043c2ab3e> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://weloveweather.tv/black-ice/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540555616.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20191213122716-20191213150716-00453.warc.gz | en | 0.948456 | 397 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Restrictions | Details | Caveats | File Naming | Citation | References | Original Source | Contact
NOAA Highly Reflective Clouds
- Entire atmosphere considered as a single layer.
|Variable||Statistic||Level||Download File||Create Plot/Subset|
|Highly Reflective Clouds||Monthly Long Term Normalized Mean Standard Deviation||Atmosphere||hrc.ltmstddev.nc|
|Highly Reflective Clouds||Monthly Long Term Normalized Mean||Atmosphere||hrc.normltm.nc|
|Highly Reflective Clouds||Monthly Normalized Mean||Atmosphere||hrc.norm_monthlies.nc|
|Highly Reflective Clouds||Monthly Missing Days||Atmosphere||hrc.nmissdays.nc|
|Highly Reflective Clouds||Monthly Mean||Atmosphere||hrc.monthlies.nc|
|Highly Reflective Clouds||Daily Value||Atmosphere||hrc.dailies.nc|
The data presented here are the record of subjectively identified areas
of large-scale organized convection over the global tropics on the
daily daytime Mercator projection mosaics for a 15-year period from
1971 to 1988. These convection areas appear as highly reflective clouds
in the visible-range mosaics and as white areas in the infrared (IR)
range. Highly reflective cloud (HRC) is defined here as a deep,
organized tropical convection system extending at least 200 km
horizontally. HRCs are composed of many individual convective cells
embedded within a common cirrostratus canopy. These cloud systems,
commonly known as cloud clusters, have been extensively studied in
recent years (e.g., Houze, 1982); they are responsible for most
tropical rainfall and are important components in the general
circulation of the atmosphere. These data originally appeared in
the Atlas of Highly Reflective
Clouds for the Global Tropics: 1971-1985.
Until now, the most widely used indicator of large-scale convection over the global tropics has been the outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) data set (Gruber and Krueger, 1984). OLR data for 9 years were recently summarized in NOAA Atlas No. 6 (Janowiak et al., 1985). In the tropics, low values of OLR are found over areas covered by high clouds with low cloud-top temperatures. In most cases, such clouds are convective. However, low OLR values are also associated with nonconvective clouds such as cirrostratus plumes. In contrast to the OLR data, the HRC data presented here deliberately exclude nonconvective cold clouds.
The original idea for the creation of the HRC data set came from a study conducted at the University of Hawaii by Kilonsky and Ramage (1976). The study was based on the assumption that most tropical rainfall occurs in organized convective systems (cloud clusters), which appear as HRC in the polar-orbiting satellite picture mosaics. Kilonsky and Ramage (KR) obtained monthly rainfall data for Pacific atoll stations assumed to be representative of open ocean conditions. They correlated these data with the number of days per month having HRC. The presence of HRC was noted in grid squares of the satellite picture mosaics. KR assumed a linear relationship between the number of days with HRC at a particular location and the amount of rainfall recorded there; a linear regression equation was thus derived, linking the number of days with HRC cover (the independent variable) to the observed rainfall (the dependent variable). The correlation coefficient between the two variables was 0.75. Both the regression relationship and the correlation between the two variables were found to be significant at the 1% level.
Subsequent to the original work of Kilonsky and Ramage, Garcia (1981) used HRC data and the KR technique to produce rainfall estimates for the tropical Atlantic Ocean. The estimates proved to be reasonably close to those obtained by using more sophisticated geostationary satellite techniques and to those estimated from shipboard radar data. These results provided the impetus for extending the HRC data set to the entire tropical belt, including land areas, and for updating the HRC data continually.
Note that the validity of using HRC data from the daytime visible and IR Mercator projection mosaics as a means of estimating monthly rainfall amounts is greatly affected by the mean diurnal cycle of convection over different regions of the tropics. There is some evidence (e.g., Griffith et al., 1980) that convection over land areas has a fairly pronounced maximum during the late evening hours, whereas convection over oceans is more evenly distributed throughout the 24-hour cycle. Thus, a rainfall estimation scheme (such as the KR technique) that samples conditions only once a day during daylight hours will tend to underestimate rainfall over land areas. In addition, changes in the time of passage of polar-orbiting satellites can significantly change cumulative amounts of convection observed in a given area.
- hrc.stat | time.nc (In directory: /Datasets/noaa_hrc/)
Dataset Format and Size:
- PSD standard NetCDF 444 Kbyte file for each LTM file .
- PSD standard NetCDF 7 Mbyte file for each monthly file .
- PSD standard NetCDF 458 Mbyte file for each daily file .
- Missing data is flagged with a value of 32767s.
- The number of missing days in the monthly accumlations is recorded in the file hrc.nmissdays.nc.
- Please note: If you acquire NOAA_HRC data products from PSD, we ask that you acknowledge us in your use of the data. This may be done by including text such as NOAA_HRC data provided by the NOAA/OAR/ESRL PSD, Boulder, Colorado, USA, from their Web site at http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/psd/ in any documents or publications using these data. We would also appreciate receiving a copy of the relevant publications. This will help PSD to justify keeping the NOAA_HRC data set freely available online in the future. Thank you!
- Collimore, C. D. W. Martin, M. H. Hitchman, A. Huesmann, and D.E. Wliser, 2003: On the Relationship Between the QBO and Tropical Deep Convection, J. Climate, 16, 2552-2568.
- Conlan, E. F., 1973: Operational products from ITOS scanning radiometer data. NOAA Tech. Memo. NESS-52, NOAA National Environmental Satellite Service, Washington, D.C., 57 pp.
- Garcia, 0., 1981. A comparison of two satellite rainfall estimates for GATE. J. Appl. Meteorol. 20:430-438.
- Griffith, C. G., W. L. Woodley, J. S. Griffin, and S. C. Stromatt, 1980. Satellite-Derived Precipitation Atlas for GATE. NOAA Environmental Research Laboratories, Boulder, Colo., 280 pp.
- Gruber, A., and A. F. Krueger, 1984. The status of the NOAA outgoing longwave radiation data set. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 65:958-962.
- Houze, R. A., Jr., 1982. Cloud clusters and large-scale vertical motion in the tropics. J. Meteorol. Soc. Japan 60:396-410.
- Janowiak, J. E., A. F. Krueger, P. A. Arkin, and A. Gruber, 1985. Atlas of Outgoing Longwave Radiation Derived from NOAA Satellite Data. NOAA Atlas No. 6, NOAA National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service, Silver Spring, Md., 44 pp.
- Kilonsky, B. J., and C. S. Ramage, 1976. A technique for estimating tropical open-ocean rainfall from satellite observations. J. Appl. Meteorol. 15:912-975.
- Rasmusson, E. M., and J. M. Wallace, 1983. Meteorological aspects of the El Niño/Southern Oscillation. Science 222:1195-1202.
- Waliser, D. E. and C. Gautier, 1993: A Satellite-Derived Climatology of the ITCZ. J. Climate, 6, 2162-2174.
- Waliser, D. E. and N. E. Graham, 1993: Convective Cloud Systems and Warm-Pool SSTs: Coupled Interactions and Self-Regulation. J. Geoph. Res., 98, 12881-12893.
- Waliser, D. E., N. E. Graham, C. Gautier, 1993: Comparison of the Highly Reflective Cloud and Outgoing Longwave Data Sets for use in Estimating Tropical Deep Convection, J. Climate, 6, 331-353.
Physical Sciences Division: Data Management
Boulder, CO 80305-3328 | <urn:uuid:c999f8d9-80d2-427a-bcd5-5af44109d364> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://esrl.noaa.gov/psd/data/gridded/data.noaa.hrc.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510268734.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011748-00411-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.846384 | 1,922 | 3.25 | 3 |
According to the new healthy eating guidelines just released by the Heart Foundation research now indicates that eggs and dairy are just fine for the heart. If we’re healthy we can eat as many eggs as we want but those with type 2 diabetes or high cholesterol need to limit their consumption to seven weekly. Research suggests that full fat is heart neutral but the heart foundation still advises that the presence of heart disease and high cholesterol would be better served by low fat choices. Health experts are overjoyed by these new recommendations endorsing the notion that eggs and dairy are heart friendly.
Unfortunately, this myopic heart-centric focus fails to take account of the adverse effects that dairy and eggs have on other parts of our body. As indicated in the December 2018 newsletter eating more than two eggs per week increases breast and prostate cancer risk, while more than five raises the possibility of developing ovarian cancer. Research also connects dairy consumption with prostate cancer. While our hearts can rest easy indulging in unlimited amounts of dairy and eggs can have seriously detrimental consequences for the rest of us. | <urn:uuid:a5051901-6444-4634-9ca8-dbfba037b5da> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://eternalhealth.org/eggs-and-dairy-can-we-eat-as-much-as-we-want/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400192783.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20200919173334-20200919203334-00702.warc.gz | en | 0.96907 | 211 | 2.875 | 3 |
When managing risk, we must consider all risk from all sources. A majority of the time identifying risk is trusted to a few individuals, although determining which risks are the highest priority is done in a collaborative environment, with managers, teams and groups of colleagues discussing the issues at hand. In this setting, it is important that the risk manager (the one whose job depends on the risk management results) recognizes and prevents any instances of groupthink.
Groupthink occurs when groups make decisions, and are willing (or unknown to the group) to take more risk than an individual would themselves. This post provides a general overview of causes and symptoms of groupthink, as well as measures that can be taken to avoid groupthink.
*Updated January 2014*
Groupthink was originally coined by Irving Janis, a research psychologist from Yale University. Janis identified three core causes for groupthink, which are:
With an understanding of what causes groupthink, or the willingness to execute riskier decisions in collaborative decision making, we can now examine the symptoms of groupthink as identified by Janis.
We have suggested a few ways to address groupthink above. There are also measures that can be taken to prevent groupthink from occurring. The first step is to foresee groupthink’s occurrence. Groupthink is a social phenomenon and it is safe to assume it will occur at one point. Plan for it and be ready to stop it in its track.
Another preventative measure is to always have external perspectives and a “Devil’s Advocate” within the group. Identifying someone within the group who has the role of presenting opposing viewpoints and who is able to view things as an outsider can serve as a preventive measure to groupthink.
As risk managers, we must ensure risks are mitigated and proper opportunities are pursued. It is vital to step up and prevent groupthink from allowing risky decisions to be made simply because it is the consensus of the group. | <urn:uuid:9c801ac3-17f3-4fc1-b0d7-852f48ea3a39> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | https://www.riskmanagementstudio.com/risk-management-and-groupthink/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195529276.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20190723105707-20190723131707-00093.warc.gz | en | 0.970977 | 398 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Learning Goals define what students will learn. Learning Activities are the experiences provided in the lesson that allow students to acquire and understand the content defined in the Learning Goals. In this MicroPD Course you will review how to sequence Learning Goals to determine the sequence of the Learning Activities and how to select Learning Activities aligned to those goals. An important consideration when planning Learning Activities is to ensure that students are actively mentally engaged. This involves planning frequent opportunities for Collaborative Pairs to respond to questions, summarize their learning, and collaborate in quick summarizing/practice activities. Effective use of Collaborative Pairs is an area of emphasis in this MicroPD Course. | <urn:uuid:0367a681-6d2b-4332-8264-ff193913b58d> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://achievenowpd.com/courses/micropd-course-learning-activities/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964358591.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20211128194436-20211128224436-00294.warc.gz | en | 0.928959 | 128 | 3.734375 | 4 |
From this picture of the past and future, what can we learn about the the funeral market in the United States?
(*1880-1930, death registration area death rate applied to total U.S. population count. See below.)
Throughout human history, changes in the big picture environment of a group of people have often led to changes in the way those people live. Changes in social structure leading to changes in culture. Macro affecting micro.
Population increases and decreases would be quintessential examples of the big picture. If a bunch of people start moving into a neighborhood, or leaving, people within that area might end up doing things differently.
An institution like whichever one happens to handle the dead within a given society, being very population-dependent, can be susceptible to changing when there are major demographic shifts. This seems like an obvious sort of observation, but it hasn’t been explored much, especially in the modern context.
Patterns emerge from changes in death totals that should be of interest to anyone concerned with the funeral business, not least of all people working in that industry.
It will take more than a few posts to tell this story, but a key part can be explained very simply by showing what sort of market the first few generations of American funeral directors inhabited.
To skip ahead briefly, however: I will point out that the American funeral industry took shape in the second half of the nineteenth century, first in some of the larger eastern cities, and had become dominant throughout the entire U.S. by the beginning of World War II. Some rural areas such as in Appalachia did not have ready access to modern embalming until the early 1940s. But for present purposes, I will note that the funeral business was functioning in many of our major population areas from the 1880s onward.
As mentioned in a previous post, we don’t have complete death statistics from before 1933. But we can do a bit of extrapolation using data we do have to get a fuller picture of death in America. In the early years of mortality counting, from 1880 through 1933, the agencies responsible designated a “death registration area” that began with just a few cities but gradually encompassed the entire country. The death registration area death rates are shown in the early years of the 1880-2060 chart posted earlier.
I think the death registration area death rates were probably not too far off from the situation in the rest of the U.S. If we multiply those validated death rates by the actual U.S. population totals for those years from the previous post, we get the following:
*Estimated deaths in U.S., 1880-1930, applying death rate from death registration area to total U.S. population
(I include the out-of-series year 1918 as a matter of interest to show the affect the Spanish flu had, but also because, as a part of the funeral business landscape, 1918 shouldn’t be overlooked).
Let’s take a look at the graph at the top. (Full data list is below):
Continue reading U.S. Mortality Totals During The Funeral Industry’s Early Years | <urn:uuid:08f9e287-3b17-4986-a47b-add6077ab1f2> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://dullesfuneral.com/topics/death/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623488556482.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20210624171713-20210624201713-00050.warc.gz | en | 0.942002 | 650 | 3.265625 | 3 |
This video gives an example of amyloidosis, which is a condition in which abnormal proteins (called amyloids) become deposited in the spaces between cells.
See also: amyloidosis in the encyclopedia.
Introduction to Larynx, Pharynx, and Airway Anatomy
In this presentation Dr. Bastian provides an introduction to larynx, pharynx, and airway anatomy. This video can help individuals understand other material on this website.
See also: larynx in the encyclopedia. | <urn:uuid:c9d87dc5-6cc0-484c-b049-196383552dde> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | https://laryngopedia.com/category/videos/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891812584.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20180219111908-20180219131908-00453.warc.gz | en | 0.830549 | 109 | 2.75 | 3 |
Welcome to my SQLite3 Tutorial! This tutorial is part of my Android Development Tutorial, so my Android tutorial is not over. I have many more videos on Android coming.
In this video I explain how to install SQLite3 on both Mac and Windows. I also cover how to use SQLite3 using the console. SQLite is an embedded relational database that doesn’t require a dedicated database management system. The database is part of your code and not an outside resource. The reason for creating SQLite was to provide a self contained database that was easy to use, could travel with the program using it and run on any machine with no other required software.
If you like videos like this, it helps to tell Google+ with a click here
SQLite3 Cheat Sheet
sqlite3 test.db // open sqlite and provide a database name // Creates a table in the database // Primary Key automatically generates values that start at 1 and increase by 1 // name is a text field that will hold employee names create table employees (id integer primary key, name text); // Insert some employees insert into employees (id, name) values(1, 'Max Eisenhardt'); insert into employees (name) values('Pietro Maximoff'); insert into employees (name) values('Wanda Maximoff'); insert into employees (name) values('Mortimer Toynbee'); insert into employees (name) values('Jason Wyngarde'); // In column mode, each record is shown on a separate line with the data aligned in columns // headers on shows the column names, if off they wouldn't show .mode column .headers on select * from employees; // Show all employees // Changes the width of the columns .width 15 20 .exit // Closes the database sqlite3 test.db // Reopen database .tables // Displays the tables // Displays every value on its own line .mode line select * from employees; // Shows the statements used to create the database. You could also provide a table name to see how that single table was made .schema OR .schema employees // You can get a more detailed database view .mode column .headers on select type, name, tbl_name, sql from sqlite_master order by type; // Used to show the current settings .show // Set NULL to 'NULL' .nullvalue 'NULL' .show // Change the prompt for SQLite .prompt 'sqlite3> ' .show // Used to export database into SQL format on the screen .dump // Used to output to a file .output ./Documents/sqlite3Files/employees.sql .dump .output stdout // Restores output to the screen // You don't delete a database with any command. You have to delete the file itself // You can delete a table however drop table employees; // You can import the table then with .read ./Documents/sqlite3Files/employees.sql // .mode is used to change the formatting of the output // OPTIONS FOR MODE : column, csv // html: html table // insert: insert commands used // list: List without commas // tabs: Tab separated list // How to output a CSV list to a file .mode csv // You could define the output should be csv .separator , // OR define the separator for the columns .output ./Documents/sqlite3Files/employees.csv .separator , select * from employees; .output stdout // Output html table .mode html select * from employees; .output stdout // line outputs column name and value .mode line select * from employees; .output stdout // Items with double quotes .mode tcl select * from employees; .output stdout | <urn:uuid:ab23425e-c22d-46c4-bb4f-6c3a0f65c342> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | http://www.newthinktank.com/2013/05/sqlite3-tutorial/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860111809.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161511-00140-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.693547 | 770 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Vocabulearn Korean Level 2
Audio CDs: Korean/English: MP3, 41 Kbps (1 channels) | Duration: N/A | 2005 | ISBN-10: 1591255023
Overal size: 109 MB | Genre: Learning Korean | Level: Beginner
Easy and effective, VocabuLearn presents useful vocabulary words (the building blocks of language) and expressions designed to greatly increase comprehension and improve pronunciation of the foreign language. Plus, VocabuLearn's unique reversible/bilingual format allows non-English speaking students to learn English in the same way English speakers learn the target language – using the same cassettes and word lists. Level Two includes an expanded vocabulary with new expressions. | <urn:uuid:8d6ca3b3-8e95-4516-a458-2eeb2db51270> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | https://soek.in/2000-Bilingual-Phrases-Level-2/87711.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267867304.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20180624234721-20180625014721-00485.warc.gz | en | 0.785616 | 148 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Epidermolysis bullosa simplex is incurable, and treatment involves managing the blisters and wounds caused by the condition and preventing infection, reports the Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center. Sometimes surgery may be necessary to correct deformities, graft skin, widen the esophagus or implant a feeding tube, explains Mayo Clinic. Vitamin supplements may help with nutrition deficiencies caused by the inability to eat.Continue Reading
Epidermolysis bullosa simplex is a genetic disorder that weakens the skin and causes it to easily blister, states the Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center. Sometimes the inside of the mouth also blisters.
When blisters form on the skin, people need to puncture them in two places with sterile needles so they can drain; otherwise, they can grow larger and spread, according to Mayo Clinic. Soaking the wound in a mild solution of water and salt, bleach or vinegar helps remove bandages and cleans the wound. Patients can cover the wound with petroleum jelly or antibiotic cream and apply a nonstick bandage or gauze. Some adults and older children may need prescription medication to manage pain, and younger children can take nonprescription pain medications.
Blisters on the fingers or toes may cause them to fuse together, and doctors may perform surgery to restore normal motion, notes Mayo Clinic. Blisters within the esophagus may cause it to narrow, and doctors may surgically dilate the esophagus so patients can eat more easily. Skin grafts replace skin damaged by deep wounds.Learn more about Skin Conditions | <urn:uuid:0c783389-ba7f-4daa-bad8-a6aa2b44eaac> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.reference.com/health/treat-epidermolysis-bullosa-simplex-8afbd5e45a67f8d | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282631.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00450-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.875626 | 314 | 3.484375 | 3 |
The Toxaemia Of Renal Disease shows itself not only in the development of uraemia, but also by other manifestations, as, for instance, the well known gastro-enteritis that is so frequently present in these diseases. There is some evidence to show that where the excretory efficiency of the kidney is impaired, excretion of some of the urinary constituents, as, for example, urea, may take place from the gastric and intestinal mucosa and be-associated with symptoms of severe vomiting and diarrhoea.
The presence of toxaemia as the result of renal disease must necessarily be a factor of considerable importance in regulating dietetic treatment.
Malnutrition, shown by wasting, anaemia, and frequently the development of a regular cachexia, is the frequent accompaniment of the more serious, and especially the chronic, forms of renal disease. This malnutrition is doubtless in part dependent on mere loss of appetite and on the gastric and intestinal complications that are so often present. But great wasting may be seen as the result of chronic renal disease, and especially, perhaps, as the result of certain forms of chronic nephritis and granular kidney, without the presence of marked vomiting or other gastro-intestinal symptoms. This malnutrition, together with such a phenomenon as pigmentation, which is also not uncommon in chronic renal disease, would also seem to show that these maladies produce in some ill-understood manner grave disturbances of the nutritive processes of the body. The importance of considering these factors in the treatment of the disease, and especially in the dietetic treatment, cannot be overestimated. There is often a tendency to regulate the treatment by considerations based largely, and sometimes entirely, on the state of the urine. Thus the diet may be cut down, owing to a high degree of albuminuria present, and this notwithstanding the fact that the patient's aspect and body weight may show grave impairment of nutrition. Very often much better results are obtained by not concentrating the attention solely on the state of the urine, but rather by directing the treatment, and especially the diet, to remedying if possible the malnutrition.
Albuminuria in greater or less degree is usually present in renal disease, and in some renal lesions the quantity of albumin lost daily is very considerable, and may amount to as much as 40 grms. per diem. In most diseases, however, the loss is much less than this, but still, inasmuch as many of these maladies are of very prolonged duration, there is a considerable wastage of the proteins of the body. That this is the case is shown by the low percentage of protein matter present in the blood of patients suffering from chronic renal disease, even where dropsy is absent, and there is no fallacy owing to the presence of hydraemic plethora.
The large amount of albumin present in the urine has often led to attempts being made to restrict the loss by diet and by medicine. In some instances dietetic treatment, and especially perhaps the administration of a milk diet, is followed by an apparent great diminution in the daily loss. In some instances this diminution is more apparent than real, and is really dependent on an increased flow of urine due to the liquid diet and large quantity of fluid ingested causing a percentage diminution, but the total quantity lost in the twenty-four hours may remain much the same as with a drier and more solid diet. | <urn:uuid:f66412a2-d54a-4d2c-b371-a3e74aacb216> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://chestofbooks.com/health/nutrition/Diet-Dietetics/The-Toxaemia-Of-Renal-Disease.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496665985.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20191113035916-20191113063916-00191.warc.gz | en | 0.961872 | 694 | 2.734375 | 3 |
In his essay ‘Economic possibilities for our grandchildren’, in 1930, the British economist John Maynard Keynes predicted that within a century industrialized societies have progressed so far that its technological advances allow people to live comfortably, with little need for work, and that provide happiness.
Almost a century later and taking that essay as a starting point, Robert Skidelsky, economic historian and biographer reputed creator of Keynesianism, published with his son and philosopher Edward the book ‘How much is enough?’, which reflect on the current economic system and society away from the concept of ‘good life’, something that humans have tried profiling over time, from classical Greece to Christianity or Marxism.
A few thousand US dollars
According to the book, strong progress and improvement in living conditions that followed World War II were twisted in the 80’s, when Ronald Reagan and Margaret Thatcher set economic growth as an end in itself and not as a means of achieving the good life of the people. That growth indicator, which does not take into account other citizen concerns such as health, leisure or the environment, had a quick and decisive victory over the other end of the economy due to the dramatic increase in the standard of living of the decades of 60 and 70 and proximity to full employment in Western societies. ‘In these circumstances, the economic thought was free to concentrate on the efficiency of the production efficiency.’
The good life, as opposed to happiness (something private and psychological, not always connected to the living conditions), for Skidelsky is based on a number of basic elements that the state should promote, while it is for citizens to enjoy and develop full: health, security (physical or economic), respect, personality (freedom to act autonomously), harmony with nature, friendship (bond with others) and leisure (what is done for its own sake, not out of obligation or an end).
The authors are optimistic about the future. Faced with the confusion between need and desire that seems to dominate, proposed ethical renewal, more social policies and reducing the pressure to consume or altering advertising freedom to choose. They believe that we are now better prepared than ever for the good life: we are materially better than in the 30s and knowledge is accessible to many more people, two factors that combined with the ethical awakening can make this economic crisis could leave advanced societies in a better starting position than Keynes in 1930. | <urn:uuid:7bbb2a7a-d25b-4cb3-a008-546826ab916c> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | http://whatonline.org/en/how-much-is-enough/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986655310.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20191014200522-20191014224022-00538.warc.gz | en | 0.967898 | 494 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Well I'd hoped to get a full story on these amazing images posted before I had to dive into afternoon kid-related duties, but I just ran out of time. So here's a preview. Much more to come later!
NASA / JPL / Space Science Institute
Saturn at equinox
Just a day after the equinox, Cassini turned to capture the 75 images necessary to compose this striking panorama across Saturn and its rings. It's a rare and bizarre view of Saturn with the Sun poised almost exactly over the equator. With this lighting geometry, the rings are nearly dark, except where reflected light from Saturn strikes them, or where structures that rise above the plane of the rings catch the sunlight. The rings' shadow has collapsed to a skinny line falling across Saturn's waist.
Because of difficult geometric and lighting conditions, extensive processing was required to create this view. Cassini was relatively close to Saturn when it began taking the images for the mosaic and was continuously receding from the planet during the eight hours it took to capture the 200 images contained in the observation. (Photos were captured through infrared, violet, and clear filters in addition to the red, green, and blue-filter images used for the mosaic shown here.) So each of the images had to be reprojected into a common viewing geometry. The photos also had to be digitally processed to remove lens flares (artifacts that result from light scattering within the camera's optics) and to deemphasize seams between images.
Additional processing was necessary to make the rings visible on your computer screen. Without enhancement, the rings would have been so dark as to be invisible. The dark half of the rings (right side of the mosaic) has been brightened relative to the bright half, (left side of the mosaic) by a factor of three, and then the entire ring system brightened by a factor of 20. Spokes are visible in the B ring on the right side of the image.
Similar brightening was required to make the moons visible. Janus (179 kilometers in diameter) is on the lower left of this image. Epimetheus (113 kilometers) appears near the middle bottom. Pandora (81 kilometers) orbits outside the rings on the right of the image. The small moon Atlas (30 kilometers) orbits inside the thin F ring on the right of the image. Other bright specks are background stars.
Cassini had passed through its orbital periapsis at 11:37 UTC on August 11 and almost immediately crossed to the northern face of the rings, at 12:59. This crossing was only 10 hours after the Sun had precisely balanced over the plane (at 02:44). Cassini began capturing the images for this mosaic at about 06:00 on August 12, about 1.25 days after the moment of equinox, and finished taking data at about 14:00. | <urn:uuid:4a1e9e00-3cd1-40d3-afd9-6d926939eb23> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | http://www.planetary.org/blogs/emily-lakdawalla/2009/2107.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583511314.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20181017220358-20181018001858-00088.warc.gz | en | 0.953421 | 586 | 2.703125 | 3 |
What is Amblyopia?
It’s a common vision disorder also known as lazy eye. With this disorder, the eye does not achieve normal visual acuity and often cannot be fixed with glasses or contact lenses.
According to the Mayo Clinic, Amblyopia occurs in early childhood when nerve pathways between the brain and an eye aren’t properly stimulated, the brain favors the other eye. The common symptoms include a wandering eye, eyes that may not appear to work together, or poor depth perception. Both eyes may be affected.
The Cause of Amblyopia
Common causes of the condition include: Muscle imbalance (strabismus amblyopia). The most common cause of Lazy Eye is an imbalance in the muscles that position the eyes. This imbalance can cause the eyes to cross in or turn out, and prevents them from working together.
How do you fix Amblyopia?
- Eye patches or eye occlusion. A patch is placed over the “good” eye, forcing the muscles in the lazy eye to develop greater strength. …
- Atropine eye drops. These may be applied to blur vision in the “good” eye.
- Vision exercises. | <urn:uuid:ab8cbd1b-06c8-43e7-83e3-624834b2b177> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://www.millenniumeyecenter.com/amblyopia/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296943589.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20230321002050-20230321032050-00584.warc.gz | en | 0.906127 | 249 | 3.703125 | 4 |
You’ve got great illustrations of lions like Mufasa begging for his life. Kids will enjoy painting the frightened face of Mufasa. They can use colored pencils to shade a cliff that the lion is holding on to.
Welcome to our collection of free LION coloring pages. Click the illustrations you like and you’ll be taken to the download and/or print page.
Illustration of a struggling Mufasa begging for his life while holding on to a cliff.
Sad Pumba while watching Nala and Simba together.
Adult Simba scaring off Timon and Pumba.
Simba and Pumba enjoying life like Hakuna Matata.
Illustration of an exhausted Simba while being followed by multiple vultures.
Simba falling on a cliff.
Young Simba innocently smiling with his uncle Scar.
Simba holding tightly on a branch to avoid being run by bulls.
Simba hugging Nala when they met for the first time after a long time.
Illustration of Mufasa and Simba standing on a rock.
Young Simba playing and following a ladybug.
Timon, Pumba, and young Simba having fun in the water.
Female lion with her baby cub.
Illustration of a pride of lion standing on a field.
Simba standing mightily on pride rock.
Simba and Nala with their baby cub.
Circus lion performing with his trainer.
Illustration of Mufasa training young Simba.
Two illustration of Nala and Simba bonding with each other.
Young lion standing on a cliff.
Fabulous lion standing in front of bushes and flowers.
Illustration of a lion walking on a field.
More: Bunny Coloring Pages | Fox Coloring Pages | Puppy Coloring Pages | Sheep Coloring Pages | Bear Coloring Pages | Wolf Coloring Pages | Horse Coloring Pages | Cat Coloring Pages | Elephant Coloring Pages | Dog Coloring Pages | Pig Coloring Pages
Fun and Interesting Facts About Lions for Kids
1. Like cheetahs and other cats, lions come from the cat family. Science people have a fancy name for the family of big cats, Felidae.
2. What’s surprising about a lion is that it’s called the ‘king of the jungle.’ But you find lions in Africa’s open savannas.
3. Lions are a bit smaller than tigers. It makes them the second biggest cats. Male lions can be as long as 10ft, beginning from the head to the tail. Their height could reach 4ft. However, female lions can grow up to 9ft.
4. These male cats can be quite heavy, weighing about 400lb(180kg). The females can have a mass of nearly 290lb(130kg). Lions can live for 10 to 15 years.
5. A pride is a group of lions. It can range from two to forty lions. You can find male and female lions together with their cubs in the pride.
6. Lions are nocturnal animals because they hunt at night in packs. They prey on many animals, including deer, buffalo, antelope, zebra, etc.
7. Female lions hunt the most, and they’ve got super hunting skills.
8. Lions are heavier than cheetahs, so they’re slower. They can run at 50km/h. But lions are more powerful than cheetahs, and that’s why they can take on large animals.
9. They can sleep between 16-20 hours during the day. They’ll be resting to use all their saved energy to hunt after sunset.
10. Lions are heavy eaters. They can take almost 66lb or 30kg in one go.
Now that you’re a graduate in Zoology (study of animals), let’s move on to another lion adventure. Here’s a wide collection of free lion coloring pages. These working sheets are proper for preschool, early elementary, kindergarten, and older kids.
Free lion coloring pages help improve children’s fine motor skills and color recognition. Parents and young children can have fun working on the coloring pages.
Free LION Coloring Pages for Download (Printable PDF)
There are many more free coloring pages. For example, one printable worksheet shows an unhappy Pumba and Nala and Simba playing together. Parents could talk about what kids can do to comfort another sad child.
Wow! Little ones will find this lion coloring page exciting to work on. Here, Adult Simba is scaring off Pumba and Timon. Simba’s scary mouth is wide open, showing big sharp teeth.
Free Lion Coloring Pages Galore
It’s time for fun. Pumba and Simba are having a dandy time together. This drawing can help children appreciate the importance of setting aside time to play with others.
More free lion coloring pages for the little ones. After running like mad, Simba is dead tired. On this free coloring page, kids will also paint some vultures hovering over Simba. What a sorrowful sight.
Simba has fallen off a cliff. He must be hurt and crying. Children could shade a crying face on this template. Adults may talk about different ways of expressing grief.
You’re not done yet with free lion coloring pages. Let your kids paint Simba holding a branch very tight to hide from bulls that could run him over.
There’s also another exciting coloring sheet with Simba warmly hugging Nala. Kids can have fun painting the trees in the background.
One more free printable coloring page illustrates Mufasa and Simba relaxing on a rock. Kids can create a coloring book after completing the coloring pictures. | <urn:uuid:e3974fd9-55db-4581-8876-2c58e1d711a1> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://verbnow.com/coloring-pages/lions/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780058373.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20210927060117-20210927090117-00012.warc.gz | en | 0.902676 | 1,226 | 2.515625 | 3 |
The River Citarum in Indonesia’s populous Java Island is one of the world’s most polluted rivers but plans to clean it up are controversial.
By the time the 270km river, with its source in West Java, has passed some 2,000 factories and reached the Jakarta suburb of Bekasi, it is highly polluted, though many residents use water from it to wash their dishes and clothes, and even to cook food. Some 80 percent of Jakarta’s surface water comes from the river.
In December 2008, the Asian Development Bank (ADB) granted a US$500 million loan to the government for clean-up operations. Over a 15-year period, the ADB money should allow the government to rehabilitate the entire river basin.
The plan supports sanitation projects and seeks to provide safe water to those along its banks, while at the same time improving the lives of some 28 million people in its vicinity.
However, the People’s Alliance for Citarum (ARUM), an NGO, is concerned about corruption in the allocation of the ABD funding, and the project’s effectiveness. It said there was a lack of “monitorable, reportable and verifiable indicators to combat and prevent corrupt practices”.
But according to ADB spokesman Chris Morris, “fear” of possible corruption should not hold up projects that will ultimately improve the lives of many. A series of oversight measures “will also reduce the risk of corruption”, Morris said, citing community-based approaches, clear and transparent information systems and external monitoring.
Sunardhi Yogantara, director of Citizens Care for the Environment, agrees, saying concerns about corruption should not overshadow the urgent need to act now. “If nothing gets done, the river will die and that would be a catastrophe.”
Diana Gultom of Debtwatch Indonesia, a member of the ARUM coalition, is worried about the “absence” of a compensation and relocation plan for some area residents. The ADB wants to relocate close to 900 households, but final sites have yet to be agreed.
Yogantara also highlighted the health risks of living near the river, especially in the dry season, when “the river becomes an open sewer.”
Setiawan Wangsaatmaja, who has conducted research into health conditions near the river, said: “Especially during the rainy season we found a lot of cases of skin disease, diarrhoea and acute respiratory problems.”
Meanwhile, there others whose livelihoods depends on the pollution, like Edi Jundedi, a 56-year-old grandfather who sells plastic bottles fished from the river for 13 US cents a kilo.
Al Jazeera report on Indonesia’s “river of rubbish”
Source: IRIN, 23 Jun 2009 | <urn:uuid:142ecbcf-3ef2-4858-abbf-0525d5ca5fb9> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://washasia.wordpress.com/tag/surface-water-pollution/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704179963/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516113619-00043-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950494 | 595 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Hubble's law or Hubble—Lemaître's law is the name for the observation that:
- All objects observed in deep space have a doppler shift-measured velocity relative to Earth, and to each other;
- The doppler-shift-measured velocity of galaxies moving away from Earth, is proportional to their distance from the Earth and all other interstellar bodies.
In effect, the space-time volume of the observable universe is expanding and Hubble's law is the direct physical observation of this. It is the basis for believing in the expansion of the universe and is evidence often cited in support of the Big Bang model.
Although widely attributed to Edwin Hubble, the law was first derived from the General Relativity equations by Georges Lemaître in a 1927 article. There he proposed that the Universe is expanding, and suggested a value for the rate of expansion, now called the Hubble constant. Two years later Edwin Hubble confirmed the existence of that law and determined a more accurate value for the constant that now bears his name. The recession velocity of the objects was inferred from their redshifts, many measured earlier by Vesto Slipher in 1917 and related to velocity by him.
The law is often expressed by the equation v = H0D, with H0 the constant of proportionality (the Hubble constant) between the "proper distance" D to a galaxy and its velocity v (see Uses of the proper distance). H0 is usually quoted in (km/s)/Mpc, which gives the speed in km/s of a galaxy 1 megaparsec (3.09×1019 km) away. The reciprocal of H0 is the Hubble time.
A recent 2011 estimate of the Hubble constant, which used a new infrared camera on the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) to measure the distance and redshift for a collection of astronomical objects, gives a value of H0 = 73.8 ± 2.4 (km/s)/Mpc. An alternate approach using data from galactic clusters gave a value of H0 = 67.0 ± 3.2 (km/s)/Mpc.
A number of other methods have been used, giving figures between 70 and 72 (km/s)/Mpc. A recent (2016) method using the oldest light in the universe suggests the Hubble Constant value was 66.53km/s per megaparsec soon after the expansion began. This implies that the rate of expansion has been increasing.
- Peter Coles, ed. (2001). Routledge critical dictionary of the new cosmology. Routledge. p. 202. ISBN 0-203-16457-1.
- Lemaître, Georges (1927). "Un univers homogène de masse constante et de rayon croissant rendant compte de la vitesse radiale des nébuleuses extra-galactiques". Annales de la Société Scientifique de Bruxelles. A47: 49–56. Bibcode:1927ASSB...47...49L.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link) (Full article, PDF). Partially translated (the translator remains unidentified) in Lemaître, Georges (1931). "Expansion of the universe, A homogeneous universe of constant mass and increasing radius accounting for the radial velocity of extra-galactic nebulæ". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 91: 483–490. Bibcode:1931MNRAS..91..483L.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link).
- Bergh, Sidney van den (6 June 2011). "The Curious Case of Lemaitre's Equation No. 24". arXiv:1106.1195 [astro-ph, physics:physics] – via arXiv.org.
- Block, David L. (13 February 2019). "Georges Lemaitre and Stiglers Law of Eponymy". arXiv:1106.3928 [astro-ph, physics:physics]. 395: 89–96. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-32254-9_8 – via arXiv.org.
- Reich, Eugenie Samuel (27 June 2011). "Edwin Hubble in translation trouble". Nature. doi:10.1038/news.2011.385 – via Crossref.
- Hubble, Edwin 1929. A relation between distance and radial velocity among extra-galactic nebulae Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 15, 3, 168-173. (Full article, PDF)
- Malcolm S Longair (2006). The Cosmic Century. Cambridge University Press. p. 109. ISBN 0-521-47436-1.
- Riess, Adam G.; et al. (2011). "A 3% solution: determination of the Hubble constant with the Hubble Space Telescope and Wide Field Camera" (PDF). The Astrophysics Journal. 730 (2): 119. arXiv:1103.2976. Bibcode:2011ApJ...730..119R. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/730/2/119.
- 'New study gives dark energy a boost' Archived 2012-09-30 at the Wayback Machine (Ron Cowen), Science News, 16 March 2011.
- Beutler, Florian; et al. (2011). "The 6dF Galaxy Survey: baryon acoustic oscillations and the local Hubble constant". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 416 (4): 3017. Bibcode:2011MNRAS.tmp.1164B. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.19250.x.
- 'Hubble Constant: a new way to measure the expansion of the universe', Science Daily, 27 July 2011.
- Amos, Jonathan 2016. Hubble clocks faster cosmic expansion. BBC News Science & Environment. | <urn:uuid:7674bcd9-bfec-4267-9dbb-98d1d878d184> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://simple.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubble%27s_law | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487626465.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20210617011001-20210617041001-00002.warc.gz | en | 0.766746 | 1,268 | 4.40625 | 4 |
Moving critical elements to higher ground and designing for longer lifespans are just some of the ways cities and governments can make infrastructure more resilient to natural disasters and climate change, writes Richard Cavallaro, President of Skanska USA Civil.
On May 6th, the White House released the third U.S. National Climate Assessment (NCA), concluding that the impacts of climate change – including sea level rise and storm surges, extreme weather events, higher temperatures and heat waves – are affecting the reliability and capacity of our nation’s infrastructure in many ways.
This is the latest in a series of warnings about our infrastructure: the American Society of Civil Engineers estimates that in order to remain operational, U.S. infrastructure needs as much as $3.6 trillion in investments by 2020. Now is the time to act.
At Skanska, we’ve been thinking about this very topic for some time. I recently delivered a presentation on the need to make U.S. infrastructure more resilient to climate change at the annual Journalists Forum on Land and the Built Environment, a conference organized by the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy and Harvard University.
We’ve seen far too many images like the one above. Infrastructure design criteria have long been based on historical records, but given changing weather patterns our history likely doesn’t reflect our future. Indeed, NCA 2014 concludes that sea level rise, coupled with storm surge, will continue to increase the risk of major coastal impacts on infrastructure, including flooding of airports, ports and harbors, roads, rail lines, tunnels and bridges. We need to change how we design and build. And we need to think of ways to spend less but have more impact. Here are seven cost-effective strategies for making our infrastructure more resilient.
1. Protect subways from flooding
An easy way to do this is to elevate air grates that are typically embedded at grade in sidewalks. Simply raising these by about a foot or two can keep subways dry and add an artistic flourish to the streetscape. It’s a low-cost change with a potentially big impact. Likewise, raising the entrance to a subway station can prevent water damage. This does mean that pedestrians must go up to go down, but there are ways to make these types of entrances handicapped accessible.
2. Move critical elements to higher ground
Many buildings have important functions on their ground floors, such as emergency rooms, and have mechanical and electrical operations in the basement. Such configurations – which have typically been very convenient – were devastating to New Orleans’ hospitals during Hurricane Katrina. The replacement facility our joint venture is building there – called the University Medical Center – will have sacrificial administrative functions on the ground level, emergency and operating rooms on higher floors, and mechanicals on the roof. It’s a straightforward design approach with major ramifications for resiliency.
3. Bury electrical wires
One of Hurricane Sandy’s lessons is that something must be done about the poor state of electrical infrastructure. Millions of people in the New York/New Jersey region were without power for nearly a month due to Sandy knocking down overhead electrical lines. While burying many lines at once would be prohibitively expensive, why not start by undergrounding the most critical lines first? Eventually, our infrastructure will be more secure, with less of an upfront investment.
4. Use infrastructure in new ways
How? Turn underground parking garages – or even tunnels — into temporary water collection facilities during storms. While these structures can eventually be pumped out, by diverting a deluge they may save homes or sensitive buildings from being destroyed. In Washington, D.C., the National Coalition to Save Our Mall has proposed building a parking garage and water resource facility under a portion of the National Mall’s grass panels. Large cisterns in the facility would collect rainwater for mall irrigation and, during periods of heavy flooding, act as a floodwater retention basin. The project could be built with private money and paid for through parking fees at no cost to the public.
5. Use nature
Cities can also design more natural ways to mitigate disaster. In New York there’s a proposal to add 80 acres of new parks, wetlands and tidal salt marshes along the edge of Manhattan. Dredged material from harbor-deepening projects combined with geotextiles could form artificial barrier islands help reduce the impact of rising waters. Wetland plants can help absorb energy out of storm surges and protect coastlines
6. Plan together
Too often during big storms, crisis management becomes chaotic. During Sandy, many agencies were all vying for the same resources, such as water pumps. Plans, processes and procedures need to be coordinated to an even greater degree to ensure that those resources go to the most critical needs first.
7. Design infrastructure for a longer lifespan
While building a tunnel with the strength to survive a 500-year flood – perhaps with a floodgate and higher-strength concrete — may cost more upfront, it’s less expensive than having to rebuild the tunnel later.
There are many creative ways to improve resiliency. But the value of forward thinking and wise investments in infrastructure will become apparent when it matters most. And, as the 2014 NCA report demonstrates, when it comes to U.S. infrastructure, we cannot afford to wait.
About the author
Richard Cavallaro is President of Skanska USA Civil. Read more posts by Cavallaro. | <urn:uuid:441be664-8363-47e6-af9c-9ce0ac86e64f> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | http://www.bdcnetwork.com/blog/7-cost-effective-ways-make-us-infrastructure-more-resilient | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107878662.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20201021235030-20201022025030-00152.warc.gz | en | 0.948057 | 1,119 | 3.203125 | 3 |
1st Battalion, 320th Field Artillery Regiment
Originally the missino of the 1st Battalion, 320th Field Artillery Regiment of the Division Artillery Brigade of the 101st Airborne Division (Air Assault) was to deploy worldwide to synchronize fire support and provide direct supporting fires for 2nd Brigade, 101st Airborne Division (Air Assault). On order, 1-320th Field Artillery conducts Air Assault operations in support of the 2nd Brigade scheme of maneuver. After the transition to the modular force and reassignment of the 1-320th to the 2nd Brigade Combat Team, its mission became to destroy, neutralize, or suppress the enemy by cannon, rocket and missile fire and to help integrate all fire support assets into combined arms operations.
The 1-320th Field Artillery Regiment can trace its beginnings with America's entry into the First World War. As part of the nation's mobilization, the unit was first formed and organized in August 1917 as Battery A, 320th Field Artillery. As part of the 82nd Infantry Division, the original Top Guns played a key role at Lorraine, St Mihiel, and the Meuse Argonne region. Following the Armistice, the 320th demobilized, only to be reconstituted in June of 1921 as part of the Organized Reserves.
Once the United States entered the Second World War, the unit was eventually reorganized and redesignated as the 320th Glider Field Artillery Battalion. As part of the 82nd Airborne Division, the 320th fought in a number of hot spots. First, the 320th was part of the campaign in Sicily, acting in reserve. The unit first saw action at the Volturino River on the Italian mainland. The crucial Normandy invasion was the next stop for the 320th. Under difficult conditions, the unit helped make the invasion a success. As a result of the 320th's actions during Operation Overlord, the unit was awarded the Presidential Unit Citation. The 320th next fought in Operation Market Garden and then went on to further distinguish itself in the Ardennes when the German's attempted their last ditch offensive. The 320th then fought and played a role in the final push through the Rhineland to defeat the Nazis. Upon the war's end, the unit completed its duties in Europe as part of the post war occupation in Berlin.
After the war, the 320th went through a number of transitions. In 1957, the 320th became a part of the 11th Airborne Division, only to be deactivated a year later. In 1962, the unit was again reactivated and reorganized as 1-320th Artillery, once again being apart of the 82nd Airborne Division. The unit remained a part of the 82nd until 1986, during which time 1-320th participated in Operation Urgent Fury in Grenada.
Top Guns next saw action in the Middle East from 1990 until 1991. As a part of the 101st Airborne Division (Air Assault), the Battalion played a key role in both defending Saudi Arabia and liberating Kuwait.
As part of the Army's transformation towards a modular force, the 1-320th Field Artillery was relieved from assignment to the 101st DIVARTY, which was susbequently stood down, and reassigned to the 2nd Brigade Combat Team, 101st Airborne Division. The Battalion was also reduced one Company, with personnel from C Company being reassigned to the newly reformed 4th Battalion, 320th Field Artillery Regiment.
|Join the GlobalSecurity.org mailing list| | <urn:uuid:867fcc76-d083-445d-968f-0c3142a77bed> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/agency/army/1-320fa.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578528433.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20190420000959-20190420022959-00120.warc.gz | en | 0.966561 | 732 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Last weekend we visited the Wow!How? science fair at the Museum of Natural History and Pitt Rivers Museum in Oxford. This is the 10th year of the event, which forms part of the Oxfordshire Science Festival. We’ve been a couple of times before but this year it seemed bigger and better than ever!
There were over 30 stalls spread throughout the museums, each offering the opportunity to carry out scientific investigations. Most were aimed at the 8+ age group but many were still suitable for younger children. We spent the afternoon in the museum and still didn’t manage to visit all of them!
One of the most popular stalls was ‘Murder mystery at the museum’. A murder had been committed and 5 suspects identified. Using a variety of techniques and evidence the kids had to solve the case.
The first step was taking fingerprints. The scientist helpers explained the different types of fingerprint, and then the kids had to eliminate some of the suspects whose fingerprints didn’t match. This was followed by matching hair samples and looking at them under the microscope.
The kids were equally revolted and impressed by the next step which was to use maggots (and their life cycle) to determine how long the body had lain for. This helped exclude more suspects. The final step was comparing DNA found at the crime scene and then working out who the killer was.
We moved on to look at several other stalls, before stopping for a while at the bug handling stand. Visitors were able to hold a stick insect, giant cockroaches (not many takers) a tarantula, giant millepede and my favourite, the leaf insect shown above. I learnt that, as part of its camouflage, the leaf insect can mimic being blown around in the wind, in the same way that a leaf on a tree does!
On another stall the kids found out how hearts work, and had their heart rate and blood oxygen levels measured. They then had to do 30 seconds of star jumps to see how much their heart rate increased. At the end they were rewarded with a Skittle sweet, along with the information that this is how much exercise it takes to burn off one Skittle.
At the next stand the kids made snazzy Sellotape. This very simple experiment involved sticking pieces of Sellotape at angles across each other onto a clear plastic film. When viewed under a light source lots of different colours were visible.
Another popular stall was fossil casting. After mixing water and plaster together it was poured into a variety of moulds. My daughter made a cast of a Megalosaurus footprint but there were lots of others to choose from. They were left to dry for around 15 minutes before the helpers extracted them from the moulds. Despite such a short drying time ours still arrived home in one piece.
The kids also learnt about Darwin’s finches and how beaks evolved to be different shapes based on the food that was available. They had to match the various implements available (stand in beaks) to the different foods on offer. I never realised there was such a thing as a blood sucking bird, but I know now there is an aptly named vampire finch!
There were many other stands that we only managed a quick look at. These included building a Lego dinosaur, Crazy Custard, Disaster Zone and Cambrian Explosion. Add to that some stands that we didn’t manage to see at all; we really should have got there when it opened.
The day finished with the Super Cool Show which was all about changes of state. We missed part of this, but did manage to see the end. The kids got to sample instant ice cream made with the help of nitrogen, and to run around outside (I’m guessing) in ‘nitrogen fog’. A great end to the afternoon.
- The event is held yearly in March at the Oxford University Museum of Natural History.
- Full details are available on the website, look out in due course for information on the 2015 event.
- Entrance is free. | <urn:uuid:77f8479b-cdf8-4347-8bf8-1772b2c86524> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | http://afamilydayout.co.uk/wowhow/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257648205.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20180323083246-20180323103246-00607.warc.gz | en | 0.980899 | 837 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Wild relatives of domesticated crop species harbor multiple, diverse, disease resistance (R) genes that could be used to engineer sustainable disease control. However, breeding R genes into crop lines often requires long breeding timelines of 5-15 years to break linkage between R genes and deleterious alleles (linkage drag). Further, when R genes are bred one at a time into crop lines, the protection that they confer is often overcome within a few seasons by pathogen evolution. If several cloned R genes were available, it would be possible to pyramid R genes in a crop, which might provide more durable resistance. We describe a three-step method (MutRenSeq)-that combines chemical mutagenesis with exome capture and sequencing for rapid R gene cloning. We applied MutRenSeq to clone stem rust resistance genes Sr22 and Sr45 from hexaploid bread wheat. MutRenSeq can be applied to other commercially relevant crops and their relatives, including, for example, pea, bean, barley, oat, rye, rice and maize. | <urn:uuid:dcaec13c-fc2f-437d-b545-dda906ac44b9> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.jic.ac.uk/research-impact/publications/rapid-cloning-of-disease-resistance-genes-in-plants-using-mutagenesis-and-sequence-capture/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652663021405.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20220528220030-20220529010030-00364.warc.gz | en | 0.932875 | 216 | 2.9375 | 3 |
The purpose of this activity is to have students develop a method to relate cheesiness to the non-cheesy portion of a crunchy vs puffy Cheeto in order to develop a measurement of which is cheesier & by how much. It is a realistic application comparing surface area to volume.
I have 3 sections of geometry, so I attempted this lesson 3 times, each a little differently – and I’d do this lesson again next year, but with more changes.
In my first class I made a fatal error – I distributed cups to the students and then ran around the room with a giant bag of Cheetos pouring them into each cup. This turned the class into a party. Students sat with Cheetos while not working on anything. BIG MISTAKE. When I tried to engage the class in the lesson there was little buy in or understanding of the goal of this activity and I ended up dragging my class through each component of the activity. While it was completed in the end, it was not understood by students.
For my next two classes, I set up cups with crunchy & puffy Cheetos in advance and set them out of sight. I introduced the activity and had good discussion and student ideas of which type of Cheeto was more cheesy and why. I didn’t provide them with Cheetos until they had a plan for determining which one was more cheesy and they concluded that the cheese was around the exterior, so the needed to compare surface area to volume.
I also found it pretty amusing how many students felt the need to organize their Cheetos:
Overall the activity was a great way to have students apply volume and surface area to a context. Next year I will make this task run more like a 3 act and less like a guided worksheet. I don’t want to tell the students what to think and when. It’s too helpful to tell them to approximate each Cheeto as cylinder and guide them to find the surface area and then the volume, and then find a ratio. Students don’t have the same degree of curiosity and satisfaction compared to them deciding what they need to do themselves.
This lesson took one 45 minute class period, but If I make these adaptations for next year It will most like take two: One period for the initial student question development and calculations and a second for student presentations and possibly time for them to improve or reflect on their work. OR maybe a gallery walk and whole class discussion.
I’ll adapt it like this next year:
Act 1 will beg the question of which type Cheeto has more cheese flavor. I will work through a notice/wonder and develop a main question.
Act 2 will be students determining what information they needed and equating a serving of crunchy Cheetos to puffy Cheetos. Then finding the volume and surface area of an average Cheeto and developing and justifying a method to measure cheesiness.
Act 3 will include student presentations of their analysis effectively sequenced as described in the 5 Practices book and maybe a reveal of how much more cheese powder per volume there are in crunchy vs puffy Cheetos (although this may not be necessary).
This task is a great idea and is worth doing with students. I think I struggled with its implementation because I did not develop enough student buy in and understanding of the question from the start – which I continue to be reminded is a critical component to successful student problem solving. | <urn:uuid:8eca2110-0867-4211-a402-8c84ae32d008> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | https://crazymathteacherlady.wordpress.com/tag/surface-area/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267867666.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20180625111632-20180625131632-00255.warc.gz | en | 0.97311 | 710 | 3.53125 | 4 |
When you gain too much
Gaining too much weight during pregnancy can increase your baby's risk of health problems, such as being born significantly larger than average (fetal macrosomia), and complications at birth, such as the baby's shoulder becoming stuck after the head is delivered (shoulder dystocia). Excessive weight gain during pregnancy can also increase your risk of postpartum weight retention.
Where does pregnancy weight gain go?
Let's say your baby weighs in at 7 or 8 pounds (about 3 to 3.6 kilograms). That accounts for some of your pregnancy weight gain. What about the rest? Here's a sample breakdown:
- Larger breasts: 1 to 3 pounds (about 0.5 to 1.4 kilogram)
- Larger uterus: 2 pounds (about 0.9 kilogram)
- Placenta: 1 1/2 pounds (about 0.7 kilogram)
- Amniotic fluid: 2 pounds (about 0.9 kilogram)
- Increased blood volume: 3 to 4 pounds (about 1.4 to 1.8 kilograms)
- Increased fluid volume: 2 to 3 pounds (about 0.9 to 1.4 kilograms)
- Fat stores: 6 to 8 pounds (about 2.7 to 3.6 kilograms)
Putting on the pounds
In the first trimester, most women don't need to gain much weight — which is good news if you're struggling with morning sickness.
If you start out at a healthy or normal weight, you need to gain only about 1 to 4 pounds (0.5 to 1.8 kilograms) in the first few months of pregnancy. You can do this by eating a healthy diet — no extra calories are necessary.
Steady weight gain is more important in the second and third trimesters — especially if you start out at a healthy weight or you're underweight. According to the guidelines, you'll gain about 1 pound (0.5 kilogram) a week until delivery. An extra 300 calories a day — half a sandwich and a glass of skim milk — might be enough to help you meet this goal. For overweight and obese women, the guidelines translate to a weight gain of about 1/2 pound (0.2 kilogram) a week in the second and third trimesters. Try adding a glass of low-fat milk or an ounce of cheese and a serving of fresh fruit to your diet.
Working with your health care provider
Your health care provider will keep a close eye on your weight. Do your part by eating a healthy diet and keeping your prenatal appointments. To keep your pregnancy weight gain on target, your health care provider might offer suggestions for boosting calories or scaling back as needed.
Feb. 15, 2017
See more In-depth
- Macones G. Weight gain and loss in pregnancy. http://www.uptodate.com/home. Accessed Nov. 22, 2016.
- Gabbe SG, et al. Nutrition during pregnancy. In: Obstetrics: Normal and Problem Pregnancies. 7th ed. Philadelphia, Pa.: Saunders Elsevier; 2017. http://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed Dec. 9, 2016.
- American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Committee on Obstetric Practice. Committee Opinion No. 549 Obesity in pregnancy. Obstetrics & Gynecology. 2013;121:213.
- Routine prenatal care. Bloomington, Minn.: Institute of Clinical Systems Improvement. https://www.icsi.org/guidelines__more/catalog_guidelines_and_more/catalog_guidelines/catalog_womens_health_guidelines/prenatal/. Accessed Nov. 22, 2016.
- Committee to Reexamine IOM Pregnancy Weight Guidelines, Food and Nutrition Board, and Board on Children, Youth and Families. Weight gain during pregnancy: Reexamining the guidelines. Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. http://www.nap.edu. Accessed Nov. 22, 2016.
- Gabbe SG, et al. Preconception and prenatal care. In: Obstetrics: Normal and Problem Pregnancies. 7th ed. Philadelphia, Pa.: Saunders Elsevier; 2017. http://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed Dec. 9, 2106.
- American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Committee on Obstetric Practice. Committee Opinion No. 548 Weight gain during pregnancy. Obstetrics & Gynecology. 2013;121:210. | <urn:uuid:e490c1f6-b60b-4585-93a4-98586606b0f5> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/pregnancy-week-by-week/in-depth/pregnancy-weight-gain/art-20044360?pg=2 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917120878.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031200-00538-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.891895 | 943 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Emergency management crews will have another tool to help them protect low-lying areas from flooding the next time a hurricane approaches.
Beginning this year, the National Hurricane Center's projections will include surge maps that show where flooding is expected along the Gulf and Atlantic coasts.
Flooding that usually accompanies a hurricane is often caused by a storm surge -- a rise in ocean water caused by the atmospheric pressure and wind that pushes water landward. Storm surges can kill, with nine out of every 10 deaths from hurricanes caused by the surge or its flooding, according to Federal Emergency Management Agency statistics.
The surge maps, which will be experimental for at least two years, will be issued at the first sign of a hurricane or tropical-storm watch and will be continuously updated with each new hurricane forecast, typically issued every six hours, according to a release from hurricane center's parent agency, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
Surge maps will be color-coded to show areas where flooding is expected and its depth. The depth projections will show the worst-case scenario, with a 10 percent chance the levels could be exceeded, the release said.
Town of Hilton Head Island emergency management coordinator Thomas Dunn said the maps will help. Maps his division currently uses to estimate flood levels are based on the category of a hurricane, which is calculated by wind speed, not surge or flooding levels. Those maps show the worst-case scenario for each category, without taking into account the unique properties of individual storms, Dunn said.
Dunn first heard about the maps while attending a course at the National Hurricane Center when the maps were still being tested.
The Lowcountry has been hit hard by storm surges in the past. In 1989, Hurricane Hugo brought surges of almost 20 feet to the South Carolina coast. In 1893, between 1,000 and 2,000 people were killed when a hurricane hit the Sea Islands, including those in Beaufort County. Most deaths were caused by storm surge.
In Beaufort County, many major evacuation routes -- U.S. 278, U.S. 21 and U.S. 17 -- could flood before everyone is safely out of the county, according to a 2011 study that showed elevations in certain areas are lower than originally thought. County officials have said they would recommend evacuations for any storm rated a Category 1 or stronger.
Follow reporter Matt McNab at twitter.com/IPBG_Matt. | <urn:uuid:6d8351f6-c22a-422a-9553-4690a978071d> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | http://www.islandpacket.com/news/weather/hurricane/article33556191.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398445080.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205405-00015-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961157 | 490 | 3.484375 | 3 |
Bacterial Skin Infection Symptoms
Bacteria are responsible for causing a range of unsightly skin conditions, including cellulitis, folliculitis, impetigo, and boils and carbuncles, but these conditions are usually fairly easy to spot. Boils, redness, rashes and other irritation on the skin's surface might mean you need to seek medical attention.
Cellulitis forms deep in the skin's layers and can cause skin to swell, turn red and be warm and tender [source: Mayo Clinic]. Symptoms usually surface in the legs, fingers, toes, face, feet, hands, torso, neck and buttocks, but can occur anywhere [source: Stulberg]. Infection signs include swelling, bruising, chills and overall weakness. If you have more severe symptoms, including a large area of infected skin, fever, numbness, or infection near your eyes or ears, or if you have HIV or diabetes, consult a doctor as soon as you suspect an infection [source: University of Virginia Health System].
Small, white lumps around hair follicles can be a sign of folliculitis. These bumps also may begin as sore, red lumps but can become more serious if they take over a large area of skin. The blisters eventually fill with pus and break open, which can cause scarring [source: Mayo Clinic].
Signs that you may have impetigo include sores, usually found around the nose or mouth, that begin as red spots and progress to larger, itchy blisters. These sores can become a concern if they continue to increase in size and number [source: WebMD]. Once they break open, the sores may form a yellow-brown crust.
Boils and carbuncles begin as red lumps that grow larger and fill with pus before breaking open and draining. A boil, or furuncle, is a bacterial infection in a hair follicle. A group of these that form a connected area of infection is called a carbuncle [source: Mayo Clinic]. Boils are frequently found on the face, neck, armpits, buttocks or thighs. Carbuncles, frequently found on the back of the neck, shoulders or thighs, result in a deeper, more severe infection. Consult a doctor if you have boils that are on your face or spine, occur frequently or with a fever, or aren't showing signs of healing, or if you have red lines on your skin around the boil.
Concerned about catching an infection? Read on to discover ways to protect your skin from potential problems. | <urn:uuid:64e5232f-3137-49fa-b695-eb950b994eed> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://health.howstuffworks.com/skin-care/problems/medical/bacterial-skin-infections1.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370500426.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20200331084941-20200331114941-00085.warc.gz | en | 0.946098 | 527 | 3.015625 | 3 |
By Alexandra Bruce
The Camp Fire in Paradise, California began on November 8th of last year, destroying over 153,000 acres before finally being put out over a month later on December 14th. Over 13,000 homes and hundreds of businesses were destroyed, with more than half of this damage described as occurring within the first four hours.
The anomalies of the Camp Fire were ignored by the mainstream media and were only reported on a handful of independent websites, including ForbiddenKnowledgeTV.net.
Fires were observed burning at temperatures at least three times hotter than an average house fire; hot enough to melt aluminum and glass, reducing homes to pure ash yet leaving plastic trash cans beside them untouched.
Most of us are familiar with how microwave ovens heat and interact with foods and how this differs from the effects of thermal or convection ovens. We know that plastics are “microwave safe”, whereas metals explode violently when subjected microwaves. The effects of the NorCal fires of the past couple of years have been widely observed to resemble the effects one might expect to see from directed microwave radiation or masers.
Maser is the acronym for “microwave amplification by stimulated emission of radiation”. Likewise, laser is the acronym for “light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation”. Both masers and lasers are forms of amplified, coherent, electromagnetic radiation and both frequency ranges are used in various Directed Energy Weapons (DEWs). DEWs are a newer class of weapons that are starting to come into wider use.
The SupposedlyShelly YouTube channel interviewed retired California firemen, John Lord and Matt (last name withheld) about the anomalies they’ve observed and both were left to conclude that DEWs were involved. The firemen reported that plastics attached to metal completely melted while plastics standing alone withstood what must have been extraordinary heat. Other investigators observed how guardrails caught fire at the points where the metal bolts connected to the wood. DEWs could produce these effects.
Read full article and see video HERE. | <urn:uuid:32d371c7-2bbc-4053-807e-41c5c3e53195> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | https://lightonconspiracies.com/california-firemen-find-signatures-of-directed-energy-weapons/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232257660.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20190524144504-20190524170504-00280.warc.gz | en | 0.966159 | 422 | 2.59375 | 3 |
March each year is Women’s History Month, so this is a good time to reflect on the contributions that UE women have made to their union and to the long, continuing struggle for women’s equality in the United States.
Women workers at first played a somewhat marginal role in the life and leadership of UE, though a few notable women like Margaret Darin of Local 601 and Ruth Young of Local 475 rank among the pioneers. During the Great Depression of the 1930s, when electrical industry workers first began to organize their shops and joined together to form the UE, the union was decidedly dominated by male workers and their concerns. In part this reflected the common prejudice of the time. Organizing a union was a battle, sometimes violent, and seemed to be most appropriately the province of men.
Unlike most of the mass production industries, though, the electrical manufacturing industry had always employed a significant number of women workers. Overall, nearly one-third of the workers were women. Women workers were restricted to so-called “women’s jobs” and those jobs were invariably the lowest paid in the plants. Most companies hired only single women and forced them to quit when they married. Companies justified this policy by invoking the prevailing notion that women’s real place was in the home, not the workforce. These cultural attitudes – widely shared by women as well as men – conveniently allowed companies to treat women as temporary workers, keeping wages low and excluding women from benefits like pensions and healthcare where they existed at all.
UE’s arrival set the stage for change. In the past, craft unions in the industry had only organized skilled workers, leaving unskilled workers, including women, unrepresented. But as an industrial union, UE was committed to organizing every worker in every shop – skilled and unskilled, men and women. The structure of the union also contributed to the eventual emergence of women’s issues. UE was organized “from the bottom up” and from the beginning embraced the principles of local autonomy and rank-and-file unionism. UE’s commitment to inclusion and rank-and-file democracy opened the door to women’s active involvement.
The “glory days” of women’s achievement in UE were the years around World War II. In those years, women became a real force in the UE for the first time, as rank-and-file activists, as shop stewards and local officers, and on the UE staff. By 1942, UE boasted 13 women organizers on staff, and in 1944 Ruth Young became the first woman to serve on UE’s General Executive Board. In part, UE women’s heightened participation was due to sheer necessity. Men went off to war, and the nation quickly moved from depression-era unemployment to a labor shortage. Women swelled the ranks of industry. In the electrical industry, women soon numbered in the hundreds of thousands, making up nearly half of the workforce and the union membership. For the first time, women’s issues became union issues, although this definitely involved a “learning process” for the men of UE. As women began to get active in the union, they often found themselves having to deal with harassment from their male co-workers and even union officers. Over time, though, as women “educated” themselves and their union, they won allies among the men.
FIGHTING WAGE DISCRIMINATION
Though women addressed a variety of problems, the question of discriminatory wages quickly emerged as the chief issue. Even before the war, women members of Local 601in the huge East Pittsburgh Westinghouse plant had begun to protest against the wage differential separating men’s and women’s pay scales. Led by Margaret Darin, Ellen Laird and others, the women held plant gate rallies and lobbied the steward’s council to put the issue on the union’s agenda in upcoming negotiations. They succeeded; the new contract included an additional increase specifically for women that narrowed but did not close the wage gap. Inspired by their victory, Local 601 hosted a Conference on Women’s Wages in June 1941. This first official gathering of UE women drew 72 delegates from nine of District 6’s eleven locals.
At the conference, delegates developed a set of resolutions that began with the wage issue and moved beyond it to consider other aspects of women’s status in the shops. With war production burgeoning, women were stepping into jobs formerly designated as “men’s jobs,” and that put the question of “equal pay for equal work” on the agenda. This was not a new demand – male unionists had long feared that women working men’s jobs would undermine the male pay scale – and that sentiment was present in the conference deliberations. But District 6 women also began to question their traditional, previously unchallenged exclusion from better-paid skilled work. They demanded an end to the classification of jobs by sex, and access to training for skilled jobs.
Other resolutions reflected the energy and enthusiasm beginning to galvanize UE women. The delegates called on the international union to draft model legislation on equal pay and to lobby state legislatures to pass it. Most importantly, they wanted to continue and expand the work they’d begun, urging the union to organize women’s meetings in every local, followed by district meetings and finally, a national conference.
The East Pittsburgh conference was the first of many wartime gatherings for UE women. By the end of 1943, each district had replicated the experience of District 6, bringing women members together to address their issues. Each meeting generated more action in the shops. The pay issue remained central, but as women talked about their common experiences, other concerns arose. The wartime labor shortage had evaporated opposition to married women working, so UE women urged their communities to set up adequate day care and to extend store hours to accommodate working women’s need to shop for their families. They also brought up the question of maternity leave, and by the end of the war some locals had begun to negotiate both maternity leave and disability pay for pregnancy.
As women became active in the union, the pay issue gained ever greater prominence and became one of the union’s key areas of concern. In 1942, UE joined forces with the United Auto Workers (UAW) and took the question of “equal pay for equal work” to the National War Labor Board. The two unions won their landmark case, establishing the equal pay principle as official government policy to be applied throughout industry. But as UE leaders dealt with the pay issue day after day in the shops, their understanding gradually deepened and eventually transcended the “equal pay for equal work” concept. By war’s end, the UE no longer argued simply that women on men’s jobs should get men’s pay, but that the companies’ sex-based division of labor into “men’s” and “women’s” jobs was itself inherently discriminatory against women.
In September of 1945, UE took a new grievance to the National War Labor Board (NWLB), charging both GE and Westinghouse with discrimination against women. The union’s brief called for the complete elimination of sex differentials in pay rates, the abolition of so-called “women’s jobs,” and their reevaluation in relation to men’s pay scales. In essence, the UE was calling for what, in the women’s movement of the 1970s, came to be known as “equal pay for work of comparable worth.” At the time UE raised this demand, it was a revolutionary concept, a real breakthrough in the thinking about women’s work and compensation. And UE won the case! The War Labor Board ordered GE and Westinghouse to eliminate “men’s” and “women’s” job classifications and to establish a fund to correct the glaring inequities in women’s pay.
Unfortunately, the board’s decision came at the very end of the war, shortly before the NWLB was disbanded, and the companies simply ignored it. But UE women had succeeded in putting the pay issue squarely on the UE’s agenda, and it carried over into peacetime. In the 1946 nationwide GE strike, UE workers stayed on the picket lines an extra two weeks to gain an additional raise for women workers.
World War II was certainly a watershed moment for women in the UE. For the first time, they stepped into active participation in the union and made “women’s issues” union issues. But the momentum toward equality was disrupted after the war when UE came under attack during the McCarthy period. The unprecedented attempt to destroy UE – by a powerful unholy alliance of the corporations, the federal government, Republicans, Democrats, news media and other unions – nearly succeeded, and for several years UE members were almost completely preoccupied with the struggle for sheer survival. UE’s promising work on women’s issues was at first relegated to the back burner. But the need to fight off raids required real rank-and-file involvement, and this kept the door open for women to participate. By the early 1950s, even though the union had been seriously weakened and was still under relentless attack, UE women were once again on the move.
In 1951, UE women again began to organize meetings to talk about their situation and to bring their issues back into the spotlight. The next two years featured a flowering of activism among UE women and new pressures on the national UE to once again take up the fight for women’s rights in the shops. The national UE responded with a new, union-wide “Women’s Wage Campaign.” To educate both UE members and the general public on the issue, the national office produced a remarkable 40-page pamphlet called “UE Fights for Women Workers.” The pamphlet analyzed the basic exploitation of women workers and set out a strategy for locals to launch campaigns to end it. To aid the campaigns, UE designed five radio scripts dealing with wage discrimination and sent them out to the locals to adapt for use in their communities. One script began with a play on the old nursery rhyme: “Jack and Jill worked in a mill/And their skills were on a par/Sad to say, not so their pay/For Jill earned less, by far.” Armed with materials like this, UE locals began to analyze and address wage discrimination in their shops.
In May 1953, UE convened the first National Conference on the Problems of Working Women in the history of the American labor movement. Over four hundred delegates attended the two-day event in New York. Delegate after delegate rose to report on the work in their locals, ranging from success in narrowing wage differentials to new training classes to upgrade women into skilled jobs. But that was only the beginning. Fired-up delegates returned to their locals and carried the work to new levels in the following year, attracting more women to the cause and into active leadership. One local, Local 301 at GE’s Schenectady, NY plant, won rate increases on 373 job classifications affecting 1,300 women!
It seemed as though the soaring campaign for women’s rights was unstoppable, but that was not to be. In late 1955 and early 1956, UE sustained a series of devastating blows, consequences of the continuing Cold War against progressive unionism. With the CIO poised to merge with the AFL in 1955, several district presidents yielded to calls from outsiders that UE should “join the mainstream,” and led most of the locals in their districts into other CIO or AFL unions. These moves robbed UE of nearly half its membership. It was the beginning of a very dark period in UE history that severely handicapped the union’s work on women’s issues.
SINCE 1970s: RESURGENT ACTIVISM
The deindustrialization that began in the 1960s and 1970s further set back the women’s movement in UE, since many of the shops that relocated to the anti-union South, to Mexico, and to countries in Asia were assembly shops that employed high numbers of women. Still, the movement of the 1940s and 1950s had brought many women into activism and leadership, and through the decades women continued to serve as shop stewards, local and district officers, and members of the UE staff. In the 1970s, the women’s movement that brought such dramatic change to the nation also inspired a new generation of young UE women. UE women joined the fight for the Equal Rights Amendment and for reproductive freedom, and they led the fight to embrace those issues as official UE policy. In 1985 Amy Newell, the daughter of UE organizers and herself a long-time staffer, was elected to the office of UE Secretary-Treasurer and became the first women to hold top office in an American manufacturing union.
Women’s role in UE leadership has continued to grow. From the 1970s on, several UE districts were led by women, and women hold a variety of leadership posts in many locals, including the presidents of many UE locals. Today a third of UE’s General Executive Board members, and nearly half of its international representatives and field organizers, are women.
Most recently, the UE’s turn to organizing service and public sector workers have brought more women into active roles in UE. In large public sector locals such as UE Local 893 in Iowa, Local 222 in Connecticut and Local 150 in North Carolina, women predominate in many occupations, play a major role in leadership, and bring the concerns of women to the center of the union’s agenda and struggles. Women’s influence and leadership can be seen in such initiatives as Local 150’s Mental Health Workers Bill of Rights Campaign and Local 893’s ongoing fights for full funding and manageable workloads for income maintenance and social workers.
UE’s continuing commitment to women workers’ concerns has perhaps been most evident in Local 222’s “No Paraprofessional Left Behind” campaign, which was launched soon after the former Connecticut Independent Labor Union affiliated with UE in 2005 and became Local 222. Paraeducators – elsewhere called teacher aides – play a vital role in public education in Connecticut, working with special needs students and providing one-on-one tutoring, small group instruction, classroom management, instructional support and other indispensable services. Yet these highly-skilled workers – almost all of them women – whose work is so important in the education of children, have been paid less than custodians and are often denied healthcare and other benefits. They encounter antiquated attitudes among some school administrators and city officials who believe that, because they are women, they do not deserve economic equality or full respect.
Through concerted actions that have exposed these injustices to public attention, UE Local 222 paras have won dramatic pay increases that have begun to close the wage gap in several school districts. The recent successful year-long community campaign of Local 222 paraeducators in the Wallingford, Connecticut public schools to win healthcare coverage for themselves and their families is the latest victory in this statewide effort. These women are the heirs to a proud UE tradition of struggle for women’s equality.
Lisa Kannenberg, professor of history at the College of St. Rose in Albany, NY, is a former UE member. In 1973 and ’74 she worked at Cambion, an electronics plant in Cambridge, Mass., which she helped organize into UE. From 1977 to 1984 she worked at Union Switch and Signal near Pittsburgh and was active in UE Local 610, serving as a steward and as chair of the local’s publicity and education committee. After her plant closed in 1984 she went back to school, eventually earning an M.A. and a Ph.D. in history, studying and writing about the history of women workers in UE. She was one of four panelists in a roundtable discussion at UE’s 2003 convention on our union’s contributions to the fight for women’s equality. She is currently completing a book, Progress and GE: Labor, Management, and Community Relations in Schenectady, NY, 1930-1965, based on her Ph.D. dissertation. | <urn:uuid:1cc08702-f541-4020-9c19-da29bf9daf46> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | https://www.ueunion.org/ue-news-feature/2009/women-in-ue-a-history-of-fighting-for-equality | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232257781.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20190524224619-20190525010619-00269.warc.gz | en | 0.979162 | 3,373 | 3.328125 | 3 |
For the first time we have a reliable estimate of how much money thieving dictators and others have looted from 150 mostly poor nations and hidden offshore: $12.1 trillion.
That huge figure equals a nickel on each dollar of global wealth and yet it excludes the wealthiest regions of the planet: America, Canada, Europe, Japan, Australia, and New Zealand.
That so much money is missing from these poorer nations explains why vast numbers of people live in abject poverty even in countries where economic activity per capita is above the world average. In Equatorial Guinea, for example, the national economy’s output per person comes to 60 cents for each dollar Americans enjoy, measured using what economists call purchasing power equivalents, yet living standards remain abysmal.
The $12.1 trillion estimate—which amounts to two-thirds of America’s annual GDP being taken out of the economies of much poorer nations—is for flight wealth built up since 1970.
Add to that flight wealth from the world’s rich regions, much of it due to tax evasion and criminal activities like drug dealing, and the global figure for hidden offshore wealth totals as much as $36 trillion.
In 2014 the net worth of planet Earth was about $240 trillion, which means about 15 percent of global wealth is in hiding, significantly reducing the capital available to spur world economic growth.
That $12.1 trillion figure for money looted from poorer countries has been hiding in plain sight. It comes from numbers in the global economic data—derived by comparing statistics from the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank, supplemented by some figures from the United Nations and the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency—that do not match up, but which until now no one had bothered to analyze.
You might think that with their vast staffs of economists and analysts the IMF, the World Bank, and other institutions would have run the numbers long ago, but no.
Following the Money
Instead, one determined person combed 45 years of official statistics from around the world to calculate the flight wealth for nearly 200 countries that publish comparable economic data.
That’s Jim Henry, who was a rising corporate star until he gave it all up to document illicit flows of money and the damage they do to billions of people.
Henry has been the chief economist at McKinsey & Co., arguably the world’s most influential business consultancy, and worked directly under Jack Welch at General Electric. A Harvard-educated economist and lawyer, Henry calls himself an investigative economist. His approach is simple: “Just look at the effing data and solve the puzzle” of mismatches between the various official sources.
From his home in Sag Harbor, near the tip of Long Island, Henry has painstakingly built massive spreadsheets to reveal the mismatches that indicate capital flight. He then fleshes out what the data show by interviewing bankers and bank regulators, government economists, law enforcement officials, and even some of the retainers who help kleptocrats loot the countries they rule.
Henry, a consultant on the Panama Papers journalism project, has released some of his findings at a global Tax Justice Network meeting in London. He shared a fuller set of his data with me.
Henry has been ahead of the curve on these issues for decades. In 1976, the year he graduated from Harvard Law School, Henry wrote a cover story for The Washington Monthly urging the elimination of the world’s most popular paper currency, the $100 bill. He argued that large paper bills helped drug dealers, tax evaders, and other criminals while honest people use checks and other bank services.
His proposal was unacknowledged by Larry Summers, the former Treasury secretary, and Harvard economist Kenneth Rogoff, in their recent proposals to ban the large bills, known as Benjamins because they feature Benjamin Franklin.
This week the European Central Bank is expected to vote to eliminate its €500 note, which Henry recommended for years before others took up the cause. No American action is slated to ban Benjamins, more than two-thirds of which are held outside the U.S.
The Cost of the Crime
The 150 poorer nations all have weak tax systems, which means that tax evasion—the driving force for Americans and Europeans hiding wealth offshore—is a minor factor in the levels of flight wealth from those countries.
Collectively the 150 poorer countries whose economic data Henry scrutinized owe $8.1 trillion of foreign debt. Statistically, that means that all of the money these nations borrowed externally, much of it from the United States and Europe, has been sent offshore. In addition, corrupt rulers looted $4 trillion from the national treasuries they control.
Almost a third of the $12.1 trillion of poorer country flight wealth comes from Russia, China, Malaysia, Mexico, and Venezuela. Those countries are all major oil exporters, except for China.
Were all of the flight capital returned and invested smartly it would reduce human misery by raising living standards, especially by reducing child mortality while increasing both health status and life expectancy.
Kleptocrats and their retainers are not the only sources of flight wealth. A small portion belongs to business people who keep some of their wealth offshore for fear it will be confiscated. The weaker the laws to protect property, the greater the share of honest wealth titled offshore.
There are only “inadequate protection of assets in these countries,” Henry said. Those who earned their wealth in business shield some of it from predatory rulers, which has the negative effect of reinforcing poverty.
While lawlessness enables kleptocrats, they put much of their ill-got money in Switzerland, the United States, and British protectorates such as Bermuda and the Cayman Islands “where the rule of law is strong because you don’t want to get deposed and then show up to get your money and discover that it’s been stolen from you.”
Many kleptocrats use shell companies to store wealth in economically unproductive assets. They buy beachfront homes in Honolulu, Malibu, and Miami; sprawling apartments with Central Park views in Manhattan and bay views in San Francisco; and mega-yachts tied up in Monaco and St. Kitts.
Even though some of this flight wealth was stolen decades ago, only a small portion of it represents investments gains. That’s because kleptocrats value secrecy and security far more than market gains. When they want more they can just steal more.
Switzerland, Henry notes, has the highest cost banking services among major countries because many of its customers are indifferent to price. They are willing to pay to ensure their hidden fortunes will ensure a luxurious exile if they are deposed from power.
Flight wealth is mostly stashed with the world’s major banks in accounts paying little to no interest, Henry said. A growing share is also in huge storage vaults, known as freeports, where gold, art, jewelry, and other physical wealth can be kept safe and out of sight.
The purchase of art by kleptocrats who store it in vaults has contributed to the rapid rise in art prices in recent decades, as well as to keeping many of the greatest creations of mankind unavailable for viewing.
Henry identifies numerous big international banks as favored choices of kleptocrats, a subject I’ll return to in future columns.
“We need fundamental reform of banking,” he says, “so the kleptocrats do not sleep well at night.” | <urn:uuid:0f3cd049-c015-4c6e-aa48-75d3782d8667> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.thedailybeast.com/how-the-kleptocrats-dollar12-trillion-heist-helps-keep-most-of-the-world-impoverished | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224648000.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20230601175345-20230601205345-00229.warc.gz | en | 0.955466 | 1,551 | 2.890625 | 3 |
2 Oct 2018 Atlanta - Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) possess optical properties that could be used to make computers run a million times faster and store information a million times more energy-efficiently, according to a study led by Georgia State University.
Computers operate on the time scale of a fraction of a nanosecond, but the researchers suggest constructing computers on the basis of TMDCs, atomically thin semiconductors, could make them run on the femtosecond time scale, a million times faster. This would also increase computer memory speed by a millionfold.
"There is nothing faster, except light", stated Dr. Mark Stockman, lead author of the study and director of the Center for Nano-Optics and a Regents' Professor in the Department of Physics and Astronomy at Georgia State. "The only way to build much faster computers is to use optics, not electronics. Electronics, which is used by current computers, can't go any faster, which is why engineers have been increasing the number of processors. We propose the TMDCs to make computers a million times more efficient. This is a fundamentally different approach to information technology."
The researchers propose a theory that TMDCs have the potential to process information within a couple of femtoseconds. A femtosecond is one millionth of one billionth of a second. A TMDC has a hexagonal lattice structure that consists of a layer of transition metal atoms sandwiched between two layers of chalcogen atoms. This hexagonal structure aids in the computer processor speed and also enables more efficient information storage. The findings are published in the journalPhysical Review Bin the prestigious Rapid Communications section.
The TMDCs have a number of positive qualities, including being stable, non-toxic, thin, light and mechanically strong. Examples include molybdenum disulfide (MOS2) and tungsten diselenide (WSe2). TMDCs are part of a large family called 2D materials, which is named after their extraordinary thinness of one or a few atoms. In this study, the researchers also established the optical properties of the TMDCs, which allow them to be ultrafast.
In the hexagonal lattice structure of TMDCs, electrons rotate in circles in different states, with some electrons spinning to the left and others turning to the right depending on their position on the hexagon. This motion causes a new effect that is called topological resonance. Such an effect allows one to read, write or process a bit of information in only a few femtoseconds.
There are numerous examples of TMDCs, so in the future, the researchers would like to determine the best one to use for computer technology.
Co-authors of the study include S. Azar Oliaei Motlagh, Jhih-Sheng Wu and Vadym Apalkov of Georgia State.
The study is funded by the U.S. Department of Energy and the U.S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research. | <urn:uuid:f0e79038-2cf6-4cf8-90e8-899ce58e98e8> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | http://primeurmagazine.com/weekly/AE-PR-11-18-53.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583884996.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20190123023710-20190123045710-00335.warc.gz | en | 0.929469 | 634 | 3.671875 | 4 |
People love to bash PowerPoint. Everything from misrepresenting cancer statistics to space shuttle disasters is blamed on PowerPoint. The phrase “PowerPoint is evil” gets 10 million results on Google. Yep, people hate PowerPoint.
Well, I happen to love PowerPoint. It’s a very powerful tool for creating gorgeous and informative presentations. Sure, it can be misused in the wrong hands. And sure, most hands that create PowerPoint presentations are wrong. But, in the hands of a craftsman, PowerPoint can create art.
But this post isn’t about my love of PowerPoint. It’s about making something cool with it. I was working on a presentation recently and wanted to add an animation that looked like champagne bubbles (don’t ask). Naturally, I decided to do it in PowerPoint.
Make a bubble
To make a bubble, start with a simple circle. Then add a subtle gradient to it along with some transparency:
I’d encourage you to play around with both color and transparency until you get something that matches what you’re looking for.
Once the gradient is done, give it a 3d effect:
I went with a simple circle bevel, but you might also get interesting results from other variations. So, what did all that get us? A bubble of course:
Animate a bubble
Now that we have our bubble, it’s time to animate it. The sequence I came up with is as follows:
- fade the bubble in
- move it along a path
- expand it a bit as it moves
- fade it out towards the top
This creates a cool effect of a bubble coming into existence, floating slowly towards the top, and then disappearing:
Again, you have many other options to play with. You can add other effects (like teeter) while the bubble is floating, you can adjust timings of each effect, etc. One tip I found useful was to have the animation path end at the edge of the slide. That way, the disappearance effect appears very natural.
Make many bubbles
Finally, to get the effect of many bubbles, the easiest thing to do is copy the bubble you just made, paste it a bunch of times, tweaking the size, position, and animation path for each. It takes a bit of effort, but it’s worth it:
embedded by Embedded Video
Tip: PowerPoint 2010 can export presentations as a wmv (Windows Media Video) file. This can be very useful if you want to share your animations on the web.
You may also like:
Did you love / hate / were unmoved by this post?
Then show your support / disgust / indifference by following me on Twitter! | <urn:uuid:22dd3cc3-c2b0-4ac2-80f3-565976667a45> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://tatiyants.com/powerpointer-how-to-make-bubbles/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163052593/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204131732-00077-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.923679 | 566 | 2.625 | 3 |
On October 19, 2017, a strange object from outside the Solar System whizzed by the Earth, exciting scientists and non-scientists alike. Immediately, some people speculated that this interstellar visitor could be an alien spacecraft. But we’re here to report that, despite a recent paper, there’s no reason to think ‘Oumuamua is an alien ship, yet.
A variety of news outlets have been reporting this week that Harvard scientists say the object might be an alien visitor. And in fact, the researchers did say that! But there’s some nuance to dig into here.
On ‘Oumuamua’s arrival, scientists found that the object measured 800 meters by 80 meters by 80 meters (approximately a half mile long and 260 feet in diameter) and took a hyperbolic path through the Solar System. In other words, it wasn’t orbiting the Sun—its angle and speed suggested that it was visiting and then leaving.
We immediately pointed out that no, it’s not an alien spaceship, because its trajectory doesn’t look like the kind that thrusters would produce (though we, too, are often purveyors of ‘Oumuamua hype). Still, it appears to have an anomalous acceleration other than what gravity would cause. Scientists wondered where it was from, and determined that it was might be a comet—but it appears not to be outgassing like a comet would. Mystery remains to this day as to what it is.
A new paper from Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics researchers Shmuel Bialy and Avi Loeb explores an idea to explain where the extra acceleration comes from. Perhaps it could be solar radiation pressure—an extra transfer of momentum coming from the Sun’s electromagnetism. The paper goes into how the object must look in order for solar radiation pressure to create the observed acceleration.
So, Loeb and Bialy write in their paper posted to the arXiv server, maybe ‘Oumumua is just an incredibly thin object. They then devote the end of the paper to speculation that it could be a solar radiation-propelled spaceship.
While these claims are extraordinary, it’s hard to prove them false. So, indeed, ‘Oumumua could be a solar radiation-propelled alien spaceship. That doesn’t mean it’s likely to be one.
Extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence, and as Loeb and Bialy write, “It is too late to image ‘Oumuamua with existing telescopes or chase it with chemical rockets.” Imagine seeing large footprints in the snow and saying, “Shoot, the yeti who made these is too far away to spot now.” Maybe it was a yeti, yes, but without strong enough evidence, you might do better to assume it was a bear.
Other scientists were skeptical of the paper. “It’s important not to take advantage of your institution’s brand to over-amplify results that are unverified or highly speculative,” Chanda Prescod-Weinstein, assistant professor of physics at the University of New Hampshire, told Gizmodo. “It doesn’t just affect the department’s reputation but also the rest of the field.”
The sources quoted in an NBC article are also skeptical of the paper. Coryn Bailer-Jones, an astronomer at the Max Planck Institute for Astronomy in Germany, told NBC, “We must ask ourselves, ‘Where is the evidence?,’ not ‘Where is the lack of evidence so that I can fit in any hypothesis that I like?’” Another astronomer, Seth Shostak from the SETI Institute, told NBC that, though the hypothesis was “ingenious,” one shouldn’t accept an outlandish hypothesis when a more likely hypothesis—that the object was comet or asteroid—hasn’t been completely ruled out.
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics astronomer Jonathan McDowell told Gizmodo that it’s less likely that the object is a spaceship and more likely that one of our current assumptions about the object is wrong.
Katie Mack, astrophysics professor and science communicator at North Carolina State University, told Gizmodo that she doesn’t think there is anything wrong with doing these calculations and measuring possibilities “if for no other reason than to know how to most clearly rule them out. But as readers, we need to be aware that just because a proposal gets a lot of press or is from someone with clear expertise, it doesn’t mean we should take it as a final result.”
Loeb told NBC that the hypothesis was purely scientific, and that once the impossible has been excluded, whatever remains (no matter how improbable) must be the answer. He told Gizmodo that the evidence is not “conclusive but interesting” and that “I welcome other proposals, but I cannot think of another explanation for the peculiar acceleration of ‘Oumuamua.”
Loeb has previously described to Gizmodo his interest in studying interstellar objects for signs of alien life. He’s also chairing an initiative called Breakthrough Starshot, which hopes to build a solar sail like the one he claims ‘Oumuamua might be.
So, is ‘Oumuamua an alien spaceship? Who knows—it’s not impossible. But there are much more plausible explanations that haven’t yet been ruled out. | <urn:uuid:a3cbfdcd-d87d-4a62-bebd-a0572c66f93f> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://gizmodo.com/no-oumuamua-is-probably-not-an-alien-spaceship-1830255239 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510498.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20230929054611-20230929084611-00852.warc.gz | en | 0.960409 | 1,188 | 3.140625 | 3 |
One of those many things He hates is a "forward mouth" (Prov. 8:13). God even calls "being froward" an abomination (Prov. 3:32). Since I did not know what that was, I thought I would do a study on it; it never hurts to make sure I am not guilty of whatever it is!
The word "froward," by itself, is found in twenty-four verses, twelve of which are in Proverbs. The phrase "a froward mouth" appears three times in the Bible, all of them are in Proverbs:
* "Put away from thee a froward mouth, and perverse lips put far from thee" (Prov. 4:24)
* "A naughty person, a wicked man, walketh with a froward mouth" (Prov. 6:12).
* "The fear of the LORD is to hate evil: pride, and arrogancy, and the evil way, and the froward mouth, do I hate" (Prov. 8:13).
The Blue Letter Bible shows one Hebrew word translated "froward" as being עִקְּשׁוּת (`iqqĕshuwth). It is found in Proverbs 4:24 and 6:12), where it means "distortion" or "crookedness." A second Hebrew word, תַּהְפֻּכוֹת (tahpukah), is translated as such in Proverbs 8:13; there, it has to do with "being perverse."
Merriam-Webster's Dictionary/Thesaurus defines "froward" as: "habitually disposed to disobedience and opposition." Synonyms are: "defiant, disrespectful, ill-mannered, impolite, impudent, insolent, rude, disobedient, headstrong, etc."
While I have been guilty of some of those in the past, and most likely will be again, the cure for a "froward mouth" is found in Philippians 4:8:
"Finally, brethren, whatsoever things are true, whatsoever things are honest, whatsoever things are just, whatsoever things are pure, whatsoever things are lovely, whatsoever things are of good report; if there be any virtue, and if there be any praise, think on these things." | <urn:uuid:c3f445a9-b376-48b1-9272-30276f8b2ffb> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://skipslighthouse.blogspot.com/2013/07/god-hates-froward-mouth.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187822145.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20171017163022-20171017183022-00101.warc.gz | en | 0.93281 | 509 | 2.515625 | 3 |
As I mentioned in a previous blog, Healthy Child Healthy World is a fantastic organization that has been teaching me so much about how to create a safer environment for my family and myself. Some of the most interesting information I’ve learned involves children, especially babies, and precautions I can take to ensure their health and safety.
I think as new parents we get excited about filling the nursery with toys and stuffed animals and things for our little ones to play with. It’s also common for friends to give us toys as gifts for the baby. But did you know how important it is for toys to be PVC (polyvinyl chloride) free? It can release potentially harmful fumes into the air, which can be especially dangerous for babies who like to chew on everything. To avoid PVC, you can look for the #3 or the letters PVC next to the recycling symbol on a product, or simply opt for phthalate free toys. Luckily for us, many companies like Ikea, Lego and Gerber are making efforts to remove PVC’s from their products. Green Toys Inc. is also a fantastic company.
It’s also important to avoid toys that contain lead. It’s more common nowadays to find lead-free products, but many vintage toys like antique trucks or trains may very likely contain lead, so be careful! Your parents may want their grandchild to have that doll they’ve been saving in their closet since you were an infant, but it may not be worth it to give to your new baby. You should also be aware of arts & crafts supplies that your children are playing with. Paint and glue play a huge role in playtime for kids! Companies aren’t required to list ingredients that may be toxic, so it’s best to look for supplies that have an AP label on it from ACMI (Art and Creative Materials Institute) to ensure it has no harmful ingredients. For lists of recalled toys you can visit cpsc.gov.
Not only can you make improvements when it comes to products your baby uses, but there are tons of items in your house that can be changed as well. For starters, use the least amount of plastic as possible.
- Opt for stainless steels bowls, cups, etc.
- Installing a filtering system instead of going through cases of water bottles is also a great way to limit waste.
- Instead of filling your home with artificial scents and air-fresheners, try just opening some windows. You’d be surprised how much of a difference it can make.
- When it comes to cleaning products, instead of using cleaners filled with carcinogens, try to find plant-based products, like Seventh Generation. You can even have a DIY moment and use things like lemon, baking soda and vinegar to clean.
- Carpets can also contain fumes from glues and chemicals, as well as hold on to bacteria, mildew and mold. The safest option is to stick with a hard surface floor, but there are tons of natural-fiber rugs made from pesticide free fabrics that are much safer.
- You can even make a change when it comes to your clothes. TROA is an eco-friendly denim line made of Hanji, a naturally anti-microbial (which in somewhat simpler terms means it is capable of destroying disease causing micro-organisms) fabric from Korea. The jeans are completely free of chemicals and are made from natural dye, herbs, and plants.
I’ve found a lot of this information in the book Healthy Child Healthy World, Creating A Cleaner, Greener, Safer Home by Christopher Gavigan. Another fantastic book is Generation Green. I’m continuing to learn every day, and you should absolutely check out the book and website for more advice on creating a safer home for your family.
Actress, model, active humanitarian, & Mom! Author of 'Everyday Chic'. | <urn:uuid:3d35fe75-8973-48b2-9558-0a5c611843ba> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | https://www.mollysims.com/blog/uncategorized/safe-house-safe-baby | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891814079.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20180222081525-20180222101525-00739.warc.gz | en | 0.958318 | 808 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Before you cook your bird this Thanksgiving, the Westchester County Health Department offers the following safe holiday cooking tips.
*** Clean: The number one tip to safely prepare your holiday meal in your home is to keep everything clean.
Thoroughly wash hands with water and soap for 20 seconds (hum the Happy Birthday song twice ) before and after handling any food. Make sure your little chefs do the same.
Use paper towels to dry hands and surfaces. Rags and sponges can spread bacteria around your kitchen.
Wash all food-contact surfaces (cutting boards, dishes, utensils, countertops) with hot, soapy water or sanitize them in your dishwasher before and after preparing each food.
Rinse fruits and vegetables thoroughly under cool running water, (even if being cooked) and use a produce brush to remove surface dirt.
*** Thaw: Never defrost a turkey by leaving it out at room temperature.
Allow 24 hours for every five pounds to thaw a frozen turkey in the refrigerator.
To avoid cross contamination, don’t place a thawing turkey or any raw meat (even if commercially wrapped) where it could drip on any ready-to-serve foods such as fresh fruit or vegetables that won’t be cooked before serving.
*** Separate and Prepare: Bacteria on raw poultry can contaminate your hands, utensils, and work surfaces as you prepare the turkey.
Use a separate cutting board for all raw meat and poultry preparation.
Keep the raw turkey away from vegetables and side dishes that won't be cooked.
Wash hands, surfaces, and utensils after they touch raw poultry using hot soapy water to avoid spreading harmful bacteria when preparing food.
*** Stuff Safely: Many food borne outbreaks have been caused by stuffed, roasted turkey. That’s because it takes a long time for heat to penetrate deep into the cavity, so bacteria can survive inside the bird.
Bake stuffing separately in a shallow pan, where it can quickly reach 165°F.
If you must stuff the bird, do it right before you put it in the oven.
*** Cook: Turkeys should be cooked to a minimum internal temperature of 165°F. How long it will take depends on oven temperature, temperature fluctuation and turkey weight.
Insert a 0 to 220 degree probe thermometer deep into the turkey’s thigh.
If you stuff your turkey, use the probe to make sure the internal temperature of the stuffing is at least 165 degrees.
*** Safely Chill and Store Leftovers: To avoid food borne illness, refrigerate leftover turkey, stuffing, etc., within two hours of the time you remove it from the oven.
Cool soups and stocks in the refrigerator, uncovered in shallow pans. After they reach refrigerator temperature, transfer them to large covered containers.
Be sure not to pack your refrigerator so tightly that the cool air can’t circulate.
Avoid filling containers with food deeper than four inches and then stacking multiple containers on top of each other. Once the food is cooled to under 45°F it‘s safe to stack.
*** Reheat: Leftovers, including turkey meat, stuffing and stock should be reheated to at least 165°F before serving. (Make sure to use your metal stem probe thermometer to check.)
For more food preparation safety tips, go to www.westchestergov.com/health or call 914- 813-5000.
Click here to sign up for Daily Voice's free daily emails and news alerts. | <urn:uuid:e00b7028-9f2d-4396-9380-4421093823c6> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | http://pleasantville.dailyvoice.com/lifestyle/clean-cook-reheat-safely-this-thanksgiving-says-westchester-health-dept/727337/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948551162.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20171214222204-20171215002204-00373.warc.gz | en | 0.897584 | 736 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Robotics Technology Symposium
The field of robotics is a rapidly advancing field of technology that is increasingly impacting our day-to-day lives, our society and the way we do and advance business. The availability of low-cost computational power, low-cost and high quality sensors, machine learning techniques and open-source software has led to a boost in autonomous capabilities of robotic systems; having autonomous cars and collaborative robots as prime examples.
Robotics incorporates and combines many different fields of research like mechatronics, embedded systems engineering, data sciences, machine learning and human technology studies. It is at these intersections where innovation can be fostered and accelerated. The High Tech Systems Center takes a leading role in connecting people and creating multi-disciplinary projects together with industry.
On the 24th of January 2019, Eindhoven University of Technology will open its doors to everyone interested in the future of robotics, with in-depth technical and scientific presentations, live demonstrations and a Tech Square that allows you to easily connect with fellow enthusiasts from university and industry. The full program and registration will become available in November. | <urn:uuid:7202c123-38a4-479a-a711-756f34f66712> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.hightechnl.nl/robotics/agenda/robotics-technology-symposium-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100551.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20231205105136-20231205135136-00120.warc.gz | en | 0.931719 | 222 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Grand Trunk Railway of Canada
In late 19th Century, the Grand Trunk Railway of Canada was the major railroad in the Province of Canada (Ontario and Quebec), connecting Toronto to Montreal.
In late 19th Century, the Grand Trunk Railway of Canada was the major railroad in the Province of Canada (Ontario and Quebec), connecting Toronto to Montreal. In the 20th Century, the British-owned railroad would stretch from the Atlantic to the Pacific. After a period of bankruptcy it would eventually become part of Canadian National Railways.
The Grand Trunk Railway of Canada (GTR) is sometimes confused with its subsidiary, the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway, a 4,800 km system built in the early 20th Century from Winnipeg to Canada’s Pacific Coast. The GTR was incorporated decades earlier, in 1852, under the sponsorship of Sir Francis Hincks, to build a much needed railway from Toronto to Montréal. The English firm of Peto, Brassey, Jackson and Betts was awarded the construction contract in return for agreeing to promote the company.
In 1853, the GTR merged with five other railway companies in eastern North America, a method of operating which was to characterize the GTR's major expansion periods. Much of the financing for both construction and expansion had to be raised in Great Britain.
Work proceeded vigorously from town to town. Navvies, or labourers, from England swelled the workforce – at one time 14,000 men and 2,000 horses were employed in Canada West alone. The line avoided many of the challenges that plagued the Canadian Pacific Railway in the mountains, and achieved at least one notable engineering feat with construction of the tubular Victoria Bridge across the St. Lawrence River at Montréal. The 2,009 meter- iron tube rested on two abutments and 24 piers designed to resist the crushing ice of the river; it was opened to traffic in December 1859.
Despite financial difficulties, the GTR grew steadily, often leasing existing railways as a means of expansion. The takeover of the Great Western Railway in 1882 enabled the GTR to eliminate its main competitor and to add another 1,450 kilometers of track in Canada West and Michigan. Additional links to the United States rail system were established with the International Bridge across the Niagara River, and the impressive St. Clair Tunnel beneath the St. Clair River.
At Confederation the GTR was the world’s largest railway system, with 2,055 km of track. By the late 1880s it had grown to more than 700 locomotives, 578 cars, 60 post-office cars, 131 baggage cars, 18,000 freight cars and 49 snow plows. The GTR ran unbroken from the Great Lakes at Sarnia, to the Atlantic coast Portland, Maine.
Debt, Disaster and Rebuilding
The cost of construction, absentee management (its head office was in London, England) and the failure to generate anticipated levels of traffic left the company debt ridden and unable to upgrade its equipment.
It also suffered bad publicity in the wake of several accidents. On 29 June 1864, a GTR train plunged off the Beloeil Bridge into the Rivière Richelieu, killing 99 people. The GTR later made headlines around the world on 15 September 1885 when Jumbo, the famous circus elephant charged one of its trains near St. Thomas, Ontario and was killed.
Between the mid-1890s and the First World War, the GTR invested in massive infrastructure improvements. These included double-tracking of the main line from Montréal to Sarnia, reducing curves and grades to improve operating efficiency, and reconstruction of bridges, buildings and yards. The scale of these investments was such that no major upgrades were needed until after the Second World War.
Envious of the Canadian Pacific Railway’s thrust into the West, and eager to have its own transcontinental line, the GTR set up a subsidiary, the Grand Trunk Pacific, to finish a route to the Pacific. Completed in 1914, the railway was a financial disaster and was largely responsible for GTR’s bankruptcy in 1919.
The federal government, which had already given the GTR some $28 million in subsidies and loans, took over the railway on 10 Oct 1919. It was placed under the management of the Canadian National Railways on 30 Jan 1923. Today much of the original GTR line in Ontario and Quebec is still in use by Canadian National and Via Rail. | <urn:uuid:176d141e-8c96-4afc-b3ed-d8d9380e6c7f> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/grand-trunk-railway-of-canada/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891815951.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20180224211727-20180224231727-00356.warc.gz | en | 0.972033 | 924 | 3.875 | 4 |
Amid great worldwide controversy, the first female cantor in Jewish history, Betty Robbins, was appointed by the Board of Trustees and Congregation of Temple Avodah in Oceanside, New York, in July 1955. At the age of thirty-one, Betty Robbins, with four young children, her husband, and a new homeland, shattered five thousand years of Jewish tradition and history when she was designated a cantor. Never before had a woman worn the garb and performed the traditional role of hazzan (cantor) in a Jewish synagogue anywhere in the world.
Betty Robbins was born Berta Abramson on April 9, 1924, in Cavala, Greece, to Russian parents Ida (Nathanson) and Samuel Abramson. In 1928 the Abramsons moved with their daughter and older son Moishe to Sopot, Poland, where Samuel Abramson went into business with relatives. Inspired by recordings of the great cantor Yossele Rosenblatt, Betty dreamed of joining the boys’ choir in the German Jewish synagogue she attended. When the cantor refused to permit Betty to sing in the boys’ choir during services, she decided to sit opposite the choir in the upstairs balcony and try to outsing them. Eventually the cantor agreed to teach Betty and allow her to sing if she would cut her braids off and wear a simple boy’s haircut. Betty was soloist in the choir of the synagogue for six years, until 1938. She also dared to enter the religious heder of the Polish Synagogue of Sopot. Again the rabbi relented and allowed her to study, provided that she sat in the hallway behind a curtain during the lessons.
In 1938 the family went into hiding for many months. Moishe Abramson had already left Poland in 1933 as a young Zionist and emigrated to Palestine. Betty’s father finally managed to arrange the family’s escape. After some time in London, Samuel Abramson was offered an opportunity to immigrate to Australia or Madagascar. He chose Australia because the city of Sydney sounded Jewish to him.
In April 1942, at a dance arranged by Rabbi Max Schenk at Temple Emanuel in Sydney, Betty met Sheldon Robbins, a corporal in the medical division of the U.S. Army Air Corps who was on leave from his New Guinea station. They were married in a civil ceremony in Mackay, Queensland, on September 18, 1943 and in a religious ceremony at the Brisbane Hebrew Congregation, Queensland, on October 25, 1943. On August 8, 1944, Betty Robbins came to the United States on the first boat transporting war brides from Australia.
After the war, Sheldon Robbins began working for the New York City health department. Judd Robbins was born in 1946, Sandra Robbins in 1949, Jacqueline Robbins in 1950, and Steven Robbins in 1954. Around 1951, the Robbins family moved to Oceanside, New York, where they became members of the Reform Jewish congregation of Temple Avodah.
In 1955 Temple Avodah was without a cantor for the High Holidays. After much consultation with their rabbi, Charles Ozer, and other eminent Jewish authorities, the Board of Trustees in August unanimously appointed Betty Robbins the new cantor of this congregation.
A front-page article in the New York Times on August 3, 1955, states, “A spokesman for the School of Sacred Music of Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion said she might well be the first woman cantor in 5,000 years of Jewish history.” The article continues, “The spokesman for the School of Sacred Music, founded in 1947 as the first training school for cantors in this country, said today there was no religious law, merely a tradition, against women becoming cantors.”
Robbins taught religious school for eighteen years at Sinai Reform Temple in Bay Shore, Long Island, and earned a teaching certificate from Hebrew Union College in 1962. She tutored bar and bat mitzvah students, taught Israeli dancing and formed and directed adult and children’s choirs. As a teacher for the Association for Retarded Children, Robbins used music therapy long before it was recognized as a specialty.
After Sheldon Robbins retired in 1979, he and Betty Robbins moved to Lake Worth, Florida. In Palm Beach County, Betty Robbins served as cantor, tutored bar and bat mitzvah students, taught religious school, organized choirs and created a yearly zimriah (songfest) for schoolchildren. As a member of the clergy, she conducted religious services on dozens of worldwide Jewish holiday cruises.
The little girl from Greece who went all alone in her new homeland, Poland, to hear the cantor sing melodies she loved, was a rebel with a heart and mind of her own. The innate sense of equality and independence that existed inside this eight-year-old became the pioneering spirit of the female cantor Betty Robbins.
On February 19, 2004, Robbins died peacefully at her home in Ashland, Oregon.
“Greek Holocaust Refugee at 16, She Revisits Birth Place, Teaches in U.S.” Jewish Week-American Examiner, February 13–19, 1977; “Making Musical History.” Australian Jewish News, Sydney edition, life/style, April 24, 1992, section 2, 1–2; Robbins, Betty. Interviews and correspondence with author; Temple Topics. Temple Avodah, Oceanside, N.Y., September 1955, October 1955; “Woman Cantor.” Time (August 15, 1955): 36–37; “Woman Named Cantor of Jewish Synagogue.” Long Island Star-Journal, August 2, 1955; “Woman Named Temple Cantor, Perhaps First in Jewish History.” NYTimes, August 3, 1955, 1.
How to cite this page
Robbins, Sandra. "Betty Robbins." Jewish Women: A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia. 20 March 2009. Jewish Women's Archive. (Viewed on September 29, 2016) <http://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/robbins-betty>. | <urn:uuid:00f83de9-bfb8-45f7-840f-f49c8cd01f7d> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | http://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/robbins-betty | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738661974.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173741-00276-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.962068 | 1,267 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Annexation to the City of Hermiston will allow for more agricultural research at Oregon State University’s Hermiston Agricultural Research & Extension Center.
Farmers depend on the agricultural research center to obtain the latest information on the problems within their crops that they seek to remedy.
HAREC’s mission is to provide new research-based information to support the high-value irrigated agricultural region where the center is located.
“This is not just an agricultural production area,” said Phil Hamm, station director of HAREC and professor emeritus in the department of botany and plant pathology at OSU. “It’s one of the most productive agricultural areas in the world.”
HAREC supports nearly 500,000 acres of irrigated agriculture in Oregon and Washington’s Columbia Basin.
For more than a century, the extension center has worked in close collaboration with farmers in the greater Hermiston area. In a forward-thinking move, HAREC actively pursues water resources to better support the agricultural industry.
Being considered a part of the urban growth boundary allowed HAREC to request to be annexed into the city ordinance.
The Hermiston City Council approved the annexation of HAREC on Monday. This annexation allows HAREC to be considered within city limits.
According to Hamm, the City of Hermiston had an excess of water resources that has been previously allocated for industrial use. Now this water can be used for agricultural purposes.
“We can take some of that water if we are part of the city, and use it to expand the area that we can irrigate on the experiment station, thus increasing our land base by 25 percent,” Hamm said. “With this new annexation, we can do 25 percent more research in the future than we can do today.”
HAREC had approximately 160 acres prior to the annexation, according to Hamm.
Now that HAREC has access to the city’s water supply, an additional 60 acres can be used to conduct more research. This land belongs to OSU and was previously unused.
“Water is everything here,” Hamm said.
The chief water source for North Morrow and Umatilla counties is the Columbia River.
The Columbia River is one of the largest river systems in North America and only 7 percent of the river flow is used for irrigation.
In stark contrast to the Columbia River, 100 percent of the Colorado River’s flow is allocated to industry, agriculture and municipal uses, according to Hamm.
Hamm makes this comparison to show that the Columbia River has potential to provide more water.
HAREC has a vast array of researchers in many different fields in support of the local agricultural industry.
Faculty researchers based at HAREC include potato and cereal breeders, crop entomologists, ecologists, plant pathologists and agronomists.
“(Agriculture) is the industry in the area — it makes northern Morrow and Umatilla counties into what it is today,” Hamm said. “It’s really an exciting place to be.”
Dacotah-Victoria Splichalova is the science reporter at the Oregon State University Daily Barometer. | <urn:uuid:e10dae6d-b7e9-46d0-b664-5da6fc1f5791> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://www.capitalpress.com/article/20140131/ARTICLE/140139967/1318 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257828283.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071028-00085-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.939902 | 669 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Fall Line - Scale 1:1,000,000 or less
To delineate the fall line in SC at a scale of 1:1,000,000 or less. This data was derived from geologic data contained in USGS Open-File Report 01-298. This data contains information about the geographic location of the fall line in SC. The fall line is the separation of the Piedmont and Coastal Plain regions.
Geographic Coordinate System
UTM, Zone 17, Meters, Datum NAD27
Geology - Statewide Map Layer Metadata Format and Raw Data Name Data Developer File Size in MB:
scale 1:1,000,000 or less
Available ESRI Shapefile: fall_line_1000k.zip Geological Survey .0123 / .035 | <urn:uuid:8b9d5c73-2b9b-411a-9f2c-0b2d7e364c96> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://dnr.sc.gov/GIS/descfall1000k.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207929869.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113209-00153-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.715445 | 163 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Traumatic lung injury is often present in multiple trauma
with a wide spectrum of severity. In a large cohort study, patients with
multiple trauma were reported to suffer from acute hypoxaemia in 64% of cases
(Howard et al. 2015), 46% of whom developed the acute respiratory distress syndrome
(ARDS) (Ferguson et al. 2012). ARDS is characterised by a life-threatening
impairment of the pulmonary gas exchange, resulting in hypoxaemia, hypercapnia
and respiratory acidosis and requiring acute rescue measures (intubation and
lung protective mechanical ventilation, adequate positive end-expiratory pressure
(PEEP), positioning manoeuvres). Therapeutic advantages in the critical
management of severe trauma or thoracic injuries have been made, but these
diagnoses present a challenge and are still associated with increased mortality
and morbidity (Shah et al. 2008). Mechanical ventilation can damage the lungs and
initiate an inflammatory response contributing to extrapulmonary organ
dysfunction or triggering multiple organ failure. In trauma patients with
critical respiratory insufficiency a benefit from rescue extracorporeal lung support
(ELS) is discussed.
Technique and Rationale for Extracorporeal Lung Support
Venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (vvECMO) is used with an increasing tendency to avoid critical oxygenation impairment, and to reduce harm from ventilation in patients with severe ARDS (Del Sorbo et al. 2014). In principle, during ECMO a pump is integrated in an extracorporeal circuit after cannulation of two central veins. In this circuit an artificial membrane enables an extracorporeal gas exchange across the hollow fibres. vvECMO is indicated in patients with severe ARDS within 7 days after onset and with persistent life-threatening hypoxaemia despite optimised supportive therapy. Venovenous extracorporeal CO2 removal (ECCO2R) is an ECMO technique that works at lower extracorporeal blood and sweep gas flows than vv– and avECMO, which is mainly used to avoid unacceptable hypercapnia or acidosis, as such preventing the need for injurious ventilator settings (Morimont et al. 2014). All ECMO techniques implicate certain haemodynamic effects and risks and their use requires expertise, experience, routine and an interdisciplinary approach (Combes et al. 2014). Possible complications include technical problems (clotting, air leakage, haemolysis) as well as bleeding due to cannula insertion or systemic anticoagulation. Despite the fact that technical advances have promoted safety and simplicity of extracorporeal lung support systems during the past few years, rigorous evidence of optimal indication, timing and management is still lacking. Nevertheless ECMO is increasingly being used as a rescue therapy in ARDS patients, and it might show a survival benefit in future randomised studies.
Support in Trauma Patients – Scientific and Clinical Experience
Trauma patients with critical hypoxaemia and/ or hypercapnic acidosis are at risk for pulmonary and cardiocirculatory failure, especially with concomitant haemorrhagic complications or anaemia. Furthermore, invasive mechanical ventilation in ARDS may induce harmful effects of high inspiratory pressure and lung overinflation to the right ventricle (Repesse et al 2015). Although there is a rationale for the use of ECMO in these clinical situations, ECMO is seen as an invasive measure with potentially severe complications, and in the early posttraumatic period patients are in a fragile balance at risk of haemodynamic instability or shock. In recent years, the feasibility and efficacy of ECMO in severe posttraumatic ARDS was described by a few observational studies (a synopsis is presented in Table 1). Cordell-Smith et al. published a retrospective analysis of a cohort of 28 trauma patients with long bone fractures, blunt chest trauma or combined injuries referred to a single tertiary centre for ECMO support (Cordell-Smith et al. 2006). The survival rate in this group was 71.4%.
The experiences of the Regensburg ECMO group were reported in 2013 (Ried et al. 2013). 52 trauma patients with a mean age of 32 ± 14 years suffering from severe thoracic trauma and ARDS were provided with pumpless arteriovenous extracorporeal lung support (PECLA n=26) or with vvECMO (n=26). After applying ELS critical hypoxaemia and hypercapnia were resolved immediately and the parameters of mechanical ventilation were reduced in order to perform lung protective ventilation. The mean duration of ELS support was 6.9 ± 3.6 days. During ECMO treatment numerous thoracic and non-thoracic surgical procedures were necessary, but in this series no relevant life-threatening bleeding complications were observed. Similarly Guirand et al. reported data from two American College of Surgeons-verified level 1 trauma centres (Guirand et al. 2014). Trauma patients were divided retrospectively into a cohort of hypoxaemic patients, who received vvECMO after failure of ‘conventional’ rescue (n=26), and into a patient group managed with mechanical ventilation (n=76). In a matched-pair analysis the adjusted survival rate was greater in the ECMO group (adjusted OR 0.193, p=0.034), but ECMO patients received more transfusions and had more bleeding complications. Finally the recent analysis of the Extracorporeal Life Support Organization (ELSO) database on ECMO in 85 trauma patients (Jacobs et al. 2015) demonstrated a survival to discharge of 74.1%. The general conclusion was that the use of ELS might be advantageous in patients with post-traumatic ARDS. An algorithm for the use of ECMO in trauma patients is given in Figure 1.
Practical Aspects and Clinical Challenges
The use of ECMO in trauma patients is associated with specific requirements and possible problems. It is a challenge for a high-level trauma centre. Some practical aspects and specific clinical strategies must be considered and should be reflected in an algorithm for the ICU team (Table 2).
Haemodynamic Monitoring and Therapy
Haemodynamic monitoring includes continuous monitoring of arterial blood pressure, repeated echocardiography and continuous recording of extracorporeal blood flow. Of note, pulse contour analysis-based or continuous thermodilution-based cardiac output monitoring are not recommended in patients under ECMO, since the first may underestimate cardiac output (Haller et al. 1995), and the second may lead to erroneous results caused by indicator loss into the extracorporeal circuit (Rauch et al. 2002). Accurate record of the cumulative fluid seems important, since a positive cumulative fluid balance has been identified as one independent predictor of worsened outcome of ECMO patients (Schmidt et al. 2014).
Haemodynamic therapy requires a special and careful approach regarding volume replacement and vasopressor use. Volume overload could worsen lung oedema, which in turn worsens outcome. On the other hand hypovolaemia may induce vein collapse with extracorporeal blood flow, causing so-called cannula ‘suctioning’ and ‘chatter’ that may result in haemolysis (Choi and Nam 2008). Therefore haemodynamic support is optimized by a balanced strategy of fluid infusions (small boluses, e.g. 250 ml) and vasopressors (continuously titrated norepinephrine) under repeated monitoring (mean arterial pressure, echocardiography, central venous oxygen saturation [ScvO2], lactate).
The demand for systemic anticoagulation to prevent circuit clotting might favour bleeding complications. On the other hand continuous technical advances (heparin-coated circuits, centrifugal pump) have reduced the required doses for anticoagulation and allowed use even in severe trauma patients with bleeding shock (Arlt et al. 2010). In the Regensburg ECMO Centre experience (Ried et al. 2013) the continuous anticoagulation with heparin was balanced, aimed at a target partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) ≈ 50 sec, and no severe bleeding complications — even under thoracic and non-thoracic surgeries — were observed. The median demand of packed red blood cells was 3 (range 0-54) during the ECMO period. In patients with severe ARDS, who are suffering from traumatic brain injury and intracranial bleeding, ECMO therapy is considered to be contraindicated due to limited systemic heparinisation. On the other hand these patients might benefit from ELS to avoid hypercapnia (increase of intracranial pressure) and deleterious ventilation. The use of prolonged heparin-free ECMO was reported in three multiple-injured ARDS patients with traumatic brain injury (Muellenbach et al. 2012), and neither ECMO-associated bleeding nor clotting of the extracorporeal circuit occurred. Such a heparin-free ECMO strategy might be considered individually under specific rescue conditions in an interdisciplinary round.
Intrahospital Transportation and Damage Control Surgery
In the early post-traumatic period patients frequently need transportation from the intensive care unit to diagnostic (e.g., CT scan, interventional radiology, Figure 2) or therapeutic procedures (damage control surgery, neurosurgery, laparotomy). In ECMO patients these transportations and procedures are at special risk of ECMO-related or general complications and they require special preparation and realisation. The following safety aspects and recommendations are given (Day 2010):
- trained accompanying staff (1 physician, 2 nurses), possibly perfusionist;
- power of battery packs ≥ 2 hrs;
- oxygen supply reserve;
- safe mode of controlled mechanical ventilation;
- a hand crank for the case of power problems;
- vasopressors, rescue drugs;
- safe chest tube management;
- rescue devices (unintended extubation).
For surgery procedures a careful balance between volume replacement and avoidance of fluid overload must be ensured by experienced anaesthetists. Systemic anticoagulation should be stopped for surgery. In the scenario of the operating theatre, the ECMO cannulae are included in a sterile covering and special attention is required to avoid accidental removal. The results from recent observational studies (Cordell-Smith et al. 2006; Ried et al. 2013; Guirand et al. 2014; Jacobs et al. 2015) show that diagnostic and therapeutic procedures are associated with a low complication rate.
The technique of extracorporeal lung support is a promising and life-saving treatment option in severe post-traumatic ARDS. ELS enables a rapid and sustained improvement of critically impaired gas exchange and the correction of severe acidosis, and additionally can provide lung protective ventilation. Utilisation of ELS in multiple trauma patients is associated with an acceptable complication profile, but a specific expertise, routine, and an interdisciplinary approach are needed.
Conflict of Interest
Thomas Bein received honoraria for lectures and for the
membership of the Medical Advisory Board of Novalung Company, Heilbronn, Germany.
ARDS Acute respiratory distress syndrome
ECMO Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
ELS Extracorporeal lung support
PECLA Pumpless extracorporeal lung assist
PEEP Postive end-expiratory pressure
SVCO2 Central venous oxygen saturation | <urn:uuid:db69d526-305c-4132-bbf7-e85b8d58e559> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | https://healthmanagement.org/c/icu/IssueArticle/extracorporeal-lung-support-in-trauma-patients | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934804724.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20171118094746-20171118114746-00100.warc.gz | en | 0.898452 | 2,397 | 2.5625 | 3 |
By Vicki Louk Balint
If your child swallowed a small, single-cell battery, how would you know?
You might think that a small child would show signs of choking if they’d ingested a small object. But that’s not always the case, says NextCare Urgent Care CEO Howard Podolsky, M.D
The child may still be able to speak, or cry, because these “coin” or “button” batteries—used in small electronic devices like toys, remotes, greeting cards or hearing aids—may not be obstructing airflow from the windpipe.
“It may be extremely uncomfortable, it may even be lodged in there so that liquids cannot pass,” says Podolsky. “The child may vomit, may be uncomfortable—you may think flu.”
The batteries do not usually cause problems unless they become lodged in the gastrointestinal tract, nose or ears. The most common area of the body where cell batteries can become lodged is the esophagus. The current produced by the battery generates sodium hydroxide, a caustic, corrosive chemical. Experts say damage to delicate tissues can occur in as little as two hours, and can perforate an esophagus in less than six hours.
Karla Rauch, of Peoria, knew her son Emmett was very sick the day before his first birthday. The sitter called with the news that Emmett seemed to be running a fever. He just wasn’t himself that morning, Rauch recalls.
The family had no idea that he had swallowed the battery in the DVD remote they later found under the sofa.
“He didn’t want to eat,” says Karla. “I was trying to get him to eat, and his esophagus was burning away and he couldn’t tell me.”
It took an urgent care center visit, a trip to the pediatrician and a stop at a local emergency room over the course of a couple of days before Emmett finally ended up in surgery at Phoenix Children’s Hospital.
“I felt sick, devastated, guilty,” Karla says. “I didn’t remember a choking episode. That is what blew my mind. All these haunting feelings took over. I’m a mom—how did I not know?”
When a battery is swallowed, it can burn the esophageal wall just by touching it, says J. Craig Egan, M.D., a pediatric surgeon at Phoenix Children’s. He says he sees three to five children per month who need care after swallowing a button battery—an increase over the last few years. The non-profit safety coalition Safe Kids USA reports that in 2010 alone there were more than 3,400 cases nationwide of children swallowing the coin-sized batteries.
In most cases, children are not diagnosed right away because parents are unaware their child has swallowed a battery, says Egan. Pediatricians don’t order X-rays on every child who comes in coughing.
Patients “may just have an upper respiratory infection or something that doesn’t require an X-ray,” says Egan. If a child has symptoms, parents should look around their home to see if a device is missing a battery. That information may help to confirm a doctor’s suspicion of a possible foreign object ingestion that justifies ordering an X-ray.
Egan performed a nine-hour surgery to start the repair process on Emmett’s esophagus. “It was a miserable week,” says Michael, Emmett’s dad. “He couldn’t sleep or eat. At first, when Karla told me what had happened, I thought, worst-case scenario, we’d be in the hospital a day or two; he’d have a sore throat a couple of days. I assumed that was the plan of action. But things just got worse and worse.”
It was a major setback for Emmett, now 2, who was born prematurely and had required surgery as a newborn. (In a twist of fate, it had also been performed by Egan.) Several surgeries and long hospital stays over the past year to help restore Emmett’s health have been difficult for the family, but they are hopeful.
“You hear of other people having accidents, but you never think it’s going to happen to you,” says Karla. “But we need to stay positive if we want Emmett to fight.”
Egan says that as a father, an awareness of these batteries and the devices they power has intensified.
“I do not want to see them sitting on a counter, I do not want to see anything that contains them sitting on the floor in the reach of young children. Families should be aware that things that older children play with can be left on the floor or within reach of the babies. It’s not intentional, but it’s a risk. Even seniors can mistake them for their medication.”
If you suspect that your child has ingested something, see a medical professional without delay and be ready to provide detailed information, says Podolsky. Be aware of devices that contain small-cell batteries, and keep them out of reach of small children.
“As a physician, you do the best you can with collateral history-taking,” he says. “I’d rather deal with anything at an early stage. It’s always better to deal with a minor issue before it becomes a mountain.” | <urn:uuid:b531be8f-a17d-4fa8-bcf3-ec358eb416ba> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | https://rakarchives.wordpress.com/2011/11/08/button-battery-danger/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257651780.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20180325025050-20180325045050-00454.warc.gz | en | 0.971762 | 1,193 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Family Lifework Activities Can Help Students Make Career and Educational Choices
By Sally Gelardin
In the past, traditions were handed down from families, communities, and religious institutions, but these communication links are evaporating. Parents are busy working (or trying to find work) and often returning to school or other training to enhance employability and reinvent their careers. Both students and their parents seek professional and personal mentors to replace a dwindling family and community connectedness. In addition, international unrest awakens a feeling of vulnerability and need for family, as well as "global family." Global issues, culture, family, education, and career issues are interlinked.
Family Lifework Activities©
If students have not been given support for the choices that they made in childhood or adolescence, they may be not be able to make career and educational choices as adults. By performing Family Lifework Activities© , students can learn how to make career decisions; choose internship experiences in areas that interest them; build self-esteem; develop career and life goals; describe family beliefs about values and myths that may affect their career decisions; and enlist support and trust from their family. These activities help students integrate life with work by:
- (a) identifying interests, values, skills, and strengths through a reflection upon past experiences; and
(b) organizing these experiences to create a unifying life story.
According to Savickas, in order to make sense out of their lives and to embark on a life path, people first need to determine their needs, values, and interests and then make sure that they are harmonious. Through Family Lifework Activities©, students can discover how to manage transitions; explore new career paths; develop new connections both within and outside the family; and adapt to the rapidly changing job market. Activities are grouped under the umbrella term Family Lifework Activities© because family, life and work cannot be separated. Following are examples of activities that can be used by career and internship advisors to help students make career and educational decisions.
Family Lifework Activity© Examples
Name 5 great things about you
Purpose: Identify your best qualities that would be valued in the workplace.
Describe your personal qualities - your physical, mental, and emotional self. Ask each of five people close to you (work associates, family, friends) to name five great things about you. Compare your perceptions about yourself with the perceptions of those who know you well. What did others see in you that you did not initially see in yourself? What did both you and the other people agree upon that are your best qualities?
Purpose: Identify your mentors’ best qualities.
What you see in others whom you admire, you have in yourself. You can cultivate those admirable qualities. Who are your mentors? Envision a famous or not so famous person whom you admire. Identify the characteristics of the other person that you most admire – facial expressions, gestures, intonations and voice inflections, way of moving, beliefs, and actions.
Describe early work influences
Purpose: Describe early experiences that you had that might have influenced your views of work.
Research the views of your ancestors or ask your parents and grandparents about ancestral views on money, work, gender, and religion. Compare your views with those of your ancestors and parents. Are your opinions respected at work and at home? Are there other people besides your family who have views similar to yours?
List your internal and external sources of support
Purpose: Identify your sources of support.
List your internal sources of support (i.e., dancing, singing, meditation, writing, activity, reading). List your external sources of support (i.e., immediate family, extended family, close friends, neighbors and acquaintances, service professionals, helping professionals, social groups). List your parent’s sources of support. Compare your sources of support with those of your parents.
In summary, Family Lifework Activities© can help students: (a) increase their capacity to manage transitions, (b) explore new career paths, and (c) understand how their schooling relates to their future work and life goals. These activities can be used by high school, community college, and university career counselors and internship advisors to help students make career, internship, and educational decisions.
Chope, R. C. Influence of the family in Career Decision-Making: Identity Development, Career Path, and Life Planning. Career Planning and Adult Development Journal. Summer 2001. Pp. 54-64. Publisher: Richard L. Knowdell.
Cochran, L. (1997). Career Counseling: A Narrative Approach. Sage Publications.
Evans, K.M.; Rotter, J.C. and Gold, J.M. (2003). Synthesizing Family, Careers, and Culture: a Model for Counseling in the Twenty-First Century. Alexandria, VA: ACA Counseling.
Gelardin, S. (April 10, 2003). Keynote presentation to California Cooperative Education and Internship Association Conference. http://www.ca-co-op.org/member-conference.cfm.
Hinkle, J.S., and Wells, M.E. (1995). Family Counseling in Today’s Schools. Greensboro, NC: ERIC/CASS
Jacobsen, M.H. (1999). Hand Me Down Dreams: How Families Influence Our Career Paths and How We Can Reclaim Them. New York: Harmony Books.
Savickas, M. (1997). The Spirit in Career Counseling: Fostering Self-Completion Through Work. In Bloch, D. & Richmond, L. (eds.). Connections Between Spirit & work in Career Development: New Approaches and Practical Perspectives (pp. 3-24). Palo Alto, CA . Davies-Black.
Sally Gelardin, Ed.D., offers family-related career consulting services through Gelardin Family Lifeworks. She is a Fellow in the University of San Francisco’s Children’s and Young Adult Multicultural Literature Institute and a frequent author of family and career-related issues for online and print publication. Dr. Gelardin teaches the Career Development Facilitator curriculum and serves as a Women’s Studies Evaluator at USF. She is writing a book, scheduled to be published this year, on mother-daughter influences on lifework success. For more information on Family Lifework Activities©, visit
Sally Gelardin's publications are available online in NCDA's Career Resource Store .
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Definition of Feintest
1. feint [adj] - See also: feint
Click the following link to bring up a new window with an automated collection of images related to the term: Feintest Images
Lexicographical Neighbors of Feintest
feintest (current term)
Literary usage of Feintest
Below you will find example usage of this term as found in modern and/or classical literature:
1. The Atlantic Monthly by Making of America Project (1867)
"How impossible to convey to the Northern mind the feintest idea of the wild, incredulous, speechless amazement of the Southern woman on being informed that ..."
2. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London by Royal Society (Great Britain) (1864)
"... the feintest indicating the presence of hydrogen, the next some unknown element, and the third a line which coincides with the brightest of nitrogen, ..."
3. The Cornhill Magazine by George Smith (1861)
"... as was her custom, when tlie very feintest hue of dawn streaked the horizon. A hen who has seen a hawk balancing his wings and cawing in mid air over ..."
4. Travels in the United States, Etc., During 1849 and 1850 by Emmeline Stuart-Wortley (1851)
"... seeing they had no chance of then overpowering their adversaries, or attacking them with the feintest prospect of victory, abandoned for a time the ..."
5. The Christian Baptist by Alexander Campbell (1828)
"... and the official authority now attached to it; and you have a transaction and institu- " ion conjured up, of which the feintest trace is notto he found ..." | <urn:uuid:dacfb977-c57f-49ed-a45a-3b9a4b419359> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://www.lexic.us/definition-of/feintest | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128323864.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20170629033356-20170629053356-00328.warc.gz | en | 0.864816 | 363 | 2.90625 | 3 |
What is Pancreatic Cancer?
The pancreas is a gland deep in the abdomen, behind the stomach, that is part of the digestive and endocrine systems. It is situated near the liver, gallbladder (where bile is stored) and the beginning of the small intestine (duodenum). The pancreas makes juices that help with digestion (enzymes) as well as important hormones such as insulin that control the level of sugar in the bloodstream. Pancreatic Cancer is a condition in which cells grow abnormally and form a mass or tumor. Over time the mass continues to grow without heeding the body’s usual checkpoints. Not all masses are cancerous, benign conditions such as chronic pancreatitis and autoimmune pancreatitis can simulate cancer of the pancreas. Sometimes, although rare, instead of forming a solid mass, PC can begin as a collection of fluid known as a cyst (most cysts however are not cancerous, they are benign).
Unfortunately by the time most patients develop symptoms the cancer has become difficult to treat. Since the pancreas is near the drainage tubes for bile and digestive enzymes, a mass in the pancreas can block the flow of these substances into the small intestine. This can cause the skin and eyes to turn yellow (jaundice) and the stool to turn pale. It can also cause nausea, vomiting and itchy skin. It can invade the nerves that run through the lower spine and cause back pain. If the digestive enzymes are not able to flow freely or if the pancreas cannot make enough insulin, patients can develop diarrhea or diabetes (high levels of sugar in the blood).
Who is at risk?
While this is a relatively rare form of cancer, some people are more likely to develop it than others. Unfortunately most so called ‘risk factors’ cannot be changed, one main exception is smoking (smokers are up to three times more likely to develop Pancreatic Cancer than non-smokers). Other risk factors include age greater than 60, male gender, race (African Americans at higher risk), exposure to certain chemicals, or family history, having a close relative such as parent or sibling with Pancreatic Cancer. There is some evidence that middle aged patients with newly diagnosed diabetes or with a long history of chronic pancreatitis are also at some increased risk.
The symptoms can be confused with those of benign diseases such as arthritis (back pain), gallstones (jaundice) or chronic pancreatitis (pain, diarrhea, weight loss).
A variety of tests are used to detect and understand the extent or stage of the disease. It is important to detect Pancreatic Cancer at its earliest and most treatable stage. Precise staging helps determine what treatment course is best and what alternatives (such as participation in a clinical trial) might be appropriate. After a physical examination and some basic blood tests (may include a special test known as CA 19-9), most patients get scanned with a CT (computerized tomography) or “CAT” scan of the abdomen. CT scans and MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) provide a birds-eye view of the pancreas and neighboring organs.
A very important test, usually performed after a CT or MRI scan, is an endoscopic ultrasound (EUS). EUS allows specially trained gastroenterologists to obtain highly detailed pictures of the pancreas and to get a biopsy (fine needle aspiration). This technique, which is performed under deep sedation, takes about one hour and patients can go home the same day it is performed in most cases. It uses a thin, flexible camera (combined with a tiny ultrasound device) that is passed gently through the mouth and into the stomach and small bowel. If pain cannot be managed by standard pain medicines, EUS can be used to inject an anesthetic directly into the nerves that may be responsible for the pain (celiac neurolysis).
Another test that may be required is known as ERCP (endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography). During this test a small optical scope is used to inject a dye into the ducts that drain bile and the pancreatic juices. It also allows doctors to insert a small tube (stent) if needed to relieve a blockage. Both EUS and ERCP are performed by gastroenterologists that have had additional training in the technique.
Although there are many options, ranging from special medicines (chemotherapy) and radiation to surgical removal, cancer of the pancreas remains very difficult to treat. In most cases it is only those patients with very early stage disease who can be cured by surgery. Regardless of stage, there are many types of treatment that can help patients live longer and improve their quality of life. As mentioned earlier, the type or types or treatment available depend on the stage of the disease and the overall health of the patient.
Surgery is the most invasive, and most definitive, treatment for PC. The type of surgery considered depends on the size, location and stage of the cancer.
Chemotherapy uses special medicines that target the cancer cells. One or a combination of such medicines is usually delivered by vein (intravenously) under the direction of a medical oncologist. Chemotherapy can sometimes kill normal cells as well and cause a variety of side effects. Oncologists are specially trained to help decide which drugs may be best and can help patients manage any side effects.
Radiation therapy (radiotherapy) uses high-energy X-rays to kill cancer cells. Radiation is directed by radiation oncologists and can be given alone or in combination with chemotherapy and surgery. | <urn:uuid:d4e67e3a-309e-45fd-aad4-1362629db6e0> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | http://www.iddc.net/diseases-and-conditions/pancreatic-cancer/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257647280.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20180320033158-20180320053158-00625.warc.gz | en | 0.949388 | 1,159 | 3.640625 | 4 |
Improve certain intellectual, practical and transferable skills; engage in critical, analytical and creative thinking to analyze, evaluate, synthesize, and interpret information as a way to sound decisions.
The course will develop your understanding of contemporary issues within management. Due to globalization, managers today face a variety of challenges that must effectively handle. They also face opportunities that must be prepared for in order to ensure the survival and success of the business. A major challenge that organizations face nowadays is the constant need to adapt to constant change in the global environment. They must be flexible and ready to adapt, be proactive and innovative, and manage resources strategically. Managers deal with fierce competition, constant technological advances, demographic changes, and numerous legal and ethical issues. This course helps in developing a more thorough understanding and appreciation of modern management.
Week 1: Management and Managers
Week 2: Ethics, Diversity and the Global Environment
Week 3: Creativity, Competitive Advantage and IT Management
Week 4: Organizing and Change
Week 5: Motivation, Leadership and Teams
Week 6: Human Resources and Operations Management
Week 7: Final Review
Week 8: Final Exam
A certificate will be issued upon completion of the course. | <urn:uuid:d9cb08f7-8c7e-4997-8eda-51257bc73031> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://courses.unicaf.org/890/business-management/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473824.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20240222193722-20240222223722-00742.warc.gz | en | 0.913253 | 244 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Commercial and leisure ships across the country offered themselves up for service during both global conflicts of the 20th century. During the Great War and the Second World War, the White Star Line’s vessels were used to further the efforts against the ongoing war and so, the White Star warships were born.
Previously used as migration and commercial ships, the White Star Line’s ships took on a new role during the wars, serving as hospital ships and armed merchant cruisers.
Many British ships were attacked and sunk by enemy forces, with a great loss of life, supplies and vessels.
White Star Warships in The Great War
During World War I, White Star Line ships were requisitioned to do their part in the war efforts. By the time the terrible conflict came to an end, White Star Line had sacrificed 13 ships, with the majority being taken down by German U-Boats.
From 1914-1918, White Star warships carried half a million troops and four million tonnes of cargo across oceans and sea to wherever they were needed.
Perhaps the most famous White Star warships lost at the time were Oceanic II and Britannic II. The Oceanic was wrecked when she ran aground in Scotland and became stuck on rocks in 1914. Rescue efforts had to be abandoned and The Oceanic was eventually broken apart where she lay. The Britannic was the third Olympic class liner from the White Star Line and the sister ship of the ill-fated Titanic. During the First World War, she served as a hospital ship but was sunk when she hit a mine in the Kea Channel in November 1916. She sunk within 55 minutes and to this day, The Britannic remains as the largest passenger liner on the ocean floor.
German U-boats were the threat from the sea that nearly brought Britain to its knees in World War I. Nearly a thousand merchant ships were sunk by U-boats after Germany declared the seas around Britain a war zone and all British ships were attacked without prejudice.
White Star warships were not excluded from targets and the shipping company lost more than a couple of vessels to torpedoes. Arabic II was the first White Star ship to be lost to torpedoes, while Cymric went down less than a year later when she was attacked by the same U-boat that sunk Cunard Line’s Lusitania in 1915.
The Delphic and Afric were also both targeted by U-boats in 1917 and Justica went down in 1918 as she was serving as a troop transport ship.
One of the most notable minings of a White Star warship was that of the Laurentic. In 1917, she set sail to Nova Scotia with a secret supply of gold. After hitting two mines, she sank to her fate, taking 43 tons of gold with her (valued at approximately £390 million). Recovery efforts were made by the Royal Navy, with 5,000 dives being made to the wreck over the next seven years. All but 25 of the gold ingots were saved, with three more being found ten years later. The remaining 22 have never been found.
Some ships managed to survive these turbulent years, and with great success. The Olympic, the first Olympic class liner from the White Star Line, was the only merchant ship inworld War I known to have sunk a warship when she rammed and sank a U-boat that had tried to torpedo her.
The Celtic suffered significant attacks but sprung back to life after hitting a mine in 1917. A year later, after being repaired and put back into service, she was torpedoed but managed to escape. She was repaired again and served the rest of the war without incident.
World War II White Star Warships
The White Star Line was economically damaged after the horror of the First World War. With ships getting picked off and little income able to be generated.
When White Star Line was called upon yet again to contribute to war efforts, their ships and crews were offered. The three main ships had a more successful outcome than their sisters in the First World War, although Laurentic II was lost to the sea, taking 49 lives with her.
White Star warship Laurentic II put up a fierce battle when she and her crew engaged in combat with German U-99, a U-boat that sank more ships than any other U-boat in Germany’s history. When two torpedoes were fired towards the White Star liner, both of which missed, the ship returned fire with her gun. Four hours later, U-99 fired two more torpedoes and finally sent her to the ocean floor.
The Georgic II was the last ship built for the White Star Line before the infamous merger with the Cunard Line. The ship was spotted by German aircraft and bombed heavily, sinking in shallow water. A year later, the ship was recovered and set back to Harland and Wolff in Belfast to be refurbished into a troopship.
30 James Street During the War
As the former home of the White Star Line’s headquarters, 30 James Street (then named Albion House), was a hub of activity for the ships that they dedicated to the war.
During the Liverpool blitz, the entire city suffered major damage thanks to its importance and significance. 30 James Street managed to stand the test of time, being one of only a few buildings left standing on the street.
The only significant damage to the building was the destruction of the gable, which crumbled under the force of the sustained attack. The damage to the building was then rectified in the late 1940s and 30 James Street went on to become a listed building and, in time, a luxury Titanic-themed hotel in Liverpool.
Just inside the entrance to 30 James Street is a wooden war memorial that is dedicated to all the White Star members of staff who ‘gave their lives for their country’ during the First World War.
Liverpool During Global Conflicts
Liverpool was at the forefront of both the global conflicts of the 20th century. Its importance as a port and its position on the coast meant it became a key location for wartime operations. Our maritime history is deeply entwined in the city’s culture and it’s this aspect of our heritage that makes Remembrance Day so significant in Liverpool.
Remembering the sacrifices made during conflict is a part of British life, culture and heritage. Taking the time to silently thank those who gave their lives to secure and protect our freedom has been an important November event in Britain for decades.
Liverpool pays their respects to the fallen members of our armed forces on Saturday 11th of November, with a two-minute silence, and on Remembrance Sunday, with a number of services set to take place at some of the many war memorials around the city. | <urn:uuid:31084a28-eff1-4a52-9a49-bc6bf8cfc026> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | https://rmstitanichotel.co.uk/white-star-warships-remembering-ships-fought/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934804881.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20171118113721-20171118133721-00612.warc.gz | en | 0.984009 | 1,384 | 3.296875 | 3 |
They are already close to extinction in Oxfordshire, Buckinghamshire, Hertfordshire, and Greater London, and are thought to be extinct in Nottinghamshire. The high levels of rainfall and flooding this year could be the final nail in their coffin, especially for populations close to wet meadows and similar habitats where the ground has remained flooded into March.
Because the adder only reproduces every 2 or 3 years it can struggle to recover from a population crash. As a species it has struggled nationally from habitat loss and fragmentation due to urbanisation and agricultural intensification. Scientists have studied adder genetics and found that in small populations, problems caused by inbreeding may also be preventing them from reproducing.
Predation is also a problem for adders and may be the most controversial cause of their decline. Foxes are the Adders’ natural predators but Pheasants have also been known to kill young adders and in areas of high pheasant density adders are very scarce. In middle England, however, it is more likely to be the spread and increase in buzzard numbers that is having the biggest effect on the adder population. More research is needed into the relationship between adder and buzzard as it can be a delicate subject, especially as the buzzard has itself only recently recovered from persecution.
There is still hope for the adder to remain present in middle England but only with our help. The remaining breeding sites must be protected, and some small isolated populations may need to be supplemented with snakes from elsewhere in order to improve their genetic diversity.
Source: Guardian online March 2014 | <urn:uuid:210ad71f-dac8-4531-9430-af458421ee95> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://arocha.org.uk/adder-decline/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189734.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00455-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.967672 | 324 | 3.453125 | 3 |
Smaller Plate Study
The Smaller Plate Study is an abbreviated title for an experimental study conducted by Dr Brian Wansink and Dr Koert van Ittersum: The Perils of Large Plates: Waist, Waste, and Wallet. The results claim that using 10 inch diameter plates instead of the traditional 12 inch diameter plates decrease the amount of food people eat without having an effect on their perceived fullness or satisfaction.
Studies by professor Brian Wansink, founder of the Cornell Food and Brand Lab have observed that people serve themselves in proportion to the plate size that they have been given. For example, while 3 ounces of pasta on a 10 inch plate look like a sizeable portion, the same amount on a 12 inch plate looks comparatively much smaller. This is thought to occur as a result of the Delboeuf illusion, whereby the size of the dinnerware creates two opposing biases that lead people to over-serve on larger plates and bowls and underserve on smaller ones.
The study found that reducing plate size from 12 inches to 10 inches typically results in 22% less calories being served, as the smaller plate makes a normal serving seem more filling. However, the study found a lower limit for the effect; once plate size went below 9.5 inches "people begin to realize they're tricking themselves and go back for seconds and thirds."
Smaller Plate Movement
The Family Initiative aimed to encourage consumers to reduce the size of their dinner plates from the average 12 inch plate most people have in their cupboards to a more reasonable size of 10 inches.
While the basic Consumer Initiative is an ongoing education campaign, one focus of the campaign is the Small Plate Challenge, run jointly by several organizations, which asks consumers to commit to using smaller (10 inch) dinner plates for the largest meal of their day for one month.
Albert Lea, an 18,000 person town in Minnesota was chosen to show how simple portion control solutions could be adapted to everyday life as part of the AARP/Blue Zones Vitality Project. Over 2,000 families agreed to use the principles from Wansink's book 'Mindless Eating,' which included the Smaller Plate challenge.
The life expectancy of 786 evaluated residents rose by an average of 3.1 years, they lost an average of two pounds, ate more vegetables and were more physically active. All said they felt healthier—physically and emotionally when the project ended in October 2009.
Cornell University researchers launched the National Mindless Eating Challenge (NMEC), an online healthy eating and weight loss program which focused on simple eating behavior changes instead of dieting, which included eating off of smaller plates. "Of the 2,053 people who initially signed up for the NMEC, 504 completed at least one follow-up survey. Most of them (83%) had weight loss as their goal. The rest wanted to eat healthier (10%), maintain weight (5%), or help their family eat better (2%). Over the course of the program, more than two thirds of participants either lost weight (42%) or maintained their weight (27%), and weight loss was highest among people who made changes consistently. Those whose adherence was 25+ days per month reported an average monthly weight loss of 2.0 pounds, and those who stayed in the program for at least three months and completed at least two follow-up surveys lost on average 1.0% of their initial weight."
It was found that common barriers that prevented people from using the smaller plate rule included: forgetting, being too busy, unusual circumstances such as vacations, and emotional eating.
The University of Connecticut conducted a study of 162 girls between 14 and 18 years old. Professor Lance Bauer found that overweight or obese teenage girls did not pay as much attention to the visual appearance of their food as normal weight girls. This suggests that changing the size of their plates may not be an effective dietary solution for this particular group.
A study conducted by Jennifer Owlet Fisher at Temple's Centre for Obesity Research and Education, published in the Paediatrics Journal found that first-graders served themselves on average 90 calories less when they used smaller plates (7.25 inches - the size of a salad plate). These findings suggest that using a smaller plate could help to fight childhood obesity, although Fisher took care to state that she does not "think that simply swapping a large plate for a small plate is the answer to controlling eating."
The Penn State Clearinghouse for Military Family Readiness said that evidence for the program was mixed. They reported on the original Cornell studies, but then said: "Two studies conducted by independent research groups present evidence that doesn’t support the Small Plate Movement. Both of these studies measured how much participants ate during a meal when they were given different sizes of dinnerware. In both studies, plate size had no significant effect on the amount of food consumed by the participants."
Michal Clements writing for Chicago Now described the movement as "equal parts calorie-consumption awareness, cost savings and fashion."
- "Large Plate Mistake". Foodpsychology.cornell.edu. 2006-07-25. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2010.05.003. Retrieved 2015-07-27.
- Van Ittersum, Koert; Wansink, Brian. "Plate Size and Color Suggestibility: The Delboeuf Illusion’s Bias on Serving and Eating Behavior". Journal of Consumer Research 39: 215–228. doi:10.1086/662615.
- 18/01/2012 13:00 GMT (2012-01-18). "Use Contrasting Colours And Smaller Plates To Lose Weight, Study Finds". Huffingtonpost.co.uk. Retrieved 2015-07-27.
- Wansink, Brian (2007). "Portion Size Me: Downsizing our consumption norms". Journal of the American dietetic association 20 (10): 1–4.
- "Lose Weight With Smaller Plates: Science Weighs in on Dishsize and Calories". Breaking Muscle. Retrieved 2015-07-27.
- "Portion control may be all in the mind, studies suggest". CBS News. 2012-02-13. Retrieved 2015-07-27.
- Graff, Vincent (2015-02-05). "Desperate to lose weight? Just redesign your kitchen! | Daily Mail Online". London: Dailymail.co.uk. Retrieved 2015-07-18.
- Wansink, Brian; Van Ittersum, Koert (2013). "Portion Size Me: Plate Size Can Decrease Serving Size, Intake, and Food Waste". Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied 19 (2): 320–332.
- "Change Plates to Lose Weight". Health.com. Retrieved 2015-07-18.
- Buettner, Dan. "The Minnesota Miracle". AARP The Magazine
- Condrasky, Dr. Margaret D. (March 2011). "Small Plates for Healthy Appetites" (PDF). Culinary Nutrition News. American Culinary Federation. p. 2. Retrieved 18 July 2015.
- Shafir, Eldar (2013). The Behavioural Foundations of Public Policy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
- Pratt, Monica. "Turning Red Zones into Blue Zones: How GIS can help create healthy communities" (PDF).
- Buettner, Dan. "The Minnesota Miracle". AARP The Magazine.
- "Beating Your Mindless Eating Habits". Foodpsychology.cornell.edu. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2010.05.003. Retrieved 2015-07-18.
- "Smaller plates do not always mean smaller portions, warns study". Hindustantimes.com. 2015-03-30. Retrieved 2015-07-27.
- Rochman, Bonnie (2013-04-08). "Smaller Dishes Could Cut Childhood Obesity | TIME.com". Healthland.time.com. Retrieved 2015-07-27.
- "Small Plate Movement". Penn State Clearinghouse for Military Family Readiness. Retrieved 18 July 2015.
- Clements, Michal (November 5, 2014). "Mini Market Strategy: The Big Benefit of Small Plates". Chicago Now. Retrieved 18 July 2015. | <urn:uuid:04218a86-6079-4fc0-a6e9-40edc869efb1> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_Plate_Movement | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701163729.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193923-00336-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.906884 | 1,725 | 3.296875 | 3 |
Scott Greenspan recently received his doctorate in School Psychology from the University of Massachusetts Amherst. As a mental health counselor, he works to create opportunities for schools to be “hubs of wellness interventions.” Scott’s research draws from his own experiences working with youth in a variety of capacities, as well as his understanding of the vital role exercise plays in wellness.
His research has focused on the integration of physical activity within school-based mental health programs as well as gender-affirming school-based interventions for sexual minority and gender-diverse youth. Scott is currently completing his pre-doctoral clinical internship at Judge Baker Children’s Center in Boston and holds an appointment as a Clinical Fellow at Harvard Medical School.
In this interview, Scott discusses how a social justice approach informs his work and why it matters for schools to focus on gender-diverse youth in sport. He addresses the influence that the COVID-19 pandemic may be having on adolescents and what parents and teachers can do to help. Scott offers practical solutions for integrating physical exercise into virtual learning. You can find out more about Scott on Linkedin and Twitter.
The transcript below has been edited for length and clarity. Listen to the audio of the interview here.
Jessica Janze: Your research focuses on physical exercise and the mental health benefits for kids and adolescents. Can you tell us a little bit about yourself, your research, and what brought you here?
Scott Greenspan: Personally and professionally, I’m interested in the intersection of engagement and wellness practices, particularly physical activity and how that impacts psychosocial functioning for kids. I have experience coming at it from the perspective of a former youth athlete as well as a former coach and swimming instructor.
Particularly with physical activity, you’re getting a lot of benefits, including a reduction in stress, improved mood, and greater self-confidence. Then there are other added benefits of being on a team and having that cohesion and developing the social, emotional, and life skills.
As School Psychologists, we are well-positioned to promote social, emotional, and life skills for kids. There seems to be a bit of a gap with where physical activity and wellness practices intersect within the field of School Psychology. Bringing physical activity in an integrated way to practice as a school psychologist can provide added benefits for kids and support them with engaging in physical activity as a tool, and potentially, as a passion that they can have for their whole lives as an embedded coping skill and protective factor.
Janze: Can you tell us a little bit about why you chose psychology and how you found yourself on this journey?
Greenspan: I have worked with kids in a volunteer capacity, tutoring, teaching swim lessons, and as a camp counselor. I’ve been interested in child development and how we can support kids. In particular, I was interested in this idea that physical activity can help us in many ways. It can support our mood, support the way that we connect with others, and the way that we set goals.
For me, when I was in college, I started reading more about this link between physical activity and mental health. I decided that I wanted to become a mental health clinician, so I got my Master’s in mental health counseling.
Throughout my time there, I was focused on both clinical practice and research around the role that exercise has in alleviating depressive symptoms. I also knew that there was a whole lot that wasn’t being disseminated. In the US, exercise is not a frontline intervention for depression for a host of reasons that Mad in America covers, I really appreciate that work.
There’s a lot of efficacy for physical activity as a beneficial intervention for kids, and we know that kids are in school for most of the day, which would be a prime place for them to get these interventions and support their wellbeing. I became interested in how schools can serve as hubs of wellness interventions. So, after my Master’s, I worked for a few years as a clinician, but then I quickly applied to PhD programs in School Psychology to engage in this line of work. It’s been essential for me to link that research with clinical practice.
Janze: In what ways would you say that social justice informs your work?
Greenspan: The field of School Psychology is systems focused. Rather than focusing on one client at a time, there’s something impactful about developing interventions for systems. If I can provide an intervention, such as physical activity, that all kids can access, that’s where the social justice lens comes in, because we want to provide equitable education and access for all students. If we can support them with physical activity to enhance their outcomes across domains, academically, behaviorally, socially, emotionally, then that is indeed providing more access for them.
An example I like to provide is that we know that physical activity can support kids with issues regulating their behaviors, right? So, if we are providing all kids in school with physical activity, before the school day and during recess, we might notice that most kids are pretty regulated or maybe a little bit more regulated than they would have been without it.
There might be some kids who need additional support, and we want to intervene effectively so that we’re providing those kids with extra physical activity that they need. An example with attention might be those students are getting increased movement breaks throughout the day. Maybe their other peers aren’t getting that, but those students really need it so they can access the curriculum, and they can feel better about themselves. Then maybe there’s like a smaller subset of students that are showing more behavioral issues, and we’re incorporating physical activity within their individual therapy sessions. We want to ensure that all students have access to that.
Another way that I incorporate social justice within my work is a focus on supporting sexual minority and gender diverse youth. We know that LGBTQ youth are a population of students that experience increased bullying and victimization within the school setting. An aspect of my work that I focus on is LGBTQ experiences with sport and physical activity within the school setting. We know that those students are feeling underrepresented within that aspect of the school.
For example, they feel that individual sport coaches might not be as affirming of their identities, or they can’t use the locker room or bathroom of their choice. If there are problems with bullying and victimization, some school staff and peers might have trouble intervening in it. With the data that I’ve gleaned from engaging in focus groups and surveys with this population of resilient students, I’ve been working on developing interventions and conceptual models to support or affirm practices for LGBTQ youth within the school sports sector as well.
Janze: Can you talk more about how your research informs work with the LGBTQ population?
Greenspan: I’ve been fortunate to engage in a host of studies focused on LGBTQ experiences in sports and physical activity. What we found in my research is that the majority of LGBTQ students that we surveyed or engaged in focus groups feel unsafe within the physical education context in schools.
They feel that there are a lot of structural barriers, particularly a very hyper-aggressive masculine sport culture that can take over, and they feel uncomfortable and pretty oppressed in that environment. Gender segregated policies make it so they can’t use the appropriate changing room, and they experience a lot of isolation and homophobic and transphobic remarks in those environments. A number of the participants in my study talked about mental health concerns such as feeling excluded, rejected, and having both low self-esteem and difficulty forming positive relationships with peers and staff in the physical education and sport environment.
Things that helped were being able to use a locker room of choice based on their gender identity, wearing a gender-affirming uniform, and the option to just not participate in certain activities that make them feel uncomfortable, such as swimming or a sport where they might have to reveal a part of themselves they don’t feel comfortable with. With that data, I was able to develop a professional development program for physical education teachers that provides them with information about what these affirming practices can look like. We then provide them with follow-up consultation with a school mental health professional so they can think about ways their classroom supports these students and gives them what they need.
Janze: During the coronavirus outbreak, schools are closed. With kids staying inside so much more than usual and interacting less with peers, what impact might this have?
Greenspan: I think kids and adults alike are just trying to make meaning of this and are struggling with the adjustment to being inside, having our worlds flipped upside down, and worrying about loved ones. It’s undoubtedly a nerve-wracking time.
We know having less social connection can cause feelings of isolation. As someone who works with kids, I think a lot about how that can be a risk factor for developing feelings of sadness, depressive symptoms, and increased anxiety. That’s certainly is something that I worry about because they don’t have all the buffers in place to protect them against those things. They’re not able to go outside as freely or engaging in coping skills that might distract them, like laughing with friends at recess.
Coupled with that, they’re engaging in more screen time and electronics. We know from the research that blue light admitting screen devices can disrupt sleep patterns and suppress melatonin. So then they’re getting less sleep, which also affects their mental health. It becomes a bit of a vicious cycle.
It’s hard for kids to engage in planned physical activity because there are more barriers to getting outside to public parks and to using playgrounds. Also, that unplanned physical activity, the idea of just doing some chores outside or gardening, people are a little bit more nervous about that, especially when people are close together in urban areas.
Janze: What do you think would happen if kids started getting more physical exercise at this time?
Greenspan: I think that if kids start getting more physical exercise, we are going to see a greater focus on schoolwork right now. We know that schoolwork is all virtual, so I think we’ll be able to see that gain.
I also think that we would see less irritability. For some kids that are feeling more isolated, I believe that physical activity could increase their mood. I think that it will make them feel better and also provide them with some agency over their activities.
Physical activity is something that they can choose to do at a time where they’re feeling like everything is kind of controlled for them. That’s something that they have a lot of agency and autonomy over, which we know can also protect against some of those negative feelings as well.
Janze: Can you give readers some tips for helping them stay active? Some practical things during the coronavirus outbreak?
Greenspan: The US department of health and human services suggests that kids get about one hour of physical activity per day. In light of COVID19 quarantining, that might seem hard to do and, in some cases, not at all possible. What I would like you to do is think about feasible ways that we can engage kids in physical activity where it adds up to that 60 minutes, or close to that 60 minutes, because I think that can be done.
I work a lot with schools and think about how we can support kids in engaging in movement breaks throughout the day, and similar things can be done at home, particularly around the school schedule. If there’s a break from schoolwork, maybe you can do 10 minutes of running in place or playing catch with a ball or doing crab walks around the house. Some kids might have homes with large enough ceilings where they can do jump rope.
It doesn’t necessarily have to be an hour all at once, but there’s a lot that kids can do embedded throughout the day. Be creative about it. There might be some kids who want to play hopscotch or jump around or run in place or do lunges. They might want to show you what they’re learning in physical education. There’s a whole lot of ways that we can provide physical activity in the home.
Additionally, since the weekdays are kind of structured like school right now, we could provide kids with a recess time. It might need to be a little bit different than what they’d have in school, but that time could also be embedded in the day.
Janze: Do you have any advice for parents right now who may be at home with their kids during this unprecedented time?
Greenspan: This is a time where folks are consistently grappling with this adjustment, and there is so much newness and unpredictability. We know that when there’s no way of telling what the future holds that it can cause a lot of anxiety. I want to normalize that.
Pretty much every person on this earth has some level of heightened anxiety about this situation. Our routines have been completely flipped upside down. When you think about kids and families, their routines are so different. Kids aren’t going to school; parents might be with their kids 24/7 right now.
When we look at it from a physical activity and wellness perspective, kids are most likely not engaging in as much physical activity as they were before. We know that when kids are not moving, it can impact their mental health. They might have some more difficulty focusing or may have increased irritability.
Physical activity is something that we could predictably implement into home routines to support kids. The days are so busy, so parents might also consider setting cell phone alarms for movement break time. It’s also really great when parents have discussions with kids about how they’re engaging in their own physical activity.
This is a time where parents who were, at one time, gym rats and going swimming a lot and doing yoga classes are now sort of having to adjust for themselves. I think it’s a great lesson about how they can be flexible, no pun intended, and figure out ways that they can engage in physical activity with their kids.
Janze: The majority of students are accessing some sort of online learning platform. What kind of tips would you suggest to educators providing activity during virtual learning?
Greenspan: First and foremost, it’s really important that educators are checking in on their students’ wellness, asking about their sleep, if they are able to move around, etc.
For educators who are video chatting with students, they could also provide those movement breaks, through the video chat modality and engage students in that way. I also know that some PE teachers are providing online resources for students while they might not be able to access the school gym.
One of my favorite examples is for teaching elementary kids math. Teachers just have them hop the numbers count out loud. It’s a simple example of how you can infuse physical activity within the academic curriculum.
Janze: Do you have any resources that you can provide to our readers if they want to learn more about options to help kids stay active while we’re all stuck inside?
Greenspan: Absolutely. For teachers, some great resources would include the Boks Program. They provide before-school physical activity, and they have a fantastic guide for suggestions. You can take a training and become a Boks certified teacher. So that can be something great to do during this quarantine period.
Another resource that’re great for schools and families are Go Noodle, which provides movement breaks for students through music videos and dancing, and kids enjoy it. Another is Brain Breaks, which is all about engaging in movement breaks throughout the day in more of a structured way.
With that said, teachers and families can also develop their own movement break cards. So maybe they want to create a set of index cards and write different types of movements that kids can engage in, and their child can pick a card from a stack to engage in that movement of the day or the movement of the minute or the movement of the break.
We must be creative right now in how we’re delivering physical activity. I would also suggest using schools as resources. The physical education teachers are still working, and I’m sure that they’d be glad to provide suggestions for families. It’s also really important to consider what school and community resources you have available as well. | <urn:uuid:4b431f7d-72d3-444b-a221-7015ad969ebe> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://www.madinamerica.com/2020/06/exercise-youth-mental-health-lockdown-interview-psychologist-scott-greenspan/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600401643509.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20200929123413-20200929153413-00097.warc.gz | en | 0.975685 | 3,419 | 2.609375 | 3 |
A three-week experiment is set to start on April 24th at the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility in Newport News, Virginia, in which electrons will crash into a thin tungsten target 500 million times a second that will create a cascade of short-lived particles. Physicists of the Heavy Photon Search (HPS) are hoping to finds signs of a heavy or dark photon.
If discovered, this would lead to world of dark forces and atoms that have been speculated for a long time, but not yet proven. It might also help pin down dark matter, which is thought to comprise 85% of the matter in the Universe.
The researchers concede that this might be a long shot, but it took only $3 million to build and run the HPS detector. Dark photons, unlike normal photons, are supposed to have mass that is only indirectly detectable, after they have decayed into electrons and positrons. Dark photons would carry a new fundamental force, analogous to the electromagnetic force that photons carry. This could lead to a plethora of undiscovered particles and matter, which would include dark matter.
It was hoped that the Large Hadron Collider, the highest-energy and most expensive particle accelerator at CERN would lead to supersymmetry, which could resolve some of the problems of the Standard Model of particle physics.
A dark matter particle from the dark sector, a name referring to dark energy and dark matter, which are two distinct phenomena that seem to have no direct connection, as of yet, could only be seen through the decay of a force-carrying dark photon, which would make positrons, not antiprotons.
While the beams at the Jefferson Lab aren’t the most powerful, they are extremely intense. The main lab has got a 6-gigaelectronvolt electron beam and has the right energy to probe for the likely mass range of a heavy photon. The beam will shut down after three weeks for an upgrade that will double its energy. | <urn:uuid:66ea9a14-b14b-4f50-9a5b-0be25b533fd6> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://scitechdaily.com/physicists-use-cheap-colliders-to-probe-for-heavy-photons/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178363217.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20210302034236-20210302064236-00201.warc.gz | en | 0.956641 | 405 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Children playing on sidewalks, speeding SUVs, and school buses barreling down the roads – Houston car accident lawyers will see plenty of these at this time of year as thousands of children in the Houston and Harris County area have started back to school.
According to the NHTSA, most school bus accidents involve children as they are getting down from or boarding a bus, and not when they are actually riding a bus. Teach your child the basics of school bus safety.
- Leave home early so that you can arrive at the bus stop well before the bus arrives. That’ll help you avoid having to run to the bus, always a dangerous thing to do.
- While at the bus stop, stand 6 feet away and wait till the bus comes to a complete stop before you begin to board the bus.
- Hold on to the handrails tight as you climb the bus, and make sure that your bag or clothing isn’t entangled in the railing.
- Be alert, when you get off the bus.
- If you have to cross the road alone, take extra care as you come out from behind or from the front of the bus. Remember, motorists will see a school bus stopped at a stop, but will not be expecting children to come darting out from behind the bus.
- Never walk behind a school bus.
- If you drop something just outside the bus, yell out to the driver to alert him before you bend to pick it up.
It’s also time to start driving carefully around school zones. Look out for more numbers of children on the sidewalks. Also remember to drop speeds in a school zone, and look out for kids walking out from behind cars and stopped school buses.
Children who bike to school must wear well fitting helmets. Make sure that your child’s bike is in good condition, and give it an inspection before he/she begins using it again. | <urn:uuid:f1722dc4-e209-4c3f-a016-89516519d9bc> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | http://www.thekahnlawfirm.com/blog/school-safety-on-our-minds---houston-child-injury-lawyers.cfm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257645177.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20180317135816-20180317155816-00082.warc.gz | en | 0.957245 | 395 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Parts One and Two of this series of posts on NCCA’s “The Color Project” discussed why we needed to run a visual assessment experiment and how we structured the study. You may recall that we created 54 panel pairs, and within this set there were 15 repeats (i.e., pairs that were shown to the observers—unbeknownst to them—a second time to see how closely they would rate the pairs), as well as 8 pairs of identical panels (i.e., take a panel, cut it in half, tape the halves together, and call it a color difference pair). I also mentioned the tedium of collecting data for 13 solid hours. And lastly, I teased you with promise of revealing data here in Part Three. So, without further ado, let’s dive in. But first, let’s discuss the visual observations. We’ll talk color data later.
Okay, 28 people looking at 54 panel pairs. That’s 1,512 data points. Let’s see how an individual observer’s ratings compare to the average ratings from the other 27 observers. We used the following rating scale:
5 = No color difference
4 = Extremely slight color difference
3 = Slight color difference
2 = Noticeable color difference
1 = Very noticeable color difference
Here is a snapshot of the data collection table. (Please don’t dwell on the details. Just know that a lot of information was collected.):
If you are wondering what happened to the data for observers 1, 2 and 3: I was observer 1 and tested myself. Of course, I knew the answers, and therefore my answers are loaded with confirmation bias. Observers 2 and 3 were two folks, not from our industry, whom I badgered into running through the panel pairs just so I could assess how smoothly the process would work. Since there was no emphasis on discerning color differences, hardly any color differences were noticed.
For our first analysis, let’s look (above) at Observer #4, for Color Pair #92. You will see that Observer #4 rated Panel #92 as “4” (extremely slight color difference). But if you look at the value in the Average Ratings column for Panel #92, you will see that the average value for the total of 28 observers was 2.96 (slight color difference). The group average, therefore, was “slight color difference,” but Observer #4 only saw a very slight color difference. Is this a big deal? Let’s find out.
We’ll make the same comparison as we did above, but for all observers for all panel pairs (1,511 more data points), and you get this:
… which is hardly helpful.
Let’s look at it this way.
There is a lot going on in this chart, but it is actually rather easily explained:
- The Observer ID runs across the X-axis.
- The Y-axis represents the sum of the deviation for each observer, versus the average rating, for all 54 pairs of panels. For example, for our first comparison mentioned above, Observer #4 was 1.04 points higher than average. Then Observer #4 was compared against all others for the color pair #18 (4 vs. 4.63, or 0.63 points lower than the average). Add up Observer #4’s deviation for all 54 pairs and that’s the value that appears for Observer #4 on the Y-axis.
- Then we do the same kind of comparison for the other 27 observers to create the graph above.
- You will see that four individuals seemed rather generous in their ratings (e., they rated the panels—on average—much better than the mean).
- There were just two individuals that were substantially tougher than the average.
- You can also see which of the observers were color blind.
Although there appears to be quite a bit of variability between the observers’ ratings, the blue arrows to the right of the graph indicate that there is not much more than one-half of a rating point difference from the mean. For example, if the mean was 3 (slight color difference), a half-point higher would fall somewhere between “slight” and “extremely slight” color difference. I concluded that about 20% of the observers would be considered in the “extremes” (i.e., too generous or too critical). The other 80% of the observers see color quite similarly, but not identically, and this is the real issue when it comes to color. We all see color differently, albeit only slightly in this experiment. However, “slightly” could be the difference that makes a consumer reject a color. And that’s a condition we must avoid.
If you would like to get into more of the details, please feel free to contact me at email@example.com. I am more than happy to offer further explanation, and I would be grateful to hear any suggestions you have to offer.
In the next post, we’ll discuss the results from the observers’ ratings of the identical panels. Shouldn’t be a big deal … or should it? Part Four of this series will reveal the answer.
NCCA Technical Director | <urn:uuid:42da6a76-48e8-496d-8306-e565324f436f> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://nccacoatnotes.com/2018/01/16/the-color-project-part-three/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247508363.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20190221193026-20190221215026-00584.warc.gz | en | 0.950205 | 1,119 | 2.78125 | 3 |
The morning provision have been discussing the weather this week. We discussed the snow which fell on Tuesday night then started a weather chart where we have been recording the weather each day. The children also enjoyed learning a song called ‘What’s the Weather Like Today?’ Some of the children showed off their problem solving skills and went on a hunt around the classroom for ‘Tubby the Bear’. They followed lots of clues which led them to where he was hiding.
The afternoon provision have enjoyed learning about volcanos this week. On Monday a child saw a picture of a volcano which led to a lot of volcanic themed activities from drawing our own volcanos to making a volcano which erupted! Sequencing numbers has also proved to be a popular activity this week. The children selected numbered leaves then threaded them in the correct order on a piece of string.
All the children were excited to welcome our three new class members this week. Pikachu, Unicorn and Baby Simon, our Giant African Snails! we have been looking closely at how they move and the different foods they eat. There are a few eggs in the tank so the children are very excitedly waiting for them to hatch! | <urn:uuid:078d0a76-034e-45e7-ae8f-835d5b405423> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | http://tpsnews.edublogs.org/2019/01/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912204857.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20190326054828-20190326080828-00094.warc.gz | en | 0.981822 | 241 | 2.921875 | 3 |
In our classroom, sight words are important. We work very hard on learning all 100 sight words required by our district. I am a firm believer in the power of sight words for our readers and writers. If you read the research, sight words are vital to our students as they learn to read and write. And ignoring the research, I see it in our classroom every year. The more sight words a student knows, the better the are at reading and writing. The sight words help them build comprehension and give them confidence to decode unknown words. So, we are always looking for ways to practice and assess sight words. That’s where our Christmas sight words activity, Lighting Up Sight Words, was born!
Christmas Sight Words: Assessment
We use our Christmas sight words activity as an assessment tool. I print only the words that we have taught. Each student is assessed 1 on 1. I call them to my table and we go through the words. If they read the word in 3 seconds, I put a red mark on that light. If they don’t read the word, we leave it blank.
After we assess, the students take the pages and color the words they read. I explain that they only color the lights with the red dots or red marks. We have a quick discussion about what Christmas lights look like and what colors would be best to use.
After we finish coloring, we cut out the lights. Students then glue their lights on strips of black construction paper. This paper is the “cord” for the lights!
After the glue the lights on I staple all of their strips together into one string of sight words! We then put our Lighting Up Sight Words in the hallway to display our sight words knowledge!
Now, let’s have a quick chat about this. We get lots of questions about this display and how it might affect students. So here’s how we approach this:
First, the names are on the back so no one knows who the lights belong to. No students are identified.
Second, we spend a lot of time in our class talking about how we are all different and we all learn differently and THAT IS OK! When we finish the one on one assessment, we chat about things we can do to learn more words and get more lights. Not only are we assessing, but we’re also using this as opportunity to encourage our students and talk to them about what they can do and WHAT WE CAN DO AS TEACHERS to help them be more successful!
You can get our Light Up Sight Words activity below! This includes 200 words from the Dolch and Fry list and IS EDITABLE so you can add your own words!
For more information on how we teach sight words, check out our Sight Word 60 routine!
For more information on the glue sponges being used, check out this post:
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Subscribe to get our latest content by email. | <urn:uuid:3f167dc0-3c6b-460f-8481-32a578e9b83e> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://thekindergartensmorgasboard.com/2018/12/christmas-sight-words.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250624328.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124161014-20200124190014-00122.warc.gz | en | 0.932074 | 604 | 3.921875 | 4 |
Visit Banbury and the surrounding villages and stay in bed & breakfast accommodation:
Banbury, Oxfordshire, is populated by about 45,000 people.
Settlents can be traced back to the Iron Age in 200 AD. The Romans inhabited the area and following this there were settlements in the Ango-Saxon age. The town's name probably came from an important Saxon man called 'Banna' who lived in the 6th century. It was recorded in the Domesday Book as "Banesberie". Banbury is at the crossing point of two ancient thoroughfares: Salt Way and Banbury Lane.
Oliver Cromwell operated out of Banbury in the English Civil War. He planned the Battle of Edge Hill in a local inn, The Reindeer, a well-frequented pub to this day.
For hundreds of years the town's prosperity was based on trade in wool (from 1268), cheese, cakes and ale. Banbury was a stagecoach stop: the Red Lion and White Lion were coaching inns.
The town's growth was assisted by the building of the Oxford Canal in 1790 and then the railways in the 1850s. Banbury rail station still runs as a commuter and tourist station: trains run between London Paddington and Birmingham via Reading, Oxford and Leamington Spa, and from London Marylebone via High Wycombe and Bicester.
Its role as a commuter town contributed to its expansion during the 1960s as did the construction of the M40 motorway between London and Birmingham. Banbury has a good bus service to the outlying villages and towns including Oxford and Rugby.
The English nursery rhyme "Ride a cock horse to Banbury Cross" refers to a cross destroyed in 1602 by Puritans. It was reckoned she might have been Lady Godiva. This event has recently been commemorated with a large bronze statue close to the present Banbury Cross.
Today, Banbury's main industries include car components, electrical goods, plastics, food processing (inc Kraft Foods and Banbury Cakes), and printing.
Colleges: Oxford and Cherwell Valley
Secondary schools: Banbury School; Blessed George Napier RC School; Drayton School
Primary schools: Dashwood, The Grange, Hardwick, Harriers Ground, Hill View, Hanwell Fields, Orchard Fields, St John's RC, St John's Priory, St Joseph's RC, St Leonard's, St Mary's, Queensway, William Morris
Parks: Bankside, Browning Road, The Easington Rec, Horton View Sports Ground, Ironstones, King's Field, The People's, Rugrats, Spiceball, St Louis Meadow, Princess Diana and Yellow Park
Wards, neighbourhoods, and suburbs: Bretch Hill, Calthorpe, Cherwell Heights, College Fields, Easington, Grimsbury, Hardwick, Hanwell Fields, Neithrop, Poet's Corner, Ruscote, Timms Estate, Queensway, Town Centre
Other areas: Oxford and Cherwell Valley College, People's Park, Beaumont Industrial Estate, Southam Road Industrial Estate, Grimsbury Reservoir, Spiceball Park, Wildmere Industrial Estate, Overthorpe Industrial Estate, Tramway Industrial Estate
Famous residents, past and present
- Anthony Burgess (novelist)
- Gordon Ramsay (chef)
- Larry Grayson (entertainer)
- Lord North (Prime Minister)
- Benjamin Geen (murderer)
- Gary Glitter, born Paul Francis Gadd (rock star and convicted paedophile)
Banbury is twinned with: Hennef, Germany; Ermont, France
Nearby towns: Bicester, Brackley, Chipping Norton, Daventry, Leamington Spa, Oxford, Shipston on Stour, Stratford-upon-Avon
Nearby villages: Middleton Cheney, Wardington, Thorpe Mandeville, Alkerton, Bloxham, Kings Sutton, Chipping Warden, Steeple Aston
Have you decided to visit Banbury or the surrounding villages? Please look above for somewhere to stay in:
- a Banbury bed and breakfast (a Banbury B&B or Banbury b and b)
- a Banbury guesthouse
- a Banbury hotel (or motel)
- a Banbury self-catering establishment, or
- other Banbury accommodation | <urn:uuid:8ba78853-e460-40aa-9633-6d579864ac50> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://www.bedbreakfastavailability.co.uk/banbury.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572089.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814234405-20220815024405-00043.warc.gz | en | 0.928571 | 930 | 2.703125 | 3 |
1. The problem statement, all variables and given/known data A projectile is launched from a mountain at a given angle and velocity (which is large). Using polar coordinates find the position of the particle at time t. I'm ignoring drag (for now). 2. Relevant equations I tried using the polar kinematic equations: http://mathenthusiast.com/physics/mechanics/kinematic-equations-in-polar-coordinates/ 3. The attempt at a solution I have a python program that uses a numerical Euler method to find the path of the projectile. I want to use the polar kinematic equations to ensure I did things correctly and to see the discrepancy between numerical and kinematic answers. I first tried using cartesian coordinates, but ran into issues with splitting the gravitational force into x and y components. The velocity is high enough that I can't treat gravity as acting only in the y direction. Unfortunately, the answers I get are quite different. When using the polar kinematic equations, my velocity in the theta unit vector direction is increasing over time (enough so that my total velocity increases as well). Can someone show me what the equations of motion should look like in polar coordinates? | <urn:uuid:c08952ce-4e1d-41a6-8fcf-51b84abc7038> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/path-of-a-projectile-in-polar-coordinates.804742/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257645280.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20180317174935-20180317194935-00102.warc.gz | en | 0.906405 | 256 | 3.328125 | 3 |
One makes him the son of Mandane, a daughter of Astyages (originally evidently by a god), who is exposed in the mountains by his grandfather on account of an oracle, but suckled by a dog (a sacred animal of the Iranians) and educated by a shepherd; i.e.
Had 10,000 men drawn from the provinces, armed and drilled as Macedonians, and another corps of Iranians numbering 5000 under a native commander (Polyb.
Natives were employed, as we have seen, in the army, and Iranians are found under the Seleucids holding high commands, e.g.
Zoroastrianism was the national religion of Iran, but it was not permanently restricted to the Iranians, being professed by Turanians as well.
These two gods belonged to the old popular religion of the Iranians, but had until then been neglected by the true Zoroastrians; now they were introduced into the official worship much in the way in which the cult of the saints came into the Christian religion.
The Gaokerena of the Iranians 10 is exactly parallel.
Ii.), the first man and the founder of civilization to the Iranians, though not like the Yama of the Vedas.
Among the Zoroastrian Iranians, as among the Indian Aryans, the aid of a priest to recite the sacrificial liturgy was necessary at every offering (Herod.
They may have been Turanians akin to that tribe, or they may have been Iranians akin to the Iranian element in Transoxiana and the districts south of the Pamirs.
3 But it was long before the Iranians learned to accept the situation.
Internal disturbances of a religious and political character and external disasters had long ago shattered the empire of the Sassanids indeed, but the Iranians had not yet lost their patriotism.
Thus the name of Iranians is understood to comprehend all these people of Aryan nationality.
Besides the Iranians, numerous tribes of alien origin were found in Iran.
In the chains of Zagros we find, in Babylonian and Assyrian times, no trace of Iranians; but partly Semitic peoplesthe Gutaeans, Lulubaeans, &c.partly tribes that we can refer to no known ethnological group, e.g.
That the Iranians must have come from the East to their later home, is sufficiently proved by their close relationship to the Indians, in conjunction with whom they pre- frani8fls viously formed a single people, bearing the name and Aryan Arya.
It appears, then, that towards the middle of the second millennium before Christ, the Iranians made a great forward movement to the West, and that certain of their princesat first, probably in the role of mercenary leadersreached Mesopotamia and Syria and there founded principalities of their own., much as did the Germans under the Roman Empire, the Normans.
None the less, the Assyrian statements with regard to the Medes demonstrate that the Iranians must have reached the west of Iran before 900 B.C. It is probable that at this period the Persians also were domiciled in their later home, even though we have no direct evidence to adduce.
Civilization and Religion of the Iranians.In the period when the ancestors of Indian and Iranian alike still formed a single nationthat of the Aryansthey developed A
In these traits are engrained the general conditions of history and culture, under which the Iranians lived: on the one hand, the contrast between Iranian and Turanian; on the other, the dominating position of Babylon, which influenced most strongly the civilization and religion of Iran.
Probably, in the remote past violent religious disputes and feuds broke out: for otherwise it is almost inexplicable that the old Indo-~European word, which in India, also, denotes the godsdevashould be applied by the Iranians to the malignant demons or devils (daeva; mod.
The chief weapon of the Persians, as of all Iranians, was the bow, which accordingly the king himself holds in his portraits, e.g.
Worshipper'of Ahuramazda "1 god Artaxares, king of the kings of the Arianes (Iranians), of godly origin, son of the god Papak the king."
It is now used uniformly by scholars to indicate the Eastern branch as a whole, a compound, Indo-Aryan, being employed for that part of the Eastern branch which settled in India to distinguish them from the Iranians (Iran is of the same origin), who remained in Bactria and Persia, while Aryo-Indian is sometimes employed to distinguish the Indian people of this stock from the Dravidian and other stocks which also inhabit parts of the Indian peninsula.
The population consists of Iranians (Tajiks, Kurds, Baluchis), Mongols, Tatars and Arabs, and is estimated at about a million.
66) in high terms of the Iranians (Ariani), ranking them (as well as the Indians, Romans and Carthaginians) on a level with the Greeks, as regards their capacity for adopting city civilization.
The victorious Ardashir then took possession of the palace of Ctesiphon and assumed the title King of the kings of the Iranians (/3cunXia fS cWLX&JP Aprav~s).
Nevertheless Shapur I., in contrast to his father, assumed the title King of the kings of the Iranians and non-Iranians (/3ainXeis f3a~ltX&op Apiae&,e ical Avaptavh; shah an shah Iran we Aniran), thus emphasizing his claim to world dominion. | <urn:uuid:0df2bd45-46d5-41a9-95cd-0d23268bc48a> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://sentence.yourdictionary.com/iranians | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549423486.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20170720201925-20170720221925-00412.warc.gz | en | 0.967189 | 1,184 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Creating a Safe & Welcoming Work Environment
In every province or territory in Canada, as well as for employees under federal power, there are human rights laws which make harassment in employment illegal. All employees have a right to work in an environment where their dignity is respected and they are free from harassment.
Stopping harassment and discrimination is not just the responsibility of the employer, the union, or the victim. Anyone who witnesses or observes verbal, written, graphic, or other behavior that may be harassing/discriminatory can play a role in stopping it. Harassment & discrimination in the workplace is as much a men’s issue as it is a woman’s issue.
The Build Together national team has put together training presentations, guidebooks, and simple forms that can be adapted to any work environment. Feel free to download and make your organization a safe and welcoming workplace. Learn more.
In addition, Build TogetHER BC is a partner in the BC Centre for Women in the Trades, which works to retain and advance women in the trades through education and mentorship. BCCWITT gives presentations to interested groups, coordinates networking events for tradeswomen and offers workshops on Be More Than a Bystander in partnership with the Ending Violence Association of BC and the BC Lions. Learn more. | <urn:uuid:8de2e528-8fbe-4e75-acfb-7c8ad5e8908b> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://www.buildtogetherbc.ca/respectful_workplaces | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540488870.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20191206145958-20191206173958-00256.warc.gz | en | 0.950747 | 265 | 2.515625 | 3 |
How long would you say biofuels have been around? 20 to 30, even 50 years? They're actually older than all of us! The idea started to brew back in the late 1800s, and one of the first applications, thanks to Rudolf Diesel (yes, the inventor of Diesel fuel), was running an engine on peanut oil. Unfortunately for biofuels, however, the discovery of petroleum came onto the scene soon after, causing the idea to die down.
Over the years it would enter and reenter the limelight with the help of the Clean Air Act by the Environmental Protection Agency in 1970, and amendments thereafter regulating emission standards for pollutants. However, it only started to be considered as a serious candidate once the consequences surfaced, as did the physical limitations of naturally occurring oils.
Struggling with high-priced oil imports and attempting to lessen our carbon footprint, a variety of biomasses have been considered for sources of alternative energy--corn, wood chips, sugar cane, and algae, to name a few. Along with exploring various feedstocks, more efficient methods of producing these biofuels have also been explored.
These innovative and ground-breaking efforts have led to the first trans-Atlantic commercial flight powered partly by biofuel. The flight wasAeromexico's Boeing 777, which flew more than 250 passengers from Mexico City to Madrid. The plane made the journey on a mixture of 55 tons of conventional aviation fuel and 20 tons of fuel made from the plant Jatropha Curcas. This shows a promising future since Aeromexico plans to start using the more environmentally friendly jatropha mixture on weekly flights between Mexico and Costa Rica. Read more about it here.
Biofuels have come a long way, from Diesel's first showcase of peanut oil to fueling a transatlantic flight. These efforts can be further developed to help make an even bigger and better impact. This initiative, coupled with strong institutional support, has the potential to rid of all the current doubts and issues that surround this option. Great strides have been made, but even greater ones are await. | <urn:uuid:9eabcfe3-8e97-4535-93f5-fa1fb4fed020> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | http://www.aiche.org/chenected/2011/08/first-transatlantic-commercial-flight-powered-part-biofuel | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398446286.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205406-00070-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961011 | 426 | 3.4375 | 3 |
World Bulletin / News Desk
Islam is one of the main components in Singapore, a small country that is thousands of kilometers far from Turkey.
Singapore with its developed economy is one of distinguished living places in Asia. With its mixed ethnic structure, Singapore houses people from several different religions, races and languages.
Every nation has its own region and neighborhood in the country. There is a region for Muslims in the city center. Masjid Sultan is the oldest mosque in the country. Azan is called out in Masjid Sultan and thousands of Muslims spend time in facilities in this region. Muslims have their own education system and organizations.
About 15 percent of Singapore's population are Muslims, who are one of the most active communities in the country both in social life and also in public field.
All global fast food chains in the country serve food and products with halal certification.
There is a great admiration for Ottoman Empire in Singapore as in many other countries in Asia.
First copy of Quran in Malay language from Ottoman period
Muslims in Singapore still maintain several works from Ottoman period and Turks.
The first copy of Quran in Malay language had been sent by Sultan Abdulhamid, Emperor of the Ottomans, to the region. Muslims in the region made up of several islands learned much about Islam with that Quran in Malay.
Muslims in the country attach a great importance to Ottoman Empire and Turkey.
Singapore in Ottoman documents
Singapore, Indonesia and the region were mentioned in Ottoman documents.
There are tombs of Ottoman state officials in the country.
Relations with Muslims in the region dated back to old times. Ottoman Frigate Ertugrul had visited Japan and the ship carrying Colonel Enver Pasha's delegation had docked at several ports in Asia. Several Ottoman bureaucrats and travellers had paid visits to Muslim people and their leaders in the region.
Ottoman bureaucrat's visit to Far East
Ottoman bureaucrat Mustafa Bin Mustafa who wrote about his visit to the region said that he was hosted by Cahor Sultan Ebubekir Khan for one year in Singapore as they attached a great importance to Ottoman Empire.
Mustafa said he had chance to visit several countries in the region.
Following a military coup, Turkey banned all non-Turkish broadcasts between 1983 and 1991.
Crimean Tatars oppose joining with Russia, as they fear a repeat of the events of 1944 when Soviet dictator Josef Stalin ethnically cleansed them from their homeland.
American bloggers Pamela Geller and Robert Spencer, who like Geert Wilders were also banned from entering the UK after being invited to speak to English Defence League members, will also be on the panel.
Legoland Winsor was due to host a private party for Muslim children on Sunday.
Maksat Hajji Toktomushev has been elected as the new grand mufti of Kyrgyzstan.
Chris Johannides, who is of Greek Cypriot origin, was banned by the Conservative Party after he compared Muslim womens' burkas to black dustbin liners.
Quebec survey says a draft law to ban state employees from wearing religious symbols is targeting women who wear a headscarf.
The council had described the killing of endangered animals as "unethical, immoral and sinful", council official Asrorun Ni'am Sholeh.
The opening of the museum was attended by many notables including Yusuf Islam, formerly known as the musician Cat Stevens. “It is a fantastic project and it is going to grow… it is just going to grow”, Yusuf Islam was quoted by SBS.
A former anti-Islamist politician, Arnoud van Doorn, has started a new Islamic party in Holland after accepting Islam.
'It is the strong view of many of those involved in counter-terrorism that there should be a clearer legal position, so that those children who are being turned into potential killers or suicide bombers can be removed into care – for their own safety and for the safety of the public,' Boris Johnson said.
The mosque in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan, is due to be open by 2015.
As well as Muslim women, Sikh men, who are also required to cover their hair, will also benefit from the new rule change.
The new scheme, which is currently being tested at the holy mosque in Mecca, may soon make its way to the Prophet's Mosque in Medina, Islam's second holiest site.
In the video, which is set in Ancient Egypt with the singer posing as Cleopatra, she was seen zapping a man wearing pendant with the name of Allah on it to dust.
Legoland cancels day for Muslim families after threats from far-right extremists. | <urn:uuid:be9c6a75-7771-48ad-8aaf-95a97aa25327> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.worldbulletin.net/?aType=haber&ArticleID=94255 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394010352519/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305090552-00053-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.976466 | 976 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Mercury in the Environment and Fish
Effects of Mercury on the Environment
Mercury released outdoors is also a problem. Natural sources of mercury releases to the environment include volcanic eruptions and forest fires. In addition to natural sources, there have been decades of mercury releases from the burning of coal, the production of paper and chlorine, waste incineration, and other industrial processes. Because it is an element, mercury does not break down into less harmful substances. It will circulate in the atmosphere until it falls to earth attached to rain or dust particles. Eventually it makes its way to lakes and streams where bacteria transform it into methylmercury, a much more toxic form. In an aquatic environment, mercury reaches its highest concentrations in the larger predatory fish - the type most often sought by anglers.
Graphic: Dynamic cycling of mercury, or Hg, in the environment. United States Geological Survey.
Mercury in Fish
The majority of mercury in the environment is in a gaseous form, shown here as elemental mercury or Hg(0). In the atmosphere, elemental mercury is converted to a more water-soluble form, ionic mercury or Hg(II), which is returned to the earth's surface in precipitation. Bacteria can convert these forms of mercury to methylmercury (MeHg), a much more toxic form that can concentrate quickly up the food chain. The amount of mercury in the air, plants, animals, land and water is constantly cycling between each of these components.
Organic mercury compounds are formed when elemental mercury combines with carbon. When mercury is released to the environment some of it gets converted by microscopic organisms into methylmercury, a highly toxic organic mercury compound. Methylmercury is highly soluble, mobile and bioaccumulative in the food chain. Bioaccumulation is the process where organisms take up a contaminant faster than their bodies can eliminate it. Methylmercury can move quickly from water to sediment, aquatic plants, invertebrates and fish. It concentrates, or biomagnifies, as it moves up through the food chain. Biomagnification is the incremental increase in a contaminant's concentration at each level of the food chain. In an aquatic environment, mercury reaches its highest concentrations in the larger predatory fish - the type most often sought by anglers.
In Missouri, mercury concentrations in some fish exceed what is considered to be safe levels for human consumption. The Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services, or DHSS, advises women who are pregnant or who may become pregnant, nursing mothers and children 12 years of age and younger not to eat any largemouth bass more than 12 inches in length from anywhere in Missouri. For more information, see the DHSS Fish Advisory. See also the DNR publication Mercury in Missouri Streams and Lakes, Fact Sheet for further information on mercury in the aquatic environment and fish consumption advisories.
In addition to Missouri's advisories, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and Environmental Protection Agency have issued a saltwater fish consumption advisory for women of childbearing age who are pregnant or may become pregnant, nursing mothers and young children. The FDA recommends these individuals should not eat shark, swordfish, king mackerel and tilefish, and should limit consumption of shrimp, canned light tuna, salmon, pollock and catfish. Albacore tuna has higher levels of mercury than other tuna and so greater limitations on consumption of albacore tuna are also recommended. For further information, see EPA's brochure What You Need to Know about Mercury in Fish and Shellfish.
- Total Maximum Daily Load Information Sheet for Streams with Mercury Impairment
- Fish Tissue Monitoring | <urn:uuid:60c51c76-7941-4ad2-bdd4-596f424c0255> | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | http://dnr.mo.gov/env/mercury-fish.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443737893676.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001221813-00089-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.928545 | 754 | 3.515625 | 4 |
Deep underground, within the concrete walls of CERN, Switzerland’s world-famous particle accelerator, lies a 200-kilogram machine encased in a shield of argon and carbon dioxide gases. After years of careful design and assembly, the device is nearly ready to make its debut. While the detector looks futuristic, it’s actually quite similar in function to previous generations of detectors—with one exception: This one was crafted to measure the effects of gravity on antimatter.
Blueprints for this detector, dubbed ALPHA-g, were first drawn in 2013. In recent months, its creators have worked around the clock in Vancouver, Canada, to finish building it. Finally, in July, ALPHA-g was shipped via cargo plane to CERN, the only location in the world that can provide the amount of antimatter needed for these experiments.
Now, time is running short. Scientists are currently testing the device and must solve any technical issues before CERN shuts down for two years of maintenance. The ALPHA-g team is rushing to conduct its gravity experiments before the 12 November cutoff—but just a single misplaced wire could cause them to miss the deadline.
Understanding whether antimatter obeys the same laws of gravity as matter is an important step toward confirming whether decades of theory surrounding antimatter stand true. Antimatter is just like the regular matter that makes up the stars, planets, and every observable object in the universe, but it exhibits some opposing quantum properties (for example, whereas regular matter has negatively charged electrons, antimatter has positively charged ones, called positrons).
Something else is different about antimatter, though—something that has caused it to almost completely vanish from our universe. Scientists suspect that immediately following the Big Bang, an equal amount of matter and antimatter existed. Yet, in the universe today, there is almost none of the latter left. The mystery of where it all went is one of the biggest outstanding questions in physics.
Major experimental breakthroughs to create, trap, and analyze antimatter have occurred only in recent decades, beginning with the first experimental creation of nine antihydrogen atoms in 1995. However, when antimatter and regular matter collide, both particles are annihilated—so these first antihydrogen atoms existed for about 40 billionths of a second before, traveling at nearly the speed of light, they collided with ordinary matter and were annihilated. To facilitate the study of antimatter, scientists needed a way to keep the two substances separate.
It wasn’t until 2010, as part of the first ALPHA experiment, that physicists succeeded in using a magnetic field to trap the particles, suspending them within the chamber of an antimatter detector. Subsequent experiments have revealed that antimatter shares many of the same properties as regular matter; for example, it shares the same colors and charge-to-mass ratio.
Scientists at TRIUMF setting up and testing the ALPHA-g detector in its vertical position.Photo: Stu Shepherd/TRIUMF
But does it have the same gravitational properties as regular matter, as theory predicts? ALPHA-g, the third of its generation, is poised to explore this critical question. Whereas previous ALPHA detectors were oriented horizontally with narrow chambers, this new one stands vertically at 2.3 meters tall. Huge coils encircle its chamber, creating a magnetic field that will contain antihydrogen atoms as if they were trapped in a plastic bottle. But instead of a regular bottle, envision one with a lid at both the top and bottom. During experiments, the magnetic field must be manipulated precisely so that both the top and bottom lids “open” simultaneously. The ALPHA team will then observe whether, in the presence of Earth’s gravitational field, antihydrogen atoms fall down like regular matter—or move upward, defying gravity altogether.
This latter possibility is extremely unlikely. But, if such a phenomenon is observed, our current understanding of the universe, as outlined by Einstein’s theory of general relativity, will be completely upended.
“If we do see any difference, any tiny difference [between antihydrogen and regular hydrogen], we would have to completely rewrite the entire textbook,” says Makoto Fujiwara, the lead scientist on the team, based at Canada’s particle accelerator TRIUMF.
The ALPHA-g team aims to get repeated and more precise measurements of the gravitational effects of antimatter once CERN reopens in two years. But for now, the researchers hope to at least observe whether antimatter goes up or down before the facility shuts down for maintenance.
Fujiwara remains cautious about overstating the team’s ability to pull off this initial observational experiment in such a short time frame, noting that the experiments involve newly developed technology. In particular, the new magnetic field design is complex. Fujiwara says, “The control of the magnetic field is a major factor. If we don’t control it very well, or characterize it very well, we may be fooled by the results.”
One problem the team already encountered has to do with the machine’s ability to create an electric field to manipulate the positively and negatively charged subcomponents of antihydrogen to combine (with the help of a laser) within the detector.
Shortly after ALPHA-g was set up at CERN, one of the device’s 256 gold-plated tungsten wires broke, coiling up on itself and entangling other wires—ultimately shorting two electrodes that create the electric field. To fix this, ALPHA team members had to fly in from Vancouver, set up an adjacent sterile work area, and disassemble much of the detector in order to access the faulty wires. After one week of intense work, the team had the ALPHA-g back in operation.
“There are always problems that we don’t anticipate [and] which require immediate attention,” says Pierre Amaudruz, project manager. “This is what research in uncharted territory is all about. We have to try to resolve unforeseen issues constantly.”
The team hopes to iron out any final wrinkles during the testing phase and conduct the initial experiments—just observing the up or down movement of antihydrogen—before CERN’s steady supply of antiprotons and positrons (subcomponents that make up antimatter) is cut off. If they pull it off, the momentous task will bring humanity closer than ever before to answering a fascinating question: Does antimatter fall down or up?
This post was updated on 16 October 2018. | <urn:uuid:26c62d2f-6371-4186-a170-e41b4aec7c64> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://spectrum.ieee.org/new-alphag-detector-poised-to-search-for-signs-of-antigravity | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710218.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20221127073607-20221127103607-00057.warc.gz | en | 0.934191 | 1,365 | 3.875 | 4 |
Sunday July 29, 2012
WITH regards to the teaching of morals in schools (Absurd way to test morals, StarEducate July 8), an effective way of teaching is to illustrate each moral value with an inspiring tale.
For example, for family values, one might tell the tale of two brothers – one married with a family and the other a bachelor — who share the profits from a farm, and are so concerned for each other’s welfare that they regularly sneak a bag of grain into each other’s bin.
On the subject of honesty, one can relate the tale of a childless king who tested the children in his kingdom to find a worthy successor.
The boy who failed to produce some flowers from his seeds (because they had been boiled), turned out to be the only honest one among all those who brought pots filled with beautiful blooms.
I’m sure that such memorable tales will add colour and depth to what could otherwise be boring lessons. | <urn:uuid:2e3e52e4-095f-48dd-afde-2967877e18af> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | https://psbtpnsarawak.wordpress.com/2012/07/30/the-moral-of-the-story/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698543316.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170903-00148-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960044 | 201 | 3.5 | 4 |
The word “black” in front of a day of the week has almost never meant anything good.
Black Monday was the sell-off the day before the stock market crash of 1929, Black Tuesday. Black Wednesday was used to refer to a day of widespread air traffic snarls in 1954 as well as the day the British government was forced to withdraw a battered pound from the European Exchange Rate Mechanism in 1992. Black Thursday has variously been used for days of devastating brush fires, bombings and athletic defeats, among other unpleasantness.
So how is it that the term Black Friday has now come almost universally to denote joyous commercial excess, stupendous deals and big profits as the day when everyone heads out to shop for the holidays the day after Thanksgiving?
It wasn’t always this way. The New York Times first used the term Black Friday in an article in 1870 to refer to the day the gold market collapsed in September 1869.
Ben Zimmer, executive producer of Vocabulary.com, who has researched and written about the term, says its association with shopping the day after Thanksgiving began in Philadelphia in the 1960s — and even then the reference wasn’t positive. The local police took to calling the day after Thanksgiving Black Friday because they had to deal with bad traffic and other miseries connected to the throngs of shoppers heading for the stores that day.
Needless to say, that use didn’t sit well with local retailers. They tried, according to Mr. Zimmer, to give the day a more positive name: Big Friday. That did not take, but eventually retailers — in Philadelphia and beyond — managed to spin a new connotation: The day retailer’s books went from red ink to black.
Most consumers probably don’t know — and don’t care — about any of this. All they want are deals.Continue reading the main story
But the rebranding of Black Friday has been so successful that others have tried to spread the wealth across other days of the week as the holiday shopping season grows ever more competitive. In 2005, Cyber Monday was introduced as the day online retailers offered big savings to holiday shoppers. A few years ago, American Express came up with “Small Business Saturday” to encourage people to shop (presumably with their AmEx cards) at independent local businesses the day after Black Friday.
And as retailers begin their holiday promotions earlier and earlier, there have even been efforts to change the name of the day before Black Friday to Gray, Brown, even Black Thursday.
But for most people it will still forever be Thanksgiving.Continue reading the main story | <urn:uuid:fb54b71b-e062-418c-a752-dfbceb154249> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | https://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/24/business/the-transformation-of-black-friday.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267157351.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20180921170920-20180921191320-00548.warc.gz | en | 0.968596 | 541 | 2.875 | 3 |
: Lesson 0
The Esperanto word for it is ĝi.|1
This letter Ĝ is one of a few special letters in Esperanto. It represent the sound g in gist (or Jack). When people write in Esperanto, they usually informally write gx instead of ĝ if they don’t have ĝ on their keyboard. This is called the x-sistemo. You will be asked to write things down in this lesson, and you will be able to write them either in Esperanto letters or using the x-sistemo.
The Esperanto word for is is estas.|2
How would you write:
Well done, that was your first Esperanto sentence. Let's go on.
The Esperanto word for what is kio.|4
The word order is not very important in Esperanto, so you can just keep it the same as in English in most cases. How would you say:
The Esperanto word for a language is lingvo.|6
This comes from the same root the word linguistics comes from. How would you say:
The Esperanto word for that (in the phrase that is good) is tio.|8
Do you see the resemblance between the words kio and tio? This is because tio is that and kio is a kuestion word. It makes that into what (just like in English, except you have th instead of t and wh instead of k).
The Esperanto word for and is kaj.|9
This word is pretty cool because it comes from Ancient Greek. How would you say:
If you talk about Esperanto, you want to describe it as well. Let’s look at a few possibilities.
The Esperanto word for easy is facila.|11
You have the same root in the word facilitate except the c in facila is pronounced like ts in tsunami. Knowing that, how would you say:
As you’ll start seeing in this course, this is very true - Esperanto is easy. Let’s learn one more word:
The Esperanto word for good is bona.|14
You have this Latin root bon which means good in a number of words that come from French (such as bon appétit). How would you say:
Now, imagine that you wanted to negate all that. The opposite of easy is difficult.
If you want to get the opposite of some word in Esperanto, you add mal to the front of that word.|16
So, if facila is easy, can you guess what difficult would be?
Esperanto for difficult is malfacila.|17
Let's try using that, and also applying it to another word you learned:
The Esperanto word for not is ne.|20
It works just like in English except you always put it in front of the word that you are negating. So, if you want to say is not you say not is or ne estas. This way it is a lot more consistent than in English. You in English, you say: not me, not today, not blue but does not (should be not does, shouldn’t it?). In Esperanto it’s always ne (something).
How would you say:
Good going so far!
The Esperanto word for I is mi.|24
It is just like me in English so you shouldn’t have any problems remembering this word. If you want to say I am, you still say mi estas (or I is) because the word estas in Esperanto never changes in the way that it changes to I am, you are, and he is in English. Think of estas as the word can: you always say I can, you can, he can, we can, etc. and the word can never changes: in Esperanto, all words work in that way.
The Esperanto word for a human is homo.|25
It is the same as in Latin, therefore the similarity to English. How would you say:
You can add things to words in Esperanto to have them have different meanings in a similar in which you can make act into actor, teach into teacher or lingua into linguist. But, unlike in English, where you have or, er, ist and others suffixes, in Esperanto you always use ist for professions or hobbies.
The Esperanto ending which shows a profession or a hobby is ist.|27
So, if a language was lingvo, how do you think you would say a linguist?
Great! It goes the other way too. For example, the Esperanto word for a dentist is the same as in English, except it has o in the end (like all nouns in Esperanto do).
First, guess how you would say a dentist, and then try to work out how you would reach the word for a teeth from there.
As I said, ist could mean a profession or a hobby. If you speak Esperanto, your hobby is Esperanto, so you can add this ist to say an Esperanto speaker or a person who has Esperanto as their hobby, or, as a direct English loanword from Esperanto states, an Esperantist. How would you say:
Let's learn some more Esperanto:
Esperanto for work is laboro (think labour).|32
How would you say:
There is another ending that is very similar to ist:
The Esperanto ending an denotes an inhabitant or a member of a group.|34
This one is used to tell where you are from. For example:
Esperanto for America is Ameriko.|35
How would you say by adding an (also keep in mind that the word American will be spelled all lowercase in Esperanto):
Another example is Nederlando which means the Netherlands (in Esperanto you simply say Netherlands and not The Netherlands like you do in English). Say:
You don’t need to use this an if you don’t want to because you can get around it.
The Esperanto word for from is de.|39
So, you could say:
Some other relevant country names:
The Esperanto word for The United States of America is Usono.|41
France is Francujo.|42
Esperanto for you is vi.|45
Do you notice how all these words are so simple: mi (I), vi (you), ĝi (it). As an added bonus, the word vi is used both formally and informally, just like you in English.
Do you remember the words for good (bona) and easy (facila)?
These two words end in an a because they describe things (they are called adjectives). All adjectives in Esperanto end in an a (just like all nouns end in an o, as we previously saw).
But let's consider these words that end in an a. Another way to put it, is you could say think that a means related to or pertaining to. Thus bona means relating to goodness, pertaining to a group of good things], or simply put, good. And facila means relating to facility, pertaining to the group of easy things, or simply put - easy. Thus our a seems to indicate possession or pertinence.
Now, you have these words for vi, mi etc. What would happen if you added a to them?
For example, you take vi (which means you) and you add a and you get via which would mean related to you, pertaining to you or simply: your!
If you want to make words like mi, vi, ĝi, etc. possessive, you add a to them, to make them into mia, via, ĝia.|49
Guess how you would say:
The Esperanto word for a land is lando.|53
It also means country, of course. How would you say:
Do you still remember the word for what - kio? It was our kuestion word.
Esperanto for name is nomo.|57
If you don’t find nomo similar Enough to name already, simply think of nom de plume or nomenclature
So, how would you ask and answer:
Alright, you know that kio means what and it’s a kuestion word. You also know that tio means that. There is another kuestion word:
The Esperanto word for where is kie.|60
It’s easy to remember, if you think that, pronunciation-wise, you could write what as whot - which is kio, and you can write where - which is kie.
I bet you can use the kio - tio analogy to kie - ? and guess the word there. Try to guess and to apply it.
In theory, there is absolutely no difference in what word order you use but, in practice, regarding the way Esperanto is spoken, you are more likely to hear say kie vi estas instead of kie estas vi. Either version is fine, though.
You can also ask and answer the question where are you from. It would logically be from where are you, or, as you usually (although not obligatorily) say it, from where you are?:
Good progress so far!
Esperanto for she is ŝi.|66
This ŝ is another letter peculiar to Esperanto, although it makes the word ŝi sound very similar to the word she.
Esperanto for wants is volas.|67
You also know the word for work which is laboro. However, if you want to make work into to work, you have to take off its noun ending o and add an in infinitive ending i, since:
All to-words (they're called infinitives) end with i in Esperanto.|68
So, how would you say:
So, you know that all infinitives end with i. Volas means wants, so it’s not an infinitive yet. Rather, it's a present tense verb.
But it can be made into an infinitive by making it end with i. You just get rid of the present tense marker which is as and then put that i at the end. How do you say:
Doing the opposite, you could now say other things (remember the words labori, estas, which you will be changing the endings of):
If she wants to be a dentist, it’s probably her best interest to study to be a dentist:
Esperanto for to study is studi.|74
How would you say:
I hope you are getting the gist of it, and starting to play around with those endings. After all, that's the point of Esperanto.
Esperanto for to learn is lerni!|77
I’m not kidding you. It really is this, almost the same as in English. Try asking literally where you learn:
Alright. We have words for to work (labori), to study (studi), to learn (lerni), to be (esti). That's quite a few words already, and all of them are in one way or another related to words in English.
Let's talk about HOW we do things, and in the next lesson we will talk about WHAT we do exactly.
Esperanto for how is kiel.|79
Another kuestion word now, isn’t it? You can remember that kiel means how by imagining that, when you are asking how, you are asking how well or ki-well]- kiel (okay, maybe that's a bit of a stretch...).
You could ask literally how she works:
Imagine that you want to say that she works easily. You will remember the word for easy (as it is also related to facilitate) in Esperanto?
If you want to make easy into easily in English, you add ly. In Esperanto, you do something similar:
To make words into ly words ([adverbs) in Esperanto, you make them end with the adverb ending: e.|82
Here you see that e from kiel again. Guess how you would say:
Bona was good. Use the same manner to make it into well, and use it as well:
Here are two words that come respectively from French and Latin:
Esperanto for very is tre.|86
Esperanto for but is sed.|87
We can apply them immediately:
Great! If you knew how to make that sentence, that means you must have known quite a bit of Esperanto already. Finally, it’s useful to know this word:
Esperanto for to be doing or to be feeling is farti.|89
You could associate that word with farewell which could mean fartu well or do well i.e. good luck.
Use that how word and say literally how you are doing, plus answer that question (plus, remember, that fartas means to be doing already, thus you will not need the word for to be in that sentence):
The sentence kiel vi fartas is used in almost every Esperanto conversation, and now you know how to use it too. You also know how to tell how you do things. Let’s learn to tell what exactly you do now.
Look at any sentence.
For example, cat eats Bob.
Eats is the action. What comes before "eats" is a subject (an agent) and what comes after "eats" is the object. How do you know? Well, if you switch them you get Bob eats a cat - totally opposite meaning. There is a huge difference between the cat eating Bob and Bob eating the cat. There is a difference to Bob, anyway. (Note: this course does not endorse any form of violence against pets or people or any combination thereof).
So, again, who does the action is the subject and who the action is being done to is the object. If I hold the book, I am the holder so I am the subject, and the book is the thing that is being held so it is the object.
In English, you don’t mark the difference except with words like he and him. For example, you say He sees the dog and then you say The dog sees him. He is the subject form of the word he and him is the object form (otherwise called the accusative form) of the word he. If you stop using him and start using Tim, you get The dog sees Tim and Tim sees the dog, and there is again no difference (you don’t say timm or something to mark objectivity).
Well, in Esperanto you always mark objectivity: You add the accusative ending n to the word if it is an object of a sentence in Esperanto!
This is probably the most controversial concept in Esperanto among the Esperanto community. On the one hand, such marking does not exist in some big languages of the world, so beginner learners of Esperanto sometimes find the concept a bit difficult to grasp. On the other hand, having it frees up your hands in terms of word order, because you can say both homo manĝas pomon (a person is eating an apple) and pomon manĝas homo and the meaning is exactly the same, because the n marks the object.
Esperanto for to have is havi.|93
Again, I am not kidding. Almost the same as in English.
The word for it was ĝi. If you want to say I have it, have is the action. So you have I and it, and there is a difference between me having it and it having me. Thus it must be the object. You mark the object by adding n to it, so, how would you say:
As we said, just because you have this n marker, you can have a relatively free word order in Esperanto. You could say ĝin mi havas or mi ĝin havas or even havas ĝin mi and it’s clear what the object is and who is doing the action.
Do you still remember the word for that: tio?
Tio is the word when it’s not an object. If it is an object, it must get that n marker. How would you say:
If you wanted to ask somebody what she does, you would use the word for what, which is kio, but you would need to mark objectivity on the word kio as well. How would you say:
Esperanto for to speak is paroli.|98
This word has the same root as the English words parol or parole. How would you say:
If you wanted to say what you speak (which is, for example, Esperanto), you mark the word Esperanto because it is the object. Do it:
Let’s get back to studying, though. Imagine you study Physics:
Physics is fiziko in Esperanto.|102
How would you say:
Remember that ist? Say (and be very careful about whether you mark objectivity or not in the next phrase):
You might have one question: why is there no objectivity marking in the last phrase I am a physicist? Well, just look at it: you remove am because it is the action, and you are left with I and a physicist. You could say I am a physicist or a physicist am I, and, apart from the second phrase sounding weird, the meaning of the phrase does not change. That means that the sentence has no object, but two subjects instead. Thus, effectively, Esperanto does not mark objectivity with the word estas.
Yet, while phrases with estas have no object, most other verbs do, so don't forget to think about who the object is in a sentence. Try out a few phrases:
You can already say what you study (or work, want, have or learn).
The word for to say is diri.|108
The word for a greeting is saluto.|109
Think of a salute to remember it.
If you wanted to greet somebody, you could say I say a greeting to you] (to you - but we will skip the to you part). Say that:
Esperanto uses exactly this construction for greetings!
But if you said that phrase every time you were greeting somebody, you would quickly get bored and look for ways to shorten in. One of the easiest ways to shorten that sentence is to get rid of everything except the main point: a greeting (although the object marker remains). So:
The Esperanto word for hi is saluton.|111
The same works for all the other greetings. Look at good day.
Day is tago in Esperanto.|112
It comes from the German Tag, which also means day, and is related to the English word day.
How would you say:
You also cut the number of words there down. Guess how would you greet somebody:
Gratulon! (That's another greeting, coming from congratulations, and also meaning the same thing in Esperanto). You're doing well.
Let's learn a final one:
The word for thanks (as in gratitude) is danko.|116
So what is the word for thank you in Esperanto?
Once again: gratulon! We have already learned so many words, greetings, and grammar structures, including the accusative (which is probably the hardest Esperanto gets).
Let’s finally have a short conversation in Esperanto to consolidate our knowledge: | <urn:uuid:08a6c510-8b73-4583-91bf-f3e537cb0dab> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://ikindalikelanguages.com/labs/lesson.php?id=332 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084888113.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20180119184632-20180119204632-00369.warc.gz | en | 0.941583 | 4,182 | 3.875 | 4 |
Smartphones and tablets have taken educational technology into a league of its own. Though BYOD (Bring Your Own Device) and mobile integration were initially met with much skepticism, many schools have now given in to the amazing benefits. Let’s have a closer look at the benefits and potential risks.
1. Device familiarity
Everyone has a learning curve when it comes to new technology. Though kids are fast learners, BYOD in schools helps a great deal as there is no time wasted in getting to know the device. They can enroll the devices and start learning right away, not to mention the comfort and ease of using a familiar device.
“Sometimes attaining the deepest familiarity with a question is our best substitute for actually having the answer.” – Brian Greene
2. Unlimited information
With their smart devices connected to the school Wi-Fi network, students have access to all the information they want, right at their fingertips.
“Information is power. Particularly when the competition ignores the opportunity to do the same.” – Mark Cuban
3. BYOD in Schools – Takes the boring out of education
Learning through their beloved gadgets is more engaging and fun for the students. Interactive apps and content make the student stay glued to their device and enhances their interest in learning new things.
“I never teach my pupils; I only attempt to provide the conditions in which they can learn.” – Albert Einstein
4. Seamless collaboration
BYOD in schools helps students work together and share content with ease, it also makes it easier for the teachers to collaborate with students to give them the required help. When it comes to group projects, collaboration is simple and effective.
“Alone we can do so little; together we can do so much.” – Helen Keller
5. Beyond textbooks
With textbook prices skyrocketing to 812% in the past 35 years it’s time to go for a cheaper solution. Students can break-free of the outdated textbooks (which has to be periodically replaced) and access the most up-to-date information on any topic.
“I would say that, in the future, the book will be reserved for things that function best as a book. So, if I need a textbook that’s going to be out of date because of new technological inventions, you’re better off having it where you can download the supplements or the update.” – Art Spiegelman
6. Anytime, anywhere learning
With smart devices in hand, school hours don’t matter anymore. Students can keep the learning going 24/7 on their own. The convenience and ease of ‘learning at will’ rather than a specified time every day can promote a student’s interest in learning.
“If you had always been free to learn, you would follow your natural tendency to find out as fully as possible about the things that interest you, cars or stars. We are born with what they call “love of learning”” – Grace Llewellyn
7. Cost savings
Allowing BYOD can save the school a significant amount of money. Providing each student, a unique device is no small challenge. This can help bring down the cost of tuition thus enabling more students to get an education. BYOD instills a sense of responsibility in students. They’ll look after their own gadgets and schools won’t have to spend much on securing devices.
“He who opens a school door closes a prison.” – Victor Hugo
8. High-end devices
Students tend to bring cutting-edge devices. Both students and teachers benefit from the enhanced experience. Newer technology and updates in technology are well used in such cases enabling a higher productivity.
“Technology feeds on itself. Technology makes more technology possible.” – Alvin Toffler
9. Personalized learning
With BYOD in place, teachers can easily meet the different learning needs of a wide variety of students. With highly personalized education through their devices, each student can learn at their own pace and follow their interests.
“Tell me and I forget. Teach me and I remember. Involve me and I learn.” – Xunzi
10. Easier evaluation
BYOD helps teachers grade the assignments and tests much easier. With dedicated apps, teachers can look up online scores and see how well their students are doing leading to faster grading and a lot of time saved which can be spent on teaching.
“The difference between school and life? In school, you’re taught a lesson and then given a test. In life, you’re given a test that teaches you a lesson.” – Tom Bodett
The positives do not end there. However, let’s not overlook these challenges.
1. Theft and loss
The more the valuable stuff students bring to school, the more the chance of theft. Kids losing expensive devices at school don’t bode well with the parents. Though BYOD can help bring down tuition costs it is still costly for the parent to buy and maintain a device for their kid.
2. Overloading the network
Many students will bring more than one device. Connecting all of them to the school Wi-Fi may weigh down the network. The schools will always have a hard time managing their networks as there will be a lot of devices connected simultaneously. Providing a stable connection to all the users every day will never be an easy task.
Malicious apps installed on a student’s device may cause security vulnerabilities on other devices or invite more web-based threats. The chances of students getting phished are very high and the use of more devices in schools is not going to help.
It is easier to get distracted while working on a BYOD device. As there are fewer restrictions, students might end up playing games or browsing. The misuse of technology by students has greatly increased in the past few years, the students have so much power at their fingertips at such a young age. Social media and targeted ads can affect students in a very negative way.
5. Apps availability
The dedicated learning apps may not support all platforms and thus not necessarily be available for all the devices students bring to school. Availability issues can easily be solved these days but still a con, nonetheless.
6. The digital divide
BYOD may highlight the financial disparities between the students. All the students may not be able to afford these devices. Students who bring low-end tablets can get bullied and may ultimately miss out on the learning experience. The basic principles which led to the use of school uniforms for students are getting thrown out of the window here.
The school’s security should be well maintained, as there is a possibility that student’s data might get leaked. Not to mention the pressure on the management to keep tabs on everything at all times is by no means a small feat.
Despite these challenges, it’s worth every bit going BYOD. Not because it’s in trend but because it helps prepare our students and teachers for the future, one of endless knowledge and possibilities.
“Research shows that there is only half as much variation in student achievement between schools as there is among classrooms in the same school. If you want your child to get the best education possible, it is actually more important to get him assigned to a great teacher than to a great school.” – Bill Gates | <urn:uuid:8f61e989-5cb1-4b42-a000-197e67a68485> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://www.hexnode.com/blogs/byod-in-schools-is-it-worth-it/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103940327.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20220701095156-20220701125156-00429.warc.gz | en | 0.955583 | 1,559 | 2.984375 | 3 |
16 August 2019 | By Susana Clusella-Trullas
A large diversity of animals can use behavioural thermoregulation, which is the selection of microhabitats such as shade and sun patches or changes in activity patterns within days or between seasons, to maintain preferred body temperatures. While most people will readily associate these events to for example, a lizard basking in the sun, most animals use some degree of behavioural thermoregulation, in particular those that rely on the external environment to maintain optimal body temperatures (e.g. ectotherms such as insects, reptiles, and amphibians). However, the ability to regulate body temperature not only depends on the animal but also on the context or the habitat in which it resides.
In this study, Fey and colleagues, including Karla Alujević (C·I·B PhD student) and Susana Clusella-Trullas (C·I·B Core Team Member), used a framework that included the thermal performance of an individual and the spatial and temporal variability of microsite temperatures in the landscape to predict the behaviour of an African lizard. This model allowed us to test if relationships between habitat variables and costs of thermoregulation could be generalized, creating a model that can be used to predict thermal performance of ectotherms in nature and at large scales.
According to theory-based concepts of optimality, the leading strategy for a particular animal should depend on the costs and benefits of behavioural thermoregulation. The benefits are the maintenance of optimal performance while the costs are related to how much energy it will take to move between microsites or being exposed to predators or competitors.
Given this theory, we can predict the potential for thermoregulation in particular environments that differ in overall average temperature but also in the distribution or configuration (shape/structure) of microsites. For example, we can simulate an individual moving in the landscape in order to maintain optimal temperatures and calculate the costs of thermoregulation as a proportion of the distance moved. We could also gather field data on activity patterns, body temperatures, energetic costs and landscape microsite configurations across landscapes. However, these approaches would be untenable if we had to apply them across many species and habitats in diverse regions.
This study showed that relationships in the environment (e.g. between average habitat temperature and the configuration of microsites) can vary consistently with the costs of thermoregulation for particular species and environments. For example, individuals living in habitats where the cost of thermoregulation increases with the mean temperature as thermal heterogeneity declines, will incur higher costs and be more vulnerable to the effects of warming.
These relationships can be used to improve models of species vulnerability by incorporating the capacity to mitigate climate warming via thermoregulation. As our landscapes change through habitat degradation, alien plant invasions and fragmentation, and as climate continues to change, our understanding of relationships between the thermal features of the habitat and the costs of thermoregulation are essential to make predictions of future population declines and extirpations.
Read the paper in Global Change Biology
Fey, S.B., Vasseur, D.A., Alujević, K., Kroeker, K.J., Logan, M.L., O’Connor, M.I, Rudolf, V.H.W, DeLong, J.P., Peacor, S., Selden, R.L., Sih, A. and Clusella-Trullas, S. (2019). Opportunities for behavioral rescue under rapid environmental change. Global Change Biology 25:3110-3120. doi: 10.1111/gcb.14712
For more information, contact Prof Susana Clusella-Trullas at email@example.com | <urn:uuid:894ee1e4-ab55-490a-ada0-ebe3df055c2a> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://blogs.sun.ac.za/cib/can-we-predict-the-capacity-for-thermoregulatory-behaviour-to-buffer-climate-warming-impacts/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623488519735.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20210622190124-20210622220124-00148.warc.gz | en | 0.895941 | 789 | 3.5 | 4 |
In the late summer of 1935, two and a half years into his first term, President Franklin Roosevelt was finally launching a serious program to put Americans back to work. The Works Progress Administration was an admission that the piecemeal and temporary programs that preceded it had failed to spark the economy back to life. It was also a rebuke to a waffling private sector that blamed “uncertainty” for its failure to add new workers. Conservatives raised an outcry about the WPA’s $4.8 billion first year cost. They offered no programs of their own but complained about the government’s infringement on the rights of citizens.
Sound familiar? It’s a template for what we face today. The big difference is that legislation creating the WPA passed easily upon Roosevelt’s promise, made to a joint session of the Congress, that its cost would be “within the sound credit of the government.”
There was another difference, too. The difference was passion, and it wasn’t Roosevelt’s. The man in charge of the WPA was named Harry Hopkins. He was an Iowan who angered opponents with an unfiltered tongue that he deployed in fiercely defending the New Deal. That summer, as the WPA was getting underway, Hopkins rode a train from Washington to Iowa City, Iowa. With him was a colleague who recounted his passion in a memoir.
Hallie Flanagan wrote that Hopkins talked irrepressibly about what could happen when the American government and the American people made the most of their shared partnership. He spoke of the government’s gifts of land to veterans and settlers, its grants of rights of way to railroads, its investments in infrastructure such as roads, waterways and harbors, its franchises that nurtured public utilities. In all of these things, government not only acknowledged a direct responsibility to individual citizens but also created and expanded industries, created jobs and increased buying power.
He saw the same possibilities in the new jobs program. It would put the unemployed to work at a time when the jobless rate was around 20 percent. At the same time it could transform the country. Rural areas especially were stuck with roads and bridges from the 19th century, and had no electricity or running water. Enough needed doing, he said, that it would put every unemployed person to work for the next twenty years. “What’s a government for?” she quoted him asking, if not to step in and help rebuild the country at a time of need. Working people, he said, were happier, and “were not happy people at work the greatest bulwark of democracy?”
They reached Iowa City and Hopkins spoke at the University of Iowa to an audience of farmers. He described to them some of the same visions he had about what the WPA could do to rebuild America. At a high point of his speech, a voice in the audience called out, “Who’s going to pay for all that?”
Hopkins never shrank from a challenge, and he didn’t now. He took off his coat, rolled up his sleeves and leaned across the lecturn toward the audience. “You are,” he said. “And who better?” He described American greatness, from “this great university” where they were gathered to the country’s natural bounty of forests, fields and rivers. “This is America, the richest country in the world,” he said. “We can afford to pay for anything we want. And we want a decent life for all the people in this country. And we are going to pay for it.”
America did pay for the WPA. The agency spent $11 billion and put 8.5 million men and women to work before the jobs produced by World War II made it irrelevant.
And it realized Hopkins’s vision of transformation. The WPA literally rebuilt America, giving it modern roads and bridges, new schools and hospitals, better health through improved sanitation, airports that advanced the civil aviation industry. At the same time other New Deal programs put electricity and running water within reach of all Americans and helped create transportation, irrigation and navigation systems that made the United States a country to be envied by the world.
Hopkins spoke more bluntly than politicians do today. He endured partisan fury for it but his passion never flagged. His vision for what America can do, and should do for its own people, has never been more relevant. But no one today seems able to describe it, or to even want to. That is a terrible pity. | <urn:uuid:5803c5c8-18b9-4993-acb2-d59fea1a1a7c> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://www.nicktayloronline.com/blog.htm?post=810479 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982291143.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823195811-00243-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.981491 | 953 | 3.046875 | 3 |
by Cora Johnston
The waters beneath mangroves are teeming with marine life, in part due to the refuge provided by the tangled complexity of their underwater roots. (Cora Johnston)
From salty branches to mucky roots, mangroves are teeming with life. Although many people recognize mangroves as spindly trees emerging right out of the water, it is under the water’s surface that mangroves really come alive for a marine ecologist like me. (That is also where you start to appreciate red mangroves’ apt name.)
Mangrove roots, both dangling from above (prop roots) and growing up from the sand (pneumatophores), not only mine for nutrients and allow for oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange for the plant; they also provide apparently crucial food and refuge for a stunning array of marine species. Fish, worms, crabs, shrimp, barnacles, and many other organisms take shelter among the roots – gluing right to the wood, hiding in crevices, and peering out through the maze. In such harsh intertidal conditions, where waves break, salt builds up, and the sun beats down, the shade and nooks formed by mangroves may be the key to survival for juvenile fish and crustaceans that will someday populate coral reefs and fishing hotspots farther offshore.
Over the coming months, I will be investigating how and why young fish and crustaceans use mangroves and marshes. By understanding the refuge provided by these very different coastal plants, I hope to better understand how the northward march of mangroves will influence the survival, abundance, and composition of marine species utilizing these now changing coastal nurseries.
Juvenile fish and crustaceans find safety in red mangrove roots during the early, vulnerable stages of their life. This young barracuda may be looking for a snack while hiding from larger predators. (Cora Johnston)
Even mangrove tree crabs that spend most of their time foraging in the canopy climb down to the safety of the mangrove roots to shed their old exoskeletons and harden their new ones. (Cora Johnston)
-Cora Johnston is a PhD student at the University of Maryland. This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant Number 1065098. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.
More stories from the mangroves >> | <urn:uuid:8353b7c2-6e7c-42eb-b8f6-f4c51a6273dd> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://sercblog.si.edu/?cat=95 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982292675.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823195812-00109-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.925393 | 528 | 3.640625 | 4 |
All different species of dinosaurs died approximately 65 million years ago at the end of Mesozoic era. Their extinction has been a mystery but they might have become extinct due to climatic changes, diseases and geologic events.
There is evidence to show that there was temperature drop at the end of Mesozoic era and the sea level fell. Such a sudden change in temperature might have damaged the plant life which formed the basis of the dinosaur’s food chain.
There are some theories put forward for the dinosaur’s extinction:
1. Continental drift that altered the climate.
2. Diseases that has cleared the population of the species.
3. Large volcanic eruptions that destroyed all of the Dinosaurs.
4. Meteorites that has hit the earth destroying most of the flora and fauna on earth.
5. Small mammals appeared that had fed on dinosaur’s eggs, therefore depleted them to extinction.
According to the asteroid theory suggested by Luis and Walter Alvarez for dinosaur extinction, a collision by a large asteroid into Earth might have ended the Mesozoic era. A large 100 mile diameter asteroid called Baptistina was found to have collided with another asteroid in space and it broke into pieces around 160 million years ago. After 95 millions of years those pieces have reached earth and collided with it. This collision would have resulted in a large explosion that darkened the planet and made it hotter. Later, the extensive forest fire might have raised lot of smoke into the air that gradually cooled the earth. Thus climatic changes may have occurred.
The presence of iridium in the layer of rock called K-T boundary which means the cretaceous-tertiary boundary has made the scientists believe that a meteorites collision would be the real cause of the dinosaur’s extinction. Iridium is rarely available on earth’s surface but can be abundantly found in asteroids and meteorites.
But there are certainly some doubts about this asteroid theory as frogs, crocodiles and other marine reptiles could survive after the disaster in that period. If the climatic changes have removed dinosaurs completely how are these small creatures able to live till now?
We need to wait for a correct and real reason for the dinosaur’s extinction and probably we will come to know about it one day. | <urn:uuid:2f07293c-0a9d-45cc-816e-5b159a1df489> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://www.knowswhy.com/why-are-dinosaurs-extinct/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886133449.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20170824101532-20170824121532-00469.warc.gz | en | 0.964736 | 466 | 4.09375 | 4 |
The Southwestern Historical Quarterly, Volume 104, July 2000 - April, 2001 Page: 231
The following text was automatically extracted from the image on this page using optical character recognition software:
A Matter of Character: Stephen E Austin and the
"Papers Concerning Robertson's Colony in Texas"
THE QUESTION OF CHARACTER HAS ALWAYS BEEN A MATTER OF CENTRAL
importance to those who would judge leaders. In the case of histori-
cal figures, the leader who accomplished great things but who is per-
ceived as having significant character flaws never quite achieves the
reputation of a figure whose character is viewed as beyond reproach.
This article revisits the character question as it relates to one of the cen-
tral figures of early Texas history: Stephen F. Austin. Generations of
Texas school children have been taught to revere Austin as the Father of
Texas, a modest, soft-spoken, peace-loving man who dedicated his life, as
he himself phrased it, to the goal of "redeeming Texas from its wilderness
state" and securing the blessings of liberty and prosperity to its citizens.
This image of Austin might never have become so firmly fixed in the
hearts and minds of Texans were it not for the work of Eugene C. Barker.
The renowned University of Texas scholar devoted the best years of his
career to editing the Austin Papers and writing the definitive biography
of the famed empresario. The result was a masterfully researched work
which portrayed Austin in a highly favorable, if not heroic, light. Austin,
according to Barker, was "a successful leader with none of the tricks of
the demagogue," whose authority "rested on the solid basis of recog-
nized knowledge, wisdom, and character. He was judicial and honest
and fair, and the colonists knew that he was."'
Barker's uncritical rendering of Austin stood largely unchallenged un-
til the 197os, when Malcolm D. McLean, then a professor of Spanish at
Texas Christian University, began publishing Papers Concerning Robertson's
Colony in Texas (hereafter referred to as PCRCT). The series eventually
* Gregg Cantrell is associate professor of history at the University of North Texas. He is the
author of Stephen F. Austin, Empresano of Texas (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999).
' Eugene C. Barker, The Life of Stephen F. Austzn (1925; rept ed., Austin: University of Texas
Press, 1969), 449. All citations to Barker's work are from the 1969 edition.
VOL. CIV, NO. 2 SOUTHWESTERN HISTORICAL QUARTERLY OCTOBER, 2000
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Reference the current page of this Periodical.
Texas State Historical Association. The Southwestern Historical Quarterly, Volume 104, July 2000 - April, 2001, periodical, 2001; Austin, Texas. (texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth101221/m1/283/: accessed May 24, 2017), University of North Texas Libraries, The Portal to Texas History, texashistory.unt.edu; crediting Texas State Historical Association. | <urn:uuid:1f2f659d-6be1-46f2-82ba-bf578ad7be1a> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth101221/m1/283/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463607871.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20170524230905-20170525010905-00167.warc.gz | en | 0.909583 | 742 | 2.578125 | 3 |
This article will explain how to separate humidity and temperature into 2 cells for graphing, analyzing in Excel.
The following steps will guide you through the process of exporting any Monnit Humidity sensors' data and modifying the spreadsheet in Microsoft Excel to show separate values for humidity and temperature. This is useful if you are looking to chart the humidity and temperature data independently.
To get started, log into your wireless sensor network account on iMonnit (www.imonnit.com) then select the humidity sensor from the "Sensor List" that you would like to export data for. Set the date range you want to export data for by clicking in the date boxes at the top right of the sensor information window. Next, select the data you want displayed including "Raw Data" as one of the choices, then select the export tab. Choose "Data from This Sensor" then click the "Export Data" button to save the .csv file to your computer.
Open the saved csv file in Microsoft Excel. The humidity sensors' data appears in two columns in the spreadsheet. The "Text" column show the sensors information as it was presented to you in the iMonnit online portal (%RH @ Temperature). The raw sensor data is also found in the "Raw Data" column with the first number being %RH followed by the temperature in Celsius. The two data points are separated by a comma. To separate this data into two individual columns for charting, we need to start by adding a blank column after the "Raw Data" column. To do this, select the column after "Raw Data" to highlight it. Once highlighted, click on the Excel menu item titled "Insert" then select "Column".
Next we will separate the sensor data into two fields by highlighting the "Data" column, then select the Excel menu item titled "Raw Data" and choose "Text to Columns".
From the pop-up window select "Delimited" then click the "Next" button.
On the next screen, select "Comma" as the delimiter then click the "Next" button.
Next click the "Finish" button to apply the data changes. Your sensor data will now be separated into the two columns. Simply rename the columns to your preference. You now have separate humidity and temperature data for creating your custom reports or charts in Microsoft Excel.
For more information on using Monnit wireless sensors, visit the support section of our website. | <urn:uuid:6192a5b3-d236-4a95-899d-d36b52742aa4> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | https://www.monnit.com/support/software/imonnit/exporting-humidity-sensor-data-to-excel-with-separate-temperature-and-humidity-readings | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934804518.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20171118021803-20171118041803-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.826133 | 499 | 2.578125 | 3 |
A new migration route to Europe is seeing the day - the crossing via the Black Sea, north of Turkey. In less than a month, 500 migrants have been intercepted in Romanian waters in their desperate attempts to reach the European mainland. Human rights activists are trying to warn of the perils involved in the dangerous crossing.
Just before dawn on September 13, some 150 people, including around 50 children, arrived in Midia in eastern Romania after a near 12-hour rescue mission out in the stormy sea following a distress call from their vessel.
It was the fifth boat of migrants plucked out of the waters by Romanian authorities since the beginning of August. Mircea Mocanu, head of the International Organization for Migration (IOM) in Romania, tells InfoMigrants that he is more than worried about what seems like a growing trend.
“The Black Sea isn’t called the Black Sea for nothing,” he said. “It’s a very rough sea, with strong winds blowing in from Russia, whipping up waves that are several metres high. It’s a lot more dangerous than the Mediterranean.” With winter approaching, Mocanu warns that already by November, “the water will be very cold. Taking the Black Sea route will be ludicrous”.
‘A route with no advantages’
The Black Sea migrant route is not new, however. “In 2014, almost 430 migrants took it, and so far in 2017, 482 people have taken it. Mostly Iraqis and Iranians,” Mocanu said. He hopes that the numbers will stay low. Asked about the cost of crossing the Black Sea, he gave an estimate of between 1,000 and 3,000 euros.
The resurgence of the Black Sea as a migrant route comes as other routes such as the one in Greece have been shut down. Following the 2016 migrant pact between the European Union and Ankara – under which migrants arriving in Greece risk being extradited to Turkey – “smugglers are searching for new ways to reach Europe,” Mocanu explains. “But there are no advantages for migrants to reach Romania.”
‘Hundreds of kilometers to the Hungarian border’
Aside from the Black Sea being extremely dangerous to cross, the makeshift boats the migrants travel in are also easily spotted in the waters. “There are many military exercises taking place by Russian and Turkish navies. It would be very difficult not to see them. And once they arrive in Romania, they are reported to authorities right away because the coast is very populated.”
Another hurdle is the fact that Romania isn’t part of Schengen – an agreement which stipulates passport-free movement between some European countries. Instead, Romania has set up passport controls on its borders, automatically stopping and checking migrants who try to make their way to other European countries. “And that’s without taking into account the 700 kilometers they have to walk before reaching the Romanian-Hungarian border. It’s a long walk, and it’s difficult for migrants to not be discovered because of their language and the color of their skin,” Mocanu says.
Eighty percent of all attempts fail
According to the Romanian border police, more than 1,200 migrants have been arrested since the beginning of this year in their attempts to reach the border separating Hungary from the rest of Europe. Last year, 900 migrants were arrested. The IOM estimates that around 80 percent of all attempts fail.
And attempting to reach Serbia is just as futile. Barbed-wire fences now separate Serbia and Hungary, making it an almost impossible border to cross.
Frontex, the European border guard agency, remains on alert but says it’s too early to tell to which extent the migrant routes to Europe are changing. “But what is happening seems to indicate that smugglers are trying to activate a route via the Black Sea,” agency spokesman Krzysztof Borowski says. | <urn:uuid:2d65334c-8be8-4b69-b0e3-6be2199f8611> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | http://www.infomigrants.net/en/post/5314/migrant-routes-the-black-sea-is-more-dangerous-than-the-mediterranean | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257647671.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20180321160816-20180321180816-00375.warc.gz | en | 0.965311 | 829 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Although they are considered independent animals, it is dangerous for cats - and can be bothersome to neighbours - when they are allowed to roam free. In the average North American city, there are three times as many cats as there are dogs. However, far fewer lost cats are claimed at local animal shelters, resulting in needless euthanasia and an increased cost in animal control. If you own a cat, take a moment to read about the regulations that apply to your pet.
If properly cared for, cats are clean, quiet and affectionate pets. Most cat owners are responsible pet owners who keep their cats under control at all times. If however roaming neighbourhood cats are causing damage to or disturbance on your property, keep in mind that the owners of those cats may not be aware of the problem. Speak to them about your concerns and follow some of the following tips to discourage roaming cats from going onto your property.
- Plant rue, a strong-scented perennial woody herb, in various spots in flower beds or near windows and doors where roaming cats tend to spray. Rubbing the leaves of the plant on the area of a window or door to which the cat is attracted may also discourage the animal. Rue is available at most major garden centres.
- Wet with water or sprinkle with cayenne pepper (or any other hot pepper) the soil of gardens and flowerbeds.
Cat owners may already know that not everyone in the neighbourhood adores their feline friends as much as the owner does. Some neighbours tend to look on uninvited cat guests as unwelcome ones. Even though cat owners are not required to keep their pets leashed or indoors, they are expected, under the Animal Care and Control By-law, to control kitty's outdoor activities and take responsibility for the pet by not allowing their cat to cause damage to or disturbance on other residents' property. This is in the public interest and in the interest of animal welfare.
The above mentioned provisions apply only to a cat owner who resides in an area of the City where the zoning permits residential land use. They do not apply to a cat owner who resides on land zoned agricultural, general rural, rural, rural-agricultural or marginal resource in the applicable zoning by-laws of the old municipalities. | <urn:uuid:2ebffd64-ed87-4214-938e-83da05a2bb8b> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | https://ottawa.ca/en/residents/animals-and-pets/cats | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934805894.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20171120013853-20171120033853-00585.warc.gz | en | 0.959047 | 463 | 2.859375 | 3 |
English language Stylistics
ENGLISH LANGUAGE STYLISTICS
G. Misikova – Linguistic stylistics
I. Ur. Galperin- Stylistics
Crystal D. and Davy D. Looking into English Style / pertaining to non-literary designs
Style and Styleme
Štylistika je náuka to výbere a spôsobe využívania jazykových a mimojazykových alebo umeleckých prostriedkov a postupov uplatňovaných sixth is v procese použitia komunikácie.
Jazykový štýl u spôsob prejavu, ktorý vzniká cieľavedomým výberom, zákonitým usporiadaním a využitím jazykových a mimojazykových prostriedkov so zreteľom na tematiku, situáciu, funkciu, autorov zámer a obsahové zložky prejavu.
Štyléma prvok, pomocou ktorého sa štylizuje, napr. slovo, veta alebo časť celku/ textu, ktorý má takú výrazovú podobu, že pri štylistickej typológii textu signalizuje jeho zameranie, napr. vulgarizmus v humornom texte.
Style is a coherent, repeating set of anticipated features, which usually identify design of an individual or maybe a larger, recognizable group. Style can be a variation in a person's speech or perhaps writing and normally varies from formal to casual in line with the type of situation, the person or perhaps person's addresses, the location, the subject discussed etc . Some language specialists use the term variety various other register.
Local speaker has intuitive know-how about linguistics appropriateness, foreign scholars have no intuitive sense regarding linguistic appropriateness or less strong or no awareness of conformity, mainly because they haven't grown up in a relevant linguistics environment.
Purpose of stylistics is usually to study the varieties of a language in as much details as possible, in order that we can point to the formal linguistics features, which define them and understand the constraints on their employ.
3 practical aims in the stylistics:
1 . To spot and analyse language habits and those popular features of language, which are restricted to selected kinds of cultural contexts. installment payments on your To explain, so why these features have been used as opposed to various other alternatives three or more. To classify these types of features to categories based on the view of their function.
Stylistics is a kind of roofing of all numbers of language, it can be closely linked to graphitic and graphology. Graphitic is the research of created or published shape and graphology study regarding the system. Shade, type, size of text can be stylistically relevant, even punctuation.
Stylistics and phonetics – the sculpt voice of the sermon gentleman is different of TV advertisement, and different coming from businessmen.
Stylistics and phonology - the suprasegmental features can as well report a degree of stylistic significance, like falling expression for distress or reluctance.
Stylistics and morphology – the unique use of plural for exaggeration for example or the use of demonstratives in a negative function.
Stylistics and syntax – in change of word purchase which doesn't mean error, but stylistic significance:
He was angry. Versus Angry he was. intensified
Duplication is always combined with rhythm.
Stylistics and lexicology- in texts there are a lot of phrases, which may carry only pure that means, but another added as well:
Weakling – slaboch: -ling as endsilbe bears expressiveness; is carefully related to stylistic significance. Various other examples:
Neutral thin, positive willowy and negative lanky.
Stylistics and semantics – jokes depending on homonymy or perhaps homophony, the usage of pun is usually stylistic significant.
Our tasks throughout the session:
1 . The investigation from the inventory of special language media, which usually secure the desirable a result of the utterance. These media are called expressive means NA and stylistic devices SECURE DIGITAL.
When dealing with them, we will give attention to the artistic function of language on the synonymous means of rendering one and the same idea, emotional colouring in language or perhaps the interrelation between language and thought. NA s and SD h we shall examine on phonetic, syntactic and lexical level.
2 . - study selected types of texts, which will... | <urn:uuid:e036b2c6-39ed-491a-83fb-9c3413677db3> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://thehomeschoolofmoney.com/english-stylistics/09320-essay-about-english-stylistics.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251694071.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126230255-20200127020255-00476.warc.gz | en | 0.772773 | 1,057 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Wari weavers produced some of the most striking works of Andean art. They used a complex system of iconographic rules that played with anthropomorphic, zoomorphic and geometric motifs, expanding and contracting shapes to the point where pattern takes precedence over recognizable form. The tunic shown here follows the usual Wari canon of organizing colorful designs into vertical bands that become thinner or more condensed at the edges of the textile than they are in the middle. This creates a sense of changing perspective, so that the person wearing the tunic would appear rounder or fatter than he or she really was. This was a desirable state in the agricultural societies of the Pre-Columbian world, indicating that the person had sufficient wealth or power to secure large quantities of food.
This tunic is unique in eschewing the repetitive geometric designs typical of Wari textiles. Instead, it presents a variety of recognizable figures. They appear to be festival participants, including musicians, costumed dancers, and animals. Four felines are depicted inside the red and white band around the neck of the tunic, and there are four rows of figures below with two and a half figures on each side of the center seam. The figures face the center of the garment, and, with a single exception, those on the left half appear in mirror image on the right. There are panpipe players, drummers, birds, monkeys, and a young feline on a leash. A human figure in the second row from the bottom holds one hand to his mouth, perhaps playing a whistle or flute, and another figure, next to the armhole, holds a staff with five round projections and a streamer on top, possibly a rattle. At the bottom, six humans with feline heads carry staffs in a procession. Whether a historical event or a mythical scene, this was quite a party.
Benavides, Mario 1999 Tejidos Wari [Wari Textiles]. In Tejidos Milenarios Del Perú [Ancient Peruvian Textiles], José Antonio de Lavalle and Rosario de Lavalle de Cárdenas, eds., pp. 353-411. Colección Apu. Integra AFP, Lima. p. 361, pl. 2.
Bennett, Wendell C. 1954 Ancient Arts of the Andes. Museum of Modern Art, New York. fig. 88.
Benson, Elizabeth P. 1963 Handbook of the Robert Woods Bliss Collection of Pre-Columbian Art. Dumbarton Oaks, Trustees for Harvard University, Washington, D.C., p. 70, cat. 390.
Bliss, Robert Woods 1957 Pre-Columbian Art: The Robert Woods Bliss Collection. Text and Critical Analyses by S. K. Lothrop, Joy Mahler and William F. Foshag. Phaidon, New York. p. 280, cat. 350, pl. CXLVI.
Bliss, Robert Woods 1959 Pre-Columbian Art: The Robert Woods Bliss Collection. 2nd ed. Text and Critical Analyses by S. K. Lothrop, Joy Mahler and William F. Foshag. Phaidon, London. p. 288, cat. 350, pl. CXLVI.
Boone, Elizabeth Hill (ED.) 1996 Andean Art at Dumbarton Oaks. Pre-Columbian Art at Dumbarton Oaks; No. 1. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington, D.C. vol. 2, p. 392-394, pl. 109.
Brokaw, Galen 2010 A History of the Khipu. Cambridge Latin American Studies; 94. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge; New York. Image 11.
Bühl, Gudrun (ED.) 2008 Dumbarton Oaks: The Collections. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington, D.C., p. 268-9.
Callaway, Carol and Susan E. Bergh 1996 Form and Rhythm: Ancient Andean Textiles at Dumbarton Oaks. Hali. The International Magazine of Antique Carpet and Textile Arts (89):84-91. p. 84-91, fig. 8.
Davies, Nigel 1997 The Ancient Kingdoms of Peru. Penguin Books, New York. fig. 16.
Quilter, Jeffrey 2005 Treasures of the Andes: The Glories of Inca and Pre-Columbian South America. Duncan Baird, London. p. 120.
Robertson, Donald 1963 Pre-Columbian Architecture. The Great Ages of World Architecture. G. Braziller, New York. fig. 105.
Rowe, Ann Pollard 1979 Textile Evidence for Huari Music. Textile Museum Journal 18. p. 9.
Shady Solís, Ruth 1980 Peru During the Huari Empire. Américas 32 (2):26-31. p. 26.
Stone, Rebecca R. n.d. Technique and Form in Huari-Style Tapestry Tunics: The Andean Artist, A.D. 500-800. Ph.D. Dissertation, Yale University, 1987. 4 vols., cat. 151.
Stone-Miller, Rebecca 1992 Camelids and Chaos in Huari and Tiwanaku Textiles. In Ancient Americas: Art from Sacred Landscapes, pp. 334-345. Art Institute of Chicago; Prestel-Verlag, Chicago and Munich. p. 342-344, fig. 13.
Stone-Miller, Rebecca and Gordon F. McEwan 1990 Representation of the Wari State in Stone and Thread: A Comparison of Architecture and Tapestry Tunics. Res (19):53-80. p. 56, fig. 4.
Townsend, Richard F. (ED.) 1992 The Ancient Americas: Art from Sacred Landscapes. Art Institute of Chicago; Prestel Verlag, Chicago and Munich. p. 343.
Troy, Virginia Gardner 2002 Anni Albers and Ancient American Textiles: From Bauhaus to Black Mountain. Ashgate, Aldershot, Hants, England; Burlington, VT. p. 113, fig. 7.7.
Troy, Virginia Gardner 2015 Anni Albers and Ancient American Textiles: From Bauhaus to Black Mountain [Japanese Language Translation]. Ashgate, Aldershot, Hants, England; Burlington, VT. p. 116, fig. 7.7.
Young-Sánchez, Margaret 2010 Los Unkus De Los Señores Del Sur: Huari Y Tiahuanaco. In Señores De Los Imperios Del Sol, Krzysztof Makowski, ed., pp. 225-237. Colección Arte Y Tesoros Del Perú. Banco de Crédito del Perú, Lima, Perú. p. 235, 237, fig. 21.
"Ancient Art of the Andes", Museum of Modern Art, New York, NY, 1/26 - 3/21/1954; Minneapolis Institute of Art, Minneapolis, MN, 4/21 - 6/13/1954; California Palace of the Legion of Honor, San Francisco, CA, 7/23 - 9/19/1954.
"Indigenous Art of the Americas", National Gallery of Art, Washington DC, April 1956 to July 1962.
"The Ancient Americas: Art from Sacred Landscapes", Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 10/10/1992 - 1/3/1993; Houston Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, TX, 2/14 - 4/18/1993; Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Los Angeles, CA, 6/6/ - 8/15/1993.
"Clothing for the Afterlife" Dumbarton Oaks, Washington DC, 10/7/2015 - 5/22/2016.
Purchased from Walram von Schoeler, New York (dealer), by Robert Woods Bliss, 1949.
Robert Woods Bliss Collection of Pre-Columbian Art, Washington, DC, 1949-1962.
Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Pre-Columbian Collection, Washington, DC. | <urn:uuid:e1738efd-f008-49ed-9458-92f387641081> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | http://museum.doaks.org/objects-1/info?query=keywordPath%20%3D%20%22CMR%22&sort=0&page=5 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320304600.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20220124185733-20220124215733-00253.warc.gz | en | 0.756735 | 1,710 | 3.3125 | 3 |
What was the first desktop computer Taushicage / 11.06.202111.06.2021 Invention of the PC Nov 13, · The Datapoint was the first desktop computer, even though it wasn’t originally marketed as such. Computer Terminal Corporation was founded in July to build CRT-based replacements for Teletype machines to connect to time sharing systems, the equivalent of what we would today call a minicomputer or a mainframe computer. One of the earliest desktop computers on the U.S. consumer market was introduced in by Altair. In the spirit of IKEA furniture, it came as an computer kit that required relatively extensive assembly. The computer was born not for entertainment or email but out of a need to solve a serious number-crunching crisis. Bythe U. Census results. The government sought a faster way to get the job done, giving rise to punch-card based computers that took up entire rooms. Today, we carry more computing power on our smartphones how to test laptop battery life was available in these early models. The following brief history of computing is a how the grinch stole christmas seuss of how computers evolved from their humble beginnings to the machines of today that surf the Internetplay games and stream multimedia in addition to crunching numbers. Early computers would use similar punch cards. The project, funded by the English government, is a failure. More than a century later, however, the world's first computer was actually built. He establishes a company that would ultimately become IBM. The central concept of the modern computer was based on his ideas. Atanasoff, a professor of physics and mathematics at Iowa State University, attempts to build the first computer without gears, cams, belts or shafts. This marks the first time a computer is able to store information on its main memory. Considered the grandfather of digital computers, it fills a foot by foot room and has 18, vacuum tubes. They discovered how to make an electric switch with solid materials and no need for a vacuum. Thomas Johnson Watson Jr. Kilby was what was the first desktop computer the Nobel Prize in Physics in for his work. This marks the evolution of the computer from a specialized machine for scientists and mathematicians to technology that is more accessible to the general public. Written in the C programming language, UNIX was portable across multiple platforms and became the operating system of choice among mainframes at large companies and government entities. Due to the slow nature of the system, it never quite gained traction among home PC users. On April 4, after the success of this first endeavor, the two childhood friends form their own software company, Microsoft. It sold like crazy. For the first time, non-geeks could write programs and make a computer do what they wished. It offers color graphics and incorporates an audio cassette drive for storage. I was the technical brains — I figured out how to do it, and did it, and documented it. It has an Intel chip, two floppy disks and an optional color monitor. It also popularizes the term PC. It also features a drop-down menu and icons. It flops but eventually evolves into the Macintosh. The Gavilan SC is the first portable computer with the familiar flip form factor and the first to be marketed as a "laptop. This was the company's response to Apple's GUI. Commodore unveils the Amigawhich features advanced audio and video capabilities. More than two years later, only dot-coms had been registered. Its bit architecture provides as speed comparable to mainframes. Facebook, a social networking site, launches. Google acquires Android, a Linux-based mobile phone operating system. Nintendo's Wii game console hits the market. They're usually each tailored to attack a particular algorithm," said study lead author Shantanu Debnath, a quantum physicist and optical engineer at the University of Maryland, College Park. This richness provides a vast design space for exploring novel and multi-value ways to encode and process data beyond the 0s and 1s of current logic-based, digital architectures. Live Science. Please deactivate your ad blocker in order to see our subscription offer. Navigation menu The very first desktop personal computer was the Apple I which debuted in Once Apple showed the world how to make an actual desktop personal computer that was useful in real world terms, and it was affordable and it was so easy to use that hime users could use it by themselves, then dozens of manufacturers started copying Apple immediately. Feb 07, · One of the first and most famous of these, the Electronic Numerical Integrator Analyzer and Computer (ENIAC), was built at the University of Pennsylvania to . The first practical stored-program computer to provide a regular computing service, EDSAC is built at Cambridge University using vacuum tubes and mercury delay lines for memory. The EDSAC project was led by Cambridge professor and director of the Cambridge Computation Laboratory, Maurice Wilkes. That same year in Germany, engineer Konrad Zuse built his Z2 computer, also using telephone company relays. Their first product, the HP A Audio Oscillator, rapidly became a popular piece of test equipment for engineers. In , Bell Telephone Laboratories completes this calculator, designed by scientist George Stibitz. Stibitz stunned the group by performing calculations remotely on the CNC located in New York City using a Teletype terminal connected via to New York over special telephone lines. This is likely the first example of remote access computing. The Z3, an early computer built by German engineer Konrad Zuse working in complete isolation from developments elsewhere, uses 2, relays, performs floating point binary arithmetic, and has a bit word length. The Z3 was used for aerodynamic calculations but was destroyed in a bombing raid on Berlin in late Zuse later supervised a reconstruction of the Z3 in the s, which is currently on display at the Deutsches Museum in Munich. Hundreds of allied bombes were built in order to determine the daily rotor start positions of Enigma cipher machines, which in turn allowed the Allies to decrypt German messages. The basic idea for bombes came from Polish code-breaker Marian Rejewski's "Bomba. After successfully demonstrating a proof-of-concept prototype in , Professor John Vincent Atanasoff receives funds to build a full-scale machine at Iowa State College now University. The machine was designed and built by Atanasoff and graduate student Clifford Berry between and The legal result was a landmark: Atanasoff was declared the originator of several basic computer ideas, but the computer as a concept was declared un-patentable and thus freely open to all. The replica is currently on display at the Computer History Museum. The US Army asked Bell Laboratories to design a machine to assist in testing its M-9 gun director, a type of analog computer that aims large guns to their targets. Mathematician George Stibitz recommends using a relay-based calculator for the project. The Relay Interpolator used relays, and since it was programmable by paper tape, was used for other applications following the war. A total of ten Colossi were delivered, each using as many as 2, vacuum tubes. A series of pulleys transported continuous rolls of punched paper tape containing possible solutions to a particular code. Colossus reduced the time to break Lorenz messages from weeks to hours. Most historians believe that the use of Colossus machines significantly shortened the war by providing evidence of enemy intentions and beliefs. The Mark 1 produced mathematical tables but was soon superseded by electronic stored-program computers. In a widely circulated paper, mathematician John von Neumann outlines the architecture of a stored-program computer, including electronic storage of programming information and data -- which eliminates the need for more clumsy methods of programming such as plugboards, punched cards and paper. Hungarian-born von Neumann demonstrated prodigious expertise in hydrodynamics, ballistics, meteorology, game theory, statistics, and the use of mechanical devices for computation. Under the leadership of MIT's Gordon Brown and Jay Forrester, the team first built a small analog simulator, but found it inaccurate and inflexible. News of the groundbreaking electronic ENIAC computer that same year inspired the group to change course and attempt a digital solution, whereby flight variables could be rapidly programmed in software. Completed in , Whirlwind remains one of the most important computer projects in the history of computing. Because of its electronic, as opposed to electromechanical, technology, it is over 1, times faster than any previous computer. ENIAC used panel-to-panel wiring and switches for programming, occupied more than 1, square feet, used about 18, vacuum tubes and weighed 30 tons. It was believed that ENIAC had done more calculation over the ten years it was in operation than all of humanity had until that time. Their first program, consisting of seventeen instructions and written by Kilburn, ran on June 21st, This was the first program in history to run on a digital, electronic, stored-program computer. These tables were later confirmed by using more modern computers for the actual flights. The SSEC was one of the last of the generation of 'super calculators' to be built using electromechanical technology. It was transferred to the Department of Physics at the University of Melbourne in and remained in service until The first practical stored-program computer to provide a regular computing service, EDSAC is built at Cambridge University using vacuum tubes and mercury delay lines for memory. Wilkes' ideas grew out of the Moore School lectures he had attended three years earlier. This type of computer is useful in performing many of the mathematical equations scientists and engineers encounter in their work. It was originally created for a nuclear missile design project in by a team led by Fred Steele. It used 53 vacuum tubes and hundreds of germanium diodes, with a magnetic drum for memory. Tracks on the drum did the mathematical integration. The Manchester Mark I used more than 1, vacuum tubes and occupied an area the size of a medium room. The , designed by ERA but built by Remington-Rand, was intended for high-speed computing and stored 1 million bits on its magnetic drum, one of the earliest magnetic storage devices and a technology which ERA had done much to perfect in its own laboratories. The design packed vacuum tubes into a relatively compact 12 square feet. The hobbyist magazine Radio Electronics publishes Edmund Berkeley's design for the Simon 1 relay computer from to Let us call it Simon, because of its predecessor, Simple Simon Simon is so simple and so small in fact that it could be built to fill up less space than a grocery-store box; about four cubic feet. It was built in Washington DC as a test-bed for evaluating components and systems as well as for setting computer standards. It was also one of the first computers to use all-diode logic, a technology more reliable than vacuum tubes. SWAC was used to solve problems in numerical analysis, including developing climate models and discovering five previously unknown Mersenne prime numbers. A British government contract spurred its initial development but a change in government led to loss of funding and the second and only other Mark I was sold at a major loss to the University of Toronto, where it was re-christened FERUT. The Univac 1 is the first commercial computer to attract widespread public attention. One biblical scholar even used a Univac 1 to compile a concordance to the King James version of the Bible. After the success of the first LEO, Lyons went into business manufacturing computers to meet the growing need for data processing systems in business. The Institute of Advanced Study IAS computer is a multi-year research project conducted under the overall supervision of world-famous mathematician John von Neumann. The IAS computer was designed for scientific calculations and it performed essential work for the US atomic weapons program. The bit machine used 92 point-contact transistors and diodes. During three years of production, IBM sells 19 s to research laboratories, aircraft companies, and the federal government. Programmer Arthur Samuels used the to write the first computer program designed to play checkers. It was named after John von Neumann, a world famous mathematician and computer pioneer of the day. Johnniac was used for scientific and engineering calculations. It was also repeatedly expanded and improved throughout its year lifespan. Many innovative programs were created for Johnniac, including the time-sharing system JOSS that allowed many users to simultaneously access the machine. IBM establishes the as its first mass-produced computer, with the company selling in just one year. The Model was also highly popular in universities, where a generation of students first learned programming. Over 30 were completed, including one delivered to Australia. Typically, computer users of the time fed their programs into a computer using punched cards or paper tape. Doug Ross wrote a memo advocating direct access in February. Ross contended that a Flexowriter -- an electrically-controlled typewriter -- connected to an MIT computer could function as a keyboard input device due to its low cost and flexibility. An experiment conducted five months later on the MIT Whirlwind computer confirmed how useful and convenient a keyboard input device could be. For easy replacement, designers placed each transistor circuit inside a "bottle," similar to a vacuum tube. DEC is founded initially to make electronic modules for test, measurement, prototyping and control markets. Headquartered in Maynard, Massachusetts, Digital Equipment Corporation, took over 8, square foot leased space in a nineteenth century mill that once produced blankets and uniforms for soldiers who fought in the Civil War. The mill is still in use today as an office park Clock Tower Place today. The is built on a 'building block' concept which allows it to be highly flexible for many different uses and could simultaneously control up to 63 tape drives—very useful for large databases of information. For many business users, quick access to this huge storage capability outweighed its relatively slow processing speed. Customers included US military as well as industry. Its task was to detect incoming Soviet bombers and direct interceptor aircraft to destroy them. Operators directed actions by touching a light gun to the SAGE airspace display. Its large scope intrigued early hackers at MIT, who wrote the first computerized video game, SpaceWar! More than 50 PDP-1s were sold. It was sold exclusively in Japan, but could process alphabetic and Japanese kana characters. Only about thirty NEACs were sold. It managed Japan's first on-line, real-time reservation system for Kinki Nippon Railways in The last one was decommissioned in At the top of the line was the Model , also known as "Stretch. The mainframe, the first in the series, replaces earlier vacuum tube technology with smaller, more reliable transistors. By the mids, nearly half of all computers in the world were IBM s. Minuteman missiles use transistorized computers to continuously calculate their position in flight. The computer had to be rugged and fast, with advanced circuit design and reliable packaging able to withstand the forces of a missile launch. When the Minuteman I was decommissioned, some universities received these computers for use by students. The US Navy Tactical Data System uses computers to integrate and display shipboard radar, sonar and communications data. This real-time information system began operating in the early s. System control was provided through the Atlas Supervisor, which some consider to be the first true operating system. The Control Data Corporation CDC performs up to 3 million instructions per second —three times faster than that of its closest competitor, the IBM supercomputer. The retained the distinction of being the fastest computer in the world until surpassed by its successor, the CDC , in Instead of designing a custom controller, two young engineers from Digital Equipment Corporation DEC -- Gordon Bell and Edson de Castro -- do something unusual: they develop a small, general purpose computer and program it to do the job. A later version of that machine became the PDP-8, the first commercially successful minicomputer. Because of its speed, small size, and reasonable cost, the PDP-8 was sold by the thousands to manufacturing plants, small businesses, and scientific laboratories around the world. | <urn:uuid:0fa6bd01-0091-467c-ac41-dfefb219d36b> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://rutlib6.com/what-was-the-first-desktop-computer.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623488528979.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20210623011557-20210623041557-00050.warc.gz | en | 0.965488 | 3,292 | 3.015625 | 3 |
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See detail: https://market247.io/what-is-usdt | <urn:uuid:436d1cbf-4d8c-42d4-ba58-da8715351e02> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://community.ondex.app/market247_io/what-is-usdt-tether-what-chain-does-usdt-operate-9h | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710691.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20221129100233-20221129130233-00424.warc.gz | en | 0.954439 | 359 | 2.640625 | 3 |
- Raking, Mowing, Cutting, and Drying Hay
Crops -- Drying
- Original Format:
16mm, silent, color
- Item identifier:
- Created Date:
- circa to
- Color film, silent. Late 1950s film showing how one could mow, rake, bale and dry hay in a day using various machines. The Campbell Heating Co. drier is shown in the film. Appears to have been filmed on farm land on North Carolina State College's campus, the NC State College smokestack is seen in the background.
Campbell Heating Co.
more info on Campbell Heating Co.
- Digital Project:
Cultivating a Revolution
- Special Collections Research Center at NCSU Libraries
- North Carolina State University College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering Records, 1928-2008 (UA100.014) held by Special Collections Research Center at NCSU Libraries
- Note field:
- Not all materials from the physical collection may have been scanned. Images may have been enhanced for web access.
- For questions regarding copyright or permissions, please refer to our Reproduction, Use, Citation, and Copyright page (http://d.lib.ncsu.edu/collections/about).
- Digitization of this resource was partially supported with federal Library Services and Technology Act (LSTA) funds made possible through a grant from the Institute of Museum and Library Services, and administered by the State Library of North Carolina, a division of the Department of Cultural Resources. | <urn:uuid:bb0403dc-46a8-4853-9e49-89a44ad995d5> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | https://d.lib.ncsu.edu/collections/catalog/ua100_014-006-cn0057-020-001 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818695113.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20170926070351-20170926090351-00218.warc.gz | en | 0.841205 | 325 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Autumn is here, and as the cold and flu season begins to take hold in our local schools and places of business, many of us naturally have questions about how to stay healthy. With wintertime illness myths also running rampant, the team at Premier Aquatics is dedicated to spreading health, facts, and expert swim-related advice.
Cold Weather Doesn’t Cause Colds
The simple truth is that colds are caused by viruses and not temperature. Realistically, being cozy indoors with heated, recycled air and a room full of people puts you at increased risk of catching cold, as opposed to going outside without a coat. This is due to the fact that in order to catch a cold, a person must be exposed to a virus, most commonly the rhinovirus. These viruses are passed from person to person, and can live on surfaces like door knobs, handles, cell phones, and faucets.
Your Wet Head Won’t Make You Sick
The myth that going out with a wet head will make you sick likely goes hand-in-hand with its trusty partner-myth that says more heat escapes from your head than anywhere else on the body. The truth is that having a wet head does not contribute to a person’s likelihood of getting a cold. Temperature escapes from the body equally, so for comfort’s sake, it’s important to bundle up in the cooler weather. It won’t, however, keep you from getting sick.
You May Be Contagious Even If You Don’t Have A Fever
The myth that you aren’t contagious if you don’t have a fever may be one of the biggest reasons the cold and flu viruses spread like wildfire. Whether you have a fever or not, a person with a cold can remain contagious for 7-10 days after becoming infected, and someone with a flu generally remains contagious for about 5 days after getting sick. Keep in mind, a person can be contagious even before they are showing real symptoms. If you’re sick, it’s best to stay home.
Swimming During The Winter Doesn’t Cause Ear Infections
Similar to colds, middle ear infections are not caused by cold and wet conditions. Ear infections are caused by viruses or bacteria. Typically, ear infections occur when an individual has an infectious cold that causes swelling and restricts the draining of Eustachian Tube fluid from naturally draining through the nose and throat. Swimmer’s ear, a more easily treated condition, is an infection of the ear canal that is associated with being in the pool, but this condition is not more likely to happen in the winter.
Keeping Your Children Healthy This Flu Season
While these long-held myths aren’t true, there are many actions parents can take to keep their children healthy throughout the winter season, including:
- Teaching proper hand washing.
- Emphasizing the importance of not touching their faces or mouths without clean hands.
- Explaining proper sneezing and coughing etiquette to avoid the spread of viruses.
- Encouraging moderate physical activity, such as swim lessons, and healthy eating to boost their immune systems.
- Disinfecting commonly handled items, including keyboards, cell phones, keys, and toys.
Not only do winter swim lessons not put your child’s health at risk, keeping your child active through the winter months can have significant benefits on your child’s health and well-being. For children who suffer from allergies, being in the pool can help ease the symptoms. Additionally, playing in the pool can moisturize otherwise dry mucus membranes in the nose and sinuses that are a result of dry, heated indoor air.
At Premier Aquatics, we are dedicated to improving the lives of all our students throughout the year. Click here to learn more about the Premier Aquatic’s year-round swim lesson programs.
Sign up for our Newsletter to receive discounts on offseason lessons! | <urn:uuid:e665034a-b4ed-4edb-aace-f0180f9ff2c5> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | https://swimoc.com/staying-healthy-in-cold-weather-debunking-common-myths/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818696677.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20170926175208-20170926195208-00020.warc.gz | en | 0.951963 | 822 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Genetics is integral to biology because organisms are a product of both genetics and their environment. This central tenet is the basis of the course. You learn the foundations of how genes are transmitted and inherited (the rules of inheritance) and how these rules are modified. You apply this knowledge to analyse scenarios using techniques to understand the mode of inheritance and solve genetics problems. This course helps you to better understand areas as diverse as evolution, medical counselling and ethics, the biology of development, the dynamics of populations and molecular biology.
- Semester of offer*:
- Sunshine Coast: Semester 2
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- Band 2
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* Semester of offer is subject to change.
Students enrolled in this course should check the course Blackboard site to ensure that they are accessing the most recent approved version of the course outline. | <urn:uuid:3076bee4-f27b-4f54-a210-6ca4dba08fec> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://edit.usc.edu.au/learn/courses-and-programs/courses/course-library/sci/sci212-genetics | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371876625.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20200409185507-20200409220007-00444.warc.gz | en | 0.906782 | 209 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Additive is making affordable customized devices
3D printing has become the medium of the new technological revolution as its applications diversify from printing food to weapons, from clothing to industrial products. It is also finding more uses in the medical space, including Orthotics and Prosthetics (O&P).
According to Constantinos Mavroidis, director of the Biomedical Mechatronics Laboratory at Northeastern University (Boston), for 3D printing to be used on a greater scale in O&P, development and manufacturing times and their associated costs need to be reduced. Making customized O&P relies on some form of medical imaging or 3D scanning data while canceling the need for plaster casts. Customization is the key for better O&P devices, however it increases the costs. In contrast, 3D printing allows digitization of O&P device designs and their manufacturing process, enabling quick reprints and changes in the designs leading to some savings.
The concept is currently being applied to ankle and foot orthoses (AFOs) and prosthetic sockets. The cost of the 3D printers has been decreasing, but an industrial printer with good accuracy and repeatability can still cost a few hundred thousand dollars, not to mention the material costs when needed for metal alloy implants. However, in the case of O&P devices, lower-end Fused Deposition Modelers (FDMs) can be helpful in printing AFOs or low-cost prosthetic sockets. As low-cost prosthetic sockets are being developed for third-world countries, scientists are also investigating concepts such as the Variable Impedance Prosthetic socket (VIPr) for Transtibial Amputees. VIPr is being developed to achieve lower interface peak pressures over bony protuberances and include 3D-printed elements made from rubber-like PolyJet Polymers, Vero White Plus and Tango Black Plus. MRI technology and Finite Element Method are also used to understand the compliance levels of the device.
Potential O&P devices are not limited to AFOs or prosthetic sockets. Exoskeletons, fairings, and medical casts along with others are also being considered.
Medical exoskeletons promise a great future even though they are not as impressive as Iron Man’s exo-suit. Body-powered or electrically actuated exoskeletons designed to assist humans with neuromuscular diseases is another potential application for 3D printing.
Bespoke Fairings are customized coverings that surround an existing prosthetic leg to give the impression of an original leg. They are created from a 3D scan to capture contours of the exterior of an existent leg and used mainly to boost the morale of the prosthetic user.
Osteoid medical cast: Deniz Karasahin, an industrial designer, developed the Osteoid, a functional medical cast attachable as a bone stimulator. This 3D-printed cast has the ability to deliver low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) which can reportedly reduce the healing process time for the bone by up to 38%. Non-union fractures showing no sign of healing after three to six months have also been healed up to 80% by using this device. A 3D scan of the patient is modified using the modeling software. The modified CAD geometry is then employed in 3D printing with the FDM Process in making the Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) cast. The software is used to design a locking mechanism and then generate the holes with an algorithm. The cast is made from two pieces assembled together like a jigsaw puzzle with a central hole passing through the edges of the pieces where a flexible pin is inserted to firmly connect them together.
Another trend is to incorporate sensors to these 3D-printed O&P devices. Mavroidis and his colleagues have been working on fabricating smart orthoses containing sensors printed along with them. These sensors are expected to determine the structural state of the device or keep track of the patient’s gait.
Materials and Processes
Material selection in 3D printing has been improving greatly due to heavy industrial focus, and with some help from the Rep-Rap movement. Many different composites are being developed. Robert Morris University (RMU) is active in this regard, with its work in Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) and Stereolithography (SLA) processes. Ease of recycling is another advantage for material development where an RMU team is mechanically alloying leftover FDM ABS material with other ingredients for various purposes. The concept of natural fibers is also being employed and tested including wood particulates and bamboo fibers and may be applicable to low-cost O&P devices.
Medical implants have been fabricated dominantly from metallic compounds such as stainless steel or titanium alloys. However, polymer materials are being developed for implant purposes. Polyetherketoneketone (PEKK) is a semicrystalline thermoplastic material. Its structure gives PEKK a high heat resistance, chemical resistance, and the ability to withstand high mechanical loads. Oxford Performance Materials (OPM; South Windsor, CT) developed two PEKK composites, OXPEKK-MG (medical grade) and OXPEKK-IG (implant grade). OPM materials come in the form of amorphous and crystalline injection grade unfilled pellets, composite pellets, crystalline extrusion rods, mono or multifilament films. Filler materials include metallic compounds and carbon. OPM was granted the first patent for a 3D-printed polymer implant and has the ability to create a wide range of implants including cranial maxillofacial, upper extremity, and small bone implants for hands and feet. Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) process (labeled as OsteoFab by OPM) and the newly developed PEKK materials allow fabrication of these custom polymer implants for patients within short turnaround times.
The benefits of customization and characteristics of the PEKK composites result in a rough structure with strong osteo-integration ability. SLS process is desirable for polymers because the part can be built without fully melting the substrate while the mechanical properties of the parent material are still maintained at the grain interfaces. Other than sterilization, no major operations, including finishing or polishing, are needed for postprocessing.
General characteristics of OXPEKK biomedical polymers include:
- Density and stiffness similar to bone
- Excellent abrasion resistance
- Minimization of detrimental stress shielding
- Compatibility with common sterilization methods
- Twice the compressive strength of Polyetheretherketone (PEEK)
- Chemically inert and nonabsorbable
OXPEKK-IG materials were designed to meet the FDA and the European Union requirements for use in Long Term Human Implantable Medical Devices. OXPEKK-IG had been tested according to ISO 10993 (Biological Evaluation of Medical Devices) through a successful 52-week biocompatibility test. In 2013, OPM received its first 510(k) clearance for the OsteoFab Patient Specific Cranial Device, a 3D-printed device made from the OXPEKK-IG. OPM’s South Windsor facility was also certified to ISO 9001 and ISO 13485 quality systems and with 100% dimensional inspection certification.
The role of 3D printing in the medical field will grow greatly and will include the O&P devices mentioned in this article and more. 3D printing is poised to change the medical field due to its quicker turnaround time compared to its competitors, fabrication ability of customized devices which closely replicate desired body characteristics, and the potential that encompasses bone implants, exoskeletons, dental prosthetics, and even bioficial organs. Recent developments of 3D-printed full jaw and hip replacements are signs of what is to come. Even the technology of the hobbyist 3D printing space will impact the medical applications and especially O&P with its low-cost processes and materials, allowing developers to experiment freely. After overcoming the cost barrier, the technology will require integration of imaging technologies with 3D printers. | <urn:uuid:66a65c3e-190c-42c5-b209-507d0e6186ec> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.sme.org/technologies/articles/2015/august/3d-printing-orthotic-and-prosthetic-devices/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662552994.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20220523011006-20220523041006-00204.warc.gz | en | 0.92973 | 1,703 | 2.984375 | 3 |
January 23rd, 2012
Junk food in schools gets weighty reprieve
By Bruce Bower
Controversial sales of candy, soda and other junk food in middle schools don’t weigh heavily on students’ waistlines. This surprising finding — based on a study that followed almost 20,000 kids through middle school — suggests that obesity prevention programs should target children in their homes and communities during the preschool years, when eating habits form, researchers say.
But the authors may have lacked “absolutely essential” data on individual kids’ eating habits at school, which would directly show whether junk food availability led to weight gains, says nutrition scientist Mary Story of the University of Minnesota in Minneapolis adds.
A more comprehensive national study conducted in 2004 and 2005 linked junk food sold in vending machines in or near school lunch areas with increased student body weight, Story says. She estimates that 40 percent of elementary and secondary school students in that study obtained enough daily calories, on average, from food other than school lunches to gain weight. | <urn:uuid:3561ecde-1bda-42b2-8926-7a7d986afaae> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://www.commercialalert.org/news/Archive/2012/01/junk-food-in-schools-gets-weighty-reprieve | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375094662.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031814-00296-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956261 | 211 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Contact: Ann Van Gysel
VIB, Flanders Interuniversity Institute of Biotechnology
Leuven, Belgium – This week scientists of the Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology (VIB) will once again publish a breakthrough in their research regarding Alzheimer’s disease. The researchers, this time connected to the Catholic University of Leuven, discovered the function of one of the most important proteins related to Alzheimer’s disease. They have indicated that the protein stimulates the growth of nerve paths in the brain, which is essential for recovery after brain damage. The results are published in the authoritative journal EMBO Journal.
The normal function of the amyloidal precursor protein or APP clarified It has been known for several years that APP is relevant in Alzheimer’s disease. APP is the precursor of the amyloidal-â protein that causes the typical ‘plaques’ in the brains of patients. The normal function of APP was, however, not known. Maarten Leyssen and his colleagues have indicated that APP stimulates the development of nerve paths. Intact nerve paths are essential for the proper functioning of the brain. These connections can be damaged after traumatic brain damage resulting in the improper functioning of the brain. APP is responsible for stimulating the development of new nerve paths.
APP and Alzheimer’s disease
These results also aid better understanding of certain aspects of Alzheimer’s disease, where APP plays a major role. The fruit fly – an ideal model to study the brain’s action – indicates that APP increases considerably after brain damage, namely in areas where new nerve paths need to be formed. Because more APP is made, more plaques can develop in the brain, a typical symptom of Alzheimer’s disease. For the first time the results of VIB researchers explain the strong link between brain damage and Alzheimer’s disease: not only do patients with major brain damage have more chance of developing Alzheimer’s disease later on in life, their brains also often show plaques that strongly resemble those of Alzheimer patients. | <urn:uuid:fede0793-af11-4a21-8e60-8a0149203cf8> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | https://www.prohealth.com/library/link-between-alzheimers-disease-and-traumatic-brain-damage-clarified-18554 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257647768.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20180322034041-20180322054041-00227.warc.gz | en | 0.916208 | 421 | 2.765625 | 3 |
So, if you have unprotected sex with your partner, you could be infected, too. Any form of sexual contact (oral, vaginal and anal sex) can put you at risks” the doctor said. Even when you use condoms or dental dams during sex, you can possibly contract HSV. In fact, condoms cannot provide 100 percent protection against genital herpes. Directly touching your partner’s genitals can also make you become infected. This happens when your partner develops visible herpes sores on their genitals.
We usually do this for short durations of time. Not something that can be taken as lifelong therapy. I know it might not make sense to some of you. You’re probably asking why it is that we can’t just take the suppressive antiviral medications for the rest of our lives and with that, have no flares of herpes? Well basically, we know that having a high viral load is not the definitive factor in determining a herpetic flare. It is how the body is coping with the virus. So ultimately, you can be taking medications for months on end with your body in good shape to contain the virus so that there are no breakouts but that does not mean that the virus is eliminated from your body.
You should stop having sexual contact as soon as you feel warning signs of an outbreak. Warning signs may include a burning, itching, or tingling feeling on the genitals or around the mouth. Do not have vaginal, anal, or oral sex — even with a condom — until seven days after the warning signs stop or the sore heals. The virus can spread from sores not covered by the condom. It can also spread in sweat or vaginal fluids to places the condom doesn't cover.
The HSV viruses multiply in the human cell by overtaking and utilizing most of the human cells functions. One of the HSV steps in multiplication is to take control of the human cell's nucleus and alter its structure. The altered nucleus (enlarged and lobulated or multinucleated) is what actually is used to help diagnose herpes simplex infections by microscopic examination. The reason sores appear is because as they mature the many HSV particles rupture the human cell's membrane as they break out of the cell.
You may have concerns about how genital herpes will impact your overall health, sex life, and relationships. It is best for you to talk to a health care provider about those concerns, but it also is important to recognize that while herpes is not curable, it can be managed with medication. Daily suppressive therapy (i.e., daily use of antiviral medication) for herpes can also lower your risk of spreading genital herpes to your sex partner. Be sure to discuss treatment options with your healthcare provider. Since a genital herpes diagnosis may affect how you will feel about current or future sexual relationships, it is important to understand how to talk to sexual partners about STDsExternal.
Some people experience negative feelings related to the condition following diagnosis, in particular if they have acquired the genital form of the disease. Feelings can include depression, fear of rejection, feelings of isolation, fear of being found out, and self-destructive feelings. Herpes support groups have been formed in the United States and the UK, providing information about herpes and running message forums and dating websites for sufferers. People with the herpes virus are often hesitant to divulge to other people, including friends and family, that they are infected. This is especially true of new or potential sexual partners whom they consider casual.
"Oral herpes is an infection found in the mouth, or on and around the lips, caused by the Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV)," Michael explains. "There are two types or strains of this virus called HSV1 and HSV2. Usually, the HSV1 strain infects the mouth and lips, and the HSV2 strain infects the genitals. It is however possible for HSV2 to infect your mouth and lips." | <urn:uuid:911b2b22-c61a-4f08-81b2-d0827c3a899a> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://inmouthherpes.com/jacksonville/fast-results-genital-herpes-treatment-jacksonville-get-more-info-here.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540490972.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20191206200121-20191206224121-00406.warc.gz | en | 0.953997 | 812 | 2.640625 | 3 |
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