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Schotman Hatcheries is a typical example of the Dutch poultry industry. It embraces independence, but also includes extra services to its hatching eggs and day-old broiler chicks. Results show that it pays off.
By Wiebe van der Sluis, Rooster 45, Doetinchem, the Netherlands
The Dutch poultry industry is characterised by a unique open structure. Each link in the production chain is owned by independent producers who buy and sell products, and who often own the birds that they produce. This means that hatcheries operate independently and buy (often by short-term contracts) hatching eggs and then sell the day-old chicks to growers. The word ‘integration’ therefore has a different meaning to most Dutch producers than for producers elsewhere in the world. Nevertheless, those operating in the poultry chain in the Netherlands show solidarity and are prepared to accept long-term arrangements with hatcheries to sell their eggs to, or buy their day-old chicks. These arrangements, however, will ultimately depend on how much trust and money is involved. Schotman Hatcheries knows exactly what triggers broiler PS farmers and broiler growers. As a result, they havea number of suppliers and customers that have worked with them for many years.
From small-scale to large-scale farming
In 1950, Mr Schotman began a layer hatchery in Lichtenvoorde, a small Dutch village near the German border. He discovered the secrets of artificial incubation, and when the demand for meat type birds increased he decided to focus on broilers. The first brick used in the creation of the Schotman broiler hatchery was laid in 1969, and many bricks have since followed. Today, the hatchery has a capacity of one million day-old chicks per week. The four Schotman children have remained active in the farm, contributing to the development of the business. Their partnership allowed them to convert the small farm of the fifties into a farming enterprise including 80 ha arable farming, dairy farming, 4,500 fattening pigs, 100,000 broiler parent stock, a hatchery, and one million broilers at sites in the Netherlands and Germany. All farms are located within a radius of 60 km of Lichtenvoorde. The family enterprise now legally exists of nine partners, including five children (three sons, a daughter and son-in-law) as well as the four grandchildren of the founder. Daugther Diny and her husband Aloys Wolterinck have taken on the responsibility for the hatchery business - Aloys manages the hatchery while Diny takes care of finances and administration. Their sons Erik and Rob, who grew up between eggs and chicks and who focus on the sales and logistics aspects of the business, represent the third generation and aim to take the business to a new level.
Three generations of incubators
The hatchery that produces one million birds a week represents the physical and mental history of the farming enterprise. Inside the facility you will find three generations of Pas Reform incubators. Aloys Wolterinck says he has always achieved good results with these machines. The older systems, however, require more attention and skill from the hatchery manager, while the new systems run independently and provide more information to go with the broiler chicks. Schotman Hatcheries specifically chose Pas Reform’s Smart incubation technologies for the benefits of modular single-stage incubation in reducing the hatch window. A small hatch window improves day-old chick uniformity, which forms the basis to optimising broiler management and achieving the lowest possible feed conversion. Wolterinck senior pays a lot of attention to chick quality and has always shown an interest in what results could be obtained with the birds they deliver. This resulted in the development, by the family and the Pas Reform Academy R&D team, of research efforts looking at the effects of breeder management on broiler hatching and growing performance.
The Schotman partnership, which owns 100,000 PS females and makes use of its own males, also has its own rearing farm for 100,000 birds. In addition, 300,000 PS are under contract. These PS farms have been selected in different disease defence compartments in the Netherlands and Germany to secure production in case a serious infectious disease outbreak results in restrictions on transportation.
The ownership of PS flocks provides a lot of information that can help the hatchery manager produce chicks of a high quality. This has taught them that it pays off to vaccinate breeders against salmonella and ORT twice. Competitors, however, believe the additional cost of over €160,000 annually is a waste. Erik Wolterinck says he is sure their clients appreciate this extra service as they experience a better return from their broilers due to more efficient growth, and an important reduction in downgrades during processing. Having their own PS farm allows them to gain experience with new strains from broiler breeding companies at PS as well as broiler level to better guide their customers. The first day-old chicks from new strains are always grown at the company’s own farm to determine how to feed and manage these birds in the most profitable manner. Schotman’s own broiler farm specialises in growing these birds, but also in growing birds originating from problem breeders or eggs that required a special treatment in the hatchery due to egg size or batch volume. Removing these “possible problem” batches from the commercial production line improves the quality of the sold day-old chicks and gives the customer confidence in the product they receive.
Appreciation and certification
Appreciation for the quality of the broilers born at the Schotman Hatchery is not only shown by the constantly growing number of customers in the Netherlands and Germany, but also by hatcheries elsewhere in Europe. Several of them have asked Wolterinck to hatch eggs for them, or to place orders to fill gaps in their own need for broiler chicks. A number of feed companies in the Netherlands and Germany prefer to cooperate with Schotman Hatcheries due to the fact that the processing companies they have connections with recommend broilers hatched by Schotman. “We appreciate this recognition,” say both father and son Wolterinck, “but what we enjoy even more is the national and international recognition from various quality control bodies. We even satisfied the tough Assured Chicken Production Scheme requirements of the UK Food Quality Certification. These acknowledgments are the result of excellent cooperation we have from and with our contract partners, our clients, and the suppliers of birds, eggs and the systems we use in our hatchery.”
World Poultry, Vol. 26 No. 2, 2010
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Human health and risk for disease ultimately depend on the integrity of our DNA, the genetic material that provides the body’s blueprint for manufacturing proteins that carry out the function of cells and organs. Aberrant forms of DNA can produce inherited diseases, and changes in DNA during life are believed to trigger cancer and many other chronic diseases. Such changes can result from exposure to certain chemicals found in the workplace and others in the diet and medications, and to sunlight in outdoor workers. Two broad types of DNA changes are recognized: DNA damage and DNA silencing. Our research is focused on the mechanisms that can lead to prevention and therapeutic strategies for reversing DNA damage relevant to the workplace.
• Insights Into Mechanisms that Lead to Cancer
The causes and treatment of cancer are important to Oregon workers because some workplace exposures can cause cancer. Moreover, cancer is a disease that will strike a significant number of workers at some point during their career. Work in the Turker laboratory is focused on the underlying causes of cancer at the level of gene and chromosome defects and on “gene silencing”, which causes genes that should be expressed to turn off inappropriately.
• Enhancing the Effectiveness of Chemotherapeutic Protocols
Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States, with over 1,500,000 new cases reported in 2010, a figure that does not include the 1,300,000 new cases of non-melanoma skin cancers diagnosed each year. Lifetime probabilities of having cancer are nearly 50% for men and 35% for women, and this results in greater than 600,000 deaths in the United States each year, nearly 25 percent of all deaths. The nationwide costs for treating and managing these diseases are estimated to be in excess of $264 billion per year. In 2010, more than 21,000 Oregonians were diagnosed with a new cancer and more than 7,500 died as a direct result of these diseases. Many of these cancers are at least partially the result of environmental toxicant exposures (found in the workplace), making their prevention and effective treatments a high priority for research in the Lloyd laboratory. A major focus in the laboratory has been to identify more effective cancer treatments that use chemotherapeutic agents.
• Novel Therapeutic Strategy for the Prevention of Skin Cancer
Ultraviolet (UV) light (in sunlight) causes DNA damage in skin cells, leading to more than one million cases of non-melanoma skin cancer diagnosed annually in the United States. Human cells possess only one mechanism to repair UV-induced DNA damage, and lack a DNA enzyme that can specifically initiate an alternative DNA repair pathway that is present in other organisms. Certain bacteria and viruses have very efficient systems for the repair of sunlight-induced DNA damage. The McCullough and Lloyd laboratories have identified a DNA repair enzyme from a virus that infects single cell green algae, Chlorella virus PBCV-1, and have engineered this enzyme to contain a nuclear localization sequence (NLS) and a membrane permeabilization peptide (TAT) for enhanced delivery to human skin cells. Drs. Lloyd and McCullough currently have multiple patents either awarded, or in review, for the application of this enzyme and related enzymes in the prevention of skin cancer.
See the Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences' recent accomplishments of this program, or
See the Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences' Research page to link to the research of the scientists working in this area:
Stephen Lloyd, PhD
Amanda McCullough, PhD
Mitch Turker, PhD
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Bullying is an all too common problem in our society, particularly among children. It can take many forms – from physical aggression to social exclusion and cyberbullying – and often results in a victim feeling powerless and overwhelmed. Sadly, some have even taken their own lives as a result of severe bullying, known as ‘bullycide’. However, there are steps that can be taken to help prevent this type of tragedy from occurring. This article will provide an overview of the different types of bullying and how we can work together to protect those who are vulnerable. We’ll also discuss ways to equip our children with the skills they need to stand up against bullies and seek help when needed.
1. The Perils of Cyberbullying: Victim Must Not Suffer In Silence
The Perils of Cyberbullying is a powerful documentary that sheds light on the psychological, sociological and physiological repercussions of cyberbullying. It follows three different victims who are unable to speak up or get justice in an oppressive system. The film also proves that cyberbullying does not discriminate between genders and can have equally devastating effects for both men and women alike under our current technological advancement and information access. Learn about the legal implications this crime carries as well as how internet users can help prevent it from happening by watching this groundbreaking project from White Wings Films!
2. Stop the Bullying
Bullying is an issue that affects everyone. It can leave lasting effects on victims, perpetrators, and bystanders alike. In this documentary we take a deep dive into the psychology of bullying to explore why it happens and how it creates cycles of violence. We’ll also show you the impact of bullying on your brain and body; from depression and anxiety to addiction, PTSD, and suicidal thoughts. Finally, we provide a roadmap for how to break these cycles so you can help stop the bullying!
3. The Snowflake Generation? Rise Of The Trolls
The internet has changed our lives in many ways, but with its anonymity comes a dark force. The rise of trolls has unleashed a new kind of predator – one that can attack without consequence and cause immense harm to individuals and families. This documentary dives into the stories of those affected by trolls, uncovering their motivations and how they’re able to remain anonymous online. We also meet the first recorded troll in history, as well as learn about the groundbreaking court case affecting freedom of speech on the web. Join us for an eye-opening exploration into our digital world!
4. Too Scared For School
In this documentary, four teens share their stories of the struggles they faced while being bullied in school. We explore why bullying occurs and how it can lead to depression, anxiety, and even suicide. The film also dives into what parents can do if they think their child is a victim of school bullying. One teen talks about using drugs as a coping mechanism; another shares her story of cutting herself when friends turn against her. This documentary delves deep into the issue of bullying and its effect on young lives – providing insight into how we can help those who need it most!
5. My Secret Past – Jodie Marsh: Bullied
Jodie Marsh was a victim of bullying due to her crooked nose. But she never let the negativity take over her life. Now, Jodie is determined to help other victims of bullying by sharing her story and uncovering its true impact on people. Join Jodie as she travels across the UK and meets with other victims, hearing their stories and gaining insight into how bullying has affected their lives. Discover what it takes for one person to overcome adversity and gain strength from within!
6. The Danger Of Internet – Cyberbullying
The internet is a powerful tool, but it can also be dangerous. With anonymity and freedom on the web, our darker instincts are unleashed. Smartphones have made us all connected online, so cyberbullying has become an increasing issue. This video examines the hard truths surrounding internet anonymity and how to protect ourselves from its dark side. Learn about the dangers of the web and how to keep yourself safe!
7. How Bad Is Bullying In Korea?
Is bullying really as bad in South Korea as it is portrayed on Netflix’s hit show “The Glory”? We went to the streets of Seoul and asked everyday citizens what their experiences with bullying have been like – and how accurately The Glory portrays this issue. Watch our documentary and get an inside look at the reality of bullying in Korea!
8. The Teen Who Was Beaten To Death By Bullies
On a fateful evening in November 1997, Reena Virk was invited by her “friend” to what she thought was a party. However, the gathering turned into an unspeakable tragedy when seven or eight teenagers surrounded Virk and began to beat her mercilessly. In addition to punches and kicks, her attackers even stubbed out cigarettes on her forehead and attempted to set her hair on fire. Despite managing to escape this initial attack, two of the teens followed Virk where they dragged her away from the bridge and assaulted again — leading ultimately to heartbreaking death. This video tells the story of what happened that night and how it changed so many lives forever.
9. Panorama – When Kids Abuse Kids
Do you know that child sexual abuse is happening even in primary schools? Panorama investigates this hidden world and presents a shocking reality. In this documentary, discover the terrible truth of ‘peer-on-peer’ abuse – when kids are abusing other kids. Be prepared to be shocked by what you will see and learn. Don’t miss out on this eye-opening documentary!
10. Anorexia and Online Bullying Documentary
Are you concerned about online bullying and anorexia? In this documentary, we look at how these two elements of society interact and how they can affect people’s lives. We explore the psychological implications of both issues as well as their physical effects on individuals. Get a closer look into the world of anorexia and online bullying in this eye-opening film!
11. How a Kenyan mother is taking on cyberbullies with kindness
Tired of the toxic cyberspace that her children are growing up in, Kenyan mother Marjoline takes it into her own hands to make a change. She starts an online kindness campaign called Kuwa Mwema and rallies celebrities who have experienced cyberbullying. As she travels around schools, meets with funders, and counsels victims on how to handle bullying situations, Marjoline is determined to make the online world safer for everyone. Deactivating Kenya’s Toxic Trolls is a documentary by Mos Mwaniki that follows this inspiring woman’s journey as an activist working towards a kinder internet.
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Survival Guide for Parents with Special Needs Children
School closures and social distancing have put everyone on edge, and parents have the added stress of having kids home all day. Parents who have a child with a disability, whether it’s a physical, communication or learning disability, or ADHD, are under even higher levels of stress to keep their kids on schedule, completing schoolwork, and not climbing the walls from boredom.
Here are some simple survival tips and tricks to help you navigate until schools reopen.
- Keep a schedule – Kids are used to a set schedule when they are in school, so it’s crucial they continue to have consistency and predictability at home. Write the daily plan on paper, a whiteboard, poster board – whatever you have available. Most importantly, let your kids participate in the scheduling making and stick to it.
- Set a timer – Keep kids on-task and focused with a timer. The timer will allow them to visually or auditorily track how much time they need to attend to an activity. You can use a timer for fun or free time activities as well as academics.
- Make time for Fun – Make sure the kids have plenty of time to be kids with playtime. It should include both indoor and outdoor play to get needed fresh air (which is also useful for improving focus). Free time does not imply device-time. Let kids be kids with creative play. Keep the empty toilet and paper towel rolls, tissue boxes, etc. and get out the crayons, markers, construction paper, and glue or tape.
- Limit Device Use – We all love our devices, TV shows, and games, but make sure you include this in your daily schedule. Let them play their digital games and watch TV but put it on the schedule and use a timer to help limit their use. Encourage use of educational apps and games. Many educational companies are offering free access (Bamboo Learning, All Kids Network, Arcademics, Ascend Math, BrainPOP, Discovery K-12). Check out a list of free online resources here.
- Get Creative – If your kids love their TV and games, let them have them but assign a report to practice their writing. Create comic books, act out favorite scenes from books or movies, go on virtual field trips, and dance parties.
Need supplies or assistive technology? Check out our Learning Tools, Sale Items, and other products to help make being at home fun.
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“The mind may be likened to a garden, which may be intelligently cultivated or allowed to run wild; but whether cultivated or neglected, it must, and will, bring forth. If no useful seeds are put into it, then an abundance of useless seeds will fall therein, and will continue to produce their kind.” (James Allan, As a Man Thinketh.)
For centuries, man has acknowledged the power of the mind. In 1637, the Latin philosopher Descartes said “I think therefore I am.” Thousands of years earlier, King Solomon of Israel wrote, “For as a man thinks within himself, so he is.”
Today, the modern world at large understands that the way we think about a situation can change the way that we experience it.
The introductory quote comes from James Allan, an English writer born in 1864. Out of his extensive works, it was a tiny volume called As a Man Thinketh that became wildly popular and gave rise to the self-improvement and positive thinking movement of the contemporary world.
The premise of his work is essentially that good thoughts and actions can never produce bad results, and bad thoughts and actions can never produce good results. He explains that while we understand this philosophy in the natural world (relating to seeds and the harvest of crops), we often fail to recognise it in the mental world.
Put in more simple terms: change your thinking, change your life. If you (yes, you!) can make a conscious effort to change your mental attitude and thoughts, you’ll find that your situation will radically improve, simply because of your outlook.
Don’t expect this to happen overnight, though! Optimism is a skill of emotional intelligence, and like any other skill, it takes practice and refinement.
So how can you put this into practice?
This week, instead of dwelling on mistakes or failures, think about the valuable lessons that you have learnt and where you can apply them in the future. Instead of feeling down about your current circumstances, look ahead to the future with a positive attitude.
Ultimately, what you achieve or fail to achieve is the direct result of your thinking. As you sit down to study this week, do your homework, or reflect upon your half-yearly exams, take some time to think about the cultivation of your thoughts and whether you’re planning to succeed by thinking positively.
By Samantha Shaw
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Description Logics are a family of knowledge representation languages that have been studied extensively in Artificial Intelligence over the last two decades. They are embodied in several knowledge-based systems and are used to develop various real-life applications. The Description Logic Handbook provides a thorough account of the subject, covering all aspects of research in this field, namely: theory, implementation, and applications. Its appeal will be broad, ranging from more theoretically-oriented readers, to those with more practically-oriented interests who need a sound and modern understanding of knowledge representation systems based on Description Logics. The chapters are written by some of the most prominent researchers in the field, introducing the basic technical material before taking the reader to the current state of the subject, and including comprehensive guides to the literature. In sum, the book will serve as a unique reference for the subject, and can also be used for self-study or in conjunction with Knowledge Representation and Artificial Intelligence courses.
• First comprehensive introduction to Description Logics • Full coverage of all aspects of the subject: theory, implementation and applications • A modern perspective on knowledge (frame) based systems
1. An introduction to description logics D. Nardi and R. J. Brachman; Part I. Theory: 2. Basic description logics F. Baader and W. Nutt; 3. Complexity of reasoning F. M. Donini; 4. Relationships with other formalisms U. Sattler, D. Calvanese and R. Molitor; 5. Expressive description logics D. Calvanese and G. De Giacomo; 6. Extensions to description logics F. Baader, R. Küsters and F. Wolter; Part II. Implementation: 7. From description logic provers to knowledge representation systems D. L. McGuinness and P. F. Patel-Schneider; 8. Description logics systems R. Möller and V. Haarslev; 9. Implementation and optimisation techniques I. Horrocks; Part III. Applications: 10. Conceptual modeling with description logics A. Borgida and R. J. Brachman; 11. Software engineering C. Welty; 12. Configuration D. L. McGuinness; 13. Medical informatics A. Rector; 14. Digital libraries and web-based information systems I. Horrocks, D. L. McGuinness and C. Welty; 15. Natural language processing E. Franconi; 16. Description logics for data bases A. Borgida, M. Lenzerini and R. Rosati; Appendix. Description logic terminology F. Baader; Bibliography.
'Until now, it has been difficult to locate a single text that covers enough of this field to serve as a thorough introduction to it. This handbook is an attempt to fill this gap, and it does so admirably … The book would serve well as a foundation text for a graduate course in description logic, when supplemented with selected research papers. The Production qualities are excellent; this book will be easy to read and refer to … a needed and well-executed reference work … an excellent book.' Computing Reviews
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Video Courtesy of JPL News
The Mars Science Laboratory rover “Curiosity” has been actively studying the surface of Mars using the rover’s Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM) instrument. SAM has been studying the Martian atmosphere for signs of life on the Red Planet.
SAM is actually comprised of three instruments that work together to sample the air around Curiosity’s landing site at Gale Crater on Mars. SAM measures the chemical elements and molecules in a mass or size range between 2 and 535 mass units. Through this Sam can determine the different gases that compose the Martian air. It was through this instrument that it was determined that the gas methane was virtually non-existent at Gale.
Methane is a possible indicator gas for life (it can also be produce by non-biological processes).
The three components that make up the SAM are the Gas Chromatograph (GC), Quadrupole Mass Spectrometer (QMS), and the Tunable Laser Spectrometer (TLS). SAM also has a system that manipulates the samples that the rover collects.
The turntable, in particular, will play a crucial role for SAM as it sniffs out possible methane on Mars. Methane has been detected via telescopes from Earth on Mars as well as by the European Space Agency’s Mars Express orbiter in the lower Martian atmosphere. SAM will periodically sample the Martian atmosphere to look for any seasonal changes.
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Find informative articles on Arteries, related to health. Stay updated with the latest and most comprehensive information related to Arteries.
Strawberries are known for their flavour, flashy red colour and pleasant aroma. It’s favourite among all age groups and geographies. It is probably the most desired fruit in the world. The strawberry flavour is incorporated into various sweets and delicacies across the world. This delicious and healthy fruit can be easily incorporated in salads, healthy...Read More
If building muscle is what you want then here is some basic information on muscles and how to exercise them effectively to get the size or definition you are looking for. What is the most basic function of muscle. Muscle apart from physical appearance is important for movement, to maintain posture and is known as...Read More
Fat has an important role to play in the smooth functioning of body just like how protein is important for muscle building, carbohydrates for energy and vitamins and minerals for other nutrition. The minimum requirement of essential fat for men is 2-5% and women is 10-12%, anything below which physical and psychological health would be effected. When one consumes fat...Read More
Fiber is an essential nutrient in your diet. Fiber is in the form of soluble fiber as well as insoluble fiber. The soluble fiber binds with the fatty acids in the stomach and the arteries. This helps to regulate blood sugar and reduces the over all cholesterol. The insoluble fiber removes toxins from your colon...Read More
We’ve told you how fitter people have better sex, but an unhealthy diet can affect your sex life too in more ways than one! And not in ways that thrill your partner. A fatty diet can lead to cholesterol build up in your arteries, reducing blood flow to all parts of your body including your...Read More
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Your Brain on Exercise – Body Health Plus Mind Health Equals Overall Health
Where do we begin when it comes to all of the benefits and positive effects that exercise has on our daily lives? While there are many obvious good things that come from exercising such as a lower risk of cancer, dementia, obesity, high blood pressure, heart attacks, strokes, and diabetes, what most don’t realize is that exercise does NOT imply that you have to have (or try to create) one of those crazy muscular bodies. Exercising for your health does NOT have to equal creating six-pack abs.
Instead, there are simple, less strenuous (and less sweaty) things we can do that are considered “exercise.” Simple things, if we put a little conscious effort into doing, that will actually help not only your body but also your brain. Yes, that’s right. Exercise will work on your mental health as well as your physical health. If you’re still not entirely convinced that you should switch off Netflix and take a walk, keep reading…
Reasons to Start Exercising — Right Now
You know that exercise helps you stay toned and fit and can help you shed unwanted pounds. But that’s not the only reason to hit the gym — it’s also incredibly helpful for your psyche. Here are just a handful of reasons why exercise is good for your brain, not just your body:
1. Exercise can improve the quality of your sleep.
2. Exercise can help reduce the severity of your depression, in many cases immediately.
3. Exercise may help to chase away negative thoughts.
4. Exercise can help boost your memory.
5. Exercise can help to improve your concentration.
6. Exercise can lead to more positive self-esteem.
7. Exercise can relieve stress by burning off adrenaline and other stress chemicals.
8. Exercise stimulates your body’s release of endorphins, which are chemicals that naturally make you feel more calm and relaxed.
9. Exercise can help improve your mental health*.
10. Exercise can help to slow cognitive decline.
* Update Feb. 2020 | Most current research study on Association Between Physical Exercise and Mental Health published on The Lancet showed findings that individuals who exercised had fewer days of poor mental health than individuals who did not exercise.
So, how does it work? According to studies, the parts of the brain that control memory and thinking — the medial temporal lobe and the prefrontal cortex — have greater volume in people who engage in regular exercise versus people who don’t. Exercise helps thinking and memory via direct and indirect ways. The benefits of exercise come directly from its ability to reduce inflammation, lower insulin resistance, and stimulate the release of growth factors, which are chemicals in your brain that affect the growth of new blood vessels in the brain, the health of existing brain cells, and even the survival and abundance of new brain cells. Indirectly, exercise reduces stress and anxiety and improves mood and sleep. Problems in these areas frequently contribute to or cause cognitive impairment.
Although the benefits of exercising for a healthy brain are plenty, for many people who suffer from depression on a daily basis, it can be difficult, if not impossible, to find the motivation to get up and go. This is certainly understandable, especially considering that depression often goes hand-in-hand with a lack of energy and enthusiasm. In some people, depression can also manifest as physical symptoms such as pain or headaches, which can make the thought of exercising even less appealing than it already is. Fortunately, there are several simple, painless ways to add quick bursts of exercise into your daily routine. Let’s take a look.
Quick & Easy Exercises to Boost Your Brain Power
Research shows that heart-elevating activities like aerobic exercises are the most successful when it comes to reducing the symptoms of depression. However, other forms of exercise such as strength conditioning or training might also be effective ways of managing your depression and giving your brain the positive vibes it needs. Although exercise can help you get a handle on depression, boost your mental clarity, and reduce stress almost immediately, there are also a number of long-term advantages of exercise to think about, including muscle-toning, weight loss, improved physical strength, increased vitality, and more energy.
Whether you choose to run two miles every day or do a 10-minute yoga session in your living room a few times a week, if you can identify at least one activity that you love to do, you’re well on your way to developing an effective exercise routine that you’re likely to stick to. Here are some quick and easy ideas for beginners to get you started:
● Try starting with some simple facial exercises and give your smile a workout.
● You only need take a 15-minute walk outside (weather permitting, of course) to get the blood flowing and heart pumping.
● Ease into some exercises like trying a modified plank using your knees instead of your feet.
● Perform side-lying leg lifts while you’re watching television.
● You can modify push-ups by doing them on your elbows instead of with your hands.
● Try assisted squats by holding onto a piece of furniture.
● Stretches are great. Try a Superman (ok, Supergirl) pose by laying on your stomach and stretching out like you’re flying.
● Got a foam roller laying around? Play with some easy, helpful foam roller exercises and stretches.
● Want a little more high-intensity, there are some quick HIIT exercises that can pump things up quickly.
Fortunately, being “active” doesn’t have to mean training for a marathon. If you engage in some type of activity for just 15 to 30 minutes for three to five days a week, even if you start out with something non-physical like meditation, you should begin to feel the positive effects on your mental clarity and well-being. Once you get the hang of exercise and you’ve developed a routine, you’ll also want to make sure you’re eating healthy foods, getting enough sleep, and reducing the amount of stress in your life — as best you can — so that your brain can function at optimal levels. Keep up the momentum by setting small goals for yourself each week, and reward yourself with things like new workout clothes [wink], maybe a new haircut, a trip to the local spa, or that special something you’ve been trying to justify to yourself for months.
The cognitive spillover we get from exercising reminds us that our brains don’t operate by themselves. What you do with your physical body has a direct effect on your mental capabilities. Sitting around all day, every day, can be dangerous for your emotional health and overall well-being. So, don’t worry about the type of exercising you’re doing or how long you’re doing it. Don’t make it too difficult for yourself to the point where you want to throw in the towel. Just find something you enjoy doing, then get up and go do it. Your body — and brain — will thank you.
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“Let food be thy medicine,” wrote Hippocrates centuries ago. But which foods should you choose to protect the health of your heart, brain and arteries — and which ones should you avoid? In 2017, an analysis of American dietary patterns linked eating suboptimal amounts of ten foods and nutrients — too much of some and not enough of others — to nearly half of deaths from a cardiometabolic disease (CMD), such as heart disease, stroke or type 2 diabetes.
Conversely, people who ate the recommended amounts of the ten foods had the lowest risk for CMD, according to the study, which was published in Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA). Since then, however, new studies have yielded sometimes contradictory findings about these foods, leaving Americans confused about the best and worst dietary choices. Here’s a look at the latest nutritional wisdom about these foods and how to optimize your diet for cardiometabolic wellness.
Eat More of These Five Foods
- Nuts. People who eat nuts regularly have a lower risk for developing heart disease or experiencing cardiovascular (CV) events, such as heart attacks and strokes, compared to those who rarely or never eat nuts, according to a study of more than 210,000 men and women. Although the tasty treats are high in calories, they can also help people avoid long-term weight gain or obesity, other research shows. Moreover, eating almonds or hazelnuts may raise HDL “good” cholesterol, while pistachios help lower triglycerides. The BaleDoneen Method recommends eating a palmful of nuts daily, preferably tree nuts with skins, such as almonds, walnuts, hazelnuts and pistachios.
- Fish. The omega-3 fatty acids in seafood have a wide range of cardiovascular benefits, including helping prevent heart disease, stroke, heart failure and sudden cardiac death; reducing triglycerides, blood pressure and chronic inflammation; and improving insulin sensitivity. The best sources of omega-3s are oily fish, such as salmon, herring, sardines, tuna and lake trout. The American Heart Association (AHA) recommends eating at least two 3½-ounce servings of non-fried fish per week.
- Fresh vegetables. A diet high in these nutritional powerhouses could add years to your life. A new study presented at the Nutrition 2019, the annual meeting of the American Society for Nutrition, suggests that globally, low intake of vegetables is the culprit in more than 800,000 deaths from heart disease — and about 200,000 deaths from stroke — per year. The USDA advises eating two to three cups of veggies daily. Yet only one in ten adults consumes the recommended amount. An easy way to meet your goal is to fill half of your plate with vegetables and fruit. For optimal CV benefits, the BaleDoneen Method suggests “eating the rainbow” of colorful produce.
- Fresh fruit. Do people who eat a lot of veggies, such as the Chinese, get any extra cardiometabolic benefits from eating fresh fruit? A study of more than 510,000 adults in China, where fresh fruit intake is very low, found that those who ate it daily had 36 percent lower risk for heart attack and stroke than those who ate no fresh fruit. Another recent study found that people who ate higher amounts of fresh fruit had a lower risk for diabetes. Among those who were already diabetic, the study also reported reduced rates of diabetes-related deaths and other complications in those who ate more fruit. As we recently reported, fresh fruit also lowers blood pressure and helps prevent obesity. Fruits with proven CV benefits include blueberries, apples, tomatoes and pears.
- Whole grains/High-fiber foods. People who eat the most fiber (found in whole grains, fruit and veggies) have a 56 to 59 percent lower risk of dying from cardiovascular disease (CVD), infectious diseases or respiratory disorders, according to a study of nearly 400,000 people ages 50 and older. An even larger study found that for each extra 10 grams of fiber people ate daily, their risk for death from any cause fell by 10 percent. The USDA recommends eating 14 grams of fiber for every 1,000 calories adults consume daily (about 25 grams a day for women and 38 grams daily for men).
Eat Less of These Five Foods
- Salt. The AHA recommends a limit of no more than 2,300 mg. per day of sodium and ideal limit of no more than 1,500 mg. for most adults. Cut back on the “Salty Six:” bread and rolls, pizza, sandwiches, cold cuts and cured meats, soup and burritos and tacos, all of which typically contain high levels of sodium. Limiting or avoiding packaged, processed foods, which are typically high in salt, may lower your blood pressure or help you avoid hypertension in the first place, the AHA reports.
- Processed meats. People who eat the most processed meat — such as bacon, beef jerky, salami and other deli meats — have a higher risk for CVD. A study published in JAMA linked processed meat consumption to 57,766 deaths from CMD in 2012. What’s more, eating as little as one hot dog or a few strips of bacon daily raises colon cancer risk by 20 percent, according to a new study published in International Journal of Epidemiology (IJE). Processed meat has also been tied to increased risk for cancers of the breast, pancreas and prostate.
- Sugar-sweetened beverages. Consuming just one or two sugar-sweetened beverages daily – such as energy drinks, fruit drinks, soda or coffee drinks – raises risk for a heart attack or dying from CVD by 35 percent, diabetes risk by 26 percent and stroke risk by 16 percent, according to a recent Harvard study. Sweet drinks have been called “liquid candy” and rank as the top source of added sugar in the U.S. diet. Quench your thirst with plain or sparkling water flavored with a spritz of lemon or lime or try our refreshing fruit and herb infused water recipes.
- Red meat. Recently, conflicting studies have stirred debate about the effects of red meat. In the IJE study discussed above, eating 2½ ounces or more of red meat per day raised colon cancer risk by 20 percent. However, controversial new “guidelines” published in Annals of Internal Medicine in November contend there is not enough scientific proof of harm to tell people to cut back on red meat. This paper by a panel of nutritionists contradicts the federal government’s Dietary Guidelines for Americans, recommendations from the World Health Organization and other medical groups, and numerous studies pointing to the health benefits of eating less meat and more plant foods. The BaleDoneen Method joins these authorities in continuing to advise patients to limit red meat. Healthy sources of protein include seafood, legumes (beans and peas), nuts, oats and low-fat dairy products, while leafy, green vegetables are an excellent source of iron.
- Saturated fat. For 50 years, saturated fats were demonized as the No. 1 dietary culprit for arterial disease. Two major studies report that the effect of cutting down on saturated fats depends on how you replace them. Swapping them with healthy fats (such as those found in oily fish, olive oil, most nuts and avocados) or high-fiber carbs (such as whole grains) may benefit heart health, while replacing saturated fat with refined carbs (such as baked goods or sweets) is likely to do the opposite. In fact, as we recently reported, sugar is actually worse for heart health than saturated fats.
What’s the Best Diet to Protect Cardiometabolic Health?
Rather than advise a one-size-fits-all diet based on the average results from large studies, the BaleDoneen Method recommends a diet based on your DNA. We use genetic tests to identify the optimal eating plan for each patient. Ask your healthcare provider for more info on the two genetic tests discussed below. Using them to guide your dietary choices can help you lower your risk for heart attacks, strokes and diabetes:
- Apo E genotype. This test analyzes your Apolipoprotein E (Apo E) genotype, which influences both your lifetime risk for heart disease and the best diet to avoid it. The results can be used to determine the optimal amount of fat in your diet and whether you should limit or avoid alcohol. A diet based on your Apo E genotype fights the leading risk for heart attack and a major risk for stroke: abnormal lipid levels. Studies show that eating the right foods for your Apo E genotype raises levels of HDL (good) cholesterol and lower levels of LDL (bad) cholesterol and triglycerides.
Haptoglobin genotype. If you have type 2 diabetes, this test can reveal if you have a genotype that quintuples risk for heart disease — and guide precision-medicine treatments to almost eliminate this risk, a peer-reviewed recent BaleDoneen study reported. If you are not diabetic, you can learn if you have a genotype linked to increased risk for intestinal, autoimmune and inflammatory disorders and if you’d benefit from a gluten-free diet and probiotics.
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American intervention in the Russian Civil War:
American involvement in Russia was part of an Allied Intervention into Russia rather than an actual invasion. President Wilson authorized limited military force in Russia but no formal declaration of war was ever authorized by the American Congress. Wilson ordered 5,000 men to occupy Arkhangelsk and around 8,000 to Vladivostok, a port city on the far eastern reaches of Russia. The American “expeditionary” forces were not part of a concerted American war effort but rather an American commitment made out of the emerging European debates that followed the First World War. Wilson was also known to use limited occupational forces to achieve political goals. One example is his 1914 occupation of the Mexican port city Veracruz to influence the success of a U.S. friendly Mexican government, obviously Veracruz is a different story but it demonstrates that Wilson used Executive power to authorize military occupations that were not necessarily outright invasions or declarations of war.
Importantly the number of around 13,000 thousand American soldiers was considerably less than the commitments of Czechoslovakia’s (50,000), France’s (12,000) and Britain’s (40,000). Moreover the strategic importance of the areas occupied by America were also minor in comparison to other zones of conflict and the role of America was manifestly less significant than the contributions of her Allies. General Graves who commanded the American contingent present in Siberia (American Expeditionary Force Siberia) had the aim of protecting American military equipment and American capital investment that was still in Russia after the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II. Graves’ other objectives included safe guarding the exit of the Czech legion from Russian territory and to assist the reorganization of the new Russian government.
You have to take into account that Russia in 1918 was vastly different from the Communist state that we understand it to have been throughout the twentieth century. In 1918 it was not clear that the Bolsheviks would emerge as victors, the Red Army faced opponents on four fronts to control a comparatively small area compared to the huge country we know Russia is today. The map I’ve linked at the bottom shows the extent of Bolshevik control in 1919, Archangelsk is just at the top, Vladivostok where most of the Americans were stationed is located thousands of kilometers to the east and Americans stationed there engaged in a limited role against Russian Cossacks, a group separate to the Revolutionary Bolsheviks.
Wilson’s motivations for sending American troops were numerous but stemmed from his willingness to see through his own vision for a post war peace process. He was pressured by allies to commit to Russian intervention and he likely did so in a diplomatic measure to ensure he had some leverage in the Paris Peace Conference in 1919. Undoubtedly Wilson was more concerned with fostering a democratic environment in Europe (and protecting physical American interests in Russia) rather than in participating in a huge mobilization against Russia after the toll of the First World War. The intervention was certainly no secret, Congressmen, Newspapers and Citizens were alert to the experiences of American soldiers stationed in the frozen port cities and campaigned for the men to be returned. Generally Americans opposed intervention and largely felt that their commitment in the First World War had been sufficient enough in aiding allied European nations. Additionally many Americans did not share the international spirit that Wilson pushed in the post-war peace conferences. President Warren Harding who followed Wilson’s administration condemned the intervention as a complete mistake.
Here are a couple of good sources if you want to develop some of the ideas that I’ve written here:
(It wasn’t an invasion, it was an intervention authorized by the President and not Congress and the American people knew about it.)
*Maybe the best quick read to get the bet settled that isn’t a wikipedia article.
*The introduction here will help you get a better idea on some of the context surrounding the intervention.
Hobby Lobby SCOTUS Ruling:
The Supreme Court ruling on BURWELL, SECRETARY OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES, ET AL. v. HOBBY LOBBY STORES, INC. has now opened up the precedent (ignoring how narrowly tailored the ruling was to only contraception) that under the RFRA, even if its a compelling government interest, the state cannot mandate any firm with sincere religious beliefs to carry out a requirement, so long as the government can pick up the slack? It seems like the least restrictive means will always be making the government do it instead and not restrict at all anyone’s religious beliefs.
On page 46 of the opinion, Alito writes: “Our decision should not be understood to hold that an insurance-coverage mandate must necessarily fall if it conflicts with an employer’s religious beliefs. Other coverage requirements, such as immunizations, may be supported by different interests (for example, the need to combat the spread of infectious diseases) and may involve different arguments about the least restrictive means of providing them.”
This certainly leaves open the possibility that the Court could rule differently on the “least restrictive means” issue in the future, but his language in section V-B, which discusses the “least restrictive means” test, seems to indicate that it is a difficult standard to pass. On page 41 of the opinion, he indicates that “the most straightforward way of [meeting the least restrictive means test] would be for the Government to assume the cost.” He also says that “HHS has not shown … that this is not a viable alternative.” This seems to indicate that if such a challenge were to come up regarding vaccination or blood transfusions, or whatever else, the burden would be on the Department of Health and Human Services to show that it would be impractical for the Government to cover the cost. That would be quite the burden for the Government to prove.
Ginsberg seems to agree with that reading in her dissent. On page 29 on the dissent, she writes, “And where is the stopping point to the ‘let the government pay’ alternative? Suppose an employer’s sincerely held religious belief is offended by health coverage of vaccines, or paying the minimum wage, … or according women equal pay for substantially similar work…? Does it rank as a less restrictive alternative to require the government to provide the money or benefit to which the employer has a religion-based objection?” In addition to indicating that the Court’s logic could prove problematic in the future, she asserts that it is flawed at present, saying, “In sum, in view of what Congress sought to accomplish, i.e., comprehensive preventive care for women furnished through employer-based health plans, none of the proffered alternatives would satisfactorily serve the compelling interests to which Congress responded.”
I agree with Justice Ginsberg on many points here, especially the last few pages of her dissent. Justice Alito attempts to narrow his ruling as much as possible, but leaves a lot of questions unanswered as to the basis for his narrow ruling. To me, the most compelling arguments come from sections III-4 and IV (pages 27-35) of Ginsberg’s dissent. She basically asserts that the Court’s ruling has much broader implications than it intends, and poses quite a few questions about the basis for the narrow ruling.
I am also inclined to agree with her reasoning that the Court should have no business in determining which religious views are legitimate and which are not, and that religious exemptions from generally applicable law should be reserved for groups that are organized “for a religious purpose” and/or “engaged primarily in carrying out that religious purpose”.
The Supreme Court ruling can be found here: http://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/13pdf/13-354_olp1.pdf
Justice Ginsburg’s dissent here: http://www.scribd.com/mobile/doc/231974154
Torture during the inquisitions of the 12-14th centuries.
There is little evidence of much inquisition-inflicted torture outside those directly related to the conditions of imprisonment in 13/14th century.
The papal bull Ad exterpanda restricted torture in its same authorization of it: no breaking bones. It doesn’t say what one should do, but emphasizes imprisonment. The unstated concomitant tortures of prison were variously hunger, disease, cold, close confinement and shackling.
In fact the most famous of inquisitors and author of key inquisition manuals, Bernardo Gui, explicitly states in the early 14th c in his Practica inquisitionis that imprisonment is the most effective method for extracting confession. A review of Gui’s registers the Liber sententiarum, which are fairly detailed, shows imprisonment being highly varied in type (from a style of short house arrest to multi-year). Gui also suggests psychological techniques such as threats against family and friends being discovered as heretics, or threats they will be ‘outed’ by family and friends, all driving to the ‘relief’ of confession, ‘relief’ that the worst punishment for everyone in your social circle has been avoided.
Although we should generally dismiss the view that torture such as the ‘rack’ or ‘flaying’ or other such dramatic ideas for this period of inquisition for lack of evidence, or rather misinterpretation of the use of the word ‘torture’ found in sources, we should see clearly the totality of the consequences of imprisonment mentioned above. The best source on this is James Given’s Inquisition and Medieval Society: Power, Discipline, and Resistance in Languedoc (Cornell, 1997), in particular chapter ‘Inquisitor’s Techniques’.
Below is the letter from the consuls of Carcassonne complaining about the local inquisitor Jean Galand at the end of the 13th century, 50 years on since the establishment of the first real inquisitions at Toulouse. This is wholly taken from Given’s book above, and he suggests there is perhaps some exaggeration in it:
We feel ourselves aggrieved in that you, contrary to the use and custom observed by your predecessors in the inquisition, have made a new prison, called the mur. Truly this could be called with good cause a hell. For in it you have constructed little cells for the purpose of tormenting and torturing people. Some of these cells are dark and airless, so the those lodged there cannot tell if it is day or night, and they are continuously deprived of air and light. In other cells there are kept miserable wretches laden with shackles, some of wood, some of iron. Nor can they lie down except on the frigid ground. They have endured torments like these day and night for a long time. In other miserable places in the prison, not only is there no light or air, but food is rarely distributed, and then only bread and water.
Many prisoners have been put in similar situations, in which several, because of severity of their tortures, have lost limbs and have been completely incapacitated. Many, because of the unbearable conditions and their great suffering, have died a most cruel death. In these prisons there is constantly heard an immense wailing, weeping, groaning, and gnashing of teeth. What more can one say? For these prisoners life is a torment and death a comfort. And thus coerced they say that what is false is true, choosing to die once rather than endure more torture. As a result of these false and coerced confessions not only do those making the confessions perish, but so do the innocent people named by them […]
In this we can see the use of the verb ‘torture’ in its abstracted, descriptive sense. This use has been co-opted into historiographical narrative about medieval inquisition as a capital-t ‘Torture’, divorcing it from context. It has thus been merged with our understanding of medieval secular torture and punishment which did involve various (famous) forms of corporal torture.
At the same time, we can see this as skillful use of the concept of ‘torture-that-isn’t-really-torture’ by ecclesiastics; it allowed claims by popes, legates, inquisitors that it was simply ‘imprisonment’ and that the conditions of imprisonment were the fault of the imprisoned: they inflict it upon themselves. This is a more subtle view, but makes clearer our understanding of the relationship between Christian notions of sin and punishment within an ethic of self-punishment that are distinctly medieval, and which we live with today.
The Roman Imperial Cult:
What was the Roman Imperial Cult?
Well, first of all, throw everything you know about separating religion and politics from each other out of the window. The Roman Imperial Cult is one of the most ingenious ways in global world history of keeping order in an empire. It was a mix of religion, politics and propaganda that is hard to grasp the extent of fully.
Who did they worship?
They worshipped the numen and the genius of the Emperor, but also the genii of the entire imperial family. A loose modern translation would be the life spirit and the soul of the living Emperor. The genius is something that everyone in the empire had, and you could certainly pray to your mother’s genius if you wanted to. The numen was unique to the living Emperor. It was thanks to the numen that the Roman Empire was such a great place. The reason for which they could hold back the barbarians on the borders, enjoy gladiatorial games, walk safely on the streets, and so on.
How did it work?
To keep this immense structure in a constant and working condition it required a mass of different priesthoods and priests, as well as governors who were determined to make sure that everyone followed suit. Very few decisions about they cult emerged from the city of Rome itself. Instead most of the decisions regarding the cult were decided on a local level, either regionally or within a municipality. Thanks to this we have altars showing Gaius and Lucius Caesar, despite them never actually becoming Emperors.
What about the deification?
Only certain Emperors did in fact get deified. Although all Emperors up to and including Diocletian were divus <name>, but only a few of them got the title divi <name> when they died. The case of divi is a complicated matter which has to do with the priesthood flamines. Flamines were priests that belonged to temples, and temples were only allowed to be erected for gods. Certainly not for living Emperors.
They exception to the rule is Tiberius, who refused to have himself treated as a potential god. A refusal that was only acknowledged in the West; the East had a different history of ruler worship and did not play by the same rules as the West. Emperors that were in fact deified were divus Augustus, divus Claudius and divus Vespasianus, among others.
Did any women get deified?
Yes! Most importantly Livia, the wife of Augustus, who died 13 years after her husband. When she died in 27 AD her son Tiberius was Emperor and it has been speculated that it played part in the defification. Nonetheless, Livia Augusta became diva Augusta when she died, one of few women to hold that title.
What did the propaganda look like?
My personal favorite is this statue, called Augustus of prima porta.
Notice they artwork on the breastplate, the stout facial features, the prominent stance and the combination of a breastplate and a toga. Now imagine that it was painted as well.
Most people in the Roman Empire would never have met or even seen the Emperor. Instead this, and images like this one, is what they would be seeing. On coins, statues or similar. What they see is the pater patriae, the father of the fatherland. The man that keeps peace and prosperity in the empire through his wisdom and intelligence.
So, what can we learn from this cult today? The Roman Imperial Cult is a prime example of how a politician can use various ways to get the people on his or her side. It is also a great example of how religion can be used to strengthen the power structure in a state. More than anything it shows us the power of something else, something that distances itself somewhat from both politics and religion – the sense of belonging.
Many people today have trouble finding their true identity. So were the case also when Augustus came to power in the Roman Empire. The Imperial Cult joined together (almost) everyone in a mutual cult worship that both meant that you were Roman and at the same time that the people across the borders were not Romans.
There are lots of things to learn from this cult, a cult that kept the Roman Empire prosperous for 250 years, before the importance of the cult started to decline in favor of Christianity. If you have a hard time imagining it working in modern times, I suggest you take a look at Vladimir Putin.
Often times in history we confront extremely challenging and provoking question, none more so than whether Mithraism was the most metal religion…
The Mithraic mysteries are a fascinating little cult because it was extremely prevalent, yet we know almost nothing about it. There are a handful of literary mentions of it, but the lionshare of information on it comes from its iconography, which places Classical archaeologists in the same place most archaeologists are all the time in reconstructing religious belief from imagery. Because of this, its importance has been exaggerated somewhat in the modern world, and it is not uncommon to see it appropriated by assorted kooks and new agey people today. There is also a persistent story going around that it is the basis for Christianity and Jesus is a redressed Mithras: what the justification for this claim is I will never know. Within the Roman Empire it was of profound importance within the army and within the networks of freedmen and others who made up the Imperial household bureaucracy. That being said, it was never given official sanction, and no Mithraic site has ever been found within the confines of a military camp.
Its origins are a little vague: it was once widely accepted that it was an Eastern import from the Persian Empire, a rather reasonable conclusion given that Mithras was an Iranian deity of great antiquity. However, more research on the Persians has shown that the Mithraic cult was really quite unlike anything that actually existed within Persia itself, rather, the Eastern elements were borrowed to make the imagery more exotic and antique-seeming. Interestingly, Mithraic sanctuaries closer to Persia show a greater prevalence of imagery that was ‘accurate” to Iranian belief, so it seems that those with familiarity with Iran purposefully shifted the imagery to be more authentic.
Even without witches and Jesuses, however, it is a fascinating example of the sort of religious diversity within the Early Imperial period of the Roman Empire.
Conservative Christianity and the Republican Party:
I read a really good history of the Southern Baptist Convention, a couple of years ago (sadly, I forget both author and title) that documented the conscious decision by which the national leadership of the SBC, during the Reconstruction, made a conscious decision to be the voice of moral authority on the Confederate revisionist side, to embrace and defend the religious and social complaints of the former slave-holding class in the old Confederacy. So by the time of the rise of the Religious Right as we know it, the Southern Baptist Church had already invested nearly 100 years in raising, training, and providing volunteers for pro-segregation candidates in both political parties. After Democratic President Lyndon Johnson signed the Civil Rights Act, that put the Southern Baptist Church firmly on the Republican side.
Also in 1964, at the presidential nominating convention (per the speeches and writings of Goldwater delegate and best-sellling conspiracy theory author John Stormer), was the meeting of the Republican Anti-Communist Caucus at which the leader of the top fundamentalist seminary in America, Dallas Theological Seminary, committed to revising the curriculum to persuade all future fundamentalist ministers that fighting Communism was Christian cause number one, and to teach that it was therefore a religious duty of all Christians to support politicians from what they saw as the only reliable anti-socialist, anti-communist party, the Republicans.
In 1968, the Pope of the Catholic Church issued the encyclical Humanae Vitae, which, among other things, banned the practice of contraception or abortion. By 1968, feminism was already seen as a left-wing political cause for long enough that it was being paid lip-service by even center-left politicians in the Democratic Party, which fairly rapidly coalesced into the current situation where observant Catholics feel forced into supporting the only anti-feminist political party, the Republicans.
In the second volume of his auto-biography, Francis Schaeffer, Jr., the son of the famous evangelist (and founder of the modern fundamentalist movement) Francis Schaeffer, documents that it was his personal revulsion to the idea of legal abortion, after 1973 Roe v Wade, that persuaded him to argue his father into telling wealthy Protestant fundamentalists that opposition to abortion was the most important Christian cause, and that they needed to donate money that funded the founding of Moral Majority. Schaeffer Junior says that he approached politicians in both parties, offering them the support of Moral Majority if they would denounce legal abortion, making the argument to Democrats that the traditional Catholic origins of organized labor and their traditional embrace of government regulation made anti-abortion a Democratic cause, only to find himself out-maneuvered by feminists on the platform committees and organizing committees. So, he says, he had no choice but, as their lead fund-raiser, to encourage early Moral Majority leaders to embrace Republicans, and their embrace of traditional rural values (see neo-Confederacy, above), as the only hope of seeing legal abortion overturned. (A decision he now says he regrets, but feels that the feminists left him with no alternative.)
(*Post-1964, the Southern Baptist Church embraced the Republican Party for segregationist reasons; post-1973, Moral Majority and the Catholic bishops both embraced the Republican Party for anti-feminism reasons.)
Humans and the End Times:
[This is limited to Europe and the Middle East.]
Amanat states that religions originating in the Middle East – Judaism, Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Islam – all share broadly similar apocalyptic beliefs, often in a millennialist framework. This was, perhaps, partly a way of understanding the passage of time in general.
An obvious focus of millennialist beliefs was the year 1000. Fried argues that Europe broadly awaited the end of the world then, and any extraordinary events, even seasonal changes, were seen as prophetic. For example, it was reported that blood rained for three days in Aquitane in 1027. The Duke of Aquitane immediately informed the king, and the agitated Robert the Pious immediately wrote to Gauzlin of Fleury for clerical advice. Around the turn of the millenium, signs were observed by everyone, from the peasantry to the high aristocracy, to ascertain the time of the end of the world. It has even been argued that these apocalyptic expectations were the cause of an enhanced awareness of sin and thus the extraordinary piety around the 11th century, part of the causation for so many major medieval developments such as the crusades. This was, of course, part of a magical worldview shared by all social strata, and the statement in the Scripture that no one knows the day and the hour of the apocalypse except God surely did little to ease any fears. On the other hand, it should be remembered that this was also a time of intense violence and disorder, in which royal powers in France in particular were too weak to enforce justice: hence local warfare was very prevalent.
It seems, indeed, that apocalyptic fears arise most often in times of rapid change or disorder. Sebeos, writing in Armenia in the 7th century following the early Muslim invasions that both destroyed the Persian Empire and much reduced the power and prestige of the Byzantines quickly defaulted to an apocalyptic conclusion in the face of these events. He sees the Arab invasions as a fulfilment of Daniel’s prophecy: “This fourth, arising from the south is the Kingdom of Ishmael, just as the archangel explained (to Daniel), “The fourth beast, the fourth kingdom, shall arise, which shall be greater than all kingdoms; and it will consume the whole earth”. Furthermore, he concludes: “‘The day of [the Arabs’] destruction is close; the Lord has arrived upon them in readiness”. Turmoil and quick political change were thus something that brought the end of times into the mind of a historian. This was not, however, unique to Armenia, and Byzantine authors of the period also predicted that the End was close at hand. For the Byzantines, the time was one of decline not only in military terms but also economically, and politically the empire saw coups d’etat.
Similarly, the Mongols, who invaded much of Eastern Europe and the Middle East in the 13th century, were promptly cast into an apocalyptic role as the tribes of Gog and Magog who too signaled the end of the world. These two occasions of millennialist fears appear to be an attempt to put new circumstances into a familiar framework of a Christian conception of history. If God willed all that happened, it had to be the case that the armies invading Christian lands would have been part of his plan. Historical moments found meaning through the way in which they were linked to divine intentions. Of course, after the situation became more permanent more pragmatic policies were followed: the Latin Christendom, for example, attempted to make alliances with the Mongols to gain influence and territory in the Middle East.
Millennialism around c. 1000 seems to have been more linked to general disorder, the year 1000, and the generally pessimistic Medieval world view: degeneration, after the Classical times or even Charlemagne’s reign, was apparent, and supernatural occurrences such as the rain of blood were further signs that the end was nigh. This is probably also the reason why apocalyptic fears were not as prominent in more prosperous times, or after great military successes. One of the most prominent aspects of an imminent apocalypse was a struggle between Good and Evil, and this could easily explain military conflicts and barbarian invasions that were incomprehensible if not part of “God’s plan” for mankind.
The Holocaust as occurring in three stages:
The important thing to know about the general European context of Jewish-Gentile relations is that Jews were considered an existential ‘other” and were persecuted in varying levels at varying times. This period roughly from the end of the Roman Empire to the end of the 19th century can be thought of as anti-Judaism because as opposed to anti-Semitism there was no racial component. Jews were hated because of their religion and/or religious heritage (deicide –killing of Christ — using blood of Gentile children in the making of matzah — blood libel — etc.) What this meant is that if a Jew converted or stopped practicing then they could “potentially” be accepted. There are some examples of this not being the case, especially during the Inquisition, where Spanish Catholics feared the rise of secret Jews that would corrupt their faith. The point in bringing up this is that the Nazis along with others in Europe changed the reason for hating Jews. With the rise of modern thought, old religious prejudices were archaic and antiquated. Instead, Nazis saw Jews as racial antagonists, born with the goal of destroying the Aryan people. This grew out of a horrible misinterpretation of Darwin, and morphed into a battle of the races. Germans as well as other European host societies in the late 18th early 19th century that hard large prominent Jewish populations often talked of Jews as being parasites or cancers. Given this context, killing Jews wasn’t so much murdering innocent people as it was a simple medical operation to make the German people healthy again. The other thing this meant was that even if a Jew converted, they would still be a Jew “by blood”. If you genetic code or your blood is what causes you to be bad or want to destroy Aryans, then there is nothing you can do, it’s just a simple fact of biology. Even babies have to be killed if you follow this logic. Although the baby can do no harm now, it has the “biological potential” to destroy you and it is evolved to do exactly that. Kill it or be killed yourself. As you will see as wee progress throughout these stages, one of the overriding causes of prejudice is fear. This absolutely fear and feeling of being hard done. Everything bad that has ever happened can be wrapped up and blamed on the Jews. And when everything is the fault of the Jew it is very easy to go from simply denying them rights, to eventually extermination. But I am getting ahead of myself here.
*The introduction of race and modern thought changed the hatred of Jews from old religious prejudice, to racial biological opposition.
Another pre-stage issue that ought to be discussed is many of the stereo-types of Jews as well as the historical circumstances that caused them to develop. Even today everyone knows of the “banker Jew” or the “rich greedy Jew”. This develops directly as a response to two issues: First, Jews are barred from owning land throughout much if not the entirety of the pre-modern period. One of the few occupations that Jews could work in was as money-lenders or “court-Jews” where unlike their Christian counterparts who could not charge interest due to religious law regarding usury, Jews were able to loan money for profit and a very very select few were able to become successful this way. I make an emphasis of how small this group is specifically because some people misconstrue this and interpret this as all Jews were successful bankers. Not only is this far from the truth, but Jews also had a stereo-type for being poor and dirty and ruining cities because of the condition of their ghettos. I believe Goethe even remarks on this when discussing the city of Frankfurt and the appalling condition of Frankfurt’s Jewish quarter. I bring this up to emphasize that stereo-types of Jews are created with pre-conceived notions of their being something wrong with Jews. When they are successful it is because they are greedy and steal from the poor average Christian. When they are poor it is because they did not accept Christ and they are stupid and what have you. No matter what Jews did, it was always bad. Specifically though, this becomes even more important in the modern period with the unbridled expansion and revolution of capitalism and industry. I don’t know why but for some reason people seem to gloss over how revolutionary (in the sense of completely changing the accepted order) the advent of capitalism and industry were for the average person. When in the course of a single generation you go from small family in home production to the massive factories of coal and steel, where children lose arms and families can barely afford to eat while behemoths of iron race by you with the power of a hundred horses and can take you across entire nations to distant lands and different peoples … it is quite simply too much for some people. In this age all of these problems and new developments seem awful and people wonder why this is all happening. People fall back on their old prejudices but with a new flavor. The Jews did this. They are the ones that invented capitalism and are profiting from it. Look at all these rich Jewish businessmen and bankers. They are the ones that have destroyed the traditional European economy and family. They are the ones that force your husband to work in the mines while the rich live lives of luxury beyond your comprehension.
This part is where it gets tricky though. Jews also get blamed for the anti-thesis of capitalism as well: communism. Marx being a Jew as well as many younger radical Jews such as Trotsky being a part of the movement means that the whole project becomes a Jewish conspiracy. Once again, anything and everything that can and does go wrong is blamed on the Jews. Secret military documents leaked to your enemy? Blame Dreyfuss the Jew. Hate the excesses of capitalism? Blame the Rothschilds and join a nationalist socialist party. Hate communism as well or more? Hate Trostky and Marx and join a nationalist socialist party. It is a completely self-containing and self-fulfilling system. If you go looking for a Jewish conspiracy you will find one whether its there or not.
*Old prejudices with a new modern twist create a nasty environment.
Okay so hopefully you get the sense now that Jew-hatred has always been a thing, but it is changing at a critical juncture in time and it is doing so with some nasty effects. There has always been pogroms where killing Jews is okay, but this is small scale. I think what you want to get to is the wholesale slaughter and destruction of the Jews. I am trying to only hit the major points, but there is so much to know (Influence of WWI, Failings of the Weimar Republic and how that relates to anti-Semitism, why the most progressive moments for Jews were also the most fraught, the developments of Eugenics and the Zyklon B program etc.)!
Stage 1: Legal Persecution (ca. 1933 – 1938)
This period from roughly when the Nazis and Hitler take power to Kristallnacht are important because it codifies into law the differentiation between Jew and German. The most obvious example is the Nuremburg Laws of 1935 which banned Jews from public office and government jobs (a really big deal in Germany), denied them equal citizenship, boycotted Jewish businesses, and a host of other legal implications both nationally and locally. The idea was that if the Nazis could deprive Jews of their rights they would be able to control them and prevent their scheming and influence from infiltrating important aspects of German society. But for all this is worth, this is far from the mass extermination of Jews. What begins to change the equation is the introduction of violence — kristallnacht.
Stage 2: Violence, War and Ghettoization (ca. 1938 – 1941)
Kristallnacht is a weird thing. Nazis tried to portray this event as the organic rising up of the average German against the Jewish oppressor and heroically destroying their sources of power. Actually, this was an orchestrated pogrom of sorts with national offices specifically telling party members to wear ordinary clothes so that it could seem like it was natural even though it wasn’t. In fact, there were many cases of fire departments being called out to contain the flames only to synagogues or Jewish businesses and many German families were outraged that they would not put out the fires in the Jewish buildings. For the most part though it was a successful experiment in mobilizing Germans to attack Jews while the average German passively accepted it. There was some outcry granted, but nothing massive. We know this because even in the latter stages Nazis seem to react to democratic impulses. A famous case being Germans protesting their Jewish husbands/wives being deported to concentration camps and succeeding in getting their shipments stopped. The major point that one should draw from Kristallnach is that violence is okay now. One last thing to note is that at this time, it was still possible to get out of Germany. Even people as high up the Nazi command as Eichmann advocated for forcing the Jews to immigrate to Israel. The point is that while things are getting bad for Jews, extermination is still way off in the distance. This period ends with the start of the war. The war radicalizes and changes everything.
Germany had a large population of Jews prior to the war and it is important to note that a majority of German Jews survive the Holocaust. This is not true in Poland. With Germany’s invasion of Poland, Germany suddenly has added millions of Jews to its empire and something has to be done about it. It is decided that the already existing system of concentration camps for political prisoners and some Jews is to be expanded massively. However, even with this expansion there is simply not enough room for all the of these Jews to be successfully controlled and so it is opted that the ghettos of Warsaw and Krakow are to be utilized as well. Here is where ghetto, concentration camp, and extermination camps need to be differentiated. Concentration camps are nothing new, they were used in South Africa well before the war, and are used in the U.S. during the war for Japanese prisoners. The idea is that if you have an enemy, if you concentrate them all in one place, you can contain them and prevent them from doing anything bad. Ghettos are a little bit different. While the same principle of concentration is being applied, they are actually massive walled off sections of cities that Jews were already living in. The issue with ghettos unlike concentration camps is that as the war progressed Nazis began to massively overcrowd them and massively under-supply them. There is still not a lot of organized killing, although it does happen, especially during the uprisings that take place in some of the ghettos, but most Jews in these ghettos are dying of disease and starvation. To the Nazis, this seems like the “Jewish Problem” is solving itself. The issue becomes completely compounded and un-manageable after the invasion of the Soviet Union in ’43.
*Kristallnacht introduces violence and concentration begins prior to the war, but the war begins the actual killing of Jews although it is mostly passive through starvation and disease in the ghettos.
Stage 3: Einsatzgruppen and Death Camps (1943 – 1945)
With the invasion of the Soviet Union which includes much of Eastern Europe, Ukraine, Russia Germany now controls almost the entirety of the Jews of Europe. There is simply no resources, time, or interest in concentrating Jews and slowly waiting for them to die out. The war is raging and Germany is becoming stretched thin. In addition, due to the structure of the Nazi government, unlike many caricatures of the Germans of being extremely efficient and organized, Hitler ran the empire very loosely and would hold meetings with his top staff and make suggestions. These suggestions were then made into policy by his officials who were all competing for Hitler’s favor and affection. As the war went on this competition became more intense as generals and different branches sought to out do each other. When Hitler would muse on the Jewish issue, top leaders would attempt to find the easiest way to get rid of the Jews. This is how the Final Solution began.
Now as for the specifics, many of the Jews that were killed in the Holocaust were murdered by Einsatzgruppen. These were groups of typically reservists called up into SS units with the task of rounding up Jews in towns where the main German army had already advanced through, recording names and taking valuables, and then individually taking them out into a forest or field outside the town and putting a bullet in the back of their head. This is where you start to see some of the mass graves and it is gruesome work. Average Germans with no other options are forced to wipe out entire villages and populations of Jews.
This still isn’t fast enough for the Nazis and the war has taken a very dour turn for the Germans by 1944. It is in this period that the extermination camps are increasingly utilized although they were actually constructed and being utilized to an extent as early as 1942. People are often surprised at how late this occurs considering how many Jews die in camps and the fact that many believe that this was Hitler’s plan all along. This just goes to show how radicalized and efficient the Germans had to become. Death camps as opposed to the labor or concentration camps are simply factories for murder. There are two lines, one for those who might be able to provide some labor temporarily, and on for women, children, the sick, the elderly, etc. The lines were usually decided by a doctor who would give a cursory look and decide if you would live or die. If you were in the line marked for death you would be march into a locker room of sorts where you would be told to remove all valuables and clothing and prepare for showers and decontamination. They would then be herded into rooms with what looked like shower heads but were actually dispersal agents for the gas. The doors would be locked, the gas administered, the gas would be released and then the bodies would be collected and sent to the massive incinerators to be burned. It was a conveyor belt of unceremonious carnage and the culmination of old world hate and modern ingenuity and efficiency.
*Towards the end of the war Germany pushes for more efficiency and a quicker solution to the “Jewish Problem” beginning with simply shooting individual Jews, to the gas chambers and incinerators of Auschwitz II.
So that’s basically how they did it. Another major issue that I did not address is the role played by non-Jews in the Holocaust. Jews were not the only ones killed in the Holocaust and it is important to understand why. It was really cathartic for me to write all of this out and try to address this massive topic and do it the justice it deserves. Some people think that the Holocaust is this horrible thing that we can’t even begin to comprehend because it is so evil, but it is our moral obligation to look at human events even when they are the most difficult and attempt to look at the evidence and analyze what happened. Part of the reason I study and talk about this topic is because I think of history as a sort of justice. People should know how and why they died. It wasn’t because of some unimaginable evil. It was the actions and choices of human beings just like you and me effected by the currents of thought and history just like you and me.
- “The Pity of It All” by Amos Elon
- “The Jew in the Modern World: A Documentary History” by Paul Mendes-Flohr & Jehuda Reinharz
- “Ordinary Men: Reserve Police Battalion 101 and the Final Solution in Poland” by Christopher Browning
- “Night” by Elie Weisel
- “If This is A Man” by Primo Levi
- “Because of Romek: A Holocaust Survivor’s Memoir” by David Farber
The Irish Republican Army:
Basically, Britain ruled Ireland like a colony – like they ruled in America or in India. The Irish didn’t like this but it was much harder for them to win their independence due to Britain being right the fuck there. There were also many loyalists in Ireland, further muddying the situation, as well as Irish men in the British army fighting against the IRA.
Initially Britain decided to give them representation in parliament instead of their independence, like what N. Ireland has now. That gave rise to a conflict within the IRA, with some of the rebels wanting to end the war and accept the offer of being represented in the legislature, and some of the rebels wanting to continue to fight until Britain gave them complete independence. The separatist faction of the IRA tended to be socialists who wanted independence from England so they could make significant changes to the political and economic workings of Ireland. The others were not exactly loyalists but were capitalists who thought that home rule would be good enough to turn things around without seizing the means of production from private owners and whatnot.
Somewhere along the line, religion came into it, with England being an officially Protestant nation and Ireland being officially Catholic.
So now you had Protestants being attacked in the Republic, Catholics being attacked in the North, the IRA blowing up everything British on both sides of the line, an argument within the IRA about socialism vs. capitalism leading to them to split into to the National Army (the official standing army of the Republic of Ireland) and the irregulars and thereafter into several different factions, with the British army trying to suppress all of the above from all directions.
The West Bank situation might be pretty comparable to this in about 20 or 30 years. Currently Israel is trying to settle loyalist families in the area, displacing the Palestinians. Eventually they might reach an uneasy peace with Palestinians and Israeli living side-by-side but still hating each other. Eventually the Palestinians start to want independence but Israel is reluctant to give up the tax income that the area represents so they offer the Palestinians self-government as long as they continue to pay taxes. Some Palestinians are OK with this, but some want to evict the Israelis entirely, who they see as the cause of the Palestinians’ suffering, and seize their land and incomes and distribute them among the Palestinians as reparations… do you see where this is going?
Salome with the Head of John the Baptist, ca. 1506-07
I have got a bright and shiny platter… and I am gonna get your heavy head.
“Andrea Solario painted a number of variants on the present composition, of which this is one of the most notable. Its figure style is influenced by Leonardo da Vinci as well as by Northern artists, especially Joos van Cleve and Lucas Cranach.
The subject itself, the rather gruesome one of the executioner placing the Baptist’s head in a salver for the waiting Salome, was popular among Leonardo’s followers, and many of the Milanese paintings of Salome probably derive from a lost composition by the master. These paintings depict the moment in the Gospel of Mark (6:21–28) when the young Salome, daughter of Herod’s wife Herodias, is granted her wish to have John the Baptist executed. Although this theme has been painted by numerous artists—with both full- and half-length figures—it is rare for the executioner to be so severely cropped that we see only his outstretched arm. This arm, with its clenched fist and rough drapery, is an unsettling synecdoche for the man as a whole.
Conspicuously signed in the lower right corner, the Salome is one of Solario’s finest paintings and is completely characteristic of his style. It is worked up to a high finish, with some astonishing effects: the reflections and sheen of the silver basin, the transparent bodice of Salome’s dress, the delicacy of description of the Baptist’s head, and the marbling of the parapet. Above all, Salome’s jewelry and the ornamentation of her dress are imagined and painted with the utmost precision and care.” (Source)
How an end-of-the-world prophecy caused the creation of a polygamistic, proto-Communist city-state in Münster during the 1530s; or, the story of the Münster Rebellion.
In 1534, a group of Anabaptists took control of the city of Münster and created a theocratic Anabaptist state. It is also my favourite ‘end of the world prophecy’ event in history.
Anabaptists, whose main theological similarity is a belief in adult baptism (as a child cannot enter a covenant), generally predate the ‘typical’ start date for the Protestant Reformation: Luther nailing his 95 Theses up to a door in 1520. However, Melchior Hoffman, leader of the Melchiorites that took over Münster, was directly inspired by Luther to take up preaching. He was notable for his decidedly metaphorical interpretation of the Eucharist, and officially became an Anabaptist sometime in the early 1530s (although he later renounced his Anabaptism). He proclaimed in 1526 that 1533 would be the year of the return of Jesus Christ, in his commentary on the Book of Daniel (Das XII Capitel des propheten Danielis aussgelegt). Unsurprisingly, this caused not insignificant social unrest, even in the extremely radical city of Strassbourg, and he was imprisoned.
Hoffman’s eschatology involved a few components that are key for understanding the Rebellion (all derived from Finger’s A Contemporary Anabaptist Theology, page 528ff:
- The battle would be a decidedly Earthly one, with certain rulers acting for the ‘true’ Church and protecting them, and others attempting to destroy them
- That Strassbourg, the site of Hoffman’s 1533 arrest, would be the seat of the ‘good’ side of the Battle.
- That specific cities (following Hans Hut) would align on different sides, not specific regions
- That Hoffman was himself Elijah, the announcer of Jesus’ return
- That there would be a 3.5 year period of tribulation or battle between these forces
- That two holy rulers (Joseph and Solomon) would work together to create a holy theocracy
- Beginning in 1530, he believed that during the 3.5 year period of war, the Christians would no longer be passive victims, but powerful actors in the end days.
With this in mind, a Melchiorite named Jan Matthys decided to take control of Münster, deciding it was clearly part of Hoffman’s theology of the end times. However, he was quickly killed, as having decided that God was on his side, he went forth on a sally with only 30 other men and was immediately killed by besieging forces. He was replaced as ruler by John (Jan) of Leiden. Münster’s main theologian, Bernard Rothmann, decided two very important things:
- That Jesus’ reign would not come to pass until David (John of Leiden) created an early Kingdom;
- The 3.5 years of grace (not Hoffman’s war) had ended, and it was time to conquer the unfaithful.
John of Leiden, thus empowered, created a polygamist theocracy, complete with book-burning and forced redistributed of communal property. However, Münster fell shortly thereafter, and John of Leiden and his compatriots were executed and their bodies were hung, in cages, from a church steeple.
These cages are still visible, but the bones have been removed.
The modern conservative movement isn’t about being conservative at all, its about pandering to religious groups, saying you oppose anything the Democrats do while spending just as much money. There are no conservatives in Washington. A true conservative believes in the constitution. They would support the separation of church and state, the freedom of speech, the right to bear arms. They would support equal legal protections for all, meaning they would support a woman’s right to choose, and gay marriage. But again, there are no true conservatives in Washington, only partisan hacks using abortion and gay marriage as wedge issues to stay in office and keep raking in that sweet sweet lobbyist cash.
Here are three things Barry “Mr. Conservative” Goldwater said during his life as a politician:
“On religious issues there can be little or no compromise. There is no position on which people are so immovable as their religious beliefs. There is no more powerful ally one can claim in a debate than Jesus Christ, or God, or Allah, or whatever one calls this supreme being. But like any powerful weapon, the use of God’s name on one’s behalf should be used sparingly. The religious factions that are growing throughout our land are not using their religious clout with wisdom. They are trying to force government leaders into following their position 100 percent. If you disagree with these religious groups on a particular moral issue, they complain, they threaten you with a loss of money or votes or both.”
“I’m frankly sick and tired of the political preachers across this country telling me as a citizen that if I want to be a moral person, I must believe in “A,” “B,” “C” and “D.” Just who do they think they are? And from where do they presume to claim the right to dictate their moral beliefs to me? And I am even more angry as a legislator who must endure the threats of every religious group who thinks it has some God-granted right to control my vote on every roll call in the Senate. I am warning them today: I will fight them every step of the way if they try to dictate their moral convictions to all Americans in the name of ‘conservatism.'”
“Mark my word, if and when these preachers get control of the [Republican] party, and they’re sure trying to do so, it’s going to be a terrible damn problem. Frankly, these people frighten me. Politics and governing demand compromise. But these Christians believe they are acting in the name of God, so they can’t and won’t compromise. I know, I’ve tried to deal with them.”
Birth Control and the GOP:
The GOP is working on taking birth control and abortion rights away from women, because their religion tells them to. That’s not liberation. (If their religion says they shouldn’t take birth control, they shouldn’t take it. At that point they are exercising their rights. When they start trying to control others, they are taking away religious freedom…)
Many Republicans have gone on record to say their objective is to ban all birth control, including condoms, the pill and IUD’s, because they either prevent conception or prevent implantation of the fertilized egg. And this is ignoring the fact that, for the average women who does want to become pregnant, up to 20 fertilized eggs either abort naturally or fail to even implant for every child that gets successfully brought to term.
And it’s only myopic fundamentalists with an unnaturally and immaturely black-and-white view of things that would equate birth control (preventing a fertilized egg from implanting) with shooting a fully formed and normally born baby. The reproductive process, like so many things in this world, is a non-binary analog-like spectrum. There is no hard and clear boundary between a random collection of cells that cannot exist independently of woman’s body (like any tumor, wart or organ) and a fully developed individual that can exist outside the reproductive life support system. Rather, it is a gradual progression from a part of the woman’s own body to a separate individual, with many generally identifiable stages in between where the process can (and does, more often than not) fail.
All birth control does is add one more hurdle to the process in an early enough point in the process such that what fails is nearly always still a 100% natively-biological cast-off from the woman’s body. As such, just like removing a wart or excising a tumor, it’s the woman’s inalienable right to do this. To take away that right is no different that to impose forced sterilization on men.
Birth control freed females at last from the age-old tyranny of enforced, non-stop childbearing. But the Republicans have made their aim clear: to catapult women’s rights back by decades – and keep women enslaved as second-class citizens.
The history of Baphomet is a bit murky, as it is a symbol that has been co-opted in to may various different occult mythologies. It’s first appearance was in 1098, mentioned by a crusader Anselm of Ribemont:
Sequenti die aurora apparente, altis vocibus Baphometh invocaverunt; et nos Deum nostrum in cordibus nostris deprecantes, impetum facientes in eos, de muris civitatis omnes expulimus.
(As the next day dawned, they called loudly upon Baphometh; and we prayed silently in our hearts to God, then we attacked and forced all of them outside the city walls.)
Mosques were also referred to by the Crusader chroniclers at the time as Bafumarias. So it appears there is a correlation being made between Baphomet and Islam, ie, ‘Baphomet’ = Mahomet = Muhammad. The name would later come up in confessions of the persecuted the Knights Templar, who were accused by King Philip IV of France in 1307 of idol worship and apostasy, among other things. Several few of the Templars confessed under torture to worshipping the idol known as Baphoment, and various of their accounts referred to it as being either a severed head, a cat, or a head with three faces, though the majority of them claimed no knowledge of it. It is significant to note that no specific evidence of Baphomet appears in either the Templar Rule or in other medieval period Templar documents, however, it has been reported by Gauserand de Montpesant, a knight of Provence, that
his Templar superior showed him an idol made in the form of Baffomet; another, named Raymond Rubei, described it as a wooden head, on which the figure of Baphomet was painted, and adds, “that he worshipped it by kissing its feet, and exclaiming, ‘Yalla,’ which was,” he says, “verbum Saracenorum,” a word taken from the Saracens. A templar of Florence declared that, in the secret chapters of the order, one brother said to the other, showing the idol, “Adore this head—this head is your god and your Mahomet.”
Therefor, one interpretation of the name of Baphomet is that it is an Old French corruption of the name Muhammad, as mentioned above, with the insinuation being that some of the Templars, through their long military occupation of the Outremer, had begun incorporating Islamic ideas into their belief system, and that this was seen and documented by the Inquisitors as heresy.
Another interpretation is that the word Baphomet comes from the Greek βαφη μητȢς, baphe metous, “Baptism of Metis (Wisdom).” There are also various other connections to Wisdom that have been made. Arkon Daraul, an author and teacher of Sufi tradition and magic argued that Baphomet came from the Arabic word Abu fihama(t), meaning “The Father of Understanding.” One occultist, Eliphas Levi, argued in his work “Dogmas and Rituals of High Magic” that the name had been derived from Kabbalistic coding:
The name of the Templar Baphomet, which should be spelt kabalistically backwards, is composed of three abbreviations: Tem. ohp. AB., Templi omnium hominum pacts abbas, “The father of the temple of peace of all men.”
It is from the book by Elphas Levi where we get the most familiar depiction of Baphomet,, drawn himself which he described as Baphomet and “The Sabbatic Goat”, showing a winged humanoid goat with a pair of breasts and a torch on its head between its horns. Lévi called his image “The Goat of Mendes,” a diety who, according to Herodotus was depicted with a goat’s face and legs. Combinding this image with the images of the Devil card from the Tarot of Marseilles tarot deck, an image itself which draws heavily on various pagan imagery, he arrived with an image that for him, was culmination of the alchemical process—the union of opposing forces to create Astral Light—the basis of magic and, ultimately, enlightenment (wisdom). You will note that each symbol in the image is paired with it’s antitheses. Male and female, light and dark, sun and moon, heaven and earth. According to Levi, all of this is symbolic of the quest for unity, and becoming ‘one with God.’ It served as an allegory for profound esoteric concepts. (interestingly enough, the later Rider-Waite tarot design would draw on Levi’s depiction of Baphomet as the source material for the Devil card. The actual image of a goat inscribed withing a downward-pointing pentagram first appeared in the 1897 book “La Clef de la Magie Noire” (the Key to Black Magic) by Stanislas de Guaita. It was this image that was later adopted as the official symbol—called the Sigil of Baphomet—of the Church of Satan, and continues to be used among Satanists)
Shortly after Levi released his book, a fellow french writer and journalist Léo Taxil released a series of pamphlets and books denouncing Freemasonry, charging lodges with worshiping the devil. At the center of his accusations was Baphomet, which was described as the Mason’s object of worship. However in 1897, he would call a press conference to announce that many of his revelations were in fact fabrications. Interestlying enough, Christian evangelist Jack Chick, author of the esteemed Chick Tracts, stills claims that Baphomet is a demon worshipped by Freemasons, despite the originator of this assertion recanting his accusation.
Later, famed occultist and muse for Led Zeppelin Guitarist Jimmy Page, Aleister Crowley would incorporate the image of Baphoment into his Gnostic Mass. Believing himself to be the reincarnation of Levi, Crowley asserted that Baphomet was “a divine androgyne and the hieroglyph of arcane perfection”:
The Devil does not exist. It is a false name invented by the Black Brothers to imply a Unity in their ignorant muddle of dispersions. A devil who had unity would be a God… ‘The Devil’ is, historically, the God of any people that one personally dislikes… This serpent, SATAN, is not the enemy of Man, but He who made Gods of our race, knowing Good and Evil; He bade ‘Know Thyself!’ and taught Initiation. He is ‘The Devil’ of the Book of Thoth, and His emblem is BAPHOMET, the Androgyne who is the hieroglyph of arcane perfection… He is therefore Life, and Love. But moreover his letter is ayin, the Eye, so that he is Light; and his Zodiacal image is Capricornus, that leaping goat whose attribute is Liberty.
In conclusion, Baphomet is a composite creation, initially used as a symbol of alchemical realization through the union of opposite forces. Eliphas Levi’s depiction of Baphomet included several symbols alluding to the raising of the kundalini – serpentine power – which ultimately leads to the activation so-called “third eye.” So, from an esoteric point of view, Baphomet represents this occult process of seeking and attaining elightenment. However, over time the symbol has come to signify much more than its esoteric meaning. Through controversies, Baphomet became, depending of the point of view, a representation of everything that is good in occultism or everything that is evil in occultism. (“As Above, So Below”) It is, in fact, the ultimate ahem “scapegoat”, the face of witchcraft, black magick and Satanism, and is now used as a symbol for anything regarding occultism and ritualism.
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Gender Portrayals in Aphorisms
Svetlana Petrovna Anokhina*
Volga Region State University of Service, Russia.
- *Corresponding Author:
- Svetlana Petrovna Anokhina
Volga Region State University of Service
445677, Togliatti, Gagarin Street, 4, Russia
Received Date: May 05,2016; Accepted Date: June 20,2016; Published Date: June 30, 2016
Citation: Anokhina SP. Gender Portrayals in Aphorisms. Global Media Journal. 2016, S3:23
Copyright: © 2016 Anokhina SP. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
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Global Media Journal
Historically, women and men are constantly in interaction and mutual influence. It does not go unnoticed. Studies have shown that women share with men the tendency to overestimate men's dignity and underestimate the dignity of women (and themselves). This is a direct consequence of the differences in social status: women take the views of more high-status groups - men. The society persistently records and demonstrates the humbled status of women by various means: through language, (many names do not have feminine gender, “convenient” words for the language handling are all in the masculine gender), through cliché, through state bureaucratic manifestations and other means. This scientific paper describes aphorisms that characterize females and males due to different types of marks. The aphorisms belong to the period from Classical Antiquity until the XX century. The aim of the paper is to find fixed types of marks and to describe collective portrayals in each time period that will represent the issue of gender stereotypes in a new perspective.
Type of mark; Maxim; Repeated motive; Dynamics of marks; Signs of marks.
The numerous gender linguistic researches describe gender as a cognitive phenomenon, i.e. a component of collective mind that can be seen in stereotypes fixed by language in the corpus of paroimia or as a component formed due to some associative experiments [1-6]. Also gender can be defined as a component of collective mind that can be shown in speech behavior [1,4,7-9].
The main aim of our paper is to introduce gender characteristics and that provokes the following dilemma – whether these sayings are based on stereotypes or they themselves form stereotypes. It will be also relevant to study the classification of gender marks in its diachrony. Thisfact has specified the choice of the following language material – (Encyclopedia of Wisdom/Encyclopediya mudrosti, ROOSSA).
However, we admit that sayings might undergo some lexical and grammatical transformations due to its ranslation into the Russian language.
Nevertheless, their semantic core, i.e. one or another mark, without doubt belongs to the original language. It is not a social and cultural phenomenon, which needs to be pragmatically adapted in translation.
Our language material in most cases consists of maxims that we understand as types of aphorisms. Their main features are “rigidity, explicit addressness, i.e. conceptual information that is marked by subjectival meaning” .
Due to the information given above, we may conclude that maxims realize a marked situation and has provoked another approach to the material structure based on marks’ classification by N. D. Aroutynova and E. M. Volf [6,11].
One should note that our material gives grounds to add some types of marks to the classification such asemotionalpsychological, emotional-aesthetic and those that have two types of mark contaminated in one language unit, e.g. aesthetic+moral-ethic, psychological+moral-ethic, aesthetic +psychological.
In this article, we adhere to a common understanding of social stereotypes as simplified, schematized, emotionally colored and extremely stable image of a particular social group or community . Due tothis approach, the major methodological principles used in the paper are: comparative method, system analysis, structural and semantic analysis as well as contextual and interpretative analysis. Comparative method is based on synchronicity, tries to set different characteristics of each language separately and thus can overcome cross-language interference. Structural-semantic analysis is quite actual in our research because it allows to take into account not only formal characteristics of the analyzed sentences but semantic diversity due to the nature of the semantics of the sentence. With regard to contextual and interpretive analysis, this type of analysis is used to describe the features of the verbalization of the phenomena of reality - from the dictionary to the given discursive realizations.
Results and Discussion
We begin with female portrayal as women are in the center of attention among male authors (there are few examples by A. Christie in the example corpus, but even those are about females) as well as in its magnitude relation – more than 84% of maxims are devoted to females and in its qualitative relation – spectrum of marks (the same can be found in the corpus of paromia in Russian, English and German [5,12-14].
Classical Antiquity sayings are rather poor that is why there are few examples of the following marks. The example of common mark is taken from Ancient World part of Encyclopedia: “Song of a madman, babbling of a child and words of a woman cannot be stopped” . Moral-ethic mark can be noticed in the following example: “There is no use in the earrings in the ears of donkey as well as there is no use in the woman with proud posture because she is cunning and not wise” (psychological mark), loquacious and blabbing (common mark) . The mentioned example is interesting as the noted marks are not applicable to all females as these are not absolute characteristics.
Psychological mark can be found in the lexeme that unites the following concept with a marked lexeme: “True beauty of a woman is in gentleness of her character, and charm is in gentleness of her speech” . Then there is a maxim by Publius Ovidius Naso (the 1st century BC): “Women have different characters” . Among noted above marks in the 1st century BC there are also a psychological-pragmatic mark: “Woman can only keep a secret that she does not know” by Lucius Annaeus Seneca (older) and an emotional-psychological mark: “Woman either loves or hates; she knows no medium” by Publius Syrus. “To rage is so typical of women” by Quintus Horatius Flaccus.
The predicates “to love”, “to rage” have a sememe of time duration, that is why they can be seen as predicates of quality, though their opposition (there is a thin line between love and hate) implicating its time boundedness, i.e. their relation to predicates of condition – the predicates that can also express emotions.
Thereby a common portrayal of a female of that period says she is loquacious which basically means talkative, she cannot keep a secret and has two sides of emotions, she can be/ cannot be wise and cunning.
Female portrayal in medieval times
During next several centuries, there were not any sayings about females. There is an emotional-psychological mark by Sir Thomas More in the XV century AC: “Women naturally detest those who their husbands love” (Ibid., p. 254).
As it is seen from above the saying is not about women, it is about wives.
We cannot say that the spectrum of marks is full in the XVI century. A psychological mark given by a woman is presented in language as a synecdoche pars pro to: “Offence of a woman is more powerful than love, especially if that woman is noble and proud in her heart” by Marguerite de Navarre. This saying describes a definite circle of females. Normative mark is represented by a gnome: “As our experience shows a woman’s health and beauty cannot go separately”. (We cannot show a rhyme in the translation into English).
A common mark is given in the same form by a gnome: “Charm of a woman is to be new and is to be able to change eternally”. Aesthetic and psychological marks are in the following saying by a gnome: “A woman is often beautiful, but has no soul” (Again there is no rhyme in English version here).
It is worth mentioning that the author considers changeability to be a positive mark as it states a positive common mark of a female – to be charming. Though in his prose he does not give a flattering aesthetic mark (he refers to some wise man): “A wise man says that half of women’ beauty is a tailors’ merit”.
So the Renaissance introduces rather a contradictory female portrayal. On the one side the beauty of a female is a consequence of her health, but on the other side it is a merit of her tailor; married females hate some definite people, though there are some noble and proud females. Most beautiful women do not have a soul, so we can obviously suggest an opposite implicature – ugly women do have a soul. It should be noted that we speak about soul qualities not mental ones, which might be a base for a popular opposition in the Russian language for example. Women do not have any character; they are openhearted and principled, though silly and primitive. Jonathan Swift compares women with horses; he thinks that being intelligent for a woman is a drawback.
We find it is important to note that the mentioned portrayal belongs to females of a definite circle or class, the one authors usually belong to.
Female portrayal in the XVII-XVIII centuries
The XVII century also has poor feedbacks on women. As a rule, these are some negative characteristics and one of them – a psychological mark – is absolutely opposite to the mark of Classical Antiquity period. “Most females do not have characters: they are either blondes or brunettes”. (Is not he the one who first made a popular joke?) But this mark is somehow neutral in comparison with a psychologicalpragmatic mark given by Jonathan Swift: “Woman does not need much brain; it is enough for a parrot to say at least few words” . The one who benefits here (that is a pragmatic side of the mark) is a male. On the contrary female benefits in Moliere’s saying: “Women only like when money is spend on them” [15,16].
Both positive and negative marks are seen in the following saying: “Woman is too openhearted and principled to follow the mind” (Addison, p. 291). Jonathan Swift stands on his ground: “Horse has its power in mouth and tail. The same can be said about women” an example of a common mark.
The XVIII century spectrum of marks becomes wider; other qualities are shown in a psychological mark for example: “The way aged women being selfish reflects how selfish they were in their youth” , and the feature of being intelligent is explicit (though it is not typical for all the women): “Witty woman once told me something which may well be the genuine secret of her sex: that in choosing a lover each one of her kind takes more account of how other women regard him than of how she regards him herself” . (Such sayings characterize female with a help of gender relations, which is already an independent object of description).
We may note that female always benefits in a psychologicalpragmatic mark as the following sayings fully characterize her, i.e. positive , negative and neutral : (1) “Nature has given women so much power that the law has very wisely given them little” . “Women handle worst troubles better than those because of who women cry”.
(2) “No woman ever admits the beauty of another” (3) “Nature is like a woman who likes to dress” (1): “Nature says to a woman: “Be beautiful if you can, wise if you want to, but be respected, that is essential”. This quote unites the features of maxim: a subject-estimating modality – “that is essential”, anallocution – “you”, a maxim – imperative mood. Also it is important to emphasize a metaphorical vision of the author that correlates with similar quotes of Antiquity: “Women are intelligent by their nature (compare with “women can be wise if they want as nature has already shared this feature with them”), men are intelligent by the help of books”.
We can see a general mark in the following metaphorical saying: “Dress is a preface to woman, though sometimes dress is a whole book”.
A predicate “to love” is seen as an emotional-psychological mark. “Only women are able to love both God and a human”, there is also a metaphorical way: “Woman is all heart, even her head”: a head is a center of mind and a heart is a center of emotions and that proves the mentioned above mark.
One of the first found marks is a moral-ethic one: “Not without reason we pay attention to a woman’s faithfulness! Public good and public evil depend on the behavior of women”. This mark can be also accompanied with a psychological one: “Oh, woman! What a weak and cunning creature!”. An aesthetic mark can also go with a moral-ethic mark and the degree of the aesthetic explicitly depends on the moral-ethic explicitly: “The more beautiful woman the more honest she has to be as only her honesty can antagonize the harm of her beauty”. These two marks can also be interchangeable which can be seen as a feature of the mentioned above dependence: “Beauty is virtue; a beautiful woman cannot have any drawbacks”.
There is an example of an aesthetic mark: “For the night shows stars and women in a better light”. It is possible to see that mark together with a psychological one: “Our eyes see a beautiful woman and our heart sees a kind one; a beautiful woman is a beautiful belonging and a kind woman is a treasure”. This aphorism is worth noting as there is an implicitly about incompatibility of beauty and kindness in females and also shows Napoleon’s unfavorable attitude to women.
An emotional-pragmatic mark has the following features: the saying itself shows a beneficent subject (either a woman or somebody else) – it is a pragmatic feature. Predicates are the verbs of emotions: “When a woman sulks, do not look for sense in her words”. An emotional feature is in the metaphor at the end of an aphorism: “When women talk about other women, they praise mind of beautiful women and beauty of smart women, a peacock’s voice and a nightingale’s feathers”.
collective portrayal of the XVIII century women is rather contradictory as well. On one hand they are very sensible and on the other hand they are very emotional, they are able to handle the difficulties though they cry over trifles, they are weak though cunning, beautiful vs kind (similar contradistinction as in Renaissance), at the same time all beautiful women are virtuous and insincere (as they never praise the beauty of other women). There are also some potential qualities of women that are required by society – honesty and faithfulness must depend on their beauty (can we assume an implicature from here that all ugly women are honest?)
Female Portrayal in the XIX century
The XIX century has the biggest variety of marks and they describe absolutly different features. A general mark is usually given through a female behavior: “When a good woman gets married, she promises happiness and a bad one expects happiness”. “It takes a thoroughly good woman to do a thoroughly stupid thing”. “The history of women is the history of the worst form of tyranny the world has ever known. The tyranny of the weak over the strong”. He also gives this mark through a woman’s behavior with others (we guess men) – “Oh! Wicked women bother one. Good women bore one. That is the difference between them”. “Woman is sacred; the woman one loves is holy”. A general mark can also represent a quality that is immanent to a woman – “Femininity is the quality I admire most in women”. Another metaphor by him: “A woman is the sphinx without a secret” and a famous saying “Women are a decorative sex”.
Within quite a long break after (the XVI century), a normative mark is represented: “Woman is an unfortunate man”. On the contrary there are some perfect females: “The perfect woman indulges in literature just as she indulges in a small sin: as an experiment, in passing, looking around to see if anybody notices it”. “'Women are considered deep - why? Because one can never discover any bottom to them. Women are not even shallow”. A general mark here is accompanied by a moral-ethic one in the following saying: “Science stings prudency of true women”. We assume there is an opposing implicature: true women are prudish – and fake women are not (probably when they are fond of science). There is a negative characteristic by G. E. Lessing: “A woman was meant to be a peak of creation by nature, but nature chose wrong clay which was too soft”. A psychological mark is given in the last part of the aphorism.
The same, though more general, mark can be seen in H. Heine’s saying: “I will not say that women have no character; rather, they have a new one every day”.
Most aphorisms about women mental abilities are negative: “Some women are smarter than others only because they admit their stupidity”; he also notices some connection between brain and beauty: “Beautiful women are very stupid when they get old and that is all because they were too beautiful when they were young”. Again this is another opinion about beautiful women being stupid. Nietzsche’s saying: “If a woman has scientific premises then there is something wrong with her sex identity”. Hence an implicature -scientific skills are only for men. “Women think about nothing or about something else”. Nevertheless he can be positive in his marks, see the following maxim: “You now know what a woman's curiosity is. Almost as great as a man's!”.
Honore de Balzac considered women to be intelligent in some specific situations and that palatalizes negative marks in the previous sayings: “All women are intelligent in love”. “One should never trust a woman who tells one her real age. A woman who would tell one that would tell one anything”. There is another negative mark based on the paradox of the following maxim: “Women have a wonderful instinct about things. They can discover everything except the obvious”.
There are three groups of psychological-pragmatic mark and they are formed due to beneficent subjects: “Women create history though history remembers men”. The biggest group is the one where a female is a beneficent subject: “When woman is too old to be loved by man, she appeals to God”. “Brigands demand your money or your life; women require both”. “If woman is courageous, she is happy”. Women can be courageous only in some specific situations or when they have some specific purpose for that, that’s why we consider this quality to be a psychological-pragmatic mark. “Women can forgive everything except being not treated well”. “Women are so highly educated... that nothing should surprise them nowadays, except happy marriages”. So, women are dangerous though beautiful women are not as dangerous as the ones who are intelligent (a paraphrase: beautiful – intelligent). “As pretty women are used to the fact that men make court to them and smart women flatter men ant thus have more admirers”. The third group contains saying that shows beneficent subjects – some other people; in a linguistic sense it can be some paradoxes: “One can trust woman as she does not remember anything important” or a metaphor: “Women usually have all trump cards but they always lose the last bet”.
A moral-ethic mark has a number of modality variants, for instance, an assertive modality: “Behind all their personal vanity, women themselves always have an impersonal contempt for woman”. Another negative marking: “Woman is only sincere when she does not lie without a reason”. And a sarcastic negative mark by Oscar Wilde: “Woman's first duty in life is to her dressmaker. As for the second duty it is not discovered yet”. In the XVI century Lope de Vega’s said almost the same about women and her dressmakers. Again there is a negative marking in the form of phraseological unit: “Woman with a past has no future”.
A moral-ethic mark is a key one in the sayings that contain a prescriptive modality: “The first commandment of a woman is no to be a concubine so a man has to make a surrender of himself in marriage”. There is the same potential mark in the saying with a conditional modality: “If a woman possesses manly virtues one should run away from her; and if she does not possess them she runs away from herself”.
As for emotional-psychological marking, there goes the same as above noted criteria and also the specific transitive character of predicates’ lexemes that describes emotions and psychological features: “A woman’s hatred, in fact, is love with another direction”. “Your beloved woman is charming even when she is strict and that cannot be found in other women”. (The part of this aphorism can be transformed into an explicit predicative construction: beloved women can be strict, but …). “Aristocracy is proud of what women consider a reproach – age! Yet both cherish the same illusion that they do not change”. There is a psychological mark that can be considered as negative. It is based on homonymy in the word ‘change’. The following saying introduces an interaction between hatred and charm which is equivalent to the mentioned above connection between beauty and honesty: “Woman learns how to hate in proportion as she forgets how to charm”..
“We women, as someone says, love with our ears, just as you men love with your eyes”. Note an aesthetic marking by Oscar Wilde: “There are no beautiful women – only ugly ones and those who wear a good make-up”. The basis of an emotional-pragmatic mark contains different language features . For instance, it is a combination of lexemeemotions and lexeme-utility subjects: “Before a woman was seen as a source of happiness which does not require any physical satisfaction; now she is a source of physical satisfaction and happiness is not required any longer” , “When there is neither love nor hatred in the game, woman’s play is mediocre”. A pragmatic situation can come along with stylistic devices - emotions ‘nominees – such as a metaphor for example: “A married woman is a slave you must know how to seat upon a throne”. Or a hyperbole: “It is easier for a woman to kiss a devil than to say that somebody is beautiful”.
A combination of aesthetic and moral-ethic marks has its own peculiarities, e.g. a metaphor with definite allusions: “Woman is at once apple and serpent”. We assume this is an obvious allusion to Genesis: “When the woman saw that the fruit of the tree…pleasing to her eye” - hence an aesthetic mark. And before that “Now the serpent was more crafty than any other beast” – a moral-ethic mark. So woman is seen as both an object and a tool of seduction, she is both a seducer and a tempter.
And a few words on marks in the XIX century. A theological mark: “As long as woman can look ten years younger than her own daughter, she is perfectly satisfied”. A moral-ethic mark is implicit here – he means woman’s vanity. And a metaphorical saying by H. Heine: “Now I am aware of the most terrible thing – that they (women – S.A.) are not snakes at all; a snake can shed its skin”. Oscar Wilde’s emotional mark is not absolute, it is rather relative or even indirect: “She wore too much rouge last night, and not quite enough clothes. That is always a sign of despair in a woman”. This saying is also noteworthy as it somehow concretizes a common mark by Chamfort on a woman’s dress as her preface.
A pragmatic mark is about other people being beneficent in an aphorism: “One should never trust a woman who tells her real age. A woman who would tell one that would tell one anything”. And there is an emotional-pragmatic mark where an emotional part is based on a metaphorical peculiarity of the whole saying: “Twenty years of romance makes a woman look like a ruin; but twenty years of marriage make her something like a public building”. And a utilitarian mark: “One should never give a woman something that she can’t wear in the evening”.
We can conclude that a collective portrayal of women in the XIX century has the following positive sides - women are history creators; they are modest, perfect, courageous; educated; virtuous; feminine; beautiful and very pretty; they are a source of happiness; they are can be self-sacrificing (“a more consummate narrative of female power is difficult to imagine” . And negative features – women are dangerous; they remember trifles and never notice the obvious; most of them lie and can be insincere; they are bad actresses; they demand everything from men: both a wallet and money, i.e. tyrants as Oscar Wilde said; seducers and tempters; artificial both in behavior and appearance. Woman’s vanity can be considered as positive (due to a pragmatic mark) as well as negative (due to a moral-ethic mark). Coquetry and heterogeneity belong to a neutral type of marking. A relative type is represented by fear of God and strictness (for some definite circle of women).
A collective portrayal of women in the XX century
In comparison with the XIX century, the spectrum of characteristics in the XX century is less.
Few examples of a normative mark are found: “Woman is either a thing or personality”; a common mark: “Woman’s great strength lies in being late or absent”; a teleological mark: “The maternal instinct leads a woman to prefer tenth share in a first-rate man to the exclusive possession of a third-rate one”; a pragmatic mark: “Any woman can fool a man if she wants to”; she is also an author of another aphorism with the same mark and we suppose that it was one of those sayings that possibly started jokes about blondes: “These blondes, sir, they are responsible for a lot of trouble”.
A psychological mark is very often found: “Women are unable to wait”; “A woman may have a witty tongue or a stinging pen but she will never laugh at her own individual shortcomings”; “Woman is inclined to be a slave and to enslave”; “Woman who loves will forgive everything and will never forget anything”. Another aphorism that describes the woman’s ability to be enslaved: “There are three things in the world that women do not understand; and they are Liberty, Equality and Fraternity”. “Women have a unique ability to create illusions; they are not what they seem to be”. “There is not such a woman who can say ‘goodbye’ in less than thirty words”. “A woman has the intellectual temperature of the medium in which she lives: vehement revolutionary or dauntless conservative, according to the circumstances. A reactionary she can never be” .
An emotional-psychological mark is introduced with a help of metaphor and differs from a psychological mark: “Woman is not furniture, she is a flower” .
So we can conclude that a collective portrayal of the XX century female is positive only in the word ‘flower’ by E. M. Remarque; and positive rather that negative when woman’s cunning is mentioned. A positive/negative portrayal is due to the fact that women cannot wait and forgive everything when they love. We think that negative features prevail here: women do not have sense of humor, they can be both a tyrant and a slave, they are not very intelligent, and they speak too much and in most cases behave like fools.
Briefly speaking about male the features are not very numerous in Antiquity as well as in other time periods. There are few sayings that represent a common mark: “Women are intelligent by their nature, men are intelligent by the help of books”; a psychological mark: “What do women have to do if we, men, are more thoughtless?; “We, men, hate arrogance”– here is an implicature that men are not arrogant. An example of a psychological-pragmatic mark: “Women have to cry and men have to remember”. A pragmatic component of the saying is seen through a specific type of an aphorism – sentential (maxim) – which recommends a proper behavior and men are definitely beneficial here.
The same tendency exists in the XVI and XVII centuries: “Men are born to rule (a pragmatic component), that is why they have to have some extra drops of intelligence (a psychological component)”. “Most sorts of diversion in men, children and other animals (a psychological component) are an imitation of fighting (a pragmatic component)”. Man remains pragmatic in the XVII century as well: “A man is in general better pleased when he has a good dinner upon his table, then when his wife talks Greek” The same pragmatism is in the following aphorism that introduces a normative mark: “Is life worth living? This is a question for an embryo, not for a man” .
Male portrayal of the XVI century is brief. Men are not arrogant though often thoughtless and intelligent as a result of some activities. Man of the XVII century is a ruler by definition; he is more intelligent than woman though rather primitive in his entertainment activities. As you see, most marks are positive here. The XIX century basically has no difference, except for a normative mark: “A true man is all about husband and rank”. “No man like any government should admit his mistakes”. (Perhaps that is why a man like a rule has to have some extra drops of intelligence). A psychological-pragmatic mark: “By persistently remaining single, a man converts himself into a permanent public temptation”. “A man at the age of fifty is more dangerous than at any other age as he has worthy experience and more often fortune”. “If man says he is a master of the house (a pragmatic component), he is a liar (a psychological-pragmatic components)”. “Men are so made (a psychological component) that they can resist sound argument, and yet yield to a glance (a pragmatic component)” An emotional-pragmatic mark of the next saying is based on the predicates’ meanings and a situation of love: “Nothing conquers man’s heart and soothers it as understanding that he is loved”.
A moral-ethic mark that is given to some men is illustrated in the following saying: “Flattery is what handsome men need” .
So male portrayal of the XIX century is rather contradictory: he is successful in his career and family life, at definite age he is dangerous for a woman (that basically means he is successful), he falls for flattery (especially when he is handsome), and he is not emotionally secure though he is rationally stable.
It may seem odd, but the tendency to emphasize man’s pragmatism is fading away in the XX century. An emotionalpsychological mark prevails here: “Man is contradictory like a tide”. As you see, a metaphor is an emotional component of this saying. Besides the corpus of examples has a normative marking: “He is not a gentleman, he is too well-dressed”; “He is not a man, he is just a cloud in trousers”; a moral-ethic mark: “Men, who are not afraid of women, are considered to be true cowards”; “Man is a vain creature” .
So for the first time negative marks prevail: men are vain, some of them like to dress up and some men are not manly. When we say ‘some’ we mean that as a rule men do not have such drawbacks and all positive marks found in the corpus of examples are implicit. Only one neutral characteristic is found, it is an emotional-psychological mark by A. Maurois.
In sum, a psychological marking is most universal and is widely used when it comes to women. That can be explained by the fact that psychological features play a significant role in interpersonal relations and even make them successful/ unsuccessful. A psychological-pragmatic mark is a key one when we speak about men and that fact reflects the importance of interpersonal relations in non-private activities of men.
The repeated motives in the marks for female are talkativeness, long-windedness, passion for dressing up and tyranny in love. And there are frequently found such opposition pairs as ‘beautiful-intelligent’, ‘characterchangeability’ and ‘intelligent-foolish’. We may suggest that such stereotypes as talkativeness and long-windedness and mentioned above opposition pairs do not have roots in folklore. This or that aphorism is likely to be a source of stereotypes’ usage in lingua-cultural society, in fact, these stereotypes can be found in different languages/nations. It is very likely that a negative opinion about blondes by A. Christie is a cause of popular theme jokes.
As for stereotypes about men, some sayings just prove an axiom that men are superior (roots can be found in Genesis: compare 3:16).
Concerning marks’ gradation in female portrayal, there is a time opposition. Antiquity and the XX century have a bigger number of negative characteristics. Marks of the XV-XIX centuries are more tolerant, negative and positive marks are represented in almost equal relation (considering neutral marks and marks of a mixed type). It is important to mention that there some cases when the same characteristic is oppositely marked by different authors (regardless of their gender). Male portrayal has a greater number of positive characteristics and its peculiar feature is in its implicit way of expressing.
- Romanovskaya VS (2005) Gender Identity and Gender Stereotypes.
- Boltenko EN (2002) Stereotype as a foundation of gender researchers in Linguistics.
- Goroshko E (2001) Gender issues in linguistics. Introduction to Gender Studies. Saint Petersburg: Aleteyyapp: 508-542.
- Kirilina AV (2000a) Gender aspects of mass communication. Gender as an intrigue of perception. Moscow.
- Kirilina AV (2000b) Gender aspects of language and communication. A thesis submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Science in Philology. Specialty 10.02.19. Moscow.
- Mistryukova EV (2005) Means of representation of concepts “manliness” and “feminity” in contemporary English. A thesis submitted for the Degree of Candidate of Science in Philology, Samara.
- Belyaeva AU (2002) Peculiarities of male and female speech behavior (based on the Russian colloquial speech). A thesis submitted for the Degree of Candidate of Science in Philology. Specialty 10.02.01 –Russian. Saratov: Saratov State University.
- Kosolopova TV (2013) Functional-stylistic and gender characteristics of private business documents in English. A thesis submitted for the Degree of Candidate of Science in Philology. Samara.
- Volf EM (2006) Functional semantics of marking. Moscow: Kom. Kniga.
- Kotthoff H (1996) Die Geschlechter in der Gesprächsforschung. Hierarchien, Teorien, Ideologien. Der Deutschunterricht 1.
- Aroutynova ND (1988) Types of language meanings: Mark. Event. Fact. Moscow: Nauka.
- Anisimova AV (2010) Features of functioning of English emotive adjectives in gender aspect (on the material of women's magazines and novels). A thesis submitted for the Degree of Candidate of Science in Philology. St. Petersburg.
- Anosov EA (2013) Linguistic representation of constant dynamic gender stereotypes in the Russian and English linguistic cultures. A thesis submitted for the Degree of Candidate of Science in Philology, Chelyabinsk.
- Kirilina AV (2010) ‘Linguistic gender research as a sign of episteme’s change in Humanities. Journal of Military University 4.
- Encyclopedia of Wisdom (2007) Moscow: ROOSSA
- Anishkina LN (2000).Evaluative statements in the pragmatic aspect. Philological Sciences 2.
- Alekseeva TS (1999) About the gender differentiation as one of the factors affecting the communication process. Problems of applied linguistics. Penza State University.
- Yakovleva IU (2011) Linguo-pragmatic principles of English aphorisms. Samar
- Groves B (2014) Shakespeare and Renaissance Ethics January, The morality of milk: Shakespeare and the ethics of nursing (Book Chapter). Cambridge University Press pp: 139-158.
- Geisler E (2012) Germanisch-RomanischeMonatsschrift, Entgegnung auf Gómez Dávila: A polemic (Review). Universitätsverlag Winter Heidelberg 62: 331-351.
- Kiryushkina АА (2009) The grammatical value of the evaluation statements, personality-the word- society, in: Materials of VIII international scientific conference pp: 110-114.
- Mizokami Y (2001) Does ‘Women’s Language’ really Exist? / A Critical Assessment of Sex Difference Research in Sociolinguistics. An electronic resource
- Tannen D (1990) You Just Don`t Lenderstand: Women & Men in Conversation.-William Morrow &Co,YSBN.
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Happy New Year! For your reading pleasure, two "oceanic" pieces from two of our fine Fellows:
From Samia Madwar, a look at how festivals and photography projects are helping coastal communities deal with rising tides:
Tuvalu, an island nation midway between Australia and Hawaii, acknowledges its greatest threat with a festival. Every February and March, when the tides are highest and most of the Polynesian island is submerged in water, the people sing, dance and make crafts to display their culture and history. They show the world what it will lose when climate change takes its first sovereign nation as a victim.... read more
And Rhitu Chatterjee takes us along as she learns how scientists are listening in on aquatic secrets:
Benoît Pirenne walks down a winding rubble path in a fjord on Canada’s Vancouver Island. He points toward the water, to a sign that reads, “WARNING: CABLE.”
“The cable is going underneath here, and it’s going out 800 kilometers in a big loop in the ocean,” he says.
The cable connects to a network of scientific instruments deep in the Pacific Ocean. The network is calledNEPTUNE Canada. (NEPTUNE stands for North East Pacific Time-Series Underwater Networked Experiments.)
The network was set up by Pirenne and his colleagues at the University of Victoria two years ago. It continuously monitors the ocean environment, recording all sorts of information, including sound... read more
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The Controversial Kárahnjúkar Dam
The Controversial Kárahnjúkar Dam
Kárahnjúkar Power Plant is by far the largest power plant in Iceland and the largest construction project ever undertaken in the nation's history. The plant has a power output of 690 MW, which is similar to the combined output of all the power plants in the rivers Ţjórsá and Tungnaá.
KÁRAHNJÚKAR AND THE "GRANDEST PLAN"
Hafrahvammagljúfur canyon was among the natural phenomena that disappeared with the construction of the Kárahnjúkar Dam and now lies submerged at the northern end of the Hálslón reservoir. The Kárahnjúkar Power Plant is by far the largest construction project in Icelandic history. With a power output of 690 MW, the plant generates as much energy as all the power plants in the rivers Ţjórsá and Tungnaá combined.
The plant harnesses the flow of two glacial rivers at the same time. Water from the rivers Jökulsá á Dal and Jökulsá í Fljótsdal is diverted into a tunnel at Valţjófsstađafjall mountain in Fljótsdalur. The tunnel runs 70 km at 500 m above sea level before reaching a shaft where the water plummets into station facilities at 30 m above sea level.
Dams east of Snćfell mountain are used to divert the water of the river Jökulsá í Fljótsdal to the station facilities, whence they are rediverted back to the river course.
Three large dams at Kárahnjúkar divert the water of the river Jökulsá á Dal along with that of its powerful tributary, the river Kringilsá, 40 km to the river Jökulsá í Fljótsdal and the 57 km2 Hálslón reservoir.
In its initial conception, the Kárahnjúkar Power Plant formed part of an even bigger plan that involved harnessing the flow of the river Jökulsá á Fjöllum by diverting its flow, too, into the Hálslón reservoir. This plan was nicknamed the "Grandest Plan" (Lang-Stćrsti Draumurinn in Icelandic, abbreviated LSD). A similar plan was being considered for the Norway Highlands, but came to nothing due to environmental impact, which would nevertheless have fallen short of that in the northern Iceland Highlands.
Both of these grandiose schemes aimed to harness the immense energy potential of rivers at high altitudes.
Shortly after construction started at Kárahnjúkar, it was revealed in the 1st phase of the Master Plan for Hydro and Geothermal Energy Resources that the Kárahnjúkar Power Proposal was one of the two proposals with the most environmental impact, the other being the damming of the river Jökulsá á Fjöllum.
Despite this, there is pressure from hydroelectricity enthusiasts for the construction of the so-called Helmingur Power Plant which would entail the exploitation of the river Jökulsá á Fjöllum in a similar way to that outlined in the "Grandest Plan".
The Kárahnjúkar Power Plant is an excellent example of the high-risk speculative mentality that dominated the Icelandic economy in the period 2002-2008. A lawyer at Landsvirkjun let it drop that the proposal was "a difficult and risky endeavor geographically, technologically, environmentally and economically,... an isolated case in the energy sector…".
It was not immediately apparent whether it would be viable to dig a waterproof tunnel through an intervening 6-7 km stretch of fault lines. However, research on the feasibility of the tunnel was purposefully not carried out, as this part of the construction was only to be carried out towards the end of the project.
Read more about Kárahnjúkar Dam on Nature Iceland.
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1. Who writes the introduction? What is assumed by the translation of this book?
The Introduction has been written by a scholar. The translation provided does not have a specific name attached to it and is assumed to have been done by members of the Roman Catholic Church with the veil of anonymity.
2. Describe the writing of the Summa Theologica.
The Summa Theologica is a tome of Thomas Aquinas' philosophical theology. It was originally written in Latin during the late 1200 AD/CE. His work was severely challenged by the powerful Arabian philosophy of the time. This developed greatly after the arrival of the prophet Mohammed who had a Christian best friend for many years.
3. How does Aquinas' education benefit him?
Aquinas was a learned man of the Church and thanks to his education, he was aware of some ancient thinkers outside of the Scriptures as well as inside them. These independent thinkers include two of the greatest minds of Athens.
This section contains 3,519 words
(approx. 12 pages at 300 words per page)
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It may not occur to you that while you may be eating clean and healthy foods, that you may be lathering your skin with potentially harmful parabens, phthalates, sulfates, lead and thousands of various chemicals. Our skin is our largest organ and anything we put on it has the potential to absorb into our blood stream.
How many personal care products do you use in a day? According to Environmental Working Group’s (EWG) survey of 2300 people, on average, respondents use nine products daily. These contain 126 unique ingredients. One man in 100 and fully 25 percent of women surveyed apply 15 or more products each day - toothpaste, soap, deodorant, hair conditioner, lip balm, sunscreen, body lotion, shaving products and makeup.
And what about your children? Diaper cream, shampoo and lotion are common kids’ products.
Most people use cosmetics and other personal care items believe that the government oversees their safety. No health studies or pre-market testing are required for these products.
Americans’ frequent exposures to cosmetics and personal care products raise questions about the potential health risks from the myriad of unassessed ingredients in them. These ingredients migrate into the bodies of nearly every American.
In August 2005, scientists from the University of Rochester reported that prenatal exposure to phthalates which are chemicals found in personal care products and other consumer products that could cause the reproductive organs of male infants to develop abnormally (Swan 2005).
Studies have shown again and again that hormone systems of wildlife are thrown in disarray by chemicals from personal care products that rinse down drains and into rivers (NIEHS 2010).
Personal care products are manufactured with 10,500 unique chemical ingredients, some of which are known or suspected carcinogens, toxic to the reproductive system or known to disrupt the endocrine system. Though some companies make products that are safe to eat, others choose to use dangerous ingredients like coal tar and formaldehyde, both human carcinogens, and lead acetate, a developmental toxin.
No premarket safety testing is required for the industrial chemicals that go into personal care products or the chemical industry as a whole. According to the Office of Cosmetics and Colors at the federal Food and Drug Administration, “…a cosmetic manufacturer may use almost any raw material as a cosmetic ingredient and market the product without an approval from FDA.” (FDA 2012) The FDA does no systematic reviews of safety, instead authorizing the cosmetics industry to self-police ingredient safety through its Cosmetics Ingredient Review panel. Over its 36 years, this industry panel has rejected only 11 ingredients as unsafe in cosmetics (CIR 2012). By contrast, the European Union has banned hundreds of chemicals in cosmetics (European Commission 2012).
When risky chemicals are used in cosmetics, the stakes are high. These are not trace contaminants that may be measured in parts-per-million or even parts-per-billion in food or water. They are substantial components of the product, just as flour is a primary ingredient in bread.
Cosmetic ingredients do not remain on the surface of the skin. They are designed to penetrate, and they do. Scientists have found many common cosmetic ingredients in human tissues, including phthalates in urine, preservatives called parabens in breast tumor tissue and persistent fragrance components in human fat. Do the concentrations at which they are typically found pose risks? For the most part, those studies have not been done. But a small but growing number of studies serve as scientific red flags.
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The Prayas News Analysis
DAILY STATIC MCQs :
Q.1) Which of the following statements regarding the Battle of Buxar are correct?
1. British defeated the combined armies of Mughal emperor Shah Alam II, Nawab of
Bengal Siraj ud Daulah and Nawab of Awadh Shuja ud Daulah.
2. British annexed the Awadh state and executed the Nawab.
3. British got the Diwani rights of Bengal after this battle.
Select the code from following:
a) 1 and 2
b) 2 and 3
c) 3 only
d) None of the above
Battle of Buxar
Despite Mir Jafar’s gifts and rewards, British were not satisfied with him and replaced him
by Mir Qasim. Mir Qasim was an able administrator and tried to free himself from the
clutches of the Englishmen. This behavior was disliked by the British and the conflict led to
Mir Qasim was defeated and he fled to Awadh to take help of Nawab of Awadh, Shuja ud
Daula. Nawab of Bengal and Nawab of Awadh got into an alliance with the Mughal emperor
Shah Alam II, who despite the deteriorating Mughal empire was perceived as the central
authority of India.
These combined forces met with British force at Buxar.
Result: As expected, the combined army of the three was no match for the disciplined
English army which comprehensively won.
Outcome: It was a morale booster for British and it established British as the super power.
British got the Diwani of Bengal from the Mughal emperor. i.e. now they got the right of
administration and taxation. This battle practically started the British rule in India.
The significant outcomes of this battle were as follows:
It led to the signing of the Allahabad Treaty in 1765 by Lord Robert Clive with Mughal
Emperor Shah Alam II.
With the defeat of Mir Kasim, the rule of Nawabs came to an end.
Diwani rights or fiscal rights were secured which meant that the British would administer and manage
revenues of large areas which included the present-day
West Bengal, Jharkhand, Bihar, and Uttar Pradesh, as well as of Bangladesh. The British became the masters
of the people of these places.
In return of this right, the British would give Rs 26 lakh to the Mughal emperor Shah Alam II.
After the Buxar victory, the English armies moved towards Awadh and established their control over Banaras
Shuja-ud-Daulah would pay Rs 50 lakh immediately to the company as expenses of war. He also needed to
pay later Rs 25 lakh in instalments.
The treaty legalised the East India Company’s control over the whole of Bengal. Thus, the British established
their control in the eastern part of the country.
Ghazipur and its adjacent area were handed over to the East India company.
The Allahabad fort became the home of the emperor and he would be protected by few men of the
A vakil of the English would remain in the court of Shah Alam II. But he was not allowed to interfere in the
administration of the country.
Q.2) Consider the following statements with regard to Young Bengal group of students:
1. They posed an intellectual challenge to the religious and social orthodoxy of Hinduism.
2. They had complete faith in everything British and Western learning which alienated them from the masses.
3. They were influenced by Henry Vivian Derozio and were responsible for the establishment of the Society for
Translating European Sciences.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
a) 1 and 2 only
b) 1 and 3 only
c) 2 and 3 only
d) All of the above
Young Bengal, a controversial group of students, influenced by a Eurasian teacher of Hindu
College in Calcutta (Henry Vivian Derozio), were responsible for the establishment of Society
for Acquisition of General Knowledge.
This group became infamous for their social rebellion. Their rebellion extended to the
religious sphere and posed an intellectual challenge to the religious and social orthodoxy of
Hinduism. Their very radicalism and complete faith in everything British and Western learning
alienated them from the masses.
Q.3) Bankim Chandra Chatterjee’s work Anandmath, one of the most important novels invthe history of Bengali and Indian literature, was set in the background of
a) Ramosi Uprising
b) Sannyasi-Faqir Rebellion
c) Santhal Rebellion
d) Sawantwadi Revolt
Anandamath is a Bengali novel, written by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay and publishedvin 1882.
It is considered one of the most important novels in the history of Bengali and Indianvliterature whose work
was set in background of the cause of Faqir-Sannyasis Rebellion.
Its importance is heightened by the fact that it became synonymous with the strugglevfor Indian
independence from the British Empire. The novel was banned by the British.
The ban was lifted later by the Government of India after independence.
Q.4) Match the following (Part I) with (Part II) from the codes given below:
Part I Part II
(Revolt/Movement) (Leader associated with it)
1. Pagal Panthis A. Bhagwat Jawar Mal
2. Kuka Revolt B. Karam Shah
3. Sawantwadi C. Anna Sahib
4. Ramosi D. Chittur Singh
Pagal Panthi Revolt 1825-1850. Pagal Panthis were a mixture of the Hinduism, Sufism and
Animism, which became prominent in Bengal in initial years of 19th century. The sect was
founded by Karam Shah, and his son Tipu Shah led these people to uphold the religion and
rights of the peasants in Bengal.
Initially started as a religious movement with a view to reforming the Sikh religion by
purging it of the degenerate features, Kuka movement, founded in 1840 in the Western
Punjab, turned into a political struggle against the British. The founder of Kuka movement
was Bhagat Jawahar Mal.
The revolt in Sawantwadi region in Ratnagiri district of Maharashtra state, was led by Phond
Sawant, a Maratha sardar, who with the help of other sardars and Desais, among whom
Anna Sahib was prominent, captured some forts. When the British troops drove out these
rebels from the forts, they escaped to Goa, leading to great turmoil in the region. A number
of Sawantwadi rebels were tried for treason and sentenced to various terms of
Ultimately, after the imposition of martial law and meting out brutal punishment to the
rebels, order could be restored in Sawantwadi region.
Ramosi Revolt was a tribal revolt by the Ramosi tribe due to the British Rule in 1820 in the
modern age. Though, there is a dispute with Chittur singh and Pratap singh about the leader
of this tribal revolt, justified evidence prove that Chittur Singh was the main tribal leader of
this tribal revolt and Pratap singh was his youngest brother.
Q.5) Which one of the following pairs is not correctly matched?
a) Subsidiary system : : Lord Wellesley
b) Mahalvari settlement in Northern India : : Holt Mackenzie
c) Local Self Government : : Lord Cornwallis
d) Ryotwari settlement : : Thomas Munro
Lord Cornwallis introduced a new revenue system called Permanent Settlement in 1793.
Local Self Government : : Lord Ripon
Lord Ripon is known to have granted the Indians first taste of freedom by introducing the
Local Self Government in 1882. His scheme of local self government developed the
Municipal institutions which had been growing up in the country ever since India was
occupied by the British Crown. He led a series of enactments in which larger powers of the
Local self government were given to the rural and urban bodies and the elective people
received some wider rights. Lord Ripon is known as Father of Local Self Government in India.
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Total Eclipse of the Moon
|Play ScienceCast Video||Join Mailing List|
Dec. 2, 2011: Waking up before sunrise can be tough to do, especially on a weekend. On Saturday, Dec. 10th, you might be glad you did. A total eclipse of the Moon will be visible in the early morning skies of western Northern America.
The action begins around 4:45 am Pacific Standard Time when the red shadow of Earth first falls across the lunar disk. By 6:05 am Pacific Time, the Moon will be fully engulfed in red light. This event—the last total lunar eclipse until 2014—is visible from the Pacific side of North America, across the entire Pacific Ocean to Asia and Eastern Europe: global visibility map.
For people in the western United States the eclipse is deepest just before local dawn. Face west to see the red Moon sinking into the horizon as the sun rises behind your back. It’s a rare way to begin the day.
Not only will the Moon be beautifully red, it will also be inflated by the Moon illusion. For reasons not fully understood by astronomers or psychologists, low-hanging Moons look unnaturally large when they beam through trees, buildings and other foreground objects. In fact, a low Moon is no wider than any other Moon (cameras prove it) but the human brain insists otherwise. To observers in the western USA, therefore, the eclipse will appear super-sized.
It might seem puzzling that the Moon turns red when it enters the shadow of the Earth—aren’t shadows supposed to be dark? In this case, the delicate layer of dusty air surrounding our planet reddens and redirects the light of the sun, filling the dark behind Earth with a sunset-red glow. The exact hue (anything from bright orange to blood red is possible) depends on the unpredictable state of the atmosphere at the time of the eclipse. As Jack Horkheimer (1938-2010) of the Miami Space Transit Planetarium loved to say, "Only the shadow knows."
Atmospheric scientist Richard Keen of the University of Colorado might know, too. For years he has studied lunar eclipses as a means of monitoring conditions in Earth's upper atmosphere, and he has become skilled at forecasting these events.
"I expect this eclipse to be bright orange, or even copper-colored, with a possible hint of turquoise at the edge," he predicts.
Earth's stratosphere is the key: "During a lunar eclipse, most of the light illuminating the moon passes through the stratosphere where it is reddened by scattering," he explains. "If the stratosphere is loaded with dust from volcanic eruptions, the eclipse will be dark; a clear stratosphere, on the other hand, produces a brighter eclipse. At the moment, the stratosphere is mostly clear with little input from recent volcanoes."
That explains the brightness of the eclipse, but what about the "hint of turquoise"?
"Light passing through the upper stratosphere penetrates the ozone layer, which absorbs red light and actually makes the passing light ray bluer. This can be seen as a soft blue fringe around the red core of Earth's shadow."
Look for the turquoise near the beginning of the eclipse when the edge of Earth's shadow is sweeping across the lunar terrain, he advises.
A bright red, soft turquoise, super-sized lunar eclipse: It’s coming on Saturday, Dec. 10th. Wake up and enjoy the show.
A Dawn Eclipse of the Moon -- timetables and more information from Sky and Telescope
Dec. 10, 2011, Lunar Eclipse -- NASA home page for this event
The Animated Eclipse -- created by graphic artist Larry Koehn of ShadowandSubstance.com
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The Goldenrod and the Gallfly is a 37-minute educational video produced by Hemlock Scientific Films and the Abrahamson Laboratory. It illustrates the natural history of the system in detail and discusses the ecology and evolution of the interacting organisms. Special attention is paid to how through careful observation and with relatively simple tools, researchers have discovered a great deal about the evolutionary ecology of the system.
A Windows Media version of The Goldenrod and the Gallfly video is hosted by Bucknell University on their streaming server. We recommend that you download the latest version of Windows Media Player from Microsoft for best viewing. You will need, at least, a 100kbps internet connection to view the video stream. It is not viewable via dial-up connections.
VHS copies of the video can be ordered from The Pennsylvania State University's Media Sales Office which is a division of WPSX public television. Included with the video is a study guide to enable further exploration of the concepts discussed in the video. Copies are $25.
The producers thank Bucknell University and the National Science Foundation for their support and assistance. All views expressed in the video are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of Bucknell University or the National Science Foundation.
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Comma is a very common punctuation mark. It is used to indicate a slight pause within a sentence. Students often misuse commas. If you don’t know whether a comma is appropriate in a particular sentence, try reading the sentence aloud. If the sentence sounds better without a pause, omit the comma. If it sounds better with a pause, add a comma. Don’t scatter commas throughout your writing.
Common mistakes in the use of commas
Do not place a comma between two verbs.
- The children were singing and dancing. (NOT The children were singing, and dancing.)
Use a comma to separate independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction (e.g. and, but, or, so, yet, nor).
- She was not feeling very well, but she went to work.
However, the comma can be avoided when the clauses are too short.
When an adverb clause comes at the beginning of a sentence, we usually separate it with a comma.
- After she finished her homework, she watched TV.
- As I was walking down the street, I saw him driving a Ferrari.
The comma is not necessary when the main clause comes at the beginning of the sentence.
- She watched TV after she finished her homework.
Two clauses that are not connected by a coordinating conjunction cannot be separated by a comma.
- She was tired and went to bed. (NOT She was tired she went to bed.)
When a sentence begins with a conjunctive adverb, you need to separate the adverb with a comma.
- She was tired. Therefore, she decided to get some rest. (NOT She was tired. Therefore she decided to get some rest.)
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Sayre, Francis Jr.
|Birthname||Francis Bowes Sayre Jr.|
|born on||17 January 1915 at 16:30 (= 4:30 PM )|
|Place||Washington DC, USA, 38n54, 77w02|
|Timezone||EST h5w (is standard time)|
|Astrology data||26°43' 25°44 Asc. 19°12'|
American ecclesiastic and noted family, the grandson of Woodrow Wilson, born at the White House. He was the son of Wilson's daughter Jesse and named Francis for his father.
After he graduated from Williams College he earned his divinity degree from teh Union Theological Seminary. He joined the Navy as a chaplain during WWII and later moved to Cleveland, OH where he had a parish. He became Dean of Washington's National Cathedral in 1951 and retired in 1978. In his long career as Dean of the National Cathedral in Washington, Sayre spoke out against societal ills, including McCarthyism, discrimination and segregation, and the Vietnam War. He marched with Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. in the famous voting rights march from Selma to Montgomery, AL in March 1965.
In 1946 he married Harriet Hart, a marriage that lasted until her death in 2003. The couple had four children, two daughters, Jessie and Harriet and two sons, Thomas and Nevin.
He died October 3, 2008 at his home on Martha’s Vineyard, in Massachusetts. He was 93.
- has other family relationship with Wilson, Woodrow (born 29 December 1856)
- Relationship : Marriage 1946
- Work : Begin Major Project 1951 (Dean of National Cathedral)
- Work : Retired 1978
- Death of Mate 2003
Clippings in hand sent by Frances McEvoy
- Family : Childhood : Family noted (Granddad Woodrow Wilson)
- Family : Relationship : Marriage more than 15 Yrs
- Family : Parenting : Kids more than 3
- Personal : Religion/Spirituality : Western
- Personal : Death : Long life more than 80 yrs
- Vocation : Religion : Ecclesiastics/ western
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Infinitism in Epistemology
This article provides an overview of infinitism in epistemology. Infinitism is a family of views in epistemology about the structure of knowledge and epistemic justification. It contrasts naturally with coherentism and foundationalism. All three views agree that knowledge or justification requires an appropriately structured chain of reasons. What form may such a chain take? Foundationalists opt for non-repeating finite chains. Coherentists (at least linear coherentists) opt for repeating finite chains. Infinitists opt for non-repeating infinite chains. Appreciable interest in infinitism as a genuine competitor to coherentism and foundationalism developed only in the early twenty-first century.
The article introduces infinitism by explaining its intuitive motivations and the context in which they arise. Next it discusses the history of infinitism, which is mostly one of neglect, punctuated by brief moments of hostile dismissal. Then there is a survey of arguments for and against infinitism.
For the most part, philosophers have assumed that knowledge requires justified belief. That is, for some proposition (statement, claim or sentence) P, if you know that P, then you have a justified belief that P. Knowledge that P thus inherits its structure from the structure of the constituent justified belief that P. If the justified belief is inferential, then so is the knowledge. If the justified belief is “basic,” then so is the knowledge. These assumptions are taken for granted in the present article.
Table of Contents
- Historical Discussion of Infinitism
- Contemporary Arguments for Infinitism
- Common Objections to Infinitism
- References and Further Reading
We often provide reasons for the things we believe in order to justify holding the beliefs. But what about the reasons? Do we need reasons for holding those reasons? And if so, do we need reasons for holding those reasons that were offered as reasons for our beliefs? We're left to wonder:
Does this regress ever end?
Infinitism is designed to answer that question. Given that one of the goals of reasoning is to enhance the justification of a belief, Q, infinitism holds that there are two necessary (but not jointly sufficient) conditions for a reason in a chain to be capable of enhancing the justification of Q:
- No reason can be Q itself, or equivalent to a conjunction containing Q as a conjunct. That is, circular reasoning is excluded.
- No reason is sufficiently justified in the absence of a further reason. That is, there are no foundational reasons.
If both (1) and (2) are true, then the chain of reasons for any belief is potentially infinite, that is, potentially unlimited.
The reason for accepting (1), and thereby rejecting circular reasoning as probative, that is, as tending to prove, is that reasoning ought to be able to improve the justificatory status of a belief. But if the propositional content of a belief is offered as a reason for holding the belief, then no additional justification could arise. Put more bluntly, circular reasoning begs the question by positing the very propositional content of the belief whose justificatory status the reasoning is designed to enhance.
Condition (1) is generally accepted, although some coherentists seem to condone the sort of circular reasoning that it proscribes (for example, Lehrer 1997). However, these coherentists might not actually be denying (1). Rather, they might instead be claiming that it is epistemically permissible to offer a deliverance of a cognitive faculty as a reason for believing that the faculty produces justified beliefs. On this alternative reading, these coherentists don't deny (1), because (1) concerns the structure, not the source, of probative reasons. For example, suppose you employ beliefs produced by perception as reasons for believing that perception is reliable. This need not involve employing the proposition “perception is reliable” as one of the reasons.
Condition (2) is much more controversial. Indeed, denying (2) is a component of the dominant view in epistemology: foundationalism. Many foundationalists claim that there are beliefs, so-called “basic beliefs” or “foundational beliefs,” which do not require further reasons in order to function effectively as reasons for “non-basic” or “non-foundational” beliefs. Basic beliefs are taken to be sufficiently justified to serve as, at least, prima facie reasons for further beliefs in virtue of possessing some property that doesn't arise from, or depend on, being supported by further reasons. For example, the relevant foundationalist property could be that the belief merely reports the contents of sensations or memories; or it could be that the belief is produced by a reliable cognitive faculty. The general foundationalist picture of epistemic justification is that foundational beliefs are justified to such an extent that they can be used as reasons for further beliefs, and that no reasons for the foundational beliefs are needed in order for the foundational beliefs to be justified.
Infinitists accept (2) and so deny that there are foundational beliefs of the sort that foundationalists champion. The motivation for accepting (2) is the specter of arbitrariness. Infinitists grant that in fact every actually cited chain of reasons ends; but infinitists deny that there is any reason which is immune to further legitimate challenge. And once a reason is challenged, then on pain of arbitrariness, a further reason must be produced in order for the challenged reason to serve as a good reason for a belief.
In addition to denying the existence of so-called basic beliefs, infinitism takes reasoning to be a process that generates an important type of justification — call it “reason-enhanced justification.” In opposition to foundationalism, reasoning is not depicted as merely a tool for transferring justification from the reasons to the beliefs. Instead, a belief's justification is enhanced when sufficiently good reasons are offered on its behalf. Such enhancement can occur even when the reasons offered have not yet been reason-enhanced themselves. That is, citing R as a reason for Q can make one's belief that Q reason-enhanced, even though R, itself, might not yet have been reason-enhanced.
As mentioned above, infinitists reject the form of coherentism – sometimes called “linear coherentism” – that endorses question-begging, circular reasoning. But by allowing that reasoning can generate epistemic justification, infinitists partly align themselves with another, more common form of coherentism – often called “holistic coherentism.” Holistic coherentism also accepts that reasoning can generate reason-enhanced justification (see BonJour 1985, Kvanvig 2007). As the name “holistic coherentism” indicates, epistemic justification is taken to be a property of entire sets of beliefs, rather than a property of individual beliefs. Holistic coherentism holds that individual beliefs are justified only in virtue of their membership in a coherent set of beliefs. On this view, justification does not transfer from one belief to another, as foundationalists or linear coherentists would claim; rather, the inferential relationships among beliefs in a set of propositions generates a justified set of beliefs; individual beliefs are justified merely in virtue of being members of such a set. Sosa (1991, chapter 9) raises serious questions about whether holistic coherentism is ultimately merely just a disguised version of foundationalism; and if Sosa is correct, then some of the objections to foundationalism would apply to holistic coherentism as well.
The argument pattern for infinitism employs the epistemic regress argument and, thus, infinitists defend their view in a manner similar to the way in which foundationalism and coherentism have been defended. This is the pattern:
- There are three possible, non-skeptical solutions to the regress problem: foundationalism, coherentism and infinitism.
- There are insurmountable difficulties with two of the solutions (in this case, foundationalism and coherentism).
- The third view (in this case, infinitism) faces no insurmountable difficulties.
- Therefore, the third view (in this case, infinitism) is the best non-skeptical solution to the regress problem.
The term ‘epistemic infinitism’ was used by Paul Moser in 1984, and the phrase "infinitist's claim" was used by John Post in 1987. Both philosophers rejected infinitism.
Infinitism was well known by the time of Aristotle – and he rejected the view. The empiricist and rationalist philosophers of the 17th and 18th centuries rejected the view. Contemporary foundationalists and coherentists reject the view.
Indeed, it is fair to say that the history of infinitism is primarily a tale of neglect or rejection, with the possible exception of Charles Pierce (Aikin 2011, pp. 80–90; see also “Some Questions Concerning Certain Faculties Claimed for Man” in Peirce 1965, v. 5, bk. 2, pp. 135–155, esp. pp. 152–3). Some have questioned whether Peirce was defending infinitism (BonJour 1985, p. 232, n. 10; Klein 1999, pp. 320–1, n. 32). There has been some recent interest in infinitism, beginning when Peter Klein published the first in a series of articles defending infinitism (Klein 1998). But it clearly remains in the early 21st century a distinctly minority view about the structure of reasons.
Ever since Aristotle proposed objections to infinitism and defended foundationalism, various forms of foundationalism have dominated Western epistemology. For example, consider the epistemologies of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries; this is the formative period in which modern philosophy shaped the issues addressed by contemporary epistemologists. Both the empiricists and rationalists were foundationalists, although they clearly disagreed about the nature of foundational reasons.
Consider this passage from Descartes's Meditation One, where he explains his method of radical doubt:
But in as much as reason already persuades me that I ought no less carefully to withhold my assent from matters which are not entirely certain and indubitable than from those which appear to me manifestly to be false, if I am able to find in each one some reason to doubt, this will suffice to justify rejecting the whole. And for that end it will not be requisite that I should examine each in particular, which would be an endless undertaking; for owing to the fact that the destruction of the foundations of necessity brings with it the downfall of the rest of the edifice, I shall only in the first place attach those principles upon which all my former opinions rest. (Descartes 1955 , p. 145)
After producing a “powerful” reason for doubting all of his former beliefs based on his senses, Descartes begins his search anew for a foundational belief that is beyond all doubt and writes in Meditation Two:
Archimedes, in order that he might draw the terrestrial globe out of its place, and transport it elsewhere demanded only that one point should be fixed and unmovable; in the same way I shall have the right to conceive high hopes if I am happy enough to discover one thing only which is certain. (Descartes 1955 , p. 149)
He then happily produces what he takes—at least at that point in the Meditations – to be that one, foundational proposition:
So that after having reflected well and carefully examined all things we must come to the definite conclusion that this proposition: I am, I exist, is necessarily true each time I pronounce it, or that I mentally conceive it. (Descartes 1955 , p. 150)
Regardless of the success or failure of his arguments, the point here is that Descartes clearly takes it as given that both he and the empiricist, his intended foil, will accept that knowledge is foundational and that the first tasks are to identify the foundational proposition(s) and to uncover the correct account of the nature of the foundational proposition(s). Once that is accomplished, the second task is to move beyond it (or them) to other beliefs by means of truth-preserving inferences. The Meditations presupposes a foundationalist model of reasons without any hint of argument for foundationalism.
Now consider this passage from Hume:
In a word, if we proceed not upon some fact present to the memory or senses, our reasonings would be merely hypothetical; and however the particular links might be connected with each other the whole chain of inferences would have nothing to support it, nor could we ever, by its means arrive at the knowledge of any real existence. If I ask you why you believe a particular matter of fact which you relate, you must tell me some reason; and this reason will be some other fact connected with it. But as you cannot proceed after this manner in infinitum, you must at last terminate with some fact which is present to your memory or senses or must allow that your belief is entirely without foundation. (Hume 1955 , pp. 59–60)
Setting aside an evaluation of the steps in Hume's argument for foundationalism, notice that he too simply discards infinitism with the stroke of a pen: “But as you cannot proceed in this manner in infinitum ...”. To Hume, infinitism seemed so obviously mistaken that no argument against it was needed.
So why did infinitism come to be so easily and so often rejected?
The short answer is: Aristotle. His arguments against infinitism and for foundationalism were so seemingly powerful that nothing else needed to be said. We can divide Aristotle's objections to infinitism into three types. Each pertains to the infinitist solution to the regress problem.
- Misdescription Objection: Infinitism does not correctly describe our epistemic practices; but foundationalism does.
- Finite Mind Objection: Our finite minds are not capable of producing or grasping an infinite set of reasons.
- Unexplained Origin Objection: Infinitism does not provide a good account of how justification is generated and transferred by good reasoning; but foundationalism does.
We will return Aristotle's objections below, in section 4.
There are three main contemporary arguments for infinitism.
Infinitism has been defended on the grounds that it alone can explain two of epistemic justification's crucial features: it comes in degrees, and it can be complete (Fantl 2003). This argument concerns propositional justification, rather than doxastic justification. Propositional justification is a matter of having good reasons; doxastic justification is typically thought to be a matter of properly believing based on those reasons.
For purposes of this argument, understand infinitism as the view that a proposition Q is justified for you just in case there is available to you an infinite series of non-repeating reasons that favors believing Q. And understand foundationalism as the view that Q is justified for you just in case you have a series of non-repeating reasons that favors believing Q, terminating in a properly basic foundational reason “that needs no further reason.” And further suppose that infinitism and foundationalism are the only relevant non-skeptical alternatives for a theory of epistemic justification, so that if skepticism about justification is false, then either infinitism or foundationalism is true.
The features argument is based on two features of justification. First, justification comes in degrees. We can be more or less justified in believing some claim. An adequate theory of justification must respect this, and explain why justification comes in degrees. Call this the degree requirement on an acceptable theory of justification. Second, it's implausible to identify adequate justification with complete justification. Adequate justification is the minimal degree of justification required for knowledge. Complete justification is maximal justification, beyond which justification cannot be increased or strengthened. An adequate theory of justification should explain how justification could be complete. Call this the completeness requirement on an acceptable theory of justification.
Infinitism satisfies the degree requirement by pointing out that length comes in degrees, which justification may mirror. Other things being equal, the longer the series of reasons you have for believing Q, the better justified Q is for you (as long as the shorter set is a proper subset of the longer set). Infinitism can satisfy the completeness requirement by offering an account of complete justification: Q is completely justified for you just in case you have an infinite array of adequate reasons (Fantl 2003: 558). To have an infinite array of reasons favoring Q, for each potential challenge to Q, or to any of the infinite reasons in the chain supporting Q, or to any of the inferences involved in traversing any link in the chain, you must have available a further infinite series of reasons. In short, it requires having an infinite number of infinite chains.
Can foundationalism meet the degree and completeness requirements? To assess this, we need first to explain how foundationalists understand foundational reasons. Traditional foundationalists contend that foundational reasons are self-justifying, because their mere truth suffices to justify them. The claims “I am thinking” and “There is at least one proposition that is neither true nor false” are plausible candidates for self-justifying reasons. Metajustificatory foundationalists deny that the mere truth of a foundational reason ensures its foundational status. Instead, they say, foundational reasons must have some other property, call it ‘F’. Metajustificatory foundationalists disagree among themselves over what F is. Some say it is reliability, others say it is coherence, and yet others say it is clear and distinct perception or social approval. The important point to recognize is that metajustificatory foundationalism can't “require that a believer have access to the metajustificatory feature as a reason for the foundational reason,” because that would undermine its putative status as foundational (Fantl 2003: 541). It would effectively require a further reason for that which supposedly stood in no need of it.
Having divided all foundationalists into two jointly exhaustive and mutually exclusive groups, the argument against foundationalism goes like this:
- All foundationalist theories are either traditional or metajustificatory. (Premise)
- Traditional foundationalism can't satisfy the degree requirement. (Premise)
- Metajustificatory foundationalism can't satisfy the completeness requirement. (Premise)
- So no foundationalist theory can satisfy both the degree and completeness requirements (From 1–3)
- An adequate theory of justification must satisfy both the degree and completeness requirements. (Premise)
- So no foundationalist theory of justification is adequate. (From 4–5)
The argument is valid. Line 1 is trivially true, given the way the categories are defined. Line 2 is supported on the grounds that all self-justifying reasons are by definition true, and their truth justifies them. But truth doesn't come in degrees. So traditional foundationalism lacks the resources to satisfy the degree requirement. Truth isn't flexible enough.
Line 3 is supported on the grounds that the foundationalist will have to analyze complete justification along these lines:
Q is completely justified for you iff you have a non-repeating series of reasons for Q, ultimately founded on a reason that exemplifies the metajustificatory feature [F] to the highest possible degree. (Fantl 2003: 546)
But any such proposal must fail for a simple reason: no matter what F is, if you gain a reason to think that the foundational reason completely exemplifies F, and that exemplifying F is epistemically important, then Q will thereby become better justified for you. To see why, for the sake of argument suppose that we accept a reliabilist version of metajustificatory foundationalism, according to which Q is completely justified for you if and only if you have a non-repeating series of reasons for Q, ultimately founded on a perfectly reliable reason. Now if you gain a reason to believe that the reason is perfectly reliable, then Q will thereby become better justified for you. But then metajustificatory foundationalism hasn't satisfied the completeness requirement after all, because it will be possible for you to increase your justification for Q beyond what the maximal exemplification of F would allow. But this violates the definition of complete justification. So metajustificatory foundationalism can't meet the completeness requirement.
In response, foundationalists have pointed out that the reasoning in support of line 2 of the argument is undermined to the extent that a degree-theoretic conception of truth is plausible — that is, to the extent it's plausible that truth comes in degrees. Foundationalists have also responded that the supporting reasoning for line 3 overlooks the possibility of adequate justification being over-determined. The more reasons you have that independently adequately justify Q for you, the better justified Q is for you. A natural foundationalist proposal, then, is that Q is completely justified for you if and only if it is infinitely over-determined that Q is adequately justified for you (Turri 2010).
There are at least two regress arguments for infinitism: the enhancement argument and the interrogation argument. Each concerns a very specific epistemic status closely connected to reasons and reasoning. Neither purports to establish that infinitism is true about all interesting epistemic statuses. Although infinitists take skepticism seriously, for the purposes of these two arguments, we'll simply assume that skepticism is false.
The enhancement argument begins by asking a question (Klein 2005): What sort of reasoning could enhance the justification of a non-evident proposition, in a context where its truth has been legitimately questioned? What structural form would the reasons offered in the course such reasoning take? We can divide all answers to that question into three groups. Enhancement coherentists answer that some repeating chains could enhance justification; enhancement foundationalists answer that no repeating chain could enhance justification, but some finite and non-repeating chains could; enhancement infinitists answer that no repeating or finite chain could enhance justification, but some infinite and non-repeating chains could.
The enhancement argument for infinitism is that neither coherentism nor foundationalism provides a satisfactory answer to the question posed, whereas infinitism does. Given that these three answers exhaust the (non-skeptical) alternatives, it follows that infinitism is the only satisfactory account of the epistemic status in question, which for convenience we can call rational enhancement of justification.
The objection to enhancement coherentism is that repeating chains are objectionably question-begging and so can't rationally enhance justification. If Corrie believes Q, and someone asks her, “Why believe Q?”, and she responds by citing a chain of reasoning that relies on Q itself, then in that context she has clearly done nothing to rationally enhance her justification for Q. Her response simply presupposes the claim in question, so how could it rationally enhance her justification?
Enhancement foundationalists claim that some reasons are special: the foundational enhancers. Foundational enhancers can rationally enhance the justification for believing other things, even though they are not rationally supported by further reasons in turn. This is why some finite chains can rationally enhance justification: a foundational enhancer appropriately terminates the affair.
The objection to enhancement foundationalism is that all finite chains are objectionably arbitrary at their terminus. Suppose that Fontana believes A, and someone asks him, “Why believe A?”, and he responds by citing some reason B. But B is not a foundational enhancer, and Fontana is in turn asked, “Why believe B?” This continues until Fontana reaches the point where he cites a reason that, according to him, is a foundational enhancer. Let Z be this purported foundational enhancer. Fontana's interlocutor presses further, “Why think that foundational enhancers are likely to be true?” In response to this last question, Fontana has three options: affirm, deny, or withhold. If he denies, then using Z as a reason is arbitrary and the reasoning can't rationally enhance A for him. If he withholds, then, from his own point of view, he should not use Z as the basis for further beliefs. If it is not good enough to affirm in and of itself, then it isn't proper to use it as a basis for affirming something else. If he affirms, then there is no immediate problem, but this is because the reasoning has continued, and what was supposed to be a foundational enhancer turned out not to be one.
Enhancement infinitism avoids the problems faced by coherentism and foundationalism. It endorses neither circular reasoning nor arbitrary endpoints.
The enhancement argument for infinitism can be understood as follows:
- If skepticism about rational enhancement is false, then either coherentism, foundationalism or infinitism is the correct theory of rational enhancement. (Premise)
- Skepticism about rational enhancement is false. (Premise)
- Coherentism isn't the correct theory. (Premise)
- Foundationalism isn't the correct theory. (Premise)
- So infinitism is the correct theory of rational enhancement. (From 1–4)
Line 1 is true because the way that coherentism, foundationalism and infinitism are characterized exhausts logical space. Every rationally enhancing chain is either circular or not. If it is circular, then it's a coherentist chain; if it isn't, then either it is finite or infinite. If it is finite, then it is a foundationalist chain; if it is infinite, then it is an infinitist chain. Line 2 is assumed without defense in the present context, as mentioned above. Lines 3 and 4 are defended on grounds already explained: line 3 on the grounds that circular reasoning can rationally enhance justification, and line 4 on the grounds that arbitrary reasoning can't do so either.
The interrogation argument concerns “the most highly prized form of true belief” (Plato, Meno, 98a), which is the sort of knowledge that human adults take themselves to be capable of and sometimes even attain (Klein 2011). More specifically, the interrogation argument concerns one of the essential requirements of this sort of knowledge, namely, full justification.
A key idea in the infinitist's discussion here is that distinctively human knowledge is distinguished by the importance of reasoning in attaining full justification: we make our beliefs fully justified by reasoning in support of them. The reasoning is partly constitutive of full justification, and so is essential to it. A mechanical calculator might know that 2+2=4, and a greyhound dog might know that his master is calling, but neither the calculator nor the greyhound reasons in support of their knowledge. Their knowledge is merely mechanical or brute. Adult humans are capable of such unreasoned knowledge, but we are also capable of a superior sort of knowledge involving full justification, due to the value added by reasoning.
The interrogation argument is motivated by a specific version of the regress problem, which emerges from an imagined interrogation. Suppose you believe that Q. Then someone asks you a legitimate question concerning the basis of your belief that Q. You respond by citing reason R1. You are then legitimately asked about your basis for believing R1. You cite reason R2. Then you are legitimately asked about your basis for believing R2. A pattern is emerging. How, if it all, can the reasoning resolve itself such that you're fully justified in believing Q? Either the process goes on indefinitely, which suggests that the reasoning you engage in is fruitless because another reason is always needed; or some reason is repeated in the process, which means that you reasoned circularly and thus fruitlessly; or at some point the reasoning ends because the last reason cited isn't supported by any other reason, which suggests that the reasoning is fruitless because it ends arbitrarily. No matter how the reasoning resolves itself, it seems, you're no better offer for having engaged in it. Thus, it can seem doubtful that any reasoning will result in a fully justified belief.
This is essentially the argument given by Sextus Empiricus (1976, lines 164-170, p. 95) to motivate a version of Pyrrhonian Skepticism. What are we to make of this problem? The infinitist agrees that circular reasoning is fruitless, and that finite reasoning ends arbitrarily and so is fruitless too. However, the infinitist disagrees with the claim that reasoning that goes on indefinitely must be fruitless. Every belief is potentially susceptible to legitimate questioning, and interrogation can, in principle, go on indefinitely. You need to be able to answer legitimate questions, and so you need available to you an indefinite number of answers. Each answer is a further reason. So, far from seeming fruitless, potentially indefinitely long reasoning seems to be exactly what is needed for the reasoning to be epistemically effective and result in full justification.
The interrogation argument for infinitism can be summarized like so:
- Adult human knowledge requires full justification.(Premise)
- Full justification requires proper reasoning. (Premise)
- Proper reasoning requires that there be available an infinite and non-repeating series of reasons. (Premise)
- So adult human knowledge requires that there be available an infinite and non-repeating series of reasons. (From 1–3)
Lines 1 and 2 can be understood as stipulating the epistemic status that the infinitist is interested in, as explained above. Line 3 is defended on the grounds that (a) circular reasoning is illegitimate, and (b) finite chains won't suffice because every reason offered is potentially susceptible to legitimate interrogation, and full justification requires that an answer to every legitimate question be at least available to you. Foundationalists point to beliefs with an allegedly special foundational property F, which, it is claimed, suites them to put a definitive end to legitimate questioning. But, the infinitist responds, foundationalists always pick properties that they think are truth-conducive, and it is always, potentially at least, legitimate to ask, “Why think that reasons with the property F are truth-conducive?” Once this legitimate question is raised, the foundationalist must abandon the supposed foundational citadel, in search of further reasons. But this looks suspiciously like infinitism in disguise.
The proceduralist argument for infinitism pertains to knowledge. It begins from the premise that knowledge is a “reflective success” (Aikin 2009). Reflective success requires succeeding through proper procedure. Proper procedure requires thinking carefully. Moreover, we can make our careful thinking explicit. To make our careful thinking explicit is to state our reasons. And for a reason to legitimately figure into our careful thinking, we must have a reason for thinking that it is true in turn.
We can encapsulate the proceduralist argument for infinitism like so:
- Knowledge is a reflective success. (Premise)
- Reflective success requires careful thinking. (Premise)
- Careful thinking requires the availability of an infinite series of reasons. (Premise)
- So knowledge requires the availability of an infinite series of reasons. (From 1–3)
Lines 1 and 2 can be understood as characterizing the sort of knowledge that the infinitist is interested in. (Aikin 2005 and 2009 strongly suggests that this is knowledge ordinarily understood, though the matter is not entirely clear.) Line 3 is defended by appeal to a guiding intuition, namely, that if you know, then you can properly answer all questions about your belief and your reasons. But in principle there are an infinite number of questions about your belief and your reasons. And no proper answer will implicate you in question-begging circularity. So, in principle you need an infinite number of answers (Aikin 2009: 57–8). If there were a proper stopping point in the regress of reasons, then beliefs at the terminus would not be susceptible to legitimate challenges from those who disagree. Your opponents would be simply mistaken for challenging you at this point. But it doesn't seem like there even is a point where your opponents must be simply mistaken for challenging you.
What about the examples featured prominently by foundationalists? For example, what about your belief that 2+2=4, or that you have a headache (when you do have one)? It can easily seem implausible that a challenge to these beliefs must be legitimate. It can easily seem that someone who questioned you on these matters would be simply mistaken. The infinitist disagrees. We always should be able to offer reasons. At the very least, careful thinking requires us to have an answer to the question, “Are our concepts of a headache or addition fit for detecting the truth in such matters?” Even if we think there are good answers to such questions, the infinitist claims, the important point is that we need those answers in order to think carefully and, in turn, gain knowledge.
Infinitism can appear counterintuitive because, as a matter of fact, we never answer very many questions about any of our beliefs, but we ascribe knowledge to people all the time. But this an illusion because we often carelessly attribute knowledge, or attribute knowledge for practical reasons that aren't sensitive to the attribution's literal truth.
For most cases of effective reasoning, justified belief or knowledge, infinitism requires more of us than we can muster. We have finite lives and finite minds. Given the way that we are actually constituted, we cannot produce an infinite series of reasons. So skepticism is the immediate consequence of any version of infinitism that requires us to produce an infinite series of reasons (Fumerton 1995; compare BonJour 1976: 298, 310 n. 22).
In a remark in the Posterior Analytics reflecting his general worries about regresses, Aristotle gives a reason for rejecting infinitism: “one cannot traverse an infinite series.” But if one cannot traverse an infinite series of reasons, then if infinitism is the correct account of justification, then skepticism is the correct view. We cannot traverse an infinite series of reasons because we have finite minds. It is useful to quote the passage in full, because it is also a famous passage advocating a regress argument for foundationalism.
Aristotle expresses dissatisfaction with both infinitism and question-begging coherentism, and so opts for foundationalism. He writes:
Some hold that, owing to the necessity of knowing primary premisses, there is no scientific knowledge. Others think there is, but that all truths are demonstrable. Neither doctrine is either true or a necessary deduction from the premisses. The first school, assuming that there is no way of knowing other than by demonstration, maintain that an infinite regress is involved, on the ground that if behind the prior stands no primary, we could not know the posterior through the prior (wherein they are right, for one cannot traverse an infinite series [emphasis added]); if on the other hand – they say – the series terminates and there are primary premisses, yet these are unknowable because incapable of demonstration, which according to them is the only form of knowledge.
And since thus [sic] one cannot know the primary premisses, knowledge of the conclusions which follow from them is not pure scientific knowledge nor properly knowing at all, but rests on the mere supposition that the premisses are true. The other party agree with them as regards to knowing, holding that it is possible only by demonstration, but they see no difficulty in holding that all truths are demonstrated on the ground that demonstration may be circular or reciprocal. (72b5–18)
Aristotle here focuses on “scientific knowledge” and syllogistic “demonstration.” But his remarks are no less plausible when taken to apply to all knowledge and reasoning. Aristotle himself hints at this with his comment about “knowing at all.”
The spirit of Aristotle's original finite-mind objection is alive and well in contemporary epistemology. Here is a representative example:
The [proposed] regress of justification of S's belief that p would certainly require that he hold an infinite number of beliefs. This is psychologically, if not logically, impossible. If a man can believe an infinite number of things, then there seems to be no reason why he cannot know an infinite number of things. Both possibilities contradict the common intuition that the human mind is finite. Only God could entertain an infinite number of beliefs. But surely God is not the only justified believer. (Williams 1981, p. 85)
But infinitists have been careful not to claim that we must actually produce an infinite series of reasons. Rather, they typically say that we must have an appropriately structured, infinite set of reasons available to us. About this milder infinitist requirement, it might be worried that it's not clear that we could even understand an infinite series of reasons. But being able to understand a series of reasons is required for that series to be available — at least in some senses of “available” — to us as reasons. So, even this milder infinitist requirement might lead to skepticism.
Contrary to what was suggested at the end of the previous objection, it seems that we could understand an infinite series, provided that each element in the series was simple enough. And it doesn't seem impossible for a justificatory chain to include only simple enough elements.
Grant that it's possible that every element of an infinite series could be comprehensible to us. But what evidence is there that there actually are such series? And what evidence is there that, for at least most of the things that we justifiably believe (or most of the things we know, or most of the acceptable reasoning we engage in), there is a properly structured infinite series available to us? Unless infinitists can convincingly respond to these questions — unless they can offer a proof of concept — then it seems likely that infinitism leads to skepticism.
The objection can be made more poignant by pairing it with the finite mind objection. To handle the finite mind objection, infinitists deny that you need to actually produce the infinite series of reasons in order for your belief to be justified. Just having the reasons available, and producing enough of them to satisfy contextual demands, suffices to justify your belief. But since contextual demands are never so stringent as to demand more than, say, ten reasons, we're left with no actual example of a chain that seems a promising candidate for an infinite series (Wright 2011: section 3).
At least one example has been given of a readily available infinite chain of reasons, but ironically it is one compatible with foundationalism, offered by a foundationalist in response to infinitism (Turri 2009). (Peijnenburg and Atkinson 2011 sketch some formal possibilities and provide an analogy with heritable traits.)
For any proposition we might believe, both it and its denial can be supported by similar, appropriately structured infinite chains of reasons (Post 1980 32–7; Aikin 2005: 198–9; Aikin 2008: 182–3). Importantly, neither chain of reasons is, in any meaningful sense, more available to us than the other. To appreciate the point, suppose you are inquiring into whether P. An infinite affirming chain could be constructed like so:
Affirmation chain (AC)
Q & (Q → P)
R & (R → (Q & (Q → P)))
S & (S → (R & (R → (Q & (Q → P)))))
whereas an infinite denial chain could be constructed like so:
Denial chain (DC)
Q & (Q → ~P)
R & (R → (Q & (Q → ~P)))
S & (S → (R & (R → (Q & (Q → ~P)))))
It is an equally long way to the top of each chain, but which is, so to speak, the road to epistemic heaven, and which the road to hell? Having one such chain available to you isn't a problem, but having both available is a touch too much (at least in non-paradoxical cases), and infinitism lacks the resources to eliminate one.
A further worry is that if infinitists embrace additional resources to eliminate one of these chains, those very same resources could in turn form the basis of a satisfactory finitist epistemology (Cling 2004: section 5). Aikin 2008 defends a version of infinitism, “impure infinitism,” intended to address this problem by incorporating elements of foundationalism; and Klein has argued that specifying the conditions for the availability of reasons will eliminate the possibility of both chains being available in non-paradoxical cases.
Aristotle begins the Posterior Analytics with this statement: “All instruction given or received by way of argument proceeds from pre-existent knowledge.” And later in the Posterior Analytics, after having rejected both infinitism and question-begging coherentism as capable of producing knowledge, he writes:
Our own doctrine is that not all knowledge is demonstrative; on the contrary, knowledge of the immediate premisses is independent of demonstration. (The necessity of this is obvious; for since we must know the prior premisses from which the demonstration is drawn, and since the regress must end in immediate truths, those truths must be indemonstrable.) Such, then, is our doctrine, and in addition we maintain that besides scientific knowledge there is an originative source which enables us to recognize the definitions [that is, the first principles of a science].(72b18–24)
What is this “originative source” and how does it produce knowledge not based on reasoning? The answer is a proto-reliabilist one that relies on humans having a “capacity of some sort” (99b33) that produces immediate (non-inferential) knowledge. Although most contemporary reliabilists will not take the foundational propositions employed in demonstration to be the first principles of a science, they will take foundational beliefs to result from the operation of some capacities humans possess that do not employ conscious reasoning (Goldman 2008).
Here is Aristotle's account of the “originating source” of justified beliefs:
But though sense-perception is innate in all animals, in some perception comes to persist, in others it does not. So animals in which this persistence does not come to be have either no knowledge at all outside of the act of perceiving, or no knowledge of objects of which no impression persists; animals in which it does come into being have perception and can continue to retain the sense-impression in the soul; and when such persistence is frequently repeated a further distinction at once arises between those which out of persistence of such sense impressions develop a power of systematizing them and those which do not. So out of sense perception comes to be what we call memory, and out of frequently repeated memories of the same thing develops experience; for a number of memories constitute a single experience. From experience … originate the skill of the craftsman and the knowledge of the man of science. (99b36–100a5)
Thus, Aristotle holds that foundationalism can explain how justification can arise in basic beliefs and how it is transmitted through reasoning to non-foundational beliefs. This, he claims, contrasts with infinitism and question-begging coherentism, which have no way of explaining how justification arises. He seems to assume that reasoning cannot originate justification, but can merely transmit it. If each belief were to depend on another for its justification, then there would be no originative source, or starting point, that generates the justification in the first place.
Writing in the second century AD, Sextus Empiricus wondered how we might show that believing a proposition is better justified than the alternatives of either disbelieving it or suspending judgment. He employed the “unexplained origin objection” to reject an infinitist attempt to show how believing could be better justified. He argues that infinitism must lead to suspension of judgment.
The Mode based upon regress ad infinitum is that whereby we assert that the thing adduced as a proof of the matter proposed needs a further proof, and this another again, and so on ad infinitum, so that the consequence is suspension [of judgment], as we possess no starting-point for our argument.(1976, I:164–9)
The unexplained origin objection remains popular today. Carl Ginet, a contemporary foundationalist, puts it this way:
A more important, deeper problem for infinitism is this: Inference cannot originate justification, it can only transfer it from premises to conclusion. And so it cannot be that, if there actually occurs justification, it is all inferential. (Ginet 2005, p. 148)
Jonathan Dancy, another contemporary foundationalist, makes a similar point:
Suppose that all justification is inferential. When we justify belief A by appeal to belief B and C, we have not yet shown A to be justified. We have only shown that it is justified if B and C are. Justification by inference is conditional justification only; A's justification is conditional upon the justification of B and C. But if all justification is conditional in this sense, then nothing can be shown to be actually non-conditionally justified. (Dancy 1985, p. 55)
In the Metaphysics, Aristotle writes:
There are … some who raise a difficulty by asking, who is to be the judge of the healthy man, and in general who is likely to judge rightly on each class of questions. But such inquiries are like puzzling over the question whether we are now asleep or awake. And all such questions have the same meaning. These people demand that a reason shall be given for everything; for they seek a starting point, and they seek to get this by demonstration, while it is obvious from their actions that they have no such conviction. But their mistake is what we have stated it to be; they seek a reason for things for which no reason can be given; for the starting point of demonstration is not demonstration. (1011a2–14)
The point of this objection is that, assuming that skepticism is false, infinitism badly misdescribes the structure of reasons supporting our beliefs, as revealed by or expressed in our actual deliberative practices. Our actual practices do not display what infinitism would predict (again, assuming that skepticism is false).
Of the three objections to infinitism presented by Aristotle, this one has gained the least traction in contemporary epistemology. This might be because it rests on two easily challenged assumptions: (i) a theory of justification can be tested by determining whether our actual deliberations meet its demands; (ii) our actual deliberations meet foundationalism's demands. Regarding (i), can we test an ethical theory by determining whether our actual behavior meets its demands? (Let us hope not!) If not, then why should we accept (i)? Regarding (ii), would a foundationalist accept the following as a foundational proposition: “The train schedule says so”? Such claims often end deliberation about when the next train departs. But it's not the sort of proposition that foundationalists have taken to be basic.
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- Fumerton, R., 1995, Metaepistemology and Skepticism, Rowman & Littlefield.
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Peter D. Klein
Rutgers University, New Brunswick
U. S. A.
University of Waterloo
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A quick question i have some of you canhelp me with, i have sort of worked it out just need to see what everyone else got?
The frictional force F newtons and load L are connected by the law F = aL = b. When F = 6.0 N, L = 7.5N and when F =2.7N, L = 2.0N
What do you come up with?
thanks in advance for any help (Yes)
Sorry seems it hasnt posted all the question, i need to calculate the value of A and B.
The way you've stated your formula 'F = b'. You already know F in each case. So, you also know b.
Originally Posted by JM92
You said you 'sort of worked it out', so what did you come up with?
Dont know how right this is but heres what i done:
if F=6 and L=7.5
a = 6/7.5 = 0.8
If thats incorrent can any one help me to get the value of A and B?
F = aL = b
do you mean F = aL + b
then you have 2 simultaneous equation.
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The Canadian Food Inspection Agency has issued a food recall warning for Enoki mushroom. The warning has been issued due to the presence of Listeria monocytogenes.
Product: Enoki Mushroom
UPC: 6 950319 388815
Codes: YH22081713013 2022.10.31
The recalled product has been sold in British Columbia and Manitoba and may have been distributed in other provinces and territories.
What is Listeria monocytogenes?
Listeria is a type of bacteria that has many strains. Only one of them, Listeria monocytogenes, is known to cause food-borne illness. Food affected by Listeria monocytogenes may not look or smell spoiled, but it still poses a risk to food safety.
Listeria infection is known as ‘listeriosis.’ Symptoms include nausea, fever, diarrhea, cramps, vomiting, constipation, and head and muscle aches. Pregnant women, people with weakened immune systems and the elderly are particularly at risk. Symptoms may appear up to 70 days after exposure to the bacteria.
In extreme cases, Listeria monocytogenes can spread to the nervous system and cause a brain infection or blood poisoning. Severe listeriosis can be fatal. Symptoms include headache, confusion, loss of balance and/or stiffness in the neck.
The types of food that are most likely to become contaminated with Listeria include:
- Raw vegetables and fruits (e.g. sprouts, romaine lettuce, cantaloupe)
- Meat (e.g. deli meat, hot dogs)
- Seafood (e.g. refrigerated smoked fish)
- Unpasteurized dairy products and soft cheeses (e.g. queso fresco, feta, Brie)
Proper food safety training, maintaining high standards of hygiene and cooking food properly are the best defenses against Listeria and the spread of food-borne illness. Find out more about food safety training with CIFS.
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Dictionary.com states that adaptability is being able to adjust oneself rea- dily to different condition- s. In school days when I used to study science, there were many examples given in our science books about how plants and animals adapted to changes in the environment in order to survive. Ones who were not receptive to change perished and the ones who adapted survived. One example that you could easily relate to is that of the cactus plant. The cactus plant adapted itself to survive the tough conditions of the desert.
Bhagavad Gita states that change is the rule of nature. I do not think it is difficult for any one of us to make sense of this. We cannot avoid change. We ourselves are changing every second. Our body is changing and so is our thinking. With age our priorities also change. The toys that mattered to us the most during childhood find no relevance now. At the most it may still find place in your show case. However, you won’t find yourselves playing with those toys now. As time passes everything around us is changing. In a storm, the most rigid of trees get uprooted.
In your professional life too, you may quit one organization and join another for better prospects. In the initial days you will find it difficult to adjust to the changes. The rules in the new organization would be different from the previous one. The way the management functions will be totally different. The colleagues will be different. You may miss your old friends. However, you would be the one who will be making adjustments and not the organization. Adapting to new work environment will be your responsibility. No organization will change for an individual. You won’t be able to survive in the new organization for long if you don’t become accustomed.
My personal experience too has shown that being flexible to change has actually helped me achieve success. Being rigid would not have helped at all. In fact, it would have done more harm than good. Resistance to change is the biggest blunder that one can commit. Look around you; economics, society, technology everything around you is changing constantly. We are always trying to acclimatize ourselves to these changes.
Friends, be receptive to change. Show that willingness to adapt as adaptation is the key to survival.
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Session host: Gülşen Güler
Goal: Our aim is to inspire participants to think about ways to implement data literacy within their organizations or individually in their life by creating a concrete action plan.
Description: Data literacy is becoming more important every day in the digital age. But what is it and what can we do about it? In this session, we will look at aspects of data literacy to define it, then create action plans which work for us individually and our organizations. Working in small groups, we will look at how to cut through masses of data, what role IT knowledge plays, what are the needed skills to reap the benefits and how can we gain those skills as well as embed data literacy into our life.
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National Agriculture Day is held March 24th this year, with a weeklong celebration March 22-28. Official events typically held in Washington D.C. have been cancelled, however ag education can, and should, be an everyday event.
The purpose of National Ag Day and Week to is educate and celebrate the benefits of agriculture in our nation and local communities. The National Ag Day program is committed to educating the public about how our food, renewable resource products, and clothing materials are grown and produced.
Do you know where your food is grown or raised?
The average farmer feeds approximately 144 people worldwide according the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA).
Contrary to common misconceptions, farmers do more than raise corn in Iowa. A farmer may grow Christmas trees in the Pacific Northwest. Or harvest cranberries in Wisconsin. The milk used in your morning cereal was produced by a farmer. Additionally, the grains used in the cereal came from farmers right here at home.
The purpose of National Ag Day and Week to is educate and celebrate the benefits of agriculture in our nation and local communities.
American grown agriculture products are vital to our economy. According to the USDA, agriculture is the #1 export of the United States. Moreover informed Americans are able to shape and support agricultural bills that allow the industry to remain competitive. In 2017, agriculture, and its related industries, contributed $1.053 trillion to the U.S. gross domestic product.
Agriculture contributes to 22 million jobs in the U.S. Nearly 400,000 of those jobs are related to food and fiber production right here in Georgia.
Peaches are synonymous with Georgia. Yet, surprisingly, peaches don’t even make the Top 10 of Georgia commodities by value. Georgia raises more broiler chickens than other state. Much thanks to Eli Whitney and the invention of the cotton gin for allowing Georgians to plant over 1 million acres of the American’s favorite clothing material, cotton.
Top 10 Georgia Commodities by Value (2020 Ag Snapshot)
- Broiler Chickens
Share the Road
As spring rolls around, expect to see more tractors and farm equipment on the road. Therefore, practice safe driving and share the road.
Note: Never operate farm machinery without proper safety training. It is also inadvisable to ride along in or on tractors, planters, combines, and other pieces of farm equipment.
During planting (spring) and harvest (fall) season, expect to see farm equipment on rural roads. Anticipate that farm vehicles will enter the highway from unmarked locations.
Tractors are built for precision, not speed. Be patient. Maintain of safe distance of 50 feet behind farm vehicles.
Farmers don’t intentionally try to slow down other vehicles. Proceed with caution when passing a farm vehicle and adhere to the standard passing regulations.
An approaching farm tractor may be twice the width of your vehicle. Slow down and move to the shoulder, if possible, to allow the tractor to pass.
Growing America and Georgia
Be safe, smart, and supportive during National Ag Week and every week in the future. Farmers are growing America.
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When a beginning reader reads aloud, her progress is apparent: Hunched over a book, little index finger blazing the way, she moves intently from sound to sound, word to word.
I do not like green eggs and ham!
I do not like them, Sam-I-am!
But when that same child reads silently, it’s much harder to measure how much she is reading –– or understanding. Yet as she advances through school, teachers will expect her to learn increasingly through silent rather than oral reading.
Researchers at the Florida Center for Reading Research (FCRR) at Florida State University will tackle that paradox over the next four years. Funded by a $1.6 million grant from the Institute of Education Sciences (IES), the research arm of the U.S. Department of Education, a team headed by FCRR researcher Young-Suk Kim will examine a poorly understood area of literacy: the relationship between oral and silent reading, and how those skills, in turn, relate to reading comprehension.
“One of the reasons why silent reading has not been paid attention to sufficiently is that it is difficult to measure,” said Kim, also an assistant professor in Florida State’s College of Education. “The other piece is, people may just assume that, if you read well orally, then you’ll also read well silently.”
However, studies show that’s not the case for all students, said Kim. Some may pretend to read, read inefficiently, or struggle over the bridge from oral to silent reading. That crucial transition will be the focus of the new project.
Kim and her team will follow 400 Leon County (Fla.) students from first to third grade, testing them three times a year to measure when and how they develop accurate oral reading and advance from oral to fluent silent reading.
“Initially, kids sound out each letter, then put all the sounds together, and then make a word,” explained Kim, a former classroom teacher. “As their reading develops further, they will be able to do that in their minds. But initially, it’s not going to be as efficient or fast.”
Beginning silent readers often sound words out in their heads, a cumbersome process called subvocalization.
“What we ultimately want is instantaneous recognition without subvocalization because that’s faster,” Kim said. “But we don’t know how that process happens.”
Until recently, measuring silent reading was difficult: After all, you can’t hear the child’s progress. But researchers can now see this progress, with the help of advanced eye-tracking technologies that follow students’ eye movements as they read text on a computer screen.
“It’s very fascinating how precisely we can measure this,” Kim said. “We can even determine exactly which letter a student is focusing on.”
Kim and her team will also examine instructional strategies for promoting reading fluency, and hope that this new grant will be followed by a second one in which they will test these approaches. The ultimate goal is to help students read faster and better, a skill critical to their success throughout their years in school.
“Because children read faster in silent mode, we want to really promote that,” Kim said. “But because we don’t know how children transition there, it’s still one big question.”
Several other Florida State faculty members have key roles on the project. Yaacov Petscher, FCRR research associate, is co-principal investigator. Working as co-investigators are Carol Connor, FCRR researcher and associate professor in the Department of Psychology; Christian Vorstius, FCRR research associate; and Richard Wagner, Robert O. Lawton Distinguished Professor of Psychology and associate director at the FCRR.
“IES grants are extremely competitive,” said FCRR Director Barbara Foorman, “and we at the Florida Center for Reading Research are very proud that one of our new assistant professor stars, Dr. Young-Suk Kim, has won this award.”
About the FCRR:
The Florida Center for Reading Research (FCRR) is the nation’s premier research organization devoted to literacy. The center’s faculty boasts the broadest and deepest collection of reading experts in the world. Established in 2002 by the Florida Legislature, the FCRR is jointly administered at Florida State by the Learning Systems Institute and the College of Arts and Sciences.
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Botanical Name: Marrubium vulgare
Horehound herb has a long history of use for its wellness-supporting properties in traditional European folk herbalism. Typical preparations include tea, tincture, botanical candy, and syrup.
Egyptian priests referred to horehound as the "Seed of Horus", which some speculate its modern name came from. In medieval Europe it was used to ward off spells by witches. It is also recorded as one of the "bitter herbs" eaten at Passover.
28 in stock
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Bigfoot is entrenched in American popular culture and its icon status had been compared to Michael Jordan.
There’s an annual Bigfoot festival in Oklahoma, Oregon, and California.
A celebration for the hairy large-footed one is happening today in New Mexico.
Another Bigfoot festival is planned for North Carolina in 2018.
The name “Bigfoot” for the creature was first recorded by European Americans in the late 19th century.
Spotted Elk, also called Chief Big Foot, was a well-known Lakota leader.
Famous in his time, he may have been the namesake for two notorious bears in the West.
In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, there were at least two enormous marauding grizzly bears nicknamed “Bigfoot”.
The Idaho Bigfoot was attributed with nearly supernatural powers.
He was credited with killing 1,000 cattle in his lifetime.
Was this man mistaken for Bigfoot?
The same group who claimed to have spotted a bigfoot in the McDowell County woods spawned The Marion, NC Bigfoot festival.
Joe E. Bruner reported the sighting the first week in August, claiming he and his Bigfoot 911 group saw the creature just before 11 p.m. in the forest.
(Bigfoot 911 is a more than 7,000 member strong Facebook group devoted to discussing sightings of the gigantic creature.)
No injuries, though the group reports something threw rocks at them as they left.
After seeing a story about the sighting, a Minnesota tourist claimed responsibility.
In an interview, Gawain McGregor said he donned his furry suit in McDowell County to perform a shamanistic ritual.
McGregor isn’t one of many Bigfoot hoaxers.
He was taking part in a “sacrament” of “wearing of hair-covered animal skins and wandering in the forest.”
MacGregor said he’s had encounters with Sasquatch, an “angel of the forest” rather than a flesh-and-blood animal, in Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan.
Brunner disputed MacGregor’s retelling of events.
“The creature that I saw was 8′ tall with stringy matted hair,” Bruner posted on Facebook. “The gentleman in the picture [doesn’t] appear [to be] tall and is in a suit that appears to have short brown fur.”
Brunner also said it “moved with speed unmatched by any human.”
Also, “The eyes were farther apart than human eyes,” Bruner wrote on the group’s page, says the Charlotte Observer.
The Bigfoot Festival is still planned for 2018, despite the Greenville police’s tongue-in-cheek warning on Facebook:
“If you see Bigfoot, please do not shoot at him/her, as you’ll most likely be wounding a fun-loving and well-intentioned person, sweating in a gorilla costume.”
Bigfoot goes Nuclear
Jemez Springs is hosting the Bigfoot BBQ & Blues Fest today to celebrate rumors that Bigfoot hangs around the forests near one of the nation’s premier nuclear labs.
Festival organizers say Bigfoot expert Christopher Dyer will present hair, photographs and a map pinpointing sightings around the state.
All suggesting that Bigfoot has taken up residence in New Mexico.
The most interesting part of this story (for me) is the idea that Bigfoot has been hanging around a nuclear lab.
What could go wrong?
We want to believe
Even Jane Goodall was fascinated by Bigfoot.
When asked about Bigfoot in a 2002 interview, Jane Goodall said “I’m sure they exist”, and later said, chuckling, “Well, I’m a romantic, so I always wanted them to exist”.
Finally: “You know, why isn’t there a body? I can’t answer that, and maybe they don’t exist, but I want them to.”
Even when people like Rick Dyer (a self-styled “master tracker” of Bigfoot) commit multiple hoaxes, it doesn’t seem to matter.
No matter what, we want to believe.
Bigfoot exists, in whatever way he exists, because we want him to.
Siobhan is a freelance writer, research addict and lover of twisted history. If you like horrible but amazing history, check out her website www.interesly.com or Facebook page https://www.facebook.com/interesly. Or you can reach her through www.siobhanoshea.com.
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LiFePO4 is a battery technology that finds wide application in power tools and electric vehicles. It is an inherently stable chemistry (which makes it safe), is environmentally friendly (no heavy metals), has very high power density and many more recharge cycles than other Lithiums.
It also has a perfect voltage range for use with electronics: 2 - 3.6V. This means most modern chips can be powered without the use of a voltage regulator, which tends to be a big power waster in low power systems.
So here is an easy to use module to get started with LiFePO4 in your own designs. It's basically a battery with an integrated USB charger. All connections are on a 0.1" grid for easy integration. Take power straight off the battery holder terminals, or if that doesn't fit in your design, cut off the battery terminals and connect to the 0.1" header footprint.
So stop using old lithium cells that require a voltage regulator and last only a couple hundred cycles, and upgrade to the next level with LiFePO4!
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Climate scientists have warned of wild weather in the year ahead as the start of the global "El Niño" climate phenomenon exacerbates the impacts of global warming. As well as droughts, floods and other extreme events, the next few years are also likely to be the hottest on record, scientists say.
In the UK, a Met office spokesman said yesterday that the El Niño event was likely to cause a hot, dry summer, following a warm June, but said could have other unpredictable effects on weather in Britain and north west Europe. "Much depends on how much the El Nino deepens in the next few months."
El Niño - "the child" in Spanish - was named by fishermen in Peru and Ecuador because the phenomenon arrives at Christmas there. It is part of a natural meteorological cycle that happens roughly every 3-7 years and affects weather worldwide for a year or more. It is caused by changes in ocean temperatures, with the first sign being abnormal warming in the Pacific .
Sea surface temperatures across an area of the Pacific ocean almost the size of Europe have now been increasing for six months and will inevitably trigger worldwide weather turbulence for the next year, said a spokesman for the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (Noaa). "An El Niño has started. It has a significant influence on global weather, ocean conditions and marine fisheries. Its impacts have included damaging storms, severe flooding and drought in Indonesia", he said.
El Niño is also strongly linked to droughts in Africa, Australia and Asia, and wetter-than-normal weather in much of the US and South America. There are growing concerns that its intensity and frequency may be affected by climate change.
At this stage, both US and Australian climate scientists say this may be a medium-strength El Niño, but they have warned the temperatures in the eastern Pacfic are still rising and it could develop further.
"Temperatures in the Pacific are around 1°C above average, and sub-surface temperatures up to 4°C warmer than normal. " said a spokesman for Australia's Bureau of Meteorology.
The last major El Niño in 1998 killed over 2,000 people and caused billions of dollars worth of damage to crops, infrastructure and mines in Australia and Asia. It led directly to forest fires in South East Asia, to a collapse of fish stocks in South America and a drought threatening 700,000 people in Papua New Guinea.
Strong El Niños frequently have long-lasting social and economic effects on countries. The 1991-92 event led to the major droughts in Africa and food shortages that left 30 million people at risk of malnutrition and set back development for a decade.
Development groups yesterday said the arrival of a new El Niñowas worrying because it will add to the effects of climate change and the worldwide economic recession, which has led to hundreds of millions extra hungry people.
Oxfam said it had alerted its teams around the world. "This could be the hottest year in known history. Poverty and climate change is enough of a challenge: an El Niño will only make things harder," said Steve Jennings, Oxfam's disaster risk reduction manager. "We are really concerned it will result in intense droughts in Southern Africa and floods in Eastern Africa."
2009 has already been marked by an unusual weather patterns in SE Asia, and stubborn droughts and major floods in Australia, the US, China and Latin America.
India has been experiencing much weaker annual monsoon rains this year and searing temperatures. Rains have been up to two weeks late with temperatures reaching the high 40C in some areas. Water levels in the Ganges, Indus, Narmada, Sabarmati, Godavari and other rivers of the Kutch were this week at dangerously low levels.
Droughts in Australia, Argentina and Northern China, some of the worst ever recorded, have reduced food supplies and led to major water problems.
A recent academic study of El Niño patterns even suggests the French Revolution was caused in part by an unusually strong El-Niño effect between 1789-93, which resulted in poor crop yields Europe.
But the Noaa spokesman said not all not all effects of El Niño are negative. "On the positive side, El Niño can help to suppress Atlantic hurricane activity. In the US, it typically brings beneficial winter precipitation to the arid Southwest, less wintry weather across the North, and a reduced risk of Florida wildfires."
Major recent El Niños:
1972-73 Peru: The world's largest fishery collapsed
1991-1992: Southern Africa experienced one of its worst droughts, affecting close to 100 million people.
1994-5: The US was hit with two of the most severe floods and storms ever recorded.
1997-8: Africa experienced a major drought, Ecuador and Peru suffered over 10 times more rainfall than usual. Malaysia, Indonesia and Brazil were hit by droughts leading to huge numbers of forest fires.
2002-3: The rise in sea surafce temperature was lower than other years but Australia suffered some of its worst ever droughts.
- Hannah White
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Research scientists in Philadelphia have identified 2 ‘detectors’ in the tongue that help the body identify sweet food. It was previously thought that these receptors were only based in the gut and pancreas, where they are responsible for monitoring glucose in the blood and releasing insulin. However, their discovery in the tongue forces scientists to consider new options to managing over-consumption of calorific sweet food.
Further research and learning about these receptor systems could take us closer to breakthroughs in limiting intake of the wrong foods, such as dieting medication targeted at sweet foods.
This research has so far been carried out on mouse cells, so we are a long way from discovering a cure for sugar cravings or chocolate addiction in humans.
In the meantime those looking to lose weight are left with the more traditional options of diet and exercise. Where this has failed, weight loss surgery such as the gastric band is an effective option.
The Hospital Group offer a range of weight loss surgery procedures, including gastric bypass, balloon and sleeve in addition to the popular gastric band.
David Ross, Chief executive of The Hospital Group, which has 20+ clinics across the UK said: “Many overweight people struggle with their food intake and addiction to cakes, biscuits or chocolate often accounts for a significant part of over eating.
“It can be a daily battle to try and stick to a diet and this can often cause people to binge eat and then feel bad when they don’t reach their goals or targets.
“Being overweight can have a huge impact on your life affecting every aspect of it. Your health can suffer health as a result but it can also impact a person’s confidence and self esteem which can cause their social life to suffer too.
“Bariatric surgery can change a person’s life for the better giving them back their health and also restoring their confidence.
“At The Hospital group our specialists bariatric consultants ensure that, as well as having an absolute need for a procedure, the patient understands every aspect of their diet and healthy regime after it. A bariatric procedure generally works by reducing a patient’s appetite, but they would need to work with it to achieve the healthier lifestyle and lower weight they desire.”
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Available as a Poster, Framed Print or Canvas
Ernst Haeckel is perhaps the most well-recognized scientific illustrator of all time, popularly known for his striking and intricate paintings of strange sea creatures.
Haeckel's illustration of Orchidaceae is one of his comparatively few drawings of plants (another being Haeckel's Nepenthes). It depicts sixteen different types of orchids, including Oncidium, Paphiopedilum and Cattelya.
From left to right, top to bottom, the modern names are: Odontoglossum naevium, Psychopsis krameriana, Cyrtochilum ramosissimum, Oncidium schroederianum, Cattleya × ballantiniana, Cattleya mendelii, Phragmipedium × sedenii, Cattleya warscewiczii, Paphiopedilum insigne, Oncidium × wattianum, Cattleya labiata, Encyclia cordigera, Paphiopedilum argus, Paphinia rugosa, Promenaea xanthina, Oncidium loxense
Select the type of print to order
Select the size of your print
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A child can make new friends by participating in activities, initiating conversations with peers, and practicing good friendship skills, suggests PBS. Parents can help their children make friends by teaching friendship skills, supporting choices in friends, inviting potential friends into the home and encouraging participation in activities involving peers, notes WebMD.Continue Reading
Taking part in clubs, organized sports, playgroups and similar gatherings of peer groups is a way for a child to meet potential friends. Choosing an activity that appeals to the child increases the chances of finding a friend with something in common. Kids who join a soccer team likely enjoy the sport and physical activity, so they already have that shared interest. The common ground gives the kids a discussion topic and built-in activity to do together, which can help build the friendship.
Simply being around peers isn't enough. The child needs to open herself up to potential friends so they get to know her. Starting conversations, asking questions about the other person, and listening to what the other person has to say are ways to get to know new friends. Using kind words instead of saying mean things or gossiping is also important.
Parents help by talking to their children about what makes a good friend and addressing concerns about making friends. Organizing play dates or inviting peers over to the house can also help. If a child does better one-on-one, an individual play date with just one other child may be easier than a group play date.Learn more about Health
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AUSTIN POWDER CO. is the oldest manufacturing enterprise in Cleveland. Begun in 1833 by the 5 Austin brothers to produce explosives used in blasting rock to build the canals, the firm opened plants in Akron and Cleveland. Austin Powder Co. Its Cleveland factory, bought from the Cleveland Powder Co. in 1867, at the 5 Mile Lock of the Ohio Canal (under the later Harvard-Denison Bridge), blew up in 1907.
Austin also built at GLENWILLOW, a rural community it developed in 1892, building homes for its employees, a town hall, a school, and a general store in the village. In the 19th century, Austin products were used in eastern coal fields, but its real periods of growth occurred in wartime. The government was the sole customer of the company's Glenwillow plant, where the workforce doubled to 200 to meet wartime demand. Because of the dangerous nature of the business, Austin powder manufacture was carried out in some 50 buildings at the Glenwillow site, and in other locations in 5 states. Headquarters were maintained in the ROCKEFELLER BLDG. in downtown Cleveland, then at 3735 Green Rd., and finally at 25800 Science Park Dr. in BEACHWOOD.
Though the company was safety-conscious, its history was marked by many explosions. As the isolation of Glenwillow ceased with the growth of neighboring suburbs, the company decided to close the plant and moved its Ohio manufacturing operations in 1972 to its plant in McArthur, OH. Beginning in 1985, Austin began a period of significant international expansion. In 1995 the company had operations in a dozen countries around the world, and over 1,400 employees. Almost all of Austin's products are sold to the mining and construction industries. David M. Gleason, a long-time Cleveland resident, was the company's president.
Austin Powder Co. 130 Years of Explosives (1963), WRHS.
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It was a cloudy December day in San Francisco, I had created a Trigonometry Review Assignment for my precalculus class and was excited to have them start using Edcite. Luckily, I remembered some important tips for avoiding “Technical Difficulties” when using a new classroom technology. Here are three pointers for helping your students get started!
1. Have students sign up for accounts ahead of time
Even though it is fairly simple to set students up on most technology websites, simplify the process by getting students registered with the website in the days or weeks before they will be using it. This could be done in the last 5-10 minutes of a class period or be given as a homework assignment (with some accompanying instructions). Signing students up early means that if there are any issues with sign up, they will be dealt with before you give out an assignment.
2. Simplify username/passwords for students
As most teachers know, some students have an amazing ability to misplace or forget where their homework is. Don’t let this happen with their username and password! For their username, give clear directions about how to format their username. My school has a standardized email account (last name followed by year of graduation), so I asked my students use their emails as usernames. If your school does not have school emails, feel free to come up with your own system (e.g., first initial followed by last name). For passwords, I do not keep track of these for students, but I tell students to use a password that they use for their email. This combination ensured that 24/25 = 96% (I am a math teacher!) of the students in my precalculus class were able to remember their username and password.
3. Collect feedback from your students
Reflection is a really important part of the teaching process and I find that the best information to reflect on comes from the students themselves. After I used Edcite the first time in my class, I had students fill out a google form which collected all of their feedback and compiled it into a document that summarized it. Another idea that I plan on using in the future is to end the assignment with a free response question asking for their comments or thoughts about the assignment. Not only is this feedback often helpful and insightful, it engages students by bringing their voice into the process!
These three tips made my classes’ introduction to Edcite even smoother. In upcoming posts, I will discuss more details of creating, finding and giving assignments to students!
– Brian McIntosh
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Lapel badges, France, 1915-1917
The French inscription, “Pour les blesses de la tuberculose” on the lapel badge translates as “For the wounded from tuberculosis”. The badges were designed by the famous designer of jewellery and glassware, René Lalique (1860-1945). The lapel badges were made for fundraising on the ‘Day of the Wounded’ and ‘Tuberculosed Soldiers of the War’, events held in France during the First World War.
Related Themes and Topics
There are 707 related objects. View all related objects
Objects bearing special or distinctive marks, tokens, or devices signifying membership, allegiance, authority, or qualification; usually worn on the person.
An infectious disease that is caused by a bacterium first identified by Robert Koch in 1882. The disease usually affects the lungs first, and is accompanied by a chronic cough.
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The Troubles are over. So why is Northern Ireland still so unsettled? (+video)
Amid riots this summer by both loyalists and republicans, and with fears of more to come Saturday, some say the peace process itself has formalized seasonal violence.
Belfast, Northern Ireland; and Dublin, Ireland — In 1998, after 29 years of bloody civil conflict, Northern Ireland was euphoric: Peace had finally been achieved. A political process, however difficult, was underway and the guns fell silent.
The guns have remained largely silent since. But street violence continues, particularly during the summer months of the so-called "marching season," when various groups, predominantly pro-British unionists, take to the streets of Northern Ireland to parade, sometimes resulting in violent clashes. This past summer was no exception, with several instances of rioting in North Belfast, and more feared due to a contentious unionist parade due on Saturday.
Despite a power-sharing accord between the pro-British Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) and republican party Sinn Féin, all sides involved in the recent disturbances feel aggrieved, leaving many in the North wondering what happened to promises of a "New Northern Ireland" and why are things still so unsettled.
Even among many who are glad that the Troubles have ended, blame is beginning to point toward the structure of the peace process itself, specifically how it attempted to defuse the conflict into a culture war. While the Troubles' zero-sum political conflict – between the competing ideas of a united Ireland and a United Kingdom – has ended, what remains is a split between nationalist and unionist, Irish and British, where the divide isn't healed, but rather is reinforced annually.
"There is a cultural space for rioting in the Northern Ireland calendar," says Paddy Hoey, a former journalist who is completing his PhD thesis in the literature of dissident Irish republicanism at the University of Liverpool's Institute of Irish Studies. He says that the unrest in interface areas – places where republican and loyalist communities abut – is a "result of the vacuum of the peace process."
While the political battle has left the streets and entered the halls of government in Northern Ireland, the Troubles' one-time fighters still remain in control of their districts as "community representatives," Mr. Hoey says. That leaves them in position to wage the cultural war through annual parades and protests, but without being held to account if the events devolve into riots.
"It's a manifestation of social control by people who were able to act with tacit impunity," he says.
Marches and riots
This summer has been no exception to the cycle of cultural conflict. Marches by the Orange Order and Royal Black Institution, both Protestant fraternal organizations, erupted into violence on July 12 and Aug. 25 when a marching band named Young Conway Volunteers marched outside St. Patrick's Catholic church in Donegall Street.
On July 12, the band stopped outside the church and played an anti-Catholic tune named "The Famine Song," which spurred reactive protests that turned violent later that night in the republican Ardoyne district.
The Parades Commission, the statutory body which sanctions marches, banned Young Conway Volunteers from the Aug. 25 march, but the group flouted the ban, spurring a further series of disturbances by republican protesters.
Loyalists have rioted as well. Only yards away from Donegall Street, a republican march commemorating 18th century republican Henry Joy McCracken resulted in three consecutive nights of violence from Sept. 3 to 5, with loyalists attacking police with stones, bricks, and fireworks in objection to the march. Police fired plastic bullets in response.
Saturday will see another contentious march, this time by pro-British unionists commemorating the 1912 signing of the Ulster Covenant that swore to oppose Irish Home Rule, eventually leading to the formation of the 100,000 strong Ulster Volunteers armed group. The Orange Order estimates the parade will involve 25,000 to 30,000 marchers. The Parades Commission this week ordered that no loyalist supporters accompany the parade as it passes St. Patrick's church, and that a planned nationalist protest at the church be limited to no more than 150 people.
'Almost street theater'
But many observers of the violence contend that it is not the result of spontaneous outrage, but rather is deliberate, almost formalized cultural chest-thumping.
Pauline Hadaway, who runs the Belfast Exposed photographic gallery in Donegall Street less than a mile from the rioting, says the September confrontation was easy to ignore and appeared staged.
"We work down the bottom of the street from this flashpoint and you'd not notice it. It's a real set-piece conflict, almost like a piece of street theater."
Ms. Hadaway, who is originally from England and holds political and social discussions in the gallery, says if similar outbursts of street fighting had occurred in parts of Britain, it would be treated as a simple, if extreme, matter of law and order – not as signs of cultural conflict. She says the now annual Belfast disturbances cannot be compared to the widespread rioting in England last year.
"Effectively you have to go out of your way to be offended. It's a drama without an audience and it's so predictable. It has none of the shock value of the London and Manchester riots last year," she says.
But North Belfast resident and writer Daniel Jewesbury argues that some will nonetheless make sure to be offended. "One thing the Orange Order said that is true is that there are some groups who are dedicated to taking offense, but on the the other hand there are some who are dedicated to giving it," he says.
He also questions the idea that the rioting genuinely represents widespread feeling on the ground – though he acknowledges that it is a popular conception among the rioters.
"There's still a sense that, despite everyone knowing it's staged, both sides expect community support" from their own cultural group, as the protesters feel they are acting for their respective communities, Mr. Jewesbury says. "This is the direct result of the peace process. It's the way this strange architecture of peace is constructed."
Malachi O'Doherty, one of Northern Ireland's best-known authors, fears a potential return to widespread violence, particularly if a republican is killed during a riot, something that could bolster support for dissident republicans opposed to power-sharing.
"The Troubles had gone on for far, far too long. I think even Sinn Féin and the IRA saw that. Are the ingredients there that could bring it back on the same scale as before? I very much doubt it. But are the ingredients there to lead to more killings, including of innocent people? I think so."
And Mr. O'Doherty echoes the sentiment that the rioting is orchestrated, rather than spontaneous. "The fact that the rioting switched off as soon as the talks started shows it's being managed by somebody. There are two solutions to that: find out who that person is and find out what their price is, or find out who that person is and put them in jail for a long time."
O'Doherty notes the escalation of tension, if not necessarily the violence itself, may have a tactical basis.
"The DUP certainly regards it as a culture war: conflict by other means. I don't know who first viewed it this way, but maybe it [explains] the fact that otherwise they [the DUP and Sinn Féin] are so close to each other," noting how the parties work together in government despite representing distinct electorates locked into a seemingly permanent face-off.
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A vaccine for the Wuhan virus or COVID-19 is months away. In the meantime, the best advice we’ve been getting from health experts is to wear a mask and wash our hands with soap for 20 seconds to avoid the virus.
However, there is one other hygiene tip that most people constantly forget – don’t touch your face!
People self-inoculate germs from fingers to face
For years, flu researchers have advised people to stop touching their faces during cold and flu season, especially if they are out in public spaces.
Everytime you touch your mouth, nose or eyes, you transfer bacteria or viruses there from whatever contaminated surface your fingers have come in contact with. This is the primary way that certain bacteria and viruses spread apart from airborne transmission.
So, even if you were to wash your hands regularly, there are plenty of opportunities to re-contaminate your hands in between when in public spaces.
Face touching – a hard habit to break
Most people touch their faces whether they know it or not. Whether it’s scratching an itch, rubbing the nose or even brushing hair off your face for a few selfies, we can’t seem to keep our hands away from our faces.
Studies have shown that we can touch our faces over 20 times per hour and may touch public surfaces 3 times an hour on average.
COVID-19 in public spaces
Public surfaces that we touch – such as shopping trolleys, self-checkout machines or public toilets – can be covered in greasy bio-films brimming with bacteria. Health experts claim that COVID-19 can survive on these types of surfaces for several hours or more.
So, the next time you wash your hands with soap for 20 seconds, try to avoid touching public surfaces and your face until the next hand wash!
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SOHO's view of comet Kudo-Fujikawa.
Click on image for full size
Image courtesy NASA
SOHO watches comet
News story originally written on January 31, 2003
On January 29, 2003 a comet passed very close to the Sun. The comet was too
close to the Sun to be viewed from Earth; the bright light from the Sun blocked our view of the comet. However, the SOHO
spacecraft, which observes the Sun continuously from an orbit 1.5 million kilometers from Earth, was able to
capture images of the comet's close pass by the Sun. SOHO has an instrument called a coronagraph,
which blocks out the brightest light from the Sun, allowing it a good view of the comet's closest approach.
Comet Kudo-Fujikawa (also called C/2002 X5) passed within 28.4 million kilometers (17.7 million miles) of the Sun. That was well inside the
orbit of Mercury, the closest planet to the Sun. Mercury orbits at a distance of about 58 million kilometers from the Sun.
Several images from SOHO were combined to create this animation
(820K GIF) of the comet passing the Sun; and this high resolution animation (3.7M GIF). These are large files, and may take a long
time to download!
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Individual differences that people differ from each other is obvious how and why they differ is less clear and is the subject of the study of individual differences. Neuromuscular reflexes can individual differences be attributed to any physical differences vernier lab safety instructions disclaimer. Lab reports what is a lab report percentage of an individual’s vo2 max, so knowing vo2 max makes it possible to prescribe the proper amount of exercise. Psychology lab report help research in the child narratives lab focuses on how social context and individual differences influence children's reports about past.
Sample lab report - phys 231 the but do specify any parameters you chose and any differences from the sum of the capacitances determined from the individual. The purpose of the blood pressure and pulse lab was to test blood pressure and pulse lab physical education essay as the individual begins to rest after. What is individual differences definition of individual differences: many of a learner’s personal characteristics can affect how he or she learns individual. Lab # 2 – reaction time can be a measure of the speed of neural transmission and the cognitive complexity of tasks background information: individual differences. Each of the variables was measured as follows by individual self-report ac and conscientiousness in predicting individual differences in mindfulness based on. Differences individual differences in need for cognitive closure need for closure as an individual-difference we report on discriminant validation of the.
Individual difference theory and research: application to multinational coalition teamwork individual differences in. The making of individual differences this free course is available to start right now review the full course description and key learning outcomes and create an. Personality processes and individual differences origins and pawns in the classroom: self-report and projective assessments of individual differences in.
Imagery lab mental imagery and human-computer interaction we also examined whether individual differences in visual-spatial abilities predicted the types of. Techniques and strategies for writing lab reports and the typical lab report includes concentrate on general trends and differences and not on. Lab report - psych 112 march 26, 2014 an implicit association test (iat), according to the article “measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: the.
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When chairman Ajit Pai of the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) in late 2017 repealed the FCC’s own 2015 net neutrality rules that it had painstakingly produced after an extensive public comment period, the FCC resumed a long-standing pattern of enabling media concentration. Concentrating media enables internet service providers (ISP), which may be part of such concentrations, to favor internet traffic from partnered or co-owned platforms over traffic from other media conglomerates. For example, if a media conglomerate owned Netflix (which is not yet true), that conglomerate, were it to include among its properties ISPs, could favor Netflix traffic flowing through its networks over that of other streaming media services not owned by the same conglomerate, like Hulu or Amazon Video. Concentrating media under single ownership also discourages competition in the marketplace, in turn providing fewer choices for consumers.
The American Library Association (ALA) points to problems confronting libraries that increased media concentration cause:
Libraries cannot ensure ‘the widest possible dissemination of information from diverse and antagonistic sources’ (Jones, 1999), unless they counter the detrimental impact of media consolidation on the diversity of ideas and localism in their communities. When media consolidation restricts the creation and dissemination of multiple perspectives, the public no longer has a healthy, open exchange of information and ideas.
These problems affect our students and our scholarship. Net neutrality laws directly impact the resources and services that scholars and students can access. As media concentration increases, the potential for access to “the widest possible dissemination of information” diminishes for scholars and students alike, especially through local ISPs from home and work networks. While campus networks may be largely spared from media concentration, the internet is simply a collect of public and private networks passing information from computer to computer, network to network. When parts of the internet are blocked or throttled by ISPs seeking to promote their own conglomerated content, then the Internet writ wide is blocked or throttled. When competing ISPs are available, the problem can be sidestepped. But few competing ISPs serve the same regions, meaning when net neutrality is not upheld, consumers must simply accept their ISP’s decisions and the limitations they incur.
Media concentration is especially common among commercial academic publishers. Such concentrations even more directly affect scholarship. When EBSCO or Elsevier is the primary (or sole) provider of cloud-based access to scholarly resources in a library, how can we or our students know that resources beyond our library’s collection are even available? The truth is, they can’t, and neither can we, except through the other media like Twitter we scholars rely upon to learn about new, cutting edge research. And who knows if all the tweets are getting through?
The principles of net neutrality are built, at least in part, on transparency. The more the public is aware of the unseen activities of ISPs and media concentrations, the thinking goes, the less likely the public will be to tolerate those activities. But those unseen activities are increasing, not decreasing. These hidden activities are not simply about throttling or blocking internet traffic without disclosure. They broadly affect the entire Web in the hidden selection activities of search engine algorithms. Although machine learning is becoming more ubiquitously integrated in search engine algorithms, end users are unaware that their search results are becoming more “accurate” because algorithmic processes have learned user habits and patterns. As search engine providers are able to access and track more user browsing habits through media consolidation, they are able to more reliably provide search results that users want to see.
But it’s what scholars and students don’t see that we need to see. That is, we need to know that the results we’ve been served by library searches are comprehensively from among all available scholarship. We need to know that algorithmic processes have shown us results beyond those our previous search histories suggest we’d like to see. Net neutrality rules that encourage transparency and discourage media concentration help to ensure that we see more results than what artificially intelligent algorithms are programmed and learn to reveal.
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Two films from 1998, The Truman Show and Pleasantville, provide a possible basis for theological discussion. They introduce questions of illusion and reality, control and freedom, viewing and being viewed. These two products of the media world themselves ask how much our own interpretations of reality are influenced by our culture's modern media. Have Americans developed an obsessive interest in watching without being known (voyeurism)? Do the films portray society's worst fears about God? What aspects of human freedom and what aspects of God are left out? Effectively raising the questions, the films require richer resources to provide answers regarding the character of God and the power of human freedom.
Mercadante, Linda A.
"The God Behind the Screen: Pleasantville and The Truman Show,"
Journal of Religion & Film: Vol. 5:
2, Article 8.
Available at: https://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/jrf/vol5/iss2/8
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Sandwiched between the driest desert and the largest rainforest in the world, the Andes Mountains in Peru contain some of the world’s most spectacular scenery. Within these mountains, ancient civilisations – of which the Incas are the most famous – built cities, temples and roadways (of which there are known to be more then 25,000km) using precision construction techniques that continue to baffle scientists today.
The ancient culture of Peru can be best seen in Machu Picchu, known as the ‘Lost City of the Incas’, which is situated on a 2,450m high mountain, 80km from Cusco city. Trekking the Inca Trail is a really exciting way of getting to Machu Picchu involving up to five days of hiking in the high Andean Mountains and the beginning of the Amazonian Jungle. You will cross ancient Incan towns and walk over the original cobbled path. Our trip beings in the city of Cusco, the capital of the Incas and the oldest continuously inhabited metropolis in South America. It is believed that the city was founded by 1,000 BC and it contains many fascinating remains of ancient civilisations. It is considered the archaeological capital of South America and is listed by UNESCO World Heritage List as a city of Outstanding Universal Value. Located by the beginning of the Amazonian Jungle, the city was effectively protected from attack by its difficult topography. It is supposed to have been home to the Inca king, his family and close friends and was rediscovered in 1911 by the American explorer Hiram Bingham who took all its artefacts to Yale University. The temples, however, remain, including that of the Sun, the Three Windows Temple, the Main Temple, the Temple of Condors and an imposing Intiwatana (sun fastener).
At an altitude of 3,300m, Cusco gives a good opportunity for general acclimatisation before heading out on the trail where we will be ascending to two high passes, taking us gradually up to 4,000m approximately. We have two route options available – the Traditional Route, which has to be booked well in advance due to the fact that it follows the more restricted original Inca Trail, and the Alternative Route which is more readily available and offers a very good alternative with more scenery and vantage points. Both treks enable you to explore the impressive relics of the ancient Incan civilisations while enjoying some magnificent walking through the diverse scenery in the mountains and valleys of the eastern Cordillera, from desert-like land where there is little natural growth to a semi-tropical environment in the rainforest at the end of which is the incomparable Machu Picchu.
The pace is key to preventing AMS. Your group will be monitored by guides at all times for symptoms of the effects of altitude. Our professional guides in Peru have over 20 years’ experience leading treks in the Cusco area and the surrounding region. They are fluent in English and provide many insights into the local history and cultures while sharing their in-depth knowledge of the area and its people. If you are looking for an exceptional trekking experience in an ancient land, our Inca Trail & Machu Picchu trek won’t disappoint!
We can also arrange other options for longer or shorter trips including tour or activity add-ons to the itineraries in Cusco, Puno, Arequipa, Peru, the Andes and Amazon rainforest. Additionally, there are some other famous hiking areas such as the Salkantay and Ausangate Mountains and the Cordillera of Urubamba in the region, all of which are worth visiting.
Day 1: Arrive Lima. Pick-up and transfer to hotel.
Day 2: Lima – Cusco. Flight and transfer to a hostel.
Day 3: Cusco – Chilca – Wayllabamba. Trekking and camp.
Day 4: Wayllabamba – Warmiwanusca – Pacaymayo. Trekking and camp.
Day 5: Pacaymayo – Puya Patamarka – Winay Huayna. Trekking and camp.
Day 6: Winay Huayna – Machupicchu. Trekking and hostel.
Day 7: Aguas Calientes – Cusco. Free day, transfer and hostel.
Day 8: Cusco – Lima. Transfer and flight.
Day 1: Arrive Lima. Pick-up and transfer to hotel.
Day 2: Lima – Cusco. Flight and transfer to a hostel.
Day 3: Cusco – Mollepata – Soraypampa. Transfer, trekking and camp.
Day 4: Soraypamapa – Kelkamachay – Colcapampa. Trekking and camp.
Day 5: Colcapampa – Hydroelectric. Trekking and camp.
Day 6: Hydroelectric llactapata – Aguas Calientes. Trekking and hostel.
Day 7: Aguas Calientes – Machupicchu – Cusco. Trekking, transfer and hostel.
Day 8: Cusco – Lima. Transfer and flight.
Following is a sample daily Itinerary for the Alternative Route. On booking, you will be issued a more detailed version. We can also customise the itinerary to your needs if required.
Day 1: Arrive in Lima
Pick-up at the airport and transfer to the hotel in Lima.
Day 2: Lima – Cusco
Return to Lima airport for your flight to Cusco where you will be met and transferred to your hostel. Meet with your guide for your Inca Trail. The afternoon is free to allow you time to acclimatise to the altitude. Afternoon walking tour of Cusco to familiarise yourself with this wonderful town, where the original, ancient Inca walls and cobblestone streets blend with the colonial Spanish architecture of the 16th Century European invaders. Visit the Temple of the Sun or Qoricancha (the ‘Enclosure of Gold’). Its perfect architecture and stonework demonstrate that this was the most important temple in the entire Inca Realm, the sacred hub of the ancient, mystical Incan Empire. The cathedral is well worth a visit with its fabulous paintings and works in gold leaf, carved wood and silverware, as is the artisan area of San Blas.
Day 3: Cusco – Mollepata – Soraypampa
You will be picked up very early of the hotel at 5:30am to go by highway to Mollepata (2,950m). On the road we will stop in the archaeological complex of Tarawasi, an Inca Temple, continue until Mollepata from where we will appreciate the Snowy Humantay, continuing until Soray Pampas to the beginning of the walk for the pastizales (pasture lands). The whole walk is an ascent until Salkantaypampa where we have lunch. After eating we ascend to the first step to the Lagoon Soroy Cocha (camp). From this point we will be able to see the Salkantay closely and to appreciate the typical Andean flora and fauna.
Day 4: Soraypamapa – Kelkamachay – Colcapampa
After breakfast we will hike for one hour to Huayrapamapa Abra (4,420m). We then descend to have a community huayraqmachay (lunch), sharing a meal with the locals. Afterwards we hike to the camp of Colcamachay. During this walk we will be able to observe people working in the fields as well as spotting llamas, lagoons and typical Andean flora.
Day 5: Colcapampa – Hydroelectric Ilactapata
Today we will descend and the climate changes because as we enter the brow of the forest. Here we will be experience dense vegetation, large waterfalls and see a variety of orchids. After lunch we will make our way to the beach .
Day 6: Hydroelectric Ilactapata – Aguas Calientes
Very early in the morning we will set out towards Patallacta where we will be able to get our first sighting of Machu Picchu. We descend to the hydroelectric from where we travel to Agua Calientes.
Day 7: Aguas Calientes – Machu Picchu – Cusco
In the early morning we travel by bus to Machu Picchu. During the bus journey the guide will share the history of the world-famous site. On arrival you can explore the ancient city on foot. Return by bus to Aguas Calientes. Board the train to Cusco. Pick-up and transfer to the hotel.
Days 8-9: Cusco – Lima – Ireland
Transfer to airport and fly to Lima. International flight to Ireland arriving Day 09/10 depending on flight times (to be confirmed on booking).
All year round (May to September preferred. Contact us for exact dates of departure.)
Full price: Group from Ireland – Alternative Route – From €3,350
Land-only: from Lima – Traditional Route – €2,100 (contact us for details of inclusions and exclusions)
Land-only: from Lima – Alternative Route – €2,000 (contact us for details of inclusions and exclusions)
Deposit: €500 due at time of booking
- Flights Ireland – Lima return
- Flights Lima – Cusco return
- All transfers
- Hostel accommodation B&B
- Park fees
- Camping, meals and water on mountain
- All accommodation is based on twin/treble sharing of rooms and tents (if you require single accommodation, please let us know and we will advise of additional cost)
- Guides, porters and communal gear
- Water purified daily for trekkers
- Meals en route before and after final destination
- Bar bills and laundry
- Travel insurance
- Personal gear
- Our trips are designed to avoid any extra cost to the client. If you choose to leave the trip early, There will be additional expenses
- Independent flights: Pick up and drop off costs to the airport not included
- Insurance liability and hospital costs
If you wish to arrange and pay for your own flight to Peru we will meet you at the airport in Lima. Full refund applies only if cancellation is received and acknowledged 20 weeks or more prior to departure. For bookings where flights have to be paid for in advance, the flight cost is non-refundable once paid.
PREPARATION & TRAINING
This trek is a great experience and exciting challenge for both those with hillwalking experience and for beginners. The trek does not require any technical skills and is a comfortable hike for anyone who is comfortable walking for up to five hours a day consecutively. A good level of fitness and some experience on a mountain is recommended prior to departure as you will enjoy your trip a lot more if you have prepared well. If you are a total beginner to walking/hillwalking, then a three to six-month training programme is advisable.
We recommend that you attend our free Meet Weekend in County Kerry to say hello to the group and meet with our instructors. This day is an ideal opportunity to check out your fitness levels when you are assessed by our experienced guides on this preparatory hill walk. The day also provides a good opportunity to get any questions answered or concerns dealt with that you may have in relation to the trip. We talk about dealing with altitude and different weather conditions as well as giving tips on gear and general training.
We consider ourselves among the world’s leading experts in high-altitude trekking and pride ourselves on putting together trips that provide the best possible opportunity to succeed. Acclimatisation is key to success and it’s important that you don’t underestimate the time you allow yourself to adjust to your new environment. Pace is key to preventing AMS (Acute Mountain Sickness) and our guides monitor the group at all times for signs and symptoms.
On the Saturday of our Meet Weekend we climb one of Ireland’s highest peaks during the day while, very early on Sunday morning, we undertake a night hike. The hike simulates the requirements on the summit day/night of the actual trek, taking you out of your comfort zone and helping you learn how to prepare your mind and body for the challenge ahead.
For beginners, we offer fitness testing weekends and a variety of hillwalking training options (see our Courses &Training section) and recommend a six-month training programme to ensure that you can trek comfortably up to and beyond 4,000m. Our suggested programme is as follows:
- Months 1-2: These should include fortnightly hillwalking treks lasting three hours and including carrying a small/medium pack weighing 5kg approx.
- Months 3-4: Increase your fortnightly treks to last six hours plus and increase your pack weight to 7kg approx.
- Month 5: Do two walks on consecutive days twice during the month. Do a five-hour walk the first day and a six-hour trek the second day. Be careful to avoid injury.
- Month 6: Continue with some hillwalking but reduce to lower peaks and durations of a maximum of four hours.
There are currently no statutory requirements for entering Peru unless you are travelling from an area designated as infected. We recommend, however, that you are protected against TB, typhoid, polio, tetanus and hepatitis A, encephalitis, meningitis, hepatitis B and rabies as they can all be contracted in Peru. Before departure please ask your doctor who should be able to offer you the most sensible and up-to-date advice. Since we are visiting the high and coastal regions of Peru, malarial prophylactics are not required.
You will need a valid full passport. Please ensure it has six months before expiry prior your departure date. Before applying for your visa, please check dates on your passport. Bring four passport photos for visas. Visa is acquired upon entry to the country.
The local currency in Peru is the Sol. Euro, Sterling and US dollar travellers’ cheques are easily exchanged in Peru. Many prices are expressed in US dollars and some cash dollars are useful for purchases in the main cities. Cash can also be obtained from ATM machines in Lima and Cusco.
- Lightweight long thermal underwear – tops and bottoms
- Short and long-sleeved t-shirts
- Expedition-weight long underwear – tops and bottoms
- Fleece jacket – mid-weight to heavy-weight; wind stopper an advantage
- Fleece trousers
- Parka jacket – down or synthetic parka with hood
- Jacket – waterproof and breathable
- Over-trousers, waterproof and breathable
- Sun hat with good visor and white bandana or buff for protecting your neck
- Balaclava/facemask – 1, lightweight
- Wool or pile ski hat
- Head torch (inc. spare bulbs & spare batteries); suggested: Petzl LED
- Sunglasses – UV & IR protection
- Liner gloves
- Synthetic gloves – lightweight, pile or polypropylene
- Waterproof mittens – 1 pair (optional)
- Light hiking boots or trekking shoes
- Sandals or runners for tea house
- Socks – lightweight (2-3 pairs), sock liners, warm trekking socks (2-3 pairs)
- Foot powder
- Sleeping bag – -15 ºC comfort rating
- Water bottles – 1 or 2 x 1-litre wide-mouth water bottle, Nalgene
- Pee bottle – 1 x litre-wide mouth water bottle (optional)
- Pee funnel – for women (optional)
- Sunscreen – SPF 30-40
- Lipscreen – SPF 20-40, at least 2 sticks
- Personal First Aid kit
- Large duffel bag 100 litre
- Smaller duffel with lock to store excess gear in hotel
- Plastic bags to line stuff sacks to keep gear dry or a dry bag
- Travel clothes
- Travel towel
- Toiletry bag
- Camera gear
- Travel insurance certificate
- Passport, visa and copies of all travel and insurance documents
- Money in Euro or US Dollars
- Ear plugs and nail clippers
- Spare boot laces, bulbs, batteries, memory cards, etc
- Cold water detergent and some toiletries
- Small sewing kit
- Penknife and small scissors
- Diary or notebook and book for down time
- Insect repellent
- Toilet paper – it is good practice to bring your own, but it is provided to anyone if needed
- Baby wipes/hand wipes
- Hand gel
- Water purification tablets
- Personal medication
WHY TRAVEL WITH US?
Our passion for your adventure treks and expedition is one of the defining characteristics of Pat Falvey Irish & Worldwide Adventures. We love what we do, the places we travel to and the people we work with in each destination. After 25 years of worldwide travel, we remain curious about learning more and retain our delight in sharing what we know with you. We are a hands-on company whose staff are available to answer your queries both inside and outside usual office hours.
Our staff and partners in Nepal, Russia, Africa, Argentina, Peru and Antarctica are as close to us as family members and share our enthusiasm for your trips. We see their work as a vital part of each adventure and have always ensured that local staff, most of whom have worked with Pat for many years, are fairly and honourably treated. The experience and expertise of everyone who works with us is guaranteed and makes for adventures that are high on safety, support and good fun.
Our company is one of the world’s leading experts in high-altitude trekking in remote regions and we pride ourselves in putting together trips that give you the best possibility of success on your adventure. To ensure this, we have a comprehensive acclimatisation formula, designed to maximise each person’s chances of completing their trek without falling prey to the effects of high altitude or acute mountain sickness (AMS). Our guides closely monitor the group at all times for symptoms of the effects of high altitude and are always ready to take the necessary precautions when necessary.
We are not only willing to go the extra mile to make your trip our priority, we are happy to do so.
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in 1888The Rio de la Plata Earthquake takes place.
The 1888 Río de la Plata earthquake occurred on June 5, 1888, measuring 5.5 on the Richter scale, and shook the upper Río de la Plata at 3:20 UTC-3. The epicentre was located 15 kilometres (9 mi) southwest of Colonia del Sacramento (Uruguay) and 42 kilometres (26 mi) east of Buenos Aires (Argentina), with a hypocentre at a depth of 30 kilometres (19 mi).
Patrick Floyd "Pat" Garrett was an American Old West lawman, bartender, and customs agent who was best known for killing Billy the Kid. He was also the sheriff of Lincoln County, New Mexico.
Yehuda Pen was a Jewish-Belarusian artist-painter, a teacher and an outstanding figure of the Jewish Renaissance in the Russian and Belarusian art of the beginning of 20th century. Pen was, arguably, the most significant Jewish painter in the Russian Empire, whose achievement parallels the contribution of Mark Antokolski to sculpture.
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This week, with the weather continuing to be so wet and dreary, it seemed a perfect time for The Past Present to examine the image above. Audley Weir in the Royal National Park is a popular place for visitors and tourists with boating, fishing and bushwalking being popular pursuits. Yet the weir also acts as a river crossing, and during times of extended or heavy rain, the river rises and floods the road, sometimes closing it entirely.
European explorers visited the area which now encompasses the Royal National Park in the early 1800s, but they reported that the land was not favourable for settlement due to rough terrain. As a result, although there were small settlements which sprung up around the fringes of todays park, and at Wattamolla by the mid 1800s, most of the land remained untouched bush. In 1879 the area was dedicated as a National Park, which was also to be used to acclimatise exotic species for the NSW Zoological Society, which had been formed just a few days previously. The trustees planned to create ornamental gardens, exotic plantings, a zoo and even a race course, but many of these plans never eventuated. However, the main focus of recreation within the park was to be Audley, and soon a holiday camp with a number of buildings was constructed. By May 1881 the camp, which was named Audley three years later in 1884, included a boathouse, jetty, cottages, a pavilion, stables and even a smithy!
The causeway itself was completed in 1883 and served two important purposes. Not only did it provide access to the other side of the river, but it created a permanent body of freshwater which could be stocked with fish and also used for boating and bathing. A new boat shed, also shown in the image above, was soon built to encourage boating in the area and soon tourists were flocking to Audley for a day out and about in the fresh air and beautiful Australian bush. Fishing and boating remain popular pastimes at Audley to this day.
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It is interesting to read in context of the aforementioned visit of Theophanes to Antioch. West though deals with the external trade of the province and as Syria was largely self-sufficient in food (grains for instance) and most fruit (besides dried versions) did not travel well, these basic foodstuffs do not figure in the external trade patterns.
I shall excerpt here the list of imports that have been documented by the historic sources. The list is Syria wide, but as the chief consumer of luxury goods (and imports tended to be luxuries due to the high transport costs) Antioch features prominently.
West spends much more time on exports though and a reading gives the impression that Antioch had some relevance but little importance. From my reading over broader territory I would beg to disagree. West concedes to Antioch an export source for wine and olive oil, though this would have been the surrounding countryside rather than the city. In medical remedies, he mentions the city as the source of "oil of lilies" and oenanthe (a product that went into around 21 potions). The city was mentioned as a source of race horses (though this may have been training "value-added") and camels were said to come from city, as did geese and poultry. John Chrysostom mentions the city as a producer of copper goods.
While the import lists show Antioch as an importer of perfumes I would suggest that it was more of an importer of ingredients for Antioch was renowned as being a producer of perfumes for exports. Likewise it was an important center for silver and ghold jewellery production, which necessitated the import of the precious metals for conversion in the end products. West doesn't credit the province with much in the way of mining but in fact, Kisladag, just a few miles north of Antakya has been a gold mining site since Roman days and still is exploited in a desultory fashion.
The city certainly wasn't a silk production center but may have been a source of value added, such as embroidery and making up into clothing articles. West makes no mention of textiles from Antioch but we know the city was a major wool center with the Fuller's Canal, which I have dwelt on before being a major industrial complex the likes of which was not seen again until Britain in the Industrial Revolution. There was also the very important tanning industry, which if we hazard a guess must have used goat and pig skins as a major input. If we cast our minds back to the sticky end met by Euphrasius in a vat of tar/wax used by wineskin makers then one can find at least one outlet for goatskins.
West concedes that Antioch was an important center for arms manufacturing due to it being a leading base for the Eastern Armies on the Persian frontier.
A. F. Norman also writes in his article, The Book Trade in Fourth-Century Antioch
in The Journal of Hellenic Studies, Vol. 80, (1960), pp. 122-126, of the importance of the publishing industry. Antioch was clearly a major site for production of Greek language books for the Empire.
One should also not lose sight of the city as an exporter of carved and sculptural works (including sarcophagi) from its workshops reflecting the high standing of its craftsmen.
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The Evolution of Alternative Medicine: What Chiropractor Does for You?
As an alternative medicine, chiropractic has been practiced from quite an early point in recorded history. Two Greek words, Chiro which means “hand” & Praktikos which means “concerned with action” made up the word Chiropractic. From 1895, it has been practiced professionally. This health care method is natural and puts its focus on prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of vertebral misalignments. The spinal subluxations or vertebral misalignments are capable of affecting one’s nervous system, which overall affects a person’s health.
Chiropractic Method’s Basis
Modern chiropractic relies on the model of spinal care. However, the roots of chiropractic manipulation are not much in scientific theories.
For the longest time in history, there was a belief in Mesa AZ chiropractors that disease can be caused by a misalignment in the spinal column. They thought that it happened through the central part of the nervous system as well as because of something known as “innate knowledge”.
Earlier in practice, it was thought that ninety-five percent of the diseases happened due to this. Their belief was that chiropractic manipulation could fix the musculoskeletal system’s problems to cure the disease.
Of course, scientists and skeptics found this to lack in terms of scientific basis. There was also a rejection of germ theory for immunization and disease by the chiropractors. In turn, the community of scientists didn’t see chiropractic as legitimate.
However, chiropractic theory evolved over time and now, it is more accepted for musculoskeletal pain treatment.
Job of a Mesa AZ Chiropractor
Instead of treating the symptoms only, chiropractic tends to the causes behind the physical problems. Its premise is that your body will be capable of healing itself better. This is achieved through normally functioning spine and nerves and a lifestyle that is considered healthy.
Chiropractors might include biofeedback, homeopathy, acupuncture, nutritional supplements, exercise programs, massage, and spinal adjustments, which are some of the treatments of alternative medicine.
The spine’s vertebrae protect its spinal cord and it is connected to your nervous system. Movement, feeling and other functions throughout your whole body are in control of these nerves. These related bodily systems or organs may not function correctly if the nerve is pinched.
Types of Chiropractors
Chiropractic profession may have evolved with time, but some chiropractors out there still hold on to those unscientific theories.
These practitioners with old beliefs are separated from the ones who have moved on and are known as “straights”.
So, it is better to learn about what type of practices a Mesa AZ chiropractor follows before calling any appointment with them. By finding out whether they follow the straight or modern approach, your decision will be more informed about the type of treatment you will receive.
Chiropractic has achieved legitimacy through the profession’s evolution and it is considered as a part of the mainstream medicine in some countries. For example, Switzerland considers the medical profession as primary. If you are looking for help with your spinal or joint issues, regenerative medicine at LifeCare Chiropractic in Mesa, AZ offers is a great choice.
Thanks to LifeCare Chiropractic for their insight into chiropractic care and alternative medicine.
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Cable exposed to direct solar radiation will be subject to greater thermal loads and additional heating. This extra heating needs to be considered in the calculation of sustained current capacities and a potential increase in the resistance of the cable.
Where cables are subject to solar radiation (or other infra-red radiation), the current capacity can be derived using methods given in IEC 60287. This is accomplished by reducing the allowable temperature rise, Δθ of the rating equations (18.104.22.168, 22.214.171.124). The amount of reduction in Δθ is given by:
σ - absorption coefficient of solar radiation for the cable surface (table 4 of the standard)
H - intensity of solar radiation W.m2
- external thermal resistance (adjusted for solar radiation) K.m.W-1
In the calculation of current rating, T4 is the thermal resistance of the surrounding medium. Part 2 of the IEC 60287 standard gives guidance on how to calculated T4, both considering and not-considering solar radiation.
Standards based on derating factors (BS 7671, ERA 69-30 and IEC 60502 for example), do not consider the effect of direct solar radiation. Typically the standards will refer the user to IEC 60287 in these instances. While IEC 60287, is the preferred method to determine the sustained current rating, the calculations are complex and just using an additional derating factor for solar radiation is commonly employed.
The French standard NF C 13-200 suggests a derating factor of 0.85 for cables exposed to solar radiation. Cable manufacturers such as Nexans recommend a factor of 0.8 (black sheath). As a conservative factor, 0.8 would seem a suitable value to apply for cables exposed to direct solar radiation.
Our recommendation is to increase the ambient temperature for the calculation, such that the derating factor used includes an additional 0.8 for solar radiation. For example, BS 7671 90 °C thermosetting cables, the derating factor for 25 °C ambient is 1.02. Multiplying by 0.8 gives 0.82 which is the factor for 50 °C ambient (adding 25 °C to the expected temperature, will allow for direct solar heating).
Using an increased temperature more accurately reflects the actual condition and will be reflected in resistance calculations as well as sustained current capacity. From a review of the derating factors given in the standards, allowing an additional 25 °C is generally conservative but will result in safely designed cables. For some cables or naturally high ambient temperature environments, the engineer may wish to consider to smaller temperature adjustment, so as not to oversize cables.
In addition to (or as an alternative) to allowing for direct solar radiation effects, consideration can be given to physical measures. These could include relocating the cables to shaded areas, covering ladder or tray with ventilated cable covers or installing some other shading system.
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PAGES IN THIS ENTRY:
Next page: Unbiblical teachings regarding Mary
Mariology is the area of Christian theology concerned with Mary, the mother of Jesus. Sometimes referred to as ‘the cult of the Blessed Virgin’ – a reference to the rituals and practices associated with devotion to Mary.
Mary is a unique woman because she is the mother of the Son of God and also the first Christian disciple.
The Catholic Church of East and West has developed its teachings concerning her not only by speaking of her as theotokos [mother of God] but also by speaking of her virginity before birth (virginal conception), at birth (miraculous delivery), and after birth (perpetual virginity).
Liberal theology tends to deny all three.
Classical Protestantism (Luther, Calvin) accepted all three, but modern biblically based Protestants tend to only accep the first.
– Evangelical Dictionary of Biblical Theology, Walter A. Ellwell, editor. Baker Books, Grand Rapids, MI, 1996. Page 514– Article continues after this advertisement –
The commonly held teachings of Mariology can be derived from her function as Mother of God (Theotokos), a term first used around 320 and formally approved by the Council of Ephesus in 431. Mariologists argue that Mary, who enabled God the Savior to be born, has a position more exalted than any other creature. She is the Queen of Heaven. Moreover, since her motherhood was indispensable to God’s redemptive activity, Mary is essential to the final, spiritual perfection of every creature. Accordingly, although she was not involved in their original physical creation, Mary is, in this ultimate sense, the Mother of God’s Creatures. This includes being Mother of Humans, a title found in Ambrose but popularized around 1100, and Mother of Angels, a term first found in the thirteenth century.
Mary’s involvement in salvation makes her co-redemptrix along with Christ. Irenaeus contrasted Eve’s disobedience, which brought humanity’s downfall, with Mary’s obedience, which “became the cause of salvation both for herself and the human race.” Beginning in the twelfth century references appear to her redemptive work not only in Christ’s birth but also at the cross. Most Mariologists insist on both. While Jesus offered his sinless person to appease God’s wrath, Mary, whose will was perfectly harmonious with his, offered her prayers. Both atoned for our sins, although Christ’s satisfaction was primary and wholly sufficient. Mary’s mediatory role includes her present intercession for sinners. This was seldom mentioned before the twelfth century, when popular piety regarded Mary as more lenient than her Son, the Judge.
Mary’s exalted role implies Mariological assertions about her life. If Mary had ever been stained by sin, she would have been God’s enemy and unfit to bear him. Consequently, she must have been “immaculate” (wholly free from any sin) from the instant she was conceived. The immaculate conception, hotly debated in the Middle Ages and early modern era, was opposed by Thomas Aquinas and his followers. But in 1854 Pius IX declared it an official dogma.
Mary’s immaculate conception implies that she possessed a “fullness of grace” from the first instant. Further, she was immune to the slightest sin throughout her life. Mariologists also stress Mary’s perpetual virginity. This includes, first, her virginity in partu: that Jesus was born without opening any part of her body; second, that she remained a virgin throughout her life. Though Mary’s perpetual virginity, and especially her sinlessness, were challenged by some early fathers, they were generally accepted by Augustine’s time. Proponents of perpetual virginity often assumed that anything else would contradict her purity. Finally, Mariologists teach that after her death Mary was assumed bodily into heaven. No clear reference to the assumption of Mary appears before the sixth century. It was not generally accepted until the thirteenth and was promulgated by Pius XII in 1950.
Protestants have criticized Mariology because many assertions apparently lack biblical foundation. Scripture does not mention her immaculate conception or assumption. Her perpetual virginity is challenged by references to Jesus’ sisters and brothers (Mark 3:31; 6:3; John 2:12; 7:1 – 10; Acts 1:14; Gal. 1:19; Mariologists claim they were cousins). Moreover, the Gospels do not present Mary unambiguously as sinless and in continuous accord with Christ’s will. Protestants have also argued that Mariology exaggerates the contribution that any human can make to divine redemption. Luther and Calvin saw Mary as a human who in herself was nothing; she was enabled to bear Christ wholly through God’s grace. Conservative Protestants argue that most Mariological excesses, her roles as Mother of God’s Creatures, co – redemptrix, intercessor; her immaculate conception; and her “fullness of grace”, spring from overestimating the human role in redemption, which was perhaps already implied by Irenaeus. This ancient theological issue may be the most fundamental one surrounding Mariology.
– T.N. Finger, Elwell Evangelical Dictionary
Related topic(s): Cult of the Blessed Virgin, Mariology, Virgin Mary
First published (or major update) on Wednesday, January 11, 2006.
Last updated on August 15, 2010. Original content is © Copyright Apologetics Index. All Rights Reserved. For usage guidelines see link at the bottom.
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Pathways & interactions
Short name: Fringe-like
- Fringe-like (IPR003378)
- Fringe (IPR017374)
The Notch receptor is a large, cell surface transmembrane protein involved in a wide variety of developmental processes in higher organisms [PMID: 10221902]. It becomes activated when its extracellular region binds to ligands located on adjacent cells. Much of this extracellular region is composed of EGF-like repeats, many of which can be O-fucosylated. A number of these O-fucosylated repeats can in turn be further modified by the action of a beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase enzyme known as Fringe [PMID: 12417415]. Fringe potentiates the activation of Notch by Delta ligands, while inhibiting activation by Serrate/Jagged ligands. This regulation of Notch signalling by Fringe is important in many processes [PMID: 14570055].
Four distinct Fringe proteins have so far been studied in detail; Drosophila Fringe (Dfng) and its three mammalian homologues Lunatic Fringe (Lfng), Radical Fringe (Rfng) and Manic Fringe (Mfng). Dfng, Lfng and Rfng have all been shown to play important roles in developmental processes within their host, though the phenotype of mutants can vary between species e.g. Rfng mutants are retarded in wing development in chickens, but have no obvious phenotype in mice [PMID: 7954826, PMID: 12001066, PMID: 9121551]. Mfng mutants have not, so far, been charcterised. Biochemical studies indicate that the Fringe proteins are fucose-specific transferases requiring manganese for activity and utilising UDP-N-acetylglucosamine as a donor substrate [PMID: 16221665]. The three mammalian proteins show distinct variations in their catalytic efficiencies with different substrates.
Dfng is a glucosaminyltransferase that controls the response of the Notch receptor to specific ligands which is localised to the Golgi apparatus [PMID: 10899003] (not secreted as previously thought). Modification of Notch occurs through glycosylation by Dfng.
This entry consists of Fringe proteins and related glycosyltransferase enzymes including:
- Beta-1,3-glucosyltransferase, which glucosylates O-linked fucosylglycan on thrombospondin type 1 repeat domains [PMID: 16899492].
- Core 1 beta1,3-galactosyltransferase 1, generates the core T antigen, which is a precursor for many extended O-glycans in glycoproteins and plays a central role in many processes, such as angiogenesis, thrombopoiesis and kidney homeostasis development [PMID: 11673471].
- PF02434 (Fringe)
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When Latin went out of business, many Latin prepositions got jobs as prefixes in English. For instance, the Latin preposition “ad” meaning, “to, toward” became the English prefixes ac-, ad-, af-, ag-, al-, an-, ap-, ar-, as-, at-. This process is called assimilation. By the way, did you notice the “as” prefix in assimilation. Yeah, it comes from the Latin “ad”.
Which leads to today’s word.
Assimilate: to become similar.
From Latin ad (to, toward) and simulare (to make like).
In English, old Latin prefixes often assimilate, causing students all kinds of spelling trouble. For example, “ad” often changes its final letter according to the first letter of the word it joins. So, the Latin word Adscribere (to state in writing) becomes the English word ascribe.
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What is a Parrot?
Parrots are some of the most spectacular and intriguing birds in the world! Due to their intelligence and highly social nature, parrots also have the ability to make wonderful pets. Given proper training and care, parrots can make excellent companions due to their desire to live as part of even a human flock*.
Parrots are a very diverse group of birds that can vary dramatically in size and color. For example, parrots range in size from the smallest Buff-faced Pygmy Parrot of New Guinea (3-4 inches) to the largest parrot, the Hyacinth Macaw of South America (40 inches).
Parrots live in a variety of habitats ranging from hot, humid rainforests to alpine mountains! They also have wide variations in their diets and nesting habits.
Did you know that not all parrots fly! For example, the ground dwelling Kakapo of New Zealand spends its entire life hopping on the ground and climbing in trees.
Throughout the ParrotFuneZone website you will have the opportunity to learn more detail not only about the vast diversity of many species of parrots but also what it takes to be a responsible bird owner.
What makes parrots different from other birds?
Good question! Let's first look at characteristics that are common to all birds. For example, birds:
Parrots are unique within the Aves class based on the combination of the following characteristics:
Beak shape - a parrot's beak is short and wide with a curved upper mandible that hooks around the lower mandible which has a sharp, upward pointing cutting edge.
Parrots are often called "hookbills", referring to the curved shape of their beaks.
The upper mandible in a parrot has a level of mobility not common to other bird species with hooked bills (i.e., hawks). This extra flexibility, in combination with the lower mandibles' cutting edge, allows parrots to crush hard seeds and nuts.
Zygodactyl feet - a parrot's foot has two toes pointing forward and two toes pointing backwards. Most birds have a three toe-forward, one toe-backward foot structure (Anisodactyl). A few other non-parrots also have a zygodactyl toe arrangement, most notably the woodpeckers and the cuckoos. The zygodactyl toe arrangement enables parrots to be proficient at climbing and grasping objects.
What is a wild parrot's habitat like?
Parrots come from a wide variety of habitats around the world including tropical rainforests, savannas and grasslands. There is even a parrot called the Kea that lives in the snowy mountains of New Zealand. Birds depend on their habitats to provide food, water, shelter and nesting sites. Birds adapt to their environments in ways that enable them to survive. Although most people think of parrots as living in a rainforest, the fact is that some parrots also thrive in desert, alpine, grasslands and even urban environments!
What do parrots eat in the wild?
In general, parrots eat a wide variety of foods depending on their native habitat and what is available to them. Most parrots eat raw foods such as fruits and vegetable matter, nuts, grains, seeds, sprouts, berries, flowers, pollen, insects and larvae. Some parrots are very specialized feeders and eat only specific things. Others are considered opportunistic feeders because they eat whatever is available. Many parrot species are considered pests because large flocks often destroy entire farm crops.
Do parrots eat meat? You bet! Although not primarily carnivorous, some species of wild parrots have been observed eating meat. For example:
Lories and Lorikeets have a unique diet which mostly consists of nectar and pollen.
Some parrot species eat clay to soak up toxic compounds in their stomachs, and others are known to remove a seed's or fruit's protective layer that contains poisons, prior to eating that fruit or seed type.
Do parrots build nests?
Most parrots makes nests in tree cavities by chewing holes in suitable trees or finding holes made by other birds or as the result of decomposition. Nests made in this manner often use wood chips as a soft base in the hollow but some other birds gather materials such as twigs and leaves.
Some of the more unusual parrot nesting habits include cliff and ground burrowing. For example:
We hope you will keep exploring the rest of the ParrotFunZone site to learn more about the unique world of parrots!
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Scientists at the Friesen Academy of Science, Platz, and Aniseed (FASPA) have uncovered conclusive evidence that proves the evolution of Mennonites from our ancestors the Abes.
“Sometime millions of years ago in the old country, the first Abe stood upright,” said Dr. Friesen. “If you examine the fossil evidence, it’s pretty clear that all Mennonites come from a common ancestor Abe.”
Dr. Friesen has recently completed his magnum opus, a 2000 page book entitled “The Descent of Mennonites,” which documents his findings about ancient Mennonite frintschoft in minute detail.
“We’ve got averybody in here. All the Friesens and Reimers and Platts, too. And all of them go back to the Abes,” said Friesen. “You can even see how the brains get smaller and smaller as you go back to the Abes.”
Despite his meticulous research, some members of the Mennonite community are not accepting Friesen’s theory as fact.
“Oba, that man has all these fossils, but I don’t know how he can tell if it’s an Abe or a Peter or a Jakob yet,” said Mr. Loewen. “I mean for all I know that fossil could be from Mrs. Annie Pankratz. Who knows for sure!”
Friesen says he has carbon dated all his fossils at least back to days of the East and West Reserve.
(photo credit: James St. John/CC)
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Maybe it has happened to you that after watching a very nice movie or a documental about aliens, you imagine yourself walking on the surface of another planet looking at strange plants, creatures, and landscapes.... It is just science fiction......you bet. Nevertheless, let me tell you that there is one amazing place on Earth that resembles the surface of another planet. One place that is going to take you beyond your imagination.
There is a mysterious and magical island named Socotra in the Republic of Yemen. This island, which is part of a group of 4 islands, has been geographically isolated from mainland Africa for the last 6 or 7 million years. Like the Galapagos Islands, this island is teeming with 700 extremely rare species of flora and fauna, a full 1/3 of which are endemic, i.e.found nowhere else on Earth. (images credit: dianadrz, Irina Travina) (image credit: socotra) The climate is harsh, hot and dry, and yet - the most amazing plant life thrives there. Situated in the Indian Ocean 250 km from Somalia and 340 km from Yemen, the wide sandy beaches rise to limestone plateaus full of caves (some 7 kilometers in length) and mountains up to 1525 meters high. (image credit: Marco Pavan) The name Socotra is derived from a Sanscrit name, meaning "The Island of Bliss"... Is it the beaches? The isolation and quiet? or the strange and crazy botanical allure? Alien-looking plants: H. P. Lovecraft's secret inspiration? Was the famous Chtulhu myths creator aware of these forbidding mountains with their hauntingly weird flora (think of plant mutations from his "The Color out of Space") ? We almost tempted to call Socotra the other "Mountains of Madness" - the trees and plants of this island were preserved thru the long geological isolation, some varieties being20 million years old... We begin with the dracena cinnibaris orDragon's Blood Tree, the source of valuable resin for varnishes, dyes, and "cure-all" medicine; also (predictably) used in medieval ritual magic and alchemy - (image credit: Christian Besnier) The branches spread out into the sky and from below appear to hover over the landscape like so many flying saucers... and from above they have a distinct mushroom look: (image credit: Jan Vandorpe) (image credit: dianadrz) There is also the Desert Rose (adenium obesium) which looks like nothing so much as a blooming elephant leg: (images credit: Jan Vandorpe) (image credit: Denis Romanov) Dorstenia gigas- apparently does not require any soil and sinks roots straight into the bare rock: (images credit: Jan Vandorpe) It also has a distinct personality and likes to smile for the camera: (image credit: Tomas van Houtryve) Somewhat similar to the weirdDorstenia gigas, is this"bucha"vegetable, found as far north as Croatia. I hope it's not pregnant with anything malignant inside this sack. John Wyndham (with his "The Day of the Triffids") would've loved it: (image credit: Damir) Also found in Socotra's landscape is the ever-strange and extremely rareCucumber Tree(dendrosicyos socotranum) - and yes, it's related to what's sitting in a pickle jar in your fridge: (image credit: Jan Vandorpe) Getting around can be a challenge, as there are almost no roads Despite the fact that this island has around 40,000 inhabitants, the Yemeni govenmentput in the first roads just 2 years ago- after negotiations with UNESCO, which has declared this island a World Natural Heritage Site. I would prefer a camel ride to what is bound to be a bumpy and slow 4x4 ride... It is a quiet and peaceful enclave in an otherwise troubled world. If you decide to visit there, you can forget about beachfront hotels and restaurants; this island is geared towards eco-tourism and sustaining the local economy and way of life. (images credit: Adele Obice, Marco Pavan, Denis Romanov) This island is a birder's paradise as well, with 140 different species of birds; 10 of which are not found anywhere else in the world. A unique Socotra warbler, sunbird, starling, bunting, sparrow and cisticola are among the ones found here. There are also Socotra Cormorants: (images credit: Magellan Tours, Rafeek Manchayil) Want to see some fairy-tale (and possibly haunted) shipwrecks? There are diving tours available... Hopefully some IMAX crew would film it in all its glory one day. (image credit: socotra) To give you a glimpse of Socotra's and Yemen's in general totally unique architecture, check out this place located on the mainland: Al Hajarah, Yemen - Walled city in the mist Computer game designers take note - this mysterious city in the foggy Yemen's Haraz Mountains can surely fire up imagination of anybody who decides to explore it: (image credit: Jan Vandorpe) (image credit: Bellosta) (image credit: Michaela Diener) Now the decision is yours.......You can pack your bags, for this is on our good old planet Earth, no interstellar visa required. (image credit: socotra)
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What is gradient gray?
Table of Contents
- What is gradient gray?
- What is the color gradient?
- Is GREY a gradient?
- What color is gradient green?
- Which is better polarized or gradient?
- What is the difference between standard and gradient lens tint?
- Which gradient color is best?
- What is the difference between gradient and ombre?
- How do you get rid of GREY gradient?
- Is GREY gray?
- How to create a gray gradient color scheme?
- How to find the best color gradients in the world?
- How are gray gradients used in icon design?
- How to create a color gradient in CSS?
What is gradient gray?
Gradient lenses are sunglasses that have lenses tinted from the top down, so that the top of the lens is darkest. ... They are good for driving, because they shield your eyes from overhead sunlight and allow more light through the bottom half of the lens so you can see your dashboard clearly.
What is the color gradient?
Color gradients, or color transitions, are defined as a gradual blending from one color to another. This blending can occur between colors of the same tone (from light blue to navy blue), colors of two different tones (from blue to yellow), or even between more than two colors (from blue to purple to red to orange).
Is GREY a gradient?
The Gray Gradient Color Scheme palette has 5 colors which are Light Gray (#D3D3D3), X11 Gray (#BDBDBD), Spanish Gray (#9E9E9E), Gray (#7D7D7D) and Dim Gray (#696969). This color combination was created by user Sophia. The Hex, RGB and CMYK codes are in the table below.
What color is gradient green?
Green Gradient Color Scheme
|Apple||Name: Apple Hex: #57c84d RGB: (87, 200, 77) CMYK: 0.565, 0, 0.615, 0.215|
|Pastel Green||Name: Pastel Green Hex: #83d475 RGB: (131, 212, 117) CMYK: 0.382, 0, 0.448, 0.168|
|Granny Smith Apple||Name: Granny Smith Apple Hex: #abe098 RGB: (171, 224, 152) CMYK: 0.236, 0, 0.321, 0.121|
Which is better polarized or gradient?
While polarized lenses are best for bright, high-glare activities, gradient lenses are typically the best choice for driving and time spent in overhead sunlight, as the lenses shield from the top while still allowing you to comfortably see through the middle of the lens.
What is the difference between standard and gradient lens tint?
What is the Difference Between Standard and Gradient Lens Tint? A standard lens tint is just one shade. It can come in different colors, but the whole lens will be the same color. Meanwhile, a gradient lens tint moves from a dark to a light shade.
Which gradient color is best?
36 Beautiful Color Gradients For Your Next Design Project
- Roseanna. #ffafbd → #ffc3a0.
- Sexy Blue. #2193b0 → #6dd5ed.
- Purple Love. #cc2b5e → #753a88.
- Piglet. #ee9ca7 → #ffdde1.
- Mauve. #42275a → #734b6d.
- 50 Shades of Grey. #bdc3c7 → #2c3e50.
- A Lost Memory. #de6262 → #ffb88c.
- Socialive. #06beb6 → #48b1bf.
What is the difference between gradient and ombre?
Have you ever wondered what the difference is? According to Voie de Vie, gradient yarns are a progression of different colors from light to dark and ombre yarns are usually a blending of hues of the same color, progressing from light to dark.
How do you get rid of GREY gradient?
To do this, start by making both ends of the gradient the same color (in this case, red). Then with the second gradient stop selected, switch the Stop Color from Swatches to CMYK, and drag the black ink slider all the way to 100% and click OK. Now your gradient won't be so gray!
Is GREY gray?
Gray and grey are both common spellings of the color between black and white. Gray is more frequent in American English, whereas grey is more common in British English. ... Of the two, gray occurs more frequently in American English, while grey has historically been the spelling preferred by British English publications.
How to create a gray gradient color scheme?
Gray Gradient Color Scheme Color Information Light Gray Name: Light Gray Hex: #d3d3d3 RGB: (211, ... X11 Gray Name: X11 Gray Hex: #bdbdbd RGB: (189, 1 ... Spanish Gray Name: Spanish Gray Hex: #9e9e9e RGB: (15 ... Gray Name: Gray Hex: #7d7d7d RGB: (125, 125, ... 1 more rows ...
How to find the best color gradients in the world?
Gradient Hunt - Beautiful Color Gradients Thousands of trendy color gradients in a curated collection that is updated daily. Get a fresh color gradient for your next design project and save all the gradients you like. Thousands of trendy color gradients in a curated collection that is updated daily.
How are gray gradients used in icon design?
I have prepared the most comprehensive collection of gray gradient ever made. Some of my favorites: Scroll for the entire list. How Gray Gradient Using in Icon Design?
How to create a color gradient in CSS?
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Man has always been drawn to the discovery of alien worlds and planets. And this urge has reached its zenith thanks to astronomy and travel to alien planets.
Astronomy adds a whole new dimension to the scientific impulse to discover and conquer other planets and systems beyond earth's realm. Astronomy allows scientists to not only carry out earth-based observations of planets such as Mercury. It also provides the basis for the continual discovery of new galaxies and unknown planets. Astronomy has made huge advances, due in part to the exploration of Mercury. innovations-report provides continuous coverage of the general advances being made in astronomy, as well as those specific to the discovery of Mercury, in continuously updated articles and scientific reports about astronomy, Mercury and other planets and galaxies.
innovations-report encompasses a comprehensive astronomy database filled with a rich assortment articles and reports on all areas of science, research and innovations. This of course includes a large selection of documents on physics and astronomy. Whether it's achievements in astronomy, the discovery of new planets or progress in the journey to Mercury, innovations-report provides readers all of the latest developments from numerous independent research sources on the subjects of "Mercury", "planets" and general astronomy.
Apart from finding the right documents and sources covering technical advances in astronomy, readers can also learn about the findings and thought processes of other disciplines (philosophy for instance) that are actively examining astronomy and its approaches, as well as plans for journeys to planets like Mercury. The database contains a large selection of free information and articles covering basic issues ranging from "How far is Mercury from earth? " to the composition of Mercury and other planets. The path to the various planets, be it Mars, Pluto or Mercury, is not necessarily light years removed. A visit to innovations-report leads the reader to remote worlds of astronomy, alien planets and galaxies, planets related to Mars and Mercury, through the Milky Way and into black holes. Or simply put, through the entire cosmos of astronomy.
Determining the weight of a planet like Mercury would appear to be a difficult undertaking. After all, it's not as simple as placing a planet on a scale, whether it's Mercury or some other planet. Such aspects are nevertheless a part of astronomy. With innovations-report.com, readers can get an exciting look at the world of astronomy, Mercury and other planets. Among other information, you can find reports that explain how researchers go about calculating the weight and dimensions of Mercury and other planets. Astronomy does not involve dreaming. Instead, it has more to do with applying methods and strategies from the field of physics. The distance to the planets is a constant challenge for researchers. Those with an interest in astronomy can rely on innovations-report to discover how scientists tackle these challenges, what knowledge they have gained about planets such as Mercury and the progress toward journeys to other planets.
This area deals with the fundamental laws and building blocks of nature and how they interact, the properties and the behavior of matter, and research into space and time and their structures.
innovations-report provides in-depth reports and articles on subjects such as astrophysics, laser technologies, nuclear, quantum, particle and solid-state physics, nanotechnologies, planetary research and findings (Mars, Venus) and developments related to the Hubble Telescope.
The Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical Radio Telescope (FAST) is the largest telescope with the highest sensitivity in the world. Extragalactic neutral hydrogen detection is one of important scientific goals of FAST.
Recently, an international research team led by Dr. CHENG Cheng from Chinese Academy of Sciences South America Center for Astronomy (CASSACA) observed four...02.07.2020 | Read more
Researchers led by the University of Warwick have discovered the first exposed core of an exoplanet, which provides an unprecedented glimpse inside the interior of a planet. Christoph Mordasini from the University of Bern is leading the theoretical interpretation of this discovery.
The newly discovered exoplanet TOI 849 b offers the unique opportunity to peer inside the interior of a planet and learn about its composition. It orbits...01.07.2020 | Read more
Microscopes of visible light allow us to see tiny objects such living cells and their interior. Yet, they cannot discern how electrons are distributed among atoms in solids. Now researchers around Prof. Eleftherios Goulielmakis of the Extreme Photonics Labs at the University of Rostock and the Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics in Garching, Germany, along with coworkers of the Institute of Physics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijing, developed a new type of a light microscope, the Picoscope, that allows overcoming this limitation.
The researchers used powerful laser flashes to irradiate thin, films of crystalline materials. These laser pulses drove crystal electrons into a fast wiggling...01.07.2020 | Read more
Physicists see surprisingly strong light, high heat from nanogaps between plasmonic electrodes
Seeing light emerge from a nanoscale experiment didn't come as a big surprise to Rice University physicists. But it got their attention when that light was...30.06.2020 | Read more
CODEX designed to determine age of rocks on Mars, the Moon without having to return samples
Southwest Research Institute scientists have increased the speed and accuracy of a laboratory-scale instrument for determining the age of planetary specimens...30.06.2020 | Read more
Micro - nano Optics and Technology Research Group led by Prof. LU Yonghua and Prof. WANG Pei from University of Science and Technology of China (USTC) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) realized nanometric displacement measurement through the interaction between the illumination optical field and the optical antennas. This study was published on Physical Review Letters.
Optical metrology is of particular significance for it allows measurements of distance or displacement in a noncontact high-precision way.29.06.2020 | Read more
Scientists from the Center for Photonics and 2D Materials of the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (MIPT), the University of Oviedo, Donostia International Physics Center, and CIC nanoGUNE have proposed a new way to study the properties of individual organic molecules and nanolayers of molecules. The approach, described in Nanophotonics, relies on V-shaped graphene-metal film structures.
Nondestructive analysis of molecules via infrared spectroscopy is vital in many situations in organic and inorganic chemistry: for controlling gas...29.06.2020 | Read more
The U.S. Naval Research Laboratory's Large Angle Spectrometric Coronagraph (LASCO) instrument identified the 4000th comet discovered by the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO), a joint mission between the European Space Agency and NASA on June 15.
LASCO, which is aboard SOHO, was developed in 1995 to see the extremely faint emission from the region around the Sun called the corona. Operating in space for...26.06.2020 | Read more
Five years ago a team of the Institute for Nuclear Physcis of TU Darmstadt discovered the new, comparably rarely-occurring kind of radioactivity, the „competitive double-gamma decay“, which in 1937 had been predicted in theory by the Nobel Prize winner Maria Goeppert-Mayer. The findings which had been published in „Nature“ have now been confirmed and measured more precisely by an international team of researchers at the European Extreme Light Infrastructure-Nuclear Physics near Bucharest, Romania. The results are released in „Nature Communications“. One of the authors is the TU professor and at the time „joint-discoverer“, Norbert Pietralla.
In October 2015 a team of the Technische Universität Darmstadt published the discovery of a new variation of radioactivity in the „Nature“ magazine. In this...26.06.2020 | Read more
"Squeezing" is used in physics, among other things, to improve the resolution of measuring instruments. It allows disturbing noise to be suppressed in a way that smaller signals can be detected more sensitively.
The research team led by physicist Professor Eva Weig at the University of Konstanz has now been able to show how such a squeezed state can be measured in a...25.06.2020 | Read more
A promising operating mode for the plasma of a future power plant has been developed at the ASDEX Upgrade fusion device at Max Planck Institute for Plasma...
Live event – July 1, 2020 - 11:00 to 11:45 (CET)
"Automation in Aerospace Industry @ Fraunhofer IFAM"
The Fraunhofer Institute for Manufacturing Technology and Advanced Materials IFAM l Stade is presenting its forward-looking R&D portfolio for the first time at...
With an X-ray experiment at the European Synchrotron ESRF in Grenoble (France), Empa researchers were able to demonstrate how well their real-time acoustic monitoring of laser weld seams works. With almost 90 percent reliability, they detected the formation of unwanted pores that impair the quality of weld seams. Thanks to a special evaluation method based on artificial intelligence (AI), the detection process is completed in just 70 milliseconds.
Laser welding is a process suitable for joining metals and thermoplastics. It has become particularly well established in highly automated production, for...
A research team from the Max Planck Institute for the Structure of Dynamics (MPSD) and the University of Oxford has managed to drive a prototypical antiferromagnet into a new magnetic state using terahertz frequency light. Their groundbreaking method produced an effect orders of magnitude larger than previously achieved, and on ultrafast time scales. The team’s work has just been published in Nature Physics.
Magnetic materials have been a mainstay in computing technology due to their ability to permanently store information in their magnetic state. Current...
The Venus flytrap (Dionaea muscipula) takes only 100 milliseconds to trap its prey. Once their leaves, which have been transformed into snap traps, have...
02.07.2020 | Event News
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07.04.2020 | Event News
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02.07.2020 | Life Sciences
02.07.2020 | Life Sciences
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The blocks have been successfully utilized to construct strong and durable boundary partitions, houses and dwellings throughout Southwest Africa. This number can go as much as 250 blocks a day in case some basic tools and external power is required by four labourers only.
The on-site creation in the block by unskilled labourers causes it to become affordable by minimising the vehicles and production costs. To create that blocks, the plastic moulds are filled with a concrete mix.
The structure created is strong and can take a full load-bearing promptly. It also reduces the environmental impact by diminishing the carbon dioxide footprint. An average unskilled labour can establish up to 64 blocks every day employing only traditional, hand-mixing techniques. This makes them self-aligning and also self-levelling, simplifying the construction method.
With these blocks, the building process becomes as easy as stacking kid’s blocks on top of each other. That StumbelBloc blocks, created using this StumbelBloc mould are interlocking in nature..
The unique interlocking design belonging to the block aids easy construction copy a fast, strong and affordable construction method.That which is notable about the method will be pace at which the blocks manufactured. After that mix has dried, it Cap Mould Manufacturers is taken off the mould to obtain a hollow core block. The blocks is known to build a structure to covering height, within the short span of an single day
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Today, there are some Christians who do not think Genesis 1 and 2 should be taken as a literal record of sequential days. Instead, they interpret the days and events of the first chapters of the Bible in a variety of ways, such as a ‘literary framework,’ ‘God’s workdays,’ or as a ‘functional cosmic temple.’
There are useful observations in all these approaches. Aspects of them, in fact, can be found throughout the history of the church’s interpretation of Genesis.
Ancient, medieval, and early modern commentators noticed the parallel literary pattern of three days of forming and three days of filling, or that God acts like a workman in creating the earth, or that the garden of Eden has many similarities to the structure of the tabernacle and temple.
They saw these patterns as quite intentional. The metaphor of a master builder was used for God who, like the architects of the mighty cathedrals, intricately designed real structures to communicate theological truths.
They knew God told Moses in Exodus 25:40 to build the tabernacle “after the pattern…which is being shown you on the mountain.” They also knew the author of Hebrews goes on to explain that this real structure was just “a copy and shadow of the heavenly things.” (Heb 8:5) They understood that God expected us to notice these patterns and figure out what they meant.
This intentionality is why there is so much similarity between Eden, the tabernacle, and “the heavenly things”: they were all designed by the same Designer to be His dwelling place with man. These sorts of connections between reality and theology were obvious to the commentators; when they read the Bible, they saw that God put patterns everywhere He revealed Himself.
Can history be both literal and symbolic?
What makes these patterns so fascinating is that they are actually embedded in real history. There are patterns and symbols throughout the Bible, from the life of Moses to the life of David to the life of Jesus, all of which are equally literal and symbolic.
If God is both transcendent and immanent—and far beyond us in creativity— we should expect that there are numberless things built into the creation and its history that uniquely reveal His delight in patterns as ways to understand Him better.
This is important to note: most commentators throughout the history of the church have understood that, for these patterns to have theological meaning, they had to be historically real. It was not until the era of modern philosophy that a whole discipline of theological thinking arose which separated theology from history. There began to be a view that if something has a pattern, it was structured that way by a later author and was likely not a reflection of real events.
This thinking seems to have influenced contemporary interpretations of the first chapters of Genesis.
Many interpreters see the obvious patterns in the days of creation, and therefore separate those patterns from real history. Whether the pattern is a literary structure, a relationship to workdays, or an image of the temple, commentators assert that the purpose of the early chapters of Genesis is to teach theology rather than history. As a result, these interpretations de-historicize various sections of Genesis.
This creates three basic problems.
1. Modern interpreters do not replace the record in Genesis with another history.
They simply say it isn’t history. But if Genesis isn’t a literal record of events, then what actually happened at the beginning? Considering that the role of Special Revelation is to provide us an accurate record of the words and actions of God in time, it seems strange that the first chapters of that revelation would not do the very thing one would expect it to do: tell us how God created the world and everything in it.
Curiously, this is where modern commentators say they are not scientists and point to the conventional scientific community to provide that history. Although these interpreters would not do this with any other part of the Bible, they do it with Genesis 1 and 2. Leaving aside the question as to whether contemporary scientists are qualified to speak authoritatively on matters of history, the result is that these interpretations are used to justify replacing the Biblical timeline of creation in six days with the conventional timeline of universal formation over billions of years.
2. Modern commentators do not provide any clear consensus as to where to draw the line between what is only theological and what is theological-historical.
In other words, where does real history begin?
There is much discussion of “genre” as being the determining factor, but it quickly becomes subjective as to where one draws the historical line. Considering this is not a problem anywhere else in Genesis (much less the other historical books of the Bible), it leads one to believe that there is not a real distinction here either, and that the earlier commentators were right: Genesis is both literal and symbolic.
3. The witness of other inspired authors creates a significant problem for modern interpretations that seek to separate the theological and the historical.
Shouldn’t we rely on the interpretations of men like Jesus, Paul, and Peter for understanding what the text actually means?
Even in the Old Testament, the prophet Isaiah provides more than sufficient evidence that the theology and history of Genesis are inseparably joined. He quotes God Himself saying that the doctrine of creation is the primary reason He can be trusted in all matters, including His control of world events.
Thus says God, the Lord, who created the heavens and stretched them out, who spread out the earth and what comes from it, who gives breath to the people on it and spirit to those who walk in it: “I am the Lord; I have called you in righteousness; I will take you by the hand and keep you; I will give you as a covenant for the people, a light for the nations…” (Isaiah 42:5-6)
It is obvious that Biblical authors were familiar with the text of Genesis and saw how it connects to the real world. This is why their views must come prior to recent attempts at re-interpretation through the discovery of Ancient Near Eastern texts such as the Gilgamesh epic, Enuma Elish, or others. If anything, these texts are confirmation that the ancient pagan world retained something of its memory of the global flood and the world before it.
Even in the Old Testament, the prophet Isaiah provides more than sufficient evidence that the theology and history of Genesis are inseparably joined.
When, however, one looks at the Biblical text in comparison with these pagan documents, the differences are significant.
From the transcendence of God, to the consequences of moral choices for the created order, to the realistic presentation of people and events, there are an overwhelming number of indicators, both within the early chapters and within other parts of the Bible, that Genesis is a literal account of history. This is the perspective of Jesus and His disciples.
Why Should Genesis 1 be considered History?
Besides what has already been said, here are a number of additional reasons why Genesis 1 should be seen as literal history formed by God with symbolic intent:
1. The Hebrew word for ‘day’
The use of the Hebrew word ‘day’ (yom) modified by the cardinal numbers ‘one,’ ‘two,’ ‘three,’ ‘four,’ ‘five,’ and ‘six,’ alongside the nouns ‘morning’ and ‘evening’ are all specific time indicators referring to a normal week. This is the common vocabulary we see in ancient times, medieval times, and modern times.
Wherever these words are used in other parts of the Pentateuch or other historical narratives of the Bible, we interpret them as referring to normal time. In fact, the Hebrews who translated Genesis into Greek for the Septuagint in the 2nd century B.C. used the normal Greek word for a 24-hour day in Genesis 1, even though there were other Greek words that signified a long period of time.
2. The use of ‘day’ in the rest of the Old Testament
Although there are a handful of instances of ‘day’ being used in non-literal ways in the Old Testament, it is clear from usage and context these are not the case in Genesis 1. Theologian Geerhardus Vos explains, “It is not accurate to say that the days are God’s days. God ad intra does not have days. Creation is an act proceeding outwardly from God…. Appealing to the eternal Sabbath is also of no avail. Although God’s Sabbath is certainly endless, that cannot be said of the first Sabbath…. The use of the term ‘day’ in Genesis 2:4 is figurative, but in Genesis 1 figurative language is not used. What one must show is another place in Scripture where a first, a second, a third day, etc., are just as sharply separated and and nevertheless describe periods of time. The ‘day of the Lord’ of the prophets refers to a specific day—that is, a day on which the Lord appears for judgment, even though His judgment may last longer than one day.”
3. Specific Statements in Exodus
There are numerous statements in Exodus that compare the duration of God’s creation to something already familiar to the enslaved Hebrews: one week of seven days. The most well-known of these is integral to the Fourth Commandment.
“Remember the Sabbath day, to keep it holy. Six days you shall labor, and do all your work, but the seventh day is a Sabbath to the Lord your God…. For in six days the Lord made heaven and earth, the sea, and all that is in them, and rested on the seventh day. Therefore the Lord blessed the Sabbath day and made it holy.” (Exodus 20:8,11)
4. A Record of What Happened In the Beginning
Genesis provides what one would expect at the beginning of a universal history: a record of what actually happened in the beginning. Often, the ‘superiority of the present’ is invoked to say the Israelites were a primitive people who could not understand what actually happened; but this is pure speculation that runs counter to the witness of the rest of the Bible.
The observation that God provided an account so different in structure and content from other literature in the Ancient Near East is testimony that He gave them the one accurate account, especially considering they were surrounded by Egyptian creation stories. He certainly wasn’t waiting 3500 years for a handful of scientists in the mid 20th-century to finally explain what He actually did in the beginning.
5. It is Consistent Narrative History
Genesis 1 and 2 are narrative history, as can be seen in the way events flow from one to another through chapter 3 and forward. Again, Vos explains, “within the narrative of Scripture, the creation narrative is interwoven like a link in the chain of God’s saving acts. God does not make a chain of solid gold, in which the first link is a floral wreath. If the creation history is an allegory, then the narrative concerning the fall and everything further that follows can also be allegory. The writer of the Pentateuch presents his work entirely as history.”
Any attempt to find additional time between the morning/evening/day repetition, or to see the days as a list of highlights over a long period, or to call it poetry, is a rejection of basic linguistic aspects of the text.
6. Statistical Analysis of Hebrew Verbs
Dr. Steve Boyd’s statistical analysis of the Hebrew verbs used in Genesis 1:1-2:4 in comparison with other narrative passages of the Old Testament reveals a “99.5% confidence level” that the passage is narrative history. As he explains, “the weight of evidence is so overwhelming that we must acknowledge that Biblical authors believed that they were recounting real events. We must therefore call their work history.” (Read the full paper here.)
7. Significant Numerical Harmony
There is a significant “numerical harmony” based on the numbers three and seven in Genesis 1:1-2:4. Rabbinic scholar Umberto Cassuto observes that:
- The entire section is divided into seven paragraphs, one per day.
- The nouns God, heaven, and earth are repeated in multiples of seven throughout the passage: God 35 times, heaven 21 times, and earth 21 times.
- Light and day are each mentioned seven times in the first paragraph. Light is mentioned seven times in the fourth paragraph.
- Water is mentioned seven times in paragraphs two and three together.
- Beasts is mentioned seven times in paragraphs five and six together.
- The expression it was good appears seven times.
- The first verse has seven words; the second verse contains fourteen words; and the seventh paragraph has three sentences, each of which contains seven words and has the expression the seventh day in the middle.
Cassuto finishes his overview with the final observation, “to suppose all of this is a mere coincidence is not possible.”
8. Numerous Chiastic Structures
James Jordan identifies numerous chisastic structures in the first chapter of Genesis. Chiasm is a literary structure based on the Greek letter chi (X). This structure basically follows a pattern that inverts itself as it describes a flow of events, such as A,B,C,D,C’,B’,A’ with D being in the center. Jordon observes numerous chiastic structures within the passage, from the days of creation, to what is being created, to what is being signified.
Chiasms linked to history can be found throughout the rest of the Bible, too, as Gordon Wenham has observed with the flood account and Kenneth Bailey with a large section of Luke. Such consistent patterns in historical narratives are additional evidence that God was ordering events according to His own purposes.
In light of all these points, how is it possible that some modern interpreters want to deny that Genesis 1 is literal history?
It seems the primary rationale to de-historicize Genesis is what Steve Boyd explains in the film. He observes,“the only way you’d want yom [day] to mean a longer period of time is if you impose an alien concept, a hermeneutical concept, to the text and say, ‘Well, I think that these are ages therefore yom has to mean ages.’ What we have to do is start with the text. If we start with the text yom means ‘day.’”
This desire to impose ‘an alien concept’ on Genesis is extremely strong today, especially in academic circles. We should therefore not underestimate its pervasive influence on the church, nor mistake its long-term consequences. The Bible’s ability to accurately represent history is at the center of Christian doctrine, most particularly the doctrine of creation; it is this doctrine which sits at the foundation of all our theology.
This material is part of the ‘Is Genesis History?’ Bible Study. It includes 6 video segments and 6 in-depth chapters exploring Genesis in light of the entire Bible.
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California Governor Jerry Brown says human-caused climate change is probably the main reason wildfires are scorching large parts of San Diego County at this time of year.
Brown told CNN that climate change is the reason why the California fire season is now 70 days longer than it was in the past. He says high winds and dry conditions make fires larger and more devastating.
Brown: “Those conditions are definitely caused by climate change, global warming induced by human activity.”
Brown has issued a state of emergency for the affected region, which will free up extra resources to fight the fires. Nine fires have scorched about 10,000 acres in San Diego County so far.
Evacuation orders have been sent to tens of thousands of residents across San Diego County.
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THE IMPACT OF MARKETING STRATEGY ON THE PRODUCTIVITY OF AN ORGANIZATION: A CASE STUDY OF FIRST BANK NIGERIA PLC
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To achieve a set of organizational goals and objectives, companies conceptualize, design, and implement various strategies. These strategies can be corporate, business, or functional. Marketing strategies constitute one of the functional strategies amenable to application by contemporary companies in order to enhance performance. Marketing has been defined and conceptualized in various ways, depending on the author’s background, interest, and education. For example, marketing can be seen as a matrix of business activities organized to plan, produce, price, promote, distribute, and market goods, service, and ideas for the satisfaction of relevant customers and clients. marketing strategy is important for the success of any organization, whether service- or product-oriented.
Marketing strategy is a method by which a firm attempting to reach its target market uses to attract customers. Marketing strategy starts with market research, in which needs, attitudes and competitor’s products are assessed and the firm concentrate its limited resources on the greatest opportunities to increase sales and achieve a sustainable competitive advantage (Nymous, 2006).Marketing strategy must focus on delivering greater value to customers and the firm at a lower cost however quantifying the return on investment from marketing expenditure on activities such as advertising, promotion and distribution is one of the most complex issue facing decision makers. Marketing performance is central to success in today’s fast moving competitive markets, and measuring marketing performance is critical to managing it effective (Chiliya, 2009).
In order to measure marketing strategy effectiveness, a business has to break down its marketing function into constituent parts, along with a mechanism through which to analyse the interaction between those parts. By doing this, decision-makers will finally be in a position to relate marketing expenses to shareholder value and to understand how to tie marketing initiatives back into the value created for the company. Decision-makers will be able to understand the internal motives that propel the marketing value of the business. The manipulation of the following marketing variables namely price variation and price promotion, research, advertising, product differentiation, quality, packaging and place will yield in-creased returns for firms.
Marketing strategies in commercial banks serve as the fundamental component of marketing plans designed to fill market needs and reach marketing objective. Marketing strategy involves careful scanning of the internal and external environments. Internal environmental factors include marketing mix, plus performance analysis and strategic constraints. While external environmental factors include customer analysis, competitive analysis target market analysis as well as evaluation of the element of technological, economic, cultural or political/legal environment likely to impact success.
Marketing strategy in commercial banks in Nigeria is basically designed to direct the flow of banking services profitably to target customers. The need for an effective marketing strategy stems from intense competition, not just from bank but other financial organization. Therefore banks strategize there marketing to create customer value as well as to establish customers need and to provide such needs in order to add more value to their service and gain competitive advantage.
However, there are challenges in measuring marketing strategies in relation to productivity. Indeed several researchers indicate that there is a gab in this regard (okoh, 2009). It is against this, that the researcher considered the subject matter as a problem worthy of investigation.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Marketing strategies are dynamic and interactive. They are partially planned as such; most organizations do not adhere strictly to their organization planned strategy sequel to influence of micro and micro environmental factors. As such most organizational component of marketing strategy is not inline with the company’s overarching mission hence marketing strategy is vague and complex to comprehend. As such implementing strategic marketing plan in most organization becomes a big constraint. This  is evident in the fact that there are challenges in measuring marketing strategies in relation to productivity which several marketing literatures as well as journals have fail to address. Indeed several researchers indicates that there is a gab in this regard (okoh, 2009).
It is against this that the researcher sees the subject matter worthy of investigation. Therefore the study addresses the challenges of measuring marketing strategy in relation to productivity which has not been address by previous researches and marketing text in Nigeria.
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They left no written chronicles or massive castles, but their fingerprints can yet be seen on the land and the shape of our country today. In a new book, Alistair Moffat uncovers the stories of Scotland’s forgotten ancient dynasties and puts them back on
“Scotland’s fundamental shape and scale have
endured. The ancient
names of places have a rich story to tell. The land has its own
continuity and clarity”
AS LORRIES grind through the gears on their way up to the top of Soutra on the A68, they unknowingly pass a place where Scotland’s history turned. The farm of Addinston in Lauderdale takes its name from Aedan’s Stane and in 603AD a bloody battle was fought there. The army of Aedan macGabrain, king of Argyll, was caught by the Bernicians, recent conquerors of the Tweed Valley. And almost certainly around the tumbled-down ramparts of a prehistoric hillfort near the modern farm, the Argyll men were defeated.
Having raided cattle from the fertile grasslands of the Tweed, Aedan had led his army north up Dere Street, the old Roman road which remained the best route to the Lothians and the Forth for many centuries after the legions left. The Argyll men were overtaken by the pursuing Bernicians and their great warriorking, Aethelfrith. Events moved quickly after the battle at the place also known as Degsastan. In 637, Edinburgh fell to the Bernicians and by the middle of the 7th century they controlled the Lothians and the Borders and were pushing into Galloway and Fife. Their ambition was only checked in 685 when Pictish cavalry killed King Ecgfrith and cut his army to pieces at Dunnichen, near Forfar.
The distant rumble of these forgotten battles, the obscure, ignored kings who fought and died in them and the names of their ancient kingdoms might seem Ruritanian, little more than a collection of historical curiosities. But they are not.
When Aethelfrith won at Degsastan and his warriors overran the Lothians, Scotland was destined to speak English and not the Gaelic of the Argyll men.
More than that, the Dark Ages saw many of the recognisable themes of our history established: Christianity; an energetic, expansionist, dominant dynasty of kings; the development of distinctive regions. But the workings of many of these processes are often obscure.
So how do we read this unwritten history today? Through keen observation. The archive of the feet and the eyes is our most important resource. The shadows of ancient kingdoms lie apparent even now, their frontiers marked by ditch and stone, an ancient stronghold marked by a trees still standing or clearly witnessed.
We read their story through place names, and from references made in the oldest recorded histories – often passed down from an original long since lost, such as On the Ocean by the Greek explorer and scientist Pytheas, who ventured north to what would become Scotland as early as 320 BC.
Before the 12th century and the arrival of literate monks and the kings who patronised their abbeys and churches, our history can be hard to see. Scotland – more precisely, north Britain – in the Dark Ages seems to emerge instead from a tangle of confusion; a story told in contradictory fragments and a few, rare flickers of light. From late in the last millennium BC to AD1000 and even beyond, it is a tale of shadows and half-lit edges.
Only the land, its rivers and lochs and the seas around it remain, and although the appearance of Scotland has changed over the course of a thousand winters and a thousand summers since, its fundamental shape and scale have endured. The sands and the tides, the hills and high valleys, the great rivers, the long lost wildwood, the impenetrable marshlands and the ancient names of places have a rich story to tell. The land has its own certainty, continuity and clarity.
A lot of what we might recognise as a political history of Scotland in the first millennium AD has been supplied by outsiders: Greek travellers, Roman military historians and map makers, Irish annalists, Welsh bards and chroniclers now thought of as English have left us most of what passes for a narrative.
Much has been lost, and often it is the random discovery of an object, the recognition of a piece of dusty sculpture as great art or the realisation that some of the men of the north of Britain were very influential in their time that reminds us that a lack of a coherent history written by those who lived it is only an accident. Because records did not survive, we should not drift into the unthinking assumption that the society of Dark Ages Scotland was incapable of compiling them and was therefore somehow primitive and less sophisticated than others.
So much of Scotland’s history is open to doubt and interpretation. For example, theories on the Callanish Stones on Lewis, in the Western Isles, constantly evolve with some suggesting an association with astronomical events and others with pre- historic religious activity. One local tradition says that giants who lived on the island refused to be converted to Christianity by Saint Kieran and were turned into stone as a punishment.
It is also clear that the principal driver of our history is often failure. The losers have, of course, been eclipsed by the winners in the history of Scotland. The rise of Dalriada, the Gaelic-speaking kings of the west, and their eventual takeover of the whole country have been well documented. And the story of the Pictish kingdoms, one of the great mysteries of our history, has been investigated and exhausted by talented historians.
Instead a dim light is shed on the forgotten dynasties that died away and failed. Their lost kingdoms are the proper subject of The Faded Map.
Where were Calchvynydd, Desnes Mor and Desnes Ioan, Manau and the land of the Kindred Hounds? Who were the Sons of Prophecy, the Well-Born, Macsen, Amdarch, the kings of Ebrauc and the treacherous Morcant Bwlc? What happened at Arderydd, Degsastan and Alt Clut? Where was the Grimsdyke, the land of the Hali-
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Which terms should we use for "developing countries"?post by evelynciara · 2020-11-16T00:42:58.385Z · EA · GW · 1 comments
This is a question post.
"Developing countries" is the most common term I've seen for the countries that are less developed than other countries, both in the EA community and in broader discourse about international development. However, the term is controversial and vague. According to Abrahams (2019), "developing countries" doesn't refer to any particular criteria, and as the global development situation has changed, the category of "developing countries" has grown more heterogeneous:
If we look to other indicators, the picture has also become more complex as countries have advanced at different paces and in different ways, and we have come to acknowledge that the challenges of poverty and inequality are not restricted to specific corners of the world. Countries facing entirely different challenges are lumped together as “developing,” while countries in the “developed” category are hardly free of challenges themselves. The US is classified as developed by all major intergovernmental organisations, for example, and yet there are countries classified as developing that beat it on indicators around health care and connectivity. Meanwhile, more people in extreme poverty live in middle-income countries than in low-income countries.... Last but not least, our understanding of the relationships between countries has changed. Just as the terms “first world” and “third world” were eventually cast off as inappropriate, the colonial baggage of the terms “developed” and “developing” is increasingly being acknowledged.
Because of this, the World Bank has started referring to countries as "low-income," "middle-income," and "high-income" countries. On the other hand, some advocates of the term "developing countries" like it because it implies that more-developed countries have an obligation to assist less-developed countries.
Which terms do you use to describe more- and less-developed countries? Which terms do you think the EA community should use?
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On 13 March 1940, a 40-year-old Indian man, dressed like a perfect English gentleman, pulled out a .45 Smith & Wesson revolver that was concealed under a book in a meeting hall in London, and fired six rounds into a group of people. Two shots hit a 75-year-old man in the back, one bullet passing his right lung and heart, the other piercing both kidneys.
The gunman, a martyr to many Indians, had several names, but was most commonly known as Udham Singh. Michael O’Dwyer, the retired British official who was killed on the spot had, 21 years earlier as the Lieutenant Governor of Punjab, endorsed and supported the most horrendous massacre of Indians by the British after the First War of Independence.
For over two decades, Singh, a fiercely patriotic Indian revolutionary with revenge in his heart, had one overpowering obsession: to kill O’Dwyer. This quest took him to several continents and finally to England, where he watched and waited for years for the ideal opportunity to strike.
Born on 26 December 1899 in a village in Punjab’s Sangrur district to a Sikh peasant family, Singh lost his parents when he was just a boy. A community orphanage in Amritsar took care of Singh and his older brother. In 1918 he cleared his matriculation examination.
The following year an event in Amritsar changed his life.
On 13 April 1919, Brigadier-General R.E.H. Dyer, the general officer commanding the Jullundur Brigade, commanded 50 Indian troops to Amritsar’s Jallianwala Bagh, where an estimated 20,000 unarmed civilians had gathered, cramped together for lack of space.
Their only fault was that the assembly was in defiance of the colonial martial law, under which all public gatherings were banned in Punjab.
Dyer placed his troops at the narrow entrance of the bagh that also served as the only main exit, thus trapping the people inside. Then without warning, he ordered his troops to fire. Some 1,700 rounds were emptied on the helpless crowd. While the official death toll was under 400, other estimates suggest that more than a thousand people were killed in this act of mass murder, one of the defining events of the British raj that sent shockwaves across India.
Singh blamed the massacre mainly on O’Dwyer, who was in charge of Punjab at the time. Although determined to take revenge, Singh was prepared to bide his time. He joined other Indian revolutionaries and visited many countries, the ultimate destination being London. He used several aliases, including Sher Singh, Udhan Singh and Ram Mohammed Singh Azad. He went to Africa in 1920 and tried to visit the United States but was initially unsuccessful. In 1924 he managed to reach America. In his three years there, he oversaw revolutionary activities, forming close links with the Ghadar Party and helping set up the Overseas Indians Association.
In 1927 Singh returned to India with more than two dozen aides and a cache of arms but he was arrested shortly afterwards and sent to five years’ jail under the Arms Act. After his release in October 1931, he kept a low profile for a while but then resumed underground activities, simultaneously looking at ways to reach Britain. The police kept a constant watch on him.
In 1933, however, he managed to give the authorities the slip and flee to Europe. After passing several countries he reached London in 1934. He stayed in a house in East London and joined a socialist organisation that worked for the cause of Indian workers.
He bought a revolver and ammunition, and waited for the right moment. On 13 March 1940, a meeting of the Central Asian Society and East India Association was to be held at the Caxton Hall. One of the speakers was Michael O’Dwyer.
Singh had found the right moment.
He hid his revolver in a book and entered the hall. He stood by the wall. When the meeting ended, O’Dwyer walked in the direction of the platform to have a word with Lord Zetland, the Secretary of State for India. Singh fired. O’Dwyer was killed on the spot. Zetland, Louis Dane (the former Lieutenant-governor ofPunjab), and Lord Lamington (the former Governor of Bombay) were injured.
Singh had no intention of escaping and was immediately arrested. It was an unambiguous case. He was soon convicted and sentenced to death.
During the trial he said: “I did it because I had a grudge against him [Michael O’Dwyer]. He deserved it. He was the real culprit. He wanted to crush the spirit of my people, so I have crushed him. For full 21 years, I have been trying to wreak vengeance. I am happy that I have done the job. I am not scared of death. I am dying for my country. I have seen my people starving in India under the British rule. I have protested against this, it was my duty. What greater honour could be bestowed on me than death for the sake of my motherland?”
Udham Singh was hanged on 31 July 1940 at Pentonville Prison.
The Congress leader Jawaharlal Nehru was initially critical of Singh’s actions, but much later as Prime Minister he paid rich tributes to him. Singh’s remains were exhumed and brought to India in 1974. India’s top political leadership lined up to honour him.
Looking back at the Jallianwala Bagh massacre and its aftermath, the journalist Praveen Swami wrote in the Frontline magazine in November 1997: “O’Dwyer’s killing marked the end of a chain of events that began, in a sense, at 4.30 p.m. on 13 April 1919, when Brigadier General Reginald Dyer opened fire on an unarmed gathering in Jallianwala Bagh. Udham Singh was a witness to that carnage. Through 21 years of revolutionary activity in the United Kingdom, the United States, Africa and India, Udham Singh saw avenging the massacre as his destiny. Jallianwala Bagh radicalised an entire generation and laid the foundation for Punjab’s vigorous secular political traditions. The traditions forged by Udham Singh and his peers are as relevant now as they were seven decades ago.”
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Posted: Thu, April 18, 2013 | By: Michael Lee
Our Automated Future
Surprising as this may sound, nature is full of automatic processes, as will shortly be shown. And computers and mechanical devices are automating social processes on an ever-increasing scale, from assembly lines and the new 3-D printers to self-service devices like ATMs, kiosks and vending machines, from robots to computerized flight programs. As you read this, you may receive a pop up meeting reminder on your Outlook system or perhaps a message texted on your mobile phone indicating it’s time to submit your tax returns. That’s the efficiency of automation.
In addition, there’s the growing phenomenon of biomimicry, or designs imitating nature, with engineers, architects and designers developing an array of products originally inspired by nature’s long-evolved efficiencies which can be observed, modelled on computer programs and then reproduced. Given the extent of automation in nature, discussed below, the economic efficiencies gained by computerization and mechanization and the virtually infinite potential of computers to model and reproduce phenomenal designs in nature, the conclusion is becoming inescapable that our future will be more profoundly automated than we could have imagined.
Automation means “running by itself” from the Greek word automatos, “acting of itself”, with auto meaning “self”.1 The idea behind it is for technology to run a process so efficiently it requires little, or zero, direct human control.
Nature itself is largely programmed. Consider the zygote, the starting-point of a human life. It’s a single cell created when a mother’s egg is fertilized. Despite being miniscule, it contains all the genetic information – the genome - needed to form a new person. That is, its historically unique pattern of chromosomes will determine the genetic characteristics of each individual.
About 30 hours after being conceived, the zygote, containing this DNA blueprint, begins the self-replicating cell division process called mitosis. The growth of a human being in all its complexity is underway, and all according to a built-in plan ingrained in the zygote. At conception, then, each person’s future growth is contained inside a code compacted into a cell so tiny it can only be measured on a micrometre scale. For me, this is a wondrous fact of nature.
Despite this vital role in creating a human, the zygote is not conscious during its operations and activities. Nevertheless, intelligence is clearly at work since the cell processes a significant amount of information regarding which steps and actions to take in the right sequence at the right times. For that reason some have called the nucleus of the zygote an information center. For it stores its own instruction manual, nothing less than a program for producing a person. It’s as if nature has mass-produced zygote nano-computers loaded with chromosome software. The fact that DNA, a key defining feature of life, is a code says something fundamental about the way existence has been made.
It’s also intriguing that the individual’s genome inside the zygote, a kind of chromosome source code, seems to switch on and work automatically. Like a computer program, it contains instructions or rules which control a process of execution. To produce a human being, it’s estimated there must be millions of rules involved.2
The story of how the zygote works shows that much of human life is biologically pre-determined. As we have seen, the future adult is contained within a code inside a single cell. And its evolution is automatic. Other humans have minimal control or influence over the processes of its development. The individual’s future is slowly unlocked according to instructions of a conception blueprint.
It’s not just the genome in our DNA-packed zygote which determined who we would become, eventually made up from approximately 40,000 genes.3 We don’t get to choose our parents or the genealogy they bring with them in the history stored in their genes. Neither do we choose our place and time of birth. Similarly, we choose neither our siblings nor how we are brought up and educated. In short, I did not choose to be me. Nor did you choose to be you. Our conception, birth and growth were automatic processes.
The question, therefore, is not so much, what distinguishes humans from animals, but what unique human features really distinguish us from robots?
And far from being an exceptional occurrence, the way in which each human blueprint runs its program for the creation of a new individual is typical of a whole range of automated processes operated by nature’s invisible software. It seems science is on a journey to discover a cosmic instruction manual. And the invention of computerization has greatly accelerated the pace of that discovery.
For example, scientist and creator of Mathematica4, Stephen Wolfram, in his monumental A New Kind of Science (2002), argues that we live in a digital, mathematical universe which works on the basis of simple and universal computational programs which are able to produce very complex natural systems. He describes in plain language how “our universe is in essence just a simple program” with “a single, simple, underlying rule”.5 In his theory of simple programs, there’s an upper limit, or ceiling, to complexity and to computational sophistication.6
Wolfram urges us to think in terms of simple programs to understand how nature works: “...just as the rules for any system can be viewed as corresponding to a program, so also its behaviour can be viewed as corresponding to a computation….all processes, whether they are produced by human effort or occur spontaneously in nature, can be viewed as computations…set up specifically to perform particular tasks.”7 Computations calculate according to rules or instructions for set tasks and functions. In Wolfram’s worldview, a simple universal order underlies all of nature’s complex design. Nature has a rule-book. And its archetypal designs are programmed: “the basic mechanisms responsible for many processes in nature can be captured by simple computer programs based on simple rules.” 8 In short, there is a simple program running the world.
Nevertheless, there’s an important caveat in the theory that it’s still very difficult to work out from an underlying rule what behaviour it will produce.
According to Wolfram, then, simplicity is much more fundamental than complexity. For example, he shows that determining the huge variety of shapes of trees and leaves is a straightforward branching process during growth. Alexander von Humboldt identified 19 types of this underlying branching phenomenon in 1808.9 Likewise, a few basic patterns underlie the diversity of appearances of animals. There is substantial uniformity across nature. And the processes underlying it are automated and intelligent.
Furthermore, everything that happens in the world operates like the execution of an underlying program and its rules, just as the zygote’s program unfolds in the growth of an individual according to its blueprint. Amassing a vast amount of evidence from behavior of computer programs and natural systems, including biological ones, Wolfram has developed a doctrine of a self-organizing “all is computation” universe. He has revealed great similarities between mathematics and nature, and between human thinking and processes in nature. What this all indicates is an intelligent universe in which the laws of physics show “computational sophistication”.10
Professor of Applied Mathematics at Cornell University, Steven Strogatz, has recently exemplified the prevalence of automatic cycles in nature. Whereas Wolfram demonstrates that natural processes automatically execute simple, programmed rules on a universal scale, Strogatz (2003) explains how a variety of phenomena act in collective harmony, or synch, in what he calls nature’s spontaneous order. He states that the new study of synchrony has identified oscillators, defined as entities that cycle automatically, repeating themselves at regular time intervals,11 as the driving force behind collective harmony seen in such commonplace phenomena as crickets chirping in unison, schools of fish swimming together, flights of birds and even orbits of planets influenced by each other’s gravity.
He has studied synchronized behaviour of living or organic oscillators, including cells, as well as inanimate oscillators such as planets, pendulums and electrons. At the cosmic level, think of pulsars, rotating neutron stars, which emit highly repetitive radio signals.12 They’re like clocks keeping excellent time in outer space.
Fireflies flashing in unison without any orchestration indicate the insects have internal clocks in the neurons of their minute brains: “In a congregation of flashing fireflies, every one is continually sending and receiving signals, shifting the rhythms of others and being shifted by them in turn…sync somehow emerges spontaneously.”13 Each insect in the group has an oscillator which vibrates and acts together with oscillators of the other fireflies.
For Strogatz, this kind of pattern of unconscious collaboration through oscillation is widespread at both atomic and macroscopic scales: “…the tendency to synchronize is one of the most pervasive drives in the universe, extending from atoms to animals, from people to planets.”14 The human heart, for example, has its own oscillator – roughly 10,000 cells responsible for generating the electric rhythm behind a typical lifetime of three billion heartbeats.15 The brain, too, has oscillators which are responsible for the so-called circadian rhythm, or 24 hour biological clock, which is “the internal chronometer that keeps us in sync with the world around us.”16 Even though the brain is reputed to be the most complex phenomenon ever discovered, with about 100 billion neurons, operating electrically, each with an average of thousands of synapses connected to other cells, it’s organized into definite areas having specific functions, all working together in one effective system.17 On a human social level, there is even the well-observed phenomenon of menstrual synchrony among women living closely together which shows yet again how regular cycles in nature can influence one another through some sort of integrating chemical exchange. These synchronizations happen beyond the conscious level and work automatically. They are built into cycles of life.
Driving these recurrences of oscillators, or clock-like cycles in nature, is the mathematics of self-organization, the “spontaneous emergence of order out of chaos.”18
Strogatz’s universal oscillators unveil an essentially mechanical world pulsing behind the richly diverse and beautiful surfaces of nature.
Although the universe itself is not a Newtonian clock, but a dynamic Einsteinian space-time, it is nevertheless filled with clocks: biological clocks, including the circadian clock, planetary clocks, atomic clocks and a multitude of inanimate clocks. Their purpose is to create order, to give the universe a regular rhythm, a gigantic, automatic pulse.
According to contemporary scientists like Wolfram and Strogatz, then, processes seem set up to run automatically according to the instruction manual of nature. There is spontaneous order as well as automatic programming of processes right across the cosmos.
And, in the ultimate mimicry of nature, the computer is harnessing and distributing automatic processes throughout society in a technology revolution.
That’s why I forecast a strong and continuous rise in automation throughout the century and beyond.
There are socio-economic implications to consider regarding this automation revolution. Since it’s inevitable that there’ll be exponential automation in years to come, employment in the formal economy may continue to decline quite sharply. Efficiencies have always driven human survival and it’s simply impossible for individuals in the long-run to compete against the efficiencies of computers and machines. I cannot compete against an automated process.
In a highly populated world, which has been discovering in recent decades with a brutal clarity the limits of natural resources and the critical importance of the environment, the increasing automation of social processes in the 21st century conjures up the spectre of mass, endemic unemployment and under-employment.
Consequently, attention of social scientists and policymakers must shift to sectors outside the formal economy. Neither governments nor private companies can save us from the curse of mass worldwide unemployment that is already apparent. Fortunately, they’re not the only economic entities. There are other economic systems. Nor can globalization save us because that process is more likely to increase unemployment due to its underlying driver of efficiency in a hyper-competitive system. But there are alternatives to globalization.
I am referring to a new future era of localization – the search for sustainable local communities harnessing their surrounding renewable energy sources. I am also speaking of the growing informal sector, as well as the NGO and voluntary sectors. In the same way that during the Dark Ages, faith-based communities tried to live simply and grow their own food and be self-sufficient, I am predicting in the long-run increases in faith communities like the Amish, along with a proliferation of NGOs, voluntary workers, denominations, cults and environmental groups, all embracing localization as we struggle to adapt an over-populated world to its automated future.
Unfolding in this scenario I foresee a three-tiered and divided society. There would be a top layer comprising the fully automated globally integrated world of the cosmopolitan elite. Let’s call them the upper urban formal class. Then there would be an in-between, secondary urban layer ranging from middle-class to lower middle-class groups providing services to the elite and bolstering civil society as it shifts more and more to the values and systems of localization. And finally there would be a third level made up of infinite constellations of localized communities and groups, ranging from urban slums to highly self-organized and harmonious groups like the Amish, all effectively disengaged from the formal sector. Let’s call them informal kinships.
As we move into an automated future, let us do so knowingly, so as to pre-empt these social divisions from becoming conflictual or endemically hostile.
As the example of the zygote shows, automation is rife in nature. Wolfram (2002) has shown just how extensively nature is programmed. Increasingly, automation is part of social life, too. But my hunch is that human creativity, which ultimately distinguishes us from robots, will enable us to find fair ways to steer Spaceship Earth into a humanized and automated future.
Michael Lee’s book Knowing our Future – the startling case for futurology is available at the publisher or on Amazon.com.
Acknowledgments and websites
Pearsall, J, ed. 1998. The New Oxford Dictionary of English. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Strogatz, S. 2003. Sync: the emerging science of spontaneous order. London: Penguin.
Wolfram, S. 2002. A New Kind of Science. Champaign, IL: Wolfram Media, Inc.
1 Pearsall, J, ed. 1998. The New Oxford Dictionary of English. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 114.
2 Wolfram, S. 2002. A New Kind of Science. Champaign, IL: Wolfram Media, Inc. 383.
4 Mathematica is described in Wikipedia as a computational software program used in scientific, engineering, and mathematical fields and other areas of technical computing.
5 Wolfram (2002): 471.
6 Wolfram (2002), 720-721.
7 Wolfram, S. 2002. A New Kind of Science. Champaign, IL: Wolfram Media, Inc. 5.
8 Wolfram (2002): 547.
9 Wolfram (2002):1004.
10 Wolfram (2002): 1191-2.
11 Strogatz, S. 2003. Sync: the emerging science of spontaneous order. London: Penguin. 3.
12 Wolfram (2002):1188.
13 Strogatz (2003):13.
14 Strogatz (2003):14.
15 Strogatz (2003):15.
16 Strogatz (2003):69. The synchrony behind the circadian rhythm occurs on three levels, according to Strogatz, (i) cells within an organ are synchronized; (ii) organs are synchronized within the body, and (iii) the body itself synchronizes to the world and its 24 hour cycle (Strogatz: 72). There is, it seems, a circadian code and a circadian clock.
17 Wolfram (2002):1098.
18 Strogatz (2003):14.
© Institute of Futurology, April 2013
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I am not really that sure of the reasons th
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"All is revealed and redeemed in Dimmesdale's final act of confession upon the scaffold. He reveals the scarlet letter that he has imprinted in his own flesh, finally shedding light on his own sin and on his own shame, a shame that he could hardly bear. Here the story illuminates the theme of shame through the motif of the letter in its outward and secret manifestations. Dimmesdale's death essentially sets Hester and Pearl free. Sin is no longer hidden. His death also illustrates the hypocrisy of Puritan piety as well as the unnatural clinging to "godliness" that Puritans hold so tightly to."
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World Hot Spots
India is a very vast nation geographically; it forms the meeting ground between the East and the West and hence an important destination to conduct trade with the Western nations. This point in particular, attracted many a foreign invaders to lay hands over this nation - known for her rich culture, wealth as well as tradition. India has always seen a variety of religions taking birth in different parts of the country an as a result, a natural tolerance grew for different groups following different religion types. However, as evil follows good, rifts took birth too. And one has been seeing bloodshed over matters of religious bias time and again.
India has seen a variety of rulers including Persians, Greeks, Chinese nomads, Arabs, Portuguese, British and other raiders all of whom conquered over the local Hindu kingdoms who invariably survived their depradations, living out their own sagas of conquest and collapse.
All the while, these local dynasties built upon the roots of a culture well established since the time of the first invaders, the Aryans. The discovery of India's most ancient civilization literally happened by accident. In the mid-1800's, British engineers who were busy constructing a railway line between Karachi and Punjab, found ancient, kiln-baked bricks along the path of the track. This discovery was however treated as a little more than curiosity unless archaeologists later revisited the site in the 1920's and determined that the bricks were over 5000 years old.
Close on heels came the discovery of two important cities: Harappa on the Ravi river, and Mohenjodaro on the Indus. The civilization that laid the bricks, one of the world's oldest, was known as the Indus. People belonging to this creed were highly sophisticated and had a written language. Dating back to 3000 BC, they originated in the south and moved north, building complex, mathematically-planned cities. Some of these towns were almost three miles in diameter and contained as many as 30,000 residents. These ancient municipalities had granaries, citadels, and even household toilets. In Mohenjodaro, a mile-long canal connected the city to the sea, and trading ships sailed as far as Mesopotamia. At its height, the Indus civilization extended over half a million square miles across the Indus valley river.
As far as the history of invaders is concerned, the first group to invade India were the Aryans, who came from the north in about 1500 BC. They were primarily warriors and conquerors. They brought along with them strong cultural traditions that still remain in force till date. They spoke and wrote in a language called Sanskrit, which was later used in the first documentation of the Vedas.
The Aryans lived along the Indus and imposed themselves in the class system which they changed to a caste system thus sowing the seeds of modern Indian religions. They inhabited the northern regions for about 700 years, then moved further south and east when they started developing iron tools and weapons. Eventually, they settled in the Ganges valley and built large kingdoms throughout a greater part of northern India.
It was in 500 B.C. that Persian kings Cyrus and Darius decided upon expanding their reign eastward and conquered the ever-prized Indus Valley. However, the Persian influence was marginal as compared to that of the Aryans. This happened because Persians occupied the Indian land for only a period of 150 years. Compared to the Aryans, the Persian influence was marginal.
The Greeks in turn conquered the Persians under leadership of Emperor Alexander, who swept through the country as far as the Beas River, where he defeated king Porus backed by an army of 200 elephants in 326 BC. The tireless, charismatic conqueror wanted to extend his empire even further eastward, but his own troops (undoubtedly exhausted) refused to continue.
Alexander returned home, leaving behind garrisons to keep the trade routes open. While the Persians and Greeks subdued the Indus Valley and the northwest, Aryan-based kingdoms continued developing in the East. In the 5th century BC, Siddhartha Gautama founded the religion of Buddhism, a profoundly influential work of human thought still espoused by many worldwide.
Next in line came the king known as Chandragupta who swept back through the country from Magadha (Bihar) and conquered his way well into Afghanistan. This was the beginning of one of India's greatest dynasties, the Maurya dynasty. The leadership and foresight of the great king Ashoka (268-31 BC), hrlped the Mauryan empire conquer almost the entire subcontinent, extending as far as Mysore in the south. When Ashoka conquered Orissa, however, his army shed so much blood that the repentant king gave up warfare forever and converted to Buddhism. As dedicated a missionary as a king he was, Ashoka spread Buddhism to a greater part of central Asia. His rule marked the zenith of glory of the Maurya empire, that collapsed only a century afer the death of the mighty emperor.
Things began changing a little after the demise of the Maurya dynasty when regions under the Mauryan dynasty began breaking into smaller parts belomging to different dynasties. The Greeks returned in 150 BC and conquered Punjab, and by this time Buddhism was becoming so influential that the Greek king Menander became a Buddhist himself. The local kingdoms enjoyed relative autonomy for the next few hundred years, occasionally fighting (and often losing to) invaders from the north and China, who seemed to come and go like the monsoons. Unlike the Greeks, the Romans never made it to India, preferring to expand west instead.
Chandragupta II founded the Imperial Gupta dynasty in 319 AD. He conquered the entire north and consolidated the entire area into his empire. He spread his roots in the south of India too to as far as the Vindya mountains. When the reign of the Gupta clan came to an end, a golden age of six thriving and separate kingdoms ensued, and at this juncture some of the most incredible temples in India were constructed in Bhubaneshwar, Konarak, and Khahurajo. It was time of relative stability, and cultural developments progressed on all fronts for hundreds of years, until the dawn of the Muslim era.
Arab traders started visiting the western coast ever since 712, but it wasn't until 1001 that the Muslim world began to make its impact felt. In that year, Arab armies swept down the Khyber pass and hit like a storm. Under the leadership of Mahmud of Ghazi, they raided just about every other year for 26 years. They returned home each time, leaving behind their trail in the form of some ruined cities, decimated armies, and probably a very edgy native population. Then they more or less vanished behind the mountains again for nearly 150 years, and India once again went paved way with destiny.
But the Muslims knew India was still there, waiting with all its riches. They returned in 1192 under Mohammed of Ghor, and this time they meant to stay. Ghor's armies laid waste to the Buddhist temples of Bihar, and by 1202 he had conquered the most powerful Hindu kingdoms along the Ganges. When Ghor died in 1206, one of his generals, Qutb-ud-din, ruled the far north from the Sultanate of Delhi, while the southern majority of India was free from the invaders.
Turkish kings ruled the Muslim acquisition until 1397, when the Mongols invaded under Timur Lang (Tamerlane) and ravaged the entire region. One historian wrote that the lightning speed with which Timur Lang's armies struck Delhi was prompted by their desire to escape the stench of rotting corpses they were leaving behind them. Islamic India fragmented after the brutal devastation Timur Lang left in Delhi, and it was every Muslim strongman for himself.
This however changed in 1527, when the Mughal (Persian for Mongol) monarch Babur came into power. Babur was a ruler of his kind. He hailed from Kabul and loved poetry, gardening and so on. He even wrote cultural treatises on the Hindus he conquered, and took notes on local flora and fauna. Afghan princes in India asked for his help in 1526, and he conquered the Punjab and quickly asserted his own claim over them by taking Delhi.
This sowed the roots of the Mughal dynasty, whose six emperors would comprise most influential of all the Muslim dynasties in India. Babur died in 1530, leaving behind Humayun who was absolutely unlike the father. Humayun's own son, Akbar, however, would be the greatest Mughal ruler of all. Unlike his grandfather, Akbar was more warrior than scholar, and he extended the empire as far south as the Krishna river.
Akbar had a certain level of religious tolerence and got married to a Hindu princess, thus establishing a tradition of cultural acceptance that would contribute greatly to the success of the Mughal rule. And the Mughal reign saw many a leaders change seat as time elapsed. In the year 1605, Akbar was succeeded by his son Jahangir, who passed the expanding empire along to his own son Shahjahan in 1627.
Shah Jahan left behind the colossal monuments of the Mughal empire though he spent much of his time subduing Hindu kingdoms to the south. The monuments included among others the Taj Majal (the tomb of his favorite wife), the Pearl Mosque, the Royal Mosque, and the Red Fort. Shah Jahan's campaigns in the south and his flare for extravagant architecture increased taxes thus bringing distress to his subjects. Due to the prevailing conditions, his own son imprisoned him, seeking power for himself in 1658.
Aurungzebe was very unlike his predecessors and wanted to eradicate indigenous traditions, thus, his intolerance prompted fierce local resistance. Though he expanded the empire to include nearly the entire subcontinent, he could never totally subdue the Mahrathas of the Deccan, who resisted him until his death in 1707.
In this pretext, the legendary figure of Shivaji, a symbol Hindu resistance and nationalism. Aurungzebe's three sons disputed over succession, and the Mughal empire crumbled, just as the Europeans were beginning to flex their own imperialistic muscles.
Next in turn were the Portuguese, who had traded in Goa as early as 1510, and later founded three other colonies on the west coast in Diu, Bassein, and Mangalore. In 1610, the British chased away a Portuguese naval squadron, and the East India Company created its own outpost at Surat. This small outpost marked the beginning of a remarkable presence that lasted for as long as 300 years and eventually dominated the entire subcontinent.
As the British started gaining power, they began to compete with the Portuguese, the Dutch, and the French. Through a combination of outright combat and deft alliances with local princes, the East India Company gained control of all European trade in India by 1769. A seemingly impossible task, it was done through a highly effective and organized system called the Raj.
Treaties and agreements were signed with native princes, and the Company gradually increased its role in local affairs. The Raj helped build infrastructure and trained natives for its own military, though in theory they were meant for India's own defense. In 1784, after financial scandals in the Company alarmed British politicians, the Crown assumed half-control of the Company, beginning the transfer of power to royal hands.
In 1858, a rumor spread among Hindu soldiers that the British were greasing their bullets with the fat of cows and pigs, the former sacred animals to Hindus and the latter unclean animals to Muslims. A year-long rebellion against the British ensued. Although the Indian Mutiny was unsuccessful, it prompted the British government to seize total control of all British interests in India in 1858, finally establishing a seamless imperialism.
The British Raj that entered India as traders gradually expanded their rule and grew in power so much so that the princely states of the country saw their native leaders only as nominal heads. The British had gained control of the country by viewing it as a source of profit. Infrastructure had been developed, administration established, and an entire structure of governance erected.
The British needed a heavy manpower that they sought from India. However, Indian personnel were never allowed any authority in the jobs they earned. They British wanted the reigns of power to be solely under their control. The Indians didn't appreciate this much, and as the 20th century dawned there were increasing movements towards self-rule. Along with the desire for independence, tensions between Hindus and Muslims had also been developing over the years. The Muslims had always been a minority, and the prospect of an exclusively Hindu government made them wary of independence; they were as inclined to mistrust Hindu rule as they were to resist the Raj.
Then came in 1915, Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, calling for unity between the two groups in an astonishing display of leadership that would eventually lead the country to independence. Gandhian views on non-violence, his impact on the people nationwide and his ability to gain independence through a totally non-violent mass movement made him one of the most remarkable leaders the world has ever known. He practised what he preached wearing homespun clothes to weaken the British textile industry and orchestrating a march to the sea, where demonstrators proceeded to make their own salt in protest against the British monopoly.
Indians gave him the name Mahatma, or Great Soul. The British promised that they would leave India by 1947. But independence came at great cost. While Gandhi was leading a largely Hindu movement, Mohammed Ali Jinnah was represented the Muslim group called the Muslim League. Jinnah advocated the division of India into two separate states: Muslim and Hindu, and he was able to achieve his goal. When the British left, they created the separate states of Pakistan and Bangladesh, and violence erupted when stranded Muslims and Hindu minorities in the areas fled in opposite directions. It took only a a few weeks, to kill as many as in the course of the greatest migration of human beings ever in the history of this world.
At that point of time, Gandhiji was ageing and as he couldn't see innocent lives being lost for a wrong cause he vowed to fast until the violence stopped; it did when his health faced serious threat. At the same time, the British returned and helped restore order. Excepting Kashmir, which is still a disputed area (and currently unsafe for tourists), the division reached stability.
India's history since independence has been marked by disunity and intermittent periods of virtual chaos. In 1948, on the eve of independence, Gandhi was assassinated by a Hindu fanaticand Jawarhalal Nehru, became the first Prime Minister of free India. After Nehru, India has seen the leadership of many a leaders, some powerful, some subtle, and so on.
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Muchas veces sus obras tratan la religión, la cual era muy importante en su vida. They did not have any children. Nothing is known of Miguel's life until 1569. Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra, Spanish novelist, playwright, poet, and creator of Don Quixote, is the most famous figure in Spanish literature. He signed the dedication to the Count of Lemos dated April 19, 1616 on his deathbed.
Cervantes often mentioned this victory in his works. The narrator intervenes in the middle of one of Rincóns speeches:y entre ellos saqué estos naipes y a este tiempo descubrió los que se han dicho, que en el cuello traía , con los cuales he ganado mi vida por los mesones y ventas que hay desde Madrid aquí, jugando a la veintiuna p. In Miguel de Cervantes' classic novel Don Quixote de la Mancha, a necessary counterpart to Don Quixote's character is found in Sancho Panza. Shortly after, Cervantes was jailed in Castro del Río, again for overzealous requisitioning. But his new post as commander of the navy brought him only grief, shame, and discomfort. On October 10, before leaving Algiers, Cervantes wrote his Información, which described his conduct while in captivity.
He had a difficult childhood as the whole family constantly struggled with poverty. He sailed for Spain at the end of that month, and on December 18 in Madrid, he signed a statement about his release. At this time the Ottoman Turkish Empire and the Mediterranean countries Christians were at war over control of land and power. He not only wrote novels, but plays, poems, and short stories as well Son of a surgeon which was a lowly trade. They travel from the North of Europe to Rome to be married. About this same time, Cervantes turned to writing for the theater, an activity that guaranteed a certain income if the plays were successful. The Morality Behind The Delusional Don Quixote 4.
Although his works are now considered some of the best Spanish books ever written, Cervantes never knew fame during his life, and his works were only appreciated, as it often happens with geniuses, after he was dead. Cervantes was aboard the Marquesa in the thick of the battle, and in spite of being ill he obtained permission to fight in the most dangerous spot. In the Adjunta to his Viaje del Parnaso 1614 and in the prologue to his Ocho comedias y ocho entremeses 1615 , he tells of his dramatic successes and his eventual downfall, caused by Lope de Vega's increasing popularity. Miguel de Cervantes also tried his hand as a playwright, but that too was not profitable for him. A much appreciated writer, Cervantes influence is evident in the works of many other such as Sir Walter Scott, , , , Fyodor Dostoyevsky, and.
His birth date is unknown but a record states that he was christened on October 9, 1547. There are also wandering mariachi bands, groups of ninos playing marbles, tourists, locals taking in the clear mountain air, pushcarts selling authentic tacos and other finger food, magicians, solitary guitar players, and the hippies who began flocking to San Miguel in the 1960s. The work is considered among the most important in all of literature. Some content of the original page may have been edited to make it more suitable for younger readers, unless otherwise noted. Era hijo de un comerciante y madre religiosa, quien influía mucho a Unamuno.
In 1552 he was imprisoned in Valladolid for debts a familiar lot, later on, for his most famous offspring , and in 1564 he was in Seville. As he had before, he turned to the theater for financial help. With his artful use of humor, he makes it ambiguous whether he is playfully praising or criticizing his colleagues. San Miguel de Allende is a beautiful colonial town in the state of Guanajuato, Mexico. He was inspired from the chivalric romances that he read.
Cervantes's experience in the military, as well as his extensive travels, were often featured in his stories and poetry. Cervantes also wrote poetry, including 'Viaje del Parnaso', among others. Don Quixote is man obsessed with chivalry who sets out in search of adventure on his ageing horse Rocinante and with his faithful squire Sancho Panza 1616: Cervantes dies aged 68, with six teeth remaining. It was an immediate success. Military history and captivity The Battle of Lepanto by c.
In 1571, he sailed with the galley fleet of the Holy League called Marquesa to take part in the Battle of Lepanto. Also the progression of printing came about at that exact time, making theirs among the first plays to be printed and produced in sizeable numbers which gave the plays more lasting power as they didn't exist just as performances. All the family took vows and wore the habit of the Third Order of Saint Francis, although Cervantes also joined the Confraternity of the Slaves of the Most Blessed Sacrament in 1609. His daughter died in 1652, the last of his line. Miguel de Cervantes was never to see her again. Daniel is at a stage in his childhood where he wants to express his strengths, but how Delibes.
Later he was married and began to write plays, but his cursed bad luck continued and I was not able to make a living as a writer. Having wished to be nobody's son he becomes in fact completely orphaned, completely alone, the innocent self-begetter in a kingdom of complete solitude. He was the second son and the fourth of seven children of the apothecary-surgeon Rodrigo de Cervantes and his wife, Leonor de Cortinas. With the help of Sancho Panza, his sidekick, he has many imaginary adventures in which he draws others into his fantasies. That November he was on garrison duty in Palermo. Separating and identifying his badly damaged bones from the other fragments will be difficult, researchers say.
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Efron, Noah J. A Chosen Calling: Jews in Science in the Twentieth Century. Johns Hopkins. 2014. 168p. notes. ISBN 9781421413815. $26.95. SCI
Efron (history, philosophy, Bar-Ilan Univ., Israel) discusses the profound influence of Jews on 20th-century science. Engaging, lucidly written, and well-researched, this book explores some of the factors (history, geography, culture and religion) that have inspired members of the Jewish community in Russia, Israel, and the United States to pursue careers in science, resulting in remarkable accomplishments. The author focuses on the relationship between science and social standing, describing how many individuals pursued scientific careers in order to escape persecution and refashion social norms. He contends that science-related fields were pursued in all three countries as a means to transcend socioeconomic barriers—in the sense that everyone is equal since the emphasis is on results—and create “patriotic pride.” Efron packs much fascinating information into this relatively thin volume, including superb annotated footnotes. VERDICT An excellent book recommended for most libraries, especially those with strong holdings in science and Jewish history.
Fromartz, Samuel. In Search of the Perfect Loaf: A Home Baker’s Odyssey. Viking. Sept. 2014. 256p. ISBN 9780670025619. $26.95. COOKING
Fromartz (Organic, Inc.) might push the boundaries of what it means to be an amateur baker. The author was, after all, asked by chef Alice Waters to bake the bread for a charity dinner she gave in Washington, DC, after winning a local contest against professional bakers. He’s a bread obsessive, and his exhaustive knowledge of the craft, history, and culture of bread making is on display here. This impressive work falls somewhere between a cookbook, an exploration of bread-baking techniques, and a history of bread. It’s thoroughly researched and engagingly written, and his dedication is inspiring. He uses careful description to impart to the reader something of a craft that can truly only be learned through practice. In addition to writing about his own experience, Fromartz has interviewed (and baked with) some of the biggest names in the bread business, including Chad Robertson of Tartine and bread historian Steven Kaplan. Even those who think they know bread will find something to gain here. VERDICT Highly recommended for those interested in food history, the evolution of artisan baking, and learning to make the perfect loaf at home.
Taylor, Paul D. & Aaron O’Dea. A History of Life in 100 Fossils. Smithsonian. Oct. 2014. 224p. photos. ISBN 9781588344823. pap. $34.95. NAT HIST
As intriguing remnants of the geologic past, every fossil tells a story about the evolution of life on Earth. Paleontologist Taylor (Natural History Museum, London) and paleobiologist O’Dea (Smithsonian Tropical Research Inst., Panama) have assembled information on 100 fossils that showcases the enormous diversity of life forms that have come and gone since life began in the seas 3.5 billion years ago. For each fossil there is a photograph accompanied by a lively single-page essay describing the organism’s anatomical features, diet, lifestyle, taxonomic classification, and evolutionary significance. With only ten fossil plants included, the collection is heavily weighted toward animal species. Although the photographs are of high quality, labeling of each fossil’s prominent features would have been helpful for understanding the configuration of less familiar species; a scale of measurement would have been handy as well. VERDICT From single-celled foraminifera to gigantic steppe mammoths, this volume presents a sweeping panorama of ancient life and is recommended for nonspecialists interested in paleontology or evolutionary biology. A solid companion to Donald Prothero’s Evolution: What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters.
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Nelson, Mark. The Wastewater Gardener: Preserving the Planet One Flush at a Time. Synergetic. 2014. 232p. illus. index. ISBN 9780907791522. $34.95; pap. ISBN 9780907791515. $23.95. GARDENING
Health & Medicine
Cushman, Anne. Moving into Meditation: A 12-Week Mindfulness Program for Yoga Practitioners. Shambhala. Jul. 2014. 240p. illus. index. ISBN 9781611800982. $19.95. HEALTH
Ford, Gina with Charlotte Chaliha. The Contented Pregnancy: Essential Advice from Conception to Birth. Vermillion. 2014. 344p. index. ISBN 9780091947767. pap. $19.95; ebk. ISBN 9781448118472. HEALTH
Swanson, Kara W. Banking on the Body: The Market in Blood, Milk, and Sperm in Modern America. Harvard Univ. 2014. 334p. photos. notes. index. ISBN 9780674281431. $35; ebk. ISBN 9780674369498. MED
Kurlansky, Mark & Talia Kurlansky. International Night: A Father and Daughter Cook Their Way Around the World. Bloomsbury. Aug. 2014. 400p. illus. bibliog. index. ISBN 9781620400272. $29; ebk. ISBN 9781620400555. COOKING
Lipp, Kathi. I Need Some Help Here! Hope for When Your Kids Don’t Go According to Plan. Revell. 2014. 176p. notes. ISBN 9780800720780. pap. $12.99. Child Rearing
Matthews, Dona & Joanne Foster. Beyond Intelligence: Secrets for Raising Happily Productive Kids. Anansi. Aug. 2014. 304p. notes. index. ISBN 9781770894778. pap. $19.95. CHILD REARING
Bamberger, Michelle & Robert Oswald. The Real Cost of Fracking: How America’s Shale Gas Boom Is Threatening Our Families, Pets, and Food. Beacon. Aug. 2014. 256p. notes. ISBN 9780807084939. $26.95; ebk. ISBN 9780807084946. SCI
Casarett, David. Shocked: Adventures in Bringing Back the Recently Dead. Current. Aug. 2014. 304p. notes. ISBN 9781591846710. $27.95. SCI
Eig, Jonathan. The Birth of the Pill: How Four Crusaders Reinvented Sex and Launched a Revolution. Norton. Oct. 2014. 416p. notes. bibliog. ISBN 9780393073720. $27.95. SCI
Floridi, Luciano. The Fourth Revolution: How the Infosphere Is Reshaping Human Reality. Oxford Univ. Sept. 2014. 256p. illus. ISBN 9780199606726. $27.95. SCI
Largo, Michael. The Big, Bad Book of Botany: The World’s Most Fascinating Flora. HarperCollins. Aug. 2014. 416p. illus. ISBN 9780062282750. pap. $18.99; ebk. ISBN 9780062282767. SCI
Reimer, David. Count Like an Egyptian: A Hands-on Introduction to Ancient Mathematics. Princeton Univ. 2014. 272p. illus. ISBN 9780691160122. $29.95. MATH
Shaw, Scott Richard. Planet of the Bugs: Evolution and the Rise of Insects. Univ. of Chicago. Sept. 2014. 256p. photos. ISBN 9780226163611. $27.50; ebk. ISBN 9780226163758. SCI
Smith, Gary. StandardDeviations: Flawed Assumptions, Tortured Data, and Other Ways To Lie with Statistics. Overlook. Jul. 2014. 336p. illus. index. ISBN 9781468309201. $28.95. MATH
Wagner, Andreas. Arrival of the Fittest: Solving Evolution’s Greatest Puzzle. Current. Oct. 2014. 304p. notes. bibliog. ISBN 9781591846468. $27.95. SCI
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The Bhagvat-Geeta, or Dialogues of Kreeshna and Arjoon; in Eighteen Lectures; with Notes. Translated from the Original, in the Sanskreet, or Ancient Language of the Brahmans, by Charles Wilkins, Senior Merchant in the service of the Honorable The East India Company, on their Bengal Establishment (London: C. Nourse, 1785). https://oll.libertyfund.org/titles/2369,
|Available in the following formats:|
|Facsimile PDF||4.69 MB||This is a facsimile or image-based PDF made from scans of the original book.|
The first English translation of part of the Indian sacred text the Mahabharata. It is better known today as the Bhagavad Gita. The Bhagavad gita, perhaps the greatest and most beautiful of the Hindu scriptures, is the fourth part of the Mahabharata. It is among the more recent parts of that work, dating from around the first or second century A.D. The Bhagavadgita is mainly in the form of a dialogue between the warrior Prince Arjuna and his friend Krishna (the earthly incarnation of the god Vishnu). The prince is engaged in a brutal but just war and contemplates throwing down his weapons and giving up his own life in order to avert more bloodshed. Krishna recalls Arjuna to his sense of responsibility and reminds him that he must discharge his duty as a warrior.
The text is in the public domain. It was scanned and originally put online by Google for non-commercial, educational purposes. We have retained the Google watermark as requested but have added tables of contents, pagination, and other educational aids where appropriate.
This material is put online to further the educational goals of Liberty Fund, Inc. Unless otherwise stated in the Copyright Information section above, this material may be used freely for educational and academic purposes. It may not be used in any way for profit.
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Why Is One Eye Tearing Up?
Tearing is a healthy and essential function of the eye. Tears are comprised of water, oil, and antibodies. They come from the tear gland, called the Lacrimal Gland, which is located above the outer eye. It is vital to release tears from our eyes when we are emotional, laughing, coughing, vomiting, experiencing intense taste sensations, or yawning. Tears are generally discharged through your tear ducts and then evaporate.
Tears serve various functions in our body. They help in keeping our eyes lubricated and help to wash away foreign particles and dust. They act as one of the components of the immune system to protect you against infection.
Crying from one eye only generally suggests a different list of possible causes. One-sided tearing arises due to overproduction or impaired drainage of tears in the affected eye. There is a possibility of a variety of conditions that can cause this symptom.
Causes Of Tearing From One-Eye
Medical evaluation is required to accurately determine the cause and best treatment of why is one eye tearing up
1. Eyeball Scratch or Foreign Body
Getting some dust particle or foreign body leads to tearing from one eye. It can cause a scratch on the eyeball surface that further gives rise to associated discomfort, watering, and redness in the eye. A superficial eyeball scratch in medical language is also known as a corneal abrasion. An accidental poke in the eye or wearing dirty or torn contact lenses continue to make you feel as if there is something stuck in your eye.
2. Blocked Tear Drainage
Continuous, one-sided eye tearing often signals a blockage somewhere in the tear drainage system; this eye condition is also known as the nasolacrimal drainage system. Various other conditions can also cause such a blockage, including
- Infection with strep bacteria
- Age-based constriction of the tear ducts
- Blocked tear duct openings due to debris from eyelid flaking or cosmetics
- Nasolacrimal tumors
- A nasolacrimal stone
- Eye, eyelid, or facial trauma
3. Eyelid Conditions
Various eyelid conditions cause crying out of one eye only. The oil gland in the upper or lower eyelid, whether it is infectious or non-infectious blockage gives rise to a tender eye lump on the eyelid. It is known as hordeolum or stye, accompanied by tearing up to some extent.
Unusual inward or outward rotation of the upper or lower eyelid disrupts the balance between tear production and drainage leading to tearing from one-eye. Conditions affecting only one eye include
- Bell Palsy is a situation that causes temporary weakness on one side of the face, also denoted as paralysis.
- A stroke that causes paralysis.
- Scarring from past eyelid injury or surgery.
- A non-cancerous, pre-cancerous, or cancerous eyelid growth.
If a person has an eye infection, commonly known as pinkeye, there is a chance that he might be experiencing tearing in one eye. Some people may need eye drops, to help resolve the infection and treat the symptoms. In most of the cases, the condition of Conjunctivitis gets resolved by itself. Some people provide relief to the eye by using cool compresses on the eyes. Pay attention and take care not to contaminate the uninfected eye.
Considerations And Precautions To Cure One-Tearing Eye
People who suffer from migraines sometimes experience tearing from one eye only. Eye tearing can also take place with various other symptoms with shingles that affects the eye, a sight-threatening condition. Consult your doctor for any inexplicable and persistent crying from one eye. It is vital to seek emergency treatment in case a cleaner or other chemical accidentally splashes into your eye. Following are the additional warning signs
- Sudden weakness of the facial muscles on one side of your face.
- Severe or worsening pain in the eye.
- Sudden change in your vision.
- Burning, tingling, itchiness, or an unexpected rash on one side of your forehead or surrounding one eye.
How Tearing From One Eye Can Be Treated?
Your doctor performs an eye check-up to determine if fluid can pass through the tear ducts. Remedies for watery eyes include
- Eye drops prescription
- Treating allergies that make your eyes watery or tearing from one eye
- Antibiotics to treat an eye infection
- A warm, wet towel placed on your eyes several times a day, which can help with treating blocked tear ducts
- A surgical procedure to treat and clear blocked tear ducts
- Surgery to repair or create a new tear drainage system, which is also termed as dacryocystorhinostomy.
Most cases of crying from one eye aren't severe and are cured without any treatment. Further cure and prevention of such problems are in our hands.
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Aigosthena (Αἰγόσθενα) was an ancient Greek fortified port city, 19 km northwest of the ancient city of Megara, to which it belonged. It is situated on the Alkyonides Gulf, a bay of the Gulf of Corinth, infamous for the strong earthquakes it produces (Alkyonides islands). Today, the remains of the ancient city are resting next to a modern town with the same name, known also as Porto Germeno. At Porto Germeno there are taverns and cafe for having your rest and lunch after exploring the archeological site.
The site, surrounded by forested mountains: the Cithaeron to the north and the Pateras to the south, lies 10 km west of Vilia, a town famous mainly for the 1893 church of Transfiguration of Jesus (built by the famous German architect Ernst Ziller). Driving from Athens does not take much longer than an hour (60km).
The ancient site of Aigosthena consisted of a fortified citadel (acropolis) connected to the sea by two fortification walls (forming the lower city).
The fortress was built sometime around the early 4th to the early 3rd century BC, most probably in 343 BC when the Athenians were helping the city-state of Megara to confront the threat of Thiva. For this reason, the fort was manned by a guard of Athenians.
Measuring roughly 90 by 187 m, the citadel was roughly trapezoidal in plan, with the narrower side facing west toward the sea. The citadel was constructed along the contours of a 55 m hill, and was defended by eight artillery towers incorporated into its perimeter wall. There was a primary gate on the west side into the area between the north and south walls to the sea. A small postern (auxiliary) gate was located immediately north of the second tower on the eastern side. Even today, the ancient plan is obvious to the visitor.
The citadel is well maintained and recently (2016) the southeastern tower (SE) has been renovated to its former glory (after it collapsed during the 1981 earthquake in the area). The imposing tower is a square tower, 18m tall with dimensions of each side 9m, that can be seen from far away. It is an excellent example of ancient fortification. The northeastern tower is also under renovation. The Aigosthena castle is in the best condition among the ancient forts that are preserved in Greece.
The access to the citadel is very easy via a new peripheral road that passes parallel the east side of the citadel and the south fortification wall, connecting the coastal road to the road leading to Vilia and Athens. There is an open space under the renovated tower, where one can park his car. There is an informative placard here with useful information of the site. The beauty of the area is enhanced by the olive grove that surrounds the archeological site like a green sea.
The entrance to the citadel is free of charge.
A narrow path starts from the parking lot and ends at a small gate on the west walls. This is the entrance to the citadel. The views from the citadel over the surrounding mountains, the olive groves and the sea are stunning. Besides the renovated tower (which is supposed to be open to the public from Wednesday to Sunday from 9:30 to 16:00), here lies the chapel of Saint George of the Castle (Agios Georgios). In the late post-Byzantine period, the Acropolis hosted a monastery, from which the ruins of cells, as well as the katholikon, the small chapel have survived. The chapel is open to the public, and the visitor can admire its simplicity and the beautiful frescos, still visible.
Of the two long walls used to connect the citadel with the sea and the port, the southern has disappeared. The bed of a river runs along the likely line of the southern wall. The northern wall is pretty well preserved, stretching 370 m to a final tower of which the foundations and fallen blocks are now underwater (only a small part of the wall survives on the beach today). The northern wall consisted of six towers and a fortified gate running in a nearly straight line from the northwest corner of the citadel to the sea.
By that north wall (roughly in the middle of it) stands the small 11th century chapel of Panagia (Virgin Mary). The chapel is built with ancient building material (including inscriptions) at the site of a five-aisled basilica of the 5th c. AD with mosaic floor. The ruins of the basilica are still surrounding the little chapel. There is a fence around the basilica ruins and the chapel, but the door on the north side is open, as well as the door to the chapel itself. The road leading to the fence door is a dirty path starting from the beach road and runs parallel to the walls. A private house stands opposite the fence door.
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The SQL FULL JOIN keyword returns rows when there is a match in either of the tables.
In this example, employeeID is a primary key in the table called "Employees". You'll notice that employeeID also exists in the "Departments" table, but as a foreign key.
Using an SQL Join, we can combine these two tables into one when presenting the results of a query.
In this example, using a RIGHT JOIN, we can build a query to display the departments and employees even though not every employee is assigned to a department, such as in the case of 'Fred White'.
The two tables are joined by the 'employeeID' field.
We can use the RIGHT JOIN to bind this data together.
SELECT tableName#.columnName#, tableName#.columnName#, etc...|
FULL JOIN tableName2
ON tableName1.columnName# = tableName2.columnName#
List the departments and their assigned employees.
SELECT Departments.deptName, Employees.employeeName |
FULL JOIN Employees
ON Departments.employeeID = Employees.employeeID
| ||Fred White|
You should immediately notice that 'Fred White' from the Employees table, and 'Operations' from the Departments table are
This is because we used a Full Join and any records matching in either table will be included in the results.
Recommended Books & Training Resources
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[ previous ] [ Contents ] [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ next ]
The companion package,
userv-utils, contains a selection of
example services, some of which are useful tools in their own right. See the
README in its top-level directory for details.
In later versions of this specification standard service names and interfaces for common services such as mail delivery and WWW CGI scripts may be specified.
userv-using applications and system services which hide
userv behind wrapper scripts may need to store information in the
user's filespace to preserve the correct placement of the security perimiters.
Such applications should usually do so in a directory (created by them)
~/.userv/service, where service is the
service name or application in question.
If desired, a dot-directory inside ~/.userv may be used to avoid the user becoming confused by finding parts of a semi-privileged application's internal state in their filespace, and/or discourage them from fiddling with and thus corrupting it.
userv applications should of course not rely for their
global integrity and security on the integrity of the data on the user's side
of the security boundary.
Currently most Unix systems have many components which need to run as root, even though most of their activity does not strictly require it. This gives rise to a large and complex body of code which must be trusted with the security of the system.
If they were to use
userv, many of these subsystems would no
longer need any unusual privilege.
lpr and the system's mail
transfer agent (
the like) all fall into this category, though
of these programs are not currently available.
There is a danger that people reimplementing the facilities I mention above
userv will discard much of the security benefit by using a
naive implementation technique. This will become clearer with an example:
lpr program. In current systems this needs to have
an absolutely privileged component in order to support delayed printing without
copying: when the user queues a file to be printed the filename is stored in
the print queue, rather than a copy of it, and the printer daemon accesses the
file directly when it is ready to print the job. In order that the user can
print files which are not world-readable the daemon is given root privilege so
that it can open the file in the context of the user, rather than its own.
A simple-minded approach to converting this scheme to use
might involve giving the printer daemon (the
lp user) the ability
to read the file by allowing them to run
cat (or a special-purpose
file-reading program) as any user. The
lpr program would use a
userv service to store the filename in the printer daemon's
queues, and the daemon would read the file later when it felt like it.
However, this would allow the printer daemon to read any file on the system,
whether or not someone had asked for it to be printed. Since many files will
contain passwords and other security-critical information this is nearly as bad
as giving the daemon root access in the first place. Any security holes in the
print server which allow a user to execute commands as the
will give the user the ability to read any file on the system.
Instead, it is necessary to keep a record of which files the daemon has been
asked to print outside the control of the print daemon. This record
could be kept by a new root-privileged component, but this is not necessary:
the record of which files a user has asked to be printed can be kept under the
control of the user in question. The submission program
make a record in an area under the user's control before communicating with the
print server, and the print server would be given the ability to run a special
file-reading program which would only allow files to be read which were listed
in the user's file of things they'd asked to print.
Now security holes in most of the printing system do not critically affect the security of the entire system: they only allow the attacker to read and interfere with print jobs. Bugs in the programs run by the print server to read users' files (and to remove entries from the list of files when it has done with them) will still be serious, but this program can be quite simple.
Similar considerations apply to many
userv-based versions of
facilities which currently run as root.
It is debatable whether the user-controlled state should be kept in the user's filespace (in dotfiles, say) or kept in a separate area set aside for the purpose; however, using the user's home directory (and possibly creating a separate subdirectory of it as a dotfile to contain subsystem state) has fewer implications for the rest of the system and makes it entirely clear where the security boundaries lie.
uservcan often replace
sudo, but not
userv is not intended as a general-purpose system administration
tool with which system administrators can execute arbitrary programs like text
editors as root (or other system users) when they need to. It is unsuitable
for this purpose precisely because it enforces a strong separation between the
calling and the called program, which is undesirable in this context.
However, its use when restricted to running particular programs in particular
ways is very similar to many common uses of
userv is generally
much better than restricted
sudo, because it protects the called
program much more strongly from bad environmental conditions set up by the
caller. Most programs that one might want to run via restricted
sudo, have not been designed to run in a partially hostile
userv allows these programs to be run in a safer
environment and should be used instead.
When the service program is reading from a file descriptor connected to the
calling side, the fd that the service program refers to a pipe set up by
userv and not to the same object as was presented by the caller.
Therefore if there is some kind of error it is possible for the service-side fd to give premature end of file. If it is important to tell whether all of the intended data has been received by the service program, the datastream must contain an explicit end-of-file indication of some kind.
For example, consider a
userv service for submitting a mail
message, where message is supplied on the service's stdin. However, if the
calling process is interrupted before it has written all of the message, the
service program will get EOF on the message data. In a naive arrangement this
would cause a half-complete message to be sent. To prevent this, it is
necessary to adopt some kind of explicit end indication; for example, the end
of the message could be signalled by a dot on a line by itself, and dots
doubled, as in SMTP. Then the service program would know when the entire
message had been received, and could avoid queueing incomplete messages.
Do not specify general purpose programs like
execute- directives without careful thought
about their arguments, and certainly not if
specified. If you do so it will give the caller much more privilige than you
It is a shame that I have to say this here, but inexperienced administrators
have made similar mistakes with programs like
[ previous ] [ Contents ] [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ next ]
User service daemon and client specification1.1.1
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About the Guide
Today, the effects of climate change are being felt in communities across the country. These effects are set to become so pervasive that all levels of government and all sections of society will have a responsibility to become informed and to take appropriate action within their mandates to prepare for and adapt to them.
Changing Climate, Changing Communities: Guide and Workbook for Municipal Climate Adaptation is a compendium of resources that provides a milestone based framework to assist local governments in the creation of adaptation plans to address the relevant climate change impacts associated with their communities. Although climate change adaptation is a complex process, this guide aims to provide a straightforward methodology to adaptation planning using a five-milestone approach. Each milestone represents a fundamental step in the adaptation planning process, starting with the initiation of adaptation efforts (by building an adaptation team and identifying local stakeholders) and culminating with a monitoring and review process that analyzes the successes and reviews the challenges of the adaptation plan and its implementation.
Though presented sequentially, the milestone framework is not necessarily linear; rather, it can be an iterative process whereby adaptation goals and actions are continuously monitored based on new local conditions and information. Likewise the distinction between planning and implementation may be blurred so that actions that are already underway or may be implemented easily can be undertaken while other elements of planning are still ongoing. Municipalities wishing to put this methodology into practice with one-on-one help from ICLEI Staff can join our Building Adaptive & Resilient Communities (BARC) Program. As participants of this Program, municipalities have full access to our Online BARC Tool.
Changing Climate, Changing Communities is a compendium of three distinct elements: a main guide, a workbook for practitioners, and a set of information annexes.
Download the Guide & Workbook
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Stress is a major reason why people get sick. Let’s look at the different categories of stress.
There is physical stress, chemical stress and emotional stress. Physical stress can be seen in poor posture as we sit in odd positions all day at a desk or we spend hours looking down at our iPads or our iPhones. Sports, everyday chores, anything that can cause an injury will cause stress to the spine and that is the physical realm of stress.
Chemical types of stresses are things that are in our environment. Air pollution for one is a chemical stress that our body has to spend a lot of time and energy trying to filter the air that we breathe. Our bodies are being exposed to so many things. There are additives and chemicals in our food. Medications have side effects – these are all stresses to the body.
Then there is emotional stress. Emotional stress is really how we perceive the world. People don’t get enough sleep, have tumultuous relationships, are constantly in fear of losing a job or making ends meet. These forms of emotional stress can wreak havoc on a body.
Make choices for your health that will make dealing with stress more tolerable. Lessons to learn about handling and beating stress:
- See a chiropractor regularly to keep your nervous system working at its full potential.
- Do a physical activity regularly that you enjoy (walking is great!) to get endorphins flowing.
- Make food choices that do not include processed ingredients – eat clean.
- Avoid medications when natural solutions will work.
- Live in the moment. Find beauty and appreciate the simplest things in life.
Contact Advanced Health Institute South Loop to help you beat stress and keep the path of optimal wellness!
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Scientists in Hong Kong have developed biological robots, biohybrids, capable of travelling through the body and degrading cancer cells.
Rather than design complicated nano-robots from scratch, scientists are increasingly looking to build on the elegant infrastructure provided by nature.
Researchers at the Chinese University of Hong Kong are looking to harness the benefits of Spirulina, a microalgae commonly powdered and consumed as a health food. It’s being used as the building blocks for ‘biohybrids’ – tiny cells that, in this case, have been engineered with magnetic particles that enable scientists to guide them around the body.
“Rather than fabricate a functional microrobot from scratch using intricate laboratory techniques and processes, we set out to directly engineer smart materials in nature,” said Professor Li Zhang, from the department of mechanical and automation engineering at the Chinese University of Hong Kong.
As a result they were able to make use of the algae’s intrinsic properties. Zhang, who contributed to the study published in Science Robotics, worked alongside an international team to make some vital additions to the algae’s inherent properties. These included coating millions of the tiny algae biohybrids in iron-oxide nanoparticles, which allowed them to be controlled remotely using a targeted magnetic field.
“For instance, because these biohybrid bots have a naturally fluorescent biological interior and magnetic iron-oxide exterior, we can track and actuate a swarm of those agents inside the body quite easily using fluorescence imaging and magnetic resonance imaging,” said Professor Zhang.
Adapting biohybrids to fight cancer
As part of the research, the team from the Chinese University placed the biohybrids in the stomachs of rats to test their effectiveness. They were able to make the biorobots release cancer-fighting compounds over time.
Developing autonomous systems capable of moving through the body and targeting specific diseases is in many ways the ultimate ambition of researchers in this field. And there are plenty of teams around the world working towards that aim.
The next step for the team from the Chinese University is to prove that its Spirulina-based biohybrid can carry cargo – in this case specific drugs – that can be delivered with more ease and effectiveness than conventional methods, such as pills or injections.
“It’s still not ready for a doctor to use,” Wang said, but within the next ten years it might be. “Everyone wants to realize this fantastic voyage.”
The University of Manchester also had a representative on the research team, Professor Kostas Kostarelos. He said that “creating robotic systems which can be propelled and guided in the body has been and still is a holy-grail in the field of delivery system engineering.”
“Our work takes advantage of some elements offered by nature such as fluorescence, degradability, shape. But we add engineered features such as magnetization and biological activity to come up with a proof-of-concept behind our bio-hybrid, magnetically propelled microrobots.”
“The potential of these bots for controlled navigation in hard-to-reach cavities of the human body makes them promising miniaturized robotic tools to diagnose and treat diseases which is minimally invasive,” he said.
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Glendalough is a valley in County Wicklow, eastern Ireland, that was the site of an important Christian monastic center during the Middle Ages. In the 6th century St. Kevin settled at Glendalough, where he lived initially as a hermit before establishing a monastery in the valley. Until 1214 Glendalough was the center of a diocese. A series of churches in the valley, all of which date to the 11th and 12th centuries, are in ruins, except for a small church known as the chapel of St. Kevin (or St. Kevin’s Kitchen). One of the most famous sites at Glendalough is a round stone tower more than 98 feet (30 meters) high. Nearby is a building called the Priest’s House, which may have been where Saint Kevin was buried or where some of his relics were kept.
The original monks settled in a wild and desolate place but one of great beauty. The valley has two lakes and limited farmland. Extensive areas on the valley sides are covered with natural and plantation woodlands. Glendalough and its monastic ruins are now a popular tourist attraction within Wicklow Mountains National Park.
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It’s the question that people dread when they visit the dentist: “Have you been flossing regularly?”. A lot of us probably can’t truthfully say that we do. Only about half of Americans floss every day or close to it. One in five Americans doesn’t floss at all.
Flossing is important, because it removes food debris stuck between your teeth, as well as eliminating bacteria and plaque in areas that your toothbrush simply can’t reach. You’re not getting to your entire mouth without flossing, and it’s strongly recommended by dentists. The American Dental Association (ADA) says that interdental cleaning is “an essential part of taking care of your teeth and gums.” They recommend daily flossing in addition to brushing twice a day in order to maintain good oral hygiene.
A spool of dental floss isn’t your only option though when it comes to cleaning between your teeth. Hundreds of products claim to make this task easier. There are wooden sticks, individual flossers, interdental brushes, and water flossers. Water flossers are becoming more and more popular, and Waterpik is one of the most well known brands. In this article, we’ll look at the advantages and disadvantages of the Waterpik as compared to flossing with conventional dental floss.
Flossing has been proven to significantly reduce gum disease and tooth decay by eliminating the amount of bacteria in the mouth, and dental floss is the most common and well-known method of cleaning between the teeth.
While it is very effective in maintaining oral health, it can be tricky to do correctly, and it does take some practice to do it the right way. It can be painful and cause some bleeding for people with gingivitis. It also requires a fair amount of manual dexterity, so it can be hard for some people to do effectively.
What Is A Waterpik?
The Waterpik brand produces a variety of dental devices, including electric toothbrushes as well as a range of water flossers. This article will look at the Waterpik water flossers. These devices create a thin jet of water, which has enough pressure to get between your teeth and force loose any particles of food debris, as well as remove plaque.
Though there are several brands of water flossers on the market, the name Waterpik has become synonymous with this dental tool. It’s the most popular brand, and Waterpik water flossers have been awarded the ADA Seal of Acceptance. The ADA has ruled that they are safe to use, and effective at removing plaque as well as preventing and reducing gingivitis.
Is Water Flossing More Effective than Dental Floss?
Water flossing has been shown to be more effective than traditional flossing in clinical studies. Studies of the Waterpik demonstrated that it is 51% more effective at reducing gingivitis than traditional flossing. It also reduces gum bleeding twice as effectively as flossing, and it also removes plaque 29% more effectively. One minute of water flossing with the Waterpik does lead to healthier teeth and gums. It reaches areas of your mouth that both a toothbrush and standard dental floss simply cannot reach, like pockets around one’s wisdom teeth.
Flossing with Braces: Waterpik Vs. Dental Floss
Cleaning around braces can be difficult, and the Waterpik has been shown by the manufacturer to be up to three times more effective than floss. While straightening teeth is important to be able to keep them clean as well, the Waterpik has been shown to be five times better than brushing alone so as to reduce plaque with braces. It also is more effective at reducing bleeding gums than tooth brushing alone.
Threading floss around braces makes the already tricky action of flossing that much more difficult. But it’s easy to use the water flosser so as to direct the water jet accurately, thus in turn being easier to clean around braces and make sure that any food debris is completely removed from behind the wires of the braces as well as between the teeth.
It’s important to maintain a brushing and flossing routine with braces. Brushing twice a day and flossing once daily has been shown to be the ideal way to maintain oral health. And so, the Waterpik makes it easy to maintain a healthy flossing routine.
Ease of Use
It takes some practice to floss effectively with either dental floss or a water flosser. Both methods are effective for keeping the mouth clean. Flossing with traditional dental floss can be painful and cause bleeding gums if done incorrectly or if there is significant gingivitis. A water flosser, on the other hand, is gentler and less likely to cause bleeding or sore gums, while still being highly effective.
However, it’s easy to make a mess with the water flosser, especially as you’re initially learning to use it. If you’re sure to put the tip in your mouth before you turn on the water, you’ll be more likely to keep your bathroom counter dry, and you can lean over the sink so that the water goes down the drain instead of down your shirt or on the bathroom counter, floor or window.
So far you’ve seen that the Waterpik is a great option for flossing, and can be even more effective than floss at maintaining your oral hygiene. But you can’t argue with the ease and simplicity of a box of dental floss, especially when traveling, because it’s so small and lightweight.
If you travel a lot, this may be a big deal, but if you’re interested in switching from traditional dental floss to a water flosser, you don’t have to take up half your suitcase space to bring it with you. There exists several different models of the Waterpik water flosser, and you can choose one that suits your needs.
For instance, there are small, portable water flossers available from Waterpik, like the Freedom Flosser, which is battery-powered and has a carrying case. It’s easy to pack up for travel, and the battery can last up to two months, so you won’t have to worry about carrying extra batteries or a charging station with you. This is also a great option for people with limited bathroom counter space.
If travel isn’t an issue, and you have plenty of bathroom counter space, you can opt for a countertop water flosser. With its reservoir, it is super easy to use; just keep the reservoir full and you’re good to go. You can even get different-colored tips for each member of your family.
So while nothing beats the portability, convenience and price of a spool of dental floss, a water flosser is a great option for keeping up with your oral hygiene and health, and even if you don’t have a lot of counter space or travel a lot, there are models that will be sure to work well for you.
Hopefully this article has given you an idea of how effective and convenient a Waterpik can be for you and/or your family. They’re especially useful for people with braces, saving a lot of time and hassle when it comes to flossing. A water flosser can also be great for people with sensitive teeth and gums, or who have existing gingivitis, since traditional dental floss can be a little harsh and cause gums to bleed. Whether you opt for traditional dental floss or a modern water flosser, one thing is clear — daily flossing is vital to maintaining a healthy mouth!
Adam Elliot Altholtz serves as the Administrator & Patient Coordinator of the “Find Health in Ecuador Dental Clinic” in Cuenca, Ecuador, and for purposes of discussing your Dental needs or questions, is available via email at firstname.lastname@example.org and via the Dental Clinic's fully comprehensive and detailed website of www.findhealthinecuador.com for you to visit at any time of day or night - including via US phone number of 1‐(941)‐227‐0114 or on the Dental Clinic’s Ecuador phone number of 07‐410‐8745.
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Potthakudi villagers decided to switch off their streetlights when a native Robin decided to make her nest in the neighborhood. There are only 120 homes and 35 streetlights in Potthakudi village. The native Robin decided to hatch her eggs in the main lighting switchboard in the town.
Karuppu Raja, the man in charge of switching on the streetlights every evening, was the first person that discovered the nest. Raja who loves birds posted his discovery on local social media. He did this to alert the villagers and ask for their permission to switch off.
I wrote on WhatsApp that switching off the lights was the only solution because the bird will fly once it realizes there is a human touch or contact near its nest. I also told the group that we should save the bird and its hatchlings at any cost.Raja
Although some people complained about how lack of illumination at night would be inconvenient, Raja persuaded the villagers to cooperate with him. He told the villagers that several bird species have become critically endangered and they shouldn’t allow the India Robin to become extinct.
Potthakudi villagers then agreed to switch off their streetlights until the nestlings could fly the coop. The villagers went on a blackout for about 45 days and nights. Raja disconnected the switchboard of the streetlight from the power source to protect the bird and her chicks.
After the robin and her chicks finally flew away, the switchboard was connected immediately. The conservation efforts made towards the safety of the bird and her chicks never went unnoticed.
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There is a moderate risk of flooding in the Grand River watershed this spring, according to Stephanie Shifflett, a water resources engineer with the Grand River Conservation Authority.
Shifflett was speaking Wednesday at the annual meeting of municipal flood co-ordinators at the GRCA office in Cambridge. They were gathered to hear the spring flood prognosis and receive an update on the flood warning system used by the GRCA to alert municipalities and residents of flood conditions.
After an exceptionally dry winter in 2012, conditions are closer to normal this year, said Shifflett.
Snowfall was above average in January, and is already about average in February, with a week left to go. However, most of the January snow melted away during two warm spells that month.
“The snow pack has been rebuilding since the large snowfall of Feb. 8,” she noted.
Snow cover in the northern part of the watershed, including parts of Dufferin and Wellington counties, is just below normal. The central portion, which includes Waterloo Region and the Guelph area, is only about half of normal. The southern portion, from Brantford to Lake Erie, is about normal.
The risk of flooding from ice jams is also moderate this year. Most rivers and streams are ice covered, but at this time there is only one notable ice jam, just upstream of Dunnville. There is the potential for more ice jams to form if there is a rapid melt that moves upstream ice downstream quickly.
Ice jams can be an unpredictable cause of flooding because they can form quickly. Water backs up behind them and spills out of the river banks, sometimes inundating communities.
The GRCA operates seven reservoirs, such as Conestogo Lake, Belwood Lake and Guelph Lake to store water from the spring runoff. This results in smaller flood peaks in areas downstream of the reservoirs.
There is no reservoir on the Nith River, making communities like New Hamburg an Ayr more prone to flooding.
About 60 per cent of the flood storage space is available in the reservoir system. Water levels in the reservoirs are a bit higher this year than most years but can be lowered as weather and watershed conditions change.
The risk of lake surge flooding on the Lake Erie shoreline in Haldimand County is low this year because of low Lake Erie water levels. Lake surge flooding occurs when winds from the west or southwest push water to the eastern section of the lake, causing a rise in water levels along the shore.
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This year marks the first year that all of the more than 200 countries represented at the Olympics have a female athlete as part of their delegation. Specifically, this year, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and Brunei all included women in the London Games.
Saudi Arabia sent 2 (judo (who may be forced to compete without her headscarf - this is a move away from recent positive developments accommodating the wearing of religious clothing and thus improving the inclusion of all women in sport, although safety is a concern. ) and an 800 metre runner)
Brunei sent 1 (400m hurdler)
Qatar sent 3 (swimmer, sprinter and flag bearer)
(As an aside, Palestine has been allowed to send athletes under it's flag since 1996 even though it is an unrecognized state by the UN. They sent their first female athlete in 2000, and send another this year.)
In comparison, the US delegation has more women than men competing, ranking in at 269 women and 261 men. After all, the US has Title IX that just turned 40, and that changed the fate and futures of many a female athlete on American soil.
Saudi Arabia doesn't quite have that.
Nevertheless, it is important to note this turn of events, because it means so much for women in sports and the empowerment of girls and women in these nations. Some will say that the Olympics Committee invited these female athletes to make up for gender gaps in sports in these countries, some people will say that they haven't had resources, training, or opportunities worthy of getting them to the Olympic stage. Still others will claim that this dilutes the importance and worth of the Olympic standard.
To get to gender equality, you have to go through gender equity. Think of the latter as a bandaid, like scholarships to make up for inequalities, affirmative action in the US and South Africa, gender quotas to fill parliaments with women. Do these actions necessarily target the social inequalities and root discriminations against women? No. But they are a beginning.
|Saudi Delegation Olympics 2012|
But imagine for a moment the enormity of the moment those women walked into the stadium in London at the Opening Ceremonies. Imagine the joy, the pride, the glory. Imagine the cheers. Imagine the countries at home, watching, beaming with pride (this is a great time to forget about the haters). Imagine girls all around the world who are watching, wearing the hijab, seeing these women that look like them, possibly from their neighbourhood, their communities, their countries, imagine watching and seeing them ascend to that level, to that Olympic stage. That is one measure of very very intense empowerment. The importance of strong female role models that girls can identify with is a very important part of a woman's development.
Empowerment is important for girls in a world that is set on disempowering the female mind from the moment she exits the womb. In a media awash in gender discrimination, messages of seemingly acceptable gender violence and stereotypes, girls lose motivation to accomplish great things, focusing instead on the roles they must embody, happily and uncertainly trapping themselves inside the body's gilded cage. When girls and women lack access to power, lack resources and opportunities, lack the control of their selves and their lives and, perhaps most importantly, lack the acknowledgement of their power, they become shells of potential, and their enabled inaction is a disservice to all levels of development everywhere.
Alice Walker said "The most common way people give up their power is by thinking they don't have any." When social structures are constantly telling girls and women they don't have power, its hard for them to believe otherwise.
|Trailblazing Sarah Attar|
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It's Time to Adapt to Megafires
Since 1979, the duration of the fire season has increased by 20
percentworldwide. The global land area affected has doubled, meaning regions that were once too wet to burn are going up in smoke. Worst of all, “megafires” that cover hundreds of thousands of acres, move at hypersonic speeds, and swallow entire cities whole are now cropping up with alarming regularity. These raging infernos weren’t even on our radar until the late 1980s, but by the end of the 21st century, scientists say they could become the norm.
“The wildlands fire management environment has changed very profoundly,” Jennifer Jones, a spokesperson for the US Forest Service’s Fire and Aviation department, told Gizmodo. “We’re experiencing longer, more frequent, more costly, and more extreme fires. This is happening in many parts of the world.”
In the United States, wildfire suppression is paid for out of the same pot of money that funds all other Forest Service activities, from campground maintenance to conservation projects. This funding scheme made sense in a world where annual wildfire expenses were stable, but that’s no longer the world we live in. In 1998, 16 percent of the Forest Service’s budget went to wildfire suppression. In 2015, fire consumed more than half of the agency’s funds—a record 1.7 billion dollars. By 2025, the Forest Service estimates that wildfires will be depleting nearly 70 percent of its budget each year.
More money spent on fires means less money for everything else the Forest Service does. The result? The agency has been forced to lay off thousands of employees and strip down many of its non fire-related programs.
“In the long term, our biggest problem is that there are not enough professional firefighters,” Paul Gray, a spokesperson for the Australian Firefighters Climate Alliance, told Gizmodo. “We’ve got studies predicting that fire season will increase 50 to 100 percent by 2030. Right now, we’re overly reliant on volunteer brigades”..When [megafires come], disaster management teams often have little choice but to let them burn—and that in itself underlies an important strategic shift. “Catastrophic wildfires are virtually impossible to put out,” Gray said. “You’re really talking about mitigating collateral damage.”
Fire is a natural part of the lifecycle of many ecosystems. But the changes we’ve seen in the past decade—more fires, hotter fires, larger fires, weirder fires—are not natural, and they are not going away. As more people settle at the edge of wildlands, as invasive species transform ecosystems, and as climate change promotes more exceptionally hot days, mild winters, and dry summers, our planet is becoming a tinderbox.
The men and women fighting fire understand this. It’s on us to provide them the tools and resources they need to adapt.
“The effects of climate change are fairly obvious to us as firefighters,” Gray said. “When you’re used to seeing fire season last four months, and it starts stretching to eight months, it’s something that’s ever present in your mind. I guess the thing you start to realize is that there’s a cost of inaction"
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Quick Guide: Reducing Energy Costs With Better Water Management
As far as we know, we are well programmed to conserve electricity. Turn off the lights, unplug appliances, don’t leave the refrigerator door open, etc. But we’re missing a critical point: the energy-water connection. Considering the amount of energy and money spent to move water around California we can conserve more energy by better managing water.
Almost one-fifth of California’s energy is used to move water. Water conservation and water management are becoming vital to energy conservation. Nearly 75% of the state’s rainfall occurs in Northern California, while 75% of the agricultural and urban water use is in Central and Southern California. Water is moved around the state to support economic and urban development. Without water projects to move water, Central and Southern California would look dramatically different. The California economy is the sixth largest economy in the world and without water would not be able to support the farming or industrial production it enjoys today. For those of us living in Southern California, we receive about half our water from snow in the Sierra Nevada mountains over 400 miles away. It takes a tremendous amount of energy to move the water (which is very heavy) from Northern California to Southern California especially over the 3000 feet Tehachapi Pass. It is a fantastic engineering feat to move all this water, but is it sustainable?
The United States consumes about 20% of the world’s supply of electricity. California ranks number 2 behind Texas for states using the most electrical power. Although California ranks 48th in energy consumption per capita, it still does not produce enough energy to meet it’s consumption needs and ends up being a net importer of electricity. Way to go Pennsylvania, Alabama, and West Virginia, all states generating more electricity than they can use and are net exporters. How does your state rank? Check here.
Over Engineered Irrigation Systems Contribute To Waste
It is not unusual to see well water, treated surface water or surface water in a settling basin pumped to high pressure to pass through a filter then into a micro irrigation system. Jain Irrigation Inc currently manufactures Turbo Tape, a drip irrigation product that in many applications requires less filtration or possibly no filter at all. Turbo Tape is a highly engineered seamless drip tape produced with premium DOW resins. You can see an amazing video of the process here. Turbo Tape offers a set of dual filtering inlets located on each side of the emitter pathway for extra filtration. The size and design of the emitter cross-section are larger than other drip tapes. These dual filtering inlets in some applications eliminate the need for a filter reducing your energy costs as well at the expense of the filter.
The savings can be dramatic. Consider processing tomatoes for example. Running a pump with .25 GPM/100′ emitters with 12″ spacing requires 40 psi. Eliminating the filter reduces the psi requirement to 25 psi, saves energy and the cost of the filter. Typically growers save over $250 per acre giving them a competitive advantage in the marketplace.
Please remember this is not an all-inclusive application, but one you should consider and investigate. Some of the crucial factors to consider are your water source and water quality. If you are unsure reach out to your Jain dealer or Jain representative and they will walk you through the evaluation steps.
Higher energy costs are significantly impacting our lives. We need to take additional action to reduce energy consumption in the United States. One way growers can make a change is by using new drip irrigation technology. There are ways to consume energy more sustainably without going to extreme measures or substantial personal sacrifice. Making adjustments in the way we use water to grow food is practical, and a step in the right direction.
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The relentless pursuit of extreme energy
Yes, the oil spewing up from the floor of the Gulf of Mexico in staggering quantities could prove one of the great ecological disasters of human history. Think of it, though, as just the prelude to the Age of Tough Oil, a time of ever increasing reliance on problematic, hard-to-reach energy sources. Make no mistake: we’re entering the danger zone. And brace yourself, the fate of the planet could be at stake.
It may never be possible to pin down the precise cause of the massive explosion that destroyed the Deepwater Horizon drilling rig on April 20th, killing 11 of its 126 workers. Possible culprits include a faulty cement plug in the undersea oil bore and a disabled cutoff device known as a blow-out preventer. Inadequate governmental oversight of safety procedures undoubtedly also contributed to the disaster, which may have been set off by a combination of defective equipment and human error. But whether or not the immediate trigger of the explosion is ever fully determined, there can be no mistaking the underlying cause: a government-backed corporate drive to exploit oil and natural gas reserves in extreme environments under increasingly hazardous operating conditions.
The New Oil Rush and Its Dangers
The United States entered the hydrocarbon era with one of the world’s largest pools of oil and natural gas. The exploitation of these valuable and versatile commodities has long contributed to the nation’s wealth and power, as well as to the profitability of giant energy firms like BP and Exxon. In the process, however, most of our easily accessible onshore oil and gas reservoirs have been depleted, leaving only less accessible reserves in offshore areas, Alaska, and the melting Arctic. To ensure a continued supply of hydrocarbons -- and the continued prosperity of the giant energy companies -- successive administrations have promoted the exploitation of these extreme energy options with a striking disregard for the resulting dangers. By their very nature, such efforts involve an ever increasing risk of human and environmental catastrophe -- something that has been far too little acknowledged.
The hunt for oil and gas has always entailed a certain amount of risk. After all, most energy reserves are trapped deep below the Earth’s surface by overlying rock formations. When punctured by oil drills, these are likely to erupt in an explosive release of hydrocarbons, the well-known “gusher” effect. In the swashbuckling early days of the oil industry, this phenomenon -- familiar to us from movies like There Will Be Blood -- often caused human and environmental injury. Over the years, however, the oil companies became far more adept at anticipating such events and preventing harm to workers or the surrounding countryside.
Now, in the rush to develop hard-to-reach reserves in Alaska, the Arctic, and deep-offshore waters, we’re returning to a particularly dangerous version of those swashbuckling days. As energy companies encounter fresh and unexpected hazards, their existing technologies -- largely developed in more benign environments -- often prove incapable of responding adequately to the new challenges. And when disasters occur, as is increasingly likely, the resulting environmental damage is sure to prove exponentially more devastating than anything experienced in the industrial annals of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
The Deepwater Horizon operation was characteristic of this trend. BP, the company which leased the rig and was overseeing the drilling effort, has for some years been in a rush to extract oil from ever greater depths in the Gulf of Mexico. The well in question, known as Mississippi Canyon 252, was located in 5,000 feet of water, some 50 miles south of the Louisiana coastline; the well bore itself extended another 13,000 feet into the earth. At depths this great, all work on the ocean floor has to be performed by remotely-controlled robotic devices overseen by technicians on the rig. There was little margin for error to begin with, and no tolerance for the corner-cutting, penny-pinching, and lax oversight that appears to have characterized the Deepwater Horizon operation. Once predictable problems did arise, it was, of course, impossible to send human troubleshooters one mile beneath the ocean’s surface to assess the situation and devise a solution.
Drilling in Alaska and the Arctic poses, if anything, even more perilous challenges, given the extreme environmental and climatic conditions to be dealt with. Any drilling rigs deployed offshore in, say, Alaska’s Beaufort or Chukchi Seas must be hardened to withstand collisions with floating sea ice, a perennial danger, and capable of withstanding extreme temperatures and powerful storms. In addition, in such hard-to-reach locations, BP-style oil spills, whether at sea or on land, will be even more difficult to deal with than in the Gulf. In any such situation, an uncontrolled oil flow is likely to prove lethal to many species, endangered or otherwise, which have little tolerance for environmental hazards.
The major energy firms insist that they have adopted ironclad safeguards against such perils, but the disaster in the Gulf has already made mockery of such claims, as does history. In 2006, for instance, a poorly-maintained pipeline at a BP facility ruptured, spewing 267,000 gallons of crude oil over Alaska’s North Slope in an area frequented by migrating caribou. (Because the spill occurred in winter, no caribou were present at the time and it was possible to scoop up the oil from surrounding snow banks; had it occurred in summer, the risk to the Caribou herds would have been substantial.)
If It’s Oil, It’s Okay
Despite obvious hazards and dangers, as well as inadequate safety practices, a succession of administrations, including Barack Obama’s, have backed corporate strategies strongly favoring the exploitation of oil and gas reservoirs in the deep waters of the Gulf of Mexico and other environmentally sensitive areas.
On the government’s side, this outlook was first fully articulated in the National Energy Policy (NEP) adopted by President George W. Bush on May 17, 2001. Led by former Halliburton CEO Vice President Dick Cheney, the framers of the policy warned that the United States was becoming ever more dependent on imported energy, thereby endangering national security. They called for increased reliance on domestic energy sources, especially oil and natural gas. “A primary goal of the National Energy Policy is to add supply from diverse sources,” the document declared. “This means domestic oil, gas, and coal.”
As the NEP made clear, however, the United States was running out of conventional, easily tapped reservoirs of oil and natural gas located on land or in shallow coastal waters. “U.S. oil production is expected to decline over the next two decades, [while] demand for natural gas will most likely continue to outpace domestic production,” the document noted. The only solution, it claimed, would be to increase exploitation of unconventional energy reserves -- oil and gas found in deep offshore areas of the Gulf of Mexico, the Outer Continental Shelf, Alaska, and the American Arctic, as well as in complex geological formations such as shale oil and gas. “Producing oil and gas from geologically challenging areas while protecting the environment is important to Americans and to the future of our nation’s energy security,” the policy affirmed. (The phrase in italics was evidently added by the White House to counter charges -- painfully accurate, as it turned out -- that the administration was unmindful of the environmental consequences of its energy policies.)
First and foremost among the NEP’s recommendations was the development of the pristine Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, a proposal that generated intense media interest and produced widespread opposition from environmentalists. Equally significant, however, was its call for increased exploration and drilling in the deep waters of the Gulf, as well as the Beaufort and Chukchi Seas off northern Alaska.
While drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge was, in the end, blocked by Congress, an oil rush to exploit the other areas proceeded with little governmental opposition. In fact, as has now become evident, the government’s deeply corrupted regulatory arm, the Minerals Management Service (MMS), has for years facilitated the awarding of leases for exploration and drilling in the Gulf of Mexico while systematically ignoring environmental regulations and concerns. Common practice during the Bush years, this was not altered when Barack Obama took over the presidency. Indeed, he gave his own stamp of approval to a potentially massive increase in offshore drilling when on March 30th -- three weeks before the Deepwater Horizon disaster -- he announced that vast areas of the Atlantic, the eastern Gulf of Mexico, and Alaskan waters would be opened to oil and gas drilling for the first time.
In addition to accelerating the development of the Gulf of Mexico, while overruling government scientists and other officials who warned of the dangers, the MMS also approved offshore drilling in the Chukchi and Beaufort Seas. This happened despite strong opposition from environmentalists and native peoples who fear a risk to whales and other endangered species crucial to their way of life. In October, for example, the MMS gave Shell Oil preliminary approval to conduct exploratory drilling on two offshore blocks in the Beaufort Sea. Opponents of the plan have warned that any oil spills produced by such activities would pose a severe threat to endangered animals, but these concerns were, as usual, ignored. (On April 30th, 10 days after the Gulf explosion, final approval of the plan was suddenly ordered withheld by President Obama, pending a review of offshore drilling activities.)
A BP Hall of Shame
The major energy firms have their own compelling reasons for a growing involvement in the exploitation of extreme energy options. Each year, to prevent the value of their shares from falling, these companies must replace the oil extracted from their existing reservoirs with new reserves. Most of the oil and gas basins in their traditional areas of supply have, however, been depleted, while many promising fields in the Middle East, Latin America, and the former Soviet Union are now under the exclusive control of state-owned national oil companies like Saudi Aramco, Mexico’s Pemex, and Venezuela’s PdVSA.
This leaves the private firms, widely known as international oil companies (IOCs), with ever fewer areas in which to replenish their supplies. They are now deeply involved in an ongoing oil rush in sub-Saharan Africa, where most countries still allow some participation by IOCs, but there they face dauntingly stiff competition from Chinese companies and other state-backed companies. The only areas where they still have a virtually free hand are the Arctic, the Gulf of Mexico, the North Atlantic, and the North Sea. Not surprisingly, this is where they are concentrating their efforts, whatever the dangers to us or to the planet.
Take BP. Originally known as the Anglo-Persian Oil Company (later the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company, still later British Petroleum), BP got its start in southwestern Iran, where it once enjoyed a monopoly on the production of crude petroleum. In 1951, its Iranian holdings were nationalized by the democratic government of Mohammed Mossadeq. The company returned to Iran in 1953, following a U.S.-backed coup that put the Shah in power, and was finally expelled again in 1979 following the Islamic Revolution. The company still retains a significant foothold in oil-rich but unstable Nigeria, a former British colony, and in Azerbaijan. However, since its takeover of Amoco (once the Standard Oil Company of Indiana) in 1998, BP has concentrated its energies on the exploitation of Alaskan reserves and tough-oil locations in the deep waters of the Gulf of Mexico and off the African coast.
“Operating at the Energy Frontiers” is the title of BP’s Annual Review for 2009, which proudly began: “BP operates at the frontiers of the energy industry. From deep beneath the ocean to complex refining environments, from remote tropical islands to next-generation biofuels -- a revitalized BP is driving greater efficiency, sustained momentum and business growth.”
Within this mandate, moreover, the Gulf of Mexico held center stage. “BP is the leading operator in the Gulf of Mexico,” the review asserted. “We are the biggest producer, the leading resource holder and have the largest exploration acreage position… With new discoveries, successful start-ups, efficient operations, and a strong portfolio of new projects, we are exceptionally well placed to sustain our success in the deepwater Gulf of Mexico over the long run.”
Clearly, BP’s top executives believed that a rapid ramp-up in production in the Gulf was essential to the company’s long-term financial health (and indeed, only days after the Deepwater Horizon explosion, the company announced that it had made $6.1 billion in profits in the first quarter of 2010 alone). To what degree BP’s corporate culture contributed to the Deepwater Horizon accident has yet to be determined. There is, however, some indication that the company was in an unseemly rush to complete the cementing of the Mississippi Canyon 252 well -- a procedure that would cap it until the company was ready to undertake commercial extraction of the oil stored below. It could then have moved the rig, rented from Transocean Ltd. at $500,000 per day, to another prospective drill site in search of yet more oil.
While BP may prove to be the principal villain in this case, other large energy firms -- egged on by the government and state officials -- are engaged in similar reckless drives to extract oil and natural gas from extreme environmental locations. These companies and their government backers insist that, with proper precautions, it is safe to operate in these conditions, but the Deepwater Horizon incident shows that the more extreme the environment, the more unlikely such statements will prove accurate.
The Deepwater Horizon explosion, we assuredly will be told, was an unfortunate fluke: a confluence of improper management and faulty equipment. With tightened oversight, it will be said, such accidents can be averted -- and so it will be safe to go back into the deep waters again and drill for oil a mile or more beneath the ocean’s surface.
Don’t believe it. While poor oversight and faulty equipment may have played a critical role in BP’s catastrophe in the Gulf, the ultimate source of the disaster is big oil’s compulsive drive to compensate for the decline in its conventional oil reserves by seeking supplies in inherently hazardous areas -- risks be damned.
So long as this compulsion prevails, more such disasters will follow. Bet on it.
Michael T. Klare is a professor of peace and world security studies at Hampshire College. His most recent book is Rising Powers, Shrinking Planet: The New Geopolitics of Energy. A documentary movie version of his previous book, Blood and Oil, is available from the Media Education Foundation.
Copyright 2010 Michael T. Klare
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What does WILDFIRE mean for Pala?
Pala completed a Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment in 2019, which identified elevated wildfires as one of four high-risk exposures resulting from climate change.
Key Facts about Wildfire at Pala
The incidence of large forest fires in the western United States and Alaska has increased since the early 1980s and is projected to further increase in those regions as the climate warms. According to the CA Fourth Climate Assessment, the annual average of area burned in San Diego County is expected to increase by up to 50% by 2070 – 2099. Wildfires are considered a high-risk exposure for the Pala tribe, particularly in the Sycamore neighborhood. Pala is currently located in a fire hazard severity zone.
Until recently, large, high-intensity fires occurred regularly. As human urbanization increased in the area, human-caused ignitions have increased dramatically. There were 38 fires from 1920 – 2012 that affected Pala. Recent fires have burned significant portions of Pala’s lands and have forced evacuations at the Pala Casino Spa and Resort.
Climate factors including Southern California’s uniquely intense Santa Ana winds, increasing temperature, and more severe drought conditions (resulting in drier autumns and more dead vegetation fuel) are increasing the wildfire risk at Pala. Wildfires are known to trigger secondary exposures such as worsened air quality (fine particulate matter), water insecurity, and vector changes (e.g. ticks).
Pala’s High-Risk Health Impacts
Did you know that wildfires can harm our physical, emotional, spiritual and cultural health and wellbeing? Below are health impacts considered high or medium risk for residents of Pala.
- Wildfire-related injury and death
- Illness due to inability to access critical health services (from damage to roads, power, telecommunications, hospitals)
- Carbon monoxide poisoning (e.g. from generators during a power outage)
- Mental health impacts including post-traumatic stress, depression, anxiety, and grief
- Short or long-term relocation
- Loss of sacred or historical sites
- Lost work, school, or business days
- A decrease in fitness activity level
- Disruptions of community functions
- Respiratory and cardiovascular illness and Valley Fever
- Worsened allergies
- Drinking water supply interruption
- Illness and death caused by Lyme, West Nile Virus, and Zika
Tips for Staying Safe During Wildfires
- Create and maintain 100 feet of defensible space around your home
- Create your own emergency supply kit
- Check on elders and other vulnerable neighbors
- Don’t forget your pets!
- Take advantage of medical and emotional care services
- Engage in healthy coping behaviors and seek comfort in community events following a weather-related disaster
- Set up a family Evacuation Plan
- Follow Pala Environmental Department on Facebook for climate updates and information
- Sign up for San Diego County’s Alert System
- APHA Climate Change Decreases the Quality of the Air We Breathe Factsheet
- APHA Climate Changes Mental Health Factsheet
- NOAA The Impact of Wildfires on Climate and Air Quality
- CDC How Climate Affects Community Health Video – Air Pollution
- San Diego County Climate Change and Health Profile Report
What Is Pala Doing to Adapt and Prepare?
Pala completed an Adaptation Plan with a full list of strategies to help safeguard the health and wellbeing of the Pala community. Below are a few examples of ways we plan to address wildfire threats.
- Develop an emergency, disaster response and health management plan to anticipate and prepare public services and evacuation plans for exposure risks
- Provide early, real-time warnings and clear emergency notifications before and during exposure event
- Establish or update adaptive fire management plans, including periodic forest assessments and traditional forest management practices to prevent high-intensity wildfires (e.g. prescribed burning, the introduction of resilient vegetation), and formalization of a chain of command roles.
DOWNLOAD TIP SHEET
Feel free to download our tip sheet: Climate Change – Wildfire and Pala (.pdf).
Climate Change – Wildfire and Pala, Page 1
Climate Change – Wildfire and Pala, Page 2
PALA ENVIRONMENTAL DEPARTMENT CLIMATE CHANGE SERIES
Discover and follow our on-going Climate Change series:
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If you make the transition from extract to all-grain brewing, you have a lot of options to consider when building a recipe. That’s not a bad thing — in fact, that’s the reason some brewers make the switch. You can use different kinds of grain, different ratios of grain, different mashing temperatures and mashing methods. The possibilities are endless. And they can be bewildering. Along with these options come a lot of new ingredients ... and new terminology to describe them. In this article, we’re going to get down to basics — literally. When brewing beer from grain, most recipes start with the group of malts known as “base malts.”
Base Malt: What Is It?
Beers are differentiated from each other by their color, flavor, alcohol content, hopping and many other factors. But they all have one thing in common before they become an individual beer style — fermentable sugars that form the “base” of the beer. This base of fermentable sugars comes from the starches in the base malts. They’re called base malts precisely because they form the base of the beer. They typically comprise anywhere from 60 to 100 percent of the grist.
Once you have this base, changing other things in the recipe, like hops and specialty malts (specialty malts, for the purposes of this article, I define as dark and crystal malts) make the beer what it is. For example, all cakes consist mainly of flour. That’s the base. What makes it into chocolate cake is chocolate flavoring.
The base malt has several functions in a recipe. The first, as I mentioned, is to provide the base of fermentable sugars for the beer. The majority of the alcohol content of the beer is established by adjusting the amount of base malt in a recipe — the more malt, the more alcohol. The second function is to provide the base flavor profile for the beer. This is most important in beers that don’t use a lot of specialty malts in addition to the base malt. In other words, if you use a lot of flavorful specialty malts, their flavor will tend to mask the flavor of the base malt. Conversely, if there are little to no specialty malts in the recipe, the flavor of the base malt is more important. Last, the base malt provides enzymes to convert its starches into sugars. It also provides extra enzymes to convert specialty malts (like carapils) and adjuncts (like corn or flaked barley) that lack enough enzymes of their own to do the job.
Types of Base Malt
In this article, I will discuss five common kinds of barley base malt: pale, pilsen, pale ale, Vienna and Munich. There are other kinds of barley malt that can form the base of a beer, like stout malt. And some brewers might not consider Vienna and Munich to be bona-fide base malts, because they’re usually used in conjunction with pale malt and rarely comprise more than 30 percent of the grist (I’ll address this later). By and large, however, these five malts provide the base for a wide range of beers.
1. Pilsen malt is used to brew traditional Czech or German pilsners.
2. Munich malt is used in Oktoberfests and many German lagers, like dunkel. It also shows up in ales, from IPA to porter.
3. Pale ale malt is like two-row, but is kilned at a higher temperature. This flavorful malt is used to make ales, especially traditional English ales.
4. Vienna has a malty flavor profile. It’s used in Vienna lagers.
5. Pale malt, often called “two row,” is the most common base malt. It’s used as the sole base malt in 95 percent of all beers.
Basic Pale Malt
This is the most common type of base malt, and it is used as the sole malt for 95 percent of all beers. It is very light in color — usually about 1.8 to 2.1 degrees Lovibond. If your beer was made strictly from this malt, it would be a medium yellow color. Pale malt typically has lots of enzymes — enough to convert its own starch and the starch from good deal of adjuncts, up to 50 percent of the total grist. Pale malts are well modified, which means it’s easy to convert their starches into sugars. Any type of mashing schedule can be used with them, single-step infusion being the most common.
Pale malt is sold in two forms — two-row and six-row. The most common form used by home and craft brewers is two-row, while big commercial breweries will typically use a lot of six-row. The names come from how the grain actually grows on the stalk. Two-row has two kernels that grow opposite each other on the stalk. They tend to be large and uniform in size. Six-row, as you might guess, has six kernels that are slightly smaller than two-row kernels. Six-row has even more enzymes than two-row, which is important to megabreweries that use a high percentage of adjuncts, like rice or corn, in the beer. Six-row also yields better in the field, which tends to make it a little cheaper than two-row. Again, this is only important in megabreweries, where saving a few dollars a batch can really add up. For small-scale and homebrewers, the savings would never be enough to bother with. Six-row is also reported to have a sharper flavor by some brewers. Two-row lends a rounder flavor to your beer. So the take-home advice here is this: Always use two-row, regardless of what the recipe calls for or what someone may tell you.
Pale malt is often called other things. The most common nickname for it is two-row, but that really is a misnomer since almost all malts available to homebrewers are made from two-row barley. Still, I call it two-row myself. It’s also known as “lager malt,” not to be confused with pilsen malt (described later). Two-row is also sometimes referred to by the name Klages (pronounced like “claw guess”). Klages is the name of a variety (technically a “strain”) of barley. Many years ago, the most common two-row available in North America was Klages, and if you bought two-row you stood a good chance of getting 100 percent Klages barley. Hence “Klages” became another nickname for two-row. But that was long ago. Klages still makes up a tiny percentage of available two-row malts, but almost all are now blends of Klages and other malts. Harrington is common, but new varieties are being released all the time. So my advice to you is not to worry about what specific varieties of malt are in your two-row. You have to trust your maltster to give you a blend that will make good beer. (Some North American homebrew suppliers still sell their malt as 100 percent Klages or just Klages. This is either due to ignorance, being too lazy to change the catalog from a few years back, or they want you to believe you are getting something you’re not.) In England you can buy unblended varieties of malt, such as Maris Otter.
Pale malt can be used to make all types of beers. In fact, it should be used to make almost all kinds of beers. It’s the least expensive type of base malt and if your beer uses a lot of specialty grains to change the flavor, the base malt hardly matters. Is pale malt basically the same from supplier to supplier? No, but the differences tend to be extremely subtle. Some have a more pronounced maltiness or fuller flavor profile than others. If you’re making a pale beer that is essentially all two-row, these subtle differences will be apparent in the final beer. So here it may be wise to use the base malt that has a flavor that you like, or that you want in the final beer. But if you are making a stout, for example, the flavors of roasted grains in the finished beer will overpower any subtle malt effects from the two-row.
Sometimes just called “pils,” pilsen is a special kind of pale malt that is used to make — you guessed it — pilsners. Pilsen malt is typically very light in color (anywhere from 1.1 to 2 degrees Lovibond). This malt typically tastes thinner and crisper than regular two-row, which carries over into the beer. Getting this flavor is usually at the expense of maltiness and aroma, but that’s what typifies a real pilsner. To get this flavor profile, the maltster will typically keep this malt less modified than regular two-row. Some would say it is under-modified, but that is rarely actually the case. It is modified well enough so that a single-step infusion mash presents no problems (this is the simplest kind of mashing, conducted at a constant temperature in a single vessel). Sometimes pilsner malt doesn’t have a lot of enzymatic power to spare, so it can’t convert itself and a load of adjuncts. But you really don’t want anything else in a true pilsner anyway, so it’s of little concern.
Pilsen malt is used to make one type of beer — traditional German or Czech pilsners. Those beers usually consist of 100 percent pilsen malt and nothing else but hops, yeast and water. If you have pilsen malt on hand and nothing else, you could use it to make almost any other beer style, but standard two-row would be a better choice. I can’t tell you how many times I’ve seen a recipe call for 90 percent two-row and 10 percent pilsen as the base malts. That’s a complete waste of pilsen and a complication in the recipe that makes no sense. Just use all two-row — you’d never taste the pilsen in that recipe. I’ve also seen pilsen malt called for in a lot of other German beers, like Munich. This is not a good choice. (It is more than likely an example of choosing a malt because it sounds right, rather than thinking about what the beer should actually taste like.) Use pilsen malt for brewing pilsners and that’s it.
Pale Ale Malt
This malt is basically the same as standard two-row, but it is kilned at a slightly higher temperature. This results in a darker color (it measures about 3 to 4 degrees Lovibond) and it also changes the flavor profile. Pale ale malt can be very flavorful and malty, with a good malt aroma. It tends to be the most modified of all the base malts and it works well with any mashing schedule, from single infusion to step mashing. It has a fair amount of enzymatic power and can convert itself and some extra adjuncts, up to 50 percent of the total grist. As the name implies, this malt is primarily intended to make ales, especially traditional English ales. It’s too dark for a pilsner. It can also be an excellent choice for Belgian-style amber ales.
It’s common for this malt to be made by specialty maltsters in the United Kindgom. It’s also common for the specific barley variety to be featured. Maris Otter is a British variety of barley commonly associated with this type of malt. (Maris is the name of the company that markets the barley seeds to growers, while Otter is the variety. Yes, there is a barley called Maris Beaver, and other varieties named after small furry creatures, but they aren’t used in brewing.) This malt is also sometimes sold as ESB (Extra Special Bitter) malt. Darker versions are known as Amber and Mild malts.
This is a very special kind of base malt. It is more highly kilned than two-row and is typically around 4 degrees Lovibond. Vienna’s flavor profile is very malty but can have some grassiness to it. Most Vienna has just enough enzymatic power to convert itself, but some strains may have as much enzymatic power as two-row. Vienna is well-modified and can work with any kind of mash schedule.
The primary purpose of Vienna is to make Vienna-style lagers. These beers are similar to Oktoberfests (also known as Märzen) but have a lower alcohol content. Trying to find a true “Vienna” these days is hard. Samuel Adams Lager is actually a good representation of a Vienna-style lager (it’s probably a tad too hoppy to be a real Vienna), but they don’t market it as such. Even if you don’t want to brew a Vienna, Vienna malt has other uses. It’s typically used as part of the grain bill in Oktoberfests and other German lagers (but not pilsners). You can also use it in any other recipe in which you want the flavor of Vienna malt. You also could make a beer out of 100 percent Vienna (some brewers use this to make an amber beer), but I wouldn’t recommend it. Five to ten percent Vienna is a good starting place when used as a specialty malt for flavoring. A Vienna lager, on the other hand, might use 30 to 40 percent Vienna as one of its base malts, with regular two-row comprising the rest of the grist.
Munich is a very useful malt for the all-grain brewer. It is more highly kilned than Vienna malt and runs the gamut from 6 to 30 degrees Lovibond. The most typical range, however, is 8 to 9 degrees Lovibond. When someone refers to Munich malt, they usually mean the lighter versions that measure 9 degrees Lovibond or less.
The flavor of lower color or “standard” Munich malt is malty with a slight toasty edge. This toasty edge increases with color, becoming the dominant flavor in the high-color Munichs. The low-color Munichs have enough enzymatic power to convert themselves, but above 15° Lovibond, Munich starts to lose enzymes at a rapid pace, so it must be used in conjunction with two-row (which you’d usually do anyway). Munich malts are well modified and require no special attention during the mash.
Traditionally Munich was used to make Munich-style lagers, which hardly exist commercially today. The closest you’ll find in modern times is an Oktoberfest. (A historical perspective: These lagers were common centuries ago because Munich malt was one of the lightest malts that was available. It’s not until relatively recently that maltsters have been able to make malts much lighter in color. It’s reported that the “death” of the Vienna and Munich styles can be attributed to the introduction of pale malts and the resulting pilsner style.)
All that aside, Munich remains a very popular malt with brewers. It’s always part of every Oktoberfest recipe, often in conjunction with some Vienna. A typical Oktoberfest grain bill might be 75 percent two-row malt, 15 percent Munich, 5 percent Vienna and 5 percent crystal malt (ranging from 60 to 90 degrees Lovibond). You should consider Munich for any German lager that’s not a pilsner. The classic Munich lager is dunkel, and 100 percent medium-color Munich malt can be used to brew this style. It’s also a common ingredient in many ales. My IPA recipes will typically call for 5 to 10 percent Munich. I also use it in bock, dopplebock, porter and many other styles. It adds a nice maltiness to the beer, but be careful not to overdo it, or the toastiness will start to become apparent.
Dark Munichs really shouldn’t be classified as a base malt, but we’ll cover them anyway to show you how they differ from the lighter Munichs. The dark Munichs can be used anywhere you want their flavor. It’s used by one famous brewery, for example, in their porter (I’d name the brewery, but I’m sworn to secrecy). The really dark Munichs have a very pronounced toasty flavor and can be used as a substitute in recipes that call for toasted malt. DeWolf-Cosyns produced a malt called Biscuit, which is similar to the high-color Munichs, but the company is supposed to be closing its operations in 2002. Should Biscuit disappear from the market, a high-color Munich would be a reasonable, but not an exact, substitute for that malt.
Why Are Vienna and Munich Base Malts?
Good question, since they rarely make up more than 30 percent of the malt bill. Part of the answer is historical — Vienna and Munich used to be the only base malts! But part of the answer lies in how much fermentability they contribute to wort. For all practical purposes, Vienna and the light Munichs contribute the same amount of fermentables per pound as the other base malts (as opposed to specialty malts, which contribute less). So, at least for purposes of this article, we can still consider them base malts.
Other Base Malts
The focus of this article has been base malts that are made from barley, but we should mention that other grains would qualify. Wheat malt would be the most common alternative. Spelt, millet, sorghum and other grains are used in parts of the world where barley is scarce.
If you buy your supplies from the local homebrew shop, you may not have much choice when it comes to base malts. They may carry only one two-row and one Munich, and might not carry pale ale, Vienna or pilsen malts at all. But if you’re lucky, your local shop will have a good selection. I used to own a homebrew shop in California, and at one point we carried three different two-rows, two pale ales, two pilsens, two Viennas and six Munich malts! On the Internet and by mail-order, you can find a similar range of selections at some of the better sites, and you can certainly get a wider range if you don’t mind buying from a few sites.
So how do you evaluate the malts? Ideally it would be nice to brew a batch of beer with every grain type. (Check out the recipes on pages 33 and 35; each recipe is designed to highlight the flavor of one of the five base malts we’ve covered in this article.) Besides brewing with each base malt, the simplest way I know to evaluate grain is simply to chew some and taste it. The enzymes in your saliva will “mash” the grains for you, so after chewing, let the grains sit a while. The enzymes will work on the grains, and starchiness will be replaced with sweetness. Pay attention to the flavors. Then choose what you like. Sometimes it’s hard to project those flavors into the finished beer, but with practice, you will be able to do that. If you record your perceptions of the malt, then compare them to your perceptions of the finished beer, it will help you put the two together.
If your local store has a selection, chances are they’ll let you graze in the grain bins for a while. If you are ordering online, then order a pound or the minimum of several different types. This will be a little expensive for a test, but it will be worth it.
Once you have picked the grain that tastes the best to you (ignore the marketing hype; your taste buds are the ultimate judge), then order enough to do a batch and brew with it.
Caring For Base Malt
Base malts require more care in storage than specialty malts. Specialty malts can be stored for long periods of time, because in most cases they are kilned to such a high degree that there is no longer any starch or enzymes left. The starches have been converted to sugars or burned to a crisp. It makes little difference if specialty grains are stored cracked or whole, as long as they are kept cool and dry. (Some specialty malts have some starch and enzymes left, so find out about your malt when considering storage options.) But base malts are a different story. They contain lots of starch, and starch absorbs moisture much more readily than the sugars in the kilned malts. And the enzymes need protection. So it is crucial to store base malts in their whole, uncracked state for as long as possible. Ideally, you should crack the grain just prior to mashing. If kept cool and dry, cracked base malts are good for at least a month, sometimes three or four. Uncracked base malts can be stored for at least a year or more, if stored cool, dry and sealed so pests can’t infiltrate.
Again, you can use your taste buds (and eyes and touch) to check your base malt for freshness. If the malt is crushed, it should still be dry and powdery. Any sign of gumminess is a sure sign of trouble. Taste the malt, too. It should be dry and, again, not at all gummy. You should be able to detect any stale or moldy flavors. If you taste any of these, toss the grain. It has gone “slack” and you can’t brew with it.
One thing to be especially careful of is pests. All grain is susceptible to grain moths, grain weevils and rodents. But they particularly love starchy base malts. Rodents don’t care if your grain is crushed or not, but weevils and moths just love crushed grain. Keep it in a tight container.
Crushed or Whole?
Many homebrewers wonder whether they should buy malt that’s already been crushed, or invest in a grain mill. Ideally you should get a mill and crush your grain just before you use it. But that can be expensive and time consuming — not to mention a lot of work and mess. So a smart way to go is to buy your malt by the batch and have the shop crush it for you. You just have to be ready to brew soon after you get the grain. Unless you can pick up a bag of grain from your local shop, my experience is that you won’t save a lot of money by buying your base malt by the bag. One thing I do not recommend is buying base malt by the bag pre-crushed, unless you intend to use it all right away.
Now we’ve covered all the bases! What
are the important points? Pale malt (two-row) is used for just about
every beer you brew. It’s the primary base malt. When selecting
your pale malt, use two-row. There’s no reason a homebrewer will
need six-row. When you want to brew a pilsner, use pilsen malt
exclusively. Don’t muck it up with anything else. And don’t
bother with it anywhere else. Pale ale malt is useful if you want to
brew traditional English ales. You can use it in other recipes, but
be prepared for the extra color it will add. Vienna has a limited
range, but experiment. Watch out for its grassy flavors. Munich has a
lot of uses. Consider it for all German lagers (except pilsners) but
don’t try to use it for the sole malt. Use it in amounts of up to
30 percent in conjunction with two-row. It’s a good all-around malt
for adding malty flavors and aroma. But be mindful of its toasty
edge. Play with the darker Munichs, especially in dark beers. The
best way to understand base malts is to brew with them!
Mark Garetz is author of “Using Hops” and a frequent contributor to BYO.
Barley, whether raw or malted, plays an important role in the global economy. The majority is grown in cool-climate countries, although some is grown on the hillsides of Mexico, Latin America and beyond. Most barley is used as animal feed and an ingredient in food. Malted barley, either as flour or an extract, is used in cereals, snacks, crackers, candy, health drinks and many more products.
Barley malt is the basic ingredient in beer. Why barley? For starters, it’s a win-win situation for everyone. The supply and demand is fairly consistent, as is the price. The farmer gets to plant the crop early in the spring and harvest in early summer. It is an “in-between” crop; it is harvested after oats and winter wheat and before spring wheat. Yields are good, and it is friendly to the soil.
As every maltster knows, barley contains everything needed to produce a quality product for the brewer. The kernel has all the necessary enzymatic power to convert the flint-hard barley kernel to a soft, modified kernel of malt. Barley has a fairly neutral flavor and color, so the maltster can create the precise characteristics needed by the brewer. The brewer, in turn, can blend malts and adjust his procedures to develop whatever beer style he selects. Because of its husk and natural pH adjusting, barley malt is the easiest grain to brew with.
What barleys are available and which ones should be used in beer? Until recently, within the last eight to ten years, most of the barley grown in the United States was a six-row variety. The main growing area for six-row is western Minnesota, North Dakota and South Dakota, a region known as the Red River Valley. Each of the Western states also grow some six-row.
By far the largest crop of six-row is Robust. More than three-fourths of the acreage planted in the Red River Valley is Robust, because it is preferred by the big brewers. The barley has excellent enzymes and produces a clean, sweet, mild malt flavor, making it very versatile in creating beer styles. The Stander variety is rather widely grown but is not very popular with either the maltster or brewer. It is what is described as “hot,” which means it has excessive levels of the alpha and beta amylase enzymes. The next most-popular strain is Excel. This tends to have a little higher protein level and a sharper, more husky flavor. If the homebrewer buys a six-row base malt, he can expect that Robust would be the majority, if not all, of the product, with maybe a little Excel, Foster or B1602.
In the United States, two-row varieties have become very popular. Two-row is grown mostly in the Western states and much of it is on irrigated land. Irrigation allows the farmer to control nature and control the quality of the barley, at least to some extent. Moisture — or lack of it — during the development stage determines the kernel plumpness, color, starch-to- protein ratio and brewing quality.
Up until 1997, Klages was the primary two-row variety. The maltsters and brewers loved it. It was easy to work with, had good brewhouse yields, a nice color and flavor, and low protein, but the farmer was not happy with his agricultural yields. In 2001 there was very little, if any, Klages grown in this country, except under contract. It is doubtful that any Klages malt would find its way into a homebrew shop.
Harrington is the most widely grown two-row malting variety. It has many of the Klages characteristics but a big disadvantage — the husk is very loose. During malting, far too much husk is lost. We all know how important husk is for lautering during all-grain brewing!
Moravian is grown in Colorado, Idaho and Wyoming, under contract to Coors. The original Moravian variety has undergone many generations since the barley was brought over from Czechoslovakia. It is very difficult to malt and requires changes in brewhouse procedures. It has a distinctive flavor, regardless of how it is malted. If you can get some, try it. It makes an interesting brew.
Metcalf is grown in Canada. The flavor is a bit different from Harrington, and the husk stays on the kernel. A bit of Alexis also is grown in the States. This variety is popular in the UK. It tends to have low protein, usually in the 9 percent range, and low enzymes, so it takes careful time and temperature control during mashing.
Each barley will give slight flavor
differences and may perform a little differently in the brewhouse.
Trying new base malts can be a challenge, but that’s what makes
Mary Anne Gruber is the director of technical services at Briess Malting Company in Chilton, Wisconsin.
Base Malt Extract Essentials
Let’s see a show of hands. Everyone who was brewing when Blue Ribbon malt extract was the only “beermaking” extract you could find, raise your hand. OK. Now let’s see how many of you know what base malt was used to make Blue Ribbon. No hands? I didn’t think so. It’s only been within the last 20 years that most homebrewers developed a desire to know not just whether their products would make beer, but exactly how those products are derived. In his article on base malts, Mark Garetz walks you through five malts that are used as a base in all-grain brewing. Which begs the questions — what are the base malts used to make malt extract, and if you want to work with one of the malts Mark mentioned, which extract do you use?
By starting with an unhopped, 100 percent malt extract, a skilled homebrewer can create almost any beer style in existence. Today’s high-quality malt extracts — the well-known “name brands” that are formulated specifically for brewing — have a high degree of fermentability, sufficient FAN (free amino nitrogen) for yeast nutrition and mid-sized proteins for a creamy, long-lasting head. These top-of-the-line extracts are made with choice base malt, usually from the barley variety that’s dominant in the country where the extract is produced. In the United States, for example, that would be Harrington two-row pale malt. Depending on the extract type, specialty malts also may be included. No manufacturer is going to release their recipe, but with careful tasting and experience, it’s possible to make an educated guess about what malts your favorite brand includes.
The most important thing to remember when selecting an unhopped malt extract is this: If you are not working with a high-quality extract, it does not matter what base malt produced it. Stick with extract producers who have been recognized as making high-quality extracts intended primarily for beer making. Next, seek out technical information on the malt extract you’re considering. This will tell you if the base malt used in producing the extract is the same as, or similar to, the base malt you would use in all-grain brew. All the better producers include this information on their Websites, so read the spec sheet carefully.
The age of the malt extract is also important. It doesn’t matter if the base grain used in producing a malt extract was a lightly kilned pilsner malt if the extract in the can is two years old. It will be dark. Look for the “use by” date or the production date on the bottom of the can. If there is no date, either try a different brand, or look for a brand that seems to be selling through well at your local shop. And always purchase a malt extract that specifically says “100 percent malt extract.” If it doesn’t specify that, the extract could be cut with cheap corn syrup.
Let’s run down each of the five base malts in the article and see how they translate to unhopped malt extracts. I mention a few brand names by way of example, but this list is not meant to be comprehensive. If you have a favorite extract brand, simply do a little research and learn about the base malts that are used to produce it.
Two-Row Pale & Pale Ale Malt
Two-row pale malt is the base for almost all ales, and is also the base grain used in almost all malt extract production. As long as the malt extract is from a quality producer, you can substitute “Light” or “Extra-Light” malt extract for just about any recipe that calls for two-row or pale ale malt. This includes liquid or dry malt extract.
Coopers uses two-row Schooner, an Australian pilsner barley, in the production of its extracts. To my knowledge, Coopers is the only company that uses pilsner barley in the production of malt extract. Many producers offer an “Extra-Light” malt extract in both liquid and dry form that will work well also.
Vienna malt is rarely used by
commercial brewers these days and is not used at all in malt extract
production. You can best simulate the body and color of Vienna malt
by combining in equal quantities a relatively light Amber DME, like
Muntons Amber, with a Light DME.
Briess Amber contains
between 15 to 50 percent Munich malt. You can substitute it for
Munich, but you’ll be guessing a bit on the ratios. St. Patrick’s
of Texas has a proprietary product, Maries malt extract, that is 50
percent Munich. If your Oktoberfest recipe calls for up to 25 percent
Munich malt, then a 50-50 mix of either of these two extracts with a
good Light malt extract will put you in the right ballpark.
Mark Henry imports Coopers beer and winemaking products into North America. He lives in California.
The Base Malt Recipe File
Now that you understand base malts, how do you use the knowledge? The best advice I can give you is to brew and see what happens. Brewing is like cooking. You taste your ingredients. You think about what the ingredients taste like and what the finished beer should taste like. Then you put together a recipe and see what happens. With that in mind, I’ve put together a starter recipe file. These simple all-grain recipes should give you some ideas about how base malts can be used and how each malt will taste in the finished beer.
All of these recipes are for five gallon batches and all use a single-step infusion mash at about 154° Fahrenheit. Mash in all the grains together. To each recipe you can add a quarter-pound of flaked barley for head retention. I also recommend one tablespoon of Irish moss added at the beginning of the boil. (Most homebrewers add it near the end of the boil. That works as long as you rehydrate the Irish moss first, which most homebrewers don’t do. Adding it at the beginning eliminates the need for rehydration.)
Some of these recipes are ales, some are lagers. You can brew the lagers as ales if you don’t have any way to control the fermentation temperature. All the ale recipes (and lager recipes made as ales) should be fermented at 70° to 72° F. If you use lager yeast for the lagers, start the fermentation at 70° to 72° F, then lower it to 54° once the fermentation has started in earnest.
I’ve given you the bittering hops for these recipes in IBUs, or International Bittering Units. This is a measure of how bitter the final beer should be. IBUs take into account hop utilization, which is an expression of how efficiently you use the bittering compounds during the boil. It also accounts for losses during fermentation. To calculate the weight of hops you need, use the following formula: hop weight in ounces = Gallons x IBUs % Util x % Alpha Acid x 0.749
If you know your approximate utilization, great. If you don’t, here are some guidelines: For the novice brewer, you’ll probably get 24 to 26 percent utilization for the one-hour recommended boil. Most all-grain brewers will probably get 26 to 28 percent utilization. Advanced brewers or brewers with really great kettles and burners are more likely in the 30 to 33 percent range.
Using the Extra Pale Ale recipe as an example, I call for 30 IBUs of bitterness in a five-gallon batch. The top half of the equation looks like 5 x 30, which equals 150. Assuming your utilization is 28 percent and your Galena hops are at 13 percent alpha acid, then the bottom equation looks like 28 x 13 x 0.749, which equals 273 (rounded up). Now divide 150 by 273 to get about 0.55 ounces of hops. Note that these calculations only apply to the bittering hops (in the example recipes, always a single addition of a single variety). All other hop additions should not be adjusted based on alpha acid. Just use the weight listed.
Two-Row Extra Pale Ale
OG = 1.048 FG = 1.012 IBU = 30
This recipe is very simple, but it makes an excellent beer. It’s a great way to evaluate two-row malt.
8.5 lbs. pale malt (two-row)
30 IBUs Galena hops (bittering)
1 oz. Cascade hops (5 minutes before the end of boil)
1 oz. Cascade (steeped for 10 minutes after the boil or dry-hopped)
Wyeast 1056 (American Ale) or White Labs WLP001 (California)
Step by Step:
Mash in 10.6 quarts of water to bring the mash to a temperature of 154° F. Let stand 30 minutes. Sparge with 180° F water to collect 6 to 7 gallons of wort. (The exact amount will depend on how much you boil off. The idea is to end up with 5 gallons of wort.) Bring the wort to a boil. Add 1 tablespoon Irish moss and the bittering hops. Boil for 55 minutes, then add 1 oz. of Cascade, stirring in well. Boil another 5 minutes. Shut off the heat, stir in another ounce of Cascade and cover the kettle. Let stand 10 minutes, then cool to 72° F. Transfer to the fermenter and pitch the yeast. Ferment until done (gravity has stopped dropping). Bottle or keg.
OG = 1.045 FG = 1.011 IBU = 25
Another simple recipe, but you will really taste the pilsen malt.
8 lbs. pilsen malt
25 IBUs Tettnanger hops (bittering)
1 oz .Tettnanger hops (5 minutes before the end of boil)
*Wyeast 2278 (Czech Pils)
or White Labs WLP800 (Pilsner) to make as a lager;
*Wyeast 1056 (American)
or White Labs WLP001 (California) to make as an ale.
Step by Step:
Mash in 10 quarts of water to bring the mash to a temperature of 154° F. Let stand 30 minutes. Sparge with 180° F water to collect 6 to 7 gallons of wort. Bring the wort to a boil. Add 1 tablespoon Irish moss and the bittering hops. Boil for 55 minutes, add 1 ounce of Tettnanger, (recipes continued on page 35) stirring in well. Boil another 5 minutes. Cool to 72° F. Transfer to fermenter and pitch the yeast. Ferment until done (gravity has stopped dropping). Bottle or keg.
Extra Special Bitter
OG= 1.050 FG = 1.013 IBU = 25
This recipe shows a typical use for pale ale malt. The small amount of chocolate malt will give this beer a nice copper color. This is a real English ESB; don’t expect it to be like a RedHook ESB, which is actually more of a light ale.
8 lbs. pale ale malt
1 lb. crystal malt (15° Lovibond)
0.10 lbs. chocolate malt 25 IBUs Galena hops (bittering)
1 oz. Willamette hops (5 minutes before end of boil)
Wyeast 1968 (Special London)
or White Labs WLP002 (English Ale)
Step by Step:
Mash in 11.4 quarts of water to bring the mash to a temperature of 154° F. Let stand 30 minutes. Sparge with 180° F water to collect 6 to 7 gallons of wort. Bring the wort to a boil. Add 1 tablespoon Irish moss and the bittering hops. Boil for 55 minutes, then add 1 ounce of Willamette, stirring in well. Boil another 5 minutes. Cool to 72° F. Transfer to the fermenter and pitch the yeast. Ferment until done (gravity has stopped dropping). Bottle or keg.
OG= 1.067 FG = 1.017 IBU = 18
This recipe makes a traditional Oktoberfest. It uses basic two-row for most of the fermentables, with Vienna and Munich for flavor, aroma and color. Carapils adds body.
9 lbs. pale malt (two-row)
0.5 lbs. Vienna malt
1.5 lbs. Munich malt
1 lb. carapils
0.5 lbs. crystal malt (95° Lovibond)
18 IBUs Tettnanger or Mt. Hood hops (bittering)
0.5 oz. Tettnanger or Mt. Hood (5 minutes before end of boil)
*Wyeast 2206 (Bavarian)
or WLP820 (Oktoberfest) to make as a true lager;
*Wyeast 1056 (American)
or White Labs WLP001 (California) to make as an ale
Step by Step:
Mash in 15.6 quarts of water to bring the mash to a temperature of 154° F. Let stand 30 minutes. Sparge with 180° F water to collect 6 to 7 gallons of wort. Bring the wort to a boil. Add 1 tablespoon Irish moss and the bittering hops. Boil for 55 minutes, then add 0.5 oz. of Tettnanger or Mt. Hood, stirring in well. Cool to 72° F. Transfer to the fermenter and pitch the yeast. Ferment until done (gravity has stopped dropping). Bottle or keg.
India Pale Ale
OG = 1.063 FG = 1.016 IBU = 35
This is definitely a West Coast, hophead IPA. It uses Munich malt for body, color, flavor and aroma (something has to compete with those hops to balance the beer!). I included this recipe so you could see a non-traditional use of Munich. Try it, you’ll like it!
8.5 lbs. pale malt (two-row)
1.5 lbs. Munich malt
1 lb. carapils
0.5 lbs. crystal malt (15° Lovibond)
0.25 lbs. crystal malt (95° Lovibond)
35 IBUs Galena hops (bittering)
1.5 oz. Cascade hops (5 minutes before end of boil)
1 oz. Cascade (dry hop)
0.5 oz. Columbus (dry hop)
Wyeast 1056 (American) or White Labs WLP001 (California)
Step by Step:
Mash in 14.7 quarts of water to bring the mash to a temperature of 154° F. Let stand 30 minutes. Sparge with 180° F water to collect 6 to 7 gallons of wort. (The exact amount will depend on how much you boil off. The idea is to end up with 5 gallons of wort when you pitch the yeast.) Bring the wort to a boil. Add 1 tablespoon Irish moss and the bittering hops. Boil for 55 minutes, then add 1.5 oz. of Cascade, stirring in well. Boil another 5 minutes. Cool to 72° F. Transfer to the fermenter and pitch the yeast. When fermentation starts to slow down (characterized by the vigorous activity starting to subside) add 1 oz. of Cascade hops and 0.5 oz. of Columbus. Stir in well with a sterile spoon. Ferment until done (gravity has stopped dropping). Bottle or keg.
Super Smooth Porter
OG = 1.049 FG = 1.012 IBU = 25
This will give you a nice, smooth porter with a good deal of flavor and body. Both light and dark Munich are used in this recipe. Normally I’d use more chocolate malt, but I’ve cut it down to allow for the use of the dark Munich, which will add a lot of toasty flavor on its own. 5 lbs. pale malt (two-row)
1 lb. light Munich malt
1.5 lbs. dark Munich malt
1 lb. carapils
0.5 lbs. chocolate malt
0.25 lbs. black patent malt
25 IBUs Willamette hops (bittering)
Wyeast 1056 (American) or White Labs WLP001 (California)
Step by Step:
Mash in 11.6 quarts of water to bring the mash to a temperature of 154° F. Let stand 30 minutes. Sparge with 180° F water to collect 6 to 7 gallons of wort. (The exact amount will depend on how much you boil off. The idea is to end up with 5 gallons of wort.) Bring the wort to a boil. Add 1 tablespoon Irish moss and the bittering hops. Boil for 60 minutes. Cool to 72° F. Transfer to the fermenter and pitch the yeast. Ferment until done (gravity has stopped dropping). Bottle or keg. Enjoy! —M.G.
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|Written by||George Bernard Shaw|
|Date premiered||9 December, 1892, Independent Theatre Society,|
|Place premiered||Royalty Theatre|
|Subject||An idealistic doctor finds his principles compromised|
|Wikisource has original text related to this article:|
Widowers' Houses (1892) was the first play by Nobel Prize in literature winner George Bernard Shaw to be staged. It premièred on 9 December 1892 at the Royalty Theatre, under the auspices of the Independent Theatre Society — a subscription club, formed to escape the Lord Chamberlain's Office censorship.
- Harry Trench
- William Cokaine
- Mr. Sartorius
The play comprises three acts:
In Act I a poor but aristocratic young doctor named Harry Trench and his friend William Cokane are vacationing at Remagen on the Rhine. There, they encounter fellow travelers: Mr Sartorius, a self-made businessman, and his daughter Blanche. Harry and Blanche fall in love and become engaged.
Act II opens with everyone back at home in London: Sartorius, is talking to Mr Lickcheese, whom he employs as a rent-collector, reveals himself to be a slumlord. He discharges Lickcheese for dealing too leniently with tenants. Trench and Cokane arrive to visit, but when Trench discovers that Sartorius makes his money by renting slum housing to the poor, he is disgusted and refuses to allow Blanche to accept money from her father after they are married and insists they must live on Harry's small income. They break up over this, after a bitter argument. Sartorius reveals that Trench's income depends on interest from mortgaged tenements and, therefore, is as dirty as the money made by Sartorius, but the lovers do not reconcile: Blanche utterly rejects Harry because of her wounded feelings.
In Act III, Trench, Cokane and Lickcheese return to Sartorius' house to plan a shady business venture (Trench, disillusioned and coarsened by knowing his income is tainted by its source, no longer takes the moral high-ground). In the final scene, notable for its erotic tension, Harry and Blanche reunite.
Creation and publication
The play had originally been written in 1885, as a collaboration with William Archer; but the two fell out and this first attempt was abandoned. Shaw reorganised his fragments, and added a third act for the production, at the invitation of Jakub Grein.
This is one of three plays Shaw published as Plays Unpleasant in 1898; they were termed "unpleasant" because they were intended, not to entertain their audiences—as traditional Victorian theatre was expected to—but to raise awareness of social problems and to censure exploitation of the laboring class by the unproductive rich. The other plays in the group are The Philanderer and Mrs Warren's Profession.
The play was first performed at the Royalty Theatre by the Independent Theatre Society, on 9 December, 1892. The lead role was taken by W. J. Robertson.
It was performed at the Shaw Festival, 2003
On 3 July 2011, a radio adaptation directed by Martin Jarvis was broadcast on BBC Radio 3 starring Ian McKellen as Sartorius, Charles Dance as William Cokane, Honeysuckle Weeks as Blanche, Dan Stevens as Harry Trench and Tim Pigott-Smith as Lickcheese.
- Styan, J Modern Drama in Theory and Practice: Realism and Naturalism pp. 57 (Cambridge University Press, 1981) ISBN 0-521-29628-5
- Widowers' Houses on Open Library at the Internet Archive
- Widowers' Houses public domain audiobook at LibriVox
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Everyone feels anxiety from time to time. Occasional anxiety is generally mild and brief and an anxiety disorder is more intense and usually lasts hours, or even days. Anxiety disorders can make it hard for people to work or study, to manage daily tasks and to relate well with others. Anxiety becomes a problem that requires attention when these symptoms and consequences are so persistent and severe and cause such distress for a person that it interferes with their ability to go about their daily activities.
The main types of anxiety disorders such as phobias, panic disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder and post traumatic stress disorder all share common features:
A marked and persistent fear of clearly defined objects or situations such as spiders or social situations
Repeated panic attacks that can include trembling or shaking, increased heart rate, shortness of breath, dizziness and nausea
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
Obsessions are intrusive thoughts repeated over and over in the mind. Compulsions are behaviours or rituals that the person believes must be performed in order to suppress the obsessive thoughts. Recurrent obsessions and compulsions can cause a great deal of distress and inability to perform daily tasks.
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
Symptoms include flashbacks of a terrifying experience from the past in which serious physical harm occurred or was threatened. The person re-lives the terrifying experience. Other common symptoms are nightmares, depression and feelings of anger or irritability.
Support groups, relaxation training, meditation and stress management techniques can be helpful with anxiety disorders. Many people also benefit from talk therapy such as supportive counselling or cognitive behavioural therapy. Medications prescribed by a doctor are also effective and often used with CBT.
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This article outlines a practical method of establishing an environmental dust monitoring programme or even an in-depth investigation to establish sources of dust and quantifying the extent of dust fall-out.
Such investigations can be undertaken at landfill sites, mines, slimes or rock dumps, industrial areas, airports and in villages and towns.
Monitoring programs can enable operations to determine unsuspected pollutants, determine bacteriological migration from contaminated landfill sites and composting plants or merely to remain well within the legal requirements. The operations will then be able to design and implement effective suppression measures, once the sources have been located.
The article outlines a systematic approach to the monitoring and sample analysis, offering tips and hints.
With the Environmental Management Bill firmly placing a far greater emphasis on determining and eliminating all sources of airborne or air-carried pollutants and dust, it is vital that a simple, reliable, representative monitoring systems be used at minimal cost.
The airborne sampling of dust using PM10, respirable or total particulate, while being of benefit to the occupational hygienist or health practitioner, offers little help to the environmentalist, as only a small portion of the dust is caught. With these systems only extremely fine particulates are selectively sampled and these could constitute a pollutant level that is only found as a fume or respirable dust. Ideally, the sampling must be continuous with little or no downtime, as the longer the sample, the better the accuracy or representative nature of the sampling.
The following procedure or guide offers a method based on accepted principles and methodology ideally suited to the establishment or quantification of source dust of a variable particulate size, which has proved to be both representative and reliable.
As a departure point there is no substitute for a detailed site examination, a chat with all of the parties involved and time spent in studying the wind patterns and shape of the dump or plant operation.
Residents or workers in the area will be able to provide a remarkably detailed account of occurrences of dust, comment on the weather conditions, or even how much they are affected by the emission. It is noted that while the plant or mine management will tend to minimize the effects of the dust to a neighbouring farmer or village, these neighbours in turn will want to make sure that they maximize their discomfort. Reality usually lies between the two viewpoints.
Should the prevailing winds constitute a straightforward pattern this needs to be considered when locating the monitoring units.
Any ambient dust imported upwind of the mine or plant will also need to be studied in order to establish if the irritant dust actually originates at the mine’s property. It is important that control monitoring of any other possible dust sources be simultaneously undertaken.
In the situation presented, we have selected three 4-way fall-out dust monitors that can each monitor the incoming precipitant arriving from four different directions.
In contrast to using a ‘hit or miss’ arrangement of separate open containers and trying to relate the precipitation to the prevailing winds, we note that the most precipitation occurs when the winds slow down or stop rather than while they are blowing at the maximum velocity.
The selection of three units is based on the premise that at least two will be required to actually quantify the dust loads from the various directions while the third will be useful to assist with further determinations of precipitation rates and alternative prevailing wind directions.
To assist with the rationalization of the case study, please refer to the sketch (Diagram 1) that outlines the mining operation and dump, together with the prevailing winds and positions for the monitors.
Monitor units A and B are positioned upwind of the mining operation and between this and the farm or village. The third unit C will be mobile to enable the position to be varied.
The combination of units will enable the determination of the movement of dust and particulates around the farm or village and the mine property.
From a study of the diagram, we note that dust reaching the farm or village from the south will potentially contain dust that has been generated by the mine and dump as well as an import from further upwind of the mine property. While the farmer will be tempted to argue that the dust fall-out emanates from the mine, the latter has a case to reduce their export dust value by that being imported from the south on the prevailing wind.
Monitors will assess the incoming dust regardless of the prevailing wind, and it will be of only academic interest to monitor the wind data, obviating the necessity of putting up a weather station. The variable that might be of some interest is the amount of time that there was a wind velocity of less than 0,5 m/s, but this is not usually recorded by the weather station.
Once monitoring starts, samples are retrieved every two weeks from each unit and thus it is possible to correlate the 12 samples against each other. Results are reflected as a mass per area per day unit (mg/m2/day). Over a period of time the captured data can be plotted to indicate trends, which tend to follow an established sine curve pattern between the rainy and dry seasons. Any abnormal peaks that could have resulted from unusual activities on the mine can be immediately noted and attempts can be made to identify the events, ie, veld fires, overburden stripping activities that took place, etc.
Before this stage, all of the work is mechanical and the next step is to start the detective work, if the exercise is to be of any major value.
By retrieving all of the unit B-South results and making up a composite sample of the filters, (make sure that there is enough filtrate to run a comprehensive multi-element ICP/OES analysis) we can now see exactly what the dust contains and the relevant amount of each of the elements present.
A similar exercise can be done with all of the sample filters constituting the unit-South results. By simple subtraction a good idea of what emanates from the mine can be ascertained:
Cal 1 Total mass (unit B–South) minus total mass (unit A–South) = Dust mass attributable to the mine.
Cal 2 Total silica (unit B–South) minus total silica (unit A–South) = Total silica attributable to the mine.
Calculation 2 can be undertaken for all of the other elements to build up an indicative fingerprint of what the mine dust contains, especially after the winter winds.
To further confirm this fingerprint the exercises can be repeated with samples from unit C-East as well as unit A-East. If four monitor units had been installed, this confirmatory exercise would perhaps be slightly more accurate, covering the prevailing winds during the summer periods in detail as well as in the winter.
Any person undertaking the sampling exercises must also consider other factors as follows:
With a common sense approach and time, the use of fall-out monitoring can and does yield more information, allowing a far greater and effective study to be undertaken than any other single sampling method. If used in combination with PM10 or total particulate dust sampling, results can be very conclusive.
The authors, Gerry Kuhn and Chris Loans, are actively involved with the monitoring of most of the 90 stations operating throughout southern Africa.
Gerry Kuhn is an environmental engineer and occupational hygienist who runs the research programme and consults to mines and industrial concerns on a local and international basis. Contact him on 083 308 4764.
Chris Loans is a chemical engineer (UCT) who obtained professional status in 2001. He actively runs the DustWatch program. Contact him on 082 875 0209.
This article was originally published on pages 27-29 of the November 2003 issue of ‘Chemical Technology’, a publication of Crown Publications cc, in Johannesburg, South Africa (Telephone +27 11 622 4770). ‘Chemical Technology’ is endorsed by the South African Institution of Chemical Engineers and is published monthly.
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Lead and its Hazards
Lead has been gradually removed from our lives during the 1970s/1980s, when scientific research conducted during the 1960s saw that it was taken out of gasoline, paints and other household products, and further legislative measures gradually saw it eradicated from most other high risk areas.
The Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive 2002/95/EC (RoHS) legislated to see metallic lead removed from electronic components, as well as other hazardous constituents such as mercury or cadmium, and replace them with alternative materials that would reduce the overall ecological impact.
The legislation was brought into effect in 2006, but by then the majority of suppliers had taken the initiative and conformed to it. There are a couple of notable exemptions to the RoHS directive – where, at the time of its implementation, no viable substitute could be found.
One of the areas where an exemption was allowed to be applied was in thick-film resistors, and even today lead oxide compounds are permitted to be used in their glass elements. Lead oxide compounds are much more stable and thus pose less of an immediate threat, a potential risk still arises when these devices are left in landfill and the toxic heavy metal compounds are allowed to leach into the groundwater.
Thick-film resistors are found in many smart devices, and as more are being sent to landfill every year, there is renewed pressure to look at narrowing the scope of the existing exemptions and make regulatory guidelines more stringent.
Periodical Review of RoHS Exemptions
It is important for OEMs to be aware that the current RoHS exemptions in place are subject to periodical review. This may result in a component that was previously cleared for use and specified into electronics designs no longer being within the exemption area. This would obviously have serious and extremely costly implications for an OEM that fails to be adequately prepared, and this is driving interest in preemptive action against such a scenario.
The next review of the relevant RoHS exemption – 7(c)-I ‘Electrical & Electronic Components Containing Lead in a Glass or Ceramic Material’ – is scheduled for 2021, and it is expected that during this review, the inclusion of lead oxides in thick-film resistors will be subject to considerable scrutiny.
OEMs must be able to access compliant components that can make their devices future-proof in case RoHS exemption changes are made. Consequently, they will not have to worry about allocating valuable time and engineering resources to make amendments further down the line – when there is an imminent deadline.
Getting the lead out with the help of Welch Allyn
Developing glass for thick-film materials that doesn't contain lead oxides is not that simple, and up to now those materials that have been developed have had associated performance penalties. Commodity resistors with lead-free glass are already available and may be used in certain less-demanding cases. However, they still are not close to attaining the benchmarks necessary to address higher-end applications.
New Generation of Green Thick-Film Resistors
This is set to change with the introduction of a new generation of completely green thick-film resistors. Drawing on the work that has been done by TT Electronics and its supply partners during a period of 18 months, these green thick-film resistors ensure long-term RoHS compliance remove the reliance on exemptions. Furthermore, the inconvenience of OEMs having to undertake subsequent system redesign work is mitigated.
Features and Advantages of Green High-Voltage Chip Resistors
The Green High-Voltage Chip (GHVC) resistors cover resistance values from 25 kΩ to 100 MΩ, are supplied in standard EIA 1206, 2010 and 2512 package formats, and have respective power ratings of 0.3 W, 0.5 W and 1.0 W. They support a working temperature range of -55 °C to 125 °C, with each of these robust components offering up to 3000 V Limiting Element Voltage (LEV) and being resilient enough to withstand up to 7 kV peak voltage for a 1.2/50 µs surge.
The ±100 ppm/°C temperature coefficient and -1.5 ppm/V voltage coefficient ensures the precision of their operational parameters is always upheld. As well as this, these resistors feature anti-sulfur terminations that have passed ASTM-B-809 tests – making them suitable for the harsh sulfurous environments that may result from use in mining and chemical processing tasks.
Green High-Voltage Chip (GHVC) resistors
The diverse range of compact resistors has been optimized for deployment in modern, densely packed electronic circuitry – allowing the device to sustain elevated voltage levels without the need to utilize multiple components. This saves board real estate and keeps the overall cost of materials in check. They are aimed for use in either high-voltage sensing or circuit protection functions in high-end devices such as hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), industrial automation, clinical medical and home healthcare applications.
Though crucial in all forms of electronic design, the future-proofing aspect will be of particular value in a medical context, as using GHVC components will avoid costly redesigns as well as long drawn-out requalification procedures.
By using cutting-edge materials and implementing a new fabrication process, but without the significant financial burden of upgrading equipment, the migration to a completely lead-free strategy has avoided a major increase in production expenses.
This has allowed the price points to remain effectively the same as with products containing lead oxides. The initial expectation is for GHVC pricing to average around 20% higher – though this will decrease post-launch as volume demands increase and economies of scale start to kick in.
Operating in an already unpredictable business landscape, OEMs need to do everything in their power to safeguard the investment made in their system designs and keep the financial dangers of having to make alterations or carry out time-consuming re-spins at a minimum.
The sourcing of components that pre-empt further restrictions to RoHS, and any redefining of the area that is exempt, can play a key part in achieving this goal. Though the RoHS exemption for lead oxide in glass has remained constant for several years, it would be unwise for OEMs to believe that it is completely immutable — with a possible chance of greater restrictions. Technological advances in the materials employed in passive components have now reached a stage where the possibility of totally lead-free supply is real, without performance compromises needing to be made, or unit cost increases being witnessed.
This information has been sourced, reviewed and adapted from materials provided by TT Electronics.
For more information on this source, please visit TT Electronics.
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Raised sensibility, photosensitivity, pain and reddening around the eyes, as well as tears, that stick the eyelids together, are signs for an eye infection.
The term eye infection means a functional disorder or a disease of the eye, that can manifest in various forms. The causes are usually bacterial, which enter the eye through the conjunctiva. Wind can transport bacteria into the eye through air, heated rooms also benefit infections as they dry out the eyes.
People who wear contact lenses need to play close attention to lens care, as denaturised proteins can remain on the lens and irritate the eye. We advice to wear lenses by known producers and the use of adequate cleaning agents, that remove the protein. Many of the available all-in-one solutions do not remove the protein completely.
Any eye infection can be a trace-appearance of another disease, such as pollen allergy, green star, rubella, rheum, borreliosis.
An early diagnosis helps healing and usually doesn’t leave any marks on the eye. A late diagnosis leaves the possibility that the infection already got to the cornea, which means higher risk to lose the eyesight. It is recommended to consult a doctor if the symptoms last longer than a few days.
Therapy depends on the cause and offers a variety of treatments. Mechanical irritations need to be removed through surgery. A bacterial infection asks for a diagnosis of the involved bacteria and adequate use of antibiotics. Infections that are caused by dirty contact lenses usually heal after abstaining from wearing the lenses and treating the eyes with drops and creams.
To prevent infections in the eye it is recommended to avoid dry and dusty air, wind, and certain artificial lights.
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The effect of risk communication is also reflected in subsequent disclosure of risk information in the family (Hopwood 2005). There is a need to improve knowledge about communication strategies within the family and their impact on family relationships and family members' reactions. Very few studies have been conducted in this field.
Tercyak and coworkers (2001) evaluated the psychological impact of the parental communication of the result of BRCA1/2 testing. Mothers (versus fathers) and subjects with the highest levels of general emotional distress more easily informed their children about the test results. Coping strategies after the test (both active and avoidant) were positively correlated with the post-counselling distress level. However, communication of the result to the children did not modify the counselee's level of distress, but increased their children's level of distress.
The same authors also evaluated the parent-child relationship and its impact on the communication of test results to the children (Tercyak et al. 2002). Older children appeared to be more frequently informed about the test results, and the communication style within the family seemed to predict the way mothers shared the information with their children (the test result was more frequently shared when the communication style between parents and children was more open), and was not modified by revelation of the result.
Blandy and coworkers (2003) showed that results of BRCA tests were generally adequately transmitted to the family; difficulties of transmission, however, correlated with a poorer understanding and a higher level of anxiety and avoidance. First-degree relatives were most frequently informed about the test results, but they only rarely requested genetic testing, which was essentially requested by sisters and daughters. The quality of family support and the level of understanding of the risk of transmission were positively and significantly correlated with the decision to perform the test in first-degree relatives.
In France, the bioethical legislation has recently considered this medical situation in which information elicited in one individual of a family concerns all its members. The latest bioethical law sets that the biomedical agency takes the responsibility to confer this information to the different family members: the transmission should proceed from doctor to doctor, and from them to family members (Public Health Policy, Biomedi-cine Agency, 2004).
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Parenting is a challenging task. As a single parent, how can you juggle work, parenting, and possibly college studies single handedly and still manage to be an ideal parent for your child? Read the 65-page eBook Single Parenting Becoming The Best Parent For Your Child to find out how. Loaded with tips, it can inspire, empower, and instruct you to successfully face the challenges of parenthood.
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male animals resort to bright colors or impressive physical displays to
win over the ladies, but a new study shows that a simple sparkle can do
the trick. Male Bicyclus anynana butterflies exhibit small reflective patches on their wings that females find irresistible.
Sitting pretty. The white pupils in the eye patterns of male butterfly wings reflect UV light that attracts females.|
CREDIT: W.H. Piel, © 2005
The wings of Bicyclus anynana
butterflies contain spots that resemble eyes, each with a central white
"pupil." Previous studies have suggested that the eyespots confuse
predators, diverting attention away from the butterfly's vital organs.
However, the insects also display the eyes on their inner dorsal wings,
which are less visible to predators. "We were always puzzled, wondering
what ... are they there for?" says Antónia Monteiro, a biologist at the
University of New York at Buffalo.
To investigate the function of the spots, Monteiro's team, led by
graduate student Kendra Robertson, collected more than 1700 butterflies
from the lab's colony. The researchers found that females tended to
flock to males who had white pupils within their dorsal eyespots, which
are exposed by wing flickering during courtship. "I was so shocked that
they were selectively interested in this one tiny pupil when there are
so many other intricate designs," says Robertson.
Because the pupils are composed of a thin scaly layer of cells that
reflect ultraviolet (UV) light, the team wondered if the UV sparkle
lured the females. To test this, the researchers dabbed the pupils of
over 50 males with a UV-absorbing pigment that did not change their
wing coloration. When introduced to treated and untreated males, female
butterflies were twice as likely to mate with males that reflected
regular levels of UV.
Males with more UV reflectivity probably look younger and healthier and
are thus a bigger draw for females, says Robertson. This may be because
butterflies lose their reflectivity over time as the scales on the
wings get chipped away. The team will report its findings online 6 July
in Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences.
"The results are convincing, and the outcome is amazing," says Ronald
Rutowski, a biologist at Arizona State University in Tempe. But one
wrinkle, he points out, is that the amount of UV light available in the
environment can change from one habitat to the next. "It would be
interesting to see how quality of light affects these experiments," he
Monteiro Lab site, including more pictures of Bicyclus
More about Butterfly Wing Patterns
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The Omaha Public Schools’ Libraries empower students to become future ready
citizens who appreciate reading and engaging with information in all formats. Through
and relevant learning experiences, students work
individually and collaboratively to inquire, think critically, and create new
The Omaha Public Schools’ Libraries
are central to the learning process and directly tied to the K-12 curriculum. Certified
school librarians lead the way in literacy, technology, and the use of
information in all formats to ensure that students are effective and responsible users of information and ideas.
The school librarian:
Provides instruction which results
in achievement of content standards in both information literacy and the
Collaborates and exchanges ideas
with teachers to facilitate teaching and learning.
Supports classroom reading
instruction and reading for personal and academic success.
Provides equitable and timely access
to organized and diverse collections of resources that support the curriculum
and encourage staff and students to pursue personal interests.
Provides a facility conducive to
learning with access to resources that enhance learning for students and staff.
Supports teachers in their effective
use of print and digital resources in the classroom and the school library.
Develops partnerships with parents
and community to foster a community of learners.
Facilitates professional dialogue to
support continuous improvement of instructional practice.
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LI:To learn what a good and bad leader isThis week For kiwi can we had a new topic it was leadership.Leader means when a person in your team or group. The person that tells you what to do and encouraging you. We looked at what a bad and a good leader is.Our energiser was called hammer. We had to find a partner.With your hands you had to make a fist and put them on top of one and a another. When Miss Lilly said up if she said up the the persons fist that is at the bottom can goon the top and if she said down the person fist on the top has to put I at the bottom and if she says hammer! the person fist at the top had to smash there fist on top of the other persons fist if the person that was successful would find another partner and play with him or he.or lesson was called copy me in copy me we had to make three groups the person in the front was the leader. Miss Lily, Mr Mat, Mr O. Gave each group the same action then they tapped the person in front of them on there should and showed the action the team that at the end got the move right had won.
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English name: Javan Wart Snake (aka: “Elephant Trunk Snake” or “Javan File Snake”)
Scientific name: Acrochordus javanicus
Thai name: งูงวงชาง (Ngu Nguang-chang)
Description: To 290cm long. Thick body and loose folds of skin lead to the common name “Elephant Trunk Snake”. Skin is covered with small pyramid-like scales that are rough to the touch, giving the alternative common name “file snake”. Head is flat and wide with the nostrils and eyes positioned on top. Tail is round. Body is olive-brown to grayish-black on top, fading to pale yellow with borken-up dark lines and blotches on the sides.
Similar Species: Little File Snake is smaller and has cream bands rather than dark lines/blotches.
Sea Snakes of the Elapidae family have different scale types and a paddle-shaped tail, though the differences may be subtle. Never handle any snake, especially not one you find in the ocean, unless you are absolutely certain of its identification.
Habitat: The Javan Wart Snake is occasionally found in the ocean, but prefers the brackish or fresh water of slow-moving rivers and streams in coastal areas. It is able to live in ditches and canals of agricultural land. It becomes almost entirely aquatic as it matures and has difficulty moving on land as an adult. Usually hides in the roots of trees lining the water during the day, coming out into open water at night to hunt.
Place in the ecosystem: The Javan Wart Snake feeds on fish and frogs. Smaller juveniles may be eaten by large fish, monitors and wading birds.
Danger to humans: Has no venom, rarely bites and is not dangerous, though it can deliver a painful bite if it chooses to do so.
Conservation status and threats: The Javan Wart Snake is currently common and populations appear able to withstand a great deal of hunting pressure and habitat degradation. Still, there are concerns as hundreds of thousands are killed each year for their skins, which are turned into leather after the scales are removed. Their flesh is also sold in markets and eaten.
Interesting facts: The Javan Wart Snake surprises fish by ambushing them at the bottom of the water bodies where it lives. When it grabs a fish it grips it with the coils of its body, which are able to hold onto the slippery fish due to the rough, triangular scales.
Female Javan Wart Snakes can be more than 50% longer and much thicker than the males, an unusual extreme in sexual dimorphism among snakes.
IUCN Redlist: Acrochordus javanicus
A Photographic Guide to Snakes and Other Reptiles of Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand
A Field Guide to the Reptiles of South-East Asia
Guide to the Snakes of South Vietnam
Snakes of Thailand and their Husbandry
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(The flare reduction technology…)
A Floating Liquefied Natural Gas (FLNG) production plant may be another marvel of modern engineering as well as maritime prowess that facilitates retrieval of natural gases from offshore waters where gravity based structures are not economically viable.
But what is more significant but perhaps less understood is its important application in substantially reducing greenhouse effect of associated gas which is currently flared into atmosphere from the majority of offshore installations worldwide.
Statistics indicate that up to 150 Bn CM of associated gas is being flared annually. It is equal to nearly 2.4 million barrels of oil equivalent per day and adds up to nearly 400 million tonnes per year of CO2 equivalent global greenhouse carbon emissions.
Even though maritime regulations on pollution control are yet to focus on this important aspect of FLNG, talks on such projects have been going on at various platforms, right from Korea in the Far East to USA in the west, for nearly a decade now. In fact, the first FLNG is scheduled to be commissioned by 2014-15 in offshore waters of south Asia itself.
If developments of the past few years are of any indication the number FLNG project is expected to add up exponentially in the next few years as it was the case with Floating Production, Storage and Offloading vessels (FPSOs) and LNG Floating Storage and Regasification Units (FSRUs).
It was in early 1977 that the first FPSO was commissioned in offshore waters of Spain. Its successful operation gave confidence to numerous other large oil exploration companies in adding such assets to their fleet. Today the number of operational FPSOs hovers around 210. The business innovators conceptualized a similar model on gas and thus came the FSRUs. The first-ever conversion of a LNG carrier into a FSRU was done in 2007. At present, there are more than 19 FSRUs successfully operating around the world and many more of them are in various stages of construction and commissioning.
The USP of a FLNG plant is that by process of liquefying the flare gas, it qualifies as being a sustainable development and clean energy project. If we exclude the proportion of carbon dioxide content from the flare gas, nearly 80-85 per cent of the remaining can be converted into a saleable global commodity i.e. into LNG and other condensates of higher molecular carbon content like LPG. Such a project can generate huge cash flows for the project owner, including by selling certified emission reduction credits.
Country's like India, where majority of its foreign exchange earned is spent in importing the energy sources, need to take the FLNG concept on priority by policy makers and economists. What is needed is a financial stimulus to Indian companies that plan to enter into this new line of business in offshore. Different countries around the world are already providing long term credit on marginal interest rates to promote such clean energy initiatives. Further, special administrative set ups have been put in place to facilitate such projects.
It is no wonder that the pioneers of FPSOs and FSRUs have already boarded the bandwagon in setting up FLNGs. While we keep hearing that countries from far and near are trying to control the energyrich waters of South China Sea, no action is seen in monetizing the natural energy source present in the flare gas.
To sum up, FLNG projects have the inherent ability to bring benefits to all stakeholders involved. Be it the ministry of environment which is trying to improve the quality of living conditions through policies for reducing pollution without compromising on the development of the economy. Or the ministry of petroleum and natural gas, which is busy taking all measures to fulfill the burgeoning energy demand. Or, for that matter, private sector shipbuilding yards which are struggling to find new orders in today's industrial scenario .
Even energy transportation companies planning its foray in downstream sector can benefit from this. More importantly, oil and gas companies in upstream sector which are facing the problem of diminishing reserves from oil fields or are penalized for releasing associated gases in atmosphere by more environment-friendly nations, could be the most benefited. For state owned oil firms, which are reportedly losing whooping Rs 450 crore per day on sale of diesel and other fuel sources, engaging in FLNG projects could help them go a long way in minimizing this cash loss.
When compared to an onshore set up of similar capacity, such offshore projects actually incur lesser capital costs per unit of end product. Further, they come with fewer encumbrances of backbreaking approvals and permissions of all possible regulatory societies of that region. It is estimated that setting up a FLNG production plant will cost less than 2/3rd of what an onshore plant would cost.
(Mr Sharma is associated with a leading business house and has been spearheading its business development initiatives. All views expressed are personal.)
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The media's "typical" college student lives on a campus at a four-year institution. But that describes no more than a sixth of the total college population. In fact, there are more college attendees over the age of 30 than such "typical" students. The most significant shift in higher education is the massive growth in the adult-student population.
The quintessential American college student leaves home at 18 to live
on a college campus for four years. We've historically defined
"nontraditional" students as those over the age of twenty-four, those
enrolled part time, and those who are financially independent. But today, the "typical" student is the exception.
There are currently 17.6 million undergraduates enrolled in American higher education. The National Center for Education Statistics reports that just fifteen percent of them attend four-year colleges and live on campus. Forty-three percent of them attend two-year institutions. Thirty-seven percent of undergraduates are enrolled part-time and thirty-two percent work full-time. Of those students enrolled in four-year institutions, just thirty-six percent actually graduate in four years.
The most significant shift is probably the massive growth in the adult student population in higher education. Thirty-eight percent of those enrolled in higher education are over the age of 25 and one-fourth are over the age of 30. The share of all students who are over age 25 is projected to increase another twenty-three percent by 2019.
The demands for degrees reflect this changed population. Slightly over half of today's students are seeking a "subbacalaureate" credential (i.e. a certificate, credential, or associate's degree). In 2008-09, postsecondary institutions conferred 806,000 certificates and 787,000 associate's degrees, or a total of about 1.59 million, as compared to 1.6 million bachelor's degrees. In 2008, more than half a million students were enrolled in a health sciences certificate program, making it the largest certificate program area. Another 173,000 students sought a certificate in manufacturing, construction, repair, and transportation.
While public discourse often focuses on four-year degrees, these other credentials matter, a lot.
There are plenty of good jobs that don't require a four-year degree. After all, the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) reports that two-thirds of the labor force has less than a four-year degree, including nearly half of those in professional occupations and one-third of those in management roles. It pays for workers to earn these credentials; according to the BLS, that workers with an associate's degree earned $141 more per week, on average, than those whose highest degree is a high school diploma.
But subbacalaureate programs continue to be regarded as marginal in the press and the higher education mainstream. Universities turn their nose up at them. Policies and norms remain oriented towards "traditional" students. Rankings, awards, and honors go to institutions with great sports teams, prize-winning researchers, or elite student bodies--never to those that are helping nontraditional students master new skills and so that they can reenter the workforce, get promoted, or change careers.
Even nonselective "access" institutions strive to imitate more richly funded research universities, catering to "traditional" students, as best they can. They aspire to limit the time that faculty spend teaching so as to block out time for "research," and make little effort to police the caliber of syllabi, instruction, or assessment. They do little or nothing to ensure that the best teachers are teaching the most important classes. It's the rare community college that has even attempted to figure out who its best teachers are. Indeed, both community colleges and teaching-oriented four-years aspire to hire Ph.D. instructors whenever possible, despite the fact that the doctorate is a research degree which says little about instructional ability.
Community colleges adhere to a semester system that works swell for 19-year-olds used to the rhythms of high school, but that's hugely frustrating for workers whose schedule may not fit the academic calendar (or unemployed workers trying to get retrained in a hurry).
Go-to resources, such as the U.S. News rankings, focus on four-year institutions and traditional measures of prestige like acceptance rates and graduation rates--while offering nothing for those trying to choose among a stew of certification programs.
Intriguingly, there are some colleges--especially for-profits--that have made greater efforts to fundamentally refashion their programs around the needs of adult students. What does that entail?
-- Ensuring that new courses are starting continuously, not just in September and January.
-- Hiring practicing professionals to teach, when appropriate.
-- Investing in high-quality syllabi and assessments, and ensuring that faculty are prepared and willing to use them.
Absent high-quality retraining, it's easy for workers in dying industries to get stuck, their skills to atrophy, and their networks and work habits to erode. This shrinks the supply of skilled workers, discouraging employers and perhaps leading them to put off expansion or to look overseas. Doing a better job of providing accessible, high-quality training, and helping students identify those programs, may not garner the headlines of a new research lab or football stadium, but it's a whole lot more likely to make a difference for workers and communities across the land.
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