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April 1, 2014–Sixty years on one can look back at the Dien Bien Phu crisis and see that that April Fools’ Day was destined to become one of the most significant of the entire siege. April 1, 1954 became the day that many strands of the events came together. It was a day when the French decline accelerated and its chances in the struggle darkened perceptibly.
Let’s start with the battlefield. In the high mountain valley that is Dien Bien Phu, General Vo Nguyen Giap had launched what the Viet Minh would call the second stage of their offensive. This was where the Viets, who had already captured the outlying French positions, attacked the central strongpoints right in the valley. Giap hurled his battalions at the low hills which shielded the interior of the French entrenched camp, part of strongpoints “Dominique” and “Eliane.” The fight for Eliane-2 was particularly fierce. This phase of the siege has come to be known as the “Battle of the Five Hills.” The Viet Minh captured several important positions including, for a time, the peak of Eliane-2 itself. Just the previous day desperate counterattacks had ejected the Viet Minh from the center of that position and pinned them down at its edge. The redoubtable Major Marcel Bigeard was in the thick of it. Battle raged at Dien Bien Phu and the fight for the hills would go on for days longer, but on April Fools’ Day the combat was at its fiercest.
The parachute supply drops upon which the French camp relied were being curtailed by monsoon rain, worse every day. The French command calculated on April Fools’ Day that deliveries had reached a “catastrophic” level–averaging only 60 tons over the past four days, only a fraction of the amount necessary for a robust defense.
The French Expeditionary Corps, led by General Henri Navarre, conducted the campaign through its theater command for Tonkin–northern Vietnam–under General Rene Cogny and located at Hanoi. As the siege intensified Navarre and Cogny became increasingly adversarial, each blaming the other for the predicament they were in. The Expeditionary Corps had a forward command post at Hanoi, where Navarre had arrived the previous day, only for Cogny to refuse to meet him. The commander-in-chief summoned Cogny later and the two had a furious shouting match at headquarters. On April Fools’ Day General Cogny received a letter Navarre had written before leaving Saigon. The C-in-C could easily have brought the directive with him, but chose to send it by routine courier instead. The explosion between the two generals soured their relations, which never recovered, to the detriment of desperate French soldiers at the entrenched camp.
France had sent the chief of its armed services staff, General Paul Ely, on a mission to Washington to appeal for more help for Dien Bien Phu. While Ely was in Washington his American counterpart, Admiral Arthur Radford had suggested that a U.S. air strike by B-29 heavy bombers, soon to be dubbed Operation Vulture, could break up Giap’s siege force and destroy his supplies. Ely needed to consult with Navarre about an outside intervention of such proportions. He sent aide Colonel Raymond Brohon to speak to Navarre personally. On April Fools’ Day Brohon arrived at Saigon only to discover Navarre was not there. The consultations were delayed while Brohon traveled onwards to Hanoi.
Back in Washington, Admiral Radford had made his offer without any of the other chiefs of the U.S. armed services knowing of it. Redford summoned them, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, to a meeting to present his proposal. That, too, had taken place the previous day. Some of the Chiefs opposed him. Their negative views, expressed in writing, began to land on his desk on April Fools’ Day too.
The admiral had not acted in isolation. In fact the Operation Vulture project was backed by President Dwight D. Eisenhower and his secretary of state John Foster Dulles. A couple of days before Mr. Dulles had given a speech at the Overseas Press Club linking Indochina with an American threat of “massive retaliation.” At lunch on April Fools’ Day President Eisenhower entertained some top correspondents and told them he might soon have to make a decision to send planes from American aircraft carriers off the Indochina coast to bomb the Viet Minh at Dien Bien Phu. Soon afterwards Secretary Dulles phoned the president to report he was setting up a meeting with the congressional Gang of Eight to inform them of the Operation Vulture project. Meanwhile the Navy’s top officer, Admiral Robert B. Carney, cancelled a long-planned visit to his forces scattered across the Pacific–and he ordered the fleet in the Gulf of Tonkin to extend its cruise there.
Dulles and Radford were going to meet with the congressional leaders, who were certainly going to have questions. Among their principal concerns would be what allies the United States would have for its intervention in Indochina. Washington’s most important ally in this regard was Great Britain. A few hours before his Overseas Press Club speech, Dulles and Eisenhower had met with the British ambassador to ask for London’s support. On April Fools’ Day the British foreign minister replied that “we fell it would be unrealistic not to face the possibility that the conditions for a favorable solution in Indochina may no longer exist.” Thus London, too, had been involved in this April Fools’ circus.
Dien Bien Phu would fight on for weeks longer. And the proponents of a U.S. intervention would play more cards before the game was up. Read the whole story in Operation Vulture.
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Using data from two long-term studies of women and men, researchers found a potential link between citrus consumption and malignant melanoma of the skin.
But the study did not test whether citrus fruits were the cause of the skin cancers, and more work will be needed to confirm the connection, the authors write in the Journal of Clinical Oncology.
The results, from a single “observational” study that may not reflect the whole U.S. population, should be interpreted with caution, said senior author Dr. Abrar Qureshi of the Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University and Rhode Island Hospital.
Qureshi worked on the study in collaboration with the Channing Division of Network Medicine at Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston.
“Cutaneous malignant melanoma is a potentially life-threatening form of skin cancer,” Qureshi said. “Although there have been recently incredible advances in the treatment of melanoma, melanoma prevention through the use of sun protection and skin cancer screening is recommended.”
The researchers used data on more than 63,000 women in the Nurses’ Health Study and 41,000 men in the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study, both of which ran from the mid-1980s to 2010. Every two to four years, researchers collected data on participants’ dietary patterns, and the men and women self-reported health events like melanoma diagnosis, which were confirmed with medical records.
The participants answered questions about how frequently they consumed grapefruit, oranges, grapefruit juice or orange juice, and the total of these four categories was considered an estimate of “overall citrus consumption,” although it does not include other citruses like lemons and limes.
Over more than 20 years of follow-up, the researchers noted 1,840 cases of melanoma. Compared to people who ate citrus less than twice a week, those who ate citrus two to four times per week had a 10 percent increased risk of melanoma.
Melanoma risk increased as citrus consumption increased, rising to a 36 percent increase in risk for people who ate the fruits more than 1.5 times per day, on average. Of the citrus fruits, grapefruit seemed to have the strongest association with melanoma.
Even accounting for varying amounts of sun exposure and the geographic location of the study participants, the association between citrus fruits and skin cancer was still high, Qureshi said.
Fresh citrus fruits contain furocoumarins, a family of photoactive compounds that can make an individual more sun sensitive, and make sun exposure more damaging to skin cells, Qureshi told Reuters Health by email.
“We are NOT recommending changing fruit consumption as these fruits and vegetables are important for overall health,” he said. “However, until we learn more about these furocoumarins, those consuming fresh citrus fruits on a regular basis should be extra careful with sun exposure, and depending on their outdoor activities they should wear appropriate sunscreen, hats and sun-protective clothing.”
In the U.S., there are about 30 cases of cutaneous malignant melanoma for every 100,000 individuals, according to Marianne Berwick of the University of New Mexico in Albuquerque, who wrote an editorial accompanying the findings.
It is the fifth most common cancer in the U.S. and sixth worldwide, Berwick told Reuters Health by email.
The authors of the new study were careful to account for as many other explanations as possible, but still it is too soon to generalize these findings to the average person, she said.
“This study must be replicated in order for it to be used for public health messages,” Berwick said.
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Mid-year exams are written in the middle of an academic term to test students’ understanding of a subject (s). They are also used as a form of summative assessment to include in students’ final grades. However, although mid-year examinations have been a critical aspect of schools’ annual activities, the Minister for Education, Chan Chun Sing, […]
The PSLE is the first significant examination children sit for during their first six years in school, so it’s not unusual for parents to be apprehensive about the preparation and outcomes. Often, parents wonder how to support their children to pass their PSLE, when they should start preparation and how to go about it.
Why students must prepare early and how parents can support them in advance.
In the 20th century, mock examinations came into existence and were regarded as practice tests taken before an official examination. The debate of whether mock examinations test students’ knowledge has been on for years. While some parents and students believe it evaluates understanding and knowledge before a final test, others think it’s unnecessary. This article […]
e more careful than ever about what their children watch and play with. HBL also often comes with a more sedentary lifestyle as children would rather play games on the computer or sit in front of the TV than go outdoors.
It’s exam season; your revision schedule is set, you know what to study and how to go about it, you’ve even managed to get yourself the perfect spot to study in.
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< Browse to Previous Essay | Browse to Next Essay >
Metro (Seattle) dedicates West Point wastewater treatment plant on July 20, 1966.
HistoryLink.org Essay 2732
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On July 20, 1966, Metro's West Point wastewater treatment plant is dedicated and begins treating sewage, which since 1912 had been dumped into Puget Sound. By 1970, the plant will handle sewage that had been dumped into the Duwamish River and Elliott Bay, making Seattle's waterfront, "One of the cleanest in the world" (Lane). West Point is a point of land that extends into Puget Sound from Fort Lawton and Discovery Park.
In 1913, Seattle City Engineer Reginald H. Thomson (1856-1949) completed a mammoth brick sewer, 12 feet in diameter, that ran across the north end of Seattle to a beach at Fort Lawton. A pipe carried the effluent to a point about 25 feet underwater. Raw sewage from homes and businesses was discharged into the salt water where, it was believed at the time, nature would take care of it. A fan-shaped plume could easily be seen from the air and the beach at West Point became coated with a black slime. Nearby beaches were often closed because of bacterial contamination. By the mid 1950s, 40 million gallons per day flowed into the sound.
After it was formed in 1958, Metro -- the Municipality of Metropolitan Seattle -- planned a 125-million-gallon-per-day plant at West Point to provide primary treatment. Primary treatment removes about half the solids from sewage and then chlorinates the discharge to kill harmful organisms. At the time, this was the standard method of wastewater treatment for a city like Seattle. Work on the West Point plant began in 1962 and it cost $11.9 million.
Additional trunk lines were built. In 1970, Seattle's old Diagonal Avenue treatment plant was closed and the Elliott Bay interceptor sewer was completed. Sewage flowed to West Point. Dissolved oxygen levels in the Duwamish River and in Elliott Bay (an indicator of how much oxygen in the water is available for aquatic life) rose from three-tenths of a milligram per liter to more than four milligrams per liter. By 1995, the dissolved oxygen levels climbed to eight milligrams per liter.
Bob Lane, Better Than Promised: An Informal History of the Municipality of Metropolitan Seattle, (Seattle: Metro, 1995).
Travel through time (chronological order):
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Are you scared of speaking in front of large groups of people? The fear of public speaking is very common, as it is believed to affect up to 75% of the world’s population. Both in the Agricultural Industry and all other industries, employers are looking for individuals that can communicate effectively—through oral and written forms. During this Stock Show University tip, we will be covering the basics of creating a Prepared Public Speech to help you for your next 4-H/FFA contest or if you are competing in this contest at a specific Junior National Show this coming summer.
There are 5 BIG steps when creating the Prepared Public Speech.
Number 1—Know Your Audience. This is a very critical step as you will need to choose a topic that is engaging to the audience you are presenting to along with being age/experience appropriate. For example, if you knew your audience was a 4-H club that was made up of a lot of first year goat exhibitors, you might want to decide a topic that is entry level, such as daily care practices, compared to delivering a speech about perfecting a back leg when clipping and fitting, which is an advanced topic.
Number 2—Select Your Core Message. “What do you want people to take away from your speech?” There are times when people start a speech that is well-thought-out and researched, but often lose the audience’s attention because there are too many messages. When correctly writing a speech, decide a core message, so listeners can focus on the one topic throughout the speech. Let’s say you are giving your speech about daily care practices for show goats. Your core message might be that you want to make sure that the audience understands the science behind healthy, hydrated skin for goats, as you believe that is what your audience is seeking. Once you have what you want your core message to be, you can start the research process.
Number 3—Research and Evaluate the Information. Stock Show U’s advice for this step: Research until you drop. There is no such thing as collecting too much information. When collecting this information, use resources that are factual versus websites that can be edited by the public. It also is a very good idea to find several sources that are valid instead of just one source. Also when collecting research, don’t just think that you have to collect your information from the internet. Interviews with trusted professionals are also a great resource when writing speeches.
Number 4—Develop Structure to Deliver Your Message. The question you might ask yourself when getting to this stage is, “Where do I even begin?” When piecing our speech together, you need to structure your speech into three different parts: Introduction, Body, and Conclusion. Within the introduction of your speech, find a way to get your audience’s attention, such as starting your speech with a story or questions to engage the audience and get them “hooked”. If we are still on the topic of show goats, this might be a descriptive story about the first time you showed a goat at your county fair. The body of your speech needs to be the “meat and potatoes” of the speech—including all the factual information that you have collected in step number 3. In our goat story that we have been discussing, this might be the factual information about Sullivan’s Vita Hair Nourishing Vitamin Package, why these products are so important to use on your goat’s hair and skin, and morning/night routines in the show barn. Lastly, within the conclusion of your speech, you will need to make sure to bring your audience back in and make it clear to your audience what the core message of your speech was.
And last but not least, Number 5—Spice it Up. When delivering a speech, the last thing you want to do is make sure your speech sounds like yourself. Instead of making your speech sound like a paper you would write in English class at school, change up the sentence structure of your speech and make it personable to your audience. Another great piece of advice is to add quotes to your speech to make your speech more relatable to your audience and create a divide within your speech from all the factual information.
For more tips and video tutorials from Stock Show University, visit https://www.sullivansupply.com/stock-show-u/online/.
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Discover the Mexican wildlife, that is incredibly diverse and has some truly unique species in the world. Enjoy its protected areas and natural parks.
Mexico encompasses such a vast area of land that it is not surprising that it is home to such a wide variety of flora and fauna. Inhabiting areas from pine forests and tropical ecosystems, to deserts and an enormous coral atoll, Mexican wildlife is incredibly diverse and has some truly unique species.
Mexican animals are an incredibly diverse mix of creatures, from wolves, jaguars and pumas to axolotl, iguanas and the famous Monarch butterflies. Marine animals in Mexico are also varied with turtles, sharks, swordfish and whales all inhabiting the shores.
The plant life is equally diverse with over 30,000 flowering plant found throughout the country from orchids to the famous Cacao trees. There are some truly unique and fascinating plant species found in Mexico, including 20m tall Cacti and Boojum Trees. There is also an abundant variety of fruit in Mexico, with some particularly intriguing native species such as Mamey Sapote and Canistel.
Unfortunately, due to an increase in deforestation, pollution and in certain cases overhunting, there is an ever growing list of Mexican protected species. Many of these animals are endemic to Mexico, so the government´s continued conservational fight and maintenance of Mexico's natural parks is key in ensuring that native species do not die out. Some of the animals that are most endangered include the Vaquita, the smallest marine mammal found only in the Gulf of California; the Totoaba a fish also native to the Gulf of California that was once abundant but has suffered greatly from over fishing. Land mammals that are critically endangered also include the Mexican prairie dog, the San Quintin Kangaroo Rat, the Volcano Rabbit and the Oaxacan Pocket Gopher to name a few.
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What is tendonitis?
Even though tendons are tough, if you overuse them they can become sore and painful. This is called tendonitis.
Often called a stiff or “frozen shoulder,” adhesive capsulitis occurs in about 2% to 5% of the general population. It affects women more than men and typically occurs in people who are over the age of 45. Of the people who have had adhesive capsulitis in one shoulder, 20% to 30% will get it in the other shoulder.
Rotator cuff injury and inflammation is one of the most common causes of shoulder pain. There are three common conditions that can affect the rotator cuff: rotator cuff tendonitis, rotator cuff impingement syndrome and a rotator cuff tear. Most people with rotator cuff problems can be successfully treated by a combination of rest, painkillers, anti-inflammatories, physiotherapy and steroid injections. Surgery is sometimes an option.
Shoulder impingement syndrome is a common cause of shoulder pain. It occurs when there is impingement of tendons or bursa in the shoulder from bones of the shoulder. Overhead activity of the shoulder, especially repeated activity, is a risk factor for shoulder impingement syndrome. Examples include: painting, lifting, swimming, tennis, and other overhead sports. Other risk factors include bone and joint abnormalities.
What is shoulder instability?
Shoulder instability is a problem that occurs when the structures that surround the shoulder joint do not work to keep the ball tightly within its socket. If the joint is too loose, it may slide partially out of place, a condition called shoulder subluxation. If the joint comes completely out of place, this is called a shoulder dislocation. Patients with shoulder instability often complain of an uncomfortable sensation that their shoulder may be about to shift out of place–this is what physicians call “apprehension.”
Sprains and strains are among the most common injuries in sports. Here are some facts about sprains and strains from the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons.
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What’s in a Name?
In December, 2002, Union of American Hebrew Congregations (UAHC) president Rabbi Eric Yoffie received unanimous approval from the Board of Trustees to submit a name change proposal at the November, 2003 biennial meeting.
The name that Yoffie recommended for the congregational arm of the Reform movement is, “Union for Reform Judaism: Serving Reform Congregations in North America.” The name sheds the word “Hebrew,” which Yoffie argues reflects an earlier, apologetic time when the words “Jew” or “Judaism” weren’t acceptable in mainstream America.
The movement has debated name changes before, and many might ask, “What’s in a name?”, but the proposed change is telling for a movement that has, in recent years, wrestled with its place in the American Jewish landscape and worked hard to balance tradition and innovation
Reform Once Rejected Traditional Practices
The Reform movement is the largest in American Jewry, with 1.5 million members and more than 900 congregations. Its theological basis is that, while the moral teachings that Moses received at Mt. Sinai are eternal, Judaism is an ever-evolving set of practices meant to be explored anew in each generation.
When Reform cohered in the United States in the 1870s, under the leadership of Rabbi Isaac Mayer Wise, Reform Judaism was characterized by all-English services and a general shedding of what many saw as practices no longer relevant to a vibrant Jewish life, such as keeping kosher and worshipping in Hebrew.
But today, the movement sees itself as remaining true to its foundational principles of a progressive, social justice-oriented approach to religion, while also reintroducing a panoply of practices that were considered anathema to the first Reform Jews in America.
While Reform Jews continue to drive on Shabbat, and generally do not wear yarmulkes outside of the synagogue (or sometimes within it), an increasing number are learning Hebrew–even studying for adult bar and bat mitzvahs–observing Shabbat, and even keeping kosher in some form.
Outreach Has Been and Remains a Feature of Reform Judaism
Reform Judaism is known for opening its doors to those who might have otherwise felt unwelcome in a Jewish context. In 1983 the Reform movement ruled that people who were born to a Jewish father but a Gentile mother can be considered Jewish, a departure from the traditional teaching of matrilineal descent.
The movement also welcomes gay and lesbian Jews. The Reform Central Conference of American Rabbis allows rabbis to perform same-sex commitment ceremonies. The Reform seminary, Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion, has ordained gay and lesbian rabbis since 1990.
Outreach to interfaith families is another hallmark of the movement. As intermarriage rates rose in the 1970s, the Reform movement instituted an outreach program. At the time, the goal was to keep intermarried Jews involved with Jewish life in some form.
Today, that outreach endeavor has evolved in response to a more complex set of issues facing the movement. Although many Reform rabbis will not officiate at interfaith wedding ceremonies, interfaith families continue to search for meaningful ways to experience Judaism.
Enter the Ritual Revolution
At the same time, though, the Reform movement is becoming more traditional, in the sense of adding more Hebrew to services and incorporating more observances into the average family’s Jewish life. A generational split is emerging, with younger Reform Jews hungry for more traditional ways to incorporate Jewish meaning into their lives, while the older generation is more reticent to adopt new practices that may change the feel of Reform worship and lifestyle.
Scholars and leaders debate the long-term effect this phenomenon will have on the movement, some wondering whether it will create a rift between the “Classical Reform” on the one hand and a more Jewishly traditionalist group on the other.
Movement leaders say that conversion rates, meanwhile, are rising dramatically. As more and more families choose this option, some wonder whether this will lead to alienation for interfaith families that choose not to convert.
Others, however, think that the relationship between reaching out to non-Jews in a Reform context, at the same time that Reform Jews are re-connecting with traditional elements of the religion, might strike a fruitful balance that will sustain the movement in the future, especially as people reach out to the Jewish tradition for spiritual sustenance.
With the movement growing and changing, a serious shortage of professionals, including rabbis, cantors, communal leaders and educators, has emerged. Although concerns remain about whether this shortage will stunt the movement’s growth, recruitment efforts at the seminary are helping. With 105 applicants for the fall of 2003, this year’s rabbinical pool represents the second largest group in the last 25 years, say the school’s admissions officials.
Another sign of vibrancy and progress, as well as the focus on more Hebrew and spirituality, is a pending new prayerbook. In development for more than twenty years, it is scheduled to be published in the spring of 2005. The book will reflect the dual trends in Reform Judaism, offering side-by-side pages with both traditional and alternative prayers.
Reform Political Issues
The family, home, and synagogue aren’t the only arenas in which Reform Jews are making a mark. The public square and political arena are also familiar places for the movement.
The Religious Action Center for Reform Judaism (RAC) continues, as it has since 1962, to advocate for a variety of issues that its leaders say are integral to a Jewish sense of social justice and “tikkun olam,” or repair of the world.
Most of the key political issues that the RAC is involved with concern the separation of church and state, in an era when programs from school vouchers to the so-called “faith-based initiative” seem to be striving to use government money to finance religious educational and social service programs.
Maintaining that Jewish values call for social action but also require a religiously pluralistic society, the RAC is seen as an advocate for the rights of minority religions in a largely Christian society.
Dissonance: Zionism and Left Politics
Zionism, or the support of the state of Israel, is also an interesting issue to watch in the Reform context. The movement has, especially in recent years, been extremely devoted to Israel, urging young Reform Jews to travel there with youth groups and offering synagogue programs on the nation’s history and culture as well as sponsoring trips to Israel for adults and families.
Some scholars observe the tension between this pro-Israel sentiment and the left-leaning political legacy of the movement, which always supported Israel but often advocates for peace with Palestinians through a two-state solution.
The coming years will be crucial for the Reform movement, as it seeks to balance “classical” and “contemporary” traditions, supply and demand for Reform professionals, outreach and conversion, and Jewish and leftist politics in this period of growth and transition.
Pronounced: KOH-sher, Origin: Hebrew, adhering to kashrut, the traditional Jewish dietary laws.
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BEGAM HAZRAT MAHAL & BIRJIS QADR WITH HIS ATTENDANTS
December 31, 1856
Mirza Firuz Shah
Bahadur Shah II 1837–1857
Begam Hazrat Mahal
Hazrat Mahal, first wife of the deposed King of Oudh, was a lady of outstanding ability and played a leading role in the struggle for independence. She acted as Regent for her minor son, Birjis Qadr, whom she declared as the successor of his father. She actively participated in the defence of Lucknow and was often seen moving among her troops. When Oudh was reconquered by the English she sought asylum in Nepal and refused to renounce the claims of her son.
Birjis Qadr with his attendants
He was declared Wali of Lucknow and was formally crowned on 6 August 1857.
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Powder metal components should be designed based on several shape recommendations, aimed at making compacting feasible, as well as to minimize manufacturing costs.
As a summary, recommended shapes are a consequence of 5 important determining conditions:
1. Robust tooling.
The part shape must be designed so that the compacting tooling be robust, and does not break during operation. Basic considerations are as follows:
– Avoid cylindrical shapes perpendicular to the compacting direction.
– Avoid acute tooling transitions, and frontal shapes with thin end sections (knife tip).
– Avoid punches with thin wall thickness (< 1.5 mm), and deep and narrow notches.
– Avoid frontal holes of diameters lower than 1.5 mm, and blind holes too slender.
– Finish the frontal rims with flat end chamfers, and/or cylindrical zones of 0.5 mm in length.
The part geometry should be designed so that the part be ejectable from the compacting and/or sizing tool. Basic considerations are as follows:
– Avoid geometries that prevent the component ejection from the tool, like undercuts or lateral holes, non-progressive section changes in diameter, knurling, etc.
– Introduce de-moulding angles higher than 7º, which could be lower in some cases.
3. Minimum wall thickness.
The wall thickness of the tool filling cavity should be wide enough so that powder particles penetrate and fill the cavity efficiently.
In general terms, a minimum wall thickness of 1.5 mm is required, although up to 0.8 mm is possible in some cases.
4. Integrity of green parts.
A green part must have enough mechanical strength in order to handle it in process without affecting its integrity, and to prevent internal defects caused by ejection or handling. Basic considerations are as follows:
– Work with a minimum wall thickness of 1.5 mm, although up to 0.8 mm is possible in some cases.
– Flanges should have a thickness higher than 2 mm, which could be smaller in some cases. The thickness/width ratio of the flange can not exceed of 5.
– Put radii in all the tooling profile, and avoid sharp edges at the ends.
– Try to finish the frontal rims with flat end chamfers.
5. Gear shapes
Gears are under the same design criteria explained above, but some specific criteria must be added:
– Helical teeth must have an helix angle lower than 30º.
– The tooth tips and roots should have radii higher than 0.25.
– Minimum modulus must be 0.5, although 0.25 is achievable in some cases.
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Gizmag noted in a Friday story that NASA has chosen three companies to develop lunar landers under its Lunar Cargo Transportation and Landing by Soft Touchdown (Lunar CATALYST). They are Astrobotic Technology, Masten Space Systems, and Moon Express. Even though Lunar CATALYST is similar to the Commercial Crew program to develop a next generation crewed space craft, not money will exchange hands under the program. NASA will provide technical advice and use of facilities and loan of equipment as needed.
Astrobotic and Moon Express are competitors in the Google Lunar X Prize to land a private rover on the lunar surface by the end of 2015. Moon Express’s ultimate goal is to set up lunar mining operations. Masten has developed and tested a number of vertical takeoff and landing vehicles that could be adapted to lunar operations.
NASA, under presidential directive, has foresworn any ambitions for lunar exploration. However the space agency had gotten around that mandate, to a certain extent, by providing support for commercial operations aimed at the moon. A recent study commissioned by NASA and conducted by Bigelow Aerospace suggests that a commercial lunar base might be feasible given space agency support.
But the question arise, how much support will be forthcoming? Under current policy, the answer has to be not much. But if, as some have suggested, the next administration revisits that policy and reorients NASA back toward the moon, things might change. Lunar CATALYST could be the germ of something larger.
One could conceive of the program being expanded so that NASA actually buys lunar missions from one or more of the three companies under the Lunar CATALYST program, restarting lunar exploration. Further down the road, using scaled up versions of the landing vehicles under development, NASA could partner with commercial companies, adding its own Orion spacecraft and the Space Launch System heavy lift rocket, to return to the moon sooner than many imagine is possible.
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GREEKS, THE: THEIR HERITAGE AND ITS VALUE TODAY
Comprised of two essays, the first demostrates the continuity of Greek language and culture from antiquity to the present day, whilst the second identifies twelve defining elements of Greek culture such as religion, the concept of personhood etc.
ISBN: 9780917653476 Binding: Softback 63 pages
Publisher: HOLY CROSS
Price: € 6.64 £ 5.74 $ 7.17
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New WHEELOCK and SCRIBBLERS Beginner's Study Group starting September 2013.
Ecclesiastical, Medieval, and Neo-Latin Sentences
By Richard Upsher Smith, Jr.
Ecclesiastical, Medieval, and Neo-Latin Sentences offers Sententiae and Loci Immutati complete with notes, vocabulary, and grammar explanations for the 40 chapters of Wheelock’s Latin.
By Sally Proctor
VERBA MIXTA LATINA for Wheelock's Latin is an entertaining way for students to engage with Latin vocabuary. These puzzles can be enjoyed by and benefit Latin students at any level!
Grammaticus is the study aid specifically for Wheelock’s Latin, 7th Edition, currently available for Android devices.
Companion Curriculum for Wheelock's Latin
By Melissa Schons Bishop
All new curriculum materials - Wheelock's Latin for High School and College students.
Scribblers, Scvlptors, and Scribes
By Richard A. LaFleur
This all new supplementary reader is designed to accompany the Wheelock's curriculum, but is also suitable for any Latin program.
ONLINE STUDY GROUP for SCRIBBLERS:
contact Sally Winchester at email@example.com
Wheelock's Latin GrammarQuick!
By Richard A. LaFleur, Brad Tillery
A quick and complete overview of
Latin grammar—both forms and usage—on six durably coated
cards, five-hole punched for easy insertion into
notebooks. Arranged by part of speech, with summaries of
all forms and the most common syntax, including case
uses and subjunctive clauses. An essential companion to
Wheelock's Latin and all introductory texts, and a handy
reference guide for intermediate and more advanced
students as well.
Chapter Vocabulary Lists for Wheelock's Latin--the
list for each chapter contains all the
words for that chapter as well as for all chapters
preceding! from Bolchazy-Carducci.
Readings from Wheelock's Latin -- an
extraordinary 4-CD audio package with recitations and
dramatic performances available from
with a general introduction and pronunciation of all 40
chapter vocabularies (Macromedia Flash required). Simply
click on the Audio Link in the menu above or go
The Wheelock's Latin Series isn't complete without:
Wheelock's Latin Reader
Originally intended as a sequel
to Wheelock's Latin, this is the ideal text for any
intermediate-level Latin course. Read not only classical authors
but also medieval and late Latin writers.
Workbook for Wheelock's Latin
You will find in this essential companion to
Wheelock's Latin transformation drills, word power sections,
reading comprehension questions and more.
Need a dictionary?
Gem Latin Dictionary
This best-selling Latin mini-dictionary
comes with a verbs and nouns supplement; numbers, dates and measures; plus
an index of geographical names.
Collins Latin Concise Dictionary
This is a Latin dictionary and grammar—two
books in one. It also has supplements on Roman history, life and culture;
words and phrases used in English; and more.
Did you know... if you
refresh your page you get a new quote from either
Amo, Amas, Amat and More or
Veni, Vidi, Vici?
Don't want to study alone? Consider
online study group!
HarperCollins Dictionaries & Phrase Books
The complete Latin dictionary and grammar—two books in
* comprehensive treatment of the vocabulary of texts
read in high school and college
* full step-by-step Latin grammar section
* detailed verb tables covering 120 regular verbs and
more than 300 irregular verbs
* supplements on Roman history, life, and culture
* special section of Latin words and phrases used in
contemporary English: carpe diem, quid pro quo, et cetera
All the information you need to know to translate
Virgil, Livy, or Cicero
Gem Latin Dictionary
The best-selling Latin mini
* Latin verbs and nouns supplement
* numbers, dates, and measures
* index of geographical names
* compact and reliable
Amas, Amat and More
by Eugene Ehrlich
“I know of no book to contend in usefulness with this resourceful, voluminous and appetizing smorgasbord.” –from the Introduction by William F. Buckley, Jr.
facta non verba
FAH-ktah nohn WEHR-bah
actions speak louder than words
Facta non verba, literally “deeds, not words,” holds
that protestations of good intentions count for little, action is what we
by Eugene Ehrlich
Fans of Amo, Amas, Amat and More, Eugene
Ehrlich’s first collection of Latin words and phrases which still serve
gracefully today, will delight in this second offering.
Here’s a sampling:
contra felicem vix deus vires habet
KAWN-trah fhe-LEE-kem wiks DAY-uus WIHR-ehs HAH-bet
don’t bet against a crapshooter on a roll
Publilius Syrus telling us that “against a lucky man a god scarcely has power.” Why buck the odds?
assuredly a goddess
A fine compliment to pay any woman of outstanding
achievement in her lifetime.
Want to see more? Try refreshing your page and watch the phrases change at the top of your screen!
Eugene Ehrlich, formerly a member of the department of English and Comparative Literature at Columbia University, is the author of numerous reference books on language, including Amo, Amas, Amat and More and The Highly Selective Thesaurus for the Extraordinarily Literate. He is also the co-editor of the Oxford American Dictionary.
Need Maps? Wheelock's
Look no further
Ancient World Mapping Center
For full color beautiful posters of Pompeii, Rome, Ostia and Capri,
why not try
Anima Altera ?
Need a Latin T-shirt? Have you visited
Anima Altera yet?
Check out these shirts--even one for Wheelock's Latin:
3 versions with different quotes on the back: Frost, Lord Byron
Not to mention mugs and even a Wheelock's Tote!
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en
| 0.829804
| 1,385
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Evolution of Communication This is a Series of 2 video which shows the history of how communication system evolved. It describes briefly the evolution of communication from stone age to modern age. It covers the Mode of communication used in different ages. Although there were many Communication techniques used in different ages we have covered only a few. In the 1st Part - We have covered only a few techniques which changed the way people communicated over a period of time in history. The topics covered are- 1. Smoke signal 2. Pigeons 3. Pony Express 4. Semaphore Flags 5. Telegraph 6. Radio 7. Telephone In the 2nd Part- We will show how system evolved further from Telephone to Wireless network (Local to Global Communication) which Officially started for public in 1980's, 1st Generation system 2nd Generation system 3rd Generation system 4th Generation system Since this channel is purely dedicated to LTE and 4th Generation Network, we will cover 4th Generation part thoroughly in the video. Link of 2nd Video - https://goo.gl/M21NGf Reference Music - Music: http://www.bensound.com Images - Google Images Information - Wikipedia Our Facebook Page - https://www.facebook.com/LTE-4G-572221936272575/?ref=bookmarks
Просмотров: 211366 LTE
Organizational Change Management (OCM) is the investment by the leadership to drive the desired individuals and organizational performance levels during the change phase. It helps organizations to build clarity in vision, goals, roles and processes. OCM addresses the critical people-related issues arising as a result of different business decisions that lead to business challenges.
Просмотров: 165179 Wiprovideos
Welcome to the LOC Group video blog in which we offer insights on ways to improve market share, increase revenue and decrease costs; The Trinity of Business. Hi, I'm Phil Swearingen and in this episode, I am going to share the advantages of building an organizational communication plan. An effective communication plan will define the various channels and the messages to be funneled through each. To quote Elaine Dixon from the International Association of Communicators; "A good communication plan should serve as a road map, guiding your work toward specific outcomes" Leverage your communication plan to provide the organizations stakeholders a consistent message about; the mission, core values & focus, strategic & annual objectives, relevant tactical actions, public relations, markets & customers served, changes in product or services, any external opportunities & threats. Effective communication will help staff to engage, better understand how to support tactical actions driving strategy, feel more invested and help them feel valued by the company. An internal communication plan helps to build transparency in the organization. Transparency in an organization can attract the best candidates and help to retain current staff members. With transparency, employees feel more confident in offering ideas for improvement, participating on improvement teams as well as following deployed changes in their work. In a culture where long term employment is on the decline, helping employees see they are working for something larger than themselves can improve employee retention and positively affect how they contribute. In such uncertain times, no one wants to be in the dark, so shed some light on the situation. To build a custom business solution to address “The New Shiny Object Syndrome” in your organization call or write us. We stand behind everything we do with a 100% money back guarantee. Contact info - Lean Operations Consulting Group LLC Ft Myers Florida 33919 Website: http://www.LOCgroupLLC.com Central Office: 708.960.4899 Email: PASwearingen@LOCgroupLLC.com
Просмотров: 6 Phil Swearingen
Learn how Tops Markets and Southeastern Freight Lines brand their benefits communication to boost employee engagement and understanding of their benefits. Recruiting is hard, but retaining can be even harder. Engage and keep your top talent through personalized, targeted communication. Visit https://www.benefitfocus.com/employer-solutions/communication-portal to learn how you can personalize your employee benefits communication. --- Benefitfocus (NASDAQ: BNFT) provides a leading cloud-based benefits management platform that simplifies how organizations and individuals shop for, enroll in, manage and exchange benefits. Every day leading employers, insurance companies and the consumers they serve rely on our platform to manage, scale and exchange benefits data seamlessly. In an increasingly complex benefits landscape, we bring order to chaos so our clients and their employees have access to better information, make better decisions and lead better lives. Learn more at www.benefitfocus.com.
Просмотров: 4 Benefitfocus
In this video I explain what it means to be Proactive vs Reactive and how being proactive will vastly improve your success towards your life's goals and other aspirations. What is proactive? Proactive people are very organized and they project themselves into the future rather than focusing only on what’s happening in front of them. So you must strive to be proactive. What is reactive? In general reactive people tend to deal with things as they come. These people are often referred to as firefighters, because everything for them is done in the last minute. Reactive people are often surprised by situations such as: -) Was the exam planned today? -) OMG, my project deadline at work is tomorrow! -) I can’t believe I have all these tasks at the same time. The problem with reactive people are that they don’t plan things. They show up to the life unprepared and deal with things as they come, which eventually leads to 2 main things: -) First they waste a lots of time with unproductive activities -) And second they often feel overwhelmed with things when few of them have to be done in the same time. But of course it only happened because things were not planned out. Here are some main characteristics of reactive and proactive people: 1. Proactive people don’t blame anyone or anything. Reactive people blame circumstances, conditions and conditioning. 2. Proactive people’s behavior is a product of their conscious choice based on values. Reactive people's behavior is a product of their conditions based on feelings. 3. Proactive people are still influenced by external stimulus, but their response is a value based choice. Reactive people build their lives around others emotions. Certainly, there are times when it’s appropriate to be reactive. We have plenty of decisions to make in-the-moment. There are times when we need to be flexible and adapt to a rapidly changing environment. There are times when long-term plans must be abandoned in order to meet immediate needs. And there will always be those unavoidable roadblocks that even the most proactive person in the world would not have been able to foresee or avoid however, the ability to be proactive provides a clear advantage if you strive to improve any area of your life. If you liked this video feel free to subscribe to the channel. Follow “Driven By Goal” on social media: Twitter | https://twitter.com/janiskrekovskis Facebook | https://www.facebook.com/DrivenByGoal Google+ | https://plus.google.com/112019021997995895444?hl=en-GB Instagram | https://www.instagram.com/janis_krekovskis/ Kind Regards, Driven By Goal
Просмотров: 100765 DrivenByGoal
Online Benefits Enrollment Software http://www.benefitwerks.com/ Call or email BenefitWerks today to learn more about our Online Enrollment and Administration Software. P: 866-745-7544 Email: firstname.lastname@example.org Request a product demo and learn how BenefitWerks can increase user satisfaction and save time and money. http://www.benefitwerks.com/tour/ Whether your company is implementing open enrollment or changing to a new insurance provider, the process doesn't need to be an administrative headache. Open communication with your employees and staff can improve your company's overall morale and serve as the basis of a streamlined online benefits process. It is important to provide easy access to a range of resources. Don't make it difficult for your workforce to get the help and tools they need to make a decision. Electronic information and resources should be centrally located on your organization's human resources web page or through your online benefits enrollment provider. Be sure that clear plan information -- including a network provider list and flexible spending information -- is available on your website, and that all your employees know how to find it. Where possible, offer employees 1-on-1 sessions with human resources staff. If that won't work for your business, consider reaching out to your insurance provider, which may have representatives available to work with your employees on site. No matter how much information you provide in advance, there will still be numerous questions during the process of enrollment. Make sure sufficient staff is available to assist your employees directly when they need help. Give them plenty of time to make a decision. Choosing an insurance benefits package is a complex decision that requires advance planning and careful thought. Don't assume everyone in your workforce can make benefits decision in only a few days. Be sure that the HR staff provides at least 3 weeks for your employees to choose a plan. Enrollees may need time to evaluate their individual needs, or discuss their healthcare requirements with their family and spouse. It is vital that employees have enough time to reasonably review their benefit plan's options. Organizational communication -- especially regarding employee benefits and health coverage -- is a powerful tool in shaping how your employees view your company as a whole. A minimal investment of time and resources can yield tremendous results in strengthening your company's relationship with its most important asset -- its people. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ErGv8beZOw4 http://www.youtube.com/user/BenefitWerks
Просмотров: 702 BenefitWerks
PUBLIC CHARGE - New Immigration Rules? You've heard the news...a proposed rule change by the Government would make immigrants who have received certain welfare benefits (e.g. food stamps) INELIGIBLE for a Green Card!! Although this is only a proposal, you need to be prepared in the event it becomes effective! Watch PART 2 (OCTOBER 2018 UPDATE) - https://youtu.be/RcDSlPSJsk4. 👍 The Government officially issued the proposal and now we know which benefits are included (NOTE: ObamaCare is excluded! Further, immigrants seeking NATURALIZATION aren't impacted by this proposal!!!). **VIDEO UPDATE*** FREE IMMIGRATION Case Evaluation Calls are NOT available after September 21, 2018! COMMENT below to tell me whether you find this video helpful! 👍 TWEET THIS VIDEO: https://youtu.be/6sl6v0R9ROk SCHEDULE CONSULTATION: Call McBean Law Office @ 718-301-9732 or http://www.mcbeanlaw.com 👍👀 FREE IMMIGRATION RESOURCES: Get my GUIDE ON HOW TO BECOME A U.S. CITIZEN and my GREEN CARD guides! 👉 👉 https://bit.ly/2lyKdJX Watch my video "Proving Genuine Marriage on Immigration Petition" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y5KRC... Watch my video "I-130 PETITION INTERVIEW: How to PREPARE for Green Card Interview" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tBD3w... **SUBSCRIBE to my CHANNEL 👍 CONNECT WITH ME: FACEBOOK - https://www.facebook.com/McBeanLaw INSTAGRAM - https://www.instagram.com/mcbeanlaw/ Twitter - https://twitter.com/McBeanLaw McBean Law Office is an immigration law office in Brooklyn, New York (USA). We help families and businesses with Green Card, visas, naturalization/citizenship, removal, waivers and appeals. We are equipped to serve clients in all 50 states and outside of the United States. The information provided in this video and post is solely for general information purposes only. It should not be construed as a communication of legal advice or opinion. Further, this information is not intended to create an attorney-client relationship. Attorney advertisement. https://youtu.be/6sl6v0R9ROk Related Content: Public Charge, Immigration, new immigration policy, new york immigration lawyer, immigrate to united states, permanent resident, mcbean law
Просмотров: 82082 McBean Immigration Law TV
Get this book: http://amzn.to/2jgxuwM The Seven Habits of Highly Effective People, written by Stephen Covey, is a great book on self development and personal improvement. In this video, you will get a complete understanding of all the habits, including examples for each step. Some people have a problem understanding what Synergy is, so we define it along with give a couple examples. Another great tip in this video is the explanations of all types of relationships and the 5 forms of listening. This video is a summary of the book The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People in animated book review format. 1) Be Proactive: Take responsibility and know you’re in charge 2) Start with the end in mind: Have an end goal 3) Put first things first: Do important and non-urgent things first 4) Think Win-Win: Find situations where everyone wins 5) Seek first to understand, then to be understood: Listen before you start talking 6) Synergize: 1 + 1 = 3 7)Sharpen the saw: Invest in yourself for the best ROI My favorite habit is to be proactive. For example, you may have been born into a socioeconomic lower-or-middle-class family, you may have been born into an abusive family, you may have been diagnosed with a terrible illness, but focusing on it will not change it. You know what you can control? This is the secret to being proactive, and in turn, becoming an effective person. You can control your work ethic. You can control how you treat people in your life. You can control if you put your seatbelt on or not. What I make my videos with: http://bit.ly/2fPakuK Insta: https://www.instagram.com/practical_psych/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/practical_psych Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/practicalpsych Check out MY Passive Income Ebook: http://bit.ly/PsychologyIncome
Просмотров: 1226501 Practical Psychology
iPhone 8 - First 8 Things To Do! (First Settings to Change) Just get an iPhone 8 or 8 Plus and wondering what to do after the initial setup process? Here are 8 settings to change and tips to consider with your new phone! Save battery life on iPhone 8: https://youtu.be/TNsJm8oM8DU iPhone 8 & 8 Plus Unboxing: https://youtu.be/pum6dtkOgy0 How to Setup iPhone 8: https://youtu.be/0wCP-kjnxfc Wallpaper sites/apps: http://iphonewalls.net http://papers.co https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/zedge-wallpapers/id1086101495?mt=8 iPhone 8 Cases: Olixar: https://www.olixar.com/ (Fav Olixar case: http://bit.ly/2xZ1gwY) Spigen: http://amzn.to/2xoxJcS (Fav Spigen cases: http://amzn.to/2xAwGbU & http://amzn.to/2wMuudm) Speck: http://amzn.to/2wHGbXB (Fav Speck case: http://amzn.to/2jREwIJ) Note: Most iPhone 7 cases will also work for the iPhone 8. Anything you'd like to add? Let me know below! - Best tech deals (updated daily): http://amzn.to/2qcK0QT Become a Patron to see all videos early + other perks: http://bit.ly/2luewSU Thanks for watching! Let me know if you have any questions. ▬ SOCIAL MEDIA ▬ ▶ Instagram: https://instagram.com/brandonbutch ▶ Twitter: https://twitter.com/brandonbutch ▶ Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/bbsipodtouchhelp ▶ Snapchat: bb255 ▶ Email (business inquiries only): ibrandon2526[at]gmail.com ▬ MY GEAR used to make this video ▬ ▶ Camera: http://amzn.to/2kLPqzG ▶ Lens: http://amzn.to/2kNxUa0 ▶ Mic: http://amzn.to/2jP0HLl ▶ Other Mic: http://amzn.to/2kNE1LG ▶ Audio Interface: http://amzn.to/2kNwwnU ▬ Check these OTHER VIDEOS out ▬ ▶ 26 More iOS 10 - 10.2 Jailbreak Tweaks: https://youtu.be/j8AMHhmhdLw ▶ Install KODI Krypton iOS 10 - 10.2: https://youtu.be/C-l5TZkgfzI ▶ 46 Awesome iOS 10 - 10.2 Jailbreak Tweaks: https://youtu.be/eovoe69MJ4k ▶ 17 STUNNING iOS 10 Themes: https://youtu.be/xskjiUCdBgQ ▶ Top 23 iOS 10 - 10.2 Jailbreak Tweaks: https://youtu.be/bbPHcX5M8mk ▶ How to install KODI: https://youtu.be/Y1WKYT6r5Fg ▶ How to Get Spotify Premium FREE (NO JAILBREAK): https://youtu.be/2KQEklFutcY ▶ 15 BEST Tips to Improve iPhone Battery Life: https://youtu.be/_uCygQjzUdU ▶ 7 Best iOS Apps of 2017: https://youtu.be/Pny5vii365I ▶ Install GBA4iOS on iOS 10 (NO JAILBREAK): https://youtu.be/RDL_1bBf2GY ▶ How to Fix Black Screen on iPhone 7 (Recovery/DFU Mode): https://youtu.be/KIaSUPpewJA ▶ Top 150 iOS 9.3.3 Jailbreak Tweaks: http://youtu.be/bH_qmVQy96g ▶ How to fix BOOTLOOP/re-jailbreak issues without restoring: http://youtu.be/ucnwG6jBWWc ▶ How to UNJAILBREAK without restoring or updating: http://youtu.be/6tiuuGF5Z5g ▬ STAY UP-TO-DATE! ▬ Make sure to subscribe to the channel & opt-in for push notifications (click the BELL icon next to the subscribe button) to be notified immediately when I release new videos! ▬▬ If you watched this video and made it this deep into the description, I greatly appreciate you & would love to connect! If you have any questions, give me a shout on social media & I'll answer any question(s) you may have. Have a fantastic day & I'll see you in the next video!
Просмотров: 1743655 Brandon Butch
Join career expert and award-winning author Andrew LaCivita as he discusses career change success: the first 7 steps! For much more FREE content, see the https://www.milewalkacademy.com/ -------------------- GET INTERVIEW INTERVENTION HARDCOVER FREE! -------------------- Get the Interview Intervention Hardcover, eBook, and Audiobook while supplies last! The $29 book is FREE. I bought it for you. I'm also adding in the $27 digital experience. I only ask that you pay $7 so my friends at the warehouse can pick it, pack it, and ship it. I'll send it anywhere in the world for $7! Get it here: http://bit.ly/YTFreeInterviewIntervention -------------------- FREE DOWNLOADS AND TRAINING -------------------- GRAB MY KILLER DOWNLOAD: 10X10 JOB SEARCH FORMULA: THE 10 MOST IMPORTANT STEPS AND 10 TIPS FOR A SUCCESSFUL JOB SEARCH: http://bit.ly/10x10JobSearchFormula-youtube JOB SEARCH WEBINAR: HOW TO FIND A JOB YOU LOVE: http://bit.ly/FindJobYouLoveWebinar-yt ATTENDEES GET MY FREE EBOOK ACE ANY JOB INTERVIEW: Master the Best Answers to the 14 Most Effective Job Interview Questions! -------------------- CONNECT WITH ANDREW -------------------- Join Andrew’s email list: http://milewalk.com/mwblog Get Andrew’s books and training: https://www.milewalkacademy.com Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/andrewlacivita Twitter: https://twitter.com/arlacivita LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/andrewlacivita Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/andrewlacivita iTunes free podcast: https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/tips-for-work-life-andrew/id1120387046 -------------------- SUMMARY -------------------- Have a plan… The problem is most people don't have a plan, which I'm going to give you today—the first seven steps of that plan. But first, a little perspective and motivation… If I wasn't brave enough 13 or so years ago to make a career change and then again 2 years ago to make another change, you'd never be benefiting from this video or any video I've ever created, or any training course, or anything I've ever done to help facilitate your career and your life. I want you think about as you're hesitating to make that change. Think of all those people in this world who would benefit from you doing so. Let's roll… 1. Make sure you want it and make a list. It sounds silly, but there's a huge difference between a passing fancy and a burning desire. Most people fail not because of their ability, but because they don't have a good plan in place. BONUS: I have a three-part video series you can watch. It's called The First 5 Steps to Career Success: Get Your Career Focused, Organized, and On Track. Watch this to make sure you make the right list: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLxjGQaV8rAh0iCcNnSBg15YEWjH_PUJ3v 2. What are you willing to sacrifice? You have the ability to make this career change or get that job. The reason a lot of people fail is not only because they don't have a plan, but also because they're unwilling to give up certain things in their life. You have to put in extra effort to compensate for the areas you’re deficient. You need to “catch up.” 3. Learn the capabilities and qualities. You need to discover the capabilities important for success in that particular career or job. Here’s an example. When a sales person is sells a product or service, knowing exactly how to sell that particular product is a trade skill learned through experience selling that specific product. That's skill is usually something easily taught or learned. But, great sales people transcend product and services. They have foundational abilities like good leadership skills, good organizational skills, and good communication skills. 4. Do your reconnaissance with people currently doing that career or job. Talk to people currently doing that job—and I want to stress the word currently. 5. Build your Franken-Mentor. It's never been easier to get help and get educated on a career you want. I call this one “building a Franken-Mentor.” Google them. Find their books. Find their blogs. Follow those people. 6. Anticipate and plan for the struggles. Everybody has 3 problems. You have a: -Learning problem -Marketing problem -Job-interviewing problem 7. Execute your plan to overcome the struggles and advance toward success! The learning issue we discussed a bit. Build your Franken-Mentor, get the books, follow the blogs, do the research, do your reconnaissance, talk to the people, start getting educated, start becoming more and more familiar. Most people are concerned about the “marketing issue.” People always want to know, "What do I put on my resume? What if I don’t have the right experience?” #milewalkacademy #changecareers #jobsearch #careercoach #careercoaching #interviewintervention
Просмотров: 20264 Andrew LaCivita
There is a ton of skepticism around Nofap, which is an anti-pornography program. However, there is a ton of science pointing towards the fact that the members of Nofap might actually be onto something. Pornography taps deep into your reward circuit and makes lasting changes on your dopamine - the neurotransmitter behind motivation. It's here where the root of all the problems stem. Join My Newsletter For Monthly Emails About (Health, Wealth, Love, And/Or Happiness Related Subjects): http://bit.ly/2jnsoxh Why The People Of Nofap Become Successful https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-oM6wDxaXI0 Reading is like taking a supplement for your mind Get any Free Audiobook at: http://www.audibletrial.com/ImprovementPill Fan Mail & Q&A Mail: PO Box 778331 Woodside, New York 11377
Просмотров: 2230567 Improvement Pill
08 common Interview question and answers - Job Interview Skills 1. "Tell me a little about yourself." You should take this opportunity to show your communication skills by speaking clearly and concisely in an organized manner. Because there is no right or wrong answer for this question, it is important to appear friendly. 2. "What are your strengths?" This is a popular interview question. They want to know what you think of yourself. Although this is a general question, there is a wrong and right answer. The wrong answer is a generic answer saying you are organized and friendly. Although it will not hurt you during the interview, it will certainly not help you either. Answer this question based on the type of job you are applying for. 3. "What are your weaknesses?" For this answer, you should display a weakness that can be seen as a strength. There are many types of answers that will work. Some answers will be good answers for certain jobs, while the same answer will be a bad answer for a different job. Select an answer that will work for the position you are applying for. 4. "Where do you see yourself in five years?" This question primarily depends on where you are in your career. A person with 5 years of experience will have different goals than a person with no work experience.This question is asked to see how serious a candidate is about his or her career. Some people might not know their goals, and some people might have goals of becoming rich and retiring early. Those are incorrect answers for this question. The type of answer you want to give is an ambitious answer that shows you really love your career. A good interviewer will read between the lines and find out if a person is going to be a hard worker or just a mediocre one. Being descriptive and shooting for a big goal is something interviewers want to hear. 5. "What do you know about our company?" A typical job interview question, asked to find out how much company research you have conducted, is "What do you know about this company?" Prepare in advance, and in a word, research, so you can provide relevant and current information about your prospective employer to the interviewer. 6. "Are you good at dealing with change?" Dealing with change is common in the work place. A simple yes will not be sufficient to impress the interviewer. This is another type of question where everyone will have similar answers. Of course everyone is going to claim being excellent dealing with change. You got to communicate that you are really good at dealing with change. 7. "Do you work well under pressure?" In most cases, the best answer to this question is answering yes. Working well under pressure is a good trait to have. However, I think if you answer that you work the same with pressure and without pressure, the interviewer will be more impressed. However, you will need to explain in words why this is better. 8. "How do you make important decisions?" There are many ways to answer this question, and if you have a reasonable method of making decisions, it will probably be sufficient. One answer I thought of included not being afraid of asking your manager. You can follow up by saying even the best needs mentoring, and you always want to improve. So basically, this could work as an answer, but depending on the job, you might have a better shot with an answer like my example.
Просмотров: 11152722 Learn English with Let's Talk - Free English Lessons
Mercer | https://bit.ly/2MoCQ2D | Mercer 2018 National Survey of Employer Sponsored Health Plans Here’s a sneak preview of some early results from Mercer’s latest National Survey of Employer-Sponsored Health Plans. Listen to research director Beth Umland talk about the cost outlook for 2019 – including some surprising news about the underlying medical plan cost trend and what that means for employer cost management strategies. With nearly 2,400 employers participating nationally in 2018, the survey is the biggest of its kind. Read the full 2018 press release here: https://bit.ly/2N92td2 This week, Mercer unveiled early results from our national survey of employer sponsored health plans. We’ll be rolling out the complete survey results next month, but we took a the first 1,500 or so responses to see what the outlook is for health benefit cost in 2019 and it’s mostly a good news story. Employers expect to hold growth and health benefit cost per employee to 4.1% on average. That reflects any changes they plan to make for 2019 and it’s in line with the low, single-digit cost growth that we’ve seen each year since 2012. What was really interesting is that the underlying medical plan cost trend has cooled from about 6.5% to just above 5%. Heading into 2019 that’s the estimated amount that cost would rise if employers make no changes to their medical plans. In recent years, employers have been raising deductibles and offering less generous plans as a way to control cost, but for 2019, fewer than half of employers, just 44%, will be making these types of changes. Why is that? Well one reason may be that as cost growth is stabilized, employers have been able to focus on innovative longer-term strategies to address the root causes of healthcare cost without cutting benefits or increasing the financial burden on employees. The slowdown in the underlying medial trend is encouraging because it suggests that employers are positively affecting cost without cost shifting. Many of these new strategies are ground in new technologies. Employers are implementing high-tech, high-touch programs designed to help members with specific health issues ranging from insomnia to infertility. Technology is also making it easier to engage employees. Employees have become used to immediate personalized shopping experiences and the goal for employers is to makie it just as easy for employees to engage with their health and well being programs. And finally, let’s not forget about data. Employers are mining health plan and employee data in new ways to get actionable insights. At the beginning I said this is mostly is a good news story. The fact is that healthcare cost in the US remains unsustainably high. The rising cost of specialty drugs and other advanced medical technologies puts continual pressure on employer to manage trend. While the average cost increase is stable and lower than its been, in the past, is still above inflation so there’s still much to be done but it’s good to have technology on our side. Our deep expertise, powerful insights, and real-world solutions help the people and organizations we serve take steps today to secure a better tomorrow. - - - - - - Mercer Website: https://goo.gl/rPDhV8 Twitter: @mercer https://twitter.com/mercer Facebook: @MercerInsights https://www.facebook.com/MercerInsights/ YouTube: mercervideo https://youtube.com/mercervideo
Просмотров: 319 Mercer
There are about 7,000 languages spoken around the world -- and they all have different sounds, vocabularies and structures. But do they shape the way we think? Cognitive scientist Lera Boroditsky shares examples of language -- from an Aboriginal community in Australia that uses cardinal directions instead of left and right to the multiple words for blue in Russian -- that suggest the answer is a resounding yes. "The beauty of linguistic diversity is that it reveals to us just how ingenious and how flexible the human mind is," Boroditsky says. "Human minds have invented not one cognitive universe, but 7,000." Check out more TED Talks: http://www.ted.com The TED Talks channel features the best talks and performances from the TED Conference, where the world's leading thinkers and doers give the talk of their lives in 18 minutes (or less). Look for talks on Technology, Entertainment and Design -- plus science, business, global issues, the arts and more. Follow TED on Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/TEDTalks Like TED on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/TED Subscribe to our channel: https://www.youtube.com/TED
Просмотров: 2066704 TED
Millimeter waves, massive MIMO, full duplex, beamforming, and small cells are just a few of the technologies that could enable ultrafast 5G networks. Read more: http://spectrum.ieee.org/video/telecom/wireless/everything-you-need-to-know-about-5g Today’s mobile users want faster data speeds and more reliable service. The next generation of wireless networks—5G—promises to deliver that, and much more. With 5G, users should be able to download a high-definition film in under a second (a task that could take 10 minutes on 4G LTE). And wireless engineers say these networks will boost the development of other new technologies, too, such as autonomous vehicles, virtual reality, and the Internet of Things. If all goes well, telecommunications companies hope to debut the first commercial 5G networks in the early 2020s. Right now, though, 5G is still in the planning stages, and companies and industry groups are working together to figure out exactly what it will be. But they all agree on one matter: As the number of mobile users and their demand for data rises, 5G must handle far more traffic at much higher speeds than the base stations that make up today’s cellular networks. Read more: http://spectrum.ieee.org/video/telecom/wireless/everything-you-need-to-know-about-5g
Просмотров: 1031630 IEEE Spectrum
COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES FOR EFFECTIVE MESSAGING // Carolin Soldo In order to be the type of coach that can reach and impact the clients in your online coaching business, you need to have effective communication skills. In this video, I will teach you a few basic rules of communication that can help you improve the quality of your interactions with your clients (and can even impact your marketing communication to improve the QUANTITY of those interactions...more clients are a good thing, right?) From establishing rapport to improving your listening skills, these communication strategies are the key to amazing professional relationships and superior client results. With the right communication techniques such as effective speaking and active listening, and the right communication plan in place, your coaching business will be unstoppable! CHECK OUT THE FOLLOWING FREEBIES I MENTIONED IN THIS VIDEO // -The Perfect Opt-In Page Formula - carolinsoldo.com/perfectoptin TWEET THIS VIDEO: https://ctt.ec/SFH1s Do your communication skills REALLY go to pot when you’re on the spot? Check out this video for some tips on how to communicate clearly and effectively in high-pressure situations: https://youtu.be/HAnw168huqA SAY “HI” ON SOCIAL: Facebook: https://business.facebook.com/carolindenisesoldo Twitter: @CarolinSoldo Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/carolinsoldo Pinterest: https://www.pinterest.com/carolindenisesoldo https://youtu.be/sHLWOuZ0RCA
Просмотров: 930 Carolin Soldo
►► Get the Flirting Scripts that Make You Stand Out from Other Women... Download Your Free Chapter at → http://www.GettheFreeChapter.com ▼ Don’t Miss Out! Subscribe to my YouTube channel now. I post new dating advice for women every Sunday. ▼ Question: Have you ever wondered what to say to a guy who isn’t showing you enough interest? Let’s face it: We live in a flaky dating culture. People don’t text back. They cancel plans on the day. Or maybe they just don’t try hard enough in the early stages. So… How should you respond when this happens? Many people make a huge mistake in their reply, which you’ll see from a real woman’s comment I discuss in this week’s video. So that you don’t fall into that trap, I’ll show you a powerful response that will get you 5x more attention from the right guys... ►► FREE download: “9 Texts to Get Any Man” → http://www.9texts.com ►► FREE download: “5 Compliments to Get Him Addicted to You” → http://www.SayThisToHim.com ▼ Get My Latest Dating Tips and Connect With Me… ▼ Blog → http://www.gettheguy.co.uk/blog/ Facebook → https://facebook.com/CoachMatthewHussey Twitter → https://twitter.com/matthewhussey
Просмотров: 2284843 Matthew Hussey
What's the most transformative thing that you can do for your brain today? Exercise! says neuroscientist Wendy Suzuki. Get inspired to go to the gym as Suzuki discusses the science of how working out boosts your mood and memory -- and protects your brain against neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's. Check out more TED Talks: http://www.ted.com The TED Talks channel features the best talks and performances from the TED Conference, where the world's leading thinkers and doers give the talk of their lives in 18 minutes (or less). Look for talks on Technology, Entertainment and Design -- plus science, business, global issues, the arts and more. Follow TED on Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/TEDTalks Like TED on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/TED Subscribe to our channel: https://www.youtube.com/TED
Просмотров: 1881227 TED
Retirement Clearinghouse is pleased to offer the first educational video of a three-part series on DC plan terminations, presented by Mike Wilder, RCH’s Vice President of Client Services. These videos are intended to provide plan sponsors with a basic understanding of key plan termination process steps, the common mistakes that are made by plan sponsors, and the key criteria for selecting a plan termination services provider. We hope you’ll find these videos interesting & informative! For more information, contact a Retirement Clearinghouse sales representative at sales@RCH1.com, or call us at 866-827-9608. DC Plan Termination – 1 Project, 5 Phases Terminating a retirement plan can be daunting. There is a lot to do and if it’s not done correctly, it will generate even more “to dos”. To minimize the sense of being overwhelmed break down a plan termination into five smaller phases. Phase 1: Planning & Preparation As with any project, good planning usually leads to good results. After the project is planned and the timeline is established, the first thing to do is amend the retirement plan. Things to remember in the plan amendment: -Establish a plan termination date -Include all changes in the law or plan qualifications that will be effective on the termination date -Cease plan contributions -Provide full vesting of benefits for all affected employees -Authorize distribution of all benefits in accordance with plan terms as soon as administratively feasible Phase 2: Announcement & Notification Proper communication to plan participants is mandatory. Make sure to include the following information in your notifications: -The decision to terminate the plan -When it will terminate -Resources available to help participants with their distribution, and how participants can take advantage of those resources -A 402f rollover notice, which includes an explanation of safe harbor and eligible rollover distributions Phase 3: Locate missing participants Inevitably, there will be participants who can’t be located. The DOL’s Field Assistance Bulletin 2014-01 specifically addresses four things a fiduciary must do to fulfill their obligations regarding missing participants. They include: -Use certified mail -Check related plan and employer records -Check with designated plan beneficiary -Use free electronic search tools Phase 4: Distribute all plan assets Because every participant in a terminating plan must be distributed, there is always a risk that your participants may elect to cash out, particularly those with smaller balances - i.e. less than $20,000. Studies show that the majority of participants later regret cashing out their retirement plan savings during a job change or plan termination. Make sure to emphasize the benefits of distributing to other qualified plans, and illustrate the high costs of cashing out, including taxes and penalties in your communications. If you are working with an outside provider to assist in your termination make sure they offer access to unbiased professionals trained to help participants during this critical time. After all missing participant searches are exhausted and all voluntary distributions are taken, it’s time to distribute the remaining assets into Safe Harbor IRAs. Remember, every penny must be distributed before the plan can be officially terminated. Select a Safe Harbor IRA provider that will take all balances. If you cash out the balances below $1,000 you will likely have lingering headaches due to uncashed or returned checks. Phase 5: Final Plan Termination: Once all plan assets have been distributed the last step is to file any applicable final Form 5500 series return. Plan terminations are a big project, but if you break it down into five phases you should have little trouble. Next video: Common Mistakes Plan Sponsors Make - part 2 of the three-part series
Просмотров: 148 Retirement Clearinghouse
Please note that this video was recorded close to the new version being released The differences are: - Strategy Documents - (Risk, Quality, Communications) renamed to Management Approaches - The Configuration MS now called Change Control Approach - The Benefits Review Plan - renamed to Benefits Management Approach There is now an eBook, "PRINCE2 in a Nutshell", that guides you through a project through the PRINCE2 "lens". What is different about this eBook compared to others are the links embedded through the book that take you to videos which explain the particular topic in more detail. So if you are reading the section that takes a look at Business Options, click on the link to watch the detailed video explaining the topic. Here is a link for an overview - http://bit.ly/P2Nutshell-Chpt1 When you want to obtain the eBook the link below will take you to the website with the PayPal option and the eBook will download directly after. http://bit.ly/SPMeBooks A full 1 hour overview of PRINCE2 from Mandate to Closure. Discusses the relevance of activities, roles, docs and actions as we go. Enough to be really prepared for the course, should you wish to attend one, and certainly to understand the Why, What and How of the approach and that it works... when used properly For a full image of the new life cycle follow this link: http://bit.ly/P2-2017ProcessMap For more details on some of the outputs, (business case), techniques and actions please see some other videos on this channel. Also go to the Course Platform where you will find a series of videos on these subjects - There are some introduction videos on the channel that will give you an overview of what there is on the platform. The video looks at getting the project started with the activities and any documents recommended and take you up to the point at the end of Initiating a Project and being ready (hopefully) to kick the deliver part of the project off in earnest. Run the plan! The message is that we need to start with a broad yet formal understanding of the "Why, What and How" of the project in "Starting Up a Project" and build on the that with more detail through "Initiating a Project". At the end of "Starting Up a Project" the next step is to go to "Directing a Project" (which is where the Project Board function for direction and decision) to "Request Initiate a Project" and kicks off this Process. Note that even though the Project Executive is on board from Starting Up a Project, it is only when "Starting Up a Project" is complete and the Project Brief is ready along with the Initiating Stage Plan, does "Directing a Project" start. "Step at a time" - "Detail builds with each step" so we can keep in control and by that I mean from a "Governance" perspective, so we do NOT have a "run-away train". In "Initiating a Project" we look at Planning as this is really the key activity here. We need to understand the products (product breakdown) so then we can prioritize, estimate and then Plan. This helps us update all the project documents we started in "Starting Up a Project" in order to provide the business with the best information they need to make an "informed decision" as to whether the project is worth the investment or not. The underlying point here is to understand and agree the project "Scope"! Should we get the "Green Light" at the end of "Initiating a Project" we then move into the "Delivery" part, "Controlling a Stage" and "Managing Product Delivery". Now for the product build part, there are some separate videos that that you through "Scrum" and how the core of the "Product Deliver" approach, Iterative Development, and using "Timeboxes" (Sprints in Scrum) are used to control ID. The session also explains how to use this approach in a project as there needs to be some changes! We also look at handling Risk and Issues, with escalation and the "Exception" route. Finally, the video takes you through a recap of the previous videos and then leads into "Closing a Project", with a look a both aspect, normal and premature closure. Please note: this is not a course in itself, its a "walkthrough" to provide you with a good and reasonably detailed understanding of the approach. PRINCE2 is a guidance and a framework to guide you through the project. The full accredited course can be found on http://www.d-p-c.net/courses.html To follow this and other courses please go to http://www.thesustainablepm.thinkific.com You will see the course card on the Landing Page. All the courses are run as a "Classroom" with the details drawn on a whiteboard throughout the explanation For a full image of the new life cycle follow this link: http://bit.ly/P2-2017ProcessMap PRINCE2®, MSP®, M_o_R® and MoP® are registered trademarks of AXELOS Limited.
Просмотров: 43286 The Sustainable PM
Fill this form to receive updates: http://impact.himeesh.com/ Do you know that you can bring great changes and growth in your life just by dedicating 135 minutes of your 24 hours’ time in 3 parts, of which first part is the first 60 minutes of your day, the first 60 minutes after you open your eyes in the morning, next is the 45 minutes just after your school, college and office hours and the last and final part is the most important one and that is the last 30 minutes before you go to sleep. In this Video, Himeesh Madaan, the leading motivational speaker and trainer, discusses with you the advantages and benefits of this 60-45-30 rule in your life. This video will help you grow in all spheres of life, be it physical, social, economic, mental or psychological. This video is flooded with Himeesh’s personal experiences, scientific proofs as well as general logics. Let’s keep marching on the path of our life’s growth. Curated by: Team Him-eesh ►Follow us on Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/himeeshmadaan/ ►Like Us On Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/himeeshmadaan/ ►Follow us on Twitter: https://twitter.com/himeeshmadaan You can watch more related videos: ► Never say Never: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fKKXQnCacrM ► Find Business Ideas and Make Money: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CG8DAfXGzmk #mind #motivation #himeeshmadaan
Просмотров: 124190 Him-eesh Madaan
Why are some able to transcend their addiction while others are not? What do people really need to escape the shame of their addiction and achieve sustained recovery? Jacki's talk focuses on answering these questions and demonstrates how resilience of the human spirit intersects with social contextual factors to set the stage for those struggling with addiction to choose a pathway to health. Videography credits Jenn Calaway, Enhancer Michael Hering, Lodo Cinema Sarah Megyesy, Side Pocket Images Satya Peram, Flatirons Films Sean Williams, RMO Films Anthony Lopez, Cross Beyond David Oakley
Просмотров: 423246 TEDx Talks
iPhone 8 skins: https://dbrand.com/shop/iphone-8-skins iPhone 8 Plus skins: https://dbrand.com/shop/iphone-8-plus-skins Watch our most recent comparison, now with the iPhone 8 vs iPhone 7. The most common question I hear today is if the iPhone 8 is a worthy upgrade. Some people still have the iPhone 7, and feel this is just the iPhone 7s. And then there’s the irony that you can still buy both from Cupertino at the moment, with the 7 costing slightly less money. It's only fair for us to put them head to head on a comparison and see just how similar they really are. You'd be shocked at just how different they are in the things that matter. Read more: Lee más en Español: http://es.pocketnow.com Subscribe: http://bit.ly/pocketnowsub https://pocketnow.com Follow us: http://flipboard.com/@Pocketnow http://facebook.com/pocketnow http://twitter.com/pocketnow http://google.com/+pocketnow http://instagram.com/pocketnow About us: Pocketnow has been a key source of mobile technology news and reviews since its establishment in 2000. With offices on three continents, Pocketnow offers round-the-clock coverage of the mobile technology landscape, from smartphones to tablets to wearables. We aim to be your number-one source for mobile tech news, reviews, comparisons, and commentary. If you love mobile as much as we do, be sure to subscribe! iPhone 8 vs iPhone 7 - Differences that matter? | Pocketnow https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hsPT04tMad8 PocketNow https://www.youtube.com/pocketnow
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http://www.another71.com/2015-cpa-exam-changes/ What are the changes to the 2015 CPA Exam? In this video, we cover the changes to FAR, AUD, REG, and BEC - as well as some FAQs (is it ok to use old CPA Review materials?) Included are free 2015 CPA Review Materials. Free CPA Exam Study Notes: https://www.another71.com/cpa-exam-study-plan/?utm_campaign=end-description&utm_medium=video&utm_source=youtube&utm_content=template-1&utm_term=free-cpa-exam-notes
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Get Unlimited Access to GCSE Tutor Videos & Online Revision Here for £19.99: http://www.revisionapp.co.uk/product/online-gcse-revision. Businesses can be very complex organisations with many hundreds or thousands of people working in them in many different roles. In order to manage their resources effectively, businesses must have clear organisational structures in place. Organisational structures include the different relationships between people in an organisation. For example in some cases, an employer might want to have a very formal relationship between people in the organisation in others it might be more relaxed. This happens in every day life too. Think about any organisation you're a part of. Do you call the other people by their first names? Do you call them by their title? What about the other members themselves? Do they call each other 'Mrs D', 'Dr X' or 'Mr M' or do they refer to each other by their first names? How do they refer to the the person leading the organisation? Different levels in a business are referred to as hierarchies. A hierarchy occurs where people are given some sort of title or rank that signifies their importance in the organisation. All businesses have employees working at different levels of responsibility. At the bottom, a business depends on its operatives to produce the products or services. Team leaders often perform the day-to-day management role, with operational managers setting direction and strategy for the business as a whole. The number of employees in each level will depend on the business' organisational structure. It is important to determine who takes responsibility for decision making, who reports to who and who to blame when things mess up (or who gets the pat on the back if things go well!) There are three typical organisational structures. They are known as hierarchical, flat and matrix. A hierarchical structure is typical in large companies where each level of employee reports upwards and each level has a narrow span of control. The downside of this type of structure is that it can often lead to significantly slower communication and decision making. A flat organisational structure has much less levels of hierarchy and wider spans of control. This means employees at each level can communicate with managers more easily and quickly. However, this usually means that workers take more responsibility for decision-making. The benefits of this are that it may encourage a more dedicated and motivated workforce. Typically this type of structure is used in small businesses and start-ups. A benefit of this structure is that it allows the business to change rapidly to respond to the market, customers or competitors. However, this only applies if the staff are well trained and are actually capable of making the changes. Lastly, a matrix structure gathers employees who hold the relevant expertise in order to help the business to meet its goals. The people selected come from different levels and departments within the business. The structure can be used in both hierarchical and flat organisations and are typically used for specific projects. Individual team members may come from different parts of the business, regardless of their usual location in the hierarchy. Obviously once a project is over the matrix will be disbanded.
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Apple's new iPhone XS and XS Max are familiar territory with two key updates: a faster processor and an upgraded camera. Oh, and the XS Max has the largest screen ever found on an iPhone. But is that enough to justify the very high cost of the best iPhones you can buy? Correction: Nilay misspoke! The iPhone XS Max has a 6.5-inch display, not 6.8. The XS has a 5.8, and the XR has a 6.1. Subscribe: http://goo.gl/G5RXGs Like The Verge on Facebook: https://goo.gl/2P1aGc Follow on Twitter: https://goo.gl/XTWX61 Follow on Instagram: https://goo.gl/7ZeLvX Read More: http://www.theverge.com Community guidelines: http://bit.ly/2D0hlAv Subscribe to Verge Science on YouTube, a new home base for our explorations into the future of science: http://bit.ly/2FqJZMl
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http://www.boblegge.com When implementing a strategy, it is imperative to adapt to conditions. In most cases, this means not following the plan, but improvising to adjust to market conditions, competitive moves, customer changes, vendor problems, technological change, and other key influences. This is to be expected as noted by all primary strategic thinkers from Von Clauswitz to Peter Drucker to Steve Jobs. How you go about making adaptations calls for good leadership and communications. Not surprisingly, the same need for adaptation to plan is required in sailing. Wind shifts, waves, storms, trafffic, damaged equipment, and other changing conditions require the ability to note the change early and adapt quickly. In this video, Bob compares the need to adjust plans in both business and in sailing.
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Full post here:http://www.superfastcpa.com/2017-cpa-exam-changes/ In this video we’ll walk through the upcoming changes to the 2017 CPA exam. In 2017 there will be several major changes to the CPA exam. The AICPA released an exposure draft titled “Maintaining the Relevance of the Uniform CPA Examination”, with the purpose of tailoring the CPA exam to the market demands of a “higher-order” skillset that CPA candidates need to demonstrate. After reading through the exposure draft and seeing the upcoming changes, it’s safe to say that the CPA exam will likely get even harder. Here’s a summary of the changes... The biggest change is that there will be the added element of “analysis” to the 4 sections. Currently the exam assesses 1) remembering and understanding- which is tested through the MCQs- , and 2) application - which is tested on the task-based simulations. On the 2017 exam, there will be a shift to test “higher order” skills such as “analysis” and “evaluation”. So each of the 4 sections are currently 50% remembering & understanding, and 50% application. So the new breakdown looks like this: For AUD, there will be 30-40% remembering & understanding, 30-40% application, 15-25% analysis, and 5-15% evaluation. AUD will be the only section to test “evaluation” For BEC, 50-60% will be application, 15-25% will be remembering & understanding, and 20-30% will be analysis. For FAR, 50-60% will be application, 10-20% will be remembering & understanding, and 25-35% will be analysis. For REG, 35-45% will be application, 25-35% will be remembering & understanding, and 25-35% will be analysis. These changes will take place by having roughly 10-15 fewer MCQs per exam, and 2-3 more simulations per exam. The simulations previously only tested “application” but the new simulations will assess application, analysis, and evaluation. So on the 2017 CPA exam, FAR, REG, and AUD will contain 8-9 task-based simulations. BEC will now have 4-5 task-based simulations in addition to 3 written communication modules. The 2017 exam will introduce a brand new type of simulation called a “Document Review Simulation” (DRS), which presents a realistic document you might see in practice as well as source documents, and there will be highlighted words, sentences, or phrases which the candidate will then evaluate and select appropriate edits based on the source documents. The simulations on the 2017 exam will also include more background material and require more evaluation by the candidate to determine what information is or is not relevant to the question, which better reflects real-world practice. Another big change is that BEC and REG will go from a 3 hour time limit to a 4 hour time limit, to allow for the increase in simulations and higher skill level being assessed. So, each section will now have a 4 hour time limit. Due to the increased time limit, it is estimated that the exam cost of BEC and REG will each increase by $20. Another change is that instead of the current “spreadsheet” tool that’s used during simulations (which we can all agree doesn’t work very well), the new exam will feature Microsoft Excel- but this addition probably won’t happen until 2018. So, that is a summary of the main changes to the upcoming 2017 exams. It’s good motivation to pass before then, or at the very least give you an idea of what’s to come.
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CLIMATE AND HEALTH COMMUNICATION Key Lecturer Edward Wile Maibach, University Professor, Director; Center for Climate Change Communication, George Mason University Panelists Jack Cushman, Managing Editor, InsideClimate News Howard Frumkin, Professor, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington Sabrina McCormick, Associate Professor, Environmental and Occupational Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University and Senior Fellow, Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania Moderator Jon Sawyer, Executive Director, Pulitzer Center
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Body language affects how others see us, but it may also change how we see ourselves. Social psychologist Amy Cuddy argues that "power posing" -- standing in a posture of confidence, even when we don't feel confident -- can boost feelings of confidence, and might have an impact on our chances for success. (Note: Some of the findings presented in this talk have been referenced in an ongoing debate among social scientists about robustness and reproducibility. Read Amy Cuddy's response here: http://ideas.ted.com/inside-the-debate-about-power-posing-a-q-a-with-amy-cuddy/) The TED Talks channel features the best talks and performances from the TED Conference, where the world's leading thinkers and doers give the talk of their lives in 18 minutes (or less). Look for talks on Technology, Entertainment and Design -- plus science, business, global issues, the arts and more. Follow TED on Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/TEDTalks Like TED on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/TED Subscribe to our channel: https://www.youtube.com/TED
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Communication is critical to success in business and life. Concerned about an upcoming interview? Anxious about being asked to give your thoughts during a meeting? Fearful about needing to provide critical feedback in the moment? You are not alone! Learn and practice techniques that will help you speak spontaneously with greater confidence and clarity, regardless of content and context. Recorded on October 25, 2014, in collaboration with the Stanford Alumni Association as part of Stanford Reunion Homecoming and the Graduate School of Business Fall Reunion/Alumni Weekend. Speaker: Matt Abrahams, ’91 Matt Abrahams is a lecturer at the Stanford Graduate School of Business, teaching strategic communication; he also teaches public speaking in Stanford’s Continuing Studies Program.
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Harness the power of words to grow your business today: www.purplefeather.co.uk. For personal transformation order Andrea Gardner's book 'Change Your Words, Change Your World' at http://amzn.to/xfrT2U To use this video in a commercial player, advertising or in broadcasts, please email Viral Spiral: email@example.com Homage to Historia de un letrero, The Story of a Sign by Alonso Alvarez Barreda Music by: Giles Lamb http://www.gileslambmusic.com Filmed by www.redsnappa.com Director Seth Gardner. Cast: Bill Thompson, Beth Miller http://www.uk.castingcallpro.com/view.php?uid=217905 Follow Purplefeather on Facebook: http://facebook.com/purplecontent Follow Purplefeather on Twitter: http://twitter.com/purplecontent Tickled by a Purplefeather Blog: http://wp.me/pLOC6-20 Watch The Power of Words 2 - Change Your Words, Change Your World: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jnwQYwAnud4 The Power of Words - The Red Balloon: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZPZR5PzP8HM Book by Andrea Gardner: http://www.andreagardner.co.uk
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The House Republicans have revealed their tax reform bill. Cenk Uygur and John Iadarola, the hosts of The Young Turks, tell you what’s in it. Tell us what you think in the comment section below. Join TYT: https://goo.gl/v8E64M “After months, even years, of outlines and blueprints and “frameworks,” Republicans in the House of Representatives finally released their first attempt at an actual tax reform bill on Thursday. While the broad strokes of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act were telegraphed weeks, if not months, in advance, this is the first time Republicans in any branch of the federal government have described their tax plan in enough detail that it can actually be debated, scored by the Congressional Budget Office so its cost and effects on the rich and poor are known, and voted upon by the House and Senate. The legislation seeks to dramatically cut taxes on corporations and consolidate benefits like personal exemptions, the standard deduction, and the child credit for individuals. It would eliminate the alternative minimum tax and estate tax, and pare back certain individual deductions. It would also offer a new low tax rate for owners of “pass-through” businesses like LLCs and partnerships, whose income from their businesses is taxed as personal income. The bill in its current form would almost certainly give disproportionate benefits to wealthy Americans, who tend to benefit from corporate tax cuts more than non-wealthy Americans and who could likely exploit the pass-through rate by setting up dummy corporations. People earning between $400,000 and $1 million would face a significantly lower top income tax rate. But the bill will almost certainly not remain in its current form. As written, it is almost guaranteed to increase the budget deficit by trillions over 10 years, and quite possibly keep increasing the deficit after 10 years are up.” Read more here: https://www.vox.com/2017/11/2/16596896/house-republican-tax-reform-cuts-trump-ryan-explained Hosts: Cenk Uygur, John Iadarola Cast: Cenk Uygur, John Iadarola *** The Largest Online News Show in the World. Hosted by Cenk Uygur and Ana Kasparian. LIVE STREAMING weekdays 6-8pm ET. https://goo.gl/tJpj1m Subscribe to The Young Turks on YouTube: https://goo.gl/a3JY9i Like The Young Turks on Facebook: https://goo.gl/txrhrh Follow The Young Turks on Twitter: https://goo.gl/w6ahdV Buy TYT Merch: https://goo.gl/KVysaM Download audio and video of the full two hour show on-demand + the members-only post game show by becoming a member at https://goo.gl/v8E64M. Your membership supports the day to day operations and is vital for our continued success and growth. Young Turk (n), 1. Young progressive or insurgent member of an institution, movement, or political party. 2. A young person who rebels against authority or societal expectations.(American Heritage Dictionary)
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In this video, Q.A.S talking about on the topic "Plan Your 2018". He is also sharing his experience, wisdom and knowledge that will be helpful for all of those who want to be more effective in this new year (2018). ===== ABOUT Qasim Ali Shah ===== Qasim Ali Shah is a Public Speaker- Teacher- Writer- Corporate Trainer & Leader for every age group- Businessmen- Corporate executives- Employees- Students- Housewives- Networkers- Sportsmen and for all who wish everlasting Success- Happiness- Peace and Personal Growth. He helps people to change their belief & thought pattern- experience less stress and more success in their lives through better communication- positive thinking and spiritual knowledge. ===== FOLLOW ME ON THE SOCIALS ===== - Qasim Ali Shah: https://goo.gl/6BKcxu - Google+: https://goo.gl/uPyGvT - Twitter: https://goo.gl/78MVoA - Website : https://goo.gl/Tgjy6u ===== Team Member: Waqas Nasir =====
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This video on PMP® Project Management Communication Channel calculation covers all possible scenarios you can expect in the PMP® exam pertaining to communication channels and the formula n(n-1)/2 is helpful to crack PMP® exam PMP® Certification Training Course - https://www.excelr.com/pmi-project-management-professional/ ExcelR provides four days PMP® certification training as part of our Portfolio of Project management courses. PMI PMP® Certification training is delivered by highly experienced and certified trainers who are considered as one of the best trainers in the industry. We are one of the best PMP® training institutes and our best – in -class training will equip you with a thorough knowledge of Project Management based on PMBOK Guide Sixth edition and help you to get PMP® certified. Along with the four days training we offer you 180-day e-learning access, three sets of 200 simulated PMP® mock examinations, knowledge area wise mock tests, 35 contact hours, free online instructor-led beginner MS Project Professional 2013 training and much more such facilities. About PMP® Certification Training Course What is PMP®? PMP®® – Project Management Professional is a credential managed by Project Management Institute, USA (PMI).PMP® is globally recognized certification which demonstrates one’s competency to lead, direct and manage projects across any domain.PMP® certification helps the individuals to increase the marketability of their profiles to the employers and to stand-out from the crowd and in maximizing the earning potential of the individuals. The training and certification are based on a Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge, (PMBOK® Guide 6th Edition) Benefits of PMP® certification: Globally recognized certification To become a better project manager because the best practices have been included from myriad project managers across the globe Increases the success rate of your project as you become more organized Minimizing resource utilization and making a project cost effective Changes how others look your abilities To keep your job promoted or get a new job Hike in your current salary (Help you to get ahead) Who Should do PMP® Certification Training Any individual who has experience in project management and wants to hone their skills pertaining to project management and grow ahead in their career can pursue this certification Pre-requisite Requirements A secondary degree (high school diploma, associate’s degree, or the global equivalent) with a minimum of five years (7,500 hours) of project management and 35 hours of project management education (Or) A four-year degree (bachelor’s degree or the global equivalent) and a minimum three years (4500 hours) of project management experience and 35 hours of project management education. For more Information Contact us @ Toll Free (IND) : 1800 212 2120 | +91 80080 09704 Malaysia: 60 11 3799 1378 USA: 001-608-218-3798 UK: 0044 203 514 6638 AUS: 006 128 520-3240 Email: firstname.lastname@example.org Web: www.excelr.com Did you find this video helpful? Leave a comment below!
ExcelR Solutions - PMP Certification training - Communication Management. For better quality, full video & training register with ExcelR Solutions. PMP® Certification Training Course - https://www.excelr.com/pmi-project-management-professional/ ExcelR provides four days PMP® certification training as part of our Portfolio of Project management courses. PMI PMP® Certification training is delivered by highly experienced and certified trainers who are considered as one of the best trainers in the industry. We are one of the best PMP® training institutes and our best – in -class training will equip you with a thorough knowledge of Project Management based on PMBOK Guide Sixth edition and help you to get PMP® certified. Along with the four days training we offer you 180-day e-learning access, three sets of 200 simulated PMP® mock examinations, knowledge area wise mock tests, 35 contact hours, free online instructor-led beginner MS Project Professional 2013 training and much more such facilities. About PMP® Certification Training Course What is PMP®? PMP®® – Project Management Professional is a credential managed by Project Management Institute, USA (PMI).PMP® is globally recognized certification which demonstrates one’s competency to lead, direct and manage projects across any domain.PMP® certification helps the individuals to increase the marketability of their profiles to the employers and to stand-out from the crowd and in maximizing the earning potential of the individuals. The training and certification are based on a Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge, (PMBOK® Guide 6th Edition) Benefits of PMP® certification: Globally recognized certification To become a better project manager because the best practices have been included from myriad project managers across the globe Increases the success rate of your project as you become more organized Minimizing resource utilization and making a project cost effective Changes how others look your abilities To keep your job promoted or get a new job Hike in your current salary (Help you to get ahead) Who Should do PMP® Certification Training Any individual who has experience in project management and wants to hone their skills pertaining to project management and grow ahead in their career can pursue this certification Pre-requisite Requirements A secondary degree (high school diploma, associate’s degree, or the global equivalent) with a minimum of five years (7,500 hours) of project management and 35 hours of project management education (Or) A four-year degree (bachelor’s degree or the global equivalent) and a minimum three years (4500 hours) of project management experience and 35 hours of project management education. For more Information Contact us @ Toll Free (IND) : 1800 212 2120 | +91 80080 09706 Malaysia: 60 11 3799 1378 USA: 001-844-392-3571 UK: 0044 203 514 6638 AUS: 006 128 520-3240 Email: email@example.com Web: www.excelr.com Did you find this video helpful? Leave a comment below!
To Attend a 4 hour Power Packed “Extreme Motivation & Peak Performance” Seminar of BOUNCE BACK SERIES, Call at +919310144443 or Visit https://bouncebackseries.com/ To attend upcoming LEADERSHIP FUNNEL PROGRAM, Call at +919810544443 or Visit https://vivekbindra.com/upcoming-programs/leadership-funnel-by-vivek-bindra.php Watch the Leadership funnel Program Testimonial Video, here at https://youtu.be/xNUysc5b0uI Follow our Official Facebook Page at https://facebook.com/DailyMotivationByVivekBindra/ and get updates of recent happenings, events, seminars, blog articles and daily motivation. VIDEO: Sales Motivational Video in Hindi by Vivek Bindra This video discusses in detail the basics, the intermediaries and nuances of selling. Mr.Vivek Bindra who has helped hundreds of corporates and thousands of sales men and individuals achieve their sales goals and target through his path breaking and game changing videos on selling skills and techniques. In this video he discusses at length, the FABing techniques, and its distinct advantages. He also tells his audience how Conviction and Communication are the 2 key levers in enhancing your sales.This video talks about the spiritual, mental, physical and intellectual levels of communication. This video also focuses on connect, convey and convince theory and either helping to solve a customers problems or help him achieve his goals. Mr. Vivek Bindra delivers high power sales trainings, sales seminars and sales related sessions in cities like Bangalore, Chennai, Delhi, Hyderabad, Kolkata, Mumbai, Ahmedabad, Pune, Kanpur,Indore,Jaipur,Vadodara,Surat,Nagpur,Lucknow,Patna,Bhopal,Bhubaneswar, Bikaner, Bokaro Steel City, Chandigarh, Coimbatore, Cuttack, Dehradun, Dhanbad, Durgapur,Faridabad, Ghaziabad, Gurgaon, Guwahati, Gwalior,Hubli,Indore, Jabalpur, Jalandhar, Jamshedpur, Jhansi, Kanpur, Kochi, Kota, Kozhikode, Lucknow, Ludhiana, Madurai, Mangalore, Mysore, Nagpur, Noida, Pondicherry, Raipur, Rajkot, Ranchi, Rourkela, Surat, Thiruvananthapuram, Vadodara, Varanasi, Visakhapatnam. He is also the best Sales trainer in India, NCR, Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Goa, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Odisha, Punjab, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Telangana, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, West Bengal. . He is widely known for his selling skills in Asia, South East Asia, Malaysia, Kualalumpur, Singapore, Thailand, Bangkok, Vietnam, Dubai, Abu Dhabi, Qatar, Maldives, Bhutan, Nepal, Thimpoo, Kathmandu, Burma, Rangoon and middle east. sales improvement, sales and selling acumen improvement trainings, workshops and seminars. This is the best sales training video, sales motivational video, sales technique and selling technique video made ever that can and will impact your sales bottom-line. Contact Mr. Vivek Bindra for the most outstanding sales motivation workshops, sales training programs, sales symposiums and sales training. Individual sales man and salesmen can immensely benefit from this video. Mr. Bindra is an excellent facilitator for sales training for beginners. Mr. Bindra is a world class sales trainer in Hindi and English and a superb facilitator for sales training in Hindi and English. He is bestknown for sales and salesman problem solving issues. Mr. Bindra is widely recalled for his outstanding skills in sales integration trainings, workshops and seminars. He is also well known for Sales interview questions and answers. He delivers widespread trainings for sales skills in Hindi and English, sales skills fundamentals and others. He is called upon by many to conduct seminars on selling concepts ad sales concepts. Selling and sales fundamentals, sales and selling technique. He is also known for selling skills customer service training and selling skills presentation. Widely popular for selling techniques and strategies in hindi and English, Mr. Bindra is very famous for selling techniques in wholesale and retail. He is also known for his exceptional training on selling skills over the phone, direct and indirect sales and selling technique and skills, bestselling and sales techniques, and upselling plus cross selling skills, technique and trainings that work. Known for his training at selling at the point of service skills, Mr. Vivek Bindra has acquired critical acclaim for being the best sales coach in the country. Mr. Bindra has been known for his short selling strategy and selling option strategy technique training. He is also known for his put training strategy techniques.
Просмотров: 1479195 Dr. Vivek Bindra: Motivational Speaker
Stuck with PMP? Enroll in our PMP Online Training and Get PMP in 45 Days with PMBOK5 http://goo.gl/l2aQOq Since PMI has announced changes in PMI-PMP exam, we are getting many queries about the changes and its effect on the exam. The role of a project manager has been experiencing change in past few years. Initially project managers were responsible only for the successful delivery of the project but now they are involved in major decisions like go, no-go decisions with respect to project selection and enhancing engagement with stakeholders. Changes are only in 4 out of 10 knowledge areas. Changes with respect to 4 Processes INITIATION: • Identifying Key deliverables • Conduct Benefit Analysis • Develop common understanding of the Project Charter PLANNING: • More Stakeholder Engagement EXECUTION: • Healthy relationship with key stakeholders • Effective Communication with key stakeholders MONITORING & CONTROL: • Lessons Learned from start to closure • Procurement Plan is complaint with project objectives
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Having a strategy is essential, but also useless if you do not implement it properly. This relies on your co-workers understanding of well-defined objectives. If your colleagues are more concentrated on making a word cloud of your values than building your brand or community, they won’t be able to help you achieve anything. How can we direct our organisations’ efforts towards real objectives? We’ll talk about exactly that in this episode. This video is part of a weekly series. To see previous episodes, click here: http://eurac.tv/9PLU. To see future episodes, follow EURACTIV, sign up to Charlelie Jourdan's newsletter: http://eepurl.com/dGGfon or get in touch with Evan Lamos.
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Hamell can provide a seamless, evidence based behavioural change programme, which consist of five service areas. These include building a behaviour framework by drawing all academic areas that are about understanding and changing behaviour, producing bespoke and robust behaviour change evidence, analysis using our validated statistical models including patient/consumer behaviour modelling, creation of a personalised behavioural map, and the production and implementation of behaviour change interventions. Understanding and changing pharmacist behaviour are two of their specialities. They have run many pharmacy studies including: • Behaviour intervention studies • 'Recommending behaviour' studies • Studies on the impact on service change on adherence and health For more information visit www.hamell-communications.co.uk
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This information is for benefits-eligible University of Michigan employees. The information in this video is an overview. Complete information about your benefits changes for 2011 and the Open Enrollment process is available at benefits.umich.edu.
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Mamata Venkat wants to empower people to unplug from their gadgets and inspire them to start working on themselves as much as they do their jobs. She will discuss the interaction between our internal and external development using her practice of meditation to exemplify how success in either does not have to come at the cost of the other. A Perrysburg native, Mamata Venkat is a 2014 graduate of Wright State University with a Bachelor of Arts in International Studies and a Minor in Spanish. After an internship with the United Nations' NGO Committee on the Status of Women, she decided to return to Dayton to achieve her lifelong passion of working in the healthcare field. She is currently pursuing a Post-Baccalaureate Pre-Medical Certification at Wright State, with the aspiration of working in public health. Mamata is also employed with the Department of State's International Visitor Leadership Program and is a certified meditation instructor. This talk was given at a TEDx event using the TED conference format but independently organized by a local community. Learn more at http://ted.com/tedx
Просмотров: 2025344 TEDx Talks
The Silk Road and Ancient Trade: In which John Green teaches you about the so-called Silk Road, a network of trade routes where goods such as ivory, silver, iron, wine, and yes, silk were exchanged across the ancient world, from China to the West. Along with all these consumer goods, things like disease and ideas made the trip as well. As is his custom, John ties the Silk Road to modern life, and the ways that we get our stuff today. Crash Course World History is now available on DVD! http://store.dftba.com/products/crashcourse-world-history-the-complete-series-dvd-set Follow us! @thecrashcourse @realjohngreen @raoulmeyer @crashcoursestan @saysdanica @thoughtbubbler Like us! http://www.facebook.com/youtubecrashcourse Follow us again! http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com Resources: Life Along the Silk Road by Susan Whitfield: http://dft.ba/-lifesilk The Silk Road: 2000 Years in the Heart of Asia: http://dft.ba/-2000years Support CrashCourse on Patreon: http://patreon.com/crashcourse
Просмотров: 3441108 CrashCourse
In this video, I have discussed my life as an UPSC IES officer and what is the basic nature of the job. This is not a presentation but an unfiltered conversation with me. IES Stands for Indian Engineering Services. UPSC conducts this exam every year and also the officers go through a training process which is of different duration for every department. The choice of department will totally depend on the interest of the Engineer and the UPSC rank. UPSC Engineering Services Examination can be given by engineers of the following branches - CIVIL, MECHANICAL, ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS AND TELECOMMUNICATION If you have done from some other branch, then also you can give ESE but you have to choose among those 4 mentioned above. We get to meet President and appointed directly from President of India and also we get to meet various ministers on a daily basis. Its a privilege to help in the development of the nation. The indian constitution makes no bias towards Class 1 Gazatted Post. The post can be managerial or technical. It depends on the interest of the person to choose which field to go Jai Hind! ----------
Просмотров: 378228 CIVIL BEINGS
DETAILED ARTICLE http://pmclounge.com/2017/12/pmbok-6-when-does-the-exam-change-how/ ACHIEVING GREATER AGILITY https://goo.gl/wCNtkp VLOGS - LOUNGING AROUND https://goo.gl/3p7bbe SHOP FOR PMP AT AMAZON INDIA http://amzn.to/2xjhXlS PMP STUDY PLAN http://pmclounge.com/pmp-study-plan/ PMP PREPARATION RESOURCES http://pmclounge.com/pmp-preparation-resources/ CONNECT Website - http://pmclounge.com/ Facebook - https://www.facebook.com/pmclounge Twitter - https://twitter.com/pmclounge #PMP #ProjectManagement #PMCLounge
Просмотров: 149 PMC Lounge
Globalization is a topic that is often debated controversally. It concerns all of us, but what exactly is globalization and what is its impact on every single one of us? explainity tackles exactly this question and gives some answers in this short clip. Script download: www.explainity.com/education-project/transskripte/ ------- This explainer video was produced by explainity GmbH Homepage: www.explainity.com E-Mail: firstname.lastname@example.org This explanatory film was produced and published for private, non-commercial use and may be used free of charge in this context for private purposes without consultation or written authorization. Please note, however, that neither the content nor the graphics of this explanatory film may be altered in any way. Please always give explainity as the source when using the film, and if you publish it on the internet, provide a reference to www.explainity.com. For commercial use or use for training purposes, such as projection of the film at training events (e.g. projection of the film as a teaching aid in school or in adult education), a licence is required. Further information on this subject will be found here: https://www.explainity.com/education-project If you are interested in an own explainity explainer video, visit our website www.explainity.com and contact us. We are looking forward to your inquiry.
Просмотров: 1262843 explainitychannel
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Many of our regular readers will be familiar with Patrick Comerford’s blog which I link with some regularity. He is a priest in the Church of Ireland (Anglican), Lecturer in Anglicanism and Liturgy in the Church of Ireland Theological Institute, Adjunct Assistant Professor in the University of Dublin (Trinity College Dublin) and a Canon of Christ Church Cathedral, Dublin. He typically posts good series of devotionals and blog entries in Advent and Lent. I first discovered his blog through his Lenten poems series a few years ago.
While reviewing that Lenten poetry series in putting together my compilations of Holy Week poems and Good Friday poems, I came across a post he wrote in 2010 which gives an excellent overview of Holy Week history and observance from an Anglican perspective, I highly recommend it!
Here’s his section on Palm Sunday:
Sunday of Holy Week (Palm Sunday):
Holy Week begins with the Sixth and last Sunday in Lent, Palm Sunday, which recalls Christ’s Triumphant entry into Jerusalem of Christ on the Sunday before his Passion and death (see Matthew 21: 1-11; Mark 11: 1-11; Luke 19: 28-44; John 12: 12-19).
In many churches, Palm Sunday is marked by the distribution of palm leaves, often tied in the shape of crosses, and by dramatised readings of the Passion Narrative in one of the Four Gospels. In Christ Church Cathedral, Dublin, on Sunday morning, we began with the Blessing of the Palms in the Cloister Garth, along with the Gospel reading (Luke 19: 28-40). Then, back inside the cathedral, instead of a sermon we had and a dramatised reading of the Passion Narrative (Luke 22: 14 – 23: 56) from the pulpit.
The Gospels tell us that, before entering Jerusalem, Christ was staying at Bethany and Bethphage. The Gospel according to Saint John adds that he had dinner with Lazarus and his sisters Mary and Martha.
While he was there, he sent two disciples to the neighbouring village to retrieve a donkey that was tied up but had never been ridden. Christ then rode the donkey into Jerusalem. As he rode into Jerusalem, the people lay down their cloaks in front of him, and also lay down the small branches of trees. The people sang part of Psalm 118: “Blessed is he who comes in the name of the Lord” (Psalm 118: 26; Matthew 21: 9; Mark 11: 9; Luke 19: 38; John 12: 13).
On Palm Sunday, in many Anglican churches, palm fronds and palm substitutes – or sometimes substitutes, such as yew cuttings – are blessed outside the church, and the blessing is followed by a procession into the church. In some churches, children are given palms and then walk in procession around the inside of the church while the adults remain seated.
The palm leaves or palm crosses are often saved to be burned the following year to use as ashes used on Ash Wednesday.
The liturgical colour has changed from violet to red, indicating the supreme redemptive sacrifice Christ was entering into as he entered the city of his Passion and Resurrection.
The Collect of the Day:
Almighty and everlasting God,
who, in your tender love towards the human race,
sent your Son our Saviour Jesus Christ
to take upon him our flesh
and to suffer death upon the cross:
Grant that we may follow the example
of his patience and humility,
and also be made partakers of his resurrection;
through Jesus Christ our Lord. Amen.
The Post-Communion Prayer:
Lord Jesus Christ,
you humbled yourself in taking the form of a servant
and in obedience died on the cross for our salvation.
Give us the mind to follow you
and to proclaim you as Lord and King,
to the glory of God the Father. Amen.
Go read the full entry. There are entries for each day of the week including the readings, and the daily collects (prayers).
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The History of Procter & Gamble's Brand Strategy
Brand management seems like it always has been around, but a look into the history of Procter & Gamble proves otherwise. Market research has its roots in the American business institution billed as the largest manufacturer of branded products for households. Moreover, some market research practices that are fundamental to consumer product companies began with Procter & Gamble.
One Executive and Two Soaps
Two early products of Procter & Gamble were Ivory soap and Crisco. In fact, it could be said that Ivory soap was the slippery slope on which brand management got its start. Brand management was the brainchild of Neil McElroy, an employee of Procter & Gamble who worked on the Camay soap campaigns.
McElroy graduated from Harvard in 1925 and landed a position with Procter & Gamble. Camay soap became his focus. Procter & Gamble’s flagship product, Ivory soap, was doing so well against competing soaps from Palmolive and Lever Brothers that McElroy found that his Camay campaign was directly competing with Ivory in the marketplace.
McElroy drafted a memo explaining his ideas about how Procter & Gamble brands could be built more effectively. He argued for a system that would target more resources and attention at Camay and other Procter & Gamble products, as well.
A hallmark of McElroy’s plan was that one person should be in charge of each brand. Further, McElroy proposed that a substantial and dedicated team should be engaged in every aspect of promoting each of the brands and that the teams should be focused only on their particular brands.
The idea was so complete in McElroy’s mind that he suggested the team should include a brand manager, a brand assistant, people who tracked the brand, and a handful of other positions focused on specific activities and tasks.
The ideas in the memo followed a line of progress resembling a pinball trajectory up and through the corporate hierarchy until they were enthusiastically endorsed by Procter & Gamble President Richard Deupree, to whom McElroy’s ideas made sense. Using McElroy’s ideas as a platform, and hot on the heels of the success of Ivory soap and Crisco, Procter & Gamble developed a new approach to managing brands. The new business technique was product-centered and not centered on a business function.
Market Segmentation & Product Differentiation Roots
The structure created through this brand-centered approach resulted in decentralized decision-making, almost to the degree that the brand was managed as a discrete business. This segregated marketing enabled a brand’s personality to be definitively different from the other brands in a company’s brand portfolio.
This process—now commonly referred to as market segmentation—enabled targeting distinguishable consumer groups. From Procter & Gamble’s perspective, this meant that Ivory soap and Camay soap would not compete so much in the market because different markets were targeted for each brand.
Consumers viewed Ivory soap and Camay soap differently, preferring one over the other based on the products attributes or an assumed connection to their desired lifestyles. Product differentiation became a key approach to successful marketing and advertising. Naturally, it took market research to discover just what attributes appealed to which markets.
McElroy’s plan for brand management was widely copied, and versions of it can be found throughout the global consumer product industries today. McElroy went on to head Procter & Gamble when Deupree retired in 1948, and then later became President Dwight Eisenhower’s Secretary of Defense.
As marketing in America developed during the 20th century, brand management signaled emerging innovations in the post-war business boom. Many of these innovations created tension between centralized authority and decentralized decision-making.
This decentralized structure found its way into many other corporations across America. One notable example is the structure at General Motors developed by Alfred Sloan. General Motors' multiple divisions exhibited the same decentralization for making brand-critical decisions.
American Business, 1920-2000: How It Worked - P&G: Changing the Face of Consumer Marketing(2000, May 2) Working Knowledge for Business Leaders. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Business Review.
Gray, Paula (2010, August 8). Business Anthropology and the Culture of Product Manager [White paper for the Association of International Product Marketing & Management (AIPMM)]
McCraw, Thoms K. (2000). American Business, 1920-2000: How It Worked Wheeling, IL: Harlan Davidson. ISBN: 0-88295-985-9 (The book is part of Harlan Davidson’s American History Series).
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There are no cures for a food allergy that I or my doctor are aware of. So what are you or your corn-allergic family member to do? Eliminate corn from your diet. That is probably exactly what your doctor has told you. Your doctor probably gave you a list of foods that contain corn and referred you to a nutritionist as well.
However, avoiding corn is not as easy as it sounds. It is not as simple as not eating corn-on-the-cob or staying away from corn syrup. Very broadly, here are the things you should eliminate for a corn-free diet:
- Items that contain corn;
- Items that contain corn derivatives;
- Items that use corn as part of the preparation or packaging process;
- Items that are made from corn.
Eliminating hidden corn from a diet is the biggest challenge. For some inexplicable reason, if a food item (allergen or not) is used as part of the preparation or packaging process, it is exempt from the requirement to be listed as an ingredient, thereby "hiding" it from the consumer (think of cornmeal baked into bagel crusts but not listed in the ingredients). Over the past couple of years, milk, peanuts and eggs have gotten a bit of attention, and it is more common to see an allergen notice on prepared foods that may contain those items. An ingredient of an item being derived from corn is another way corn is hidden in our foods.
Whether to try a product with corn allergens as ingredients, or to avoid that product is always a difficult situation to assess, and varies as much as the symptoms of the allergy to. What I often tell people who ask about this is to tread carefully. In general, if your reactions are mild, you might be able to try something and see what happens. However, if your reactions are more severe, then you are better off avoiding the product. And if you ever react to a "safe" food, save the container. It may be that the ingredients have changed but the packaging did not. If you keep the old packaging, you can verify this when the new packaging comes out, listing the offending ingredient.
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A publications editor is responsible for overseeing the style and content of what are typically hard-copy, physically-distributed journals and periodicals. Typically, such publications have a masthead or mission statement which sets the aim and purpose of the periodical or journal, and the editor helps adjust assignments, submissions, and layouts to ensure that finished products adhere closely to the unified style and aims of the publication.
For most publications, there is significant lead-time before the final publication date. During this time, the editor assigns stories and reviews any submissions and freelance work. For publications like literary journals, editors normally review submissions with other individuals at the journal to assess suitability for publication. Throughout this process, but especially with assignments for staff and freelance creative writers, artists, and photographers, publications editors will establish deadlines for drafts and final work.
As editors, they also review and alter all copy as necessary for style and grammatical correctness. They must possess an outstanding facility with language and words and follow fairly strict style guidelines for grammar, citations, content, and spelling. Publications editors in the English language must have fluency with guidelines such as AP or Chicago-style manuals.
Those in this position may also work with layout and copy editors to ensure that publications are visually appealing and conform to the standards of the periodical. They may be the last line of defense for viewing drafts and page broadsheets before they are sent to a printer, so they must carefully analyze them one final time under all relevant criteria.
Aspiring publications editors must have outstanding written language skills and organization and managerial skills. Many have university degrees in English, communications, journalism, or a related field. For specialized journals within various fields, a demonstrable secondary knowledge, aptitude, and enthusiasm for the subject of the publication is also necessary. Most publications editors work very long hours in an office environment.
Publications Editor Tasks
Ensure adherence to a style guide, correct formatting and consistent use of language within a document.
Review, rewrite and edit the work of writers.
Develop story or content ideas.
Supervise and coordinate work of reporters and other editors.
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If you’re familiar with 3D printers, you already know that they have miraculous applications in medicine. We’re happy to share news on one of the most revolutionary uses of 3D printers to date: recreating life-size models of patients’ heads to assist in the planning of face transplantation surgery.
Physicians at Brigham and Women’s Hospital in the United States performed that country’s first full-face transplantation in 2011. Subsequently, they have completed four additional transplants on patients who had lost some or all of their faces as a result of injury or disease.
“This is a complex surgery, and its success is dependent on surgical planning. Our study demonstrated that if you use this model and hold the skull in your hand, there is no better way to plan the procedure.” – Dr Frank J. Rybicki, Director, Brigham & Women’s Hospital
CT to 3D Visualisation for Facial Transplant Patients
Prior to their procedures, transplant recipients underwent preoperative cat scans (CT) with 3D visualisation. The CT images of each patient’s head were segmented and processed using revolutionary new software customised for this specific purpose. Doctors used the images to create specialised data files to input into the printer to create a fully realised 3D model.
“You can spin, rotate and scroll through as many CT images as you want, but there’s no substitute for having the real thing in your hand. The ability to work with the model gives you an unprecedented level of reassurance and confidence in the procedure.” – Dr Frank J Rybicki
The researchers said they also used the models in the operating room to increase the surgeons’ understanding of the anatomy of the recipient’s face during the procedure. Knowing the challenges they would be facing and having a model at the ready to provide on-the-spot information helped surgeons reduce the total procedure time.
3D Imaging for Facial Transplants in the Surgical Suite
Even with the benefit of 3D imaging and printing, the entire transplant procedure can last as long as 25 hours. However, the time during which the patient’s blood flow had to be stopped (to make the actual vascular connections from the donor face to the recipient) typically took as little as an hour.
“If there are absent or missing bony structures needed for reconstruction, we can make modifications based on the 3-D printed model prior to the actual transplantation, instead of taking the time to do alterations during ischemia time,” Dr.Rybicki said. “The 3-D model is important for making the transplant cosmetically appealing.”
3D Printing for Jaw Reconstruction
Facilitating complex face-transplant surgery is one of the ways that 3D printers are transforming medicine. The machines are also being eyed as tools for relatively minor surgeries such as jaw reconstruction.
“In most cases when a jaw is destroyed doctors must use a piece of rib or leg bone to replace the missing jaw. A 3D printer could help surgeons cut out a more precise piece of bone.” – Medical Daily
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In October 1964, I set sail out of Liverpool for Montreal on the
RMS Empress of Canada, never dreaming that some 48 years later, married with four
adult Canadian-born children, I would be in the Merseyside Maritime Museum comparing my emigrant experience with some of the nine million people who had set sail from the city for the new worlds of Canada, America, Australia and New Zealand between 1850 and1930.
The "Emigrants to the New World" exhibit tells stories of people leaving Liverpool (first on sailing ships, then on steam ships and finally on ocean liners) that will resonate strongly with Canadians who belong to a nation of immigrants. These could be the stories of your parents, grandparents or great-grandparents, some leaving poverty and persecution in the hope of a better life for their families, others seeking adventure.
I marvel at the courage of those early emigrants who left family and friends, never expecting to see them again, to face a harsh life and dangers at sea as they crossed the turbulent Atlantic.
The exhibit also tells the heart-rending stories of some of the more than 100,000 "child migrants" from workhouses, children's homes and orphanages that Britain sent to populate Canada, Australia and other Commonwealth countries between 1869 and 1967. Liverpool's Allan Line carried almost half of Canada's child migrants on its ships.
The Titanic, Lusitania and the Forgotten Empress Gallery explores the impact of these tragedies on Liverpool. Again there is a strong Canadian connection. In May1914, after a collision in thick fog, the
Empress of Ireland sank in the
St. Lawrence River soon after she left Quebec. This tragedy has always been overshadowed by the
Lusitania disasters although, in fact, more passengers (840) died on the Empress than on either Lusitania (791), or Titanic (817). 172 crew, mainly from the Liverpool area, also died.
A special exhibition, "
Titanic and Liverpool: the untold story," commemorating the centenary of the most famous disaster and now running until the end of 2013, features previously unseen artifacts. Personal details about Liverpool people, including Captain Edward Smith, First Officer Henry Wilde, and Fred Fleet (the lookout who spotted the iceberg) create a very human story.
Students of World War II can relive
Battle of the Atlantic. As England's most important port, Liverpool played a huge role, and many local sailors in the Merchant Navy risked their lives ferrying food, supplies and people back and forth to Canada and the USA while attempting to evade the threat of
"Hello Sailor: Gay life on the ocean wave" is an fascinating, entertaining exhibit that uses personal memorabilia, accounts, interviews and rich visual artifacts to document the vibrant gay sub-culture that existed on UK passenger and merchant ships from the 1950s to the 1980s. In 2005, the British Navy would use the recruitment slogan "Your country needs you, especially if you are gay", but until 1967 homosexuality was criminalized in a harshly homophobic Britain. However, life on board ship could be both a "gay haven" where it was safe to be "out" (as long as you were competent mariner and did your job well!) and a "gay university" as young seafarers disembarked at ports around the world.
Under the nearby shopping centre
Liverpool One, you can see the world's first enclosed wet dock,
Liverpool's Old Dock (discovered during excavations in 2001) and also (for the first time in centuries) the bed of the Pool - the creek that gave Liverpool its name. Tours can be booked from the Museum but reservations are recommended.
The Museum Shop has a variety of souvenirs and the Quayside Cafe serves meals and snacks all day. For those who wish to have a picnic during the summer months there are benches (but no tables) outside the museum overlooking the docks.
Retired after teaching more than 45 years at the elementary, secondary and post-secondary levels as he lived and travelled in England, Ireland, Canada, U.S.A., West Indies, Central and South America, John is an indulgent grandfather, an avid reader and an obsessive soccer fan (Liverpool Rules !) who continues extensive studies in Theology. He can be contacted at:
Merseyside Maritime Museum
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Read Conflict is the inability of a defender to interpret a blockers intensions due to a multitude of blocks initiated by a similar or common move. There are typically numerous different blocking patterns / schemes a defensive lineman must be able to deduce before he engages a blocker to determine his strategy and mode of attack. Some examples of these would be one-man blocks, two-man blocks, pull blocks, & pass sets on the surface it doesn’t seem complicated, but when you start to branch off into the different categories within said blocking patterns is where the “read conflict” comes into play. The four previously mentioned patterns could contain upwards of 12 blocks per pattern.
This is where KISS(Keep it Simple & Sound) or KILL(Keep it likeable & learnable) come into play.
Generally speaking there are two methods of coaching the comprehensive & generic method. There are pros and cons to each style, but what has prevented rookies and young players in the past from starting out of the gate in Tampa on defense has been the lack of applying the KISS or KILL method to coaching. The old philosophy of coaching was the comprehensive style which has several negatives associated with it. Coaches usually have to spend more time supplying a precise reaction to each block a defender might possibly encounter, defenders have to spend more time studying tendencies and techniques, which reduces the effectiveness or the natural ability of a defender too shine through. Success is extremely rigid in the more comprehensive style of coaching as the hardest things for an athlete to overcome is over thinking or slow to process information, the comprehensive coaching style only limits the more physical specimens and lesser mental ones to become bench watchers.
In the generic form of coaching, coaches teach a defender or in this case a defensive lineman one sound response movement to counter several different blocking patterns. It de-clutters the brain and tends to let mentally inadequate thinking players the ability to just react to what is taking place in front of them rather then waiting to read before they react too what is unfolding. The more simplistic form of coaching allows you’re more naturally gifted athletes to step onto the field sooner and contribute.
Harkening back to what new defensive coordinator Jim Bates said in his initial press conference about the ability of the players to be able to react quicker in the more basic form of 4-3 being employed this season even though it might have far more pressure packages and play a more physically challenging secondary coverage it is clear he is instituting the KISS or KILL method of coaching to take full advantage of the athletes on the roster, while not overloading them to a point where they become bogged down with too much information which short circuits there ability to attack downhill.SOURCE
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Tests Offered (click color name below for more information):
MC1R - Mask - Grizzle (E locus/Cream)| Agouti | Brown (Chocolate/Liver) | Dilute (Blue) | Dominant Black(K locus)| Harlequin |Piebald, Parti or Random White Spotting |Coat Length, Curl, Furnishings and Improper Coat | Natural Bobtail
Mammals have two pigments that are the basis of hair color: eumelanin (black) and pheomelanin (red or yellow). The gene involved in the production of these pigments in many species including dogs is Melanocortin 1 Receptor (MC1R) which is also called Extension. Other genes modify these pigments to produce the variety of colors and patterns found in the domestic dog. The Brown gene, Tyrosinase-Related Protein 1 (TYRP1), is a modifier that dilutes black pigment to brown but does not affect red pigment. Other genes involved in dog coat color include Agouti (ASIP) which organizes the distribution of black and red pigments, Beta-defensin (CBD-103) which is unique to dogs and responsible for dominant black (K locus), and Dilute (MLPH) which dilutes black and red pigments. Other genes that add white patterns and dilute colors are also present in dogs but are specific to certain breeds. Below are expanded descriptions of the genetic tests offered by the Veterinary Genetics Laboratory for dog coat color.
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Another similar exercise to mind mapping, picture association as you might imagine focuses on images as your source of inspiration.
- Print out photos and illustrations that you feel are related to the project. These images can be found in search engines, cut out of magazines, picked from design resources, art books, stock images or taken by you.
- Arrange your images in groups or clusters that seem to speak to one another. Write words around the clusters that describe the essential message they convey.
- From these groups, choose the ideas you like most and start to sketch out possible design executions.
This technique works well when you’re really stuck. As humans, we have the tendency to find relationships between things that seem to be in direct conflict. The tension between those two words or ideas can often spark more novel concepts in your mind.
- Come up with a word or concept derived from the overall project (or an older one you previously had trouble expanding upon).
- Write down the first random thing that pops into your mind.
- With both words down. Next, write as many different associations between the two words you can think of.
- See what words or images start to emerge. Choose the ideas you like most and start to sketch out possible design executions.
If you’ve been busy brainstorming and none of the ideas have really led to fruition, try mixing up your approach with idea inversion.
- Take a concept that’s not quite working and imagine the exact opposite in every way.
- Write out the opposing attributes and draw that new idea.
- Compare the two ideas, and mix and match elements from both to stir new possibilities.
Relatively self-explanatory, draw out words and layout ideas in a free form way.
- Do not filter your ideas, just draw.
- Every five minutes, step back from your drawings for a second to re-assess and refocus your direction.
- If you are working with another designer, swap notebooks after a while and keep drawing to inspire new ideas.
Designer Mad Libs
This technique can be kind of fun. Remember that game Mad Libs you played as a kid? You will be making one for your project.
- Your Mad Lib can be basic an phrased like: My ________ is like ________ because ________ .
- Go through a few times writing different words in the blanks and see what you come up with.
- Also, try asking others to fill in the blanks and work from their ideas. You will be shocked what ideas will start to emerge from what others come up with.
Final Thought: Set A Time Limit
Being creative on demand is, well, demanding! However, if you set some sort of time limit to your brainstorming (20-30 min works best) it gives you enough time to really get the creative juices flowing while still not making everything seem like too daunting a task.
Working without time limits can be overwhelming for the mind, especially when you feel lost as to where you should start. By setting a workable limit to your brainstorming you will be sure to have enough time to generate plenty of ideas while still able to progress to the next stage of the design process in a timely manner.
Source: Creative Workshop by David Sherwin
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One of the phrases most used by dog owners is that they only need to speak.
That is, it seems to us that it would only be necessary for him to answer us when we spoke to him so that we would have the feeling that he is almost human. If this phrase is used, it is because we have the conviction that they understand our language.
But will it really be that way? Do dogs understand what we tell them?
Dogs understand part of what we humans say
According to a study from the University of Sussex (United Kingdom), dogs understand part of what we tell them in a similar way to how humans do.
Each of the two cerebral hemispheres of the dog is prepared to understand various facets of language, both verbal and nonverbal. This is possible because this kind of animal has a certain intelligence, which in some cases would not be very different from the human one.
One of the authors of this study states that they cannot guarantee how much information they understand or how, but dogs do understand several parts of the conversation. This leads them to decipher simple phrases like ‘Come here’.
Communication between dogs, between humans, dogs with humans …
We all know that the communication process goes far beyond simple or complex words. It involves the gestures, intonation or gestures we use. Information that is absorbed by different parts of our brain.
Until now, it was known that when two dogs tried to communicate with each other, both cerebral hemispheres fulfilled different functions when processing language. This study shows how the same thing happens when communication is with humans.
The left hemisphere of people assimilates intelligible information, that is, the phonemes that make up the words and phrases. The law, meanwhile, is responsible for understanding the tone or accent. Both hemispheres are therefore essential to assimilate language among humans.
What this research shows is that dogs are able to divide into both hemispheres everything that language encompasses in order to assimilate it. They conclude that they have intelligence comparable to that of a 2-year-old child.
The study to know if dogs understand
The study involved 250 dogs and, according to the results obtained, this capacity would be explained or that it is something that certain species of mammals manage to carry out or that it has been possible to develop thanks to centuries of coexistence with the human being.
The test to which this type of pets was subjected was to reproduce in their presence different previously recorded messages, in order to study how the animal reacted on each occasion.
Sometimes they heard the familiar ‘Come here’, without intonation. In others, nothing that made sense, but in a positive way.
To know which of the two hemispheres was processing the information, they looked at whether the dog had looked to the left, which would mean that it is the right hemisphere that processes the information, and vice versa.
Then they could see how they assimilated the data in a similar way to humans.
Other previous studies to know if dogs understand the language
It is not the first study conducted on communication between dogs and humans, as it could not be otherwise.
Others that had been carried out previously indicated, for example, that animals do not look at the finger when someone points to something, but the object indicated.
They also recognize if their interlocutor is a man or a woman, as any of us would do. They can even relate a voice to a face, especially if it’s its owner.
Within all dogs, it seems that the one with the greatest intelligence is the Border Collie, at least that is what was found in a study dating back to 1994. It was claimed that it manages to differentiate more than 1,000 objects by name and also that Is able to understand generic terms like toy or ball.
Surely after this article, you value much more the skills that your favorite pet has to understand what you are saying. So take advantage so that they are always positive things that make your special bond grow.
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Happy 100th Birthday to the Bohr Atom!
Picture an atom, and you may imagine spherical electrons orbiting a nucleus packed with particles like neutrons.
Picture an atom, and you may imagine spherical electrons orbiting a nucleus packed with particles like neutrons. Only certain orbits – quantum levels – are possible. It’s a simplistic model, yet provides insights into atoms and chemical properties, and this year marks 100 years since the model was first proposed, by Danish physicist Niels Bohr.
The idea that matter comprises indivisible units dates back to Indian and Greek philosophers; one of the latter, Democritus, used the term “atomos”, meaning “uncuttable”. Yet the influential Aristotle argued that such notions were incorrect, instead favouring a theory of matter comprising four elements: fire, water, earth, and air. Quirky though it seems today, this theory prevailed, even hindering scientific progress.
It was not until around 1803 that the first useful atomic theory of matter was introduced, by British chemist-physicist John Dalton. He proposed that all matter is composed of atoms, which differ between elements and cannot be made or destroyed though can create compounds in chemical reactions.
Plum pudding model soon superseded
Almost a century later, another Briton – physicist Joseph Thomson – discovered the electron through experiments with cathode rays. This led to him proposing that atoms were made of electrons, or corpuscles as he called them, embedded in a sphere of uniform positive charge. His idea became known as the “plum pudding model”, with the electrons likened to plums within a popular pudding.
After being moribund for so long, atomic theory was now set to advance swiftly, and just five years after Thomson published his model in 1904, it was disproved by an experiment directed by a New Zealand-born scientist who became known as the father of nuclear physics, Ernest Rutherford.
The experiment involved firing positively charged alpha particles at gold foil, and seeing where they went. According to the plum pudding model, most should have passed essentially straight through, deflected by a few degrees at most. But in practice, while the majority of particles indeed passed straight on, a very small percentage were deflected at high angles, occasionally almost bouncing back in the direction they had come from.
To Rutherford, this result “was quite the most incredible event that has ever happened to me in my life. It was almost as incredible as if you fired a 15-inch shell at a piece of tissue paper and it came back and hit you.” He concluded that each atom was mostly empty space, with a tiny but dense “central charge”, since called the nucleus.
Bohr applies quantum theory to atoms
Niels Bohr received a doctorate in physics from Copenhagen University, Denmark, and was awarded a fellowship for overseas study. As he had focused on electrons in metals, he joined Thomson’s research group in Cambridge, UK. Bohr looked forward to meeting Thomson and discussing some apparent errors with his theories, yet reportedly found him little interested in such discussions. Soon, Bohr instead spent a brief spell with Rutherford in Manchester, UK.
Based on the experiments involving gold foil, Rutherford had proposed that an atom was like a miniature solar system, with electrons circling the nucleus. But this did not fit classical theories, according to which the charged electrons should continually radiate energy and eventually spiral into the nucleus.
Returning to Denmark, Bohr began working on theories, including an exploration of whether the structure of the atom could be explained by the recently introduced quantum theory. This had arisen through German physicist Max Planck looking at materials radiating heat, and finding that the energy was always in discrete units he called quanta.
Early in 1913, a colleague drew Bohr’s attention to the Balmer series, a well known but unexplained formula that described a series of wavelengths of light in the spectrum emitted by hydrogen atoms. To Bohr, it was immediately clear that this formula dovetailed with his new theory of the atom.
Bohr postulated that an electron could follow certain stable orbits around a hydrogen nucleus, and while in these it did not give off energy. It could also fall from higher to lower levels, and energy was released during the transitions. He produced a formula that neatly agreed with the Balmer series.
During 2013, Bohr published three papers that included his new model of the atom. He had grander aims too, noting that “outlines are given of a theory of the constitution of the atoms of the elements and of the formation of molecules of chemical combinations,” yet even his atom proved hard for anyone to accept.
Theory hard to understand - but it worked!
Though Rutherford was open-minded, he considered it was “very difficult to form a physical idea” of the theory, and suggested a grave difficulty was that it implied an electron knew where it was going as it passed from one stationary state to another.
But there was no ignoring the fact that Bohr’s theory worked for the Balmer series, and even explained that a mysterious set of accompanying lines arose from helium spectra. Plum pudding notions had gone; quantum theory had become integral to the study of the atom.
Just 27 years old when he published his trilogy, Bohr became an eminent scientist, being awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics and with his name prominent among the renowned individuals at the forefront of developing quantum theory. At one conference, German genius Albert Einstein remarked, “God does not play dice”, as he disliked the uncertainties now inherent within physics. Bohr responded, “Einstein, stop telling God what to do".
But Bohr and Einstein were mutual admirers, and in his autobiography Einstein recalled that Bohr’s atomic theory “appeared to me like a miracle”.
Atomic models swiftly evolved, with Bohr recognising that the idea of circular orbits was incorrect, and complex equations later describing probabilities of electron distributions – which only roughly correspond with orbits. These models have made it far, far harder to form a physical idea of the atom.
If you find such notions more than a little baffling, especially on a Sunday, you might take comfort in a quote from Bohr: “If anybody says he can think about quantum theory without getting giddy it merely shows that he hasn't understood the first thing about it!”
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A team of researchers at the University of Notre Dame has made a major advance toward this vision by creating an inexpensive "solar paint" that uses semiconducting nanoparticles to produce energy.
"We want to do something transformative, to move beyond current silicon-based solar technology," says Prashant Kamat, John A. Zahm Professor of Science in Chemistry and Biochemistry and an investigator in Notre Dame's Center for Nano Science and Technology (NDnano), who leads the research.
"By incorporating power-producing nanoparticles, called quantum dots, into a spreadable compound, we've made a one-coat solar paint that can be applied to any conductive surface without special equipment."
The team's search for the new material, described in the journal ACS Nano, centered on nano-sized particles of titanium dioxide, which were coated with either cadmium sulfide or cadmium selenide. The particles were then suspended in a water-alcohol mixture to create a paste.
When the paste was brushed onto a transparent conducting material and exposed to light, it created electricity.
"The best light-to-energy conversion efficiency we've reached so far is 1 percent, which is well behind the usual 10 to 15 percent efficiency of commercial silicon solar cells," explains Kamat.
"But this paint can be made cheaply and in large quantities. If we can improve the efficiency somewhat, we may be able to make a real difference in meeting energy needs in the future."
"That's why we've christened the new paint, Sun-Believable," he adds.
Story continues at sciencedaily.com
Via - disinfo.com
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An archive is a collection of records created during the daily life of an organisation, company or individual. The records held in archival collections are selected for preservation because of the ongoing value of the information they contain or because they provide evidence of the conduct of affairs of their creator.
"Archive" can also refer to the institution that houses these collections.
Archival collections differ from library collections in that they contain unpublished, original and unique records. Library collections on the other hand contain published books that can be accessed through open-shelf browsing. Because of their uniqueness, archival collections can only be accessed ordering specific records that must be viewed in secure reading rooms. Also, archival collections are arranged in the order in which their creator maintained them. A library, on the other hand, arranges its collection according to subject.
Elizabeth Jane Leggo collection 1987.0163, Diary of E.J. Leggo, 1886-1913, University of Melbourne Archives
|Contain published material (e.g. books, journals).||Contain unpublished material.|
|Material is organised by subject.||Material is organised according to the original order in which it was maintained.|
|Find material by checking the library catalogue or browsing the shelves.||Find material through lists (often called 'finding aids'). Browsing is not allowed.|
|Borrowing is allowed.||Borrowing is not allowed.|
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A minor earthquake magnitude 3.2 (ml/mb) has occurred on Friday, 70 kilometers (43 miles) from Punta Cana in Dominican Republic. The temblor was detected at 18:42:29 / 6:42 pm (local time epicenter). Date and time of earthquake in UTC/GMT: 31/01/20 / 2020-01-31 23:42:29 / January 31, 2020 @ 11:42 pm. Event id: pr2020031037. Ids that are associated to the earthquake: pr2020031037. Exact location of earthquake, longitude -67.8238 West, latitude 18.899 North, depth = 10 km. The epicenter of the earthquake was roughly 10 km (6 miles) below the earth’s surface.
Nearest cities/city/villages to epicentrum/hypocenter was Punta Cana (min 5000 pop). Epicenter of the earthquake was 71 km (44 miles) from Punta Cana (c. 100 000 pop). Nearby country/countries, Dominican Republic (c. 9 824 000 pop) (That might be effected).
In the past 24 hours, there have been three, in the last 10 days thirty-five, in the past 30 days fourty-seven and in the last 365 days one thousand and fourty-six earthquakes of magnitude 3.0 or greater that has struck near. Earthquakes 3.0 to 4.0 are often felt, but only causes minor damage. Each year there are an estimated 130,000 minor quakes in the world.
Did you feel it?
Did objects rattle, topple over, or fall off shelves? Leave a comment or report about activity, shaking and damage at your home, country and city. This data comes from the USGS Earthquake Notification Service. Read more about the earthquake, Seismometer information, Distances, Parameters, Date-Time, Location and details about this quake, that has occurred near: 70 km ENE of Punta Cana, Dominican Republic.
Copyright © 2020 earthquakenewstoday.com All rights reserved.
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While here in the US, we know that we are speaking of Temperature in terms of degrees Fahrenheit. 100 degrees F is about 40 degrees C (Celcius). 100 degrees C is the Boiling point of water! None of us would live in that temperature. We certainly won't live very comfortably at 100 degrees F either.
Why do I mention this on ABG? Because just about every vehicle we buy/use, every drop of fuel they consume is measured in two units - the International System of Units ("metric" or SI units) and inch/foot/pound/gallon units. Dimensions have to be quoted in both unit systems. Technicians have to maintain two sets of tools. In the Bosch Automotive Handbook, 5th Edition, 10 pages are devoted just to the conversion of units! Why is this still happening in the 21st century? Because we in the US don't want to change our traditional ways and, since we are big and powerful, the rest of the nations have to put up with it. It wastes time and money, causes confusion. It certainly builds in an extra cost making things we buy - including our autos - more expensive and prone to errors of conversion. About 95 percent of the world uses metric units. We are the holdouts!
NASA suffered the lost of a space probe to Mars. It slammed into the surface instead of gently landing. Why? Because some calculations were done in US units while all the rest were in SI units. Nobody caught it.
Are we going to carry a set of obsolescent/archaic units of measure into the new vehicles of the 21st century? If we are part of a globalized economy, do we want to rest of the world to build vehicles for us by our units of measures or theirs? Which is the "way forward"? As an engineer, though I am most comfortable with miles, foot-pounds, PSI and MPG, etc., it is past time when we make the switch and new green vehicles should lead the way.
I guess it depends on how smart and adaptable the American public is. If all the world can work and measure in metric units, can't we? Is it just because of our pride that we resist? Is it an issue of nationalism? Will it hurt so bad if we buy liters of fuel instead of gallons? Give our weight in units of kilograms? (I weigh 51 kg.) We want to succeed in a globalized economy, don't we?
Oh, 100 degrees F is 37.9 C. Either way, its hot!
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Catkins, Gray birch
Tree leaves have finished masterminding their services to the plant. After engineering the seed cycle they depart with a colorful flourish.
The migrant birds that passed through in spring mating array come back wearing subdued, sensible plumage. Warblers weighing less than half an ounce hurry south across the continent.
All summer prolific greens covered the landscape. Now idiosyncrasies stand forth as plants disrobe and the diminished sun lights their surfaces experimentally.
A late-season butterfly settles on a warm granite outcropping. Not a migrator, it is on the verge of finishing its life cycle.
Goldenrod emblazoned the ledge for the last of the pollen-eaters.
The reappearance of juncos implies imminent winter. Their blue-grayness and pink bills relieve fading earth tones in the meadows. White tail feathers spark their take-offs.
Slaty colors in the ocean and sky complicate November with moods of grand inhospitality. The coastline often wraps itself in primal power.
Turbulent surf resolves into capillary froth. Tidelets explore crevices and rearrange themselves in ceaseless confections.
Shorebirds regard the surf ambivalently. Waves stir up morsels to eat, thank you, as they spread boisterously over the rocks.
Cranberries mature in a damp mining excavation overlooking the sea.
Wind ripples the surface of the great quarry into speckled constellations.
The wind accepts cattail progeny for dispersal across the quarry, and to distant wetlands.
A beaver strengthens his abode and larder for the comfort of life beneath winter ice.
Drill marks and black cherry
Here and there vignettes of time contrast human history with natural passages.
Water seepage through the fractured ledge sustains a deciduous holly in a ravine on the quarry cliff. Falling leaves are beginning to reveal the berried twigs popular in Christmas decorations. Autumn presents a prettier cameo while the fruit and foliage are both present.
The cooler, drier air clarifies subtleties on the granite walls across the water. When snow comes to blanket the quarry sunlight will bounce upward to model new colors and shadows. Then the charms of the winter will draw visitors with warmer clothes and an even quicker step than autumn.
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Also found in: Thesaurus, Medical, Encyclopedia, Wikipedia.
Related to collet: Colette
1. A cone-shaped sleeve used for holding circular or rodlike pieces in a lathe or other machine.
2. A metal collar used in watchmaking to join one end of a balance spring to the balance staff.
3. A circular flange or rim, as in a ring, into which a gem is set.
1. (Jewellery) (in a jewellery setting) a band or coronet-shaped claw that holds an individual stone
2. (Mechanical Engineering) mechanical engineering an externally tapered sleeve made in two or more segments and used to grip a shaft passed through its centre when the sleeve is compressed by being inserted in a tapered hole
3. (Horology) horology a small collar that supports the inner end of the hairspring
(Jewellery) (tr) jewellery to mount in a collet
[C16: from Old French: a little collar, from col neckband, neck, from Latin collum neck]
1. a collar or enclosing band.
2. the enclosing rim within which a gemstone is set.
3. a slotted cylindrical clamp inserted into the tapered interior of a sleeve or chuck on a lathe to hold a cylindrical piece of work.
[1520–30; < French col neck (< Latin collum)]
Past participle: colleted
Switch to new thesaurus
|Noun||1.||collet - a metal cap or band placed on a wooden pole to prevent splitting|
cap - something serving as a cover or protection
|2.||collet - a cone-shaped chuck used for holding cylindrical pieces in a lathe|
chuck - a holding device consisting of adjustable jaws that center a workpiece in a lathe or center a tool in a drill
|3.||collet - a band or collar that holds an individual stone in a jewelry setting|
band - a restraint put around something to hold it together
mounting - framework used for support or display
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The ivory gull (Pagophila eburnea) is a high arctic species that frequents ice-filled waters throughout the year. Scattered colonies occur in Arctic Canada, Greenland, Svalbard, Franz Josef Land, on islands in the Kara Sea and on Severnaya Zemlya. At sea, the ivory gull is a surface-feeder, foraging primarily on small fish, such as polar cod, and macro-zooplankton, such as amphipods and euphausiids. Ivory gulls are also scavengers of marine mammals killed by polar bears or other predators. The Izvesti Tsik Islands is an high Arctic archipelago located in the Kara Sea, about 150 km from the coast of Taymyr. Most of the year the archipelago is surrounded by sea-ice. Its the largest island is Troynoy, which in July 1993, at the inauguration of the Great Arctic Reserve, was visited by an international WWF-delegation. The island group is part of the Great Arctic Reserve. Troynoy has a whether station and is home for an ivory gull colony, other high Arctic birds, and is frequently visited by polar bears.
From album: Great Arctic Reserve, Taymyrski Zapovednik and German-Russian Expeditions 1989-1991 to Taymyr
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Editor’s Note: How are you preparing for Tropical Storm Barry? When it’s safe, you can text, iMessage or WhatsApp your videos, photos and stories to CNN at +1 347-322-0415
Tropical Storm Barry presents New Orleans with an unprecedented problem, according to the National Weather Service.
The Mississippi River, which is usually at 6 to 8 feet in midsummer in the Big Easy, is now at 16 feet, owing to record flooding that’s taken place this year all along the waterway.
In the meantime, Barry is spinning away in the Gulf of Mexico, threatening a storm surge of 2 to 3 feet at the mouth of the river, said Jeffrey Graschel, a hydrologist with the weather service’s Lower Mississippi River Forecast Center in Slidell, Louisiana.
The unusual confluence of factors adds up to a forecast that has the river cresting Saturday at 19 feet, a level not seen since February 1950 and about 2.3 feet shy of the record set in April 1922, the weather service said Thursday.
“This is the first time we’ve had a tropical system with water levels on the river this high,” he said.
The prediction is rattling the nerves of residents also concerned about the 10 inches of rain Barry could dump before it moves out, CNN senior meteorologist Dave Hennen said. That deluge would follow the 9 inches that fell Wednesday in New Orleans, flooding parts of the city.
Mandatory evacuations in at least 2 parishes
Barry, set to be the first tropical system to hit the United States this year, is moving slowly, the weather service said. Residents of the coast and in the lower Mississippi Valley could see heavy rainfall through the weekend and into early next week, with flash flooding, river flooding and storm surge likely.
“Look, there are three ways that Louisiana floods: storm surge, high rivers and rain,” Gov. John Bel Edwards said Thursday. “We’re going to have all three.”
States of emergency have been declared in Orleans, Jefferson, St. Bernard, Plaquemines and St. Charles parishes. Jefferson Parish and Plaquemines Parish have instituted mandatory evacuations as a precaution in low-lying areas or those outside major levees.
New Orleans has not issued mandatory or voluntary evacuations, Mayor LaToya Cantrell said. An evacuation typically wouldn’t be considered until the storm was a Category 3, she said, and for now, the strategy is to shelter in place.
The US Army Corps of Engineers has insisted that it does not expect overtopping of the city’s levees under the forecast conditions and said Thursday that it is “extremely confident in the integrity of the system.”
Officials are expected to close dozens of floodgates to help mitigate the risk of flooding, according to Southeast Louisiana Flood Protection Authority East spokesman Antwan Harris, and the Federal Emergency Management Agency has deployed personnel and supplies for staging in Louisiana and Texas, it said in a statement.
“Gulf Coast residents should prepare now for heavy rains, flooding and high wind impacts regardless of this storm’s category,” the FEMA statement said.
In New Orleans, 118 of city 120 pumps that drain neighborhoods are in working order, Sewerage & Water Board spokeswoman Courtney Barnes said. The two that aren’t are relatively small, she said, and are at stations with other functioning pumps in the Lakeview area and New Orleans East.
Still, the system of pumps, underground pipes and canals is designed to remove only 1 inch of rainwater in the first hour of a storm and a half-inch in subsequent hours. It simply could not keep up with Wednesday’s downpour, Barnes said, noting that any system in the country would have been outpaced.
“There’s no system designed to pump that capacity of rain,” she said.
’The real storm hasn’t even hit’
Some residents aren’t taking any chances.
Dannie Davis of New Orleans will evacuate, she said Thursday. She was struck by the flooding Wednesday, “and the real storm hasn’t even hit,” she said.
“I haven’t seen this much rain and flooding before a hurricane in a while,” she said. “Who knows what’s to come and whether the city will be able to handle it.”
Another resident, Claire Grogan, was also planning to evacuate.
For 40 years, she’s lived in the French Quarter, mere blocks from the Mississippi River, she said, and has never been scared. Now, that’s changed.
“The river is so high that I am just scared to stay,” Grogan said, adding that as a business owner, she also wants her employees to have the chance to leave if they want to.
Other residents, like Sarah Corsiatto, were still weighing their options.
She said she’d heard the chatter around town about evacuating, but the co-owner of the Arrow Cafe was still making coffee for a handful of customers Thursday.
“I’ll make my decision tomorrow around 2,” she said.
CNN’s Michael Nedelman contributed to this report.
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May is National Foster Care Month. What better time to raise awareness of the fact that there are more than 400,000 young people currently in foster care in the U.S.—nearly 48,000 of whom are here in Texas?
If you’re a CASA volunteer or otherwise already involved in the child welfare world, chances are you have a pretty good understanding of the foster care system. But there are plenty of people in your family, friend group, office and community who might not know what foster care really is, much less the issues children and families tangled up in the system can face, or how they can help.
We’ve compiled some resources to help you change that.
For the Kiddo: Sesame Street in Communities’ Foster Care Resources
Karli is a muppet who’s in foster care living with her “for-now parents,” Dalia and Clem. By introducing young children to Karli and her family, you’re not only helping to normalize the concept of foster care for them early on, but you’re showing them wonderful examples of how to process and talk through complicated issues and feelings.
For the Teen: FosterClub’s Real Stories
Sometimes the best way to reach teens is through—you guessed it—other teens! FosterClub’s blog features youth and young adults of all races, genders, sexual orientations and abilities speaking out about their experience in the foster care system. Any teen is bound to find at least one story that resonates with them.
For the Reader: Emily’s Story: A Year in the Life of a Child in Foster Care
Based on our 2017 short film, Emily’s Story is a 12-part, long-form article that dives into the experiences of a young girl who is removed from her home and placed in foster care. The article puts the reader in the shoes of both Emily and her CASA volunteer Maria—and contextualizes their narratives with in-depth explainer sections. The story, while fictional, is informed by actual events and helps the reader understand the kinds of real-life situations that many children in the Texas foster care system face.
For the Learner: Online Core Advocacy Skills Training (OCAST)
Do you have a friend or family member who loves a good deep dive? Texas CASA created an interactive e-learning course, Online Core Advocacy Skills Training (OCAST), which walks people through everything that happens when a child comes to the attention of CPS. While the primary audience is CASA volunteers, anyone can take the course and learn!
For the Spiritual: Clergy, CASA & Community
Every major religion shares common tenets expressed in different words, and in every religion, prayers, stories and metaphors express the universal calling: To lead a virtuous life, we must value and care for all people, including those less fortunate than ourselves. Do you know someone who is deeply involved with their church, synagogue, temple or other faith-based congregation? Show them this video, and start a conversation about how their congregation can get involved in supporting children and families in foster care.
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Talking with Young Adults About OCD
Many adults with OCD can clearly trace the beginnings of their symptoms back to childhood. Recalling feelings of shame, isolation and fear, adult sufferers say they wish someone had taken the time to sit and talk with them about their odd behavior, instead of criticizing them for it. Children are aware that they are doing things other kids their age aren’t. In fact, they are dreadfully self-conscious of this. They are afraid of telling a parent (or any authority figure) about dressing routines, brushing teeth a certain number of times, weird and crazy thoughts about God or hurting people, “germs” on the desk at school, crossing “t’s” just right, shooting the basketball until a “good” thought replaces a “bad” thought. Kids, adolescents and adults try very hard to hide the compulsive behaviors out of fear that if anyone knew: “They’d lock me up.” “They’d know I am really crazy.” “They’d take me away.” Unaware of psychiatric treatment, children assume there is something intrinsically wrong with them that cannot be corrected. They also, like adults, think they might be the only one alive to be this way.
An anecdotal note from an OCD sufferer who is now 34 highlights the issues often faced as a child with OCD. This woman recalls great emotional pain as a child afflicted with aggressive obsessions (worrying she somehow hurt someone). The worst part she says was keeping all of her fears in, because her parents expected her to “snap out of it” and “pull it together.” She strongly asserts, as do others, that parents should open the door for discussion when they suspect something is troubling their child. Making an attempt to connect with the child on an emotional level, offers them an opportunity to respond; it’s like extending a hand. Children need to be given some framework to understand what is happening to them. Sometimes they don’t have the ability to explain unless an adult offers some possibilities. With relief a child may say, “Wow! That is exactly what happens to me. . .how did you know?” This phenomenon is not exclusive to children. It occurs at any age when one feels desperately alone in their experience only to find out someone else feels the same way or understands.
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In preparation for the new National Curriculum in England (NC2014) in September, we’re pleased to let you know that we’ve just launched over 50 ThinkIts across Maths and Science to bolster our curriculum coverage. In most cases, we now have at least five ThinkIts per strand per year in our Maths and Science modules!
For Science, a great effort has been focused on creating new content to support the Working Scientifically strand from the new National Curriculum. We look forward to hearing how much they help in the classroom when you are encouraging your students to think about scientific investigation!
We are sure you will have your own favourites, but here are the ones our team considered the best.
ThinkIt ID 623: Perimeter and Area has been hugely popular. The final question on the answer slide had us all scratching our heads trying to figure out the rule!
ThinkIt ID 751: Adventure Time Graph is also one with stand-out appeal! It’s a fun way of using a graph to extract data, and has some great graphics to support it.
Our final recommendation would be ThinkIt ID 786: Asking Habitat Questions, which is a great ThinkIt to help students come up with questions when investigating new areas within their local habitat.
Please NOTE: These ThinkIts are also available to access in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland regions.
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- The social inequality and the problems resulting from nationalism play an important role in the aspect of causes for war, but they are not the only ones
- There are no romantic wars. I am sore thinking that dreams of a better world inspired many people to participate to the fight.
- SCW has some relation with WWII. It was used as a parade ground for introducing modern weapons and a modern way in leading a war. And even to spread the role of Nazism and Fascism.
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- 1 What does cementation mean?
- 2 What is cementation and compaction?
- 3 What does sediment mean?
- 4 What is carbonate cement?
- 5 What is an example of cementation?
- 6 What three agents must be present for cementation to occur?
- 7 What is called compaction?
- 8 What are the four steps of Lithification?
- 9 What comes first compaction or cementation?
- 10 What are the 4 types of sediments?
- 11 What are examples of sediment?
- 12 What is sediment explain with example?
- 13 What is a common mineral cement?
- 14 What is cemented sand?
- 15 Is cementation a chemical process?
What does cementation mean?
Cementation, in geology, hardening and welding of clastic sediments (those formed from preexisting rock fragments) by the precipitation of mineral matter in the pore spaces. It is the last stage in the formation of a sedimentary rock.
What is cementation and compaction?
Compaction and cementation lead to lithification of sedimentary rocks. Compaction is the squeezing of sediments by the weight of the rocks and sediments above them. Cementation is when cement from fluids bind sediments together.
What does sediment mean?
: material that sinks to the bottom of a liquid.: material (such as stones and sand) that is carried into water by water, wind, etc. See the full definition for sediment in the English Language Learners Dictionary. sediment. noun.
What is carbonate cement?
Carbonate cement is widely distributed in various sedimentary rocks and appears to be one of the commonest cement types. The carbonate content in clastic rocks is so high that it seems possible to regard them as rock-forming components equally with common quartz, feldspars, fragments of rocks, etc.
What is an example of cementation?
Cementation is the precipitation of a binding material around grains, thereby filling the pores of a sediment. Berner (1971, p. A good example is beachrock, a mix of beach and intertidal sand (usually carbonate and skeletal fragments) cemented by CaCO3 in subtropical to tropical climates.
What three agents must be present for cementation to occur?
Answer: The correct answer would be mineral, water, and sediments. In geology, cementation refers to the last stage of the rock cycle in which the sediments are hardened and welded through precipitation of mineral matters in the pores available.
What is called compaction?
As the layers of sediment build up, the pressure on the lower layers increases. The layers are squeezed together and any water mixed in with the sediments is forced out. This process is called compaction. After compaction and cementation the sedimentary sequence has changed into a sedimentary rock.
What are the four steps of Lithification?
- Igneous rocks are sometimes considered primary rocks because they crystallize from a liquid.
- Sedimentary rocks are the product of 1) weathering of preexisting rocks, 2) transport of the weathering products, 3) deposition of the material, followed by 4) compaction, and 5) cementation of the sediment to form a rock.
What comes first compaction or cementation?
1. Compaction occurs when the overlying sediments’ weight compacts the grains as tightly as possible. 2. Cementation is the process whereby dissolved minerals in the water between the grains crystallize cementing the grains together.
What are the 4 types of sediments?
Sediments are also classified by origin. There are four types: lithogenous, hydrogenous, biogenous and cosmogenous. Lithogenous sediments come from land via rivers, ice, wind and other processes. Biogenous sediments come from organisms like plankton when their exoskeletons break down.
What are examples of sediment?
Common sedimentary rocks include sandstone, limestone, and shale. These rocks often start as sediments carried in rivers and deposited in lakes and oceans. When buried, the sediments lose water and become cemented to form rock.
What is sediment explain with example?
For example, sand and silt can be carried in suspension in river water and on reaching the sea bed deposited by sedimentation; if buried, they may eventually become sandstone and siltstone ( sedimentary rocks) through lithification. Desert sand dunes and loess are examples of aeolian transport and deposition.
What is a common mineral cement?
Common mineral cements include calcite, quartz or silica phases like cristobalite, iron oxides, and clay minerals, but other mineral cements also occur. Cementation is continuous in the groundwater zone, so much so that the term “zone of cementation” is sometimes used interchangeably.
What is cemented sand?
Concrete sand is a label that is typically used to describe the coarse washed sand that is a common ingredient in cement and asphalt mixtures. Its grains are larger than those of masonry sand, but a processing and screening process ensures that there are no large rocks or pebbles present.
Is cementation a chemical process?
It is one of several processes, including mechanical and chemical compaction and mineral replacement, that constitute diagenesis and, taken collectively, produce progressive porosity reduction and lithification of sedimentary strata with increasing age and/or depth of burial.
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What Curriculum Theorists of the 1960s Can Teach Us about Schools and Society Today
Thomas S. Poetter, Miami University
A volume in the series: Curriculum Windows. Editor(s): Thomas S. Poetter, Miami University.
Curriculum Windows: What Curriculum Theorists of the 1960s Can Teach Us about Schools and Society Today is an effort by students of curriculum studies, along with their professor, to interpret and understand curriculum texts and theorists of the 1960s in contemporary terms. The authors explore how key books/authors from the curriculum field of the 1960s illuminate new possibilities forward for us as scholareducators today: How might the theories, practices, and ideas wrapped up in curriculum texts of the 1960s still resonate with us, allow us to see backward in time and forward in time – all at the same time? How might these figurative windows of insight, thought, ideas, fantasy, and fancy make us think differently about curriculum, teaching, learning, students, education, leadership, and schools? Further, how might they help us see more clearly, even perhaps put us on a path to correct the mistakes and missteps of intervening decades and of today? The chapter authors and editor revisit and interpret several of the most important works of the 1960s by Louise Berman, Jerome Bruner, WEB DuBois, Elliot Eisner, John Goodlad, James Herndon, John Holt, Philip Jackson, Herb Kohl, Robert Mager, A.S. Neill, Philip Phenix, Neil Postman. Joseph Schwab, Hilda Taba, and Sidney Walton. The book's Foreword is by renowned curriculum theorist William H. Schubert.
Foreword, William H. Schubert. Preface, Thomas S. Poetter. Introduction: Curriculum Windows To Tomorrow—Openings for Curriculum and Theory and Practice Today Despite Hauntings and Zombies, Thomas S. Poetter. The Power of Revolutionary Thought: Waging Curriculum Warfare on Racial Injustices in Academia, Kyra T. Shahid. A Window Toward Expanded Experiences: Exposing Today’s Limited Menu of Classroom Offerings and Asking for More Variety, Scott Sander. Schools in Process: Creating “New” Priorities, Leigh Ann Fish. No More Broken Windows: Transforming the Lives of Urban School Children, Mary A. Webb. How Reading Incentive Programs Fail, Candi Pierce Garry. Fifty Years of Behavioral Objectives: For Business or for Education? Mark O’Hara. A Glimpse at Freedom Through the Window of Race in Society and Education: DuBois’ Mansart Builds a School, Timothy Vaughn. Beyond Project Versus Process: Searching for Progress in Education, Sara Hayes, Scott Sander, and Beck Lewellen. Curriculum Midwives: Teachers, Instruction, and Students, Trevor Ngorosha. Student Protest: Blind Ignorance or Empowering Curriculum? Rachel Radina. Hilda Taba—Curriculum Pioneer and Architect, Susan Smith. Exploring Teaching As a Subversive Activity, Ryan Gamm. “What Is This Child Ready For?” Interacting With John Goodlad as Malawi Eyes a 100% Primary School Completion Rate, Precious Gawanani. In Pursuit of the Common Good With Philip Phenix, Carmen Scalfaro. Windows of Success With African American Students: Inspiration From Kohl, Jennifer Mills. Summerhill: A Call for Significance in a World of Irrelevance, Jocelyn Weeda. Hide and Seek With Philip Jackson: The Hidden Curriculum in Life in Classrooms, Kelly Waldrop. About the Authors.
Web price: $39.09 (Reg. 45.99)
Web price: $73.09 (Reg. 85.99)
- American Higher Education Contemporary Perspectives on Policy and Practice
- Curriculum Windows What Curriculum Theorists of the 1950s Can Teach Us About Schools and Society Today
- Curriculum Windows What Curriculum Theorists of the 2000s Can Teach Us About Schools and Society Today
- Curriculum Windows What Curriculum Theorists of the 1970s Can Teach Us about Schools and Society Today
- Curriculum Windows What Curriculum Theorists of the 1980s Can Teach Us About Schools And Society Today
- Curriculum Windows What Curriculum Theorists of the 1990s Can Teach Us About Schools And Society Today
- International Perspectives on Mathematics Teacher Education
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PRINTABLE TEST (answers on the bottom of the page)
Test Type: Car - Safety and your vehicle
Number of Questions: 10
Pass Mark: 10
1) By how much can stopping distances increase in icy conditions?
2) When should you NOT use your horn in a
3) When is it acceptable for a passenger to travel in a car without wearing wearing a seat belt?
4) It is essential that tyre pressures are
When should this be
5) What will reduce the risk of neck injury
resulting from a collision?
6) What percentage of all emissions does road
transport account for?
7) Catalytic converters are fitted to make the
8) While driving, this warning light on your
dashboard comes on.
9) Which TWO are badly affected if the tyres
2 answers required
10) What's the purpose of road humps, chicanes and narrowings?
© Crown copyright material reproduced under licence from the Driver and Vehicle Standards Agency, which does not accept any responsibility for the accuracy of the reproduction
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Make an Origami Christmas Ornament
Wrapping paper, colored printing paper or old book pages can be great alternatives to origami paper. Experiment with different patterns and textures.
- square sheet of paper
- double-sided glue dots
- embellishments (like washi tape or bells)
Gather Materials and Cut Square
Assemble all the craft materials (Image 1) and if not working with pre-formed origami sheets, start by cutting your sheet of paper into a square (Image 2). You can also choose the size, depending on how large or small you want the ornament to be. Trim accordingly.
Add a + Crease
Place paper wrong side up on a flat working surface. Fold the paper in half aligning top and bottom edges neatly. Run along fold to get a crease (Image 1). Throughout the instructions make sure each crease is folded well so the butterfly stays intact. Unfold and turn paper ninety degrees (Image 2). Fold in half the other way. Crease. You should get a + shaped crease on the paper.
Add an X Crease
Unfold. Turn paper design side or right side up and fold paper diagonally. Unfold and fold diagonally the other way so you get an X crease on paper.
Unfold. Using your finger, push the middle down so it pops in (Image 1). Bring the left and right horizontal creases together and collapse into a triangle (Image 2).
Fold Top Layer Corners
Fold the left corner of the top layer to the top corner of the triangle (Image 1). Repeat with right corner and bring towards top corner of triangle (Image 2). Crease folds well (Image 3).
Flip and Fold
Turn over. Fold the corner past the edge about half an inch (Image 1). Gently crease the folds forming from the bottom layer (Image 2).
Fold Tiny Triangle
Fold the triangle that is past the edge over (Image 1-2). Push down with index finger and crease well (Image 3).
Fold and Face Left
Fold along the center line (Image 1). Place back on flat surface and turn so that pointed triangle faces left (Image 2).
Fold Flaps to Make the Face
While holding the pointed end, fold the top flap in a valley fold (Image 1). Mirror fold on the other side. This is the face of the butterfly (Image 2).
Add Finishing Touches
Run string through glitter bell and tie ends together (Image 1). Place string in the center fold, add glue dots and pinch together until glue is set (Image 2). Your origami butterfly ornament is complete (Image 3)! Add beads, washi tape, or glitter to adorn if desired.
Display Your Ornament
Hang your ornament from a tree and admire your work.
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This tutorial will show you how to make a paracord spider, reminiscent of a tarantula.
I encountered quite a few different paracord spider variations so far. I decided to apply a similar technique in my own way. The result is a fairly realistic spider that will (in my case) decorate a wall. I know it is realistic enough since I scared myself with it, one hour after making it (forgot it was there!). Naturally this tutorial is not for the faint of heart, nor to be done in a household where anyone with arachnophobia (fear of spiders) is present.
With that said, let’s get started.
- two pieces of paracord 550, in my case black
- a ball bearing or marble for the core of the globe knot
- smaller pieces of cord that are gutted and used to dress the legs and fangs
- some wire to use for the legs and the front fangs. I used a type of wire that is flat, but round will work as well. Make sue you can shape the wire.
- lacing needle for tucking in the ends
Paracord spider tutorial
The paracord spider is based on the use of two knots I have featured before on the site. The first is the globe knot, the second the cobra knot. You can read my instructions below, as well as see the process via the step by step tutorial that follows the text.
The making of the spider begins by cutting the wire into smaller pieces. about 6 inches was the length I used for the legs. I decided to use two wires pieces per set of legs, meaning I used 8 pieces of wire for the legs. This will depend on your wire type.
Make a smaller piece that will act as the fangs of the spider in the same way.
Next I cut 4 pieces of paracord that were a bit larger than the length of the legs. I gutted these and inserted the wire pieces into them, then sealed them by melting the ends. Legs done!
I then tied a double globe knot. This knot will act as the body and it is more realistic if you leave it a bit oval in shape.
At this point I had a globe knot with four pieces of cord sticking out. At this time, I inspected to see which side will be best as the top side, then flipped the knot to the belly.
We will work on the bottom side. Make a cobra knot to start (shown also in the tutorial below).
At this point I used two knots to insert a set of legs. It is important toplace them so both sides are on top of the core cords, so the legs look even.
After inserting four sets of legs, add the fangs at the very bottom, then grab a lacing needle and tuck all four ends back into the spider.
Cut the cords, melt them.
To finish, shape the legs to get the spider to look right. In my opinion shaping the legs is what makes it look so intimidating :).
I hope you enjoyed this tutorial, for any questions, feel free to post in the comments below!
Also see the video tutorial, it should prove useful:
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Tourism could be the practice and plan of engaging, visiting, attracting, accommodating and coordinating guests the process and aim oforganizing and drawing in, and maintaining visitors. Tourism consists of all aspects of holiday, the area of travel, the services and products provided, and all other elements of skilled or leisure journey. Tourism has been one of the most significant industries in the creation of the globe economic system. Tourism can be defined as the approach where a niche is developed by making sure the accessibility of sources, by boosting awareness of the requirement of these kinds of resources, by generating sells for the use of these assets, by combining the travel and linked markets, through motivating tourist pursuits. It is estimated that holidays plays a role in pretty much fifteen percentage of gross domestic system (GDP) in certain places.
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Tourism has grown to become an element of the day-to-day lives of lots of people going year after year to check out many of the world’s preferred spots. Different people intending to go to distinct places outdoors their regular ecosystem. Some tourists like to pick a holiday, while many wish to work although some wish to expend their time with the families. Tourism may be sorted as a method that creates persons with each other to enjoy the nice thing about the sites outdoors their homes. Tourism can be explained as a marketing exercise focused when it comes to stimulating the journey or attendance of consumers to certain attractions, just for leisure, education and learning, venture, other and well being applications.
Tourism has enjoyed a crucial role in the creation of the economic systems for many nations around the world, adding concerning revenue age group for the national finances. The unfamiliar straight purchase (FDI) during the vacation market helps several ventures just like structure advancement, place of resorts, resorts, design recreational areas, as well as other sorts of lodging. Domestic holidays would be the complete opposite of dangerous travel. Domestic travel close to one half the profits created in a region.
Growth of travel industry has substantially contributed to the advancement of living expectations, work safety, advanced health problems, superior education and learning and other socio-economical well being of individuals. Tourism results in a contribution to minimizing the co2 emission inside the natural environment. Tourism possesses the possibility to catch the attention of a huge number of visitors annually. Numerous travelers check out various parts of the whole world searching for diverse lovely attractiveness, all natural assets and trip athletics. The raising quantity of guests going to a single spot highlights the power of travel and leisure. Depending on the latest researching, India is probably the leading resources for visitors and contains continually graded loaded with their list on most wanted spots around the globe.
People journeying byrail and plane, cruise liner, sea and bus can readily go through the different appeal of different holiday destinations of India. Rajasthan is just about the most chosen vacation spots of visitors in India, where they may have a vibrant customs and practice in addition to current vacation amenities. Jaipur and Udaipur are quite preferred for famous and art work Deco properties. Tourists can visit Delhi for that Red Fort, Qutub Minar and Jama Masjid.
There are many advantages for the increase of travel sector in India. Most people touring India from elsewhere or through the nearby areas carry home with him or her lots of mementos that they could present to their own members of the family as mementos. These souvenirs are utilized like a marketing tool by many people excursion tourist and operators business organizations. Tourism is also a primary contributor to Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The visitor market is a major generator of employment opportunities for anyone located in several cities and towns in India.
Tourism not merely presents superb job opportunities to the knowledgeable younger years additionally it delivers fiscal as well as work on the qualified individuals. According to the statement, E3 Project, done by the Oxford institute of Economic Policy, a research shows that your particular 15 percentage rise in the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is straight added by vacationers from in another country on the Indian overall economy. Which means that everyone hundreds travellers from in foreign countries normally takes house all 5 bucks worth of cash flow to your Indian economic climate. So, once we sum up all of the contributions done by guests into the GDP, we visit recognize that tourist not merely increases the monetary growth and development of a place and also lifts the morale of its people.
On account of high development in the vacation sector, the world has started to receive considerably more international investment decision. Various small, and sizeable businesses have established basic in the nation, that have led to the roll-out of quite a few new attractions and sights. These companies supply distinct holidays associated products or services. Most of these items are air ticket, accommodation reservations and bookings, e.g. journey plans yet others provide associated support like tour information, hotel and transfer foodstuff manual, and so on.
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Far more guidelines from highly recommended editors:
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This is a topic from last year, but I think it was interesting, a 100 years old Japanese world map became a hot topic for a while among Japanese web users.
- Japan is too damn big
- Way to big lol
- Europe is the same size as Japan
- The ship is way too big too lol
- I think it’s common for the arthur to draw his country bigger, and other places with little knowledge smaller
- What is the giant land mass below?
- South Africa = 墨瓦臘泥加
Australia on the right
- It says “Magallanica”
“Since the northern hemisphere have Eurasia it would make sense there is a equal on the southern hemisphere”
It was a theory they had for Eurasia and Magallanica.
When they discover Australia they thought this theory was right! and caused quite a topic
But then they were disappointed when they found out it was smaller than they thought
- They used to call Africa as Libya before
- Is it because Libya is an old Greece name?
- Huh? Japan was this big?
I thought they were saying how small the land is so I’d think it would be smaller
- When they say small land area they meant “70% of the land is mountain terrain which is uninhabitable”
As to inhabitable or usable land, Europe have way larger land mass
As to Japan with too much mountain terrain, much less land mass in comparison
- This is a Rangaku map made in the Edo period
And you can tell this is for the general public by the picture and images
There are many incorrect places
- This land great evil of south pole star star upon the night land (此国大悪地之南極星頭上見夜国)
What does this mean? What’s with the South Pole?
- 悪地＝荒地＝Land where no one live
- I see
- I wonder what 夜人国(night people country) mean
- 夜人国（country of the night people）→ North Pole 夜国(country of night)→South Pole
This is an expression before knowing Earth rotate
Most of the time the poles are night
- Where’s the 女人国（country of women）
- It’s around Volgograd
- Time to go there!
- There is a civilization as large as Eurasia in the southern hemisphere
Recent year the northern and southern civilization had some big crashes
The ocean became the line among the two, to the north the south is where the world end
And to the south it’s the exact same thought but different side
…if only this was real, real world is so boring
For anyone who wants to soo more map visit Kyoto University Library.
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I can't seem to get a clear picture of how the pressure changes in liquids. Here is a small self made file, made to make myself understand this topic . Click on the attachment. Obviously as the water rose up, air pressure in the small tube rose up. (Due to Boyle's Law) Now lets assume (for the sake of better understanding) that i pushed the small tube half a meter inside the large beaker. Now what is the pressure on the yellow mark ? Is it equal to the air pressure inside the small tube, because that only makes sense. If they were not equal then there would be no Equilibrium and the water would continue to rise up/down. And, what is the pressure at the pink mark ? Is it : Pressure = Desnsity x g x h + atm = 1000*9.8*0.5 +1atm Is the pressure on both marks the same ?
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Are you trying to reduce your car’s carbon footprint? Do you want to save money on fuel and become a smarter, eco-friendly driver? With it, you can do just that. The Eco Driver Chip is an advanced vehicle technology that helps drivers improve their fuel efficiency and reduce their environmental impact. The chip, which is installed in your vehicle, collects data about your driving habits and provides personalized recommendations for reducing emissions and saving fuel. From driving techniques to engine maintenance tips, the device offers a comprehensive guide to smart driving and eco-friendly practices. In this article, we’ll explore how the EcoDriver Chip works and how it can help you become a better driver.
What is the EcoDriver Chip?
This is a device that can be installed in your car to help you drive more efficiently and save money on fuel. It works by monitoring your driving habits and giving you real-time feedback on how to improve your fuel economy. The EcoDriver Chip is the perfect solution for anyone who wants to save money on gas and reduce their carbon footprint.
How Does the EcoDriver Chip Work?
Smart driving is all about making the most of your car’s potential and using less fuel in the process. This is designed to help you do just that, by improving your car’s performance and making it more fuel-efficient.
Here’s how it works:
1. They adjusts the timing of your engine’s spark plugs, so that they fire at the optimal time for combustion. This makes your engine run more efficiently, so you use less fuel.
2. The EcoDriver Chip also modifies the air/fuel mixture that goes into your engine. This ensures that your engine is running at its peak performance, which again translates into better fuel efficiency.
3. Finally, The monitors your driving habits and provides feedback on how you can drive more efficiently. By making small changes to the way you drive, you can save even more fuel – it all adds up!
Installing the EcoDriver Chip is easy and only takes a few minutes. Once it’s in place, you’ll start seeing improved fuel economy right away – typically 2-5% better mileage on average. And because it doesn’t void your car’s warranty, there’s nothing to lose and everything to gain!
The Benefits of the EcoDriver Chip
This is a great way to save money on fuel and improve your car’s fuel economy. Here are some of the benefits of the EcoDriver Chip:
1. Save Money on Fuel – They can help you save money on fuel by improving your car’s fuel economy.
2. Improve Your Car’s Fuel Economy – They can help improve your car’s fuel economy by up to 20%.
3. Reduce Emissions – They can help reduce emissions from your car by up to 30%.
4. Increase Horsepower – They can also help increase horsepower by up to 10%.
5. Easy Installation – The EcoDriver Chip is easy to install, and you can do it yourself in just minutes.
How to Install the EcoDriver Chip
If you’re looking to save money on fuel and be more eco-friendly, then you need the EcoDriver chip. Here’s a quick guide on how to install it in your car.
1. Start by finding the right spot for the chip. It should be placed near the ECU (engine control unit) or under the fuse box.
2. Once you’ve found the right spot, clean off any dirt or debris so that the chip can be installed properly.
3. Carefully remove the backing from the adhesive and attach the EcoDriver chip to the chosen spot.
4. That’s it! You’re now ready to start saving money and fuel.
FAQ’s About the EcoDriver Chip
The EcoDriver chip is a small device that you plug into your car’s OBDII port. It uses sensors to monitor your driving habits and give you real-time feedback on how to improve your fuel efficiency.
-What are the benefits of using the EcoDriver chip?
They can help you save money on fuel costs, improve your gas mileage, and reduce your carbon footprint.
-How much can I expect to save by using the EcoDriver chip?
Savings will vary depending on your driving habits and the type of vehicle you drive. However, many drivers report saving upwards of 10% on their fuel costs after using it.
-Is the EcoDriver chip compatible with all vehicles?
This is compatible with all gasoline and diesel vehicles that have an OBDII port (1996 or newer). It is not compatible with electric or hybrid vehicles.
EcoDriver chips are a great way to ensure you are driving as efficiently as possible for the best fuel efficiency. Not only will it help your wallet but it can also be beneficial for the environment. With its easy installation and simple-to-use features, this device is an ideal choice if you want to save money while reducing emissions at the same time. So why not give an EcoDriver chip a try today? You won’t regret it!
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This textbook heads the Open University's flexible PGCE Perspectives on Practice series, which provides a practical illustration of skills, knowledge and understanding required to teach in the secondary classroom. As well as describing concepts and ideas, the book provides a critical examination of some of the key issues, and will encourage the reader to engage with the ideas and consider their views and beliefs. Thisbook accompanies each of the subject-specific books in the series, providing a valuable link between disciplines. The series complements our other OU series, Teaching in the Secondary School which addresses theoretical issues relating to teaching. Together these to series provide a complete resource for students.Bourdillon, Hilary is the author of 'Aspects of Teaching and Learning in Secondary Schools Perspectives on Practice' with ISBN 9780415260800 and ISBN 0415260809.
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Charles Dickens's Our Mutual Friend
The Mechanics of Digitising Text
One of the major aims of the project is to produce digital images of the various editions of Our Mutual Friend and Word documents of each chapter of each edition. Digitising the editions involves working through a number of processes using the textual recognition application, OmniPage Pro 12.0. This is used to scan each chapter, perform textual recognition and to then convert the scanned images to PDF files and text files. These processes are described below.
Firstly, the editions are scanned one chapter at a time. This is done using a Hewlett Packard Scanjet 6300C. In order to produce the optimum image the settings are adjusted to brightness 43% and contrast 56% and the text is scanned in colour. Where possible the original texts are scanned directly. This is done for the First Monthly Edition in parts, the First 2 Volume Edition, the Cheap Edition, the Dickens Edition and the Tauchnitz Monthly Parts (Part 1, Chapters 1-4 & Part 3, Chapters 8-10). If the original edition can not be accessed for this purpose, print-outs of the microfilm copy of the original are scanned, as initial efforts to scan directly from the microfilm produced inadequate images. This is done for the Tauchnitz Edition in Four Books, the Harpers New Monthly Magazine, the Library edition and the Diamond Edition.
When a chapter has been scanned, the images can be viewed on OmniPage Pro 12.0 and saved as an OmniPage Pro file (see figure 1).
Before converting these images to a Word document, Optical Character Recognition (OCR) must be performed. The OmniPage Pro application highlights any words that have not been recognised and permits changes to be made to the text file being created. To perform OCR each image of a double-page must be verified individually. In order to do this the text must be isolated from the rest of the image. This is done by drawing a text zone around it as shown in figure 2, below.
For the cheap edition, in which text is laid out in two columns per page, text boxes must be drawn around each column of text, as shown in figure 2b.
By right-clicking inside the selected zone, a drop down menu appears. Selecting ‘Zone Type’ and then ‘Text’ prepares this image for textual recognition. The ‘Step 2’ or ‘Perform OCR’ icon on the OmniPage Pro Toolbox toolbar is then selected. The selected area of text is checked by the application’s spellchecker and any words not recognised by the programme and any grammatical errors are highlighted. This allows a manual check of the application’s interpretation of the text against the original image (see figure 3).
When this process is complete, the file can be converted to a Word document by selecting ‘Save As’ and saving it as a Microsoft Word 2000.XP file. When saving the document the formatting of ‘Retain Fonts and Paragraphs’ is selected in order to retain as much as the original layout of the text as possible.
To convert the original scanned images into graphic images in Adobe instead of text documents, a zone is drawn around every double-page image in the OmniPage Pro file. Selecting ‘Zone Type’ and then ‘Graphic’ in the drop-down menu, brought up by right clicking within the zone, prepares this image for conversion to a PDF file (see figure 4).
By selecting ‘Save File as’ and saving it as a ‘PDF’ file, the scanned images stored in OmniPage Pro will be converted into graphic images in Adobe files. These images, for example figure 5, below, are uploaded to this website and are available for viewing in the Textual Witnesses section.
The Word files, however, require further formatting and confirmation of accuracy before they are complete. In spite of the OCR process and the effort to retain formatting when converting the scanned images to text, some errors and irregularities are introduced. The Word files are therefore subject to three further processes before they are confirmed to be accurate versions of the text appearing the relevant edition of Our Mutual Friend. Firstly, each Word document is formatted in a regular font (Times New Roman, 12 pt) for ease of reference and the layout of paragraphs and direct speech is checked. Then each Word file is examined against the original chapter. This is necessary because the OCR programme, in some instances, fails to recognise certain combinations of letters (for example, ‘He’ is often interpreted as ‘lie’), misinterprets shading or marks on the original as letters or punctuation and does not always recognise spacing after punctuation marks. While the aim is to produce a collation of the original text retaining the irregularities of the specific editions, certain standards (such as the spacing after full-stops and commas) are applied to the Word document. When the document has been fully proofread and all inaccuracies have been corrected on the Word file, this version of the text is uploaded and made available online.
This process of digitising the text is ongoing. Ultimately, a graphic image and a Word document of each chapter in each edition will be available on this site.
This project gratefully acknowledges the support of the Arts & Humanities Research Board (AHRB) and the British Academy.
|© Leon Litvack 2006|
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The loss of a protein favors lung tumor growth
The researcher Zafira Castaño has discovered that the loss of a protein in the early phases of lung cancer favors tumor growth. This was the conclusion that the Doctor in Biochemistry reached in the dissertation which she defended at the University of Navarra.
In order to perform the study she began with prior studies from her laboratory, which demonstrated that the protein αCP4 appears in the tissue cells that coat the normal lung, and which, nevertheless, are lost in the first phases of lung cancer as well as in 67% percent of the tumors observed.
The new Doctor in Biochemistry extracted various cellular lines of different types of lung tumors and introduced a sequence of the protein αCP4 in order to observe the resulting effects. In some of the cells she demonstrated that the tumor proliferation was reduced. In particular, in malignant tumors of large cells she observed that their capacity for growth was reduced, independently of their anchoring or invasive capacity, two key characteristics for production of metastasis.
Lung cancer is one of the major causes of death, along with cardiovascular diseases, both in Europe and in the U.S., due to the fact that it is generally detected at a late stage when the disease is nearly incurable. Therefore it is necessary to develop new strategies that permit the detection of tumors of smaller size, biomarkers that make early detection possible, as well as a greater understanding of the alterations that occur. All of this in order to discover specific therapies for correcting these errors.
Elhuyar Fundazioa. May 2006.
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Camping is an outdoor activity involving overnight keep away from house in a shelter, such as a camping tent. Typically participants leave developed areas to hang out outdoors in more all-natural ones in search of tasks giving them pleasure. To be regarded as "camping" a minimum of one evening is invested outdoors, distinguishing it from day-tripping, picnicking, and other in a similar way temporary entertainment tasks. Camping could be appreciated via all 4 periods.
Deluxe may be an element, as in early 20th century African safaris, yet including lodgings in totally geared up set structures such as premium sporting camps under the banner of "camping" obscures the line.
Camping as an entertainment activity came to be popular amongst elites in the early 20th century. With time, it expanded more democratic, and varied. Modern campers frequent openly had natural resources such as nationwide and state parks, wilderness areas, and commercial campgrounds. Camping is an essential part of numerous young people organizations worldwide, such as Scouting, which use it to teach both self-direction and team effort.
Camping defines a variety of tasks and methods to outdoor holiday accommodation. Survivalist campers triggered with just possible to get by, whereas rv tourists get here geared up with their very own electricity, warm, and outdoor patio furniture. Camping may be incorporated with walking, as in backpacking, and is typically enjoyed along with other outdoor tasks such as canoeing, climbing, fishing, and searching.
There is no universally held meaning of exactly what is and exactly what is not camping. Fundamentally, it reflects a mix of intent and the nature of tasks entailed. A children's summer camp with eating hall dishes and bunkhouse lodgings may have "camp" in its name yet cannot show the spirit and form of "camping" as it is extensively understood. Similarly, a street person's lifestyle may entail numerous typical camping tasks, such as resting out and preparing dishes over a fire, yet cannot show the optional nature and search of spirit restoration that are indispensable element of camping. Furthermore, cultures with itinerant lifestyles or absence of permanent residences could not be said to be "camping", it is just their way of life.
The history of entertainment camping is typically traced back to Thomas Hiram Holding, a British taking a trip tailor, yet it was really first popularised in the UK on the river Thames. By the 1880s multitudes of site visitors participated in the activity, which was linked to the late Victorian craze for enjoyment boating. The early camping devices was really hefty, so it was convenient to transport it by boat or to utilize craft that converted into tents. Although Thomas Hiram Holding is typically seen as the papa of modern-day camping in the UK, he was in charge of popularising a different type of camping in the early the twentieth century. He experienced the activity in the wild from his young people, when he had actually invested much time with his moms and dads taking a trip across the American meadows. Later he embarked on a cycling and camping scenic tour with some buddies across Ireland. His publication on his Ireland experience, Cycle and Camp in Connemara caused the formation of the first camping team in 1901, the Organization of Cycle Campers, later to end up being the Camping and Caravanning Club. He created The Campers Handbook in 1908, to ensure that he might share his excitement for the outdoors with the globe.
Potentially the first commercial camping ground worldwide was Cunningham's camp, near Douglas, Isle of Man, which opened in 1894. In 1906 the Organization of Cycle Campers opened its first very own camping website, in Weybridge. By that time the organization had several hundred participants. In 1910 the Organization was merged right into the National Camping Club. Although WW1 was in charge of a particular hiatus in camping activity, the association got a brand-new lease of life after the war when Sir Robert Baden-Powell (owner of the Boy Scouts activity) became its head of state.
In the US, camping may be traced to William Henry Harrison Murray 1869 magazine of Camp-Life in the Adirondacks resulting in a flooding of site visitors to the Adirondacks that summer.
The International Federation of Camping Clubs (Federation Internationale de Camping et de Caravanning) was established in 1932 with nationwide clubs from around the globe associating with it. By the 1960s camping had actually become an established household vacation criterion and today camp websites are ubiqitous across Europe and The United States And Canada.
Adventure camping is a form of camping by individuals that race (possibly journey auto racing or mountain cycling) during the day, and camp in a minimal way at night. They may utilize the standard items of camping devices such as a micro-camping oven, resting bag, and bivouac shelter.
Dry camping is camping at a website without a reliable preexisting water source; such areas are referred to as dry camps. Campers have to carry their very own water in and out of camp, which calls for far more preparation than would certainly otherwise be required. Dry camping is very common in deserts, and is typically chosen because of the threat of flash floods.
Backpacking pays for a maximum wilderness experience. Specialized gear permits fanatics to both delight in popular local entertainment spots and access the most remote areas.
Technological advance and consumer passion in camping have actually caused lighter and more varied backpacking gear. Improvements such as titanium cooking equipment, ultra-light wicking textiles, and heat-molded hip straps produce lighter loads and enhanced performance. As there is always the possibility of serious climate and injury in the backcountry, cell and satellite phones are often brought for emergency situations, with differing protection.
Backpacking may entail riding or being come with by pack pets such as equines, mules, and llama. These raise lugging ability at the expenditure of trail condition.
Ultralight backpacking fanatics bring just possible while camping, inherently producing a smaller sized impact and minimalized effect on a wild setting. The choice to camp with much less, or even the minimal required to survive, may be a matter of choice (where it may overlap with "survivalist" style camping) or show the activity being gone after. Camping while taking part in such back-country tasks as rock climbing and cross-country winter sports puts a premium on the amount of gear that could effectively be brought, therefore offering to a much less as opposed to more approach.
Canoe camping is similar to backpacking, and typically pays for far more weight and mass to be brought when prolonged portaging is not entailed. Electric electric motors or small gas ones may be affixed on some canoes, where permitted, for a much faster trip on the water. Water resistant bags and fishing gear prevail gear.
Bike camping integrates camping with biking, both in developed and all-natural areas. A form of bicycle camping that has actually become popular in some parts of the globe includes biking organisations providing organised multi-day flights and giving bikers with facilities and baggage transport. The Great Victorian Bike Ride in Australia is among the earliest and most successful examples of this, operating considering that 1984 and involving hundreds of bikers on a nine-day trip of around 550 kilometres (340 mi) yearly. Motorbike camping is more much like bicycle camping than auto camping because of minimal storage ability. Light-weight, compact backpacking devices is used.
Auto, Off-Road, and Motor Home
These types of camping entail utilizing a powered vehicle as a crucial element of the camping experience.
Glamping (glamorous camping) is an expanding worldwide phenomenon that integrates camping with the high-end and amenities of a home or hotel. Its roots are in the early 1900s European and American safaris in Africa. Rich tourists accustomed to comfort and high-end did not want to give up either, and their campgrounds and spoiled wilderness lifestyles showed it.
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Why Become a U.S. Citizen?
- Permanent residents have most of the rights of U.S. citizens. But there are many important reasons to consider becoming a U.S. citizen. Here are some good reasons:
- Showing your patriotism. Becoming a citizen is a way to demonstrate your commitment to your new country.
- Voting. Only citizens can vote in federal elections. Most states also restrict the right to vote, in most elections, to U.S. citizens.
- Serving on a jury. Only U.S. citizens can serve on a federal jury. Most states also restrict jury service to U.S. citizens. Serving on a jury is an important responsibility for U.S. citizens.
- Traveling with a U.S. passport. A U.S. passport enables you to get assistance from the U.S. government when overseas, if necessary.
- Bringing family members to the U.S., U.S. citizens generally get priority when petitioning to bring family members permanently to this country.
- Obtaining citizenship for children born abroad. In most cases, a child born abroad to a U.S. citizen is automatically a U.S. citizen.
- Becoming eligible for federal jobs. Certain jobs with government agencies require U.S. citizenship.
- Becoming an elected official. Only citizens can run for federal office (U.S. Senate or House of Representatives) and for most state and local offices.
- Keeping your residency. A U.S. citizen’s right to remain in the United States cannot be taken away.
- Becoming eligible for federal grants and scholarships. Many financial aid grants, including college scholarships and funds given by the government for specific purposes, are available only to U.S. citizens.
- Obtaining government benefits. Some government benefits are available only to U.S. citizens.
Becoming a Citizen
- The process of becoming a U.S. citizen is called “naturalization.” You can apply for naturalization once you meet the following requirements:
- Live in the U.S. for at least five years as a permanent resident (or three years if married to and living with a U.S. citizen).
- Are present in the U.S. for at least 30 months out of the past five years (or 18 months out of the past three years if married to and living with a U.S. citizen).
- Live within a state or USCIS district for at least three months before you apply.
Requirements for Naturalization; The general requirements for naturalization are:
- Live in the U.S. as a permanent resident for a specific amount of time (Continuous Residence).
- Be present in the U.S. for specific time periods (Physical Presence).
- Spend specific amounts of time in your state or USCIS district (Time in State or USCIS District).
- Behave in a legal and acceptable manner (Good Moral Character).
- Know English and information about U.S. history and government (English and Civics).
- Understand and accept the principles of the U.S. Constitution (Attachment to the Constitution).
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Whether you’re on board with the idea of AI and chatbots or not, there is very little denying that they are the future of ecommerce, customer relations and data collection. Similar to the way the internet and social media spread and changed the face of how we communicate with one another, with brands and with the rest of the world, AI and chatbots are considered the next wave of change to occur and overhaul the current ways of thinking and working.
What is AI?
AI stands for artificial intelligence and utilises the concept of creating and programming machines to ‘think like humans’. AI was developed utilising a technology called ‘machine learning’, which aims to alleviate monotony and remove human error from arduous tasks.
The majority of AI processes at the moment perform menial or repetitive tasks in order to free up human resource time, for more important tasks. Advanced AI is now able to learn, plan, reason and understand languages in order to support tasks within the workplace. Although the current AI technology is not on par with actual human intelligence, it does look to bring big changes to the way in which we live and work.
What are chatbots?
There are two different kinds of chatbots, these are; scripted chatbots and AI chatbots. AI chatbots are much more intelligent than scripted chatbots and rely on learning information in order to become more efficient. The AI chatbots are able to learn 1,000 times faster than humans making them able to process data and present intelligent results in real time.
Chatbots are currently being used to solve problems and answer questions, with ecommerce brands adopting the technology, in particular, to answer questions about products, ordering processes, chasing order status and resolving issues. This reduces the requirement for initial contact with a human, leaving the ability for the complaint or issue to be passed onto the ‘human’ customer service assistant at a point where the AI can no longer support the query.
How do AI and chatbots integrate with marketing?
Marketing looks to continue to be heavily impacted by the integration of AI, from making recommendations for product purchases based on that customer’s past preferences, to supporting the development of algorithms which offer shoppers alternatives to ensure the best pricing for a basket of products on a website. The possibilities are endless and can also support market research by collecting a wealth of information about how individuals use ecommerce platforms and utilising this knowledge to provide more optimal experiences. This learned knowledge can also support in serving customers the right type of advertising in the right locations and at the right times.
Social media will be more integrated with AI, analysing opinions and creating responses and content that aligns with this data, looks to be developed further in the future, even integrating the ability to analyse all media formats, including video, text and audio.
The use of AI can overall free up market researchers to spend more time developing creative assets and strategies, whilst the machines manage the data collection and analysis side of the work. The ongoing process of build, test, learn and share will allow the AI to continuously gain information and build a database of research that will assist marketers in understanding their audiences more completely. The information will support in predicting trends more accurately, based on algorithms, and could ultimately allow brands to get ahead of the curve by understanding the past to predict the future.
So, what now?
AI is currently a very hot topic, particularly for those working within branding and marketing. AI opens up options to boost resources and streamline the process, ultimately, making more time for the human resource to focus on tasks which require human emotional intelligence to be completed. It also means that data processing can be completed more quickly and cheaply, compared to previous methods, with the ability to analyse more data and capture signals from customer interactions more accurately.
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in Flash - The Return of Crisp and Legible Fonts
by: David Collado
A typical challenge faced by Flash developers like me
is getting fonts to look like you want then to. For any
project choosing the right font face and size is a process
that requires both you and ultimately the client to see
eye to eye.
In Flash MX and earlier versions fonts were by default
anti-aliased, meaning that the edges of the text are smoothed.
This is good when dealing with large type but it causes
small text to appear blurry. Earlier versions of Flash
also had other issues. [ More
Lowdown: How To Create And Send HTML Email
by: Steve Shaw
Creating the content of an HTML email is very similar
to how you would create a basic web page. Just use your
normal web page editor, such as FrontPage or Dreamweaver
(or even Notepad can be used, in conjunction with a browser
to preview the code), and construct a web page in the
normal way, saving it as an .html or .htm file. [
How to design a website and save some money - That is a quite common thing that websites include some special systems that assist to modify the website even if you do not have a lot of experience.
Understanding the GRE vocabulary lists for a better test score - GRE vocabulary lists help students to excel
When you have to take your GRE exam, you may just sit down with a dictionary and write out the entire thing learning each word by heart.
Ringtones and You - Most phones currently come with ringtones.
What is Biodiesel - Biodiesel is the fuel of the future, available today.
The challenges of VoIP in todays marketplace - Today average customer uses Voice over internet protocol (VoIP) which is latest trend in communication industry.
Using Graphic Design on Your Website
by: Andrew Eaton
Almost everything is available on the web
services, e-books, software, audios, videos, membership
sites, or newsletters. Regardless of what youre
promoting, theres a never-ending supply of prospects
and customers on the world-wide-web. Your goal is to capture
and turn those prospects into paying customers.
Perhaps the best avenue is by the use of graphics. Three
important sections of graphics that should be used for
a compelling website are 1) header graphics 2) product
cover and 3) background graphics.
Lets start at the top with the header graphics.
Without excellent quality header graphics it wont
much matter whats on the rest of the page. Heres
why. Once a prospect clicks on your site youve got
approximately 8 seconds to convince him to continue with
the information youre providing. You only get one
chance to make a dynamic first impression.
[ More ]
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Open Blueprint is IBM's strategic view of the network computing services and the relationship between these services. IBM offers an Open Blueprint home page that includes a picture of the strategy and its layered components.
The Open Blueprint is consistent with and perhaps aware of the X/Open Architectural Framework (XAF), which is a statement of what should be in a comprehensive network computing model.
Built on top of an operating system (and using its core services), according to the Open Blueprint, are these layers and component technologies (our description does not show relationships as well as the figure version does):
Applications and Development Tools
These would include off-the-shelf application programs and customer-developed applications along with the development tools used to build them.
These include interfaces to interactive users and printers. User interfaces include display technology and multimedia.
These services include: a transaction monitor, event services, compound document support, workflow tools such as Lotus, mail, collaborative groupware, computer Telephony, and online reference libraries.
Data Access Services
These include support for relational databases, hierarchical databases, object-oriented databases, persistence, legacy files, and storage management.
These include the three main models of program-to-program communication across a network: conversational, remote procedure call, and messaging and queueing.
Object Management Services
These include: the Object Request Broker, life cycle, and externalization.
These services make it possible to support the distribution of applications and data in a network: directory (what is located where), time (coordinating locations), security, and a transaction manager.
Common Transport Semantics
This component frees the upper layers from having to be concerned about the services used to move information across the network.
Physical Network and Signalling and Control Plane
These components include the detailed hardware mechanisms involved in moving information across the network.
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Albert Gleizes was a French artist, theoretician, philosopher, a self-proclaimed founder of Cubism and an influence on the School of Paris. Albert Gleizes and Jean Metzinger wrote the first major treatise on Cubism, Du “Cubisme”, 1912. Gleizes was a founding member of the Section d’Or group of artists. He was also a member of Der Sturm, and his many theoretical writings were originally most appreciated in Germany, where especially at the Bauhaus his ideas were given thoughtful consideration.
In the two essays in this book, written in the 1920s, Gino Severini, the Italian Futurist painter living in Paris, and Albert Gleizes, painter and co-author of Du Cubisme, the first important theoretical defence of Cubism, reflect upon the central principles that guided painting from the Renaissance to the challenge of Cubism and Futurism in early years of the twentieth century.
A comprehensive theory of the history of art and the evolution of modern art and discusses twentieth century painting in the light of the changes which have occurred in other disciplines, notably mathematics and the physical sciences, and the influence of religion.
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1.Drew is excited by the thought of driving fast. Though he is aware of the speed limits and that he could be
arrested, he enjoys speed. Sometimes he imagines himself to be in a high-speed car chase, which further adds to the thrill. Drew’s behavior best fits the ________ perspective on crime.??
2.Different communities view the presence of police in different ways. These difference might be explained by..??
3.Felicity steals her sister Lily’s pearl necklace and sells it. Felicity claims that she stole it because she needed the money, while Lily accuses her of being jealous. Their neighbor, Stefan, observes the argument and concludes that the crime occurred because of the deterioration of family values. Such different interpretations of the same event are explained by the concept of..??
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https://college-experts.com/2022/10/14/1-drew-is-excited-by-the-thought-of-driving-fast-though-he-is-aware-of-the-speed-limits-and-that-he-could-be/
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A Answers (3)
Stacy Wiegman, PharmD, Pharmacy, answeredIf you have symptoms of the flu, go to the doctor as soon as possible. He or she may test you for the influenza virus, although usually it's not necessary because flu symptoms are enough to make a diagnosis. If flu is diagnosed early enough, your doctor may give you an antiviral medication to speed up your recovery.
Joel Fuhrman, MD, Family Medicine, answeredFlu symptoms suggesting medical consultation is necessary are:
- Rapid breathing
- Breathing with grunting or wheezing sounds
- Labored breathing (in a child, rib muscles retract)
- Abdominal pain (more common in children)
- Changes in behavior or mental status, such as disorientation or not being alert
- Persistent diarrhea or vomiting (more common with children), especially if unable to hold down sufficient fluids
- Persistent fever above 103 degrees for three days
For most adults, the flu is a self-limiting disease and typically requires only supportive care such as taking in plenty of fluids and using over-the-counter medications for symptom relief such as fevers, cough or congestion. If you are in close contact with the elderly (more than 65 years old) or children less than 2 years old, you may need to be tested for your flu strain so that they can be given medicine to prevent them from getting the flu. The very old and the very young are at increased risk for complications when getting the flu.
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http://www.sharecare.com/health/cold-and-flu/doctor-symptoms-flu
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Yield Statement in Python
The yield statement is a special kind of function in Python. It’s useful when processing complex data structures. It is used in generators. This function keeps the same data without using global variables as in an ordinary function. It can interact with the for statement. We work only with sequences like strings, tuples, and lists.
The simple example of a generator with yield function:
>>> def city():
<generator object city at 0x00C7A5D0>
We have the generator with two items(“Warsaw” and “Moscow”). Now, we must create a iterator for this generator:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File “<stdin>”, line 1, in <module>
If you see a yield statement in a function, the function is a generator object. We use the next() function in the iterator to get an item from our generator.The yield function returns data. Each time next() is called in our iterator, the generator can resume where it finished. It really remember all values an the statement that was last executed.
def func_name(param1, param2,…)
The suite of statements must include at least one yield statement. The yield statement specifies the values emitted by the generator. Note that the expression is required.
When we see a return statement in a function, we should know that it ends our generator with StopIteration exception. The return statement have no return value with itself. We’ll see why:
Now, we can iterate:
>>> for x in bolo():
The return statement in our generator returns all values that where associated with the yield statement,
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Topic: The Oldman Collection
Is part of topic Pacific Cultures at Te Papa
In 1948, the New Zealand government purchased the Maori and Pacific collection of the London dealer W O Oldman. The collection was divided on indefinite loan among the four large New Zealand metropolitan museums, with small amounts also going to smaller public museums with adequate fireproof buildings. The Dominion Museum received the bulk of the Maori, Marquesan, New Caledonian, and Admiralty Island components of the collection together with small numbers of items from other island groups. Because these items had passed through various sale rooms in Britain, they often lack detailed information on their origins or historical context, but their quality is outstanding.
Find additional information about this topic at these sites
- National Film Unit clip at YouTube
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CC-MAIN-2015-32
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http://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/topic/1337
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Join Audubon's Christmas Bird Count
The longest running Citizen Science survey in the world, Audubon's annual Christmas Bird Count, will take place from now until Jan. 5, 2013. Tens of thousands of volunteers throughout North America will brave winter weather to add a new layer to over a century of data. Local Birders are organizing Christmas Bird Counts at Fort Morgan, Sterling and Crook.
Last year's count shattered records. A total of 2,248 counts and 63,227 people tallied over 60 million birds. Counts took place in all 50 states, all Canadian provinces, plus 99 count circles in Latin America, the Caribbean, and the Pacific Islands.
This year marks the 72nd year for the Fort Morgan/Weldona Christmas bird count. Natural enthusiasts held the first Fort Morgan Count in 1923. They held several more in the first half of the 20th century. The count has been run continuously from 1959 on. The Fort Morgan CBC stands as one of Colorado's longest running counts.
Christmas Bird Counts revealed the dramatic impact climate change is already having on birds and a disturbing decline in common birds, including the black capped chickadee in Northeastern Colorado. The many decades of data not only help identify birds in need of conservation action, it also reveals success stories. CBC helped document the comeback of the Bald Eagle and significant increases in waterfowl populations, both the result of conservation efforts.
Counts are often family or community traditions that make for fascinating stories. Accuracy is assured by having new participants join an established group that includes at least one experienced birdwatcher. Count volunteers follow specified routes through a designated 15-mile (24-km) diameter circle. Each individual Christmas bird count takes place over a single calendar day.
People with some skill at bird identification are welcome to participate. Several birding teams will be working each Christmas Bird Count. Homeowners who attract wildlife in their landscapes with feeders, water, and plantings are also welcome to participate.
Contact Bruce Bosley about participating or for more information about the Christmas Bird Counts at 970-980-4001 or firstname.lastname@example.org.
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OF 20TH-CENTURY ART
Twentieth Century Art: An Overview of Critical Opinion
"The real problem of modernity is the problem of belief," writes Daniel Bell, the sociologist and political theorist. "To use an unfashionable term, it is a spiritual crisis, since the new anchorages have proved illusory and the old ones have become submerged. It is a situation which brings us back to nihilism; lacking a past or a future, there is only a void."(1) Modern art, in all its seemingless limitless variety, presents itself as one solution to the problem, indeed, as some think, the only important solution. As Bell says, it has become a "substitute for religion,"(2) a spiritual antidote to social poisons, the esthetic alternative to moral nihilism. This view is seconded by the historian Jacques Barzun, who, discussing "the rise of art as religion" in the 19th century -- initially the equation of art and religion, and finally the substitution of art for religion(3) -- remarks that "Art. . . became the gateway to the realm of spirit for all those over whom the old religions have lost their hold. Most romantic artists needed nothing higher. Art was sufficient and supreme."(4) The poet Wallace Stevens adds: "The paramount relation between poetry and painting today, between modern man and modern art, is simply this: that in an age in which disbelief is so profoundly prevalent or, if not disbelief, indifference to questions of belief, poetry and painting, and the arts in general, are, in their measure, a compensation for what has been lost."(5)
The question, of course, is whether these claims have any substance. Is belief in art really adequate compensation for loss of belief in God -- to put the issue in the starkest terms? Is the religion of art -- more particularly, avant-garde art, for many the most genuine modern art, that is, the only art of the 20th century that accurately reflects the tenor and ideas of modern times -- as spiritual, morally concerned, and emotionally uplifting, supportive, and consoling as the old religion? Are avant-garde artists really our new prophets and saints? No doubt the new religion of avant-garde art is sometimes as dogmatic in its claims as traditional religion, but is it as re-assuring and emotionally convincing? Does it sometimes also involve a failure of reality testing, if also offering in its stead more sublime and subtle pleasures -- spiritual rather than grossly physical satisfactions -- than are usually available in everyday life?
For some, the "advances" of avant-garde art are inseparable from those of modern science and technology. Indeed, the critic Clement Greenberg believes that Cubism is the first truly 20th-century art because it "was the first to accept the modern, industrializing world with enthusiasm."(6) While it was at the height of its influence just before the first world war -- "1912. . . was the great year for Cubism"(7) -- it remains, for Greenberg, the quintessential modern art, not simply because of its industrial aura -- Robert Delaunay’s "Eiffel Tower" paintings celebrate an engineering triumph, and Fernand Léger’s robot figures, with their "technological form,"(8) seem like industrial inventions -- but more broadly because of its positivism, its belief in facts, which for him is the core ideology of modernity. According to Greenberg, Cubism’s unique emphasis on "formal facts" is central to "modernist" art practice, that is, "autonomous, inward, self-referential and self-critical artistic practice."(9) If, as Greenberg thinks, self-criticality is the gist of the modern mentality, then the only art that is authentically modern is art that brings its own identity as art into question -- "radically questions its essence as art," to use the philosopher T. W. Adorno’s words(10) -- even as it does so, paradoxically, by purifying its means, that is, essentializing itself so that it seems self-identical.
Throughout this book I will use the term "avant-garde" to refer to any art that claims to establish a critical, questioning relationship -- whatever the ironies and dialectical complexities of the relationship -- with what it regards as the modern world or with existing, institutionalized art (traditional art, which includes new art that suddenly seems traditional because of newer art), or with both at once. Such a critique is invariably entangled with what it critiques, but it is nonetheless uncompromising in its pursuit of the "truth." If, as Adorno writes, "criticism recognizes the truth content of works in their spirit, or alternatively denies that they have any truth content because they have no spirit,"(11) then avant-garde art -- critical art -- searches for the truth of the modern world and art, that is, their spiritual meaning.
I will argue that the irony of avant-garde art is that it transcends whatever it critiques, indicating that it is neither entirely of the modern world nor exactly art. The subliminal point of avant-garde innovation -- and in the history of 20th-century art it is the avant-garde innovators who made the spiritual as well as artistic difference, that is, who showed that to take an artistic risk was also to take a spiritual risk, that one ventured into unknown artistic territory to make spiritual discoveries -- is to express dissatisfaction with both, finally dismissing them as beside the larger spiritual point. Avant-garde innovation sheds social and artistic identity, working through them in a struggle to become self-identical -- convey a sense of unique, hard won selfhood, fulfilling what Erik H. Erikson calls "the promise of an assured wholeness."(12) It is the intimation of wholeness in a psychosocial situation in which wholeness seems impossible -- in which the avant-garde work of art is itself a vulnerable fragment of an inconceivable whole, as Adorno suggests(13) -- that makes avant-garde art peculiarly tragic, that is, all too human and poignantly modern, however grand its spiritual and artistic aspiration.
At first glance, avant-garde art looks like the rebellious assertion of what Erikson calls "negative identity. . . the sum of all those identifications and identity fragments which the individual had to submerge in himself as undesirable or irreconcilable or which his group had taught him to perceive as the mark of fatal ‘difference’."(14) But at second glance one realizes that it is an attempt to restate, in novel terms, "the language of the uncorrupted core of all spiritual tradition," which holds that "‘the identity of knowing transcendence’ can only be discovered by man when the possibility for any social definition of identity is shattered beyond restoration."(15) Negative identity may seem like the root of the identity of knowing transcendence, but it is an anti-social identity, the shadow of a positive social identity -- it is defined by its opposite -- which is why it also must be shattered beyond restoration.
But is the art of radical critique a true religion, however much it aims at transcendence of the world and itself? Not exactly, Barzun remarks, for it is "the enemy within, bent on destroying the house."(16) It is its negative identity he notices, rather than its transcendental potential. Avant-garde art may be "the last hope for purpose and meaning,"(17) but its "adversary position. . . toward society,"(18) involving the use of "shock and insult. . . unsettles the self and destroys confidence and spontaneity in individual conduct."(19) As Barzun remarks, "to a godless age, the negative [is] potent. [It] perpetuates itself as a habit of thought -- it becomes the highest form of self-consciousness -- and it destroys everything in the most direct way, not by physical means, but by corrosion at the seat of faith and action, the human mind."(20) Art in fact "ends by destroying itself."(21) "Destruction by novelty becomes an incessant function of art."(22) If avant-garde art cannot cure itself of its corrosive negativity, which it finally turns on itself, it certainly cannot "cure the [social] wound it sedulously kept open. Art is not a religion; it cannot make promises of grace, or fulfill them if it made them."(23)
The literary historian Renato Poggioli agrees, noting the "agonistic sacrifice" of avant-garde art, "an anonymous and collective sacrifice, but also. . . the self-immolation of the isolated creative personality" for the sake of "the art of the future."(24) Poggioli calls agonism a "hyperbolic passion, a bow bent toward the impossible, a paradoxical and positive form of spiritual defeatism."(25) It is an attempt to snatch victory from the jaws of self-defeat -- "to transform the catastrophe into a miracle," as Poggioli writes(26) -- but it is the catastrophe that is more conspicuous than the miracle. As he says, agonism is failure’s attempt to justify and transcend itself, as though the result of failure was success -- which is an absurdity, a perverse contradiction in terms, a pseudo-dialectical resolution of irreconcilable opposites. Agonism involves a fantastic blurring and obfuscation of the boundaries between failure and success, confusing a personal sense of creative failure -- and, more deeply, the unconscious conviction that the avant-garde self has no future, no appeal except to the avant-garde artist who must bear it -- with the wish for social success after one’s death, in the future. The agonistic belief is compensation for an overwhelming sense of spiritual inadequacy.
How can a "movement formed in part or in whole to agitate against something or someone,"(27) suggesting its "spirit of hostility and opposition" -- the "antagonism" that becomes a "permanent tendency. . . of the avant-garde movement," and eventually a "transcendental antagonism," which "finds joy not merely in the inebriation of movement, but even more in the act of beating down barriers, razing obstacles, destroying whatever stands in its way," finally driving itself "beyond the point of control by any convention or reservation, scruple or limit," and thus becoming a kind of totalitarian or tyrannical nihilism -- be anything but self-defeating and spiritually and socially bankrupt, however much it may rationalize itself by a pseudo-pious attitude of agonism?(28) As Bell says, complete and total nihilism is "the end product of the cultural impulses to strike down all conventions."(29)
"A major part of contemporary art declares itself on the side of chaos, gesticulates in a void, or tells the story of its own barren soul," the poet and playwright Zbigniew Herbert writes.(30) Agonism is nihilism -- the sense of a void of belief, of spiritual barrenness, the confirmation of Barzun’s idea, in his concluding chapter on "art in the vacuum of belief," that avant-garde art involves not only the "absence of faith," but "its studied rejection."(31) How, then, can one have faith in it? Why should one have faith in it? From this point of view, it is clearly not the answer to the spiritual crisis and nihilism that Bell regards as characteristic of modernity.
"Modernism is exhausted and the various kinds of post-modernism. . . are simply the decomposition of the self in an effort to erase individual ego," Bell thinks.(32) It is a decomposition that seemed foreordained -- that Poggiolo describes: postmodernism ends what modernism began, according to this theory. For Bell, culture is "the arena of expressive symbolism: those efforts. . . to explore and express the meaning of human existence in imaginative form."(33) If "modernism as a cultural mode" is bankrupt, then its imaginative forms no longer have anything to tell us about the meaning of human existence. They no longer seem an apt response to "the existential situations which confront all human beings, through all times. . . .: how one meets death, the nature of tragedy and the character of heroism, the definition of loyalty and obligation, the redemption of the soul, the meaning of love and of sacrifice, the understanding of compassion, the tension between an animal and a human nature, the claims of instinct and restraint."(34) In their different ways, Barzun and Bell are saying the same thing: that avant-garde art -- art at its supposedly most "advanced" -- does not speak to the problem of being human.
The philosopher José Ortega y Gasset makes the same point, however indirectly, when he remarks that the "dehumanization and disgust for living forms" evident in avant-garde art "is inspired by. . . an aversion against the traditional interpretation of realities."(35) The question is: what is the new avant-garde interpretation? A second question: how valid and accurate is it? Above all, avant-garde art wants "candor," he says, "that is, the absence of tradition."(36) He notes that "to assail all previous art [means] to turn against Art itself"(37) -- "the new art ridicules art itself," "laugh[s] off everything, itself included," reduces art to "farce"(38) -- but he construes this "iconoclasm" in a positive way: it is "an attempt to instill youthfulness into an ancient world."(39) This does not exactly make avant-garde art reassuring -- it is not exactly a reason to have faith in art, although it does make it sound as though avant-garde art is the faith of youth, that is, youth’s expression of its own belief in itself -- but it does give its destructiveness a positive purpose.
Like Poggioli and Ortega y Gasset, the critic Harold Rosenberg also puts a positive spin on the negativism -- whether it be understood as spiritual defeatism in a vacuum of belief or the subversion of tradition, both equally nihilistic -- of avant-garde art. For Rosenberg, the avant-garde work of art is an "anxious object," which means that it "persists without a secure identity."(40) Rosenberg argues that "the anxiety of art embodies the freedom of art to remake itself at will," but he also notes that "it is an objective reflection of the indefiniteness of the function of art in present-day society and the possibility of the displacement of art by newer forms of expression, emotional stimulation and communication."(41) Nihilistic uncertainty -- radical self-doubt, to the point of self-destruction -- is built into this anxiety: the avant-garde work of art is forced to ask itself: "Am I a masterpiece. . . or an assemblage of junk?"(42) The question can be re-phrased: "Am I really high art or non-art masquerading as art -- calling myself art because I have convinced everybody else to call me art?" Rosenberg has written: "In the chaos of the 20th century, the metaphysical theme of identity has entered into art,"(43) but art for him does not have a clear identity as art -- it has become a philosophical problem, that is, a problem with no solution, a problem with many theories few of which address practice, and thus remain naively speculative however intellectually sophisticated -- even though he argues that becoming an "action painter" is a way of gaining a unique identity, that is, an authentic sense of self or "total personality."(44)
Even the art historian Hans Sedlmayr, who "diagnoses from the facts of [modern] art that the disrupted relationship with God is at the heart of the disturbance. . . in the condition of man" which avant-garde art reflects,(45) and who quotes with approval Nicholas Berdyaev’s assertion that "Picasso overcomes the human element within himself through the destruction of its original subjective center. . . . And so humanism dies,"(46) declares that "there are enormous possibilities even in despair."(47) He writes: "There begins to exist in the 19th century an entirely new type of man, that of the suffering artist. . . . All suffer because God has become distant or, perhaps, dead -- and because man is degraded. And greatest of all is the suffering of the West. That is why there is in the West still spiritual hope."(48)
All of this strongly suggests the paradoxical ambivalence toward avant-garde art that pervades the critical and theoretical literature of those who are its advocates. On the one hand they recognize its destructiveness, on the other hand they celebrate its creativity. It is innovative through negativity, but negativity takes a heavy toll on the self and society -- even as it may reflect them. After all, as Barzun says, "Art is of this world, and though it is creative and formative in the exact sense of those words, it is also reflexive. In some fashion, crude or fine, it reenacts our lives -- the hidden life, or the public life, or the collective life. As Henry James said: "art is our flounderings shown. And in the light of contemporary art one might even say: our flounderings shown up."(49)
There are two particularly striking examples of this contradictory attitude to art. "A picture used to be a sum of additions," Pablo Picasso stated. "In my case a picture is a sum of destructions. I do a picture -- then I destroy it." Nonetheless, says the avant-garde artist who for many is the greatest of the 20th century, "In the end, though, nothing is lost: the red I took away from one place turns up somewhere else,"(50) presumably all the better for the harrowing change of place it endured. Picasso destroys to re-create, but the value of the re-creation is not always clear. It seems to serve Picasso’s sense of power over his picture rather than any subtler perception of red. Nothing may be lost, but it is not clear what is gained, except perhaps for Picasso.
All one has to do is look at Picasso’s Nude Woman (1910) to realize the full import of his destructiveness. It as though "the material elements of industrial-culture," changed into "volume, plane, color, space, and light,"(51) have been brought to bear -- rather heavily -- on the ordinary appearance of a body. The ordinariness has been crushed out of it: what is left has a certain mysterious fabricated look, with elusive remnants of recognizable reality. It is not simply that the woman’s body has been reduced to a suggestion or transformed into a sign(52) -- a kind of linguistic mirage -- or even transformed beyond recognition, so that it becomes an epistemological problem, but that its reality -- reading it as in any way "real" -- is no longer an issue. The nude woman is relevant as the starting point, even catalyst, of the picture, but irrelevant to its final effect. She has been consumed by the process of painting, or rather destroyed by it. What we have is not an image, but the dismantling of an image, the absurd dregs of an image, and finally the discrediting of the idea of imaging, and more broadly a demonstration of the naiveté of the idea of representation, indeed, of the impossibility of adequate representation. The search for artistic "equivalence" -- the iconic in any form --is in effect abandoned.
We also have an irreparably ruined body, suggesting that it too must be abandoned, both as form and symbol, for human presence is beside the point of artistic presence, that is, it distracts from the presence of the work of art itself. The body is no longer the profane means to sacred art it often was in the past, but has become a stumbling block on the way to the self-sufficiency of art. Reference to reality -- even in the diminished form of residual recognizability, suggesting a blurred memory of something that was once experienced as real -- is an obstacle to artistic purity and perfection. Picasso has taken a woman’s body -- is it really naked? (certainly not the way I remember nakedness) -- and reduced it to an anonymous, genderless cluster of forms which we can read as esthetically pure, as though that was the saving grace of a picture that could otherwise be regarded as an artistic murder. Picasso’s figure, nominally a nude woman -- who are we to doubt his say so? -- is a sort of Humpty Dumpty that has had a bad artistic fall and cannot be put back together again, at least the way we once knew her. The picture may be a Cubist masterpiece, but it is also a vision of the human body as a desert full of bones of form that do not exactly dance, however much they be choreographed to perform "esthetically." Picasso’s so-called female figure is macabre and grotesque, however brilliant an innovation the blur that is left of her appearance may be.
Greenberg once wrote that Picasso’s Guernica (1937) looks like "a battle scene from a pediment that has been flattened under a defective steam-roller."(53) Cubist works in general look as though they had flattened by some powerful force, and however much they may have what Greenberg calls a "conclusive unity,"(54) there is the sense of something amiss and something lost -- of the sense of reality sacrificed for a novel sense of art, that seems less novel once one realizes that its organization has something "industrial" and constructed, that is, manufactured and invented, about it. The only reality is the picture’s constructed look, with its ironical space and quixotic shapes. In Cubist pictures the raw material of perceptual experience seems to have been forced into poorly constructed yet nonetheless procrustean geometrical -- "conceptual" -- template, like dough poured into a cracked mold. Whatever doesn’t fit becomes a marginal aspect of what seems like a precariously built structure. Picasso is not exactly The Constructor, to refer to El Lissitzky’s photographic self-portrait of 1924, that is, the "constructivist technician," as the Russian Productivist Group called the new, advanced artist.(55) But he is clearly influenced by technocratic thinking, even scientism -- Barzun notes the huge influence of modern science on modern art, and the ironic parallels between them(56) -- making Cubist pictures that at first glance seem as analytic and abstract as theoretical science, and seem to involve as much technical innovation as any modern invention. Indeed, like many avant-garde works, they share in the 20th century’s extraordinary inventiveness. Many works of avant-garde art in fact look as though they are new inventions, and many are machine-made rather than handmade. It is not always clear what human purpose they serve, but many have a technological look, as though they were fashioned by eccentric engineers. (The idea of the artist-engineer emerged with a vengeance, as though to sweep away the remnants of the traditional idea of the artist as a god-like creator, which seemed obsolete -- not to say nonsensical -- in an industrial age.)
Picasso’s Analytic Cubist portraits have that look, even as they remain powerfully expressive, that is, emotionally evocative apart from their suppressed representation. But for Greenberg the "flattened forms" of Cubism are autonomous, whatever their expressive dimension -- their preconscious and unconscious effect, as he called it. Extra-artistic reality, subjective and objective, doesn’t matter: for him Picasso undermines any reference to them to assert art as such -- the pure spirit and truth of art, as it were. And yet the ambiguity remains: there is art, but there is also the figure shipwrecked on it.
The second example relates to the first. The psychoanalyst Michael Balint points out that "modern art" has made an immense contribution to human maturity by demonstrating that we need not repress the fact that in and around us. . . discordant features exist. Moreover it has taught us not only that such discordances can be resolved by artistic methods, but also that it can be learned to tolerate such unresolved discordances without pain," resulting in "less fear, greater emotional freedom."(57) However, modern art can involve "narcissistic withdrawal" from objects, bringing with it "the danger of regression." There can be a return to "immature pre-genital" forms of relationship. "The treatment of the object, or the artist’s attitude to it, i.e., his phantasies, feelings, emotions, ideas, images, etc., when stimulated by his chosen object, are conspicuously on what psychoanalysis would describe as the anal-sadistic level. The objects are dismembered, split, cruelly twisted, deformed, messed about; the dirty, ugly qualities of the objects are ‘realistically’ and even ’surrealistically’ revealed; some forms and methods of representation in ’modern art’ are highly reminiscent of primitive ‘anal’ messing; less and less regard is paid to the object’s feelings, interests and sensitivities; kind consideration for, and ‘idealization’ of, the object becomes less and less important."(58)
Thus, on the one hand modern art is healing and enlightening, for it teaches us to recognize and accept the contradictions that abound in society and human beings, and to resolve them artistically, that is, sublimate them, as it were, to a higher plane of perception and conception, working them through in a medium other than life. But on the other hand modern art enslaves us to our most infantile, destructive, anti-social attitudes -- our own negative tendencies -- encouraging us to remain emotionally immature, or legitimating our emotional immaturity. It is simultaneously facilitating and debilitating. It makes us aware of violent contrast even as it seems permissive toward our own inner violence. Like Picasso’s love-hate relationship with the picture, Balint’s analysis of modern art suggests a love-hate relationship with it. Both are symptomatic of modern art’s own love-hate relationship with the modern world.
This ultimately has to do with its nihilism: the modern world, to maintain its modernity, must repeatedly shed its old skin, apparently becoming new -- or at least looking new. As the philosopher Karl Löwith writes, "Nihilism, as such, can have two meanings: it can be a symptom of final and complete downfall and aversion to existence; but it can also be a first symptom of recovery and a new will for existence -- a nihilism of weakness or of strength. This ambiguity of nihilism [is] the origin of modernity."(59) That is, nihilism can be the climax of decadence or it can be the beginning of rebirth. Modernity is always nihilistic in this double sense -- always in decline, always in renewal, which is read as always changing -- so-called "permanent revolution." Avant-garde art reenacts the nihilism of modernity -- the tension between decline and advance in the modern world -- in its own condition of permanent revolution. It is constantly changing, with one movement rapidly replacing the other, and no movement enduring. Indeed, some theorists have argued that avant-gardism, which they understand as the artistic correlate of entrepreneurial capitalism, is simply a matter of change for the sake of change, difference for the sake of difference, novelty for the sake of novelty (novelty not being exactly purposeful innovation), as though that was what drove capitalist enterprise. Each movement is by necessity short-lived -- inherently short-lived, making its limited contribution then dying into academicism and mannerism, and quickly trampled by the movement that develops in its wake -- that tries to outdo it in nihilistic modernity, indeed, nihilistic intensity. Thus the avant-garde perpetual motion machine seems to exist to mirror and confirm the momentum of the modern world, which becomes greater and greater -- more and more pointlessly hectic. Presumably that is supposed to fill the existential void left by its lack of religion -- its abandonment is built into the idea of being-modern -- or what Bell calls the spiritual crisis caused by the inability to find convincing "modern" answers to the inescapable questions raised by life, indeed, haunting and stalking it.
In fact, avant-garde art and modernity do not believe in permanence, stability, eternity -- in the "essential," durable nature of anything -- but rather only in the exciting passing moment. Describing the inherent instability and lack of permanence in modernity, Marx wrote: "All fixed, fast-frozen relations, with their train of ancient and venerable prejudices and opinions, are swept away, all new-formed ones become antiquated before they can ossify."(60) He also wrote: "In our days everything seems pregnant with its contrary," noting that "the victories of art seem bought by the loss of character,"(61) presumably that failure of selfhood or loss of subjective center that Sedlmayr notes. The protean character of avant-garde art, which seems to keep changing its identity, suggests that it has no core identity, but is all slippery quicksilver. Which is genuinely avant-garde: Fauvism, Expressionism, Cubism, Purism, Orphism, Futurism, Vorticism, Dadaism, Surrealism, De Stijl, Constructivism, Abstract Expressionism, Kinetic Art, Pop Art, Op Art, Minimalism, Conceptualism, Performance Art, Body Art, and onward to not yet known and named future movements? The abundance is certainly a vote of creative confidence in modernity, but there is no correct answer -- no one avant-garde art that is more essentially avant-garde than any other avant-garde art. This implies that art as such has no identity in modernity, more particularly, that it has lost its identity because it is not securely centered in any enduring, stable sense of self and thus unable to secure a sense of self for either the artist who makes it or the audience who appreciates it.
I have suggested that this is because avant-garde art is essentially critique -- a ceaseless whirlpool of destablizing criticism, directed toward itself as well as the world. It involves, as Barzun says, a "deepening and spreading self-consciousness by analysis and corrosion" that destroys what it analyzes, and finally the self that does the analysis.(63) It tells the truth about the modern self -- modern self-consciousness -- and the dynamic modern world, but it undermines the spirit of both in the process of doing so, no doubt because, as Bell and Barzun suggest, secular critique knows no higher truth. It leaves itself homeless, which is finally to lose its sense of purpose, although, as I have suggested, it can also lead, unpredictably, to a sense of unique identity, that is, ground a new sense of self, or at least suggest the possibility of being uniquely oneself -- a radical subject for all one’s participation in and engagement with the objective world.
Avant-garde critique is both immanent and transcendent, to use the philosophical terms. That is, it is a search for what is inherent to art as such, and as such genuine art -- even if that means, paradoxically, that genuine art sometimes seems to be extra-artistic or anti-artistic -- as well as an attack on all socially administered definitions and conventionalized conceptions of art, all of which seem to conspire to crush or manipulate creativity, that is, to impede creative freedom or what Meyer Schapiro calls the artist’s "inner freedom," for him the only kind of freedom possible in the modern world.(64)
Immanent critique is typically carried out in the terms of a particular art -- for Greenberg, painting. Artists are the best immanent critics, as the poet T. S. Eliot suggests when he remarks that "so large a part of creation is really criticism,"(65) although he was not thinking specifically of immanent criticism, that is, the critique of art that arises from within art itself in order to "revitalize the creative spirit of the medium" and thus "to return the art to itself," in the words of the philosopher and poet William Gass.(66) In contrast, transcendent critique brings into question conventional understandings of art as such and particular categories of art, a questioning which dead-ends in an unresolvable antinomy. For example, is Duchamp’s Fountain (1917) a urinal or a fountain, a useful object or an abstract sculpture? It is part of the institution of art, so it must be the latter, but it also clearly has a practical use. Both/and seems a better approach than either/or, although the latter leads to clarity and single-mindedness while the former leads to double vision. Duchamp’s "work" is an ambiguous, paradoxical object, steeped in irony yet physically simple.
Immanent and transcendent critique are clearly linked: once the genuine has been determined by immanent critique, it is used to browbeat the non-genuine -- view it from a transcendent perspective, as it were -- which is what Greenberg did when he elevated the avant-garde at the expense of kitsch in his famous 1939 essay on them. In short, immanent critique co-opts authenticity for the avant-garde, while transcendent critique dismisses whatever is not avant-garde as inauthentic. Once one accepts Duchamp’s Fountain as authentic art, all other art becomes peculiarly inauthentic. For by accepting the authenticity of the Fountain -- an immanent critique of the work of art as well as the institutional conventions of art, more pointedly, a nihilistic and thus modern criticism of the assumption that only art made in an institutionally acceptable medium is real art -- one "transcendentally" relegates all art made in the conventional way to tradition, which is beside the point of modern self-consciousness and self-criticality.
But Duchamp’s work fails in its critique, or rather its critique is short-lived, for the Fountain has been institutionalized, and as such become traditional -- part of the tradition of the new, as Rosenberg called it. Duchamp himself realized that it was a failure -- realized that it is impossible in modernity to make an art that can resist institutionalization, that is inherently uninstitutionalizable (such an art would not be art, and avant-garde art keeps provocatively pushing the borders of art further and further into non-art) -- and he railed against his failure, but there was nothing he could do about it. "I threw the urinoir into their faces," he wrote, "and now they come and admire it for its beauty," which is to treat it as art. "The choice of these Ready-mades was never dictated by any esthetic delectation. Such choice was always based on a reflection of visual indifference and at the same time total absence of good taste."(67) But the Fountain has become tasteful and delectable -- an esthetic phenomenon -- because it has become a celebrated, normative part of the institution of art, indeed, a precious relic of St. Duchamp.
In a sense, the history of 20th-century avant-garde art is the story of the conflict between art struggling to achieve spirit by purifying itself to the point of radical immanence -- one might call this the fundamentalist/formalist tendency in avant-garde art -- and art struggling to radicalize spirit by resisting and finally nihilistically rebelling against the social world, including the world of administered art, in the name of the self. It is thus doubly self-preservative, however much its struggle with itself and society may make it self-destructive. Immanent critique measures art against its own normative ideal, celebrating its autonomy and independent logic -- I am using the language with which Andrew Arato describes "the uneasy, antinomic synthesis of immanent and transcendent critique" in Adorno’s "dialectical critique of culture or ideology"(68) -- while transcendent critique struggles against the reification, social integration, and administration of creativity, which is symbolized by art. It does this despite the fact that it is indifferent to the independent logic of art -- unlike immanent critique, which examines "the particular ‘in its difference’" -- and thus ironically "reproduces. . . the reified totality" of the institution of art.
Avant-garde art only comes into its own through this nihilistic dialectic of immanent and transcendent critique -- this pushing to artistic and social extremes to find a spiritual center that does not exist. It only seems convincing when the two critiques converge: when art that reads like "formalist theology," to use Rosenberg’s felicitous phrase,(69) and art fraught with "the tension of the private myth," involving a "mysticism that avoids ritualizing itself," to use his language again,(70) come together. They do so in defiance of the ritualization, banalization, reification and administration of spontaneous life (in postmodernism by reducing it to spectacle and fashion, that is, recasting it as social conformity).
The moments of genuinely critical avant-garde consciousness are few if not always far between. The year 1914 was one such particularly special if "somewhat disconcerting" time, as Rosenberg writes. "[T]he advanced art of 1914 was far advanced indeed. Art history holds that, looking forward from 1914, the following art movements were still to come: Dada, Surrealism, Social Realism, Abstract Expressionism. None of these modes, however, made any startling contribution to the formal repertory of 1914, in which Fauvism, Cubism, Futurism and Expressionism were already in full bloom. Besides, some of the effects of Dada (and of later neo-Dada street art) were anticipated. . . in Malevich’s An Englishman in Moscow and by Picabia’s paranoiac mathematics. Surrealism and art brut were present in Chagall’s The Acrobat and in Picasso’s pencil sketch of a seated man, which combines Cubist plane construction with automatic drawing, much as Gorky was to do hesitantly 20 years later. The thesis of Abstract Expressionism was stated by Kandinsky (Painting No. 199) and with somewhat less assurance by Marin."(71) Rosenberg calls "1914 the last year before the Age of Doubt. The subsequent breach of continuity occurs not in the manner of the art, but in the attitude of art to itself."(72) There is indeed "a difference of spirit" between the seminal avant-garde art of 1914 and the later avant-garde art that stretches its logic to the limits. Nonetheless, both remain intransigent in their attitude to the making of art and the institution of art. That is, both involve immanent and transcendent critique, however much the institution of art put up less -- indeed, little or no -- resistance to later avant-garde art, for all its efforts to resist and mock that institution. They seemed to reach a desperate, futile crescendo of sorts in "The Museum as Muse" exhibition held at the Museum of Modern Art in 1998.
This book is an attempt to give the reader some sense of the dialectical spirit that motivated the creation of avant-garde works, which have become reified with the passage of time -- which seems to move ever more quickly and greedily -- into stylish, expensive commodities, falsifying their meaning. It is a fate that seems to await every genuinely avant-garde work, as Hans Haacke’s study of the rising cost of Seurat’s Les Poseurs suggests.
DONALD KUSPIT is professor of art history and philosophy at SUNY Stony Brook and A.D. White professor at large at Cornell University.
(1)Daniel Bell, The Cultural Contradictions of Capitalism (New York: Basic Books, 1976), pp. 28-29
(2)Ibid., p. 29
(3)Jacques Barzun, The Use and Abuse of Art (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1975), p. 26
(4)Ibid., p. 30
(5)Wallace Stevens, The Necessary Angel: Essays on Reality and the Imagination (New York: Knopf, 1951), pp. 170-71
(6)Clement Greenberg, Art and Culture (Boston: Beacon, 1965), p. 97
(7)Ibid., p. 96
(8)Thomas Crow, "Modernism and Mass Culture in the Visual Arts," Modernism and Modernity, eds. Benjamin H. D. Buchloh, Serge Guilbaut, David Solkin (Halifax: The Press of the Nova Scotia College of Art and Design, 1983), p. 216
(9)A. Toporkov, "Technological and Artistic Form" (1921), The Tradition of Constructivism, ed. Stephen Bann (New York: Viking, 1974), p. 26. Toporkov remarks that "technological form is dictated by expediency alone." He yearns for the rapprochement of technological and artistic form -- it is the utopian dream of the Constructivist art he advocates -- even as he repeatedly states that it is impossible. This contradiction haunts a good deal of technologically oriented avant-garde art.
(10)T. W. Adorno, Aesthetic Theory (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1984), p. 417. Adorno ironically adds that it "may yet posthumously become art."
(11)Ibid., p. 131
(12)Erik H. Erikson, "’Identity Crisis’ in Autobiographic Perspective," Life History and the Historical Moment (New York: Norton, 1975), p. 20
(13)Adorno, p. 212 argues that modern "art of the highest caliber pushes beyond totality towards a state of fragmentation."
(14)Erikson, p. 20
(15)Quoted in Heinz Lichtenstein, The Dilemma of Human Identity (New York and London: Jason Aronson, 1983), p. 158
(16)Barzun, p. 47
(17)Ibid., p. 53
(18)Ibid., p. 48
(19)Ibid., p. 73
(20)Ibid., p. 51
(21)Ibid., p. 73
(22)Ibid., p. 51
(23)Ibid., p. 126
(24)Renato Poggioli, The Theory of the Avant-Garde (New York: Harper & Row, 1971), pp. 67-68
(25)Ibid., p. 66
(26)Ibid., pp. 65-66
(27)Ibid., p. 25
(28)Ibid., p. 26. It should be noted that some theorists think there is a "radical difference between the strategies of negation within modernism and within the avant-garde. Modernism may be understandable as an attack on traditional [artistic] techniques, but the avant-garde can only be understood as an attack meant to alter the institutionalized commerce with art." Jochen Schulte-Sasse, "Theory of Modernism versus Theory of the Avant-Garde," the introduction to Peter Bürger’s Theory of the Avant-Garde (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1984), p. xv. Schulte-Sass thinks Poggioli is concerned with modernism rather than avant-gardism (unlike Bürger), but it seems to me that when Poggioli writes that the "avant-garde looks and works like a culture of negation" (quoted p. xv), he was arguing for their convergence. That is, an attack on traditional artistic techniques -- and implicitly the traditional use and meaning of art -- is also an attack on the institution of art that traditionalizes whatever it assimilates, according it a status it would not otherwise have. If, as Schulte-Sass suggests, the avant-garde confirms the "precarious status of art in modern societies" (p. xv), then it also confirms the precarious position of the work of art. It is modern uncertainty about the best way to make art that leads to so-called experimentation and innovation. Avant-garde experimentation with new techniques reflects modern experimentation with new techniques, and with them a better way to make a more convincing product.
Modernity has taught us that "we are only as good as our instruments," to paraphrase the philosopher John Dewey, and part of being avant-garde is to try out new instruments for making art, even if the result does not at first look like art. Greenberg, p. 125 has said that "every fresh and productive impulse in painting since Manet. . . has manhandled into art what seemed until then too intractable, raw and accidental, to be brought within the scope of esthetic purpose." One might add that every fresh and productive impulse in avant-garde art involved the use of new techniques, for example, dripping paint on a canvas in a seemingly random way or assembling familiar objects to make an unfamiliar sculpture. This does not just involve the pursuit of the unexpected, but the recognition that in the modern world every technique sooner or later seems inadequate and old, which is why new techniques must be found.
(29)Bell, p. 7
(30)Zbigniew Herbert, Still Life with a Bridle (Hopewell, NJ: Ecco Press, 1991), p. 36
(31)Barzun, p. 125
(32)Bell, p. 29
(33)Bell, p. 12
(35)José Ortega y Gasset, The Dehumanization of Art and Other Writings on Art and Culture (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1956), p. 41
(36)Ibid., p. 42
(38)Ibid., pp. 44, 45
(39)Ibid., p. 47
(40)Harold Rosenberg, The Anxious Object: Art Today and Its Audience (New York: Horizon Press, 1966), p. 17
(43)Harold Rosenberg, Discovering the Present: Three Decades in Art, Culture, and Politics (Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1973), p. 230
(44)Harold Rosenberg, The Tradition of the New (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1965), p. 31
(45)Hans Sedlmayr, Art in Crisis: The Lost Centre (London: Hollis & Carter, 1957), p. 261
(46)Ibid., p. 153
(47)Ibid., p. 255.
(49)Barzun, p. 126
(50)Dore Ashton, Picasso on Art: A Selection of Views (New York: Viking, 1972), p. 38
(51)"Program of the Constructivist Group" (1920), The Tradition of Constructivism, ed. Stephen Bann (New York: Viking, 1974), p. 19
(52)Rosalind E. Krauss, "In the Name of Picasso," The Originality of the Avant-Garde and Other Modernist Myths (Cambridge, MA and London: MIT Press, 1985), p. 34 regards the Cubist collage as "the first instance within the pictorial arts of anything like a systematic exploration of the conditions of representability entailed by the sign." For a more elaborate, complete discussion of the Cubist picture as a composite of signs see Francis Frascina, "Realism and Ideology: An Introduction to Semiotics and Cubism," Primitivism, Cubism, Abstraction: The Early 20th Century (New Haven and London: Yale University Press and the Open University, 1993), pp.87-183.
(53)Greenberg, p. 65
(54)Ibid., p. 63
(55)"Program of the Constructivist Group," p. 20
(56)Calling science the "tempter" of modern art, Barzun, p. 100 writes that the avant-garde artist "seized upon, assimilated, or sometimes simply plagiarized [science] in decorative words." He used science "to bolster up [his] art’s claim to cognitive value" by calling his artistic work "research" and his artistic objects "findings." The avant-garde artist’s "defense against the imperialism of science" -- its attempt to "displace the artist as it had the divine and the philosopher" -- was to declare that "he too ran a laboratory and made discoveries" (p. 101). Thus, when "science became mathematical, statistical, abstract, invisible," art could claim that the abstract turn it took was also somehow "scientific" and thus "progressive." The object disappeared -- "imitation was forbidden under pain of indictment for philistinism and academicism" -- "exactly as in science," suggesting not only that they were "parallel" activities, but somehow the same, at least in underlying purpose.
(57)Michael Balint, "Dissolution of Object Representation in Modern Art," Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, 5 (1951):326
(58)Ibid., pp. 326-27
(59)Karl Löwith, From Hegel to Nietzsche: The Revolution in 19th Century Thought (London: Constable, 1965), p. 190
(60)Quoted in Marshall Berman, All That Is Solid Melts Into Air: The Experience of Modernity (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1982), p. 21
(61)Quoted in ibid., p. 20
(63)Barzun, p. 126
(64)Meyer Schapiro, "Nature of Abstract Art" (1937), Modern Art: 19th and 20th Centuries, Selected Papers (New York: George Braziller, 1978), Vol. 2, p. 222, writes that abstract art reflects "the pathos of the reduction or fragility of the self within a culture that [is] increasingly organized through industry, economy and the state." It "intensifies the desire of the artist to create forms that will manifest his liberty."
(65)T. S. Eliot, "The Function of Criticism" (1923), Selected Essays 1917-1932 (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1932), p. 19
(66)William Gass, "The Vicissitudes of the Avant-Garde," Finding a Form (New York: Knopf, 1997), p. 205
(67)Quoted in Ursula Meyer, ed., Conceptual Art (New York: Dutton, 1972), p. ix
(68)Andrew Arato in the section on "The Concept of Critique" in his essay on "Esthetic Theory and Cultural Criticism," The Essential Frankfurt School Readers, eds. Andrew Arato and Eike Gebhardt (New York: Continuum, 1985), p. 203
(69)Harold Rosenberg, "Miró," Art on the Edge (New York: Macmillan, 1975), p. 29
(70)Harold Rosenberg, "The American Action Painters," The Tradition of the New (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1965), pp. 31, 32
(71)Harold Rosenberg, "1914," Discovering the Present: Three Decades in Art, Culture, and Politics (Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1973), pp. 89-90
(72)Ibid., p. 91
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Before each of Ingenuity’s test flights, we upload instructions that describe precisely what the flight should look like. But when it comes time to fly, the helicopter is on its own and relies on a set of flight control algorithms that we developed here on Earth before Ingenuity was even launched to Mars.
To develop those algorithms, we performed detailed modeling and computer simulation in order to understand how a helicopter would behave in a Martian environment. We followed that up with testing in a massive 25-meter-tall, 7.5-meter-diameter vacuum chamber here at JPL where we replicate the Martian atmosphere. But in all of that work, we could only approximate certain aspects of the environment. Now that Ingenuity is actually flying at Mars, we can begin to assess how things stack up against expectations. Here are some key aspects of the flight control system’s performance on Mars.
Unlike many consumer drones, Ingenuity is not controlled by changing the rotor speeds. Instead, we control our Mars Helicopter in the same manner as full-scale terrestrial helicopters: by changing the pitch angle of the blades, which affects the airfoil “angle of attack” and thereby determines how big a “bite” the blades take out of the air. The bigger the bite, the more lift (and drag) is produced. Like a traditional helicopter, we can change the pitch angle in two ways: by using “collective control,” which changes the blade pitch uniformly over the entire rotation of the blade, and by using “cyclic control,” which pitches the blade up on one side of the vehicle and down on the other.
When Ingenuity takes off, the rotor is already spinning at the setpoint speed of 2,537 rpm. We take off with a sudden increase in collective control on both rotors, which causes the vehicle to “boost” off the ground. During this initial takeoff phase, we limit the control system to respond only to angular rates (how quickly the helicopter rotates or tilts). The reason for this is that we don’t want the control system to be fighting against the ground, possibly resulting in undefined behavior.
The initial takeoff phase lasts for only a split second; once the helicopter has climbed a mere 5 centimeters, the system asserts full control over the helicopter’s position, velocity, and attitude. At this point we’re accelerating toward a vertical climb rate of 1 meter per second.
To estimate our movements during flight, we use a set of sensors that include a laser rangefinder (for measuring altitude) and a camera. We don’t use those sensors until we reach 1 meter altitude out of concern that they might be obscured by dust near the ground. Instead, we initially rely only on an inertial measurement unit (IMU) that measures accelerations and angular rates, and we integrate those measurements to estimate our movements. This is a type of “dead reckoning” navigation – comparable to measuring how far you’ve walked by counting your steps. It’s not very accurate in the long run, but because Ingenuity takes only a couple of seconds to reach 1 meter, we can make it work.
One of the things we were curious about is how “confidently” Ingenuity would boost off the ground and reach that first threshold of 5 cm. Data from the first three flights shows that portion of the climb took about 0.25 seconds, which is very much in line with expectations and indicates that Ingenuity had no issue producing enough thrust on takeoff. During this initial boost, we expected to see a spike in the power required by the rotor system, and that is indeed what we observed. For example, the spike in Flight Two was about 310 watts (W) – well below the maximum capacity of our batteries, which can tolerate spikes as high as 510 W.
After takeoff, Ingenuity took about 2 seconds to reach the 1-meter altitude where it could start using its full suite of sensors. That being said, while we did see some faint dust in the images taken by the Perseverance rover (parked nearby) on takeoff, there was no indication flying dust or sand obscured the altimeter or camera, so our design appears to have erred on the cautious side in this regard (which is a good thing).
The moment the helicopter’s legs leave the ground, its motion starts to become affected by wind. These winds can cause the vehicle to momentarily roll (side to side) or pitch (forward or backward) on takeoff, until it has time to catch and correct itself. We were prepared for some significant roll/pitch angles on takeoff if winds were high at the ground level, but in Ingenuity’s three takeoffs so far, they have been limited to a couple of degrees only, making for nice, vertical takeoffs.
During hover phases of flight, we are attempting to maintain a constant altitude, heading, and position. In evaluating how well we are managing to achieve that, we are forced, for the most part, to rely on Ingenuity’s own estimates of what it was doing, as we have limited data establishing “ground truth.” Those estimates are subject to errors in navigation that will be covered in a separate post. But the steadiness of these estimates tells us a lot about how tightly the controller is able to hold the desired values.
The data shows that we hold our altitude extremely well in hover, to within approximately 1 cm. We also hold the heading (which way we point) to within less than 1.5 degrees. For horizontal position, we’ve seen variations up to approximately 25 cm. Such variations are expected as the result of wind gusts.
So, what has the wind been like during our flights? Fortunately for us, the Perseverance rover carries the MEDA weather station. For Flight One, we have measurements from MEDA indicating winds of 4-6 meters per second from the east and southeast during most of the flight, gusting to 8 meters per second. Keep in mind that those measurements are made 1.5 meters above ground level, and the tendency is for winds to increase as you go from ground level up. We also have atmospheric density measurements at the time of Flight One, showing 0.0165 kilograms per cubic meter, or about 1.3% of Earth’s density at sea level. Using this information, we can assess the system’s performance in another important respect – namely, the control effort required to fly.
For the collective control (remember, that is the one that changes rotor blade pitch angle uniformly to affect helicopter’s thrust), we would like to see hover values roughly consistent with prior expectations. During Flight One, we hovered with around 9.2 degrees collective on the lower rotor and 8.2-degree collective on the upper (that’s the angle of the blade’s “chord line” – an imaginary line drawn from the leading edge to the trailing edge of the rotor blade – at ¾ of the rotor radius). Those values are 0.7-0.8 degrees lower than the trim values we anticipated (9.0 degree on the upper rotor and 9.9 degree on the lower rotor). But those trim values were tuned based on tests without wind at a somewhat different density/rotor speed combination, so this difference is not unexpected. Another indication that we are within our aerodynamic comfort zone is the electrical rotor power of around 210 W in hover, which is also right in the vicinity of what was expected. Taken together, the results indicate that we have good margin against “aerodynamic stall,” which is when the blade airfoil’s angle relative to the surrounding airflow is increased beyond the point where it can produce further increases in lift.
We also evaluate the cyclic control, which is used to create roll and pitch moments on the vehicle. We have seen relatively steady values in hover, generally of magnitude less than 3 degrees, which leaves ample margin against the upper limit of 10 degrees. The cyclic control inputs tell us a fair amount about the wind that the vehicle has to fight against. For example, for Flight One the cyclic control is consistent with winds from the east and southeast, which is in alignment with MEDA observations. The cyclic control effort also increases with altitude, which indicates that winds are getting higher further from the ground.
Landing is a particularly challenging part of any flight. Ingenuity lands by flying directly toward the ground and detecting when touchdown happens, but a number of events occur in rapid succession leading to touchdown. First, a steady descent rate of 1 meter per second is established. Then, once the vehicle estimates that the legs are within 1 meter of the ground, the algorithms stop using the navigation camera and altimeter for estimation, relying on the IMU in the same way as on takeoff. As with takeoff, this avoids dust obscuration, but it also serves another purpose -- by relying only on the IMU, we expect to have a very smooth and continuous estimate of our vertical velocity, which is important in order to avoid detecting touchdown prematurely.
About half a second after the switch to IMU-only, when the legs are estimated to be within 0.5 meters of the ground, the touchdown detection is armed. Ingenuity will now consider touchdown to have occurred as soon as the descent velocity drops by 25 centimeters per second or more. Once Ingenuity meets the ground, that drop in descent velocity happens rapidly. At that point, the flight control system stops trying to control the motion of the helicopter and commands the collective control to the lowest possible blade pitch in order to produce close to zero thrust. The system then waits 3 seconds to ensure the helicopter has settled on the ground before spinning down the rotors.
People have asked why we contact the ground at the relatively high speed of 1 meter per second. There are multiple reasons for this. First, it reduces the dead-reckoning time that we need to spend without using the camera and altimeter; second, it reduces the time spent in “ground effect,” where the vehicle dynamics are less well-characterized; and third, it makes it easier to detect that we’ve touched down (because the velocity change is clearly sufficient for detection). What makes this strategy possible is the landing gear design which helps prevent the vehicle from bouncing on landing.
Any touchdown detection algorithm of this kind has to strike a balance between two potential pitfalls: (1) detecting touchdown too early (thereby dropping to the ground from the air) and (2) not detecting touchdown soon enough (which would cause the helicopter to keep trying to fly after coming in contact with the ground). Data from Ingenuity’s flights on Mars show that we were not in danger of either of these scenarios. During descent, Ingenuity has maintained its vertical velocity to within approximately 4 cm per second, and it has detected the necessary 25 cm per second drop within approximately 30 milliseconds of touchdown.
As we continue with our flights on Mars, we will keep digging deeper into the data to understand the various subtleties that may exist and would be useful in the design of future aerial explorers. But what we can already say is: Ingenuity has met or exceeded our flight performance expectations.
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When Texans talk about the Declaration of Independence, they usually mean the one signed at Washington-on-the-Brazos on March 2, 1836. Occasionally, we refer to the Goliad declaration of 1835. But there was one before all of them. In 1813, Texans in San Antonio de Bexar declared the province of Texas to be independent. The wording sounds familiar in places but the principals are timeless, and very familiar to Texans and Americans. Learn more about what motivated the Texans of 1813 to declare independence, which ultimately led to the Battle of Medina a few months later. (PHOTO BY BOB OWEN/SAN ANTONIO EXPRESS-NEWS/ZUMA PRESS)
Before they can fight, our soldiers must be trained. General Sherman decided that the dwindling U.S. Army would be consolidated into two garrisons, one being based in San Antonio, Texas to protect the frontier and conduct the Indian wars necessary to western expansion. When war in Europe beckoned, San Antonio was ready. But the Army was running out of room. So the Army began buying ranches until San Antonio became the huge military city it remains today. Learn about San Antonio’s role in equipping our troops for world war in the latest episode of Wise About Texas.
In the early 20th century Japan sought to extend its relations around the world. Texas made imminent sense. A Japanese professor saw the Alamo as a perfect companion to one of ancient Japan’s most famous battles. The Emperor saw Texas as a perfect place to relocate some of his brightest farmers. Learn about the early connections between Japan and Texas in this latest episode of Wise About Texas.
San Antonio was founded 300 years ago in 1718. From day one, the residents, priests and soldiers faced a constant and menacing threat from the Apache Indians. Raids from the indians and retaliatory campaigns from the soldiers made life in early San Antonio stressful and difficult. Attempts at peace never seemed to work. But all of a sudden, in 1749, the Apache wanted not only to make peace, but also to enter mission life and convert to Christianity. The reason for the Apache’s sudden change of heart is a matter of perspective. But rather than look a gift horse in the mouth, the Spanish held a grand peace ceremony in San Antonio’s main plaza, the likes of which has never been seen in North America. Learn about this unique event in the latest episode of Wise About Texas.
In late 1800’s San Antonio, the plazas were busy marketplaces during the day. But at night, the Chili Queens took over. These ladies brought the exotic flavors of Mexico to the population of San Antonio. Music, laughter and the pungent aroma of chili con carne filled the air. From the greatest to the least, every citizen and tourist had to make a pilgrimage to see the Chili Queens and sample the food that would later become known as Tex-Mex. Learn more about this scene in the latest episode of Wise About Texas.
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You have probably often heard advice about drinking water with your meals. Over the years it has become a topic of debate, some say it’s better to drink it before meals while others believe after meals is best. To be honest, what’s most important is that you get enough water, not as much when you do it. Timing does matter, a little.
The golden rule is to maintain the ratio of 30 and 60 minutes, drinking water 30 minutes before a meal and an hour afterwards is good for digestion and overall health.
You should know that drinking water too close to eating will dilute the digestive juices. Most of us do not keep this ratio, we drink water when we are thirsty and want it. To overcome this habit we need to figure out the reasons for it.
We often see some people drinking water with meals, and doctors say that it’s fine to do, but according to yogic and Ayurvedic philosophy you should avoid drinking water during meals to avoid overloading your stomach. Half of the stomach should be filled with food, one-fourth should be filled with water, and the remainder should be empty. If you are frequently feel thirsty during your meal make it a habit to drink a full glass of water 30 minutes before eating.
Many simply cannot eat without drinking something, and it is good for cleansing your palate to take a sip now and then. Pay attention to what you are eating when making a beverage choice, if eating warm foods then hot tea or water is appropriate and not as shocking to your system as cold, and vice versa. To aid digestion consider adding fresh lemon or a splash of apple cider vinegar to your beverage.
Drinking water after meals is not bad, nor does it hamper digestion, but drinking water 30 minutes before meals has better benefits.
Here are a few:
Drinking a glass of water before meals will help you achieve correct body weight and have better skin! Make it a habit and enjoy the results. Drinking water before meals helps you consume less calories which eventually results in fat loss, this is because your stomach feels full faster. As for your skin, drinking water hydrates rough, dry skin This is even more effective during the winter when your water intake is often lower.
Drinking water before meals is also beneficial for movement and flexibility. It helps keep you energetic throughout the day, research shows that even slight dehydration can bring your energy levels down. Drinking water before each meal will keep you adequately hydrated. Water is essential for every part of your body to function smoothly.
In conclusion, when you drink water matters a little, but the essential thing is to drink enough, no matter when you choose to do it. Before meals is more effective than after for fat loss, but sipping throughout your day has definite benefits too.
Source: Healthy Food Place
Please do share this useful information with your friends and family by hitting one of the share buttons below.
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Farming is a game mechanic that allows you to grow your own food. Most of the different crops have many common attributes. I'll talk about those common attributes first and then talk about some of the special cases. It's recommended that you read the starter guide first.
Crops can be found growing all over the world. They are placed there during world generation. Breaking these crops are essential for finding seeds. You need seeds to plant crops on farmland in order for them to grow.
Farmland can be made by using a hoe on soil. This will create dry farmland. Plants will not grow on dry farmland. You need to be within 3 blocks of a water source block in order for the farmland to convert to moist farmland.
Moist farmland has 3 nutrient levels, N,P and K. Each crop consumes one of these nutrient levels. Some crops require more nutrients than others. Each crop has different total growth speed. Each crop can have any amounts of growth stages. Some crops can be harvested with right click, without destroying the crop.
When crops grow from one stage to the next they will consume nutrients from the farmland on which they are planted. The required nutrient is the nutrient that will be consumed and the amount is determined by dividing the Nutrient Consumption by the number of growth stages.
Farmland slowly replenishes nutrients, slower with a crop, faster when empty.
Three different fertility types of soil exist in the world: low, medium, high. Each has according starting levels of nutrients: 25%, 50%, 75%. Crop growth rates also differ. Soil keeps it's property when dug out and placed elsewhere. You can find flat patches of rich soil in mild and hot areas with enough rain drop, mostly on plains and low hills.
All fully mature crops harvested have about a 5% chance to drop an extra seed. Each crop is characterized by a set of Crop Properties. Crop properties consist of the following individual properties:
Growth Stages - The number of growth stages for a crop.
Total Growth Days - The number of in game days it takes for a crop to be fully grown.
Required Nutrient - The type of nutrient(N,P,K) that will be consumed from the farmland when a crop grows to the next stage.
Nutrient Consumption - The total amount of the required nutrient that will be consumed over the lifetime of a crop.
Here are all the available crops. Click on their respective pages to learn more about each one.
|Crop||Growth Stages||Total Growth Days||Required Nutrient||Nutrient Consumption|
|Vintage Story: Vanilla Game Content|
|Terrain blocks||Gravel Sand Soil Rock|
|Metal Working||Anvil Crucible Forge Ingot Mold|
|Functional||Firepit Ore blasting bomb Loot Vessels Containers Quern|
|Tools & Weapons||Axe Hammer Hoe Knife Pickaxe Prospecting Pick Saw Scythe Shears Shovel Bow Spear Sword Club|
|Plants||Cattail Flax Onion Parsnip Rice Rye Soybean Spelt Turnip Flowers Trees Berries|
|Mobs||Bighorn sheep Chicken Drifter Locust Wild Pig Wolf Hyena|
|Starter Guide Crafting Recipes Fuel Agriculture Mining Metal Beekeeping Ruins Combat Smithing Clay Forming Light sources|
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Aldo Leopold was the first to admit that his thinking about land and life had evolved greatly from his experiences. Come join us as Steve Morgan portrays Aldo Leopold and weaves a journey of learning about the land and life through his words. Registration Required: $14 (10% discount for members) - $8 students.
The Highlands Center is a local non-profit organization offering community events and nature-based education in the beautiful Prescott National Forest. The Highlands Center is supported by community members, and donors, as well as many dedicated and hard-working volunteers. It offers a variety of programs, camps, lectures, workshops, special events, and other activities to the community year-round. This year the Highlands Center re-introduces the Chautauqua Series to celebrate the lives of some of our greatest naturalist authors and conservationists.
About Aldo Leopold
In 1909, Leopold was assigned to the Forest Service's District 3 in the Arizona and New Mexico territories. At first, he was a forest assistant at the Apache National Forest in the Arizona Territory. In 1911, he was transferred to the Carson National Forest in northern New Mexico. Leopold's career, which kept him in New Mexico until 1924, included developing the first comprehensive management plan for the Grand Canyon, writing the Forest Service's first game and fish handbook, and proposing the Gila Wilderness Area, which was the first national wilderness area in the Forest Service system. By the early 1920s, Leopold had concluded that a particular kind of preservation should be embraced in the national forests of the American West. He was prompted to this by the rampant building of roads to accommodate the "proliferation of the automobile" and the related increasingly heavy recreational demands placed on public lands. He was the first to employ the term "wilderness" to describe such preservation.
Aldo Leopold is still considered the most important conservationist of the 20th century because his ideas are so relevant to the environmental issues of our time. He is the father of the national wilderness system, wildlife management, and the science of ecological restoration. He is best known for his classic book, A Sand County Almanac, which still inspires us to see the natural world as a community to which we belong.
About Steve Morgan (Who Portrays Leopold)
Steve Morgan is a Licensed Landscape Architect Naturalist, Educator, Steel Designer & Fabricator. For the past 18 years, Steve has focused on creating landscapes with plant species that are native to the southwest region, and particularly those found in the Central Highlands. His specialties include entries, habitat gardens, water features, creating outdoor living spaces, and water harvesting. He was the designer of several highly successful school habitat gardens in Central Arizona. These were developed in partnership with the Highlands Center for Natural History. His work has been featured in both Sunset Magazine and Phoenix Home and Garden Magazine. He taught for 15 years as an adjunct instructor at Yavapai College where his focus was on Landscape Design courses for the homeowner. Steve continues to teach at a variety of public events throughout the southwest.
Location: Street: 1375 Walker Rd Additional: City: Prescott, Province: Arizona Postal Code: 86302 Country: United States (added from IndieBound)
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How to: Display Forms from Components
Although most components do not have visual interfaces, there are times when it may be useful for a user to interact visually with a component. For example, a component that represents a bank account might display a specialized alert form when the account is overdrawn. These functions should remain constant in the component and not depend on the client application. Because forms are classes, it is easy to create an instance of the form, and then display it through your component.
There are two approaches you can use to create a form:
Create the form outside your component, which enables you to use a design environment like Visual Studio to create the appearance and behavior (look and feel) of the form.
Make the form a nested class within your component. An advantage to this approach is that the form is always a part of your component, and you have control over how it is used and exposed. The chief disadvantage, however, is that you will be unable to use a designer with your form, and will have to design it all by manual coding.
To display a form from your component
Create the Windows Form you want to display from your component.
If the form you want to display is not in the same assembly as your component, you must reference the assembly that contains your form to build correctly.
Declare a local variable as a new instance of the form.
For example, if your form was called MyForm, your code would look like the following.
Call the, , and methods of your form to control display, as is shown in the following code examples.
AFormInstance.Show ' Displays the form. AFormInstance.ShowDialog ' Displays the form and waits for user interaction before continuing. AFormInstance.Hide ' Hides the form.
// Displays the form. AFormInstance.Show(); // Displays the form and waits for user interaction before continuing. AFormInstance.ShowDialog(); // Hides the form. AFormInstance.Hide();
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Common in Palestine, and often mentioned in the Bible from Gen. 3: 14 onwards. There existed cobras and vipers. In Malta Paul is said to have been bitten by a snake (Acts 28: 3). Not surprisingly, snakes feature also as symbols of evil (Ps. 58: 4) and the Devil is called ‘that old serpent’ (Rev. 20: 2). Nevertheless snakes are credited with an enviable wisdom (Matt. 10: 16).
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Problem Based Learning (PBL) – Guest Lecture
Today, 21 November 2019, the Department of Food Technology BINUS University held a guest lecture event with an interesting topic “Problem-Based Learning”. This topic was presented by Prof. Koen Vennema from Maastricht University.
Problem–based learning (PBL) is a student-centered pedagogy in which students learn about a subject based on real-world problems or experience found in trigger material. This method is very useful to encourage using concepts and principles as opposed to the direct presentation of facts and concepts. It promotes the development of critical thinking skills, problem-solving abilities, and communication skills.
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Bike to School
City of Fresno
The City of Fresno's Safe Routes to School program unites communities toward the common goal of establishing and maintaining safe, active, and healthy lifestyles for children and safer, healthier communities for everyone.
By promoting students to ride their bikes to
school, you wil be:
* Enhancing the health of the student
* Improving air quality and the environment
* Supporting the creation of safe bicycle routes
Here's to a healthier and more active Fresno!
Our webpage is under construction ~
Please continure to check back for more and more information about Bike to School Day and additional bicycling resources.
Back to School - BIKE to School
Bicycle Safety Inspection Checklist
Bicycle Safety Tips
Bicycle Safety Tips (Spanish)
Celebrate National Bike Month in May with YOUR School
FUNdamental Activities for Kids
Getting Children to School Safely
Pedestrian Safety Tips
Pedestrian Safety Tips (Spanish)
Pedestrian Safety Tips Assembly Pictures
Mckinley Elementary School
School Drop-Off and Pick-Up Safety Tips for Parents
School Drop-Off and Pick-Up Safety Tips for Parents Spanish
Share the Road (Bicycle Safety Tips)
Please visit the League of American Bicyclists webpage to learn more about National Bike Month.
To learn more about bicycling in Fresno, please visit our
Bicycle Master Plan webpage at:
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(Geneva) – A landmark ruling by a United Nations body found that Hungary’s voting laws are disenfranchising people with disabilities, Human Rights Watch said today. The ruling applies to all 137 countries that have adopted the international disability rights treaty. These governments are required to review their laws and practices to eliminate any provisions that prevent people from voting due to their disabilities.
The UN Committee on the Rights of People with Disabilities, the panel of experts who interpret the international disability rights treaty, ruled that Hungary’s restriction on the right for people with intellectual disabilities to vote violates international human rights law. Under the recently amended Hungarian constitution, people under guardianship are automatically excluded from voting unless a judge determines they have the capacity to vote.
The ruling said that any exclusion of the right to vote on the basis of “perceived or actual disability,” whether as a general rule or following an individual assessment, was discrimination in violation of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD). Instead it said governments were under a duty to ensure all people with disabilities could exercise their right to vote, including in the way they design voting procedures and in providing assistance where necessary.
“This decision sends a strong message that people with disabilities have the same rights as everyone else, including when it comes to voting,” said Shantha Rau Barriga, disability rights director at Human Rights Watch. “How would any of us feel if required to appeal to a judge for the basic right to vote?”
Hungary ratified the CRPD and its Optional Protocol in July 2007. The Optional Protocol provides a mechanism for individuals to send complaints to the committee, if all national legal remedies have been exhausted.
In its ruling the committee found that, regarding people with intellectual and mental disabilities, “their automatic disenfranchisement regardless of the nature of their disability and their individual abilities was discriminatory and unjustified.” The committee also ruled that Hungary failed to guarantee to people with disabilities the right to exercise their legal capacity – the right to make decisions about one’s life – a key provision in the disability rights treaty.
This ruling examined the case of six Hungarian citizens with intellectual disabilities who had been placed under guardianship following judicial decisions. As a consequence, they had been automatically erased from the electoral register and were denied the right to vote in the 2010 parliamentary and municipal elections. In its ruling, the committee called on Hungary to reinstate these six people in the voter registry, repeal the discriminatory constitutional provisions, and enact laws that would guarantee the right to vote for people with disabilities.
The committee found that Hungary’s Constitution is in breach of article 29 of the CRPD, which guarantees the right to participate in political life on an equal basis with others, without any exception regarding alleged capacity. This requires making voting procedures accessible, appropriate, and easy to understand and use.
The constitution, which went into effect on January 1, 2012, restricts the right to vote for people with “limited mental ability.” This discriminatory law is part of Hungary’s broader regression in protecting human rights and the rule of law since the ruling Fidesz party started making major changes in the national legal framework after it took power in 2010.
Human Rights Watch released a report “Wrong Direction on Rights - Assessing the Impact of Hungary’s New Constitution and Laws,” and a joint letter with Amnesty International to the Members of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe outlining key concerns, in May and June 2013 respectively.
In October 2011, after intense pressure from local organizations of people with disabilities and their families, the Peruvian electoral agency nullified its policies excluding more than 20,000 people with certain mental and intellectual disabilities from the voter registry. However, Peru’s civil code still allows a judge to declare a person with certain intellectual or mental disabilities incompetent and to impose a guardian, and thus deny them the right to vote.
“The committee’s ruling is a significant step toward making the disability rights treaty a reality for the billion people with disabilities worldwide,” Barriga said. “Voting is a fundamental aspect of being a citizen and should not be denied on the basis of disability.”
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A guide to leprosy-related disabilities
Why does leprosy cause disabilities?
Nerve damage is the main cause of the impairments seen in leprosy. M. Leprae causes inflammation of the nerves and can go on to damage the nerves that supply the hands, feet, and eyes. The complications of leprosy occur because of nerve damage. If this damage is noticed in time, it can usually be reversed by treatment with steroids.
Nerve damage causes the following complications.
Hands: Nerve damage causes loss of feeling of the hands which means they can be easily injured without you feeling it, for example by being burnt when cooking or blistered or cut while using tools etc.
Feet: you might not be able to feel if there is a stone in your shoe. You might not notice that your shoes are too tight or are rubbing and causing blisters.
Loss of sensation leads to wounds: Because you cannot feel these things, you might not realise that you have damaged your skin and so you won’t look after it by cleaning the wound or covering it. Damaged skin allows germs to enter the body and causes infection. Infected tissue can lead to gangrene (dead tissue) which can result in loss of fingers.
If you notice a wound has occurred and you cannot feel it, go the nearest health centre or hospital for advice.
Eyes: you can no longer feel when there is something hurting your eye. For example, you might not feel if there is a piece of sand in your eye, or you might not feel that your eyes are dry and you need to blink. Over time, this can mean that your eyes become damaged or scratched without you realising. If allowed to continue, this could lead to blindness.
Hands - You might struggle to make your hands into a fist or you might find it hard to pick things up, like a cup or a pencil. You might also notice that you cannot stretch your fingers out and hold your hand flat. Instead, your fingers are clawed inwards.
Feet - If you are standing and you cannot point your toes towards the sky, this is an indication that leprosy has begun to damage the nerves in your knee. This means that when you lift your foot up to walk, your toes will continue to touch the ground.
Eyes - You might not be able to closer your eye properly. Our eyelids protect our eyes, for example, when we are sleeping, and they also clean our eyes when we blink. If you can’t close your eyelids, your eyes can be damaged – left untreated this can lead to blindness.
It is possible to receive help when leprosy is damaging your eyes, so it is important that you talk to a doctor about this.
One of the key signs of leprosy is a loss of feeling in your skin. This means that, if someone touches you with a feather or a pencil, you won’t be able to feel it. This also means that you might not be able to feel if a pan is hot or if there is a stone in your shoe.
Because you cannot feel these things, you might not realise that you have damaged your skin and so you won’t look after it by cleaning the wound or covering it. This is a common problem for people who have experienced leprosy and it can lead to ulcers, which are serious wounds that can cause problems.
If you notice a wound has occurred and you cannot feel it, you should talk to a doctor about it.
Leprosy can cause disabilities if it is not treated properly. Thankfully, leprosy is curable through Multi-Drug Therapy. As well as this, there are lots of tools and techniques we can use to help somebody who is already experiencing disabilities that have been caused by leprosy.
If you are worried about disabilities caused by leprosy, make sure you talk to a health worker about receiving the treatment you need. The Leprosy Mission and our partners provide this treatment free of charge to people all over the world.
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Video presented by Ana Bracilovic, MD
This video accompanies: Treatment for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Video
Carpal tunnel syndrome reflects a clinical diagnosis that involves one of the three main nerves in the arm. The median nerve passes through the carpal tunnel, which is located right here. The carpal tunnel itself houses the flexor tendons of the hand as well the fingers, the thumb, and the median nerve. Typically a patient will present with complaints of numbness and tingling, having to shake their hands in the morning. They might have complaints of numbness or tingling after typing at the keyboard or doing any repetitive motion that puts increased pressure on the wrist in either this direction or that direction.
Although the median nerve innervates the first 3.5 fingers of the hand, the patient usually does not have numbness and tingling just in that distribution. A lot of the times, they can have paresthesia within the whole hand and that sensation can vary from a frank falling asleep, to an itchiness, to feeling a need to stretch the hand, to do some type of motion, to shake the hand. A variety of those symptoms can occur.
What Causes Carpal Tunnel Syndrome?
There are about 5-6 main causes of carpal tunnel syndrome. Heredity plays an important role. Some people are born with congenitally small carpal tunnels. Any associated medical conditions, including rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes, and systemic conditions that may also increase the amount of fluid in the carpal tunnel may increase the likelihood of developing carpal tunnel syndrome.
What are the Symptoms of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome?
Patients often can present with difficulty buttoning their shirt, sometimes difficulty holding a pencil, quite often they’ll complain of dropping things inadvertently. When the symptoms are very bad, they’ll be able to see a visible atrophy of the muscles of their thumb.
How is Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Diagnosed?
In a physical examination for carpal tunnel syndrome, we’ll do a regular neurologic exam, testing the strength of all the muscles in their upper extremities, their sensation, and their reflexes. For carpal tunnel syndrome, there are a number of provocative tests that put pressure on the median nerve, which when a person does have carpal tunnel syndrome will be positive. Also during the physical examination, this is a chance to rule out when the numbness and tingling is not coming from carpal tunnel syndrome but also from other nerves, most often the neck.
In terms of diagnosis, the most objective way to diagnose carpal tunnel syndrome is to do an EMG and nerve conduction study, which provide a way to measure the degree of carpal tunnel syndrome (to classify as mild, moderate, severe) and also to rule out anything associated, number one, compressed nerves, or if there’s an associated and irritated nerve that’s coming from the neck.
The easiest way to look at carpal tunnel syndrome is to imagine that your hands are like light bulbs. When the light bulbs are going off in your house, that example can be related to the sensation of numbness and tingling in your hands. Sometimes that light bulb goes out when there’s something wrong with the light bulb itself, but sometimes it can go out because there’s something wrong with the power supply. So when evaluating for carpal tunnel syndrome, you want to see if it’s just the light bulbs, where the median nerves are specifically irritated, or if there is anything also going on with the power supply. The EMG and nerve conduction studies are good for telling that.
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Helping people with computers... one answer at a time.
BitTorrent, the peer-to-peer file sharing technology, is often suspect in computer problems. It's not BitTorrent at fault, but the files being shared.
Will using BitTorrent harm my computer, and if so and under what conditions will it?
BitTorrent itself is highly unlikely to harm your computer.
However what you download using BitTorrent - well, that's a different story. Some caution is called for.
And I know some of you are asking ... "what's a BitTorrent?"
Traditionally, when you download a file from the internet, it's really just copying a file from one computer to another. Typically that means you're copying a file from some centralized server to your computer:
The "problems" with that approach include the fact that there's a central server - if it goes down, for example, you can't download the file. Another problem is that everyone is picking up the file from one place - that means that for a popular download, that server better have a very fast or "high bandwidth" connection to the internet that all people downloading at the same time can share:
BitTorrent is one implementation of something called "peer to peer" file sharing. Rather than downloading from a single central server, the download is divided into pieces, and those pieces are downloaded from different computers:
Note that we no longer think of those computers serving up the files as "servers". Rather, they're your peers - other computers pretty much just like yours. Hence the term "peer-to-peer".
By copying peer-to-peer the bandwidth used is spread out across many different paths through the internet. Peer #1 might be down the street, peer #2 might be across the country, and peer #3 might be across the planet. Each will serve up parts of the file as fast as they can, and your BitTorrent client patches those pieces together as they arrive.
Now, how did those peers all get the file in the first place? The same way you're downloading it. And how did they start serving up pieces of the file? By running the BitTorrent client. One important aspect of peer-to-peer file sharing is that as soon as you've downloaded even a piece of a file, your file sharing client can then make that piece available for someone else to download from you. Your computer becomes one of the peers that can serve the file to others.
A more accurate diagram of peer-to-peer file sharing is this:
In this diagram every computer interested in sharing or downloading a particular file is, effectively, connected to every other interested in that same file, sometimes called a "swarm". If a computer doesn't have all the parts of the file, it keeps asking other peers for the missing pieces until it has the complete copy. It can then remain in the swarm, making all the pieces available to any other peers that ask.
So that, in a nutshell, is BitTorrent, and peer-to-peer file sharing. In and of itself, it's just a different technology to download files, and there's absolutely nothing inherently wrong with that. BitTorrent itself will not harm your computer in any way.
But there is a problem.
The problem is not with the technology, but with how it's frequently used.
As you can see from that last diagram, there is no single authoritative site for a particular file being shared on a peer-to-peer network. If you take out any one of the computers in the network, the rest can continue to share and copy the files quite happily.
That means it's extremely difficult to stop a file from being shared.
It also means that it's very difficult to track down all the sites sharing a file.
In turn, that means that sharing illegal or pirated copies of files is much, much easier, because it's much less likely that any single sharer will be tracked down and prosecuted. Possible? Yes. But definitely more difficult.
So, many peer-to-peer networks have a lot of illegal content.
Even so, downloading illegal copies of legitimate software, music or videos won't harm your computer. It's wrong, but it won't harm you.
Spyware and viruses, on the other hand, will.
What many hackers and malware creators have realized is that there are a lot of people downloading illegal software from peer-to-peer networks. Since there's almost no accountability for what gets placed on a peer-to-peer network, it's trivial for them to put up lucrative files that have been infested with malware. For example a file sharing network might offer "Microsoft Office", and it might even be a copy of the latest and greatest copy of Office. But it's quite possible, perhaps even likely, that the person that first shared that copy added to it spyware or viruses in the hopes that people would be tempted by a free copy of an expensive product only to install much more than they bargained for.
And that's what will harm your computer - the malware that often accompanies "free" software available on peer-to-peer networks.
Because, let's face it, who would you complain to if you find that your latest free download infected your machine with spyware? As I said, there's no accountability, and nowhere to turn.
Besides the moral and ethical reasons for not downloading illegal software, the risk of infection is a very practical reason to stay legit.
Comments on this entry are closed.
If you have a question, start by using the search box up at the top of the page - there's a very good chance that your question has already been answered on Ask Leo!.
If you don't find your answer, head out to http://askleo.com/ask to ask your question.
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Students to Present Bilingual ‘Wizard of Oz’
The Tin Man, Scarecrow, Cowardly Lion and Dorothy will be speaking Spanish when students at Jefferson Elementary School in Lennox put on a bilingual production of the “Wizard of Oz” this weekend.
Last year, when students performed “Peter Pan,” English and Spanish were intermingled throughout the scenes.
After the production, administrators noticed a tremendous difference in the attitudes of students, many of whom were at risk of failing or falling into trouble. So the school made plans for another production.
“The students who were involved last year have become leaders in the school; their academic achievement has skyrocketed,” Principal Joanne Isken said.
“Many found that they have talent. When they found that talent, they found some self confidence.”
The annual theater production is especially important at this school because there are no funds for a music, dance or drama program.
Isken said teachers have volunteered their time to sew costumes.
Director Anna Rubin, a teacher’s aide who also works as a dance choreographer, has volunteered to put the production together.
There are 90 students from second through sixth grades taking part in this year’s production, twice as many as last year.
The thespians have been rehearsing since January, when they were awarded their roles after a grueling audition.
They raised money for the production by selling candy and through fund raisers at the school carnival.
The booster club and local businesses also chipped in to fund the $5,000 production.
Through the play, students at the bilingual school--where classes and activities are carried out in two languages--have not only become more fluent in Spanish and English, they have used the play for such classroom exercises as reading from the script and problem solving.
Isken said the production has also helped pique the students interest in school.
“We’ve always known that music and theater were important,” Isken said.
“When we did last year’s production we found out how right we were about the difference it makes in their lives.”
Though next year’s production has not yet been selected, Isken said there are plans to continue the program.
Performances are scheduled in the school cafeteria Saturday at 7 p.m. and Sunday at 2 p.m. Tickets are $2.
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Sometimes educators adopt new technology to address specific needs — capturing lectures to flip the classroom and make more time for interaction, or adding audio assignments to support students on the go with mobile devices. Sometimes we’re attracted to shiny new tools: extraordinary experiences in virtual reality or adaptive learning automatically tailored to each student’s needs. Enter the pandemic and we’ve all suddenly got “emergency” reasons to explore and adopt new practices and tools to support remote and socially distanced teaching and learning. We don’t necessarily have the luxury of conducting drawn-out comparisons between different solutions — in the current climate, piloting edtech is no longer a question of “if,” but “how.”
But needing to move fast is no reason to abandon care. Piloting can still be a thoughtful process for ensuring that new practices and tools align with your instructional goals and have practical applications for your institution. Step away from the idea of piloting as tool evaluation and towards piloting as a way to adopt and adapt new practices that meet your real needs — supported by technology when appropriate.
So what do successful pilots look like these days? And how do schools carry them out? Check out these seven steps for successful pilots, drawn from our experience working with schools adopting collaborative annotation to support student engagement. We’ve highlighted specific examples from California State University Channel Islands (CSUCI), one of the first schools to pilot Hypothesis formally, and you can hear more about CSUCI’s experience below in our interview last year with Michael McGarry, their Lead Instructional Technologist.
Watch the continuing discussion about piloting we held on Friday 10 July at the inaugural episode of Liquid Margins, when we had Michael back along with Kyle Denlinger, Digital Pedagogy and Open Education Librarian at Wake Forest University, to talk about how they integrate new practices and tools at their institutions.
See past and upcoming episodes of Liquid Margins.
7 steps to a successful pilot
Start using Hypothesis in your LMS and learn more about a supported pilot at your school.
Watch our interview with Michael McGarry for more details on what went well (and what didn’t) during CSUCI’s initial Hypothesis pilot.
Check out these additional resources for things to consider while piloting:
About Michael McGarry
Michael relocated from the northern hemisphere of California to sunny Ventura County in 2007. He then graduated from CI in 2011 with a BA in Art, with an emphasis in web and graphic design. After CI, Michael went on to complete his Master’s in Instructional Design and Technology at CSU Fullerton. He’s been able to take his design skills and apply them to improving course design structures, while his “inner geek” keeps him excited in exploring new technologies that can be applied to the classroom. Michael holds CI culture and community close to his heart and is excited by the opportunity to bring teaching to the cutting edge.
About CSU Channel Islands
Teaching and Learning Innovations (T&LI) at CSU Channel Islands is a program designed to guide, support and inspire faculty at CSUCI to step outside of traditional boundaries of teaching to improve student learning. We are led by the CSUCI mission to put students at the center of the educational experience.
Hypothesis is a mission-driven organization dedicated to the development and spread of open, standards-based annotation technologies and practices that enable anyone to annotate anywhere, helping humans reason more effectively together through a shared, collaborative discussion layer over all knowledge. Hypothesis is based in San Francisco, CA, USA, with a worldwide team.
Hypothesis has developed its open-source annotation software in collaboration with many partners and funders, including specific projects to augment groups and authentication capabilities with eLife, to enable annotation on EPUBs with NYU, the Readium Foundation, Evident Point, and EPUB.js, and many others. We thank our funders, partners and community for working with us to advance standards-based, interoperable annotation for all.
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A British professor and two others from Norway have been awarded the world’s most prestigious scientific award- the Nobel prize in medicine.
Announced Monday at the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm, John O’Keefe of Britain and May‐Britt Moser and Edvard Moser of Norway won the award for their work identifying the cells that make up the GPS of the brain.
Announced, Monday, by Goran Hansson, secretary of the Nobel Committee for Physiology or Medicine, John O’Keefe of University College London in the 1970s identified the place cells in the brain that register specific places.
Thirty-five years later, the Mosers, discovered the grid cells, which function as a built-in navigation system that tells animals where they are, where they are going and where they have been.
The Mosers who are husband and wife, are professors at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology in Trondheim.
The Nobel Committee said in a news release, Monday, “The discoveries of John O ́Keefe, May‐Britt Moser and Edvard Moser have solved a problem that has occupied philosophers and scientists for centuries — how does the brain create a map of the space surrounding us and how can we navigate our way through a complex environment?
“The discovery of the brain’s positioning system represents a paradigm shift in our understanding of how ensembles of specialized cells work together to execute higher cognitive functions,” the release said. “It has opened new avenues for understanding other cognitive processes, such as memory, thinking and planning.”
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Saturday, July 22, 2006
An evolutionary arms race between early snakes and mammals triggered the development of improved vision and large brains in primates, a radical new theory suggests.
The idea, proposed by Lynne Isbell, an anthropologist at the University of California, Davis, suggests that snakes and primates share a long and intimate history, one that forced both groups to evolve new strategies as each attempted to gain the upper hand.
To avoid becoming snake food, early mammals had to develop ways to detect and avoid the reptiles before they could strike. Some animals evolved better snake sniffers, while others developed immunities to serpent venom when it evolved. Early primates developed a better eye for color, detail and movement and the ability to see in three dimensions - traits that are important for detecting threats at close range.
See the Journal of Human Evolution paper "Snakes as agents of evolutionary change in primate brains" (Abstract)
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The census is never perfect, but it has become more accurate over time. In 2010, there was a statistically-insignificant net national overcount, meaning that the number of people over counted was not significant and that the population count as a whole was considered accurate. However, undercounts of specific population subgroups are a recurring challenge, with some groups missed at disproportionately high rates as opposed to other groups which are often overcounted.
These inaccuracies in the census can have negative implications both for these communities and their respective municipal governments.
This Census Complete Count Committee hopes to play a critical role in reducing undercounts in Payne County by helping the Census Bureau identify and focus on hard-to-count (HTC) communities. This map shows where HTC populations are located.
Mistrust in government
Physical barriers such as inaccessible multifamily units and gated communities
Non-traditional living arrangements
Lack of reliable broadband or internet access
Children under 5 years old
Racial and ethnic minorities
Non-English speakers n Immigrants
Renters and residents who move often
Alternative or overcrowded housing units
Gated communities and publicly inaccessible multifamily units
Persons displaced by natural disasters
Persons experiencing homelessness (read How the 2020 Census Counts People Experiencing Homelessness)
Young mobile adults
Single-parent headed households
Stacy Delano, Stillwater Public Library Director
Norman Jeanne Shamblin
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In three specific eras the approach to the dividing of the fingers in syndactyly release has changed. In the 19th century "straight cutting" or local flaps were used; then in the beginning of the 20th century skin grafts were introduced. After Cronin published work on zigzag incisions, combinations of zigzag incisions, flaps, and grafts came into use. Here, we present a review of the most important technique, given in a historical perspective.
(C) Williams & Wilkins 1994. All Rights Reserved.
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Use chalk or masking tape to mark out a circle in the middle of the room approximately 3 feet in diameter.
Mark out another much bigger circle, making sure there is sufficient space outside this circle for everyone to stand shoulder to shoulder.
How to Play
Divide into teams. Each team can have 2 to 10 players.
If you have too many players or the room is too small, take turns to play.
Players of alternating teams stand next to each other just outside the larger circle.
(For example, if you have 3 teams, the players stand in the following order: Player from team A, Player from team B, Player from team C, Player from team A, Player from team B, Player from team C…)
Give each player 2-5 ping-pong balls.
You will need different colored ping-pong balls for each team.
Alternatively, use a marker to differentiate each team’s ping-pong balls.
On “go”, teams take turns to throw or roll one ping-pong ball at a time towards the inner circle.
Each team can decide which player to go next.
The object of the game is to have 2 of your team’s ping-pong balls as close together as possible.
You can either throw/roll your ball close to your own team’s balls or use them to disrupt another team’s balls.
The game ends when all the ping-pong balls have been used up.
The team with 2 ping-pong balls closest together inside the inner circle wins.
Bible Lesson for Youths/Adults – Singleness, Dating and Marriage
1. Have you ever been attracted to someone in the past (or are you currently attracted to someone)? How did you feel? What did you do? Tell us about your experience.
2. What does the Bible say about having a special relationship with another person?
Get into the Word
Read Genesis 1:27-28; 2:18,24-25
3. According to these passages, why do you think God created male and female?
4. Why do you think God wants mankind to “be fruitful and increase in number; fill the earth and subdue it”?
5. Does this mean that everyone should get married?
Get the Word into your Life
Read 1 Corinthians 7:8-11
6. According to Apostle Paul is it wrong to remain single? Must everyone get married?
Read 1 Corinthians 7:32-35
7. According to Apostle Paul, what are some advantages of remaining single?
Read 1 Corinthians 7:36-37
8. What is Apostle Paul’s advice for those who are in a dating relationship?
9. In light of Paul’s warning in 1 Corinthians 7:36 (about the danger of acting dishonorably toward your dating partner if your passions are too strong) what are some practical ways you can protect yourselves?
10. In light of this, is there a right age to start dating? Why or why not?
Read 1 Corinthians 7:10-11,39
11. What is Apostle Paul’s advice for those who are married?
Read Matthew 19:3-12
12. Does God approve of divorces?
13. How do these passages impact your views about singleness, dating and marriage?
14. Whether a person is single, dating or married, what should the person be mainly concerned about? Why?
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Have you ever noticed that some flowers need to be planted each year, while others pop up all by themselves?
Annuals are plants with a life cycle that lasts only one year. They grow from seed, bloom, produce seed heads, and die all in one growing season. They then need to be replanted again the following year.
Annuals have great value in all gardens; they are quick to fill empty spots in flowerbeds, and make great additions to container gardens.
If you tend to have commitment issues, annuals are for you. You don’t have to see the same flowers year after year; you can try out new trends in garden design whenever you feel like it.
Annuals are incredibly versatile and diverse in color, form and texture that will last all season. Even though they only live for one year, they bloom for a long time. Because they only last one year, blooms are likely to be more colorful because they need to attract as many pollinators as possible to reproduce before the season ends.
A perennial is a plant that literally lives through the years. They offer tremendous diversity of color, foliage, fragrance and light and soil requirements. Their carefree dispositions make them ideal for all gardeners and garden types. The cornerstone of gardens, perennials set the foundation for a well-rounded collection of plants. They'll fill in your garden with great greenery and many beautiful flowers, blooming at different times of the year.
Since perennials bloom for a single season: summer, spring or fall, a collection of them in your garden will be great in luring in and keeping all our pollinators happy.
Perennials don’t have the same pressure to reproduce as annuals do. They are the dependable workhorses of our gardens; blooming year after year and often growing so big they can be divided into new plants for family, friends or those bare spots in your yard. Woven through borders and foundation plantings, and with their flower variety, color and texture, perennials can be your landscape’s crowning glory.
The benefits of trees and shrubs are endless. They provide healthy and beautiful places for children to play and learn. Green spaces encourage more healthy social interactions, as well as lower levels of social ills like property and violent crimes.
Tree-shaded sidewalks spatially denote the pedestrian realm; they naturally create a vaulted ceiling creating a sense of separation and protection from passing vehicles.
Rising temperatures are being caused by our own activities, such as burning oil and cutting down trees. Shrubs and trees slow down climate change and areas without them can become “heat islands,” with significantly higher temperatures than planted areas.
Money can grow on trees. Most of the prime streets that are tree-lined get a 10% to 15% premium in value over similar streets with less tree architecture. Trees give the appearance of more space and more privacy thus adding value to your home.
Eating locally and organically is more important than ever, and there’s nothing more local than the patch of ground just steps from your kitchen. Each square foot of garden space that you plant can reduce your carbon footprint by about one pound each year.
Don’t feel like you need an acre to be successful; even a couple of window boxes and containers on your patio will do. You can just as easily grow up and not out if you only have a wall or fence.
No one’s born with a green thumb, but you can easily learn to have one. Just like our gardens, life is short, fraught with the unexpected, filled with failure and adversity, and never seems to go as we planned. It’s also magnificent in its beauty as we experience laughter, adventures, and the small joys that can fill us with sublime happiness. Let us revel in the little things and find joy.
GROW Up! Vines are special because they can grow in ways that other types of plants simply cannot. They spread by climbing, attaching or twining their way up vertical surfaces or over the ground, and easily fill in spaces where other plants won’t grow. They can be evergreen, they can have spectacular flowers and they can grow in all sorts of conditions.
Climbers add another dimension beyond your garden beds, add seasonal color, while attracting pollinators. Vines are easy growers that spread vigorously.
Twisting, turning, twining and twirling — vines traverse the landscape in creative ways. Their attractive foliage provides visual interest as it forms living screens to hide ugly chain link fences, softens hardscapes, transforms seemingly impossible areas and can provide you with some privacy from nosy neighbors - you know we all have them!
The best time to plant a tree is 20 years ago. The second-best time is today.
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|시간 제한||메모리 제한||제출||정답||맞은 사람||정답 비율|
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After the NASA sent their Mars Exploration Rovers Spirit and Opportunity to Mars, the ASAN decided to send their Venus Exploitation Rover Greedy to Venus in order to find out which valuable raw resources can be obtained from Venus. Its mission is to collect some stones from Venus’ surface.
Greedy will be transferred to Venus using a rocket that will drop it on the surface together with a large container, then fly seven times around Venus and finally pick up both Greedy and the container from the surface using its on-board grabbers.
After its landing, Greedy will use its IntelliSensor technology to scan for all interesting stones within half a mile. This will yield a list of stones with accurate estimations of their mass, their value for the Administratika and the time required to pick them up and put them in the container. The container is large enough to contain even all the stones, but the rocket can only lift a limited amount of mass from the surface. Also, the amount of time is limited due to the fact that the rocket will come back after seven rounds around Venus.
It is your task to write the program that will determine which of these stones to pick up and put in the container, if the total value is to be maximized.
The first line of the input file contains a single number: the number of test cases to follow. Each test case has the following format:
For every test case in the input file, the output should contain a single number, on a single line: the maximum total value collectable in the corresponding test case.
2 1 20 10 2 2 100 5 20 10 6 6 10 10 5 12 5 10 18 12 5 10 3 3 7
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https://www.acmicpc.net/problem/5459
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3 Foods That Can Cause Heartburn
Heartburn isn’t only unpleasant, it can also cause esophageal damage if it recurs too often and turns into reflux. This process is closely linked to dietary habits and foods that can cause heartburn. Although there are individuals with a predisposition to this condition.
Hence, we’re going to tell you which foods to avoid if you have a propensity for heartburn. Keep in mind that some habits, such as lying down after eating, can favor the development of this process since they hinder digestion.
Foods that can cause heartburn
The following three foods or meals increase the risk of heartburn within minutes of consumption.
People with digestive problems or with structural tube alterations, such as ulcers, should avoid the consumption of hot peppers or other derivatives with this flavor. This is because they stimulate acid secretion, which unbalances the medium’s pH and can cause discomfort.
After this takes place, it’s normal to experience reflux or the sensation of liquid rising up the esophagus. This can cause nausea in the most extreme cases.
A study published by Clinics in Geriatric Medicine has demonstrated that, when this condition occurs frequently, a change is generated in the epithelium of the stomach. This pathology is known as Barret’s esophagus. In addition to digestive consequences, there are those who speculate that this disease could end up as cancer.
Fried food: foods that can cause heartburn
Fried foods are characterized by the presence of trans-fatty acids. These have an inflammatory effect and can also cause heavy digestion. Their consumption increases the risk of suffering from heartburn apart from other more serious health problems in the long run.
However, unsaturated lipids have the opposite effect. According to research published in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, omega-3 is capable of reducing the spread of helicobacter; one of the causes of gastritis that can also be responsible for heartburn. On the other hand, trans-fatty acids can promote bacterial growth.
Foods with a high content of additives
Most food additives have undergone a safety study. This doesn’t take away the fact that their digestion is incomplete or inefficient in many situations. In fact, there are cases in which the intake of these chemical elements can exert an effect on our pH, making it more acidic.
For this reason, it’s advisable to avoid the consumption of those industrial ultra-processed foods in people with a tendency to suffer from heartburn or reflux problems. Fast food also leads to this same issue due to its content in flavorings and preservatives.
Just as there are foods that can cause heartburn, there are others capable of neutralizing the process. Dairy products are the greatest exponents of this group since they have a basic character that quickly blocks acidic compounds in the stomach and balances our pH.
For this reason, one of the dietary strategies for people who frequently have heartburn problems is to drink a small glass of milk after large meals. It reduces the risk of experiencing heartburn, which in turn, reduces any discomfort.
There are even those who take this habit systematically before going to sleep, so as not to wake up in the middle of the night with a feeling of reflux.
You can modulate heartburn with your diet
As you now know, there are foods that increase heartburn and there are others that decrease it. The causes of this process can be several. However, it’s clear is that the frequent consumption of antacids as a solution method is harmful in the long run. These drugs are capable of increasing the risk of stomach cancer.
Due to this, if you’re prone to heartburn, you need to take care of your diet in order to balance your pH and avoid reflux situations that can be negative if they persist over time. If you have more doubts or suffer from this problem frequently, speak with a doctor to find the origin of the problem.It might interest you...
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By Akul Ranjan. Edited by Arjun Chandrasekar.
Fossil fuels and renewable energy sources are the two distinct categories of energy sectors. Fossil fuels are the more widely known and used ones but have greater drawbacks when compared to the developing usage of renewable energy. As the consequences and diminishing of fossil fuels become more apparent, companies and governments alike are looking for a switch to renewable energy forms.
Fossil fuels are energy deposits formed from the leftovers of living creatures and fossils, hence the name fossil fuels. This includes coal, gas, oil, natural gas, and biomass. When animals decompose, their bodies turn into forms of hydrocarbon material such as natural gas or coal and are very flammable substances that produce energy when burned. Fossil fuels are the most abundant energy sources, however, due to their need to be burnt to produce energy, they damage the environment. In fact, fossil fuels caused 74% of greenhouse gas emissions in 2019. Currently, 34% of energy production in the United States is natural gas, 30% is coal, 20% is nuclear, 15% is renewables, and 1% is oil. Fossil fuel reserves are rapidly diminishing, causing a search and switch to renewable energy sources.
As the flaws of fossil fuels come to light, renewable energy sources are gaining ground. These energy sources replenish over time, such as windmills, hydroelectric, solar, and geothermal energy. For example, solar energy is the harnessing of the Sun’s UV rays, an infinite source of energy. Renewables regenerate during the average span of one human life, compared to fossil fuels that slightly revolve over millions of years. Renewables also pose a threat to the environment, and instead naturally use nature to produce energy. Unfortunately, the start-up costs of renewable energy infrastructure are expensive, but more money is saved in the long run against fossil fuels. Renewable energy sources also require specific terrains in order to work, such as areas with high internal Earth temperatures of geothermal energy.
Progress of Energy
Renewable energy is growing faster than fossil fuels, Iceland and Norway generate almost all of their energy needs from renewable energy sources. Forty-seven other countries have at least 50% of their energy sources from renewable sources. Biden has outlined development in clean energy in his Build-Back-America infrastructure plan, aiming for 50% of new car sales being electric. This would be backed by a 5 billion dollar plan adding EV facilities around America. The pandemic facilitated growth in renewable energy, wind power grew 12% and solar power grew 23%. As new technologies and methods develop, renewable energy will prosper as well.
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Dr Connie K. Chung, EdD, founder and Executive Director of Living Well ckc and former Associate Director for the Global Education Innovation Initiative at the Harvard Graduate School of Education, writes about the importance of ethical imagination and offers her thoughts on what benefits exercising it might have in a rapidly changing world. Thank you to Connie for writing this inspiring contribution, written exclusively for Imagination Matters.
I was nine years old when I first encountered Bishop Myriel in a children’s adaptation of Victor Hugo’s novel, Les Miserables. In the story, Jean Valjean had been released from prison after serving an inordinately long sentence for stealing bread to feed his sister’s hungry children. A yellow card marking him as a convicted criminal was enough to lead to his being denied shelter and human company in most places.
Yet the Bishop invites Valjean into his home and feeds him. When the police catch Valjean in the night, running away with a sack full of the Bishop’s silver, the humble Bishop lies to the police officers. He tells them that he had given the silver to Valjean. He says that in fact, Valjean had forgotten to take the silver candlesticks he had also gifted him.
In response, Valjean reflects: “One word from [the Bishop] and I’d be back/ Beneath the lash, upon the rack/ Instead he offers me my freedom/ I feel my shame inside me like a knife/ …What spirit comes to move my life?/ Is there another way to go?/…Another story must begin.” Valjean, overwhelmed by the Bishop’s act of grace, begins a new life. He is set free, both from another long, harsh prison sentence and from the bitterness that had consumed him about his situation. At the end of the novel, Jean Valjean dies as a well-respected and beloved citizen, in the glow cast by the candles from the Bishop’s silver candlesticks.
The Bishop’s scene was powerful enough to communicate, even to a nine year old girl, the complexity of what it means to do the “right” thing in a turbulent, rapidly changing world – in this case, just after the French Revolution. The Bishop breaks the traditional rules of right and wrong by lying to officers of the law and by aiding and abetting a common criminal. Though he had no way of knowing whether Valjean would make any good out of second chance given to him, the Bishop sees the possibility of a positive, hopeful future for him. He then acts accordingly, placing his trust in Valjean; instead of selling another’s soul for silver, he invests his own silver to breathe life into another, in a reversal of the Judas and Jesus story.
“Is there another way to go?”
Perhaps the Bishop knew that Valjean’s original “criminal” act of stealing bread was no more than an act of desperation and compassion, committed out of a desire to feed children during a time of widespread economic scarcity and inequality in France. Perhaps he did not know any of this, but instead, acted purely out of the knowledge that whatever punishment that would be meted out to Valjean would be cruel and disproportionate to the crime that he committed. Perhaps he knew that acting with integrity in this case, required that he pay attention to not only to the demands of justice, but also to the generative forces of mercy, grace, and a holistic understanding of the social, political, and economic situation in which Jean Valjean and the larger French society found themselves; perhaps he knew that it required looking not only to the past and the present, but also looking to invest – literally –into a more hopeful future for another. The Bishop, in other words, exercises his ethical imagination, and asks, “Is there another way to go?”
In an age where rapid change is the norm, and where each of us hold a great deal of power in what we say and do, our personal values form an anchor that grounds us; they inform and guide our choices in words and actions that inevitably impact others.
These are the kinds of discussions that I had modeled for me as a student in literature classes as a high school and college student, including a well-known and popular course offered by Professor Robert Coles, the James Agee Professor of Social Ethics at Harvard University, called Gen Ed 105: The Literature of Social Reflection. His book, The Call of Stories: Teaching and the Moral Imagination, was a seminal one for me as I became a teacher, navigating with my teenage students through the moral worlds of literary classics like Elie Wiesel’s Night, George Orwell’s 1984, Aldous Huxley’s Brave New World, and Shakespeare’s The Merchant of Venice, among others. I felt then and still do now, that the questions of how to live one’s life well and how our choices reflect our values, are important ones to consider in life, and especially in times of complexity and ambiguity.
In an age where rapid change is the norm, and where each of us hold a great deal of power in what we say and do, our personal values form an anchor that grounds us; they inform and guide our choices in words and actions that inevitably impact others. Thus, it is critical to have time and space to reflect, to discuss with others, to practice putting ourselves into the shoes of others, and to cast our vision more widely. In other words, we need opportunities to exercise both our empathy and our ethical imagination, and to consider situations from multiple angles, levels, and perspectives.
Is there another way to go with empathy and integrity?
What might the exercise of ethical imagination offer in an age of rapid change? I offer a few possibilities below:
1. Ethical imagination asks us to take into account broader contexts when assessing other people and situations. For example, when we read about the Bishop and Jean Valjean’s decisions as told by Hugo, it is impossible not to take into consideration the social, political, and economic contexts that shape them.
2. Ethical imagination helps us to be humane and relational in our decisions. For example, the Bishop models for us what it might look like to treat with dignity and humanity, someone who is marginalized and faces adversity.
3. Ethical imagination helps us to be past, present, future, and possibilities oriented. For example, we are able to follow along with Hugo’s story, about the consequences of a simple decision made by the Bishop to save Jean Valjean – and to imagine other possibilities.
4. Ethical imagination encourages us to be courageous and hold ambiguity and complexity in tension. Of course, this vignette is based on a fictional work, and the Bishop’s decision has resonance all the more because in Hugo’s narrative, Jean Valjean then makes a series of decisions to live a good and generous life. The story could well have turned out differently had Valjean not been so soft-hearted in response to the Bishop’s generosity. Discussions with young people about stories like these might do well to include critical perspectives about the narrative decisions made by the writers.
In other words, exercising our ethical imagination in an age of rapid change helps us to ask and answer the question, “Is there another way to go?” with empathy and integrity.
Dr. Connie K. Chung is former high school literature teacher and an OECD expert to the Education 2030 Project, researching the kinds of values and attitudes that are the most relevant to foster for individual and social well-being.
in Andrew Lloyd Weber’s musical adaptation
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A seismic investigation of the Kenya Rift Valley
In August of 1985 the crustal structure underlying the Kenya rift valley was investigated by long range explosion seismology. The experiment (KRISP85) consisted of two seismic lines in the central sector of the rift, one along the axis (140 km) and the other across it (50 km). Interpretation of the data, including time-term analysis and ray tracing has yielded the following information. The thickness of rift infill varies from about 6 km below Lake Naivasha to about 2 km and 1.5 km below Lake Magadi and Lake Bogoria respectively. The underlying material has a P-wave velocity of 6.05 +/- 0.03 km/s which suggests the rift is underlain by Precambrian metamorphic basement. A localised high velocity zone identified to the east of Nakuru may be associated with basic intrusive material. The P-wave velocity increases discontinuously to 6.45 +/- 0.05 km/s at a depth of 12.5 +/- 1-0 km. This depth is similar to that inferred for the brittle-ductile transition zone from a study of local seismicity in the Lake Bogoria region. A high P-wave velocity layer (7.1 +/- 0.15 km/s) occurs at 22 +/- 2 km depth which might be associated with a sill-like basic intrusion in the lower crust. An upper mantle velocity of 7.5 +/- 0.2 km/s (unreversed) is reached at a depth of 34.0 +/- 2.0 km. This implies that only moderate crustal attenuation has occurred beneath the central sector of the rift. No evidence was obtained for the existence of an "axial intrusion" reaching to shallow levels below the rift and causing crustal separation as suggested by previous studies. Relative residuals determined for 46 teleseismic events recorded by a 15 station, small aperture seismic array in the vicinity of Lake Bogoria indicate considerable lateral heterogeneity in the upper crust. An Aki inversion of the relative residuals has revealed the existence of two distinct low velocity zones which may be associated with magma chambers.
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25 feet below the original level, to which it had scooped out portions of the interior of the fort, and by the hollows eroded to nearly the same depth outside the walls. The constructive methods used were clearly intended to guard against wind-erosion, and suggest intelligent adaptation of those I had first met with in the ancient border wall west of Tun-huang. The photograph of the southern portion of the south-west face reproduced in Fig. 129, together with the sectional sketch in Pl. 1o, will help to illustrate them.
The wall was built throughout of alternating thick layers of clay and of Toghrak trunks and branches laid crosswise to the direction of its line. These layers successively diminished in width as they rose higher and higher, thus giving the wall a pronounced slope inward both within and without, and greatly increasing its stability. The lowest layer, forming a kind of foundation, consisted bf big Toghrak pieces placed probably on the original ground level ; this had a total width of 32 feet. In Fig. 129 the inner edge of this layer is marked by the figure of Tokhta Akhûn standing on it. The original thickness of this foundation layer could not be exactly determined, but was probably under 2 feet. The layer of clay resting upon it was fully 5 feet thick. This clay consisted not of regular pisé as in the case of the Limes wall, but of large irregular lumps of hard clay such as could easily have been quarried on the surface from ground along the river-bed subject to temporary flooding, or from the banks of depressions left dry after inundation. These lumps had no doubt been compacted by means of wet mud stamped over and between them.
Next followed a layer of Toghrak stems and branches 22 feet wide with a thickness of 1- feet. In the case of this ` fascine layer ', to use a convenient expression borrowed from my description of the Tun-huang Limes and of the next two above, I noted that in order to assure a more uniform level, and hence greater firmness, a bedding of tamarisk brushwood had been placed on the top of the clay lumps and below the pieces of Toghrak timber. The next layer of clay had a height of 41- feet and was protected by a layer of timber 15 feet wide and fully 2 feet in thickness. Above it rested clay to a height of 4 feet, carrying on its top a layer of Toghrak wood about 10 feet wide. The thickness of this last timber and brushwood layer could not be exactly measured owing to decay from exposure, but probably exceeded 2 feet. The wall everywhere higher up had suffered too much by erosion to permit of measurement. But there can be little doubt that the last ` fascine layer ' had in turn been covered by clay and had, perhaps, also carried some kind of parapet. It is probable also that the slopes of the wall had originally throughout been coated with clay. But erosion had carried this off, as well as the outer portions of the clay layers wherever exposed, with the result that, as the photographs in Figs. 129, 133, clearly show, the intervening ` fascine layers' were left overhanging.
The sectional sketch in PI. 10 shows that the wall in its original state must have risen to over 21 feet. It also makes it clear that while the width of the successive ` fascine layers ' diminishes upwards in the approximate proportion of 2 to 3, their thickness distinctly increases as they approach the top. It is the reverse with the layers of clay, which starting with 5 feet at the bottom are reduced successively to 4~ and 4 feet higher up. It seems likely that the object was to prevent top-heaviness and the consequent risk of sliding. With the same object the whole of the wall was reinforced by a heavy timber framework, of which the upright posts arranged in pairs could be traced along the NW., NE. and SE. faces wherever preserved and clear of sand.12 The distance between the inside and outside posts of each pair was about 15 feet, which suggests that their top reached to the third fascine layer from the bottom. It is probable that these posts were joined and held in position by cross-beams passing through the clay or fascine layers; but I was unable to ascertain the system
12 In Fig. 123, which shows the bags containing our corner of the circumvallation, some of these posts are seen
store of ice being unloaded and stacked under the north on the left emerging along the outside foot of the wall.
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(Part One, Part Two, Part Four, Part Five)
Since I was talking about Ruth Beechick’s booklet An Easy Start in Arithmetic, I should have mentioned as well that its last page is “Ways to Use the Hundred Chart,” and there is a small hundred chart on the back cover (in addition to the poster-size one that’s included with the booklets). Hundred charts are a great way to enrich a math program without doing worksheets; in fact, we did a whole year of kindergarten math for Ponytails without any written work at all. There’s something about those ten rows of ten that not only helps with counting, adding and subtracting, but reinforces place value ideas as well, especially when kids learn the trick of adding or subtracting tens (go up or down a row) . When they’ve learned that, then adding fourteen becomes “add ten” (go down a row) and then “four more” (four spaces to the right), without any fuss about “carrying the one.” And the nice thing about hundred charts is that they can be useful in any size: tiny (like the one on the booklet), bigger (a handwritten chart or a page-sized printout from the Web—Donna Young’s site has printable hundred charts), or really big. We have a poster-size hundred chart from the teacher’s store and also one that we made on poster board with detachable (Velcro) number disks.
For many people, Bible is as much a part of a basic curriculum as reading and math. I could assume that most people have a Bible around and that they could make up a simple program of reading Bible stories to their children, as parents have done for hundreds of years. However, since I was trying to stick to the books in the shopping bag, I was limited to a paperback copy of “The Great News: The New Testament, New International Version.” This actually works out fine, although for a third-grader it might have been nice to have slightly larger print. The bonus about this edition of the New Testament is that it comes with a 71-lesson “Reading Plan to Get You Started” in the front, which works out to just about two lessons per week (maybe reading on one day and reviewing or notebooking on the next). This goes beyond the simplest stories; it starts with “Who is Jesus?” and goes on to “What is Christianity All About,” “What is Real Faith,” “How Does God Want His People to Treat Others,” and “What Stories Did Jesus Tell?” I like this approach because it’s a bit of a change from just reading straight through one of the Gospels, and it lends itself to keeping a notebook as well. I might even use this myself next year with Ponytails.
History, Geography and/or Social Studies
The lack of history resources in the bag might make this the weakest part of the curriculum, although that would be pretty easy to fix using online or library books. However—sticking to the bag and the teaching resources—I decided to try something different. Teaching Children includes both a “regular” Social Studies outline and an “alternate” one for grades three through six, written by Susan Schaeffer Macaulay. In the alternate outline, third graders spend a lot of the year exploring what’s around them; not in a dumbed-down “Mr. Neighbourhood Policeman” approach, but in an inter-disciplinary program that combines local and comparative geography, local history, natural history, and what you might call cultural anthropology and sociology. In other words, they find out where they live, who lives there, and what’s around them. John Holt once suggested something like this too; someone asked him how he would tutor a boy who lived in an unusual natural environment, and he pointed out that it would be foolish not to take full advantage of every bit of local exploring, beach-digging and museum-lurking that they could squeeze in—that this would benefit the boy in ways that his book lessons never could.
It’s also suggested that the third graders “adopt” a missionary family or project and learn more about the country involved, correspond with the family and so on.
Of course this doesn’t come all ready-packaged for you, and in some ways it may sound like the vaguest part of the curriculum—go out together, do field trips, find out the names of the roads and the trees and the early settlers, and keep a scrapbook. Some of us might think we could cover our entire local area in one or two trips; others of us would immediately worry about how little we ourselves know about local birds, pond life, railroads and so on! As I said, you might not like this idea at all and then you’d have to fill in with other history and geography books. However, I do think it is suitable for children of about third-grade level who aren’t too interested yet in names-and-dates history (plus it would make a great ongoing activity for Friday afternoons). Can I tell you a funny story about this kind of exploring approach to social studies? A long time ago (I think The Apprentice was in the second grade), I read the book Who Killed Canadian History? by Jack Granatstein. Since the book dealt mostly with the weaknesses in secondary- and post-secondary-level education, I e-mailed the author to ask if he had any recommendations for teaching the elementary grades. Mr. Granatstein graciously wrote back and said he didn’t know a lot about teaching second graders but that his recommendation would be “Forts. Visit forts.” So there you have it.
As for the missionary/other countries side of the curriculum: I thought of three possibilities for this. One came out of the Child of China book that is included for literature; I found a unit study of Ancient China, by Judy Wilcox, written for homeschoolers, that’s meant to take twelve weeks and which sounds like a great addition to the last part of the year’s curriculum. Of course you have to buy that first (grin). Or you could buy the e-text A Child’s Geography, Volume Two: Exploring the Holy Land, which covers several Middle Eastern countries.
Or you could just go with whatever resources you know best: missionaries or organizations you know yourself or that your church supports.
How does that sound?
In the next post I'll talk about science and finish off with some extras.
- About Us
- Anne Writes
- A is for Airplane
- Christmas Past, Christmas Present(s)
- Charlotte Mason Education
- Herbartianism Posts
- Why you should read Romola
- CM Volume Three Posts
- CM Volume Four Posts
- CM Volume Five Posts
- CM Volume Six Posts
- A Treasury of Thrift, a Feast of Frugality
- Crocheting Posts
- Project 333, Fall 2016: Ordinary Clothes for Ordinary Life
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How to Get Rid of Verticillium Wilt
Gardeners who love a challenge will find verticillium wilt (Verticillium dahliae and Verticillium albo-atrum) a worthy enemy. Affecting the vascular systems of plants, which transport water, verticillium wilt causes leaves to turn yellow between their veins, and then leaves, shoots and branches die. Symptoms progress from plant bases or branches to their tips, and in woody plants, one side is often affected before the other. The fungi responsible for verticillium wilt live in soil and persist from year to year, infecting susceptible plants. Providing good growing conditions through fertilizing and watering, removing infected plant material, growing resistant plants and sterilizing the soil with solarization, are effective weapons to battle verticillium wilt.
Fertilize trees and shrubs suffering from verticillium wilt as soon as symptoms appear. Apply ammonium sulfate at a rate of 3 pounds per 100 square feet. Work the fertilizer into the top few inches of soil around the drip line of trees and underneath shrubs. Water it in.
Water trees and shrubs at the first sign of infection, applying water within the drip line at a rate of 6 to 12 gallons per square foot. Repeat every 10 to 14 days during dry weather in the growing season.
Prune branches killed by verticillium wilt with pruning shears or a pruning saw, cutting 5 or 6 inches below the area of discoloration. Remove prunings from the garden and disinfect pruning tools between plants, by wiping 70-percent rubbing alcohol over the blades.
Remove and dispose of trees and shrubs severely infected with verticillium wilt that don't respond to feeding and watering. Replace with resistant cultivars.
Go Get 'Em Greens
Fertilize plants growing in infected areas to limit the spread of disease. Dilute 1 tablespoon of 24-8-16 fertilizer per gallon of water and apply at a rate of 1 gallon every 10 square feet every two weeks or according to the manufacturer's instructions.
Water plants sparingly during dry periods, so that the ground is moist but not sodden.
Sterilize bare soil through solarization in late spring or summer. Water growing beds to a depth of 12 inches. Dig a narrow trench 4 to 6 inches deep around a bed, and bury the edge of a sheet of thin clear plastic in a trench on one side by covering it with soil. Pull the plastic sheet over to cover the bed. Exclude as much air as possible from beneath the plastic and bury the remaining edges in trenches to secure it. Leave the plastic in place for four to six weeks and then remove it and plant the bed, avoiding disturbing soil deeper than 6 inches below the surface.
Plant resistant cultivars in areas affected by verticillium wilt and practice five-year rotations in annual planting areas.
Dig up and dispose of plants killed by verticillium wilt, removing as many roots from the soil as possible.
- University of California Statewide Integrated Pest Management Program: Verticillium Wilt -- Verticillium Dahliae and V. Albo-Atrum
- University of Illinois Extension: Verticillium Wilt Disease
- American Phytopathological Society: Verticillium Wilt
- Colorado State University Extension: Caring for Trees in a Dry Climate
- Missouri Botanical Garden: Begonia (Tuberosa Group)
- Missouri Botanical Garden: Heuchera Sanguinea
- The average garden hose delivers 10 gallons of water every 5 minutes.
- Painters' plastic, which is available at hardware stores, is suitable for solar sterilization. Very thin 1-mil plastic provides the most heat, but it tears easily. Plastic up to 4 mil is effective. One mil equals 0.001 inch.
- Plants resistant to verticillium wilt include tuberous begonias (Begonia tuberosa) and coral bells (Heuchera sanguinea). Begonias are hardy in U.S. Department of Agriculture plant hardiness zones 9 through 11, grow 12 to 18 inches tall and wide, and bear flowers in a range of colors summer through early fall. Coral bells bear red spring and summer flowers, grow 12 to 18 inches tall and 9 to 12 inches wide, and are hardy in USDA zones 3 through 9.
- Don't dig in soil sterilized by solarization. Only the top 6 inches or so are sterile and verticillium wilt spores may exist in lower layers.
- Don't put plants suffering from verticillium wilt in compost bins or use chipped woody plants as mulch as this may spread the disease.
A graduate of Leeds University, Jenny Green completed Master of Arts in English literature in 1998 and has been writing about travel, gardening, science and pets since 2007. Green's work appears in Diva, Whole Life Times, Listverse, Earthtimes, Lamplight, Stupefying Stories and other websites and magazines.
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Censorship in the United States
|Part of a series on|
|Censorship by country|
In general, censorship in the United States, which involves the suppression of speech or other public communication, raises issues of freedom of speech, which is constitutionally protected by the First Amendment to the United States Constitution.
This freedom, though fundamental, has also been accompanied since its enshrinement with contest and controversy. For instance, restraints increased during periods of widespread anti-communist sentiment, as exemplified by the hearings of the House Committee on Un-American Activities. According to Miller v. California (1973), the U. S. Supreme Court found that the First Amendment's freedom of speech does not apply to obscenity, which can, therefore, legally be censored. While it is legal to express certain forms of hate speech so long as one does not engage in the acts being discussed, or urge others to commit illegal acts, more severe forms have led to people or groups (such as the Ku Klux Klan) being denied certain marching permits or the Westboro Baptist Church being sued, though the initially adverse ruling against the latter was later overturned on appeal in the US Supreme Court.
The First Amendment protects against censorship imposed by laws, but does not give protection against corporate censorship, the sanctioning of speech by spokespersons, employees, and business associates by threat of monetary loss, loss of employment, or loss of access to the marketplace. Legal expenses can sometimes be a significant unseen restraint where there may be fear of suit for libel. Many people in the United States are in favor of restrictions of corporate censorship, citing a slippery slope that if corporations do not follow the Bill of Rights the government will be influenced.
Analysts from Reporters Without Borders rank the United States 46th in the world in terms in their Press Freedom Index, updated for 2014. Certain forms of speech, such as obscenity and defamation, are restricted in major media outlets by the government or by the industry on its own.
- 1 History
- 2 Film censorship
- 3 Weapons proliferation
- 4 Political censorship
- 5 Export of sensitive software
- 6 Broadcast censorship
- 7 Censorship of pornography
- 8 Ban on material support for foreign boycotts
- 9 Libel
- 10 Judicial orders
- 11 Copyright
- 12 War on Terrorism
- 13 Free speech zone
- 14 Corporate censorship
- 15 Internet & Internet-related censorship
- 16 See also
- 17 References
- 18 External links
A celebrated legal case in 1734-1735 involved John Peter Zenger, a New York newspaper printer who regularly published material critical of corrupt then-Governor of New York, William Cosby. He was jailed eight months before being tried for seditious libel. Andrew Hamilton defended him and was made famous for his speech, ending in, "...nature and the laws of our country have given us a right to liberty of both exposing and opposing arbitrary power [...] by speaking and writing truth." While the judge ruled against his arguments, Hamilton invoked the concept of jury nullification in the cause of liberty and won a not guilty verdict. The Zenger case paved the way for freedom of the press in the United States to be adopted in the constitution; as Founding Father Gouverneur Morris stated, "The trial of Zenger in 1735 was the germ of American freedom, the morning star of that liberty which subsequently revolutionized America."
There have been a number of attempts in the United States to forbid speech that has been deemed "seditious". In 1798, President John Adams signed into law the Alien and Sedition Acts, the fourth of which, the Sedition Act or "An Act for the Punishment of Certain Crimes against the United States" set out punishments of up to two years' imprisonment for "opposing or resisting any law of the United States" or writing or publishing "false, scandalous, and malicious writing" about the President or Congress (but specifically not the Vice-President). The act was allowed to expire in 1801 after the election of Thomas Jefferson, Vice President at the time of the Act's passage.
The Sedition Act of 1918, an extension of the Espionage Act of 1917 which had passed in connection with the United States joining the Allied Powers in the First World War, was a controversial law that led to imprisonment of many prominent individuals for opposing the war or the draft. State laws prohibiting "sedition" were also passed and used to prosecute and persecute alleged "seditionists" during this period, including many people guilty only of being "Wobblies", or members of the Industrial Workers of the World. In Schenck v. United States, the Supreme Court upheld the Espionage Act and banned speaking against the draft during World War I. This case led to the "clear and present danger" test. In 1969, Brandenburg v. Ohio established the "imminent lawless action" test. State sedition acts, if in place, are likely unconstitutional under the Brandenburg doctrine of "imminent lawless action" or the older doctrine of "clear and present danger."
Until Gitlow v. New York in the early 20th century, the First Amendment was not held to apply to states and municipalities. Entities without any prohibition in their own charters were free to censor newspapers, magazines, books, plays, movies, comedy shows, and so on, as exemplified by the phrase "banned in Boston."
In New York, litigation on a local ban upon the book Ulysses by James Joyce in 1933 played a pivotal role in an eventual set of rules determining what is and is not obscene. The standard of the effect upon "l'homme moyen sensuel" (the reasonable person), when reading or viewing of material, became the standard to look towards. The ruling instructed the Court to not consider the impression of the "little old lady" or most "pious member of the community" rather to the general community as a whole. The book's publisher, despite only receiving a ruling in New York, took the risk of publishing the book nationally despite local bans still being in place. The publisher reasoned the ruling in New York would be seen by local efforts to ban books as protection.
The free speech decisions of the United States Supreme Court under Chief Justice Earl Warren, which served from 1953 to 1969, extended the protections of the First Amendment to local government, and brought much stricter standards of review for what government actions were acceptable.
The state of Maryland retained its movie ratings board an unusually long time, abandoning it in the 1980s in favor of the private MPAA's voluntary ratings scheme.
Near v. Minnesota and prior restraint
The 1931 Near v. Minnesota case was the first to establish the doctrine that prior restraint was in most cases unconstitutional. Prior restraint is censorship which prevents material from being published in the first place. The alternative form of censorship occurs as punishment for unlawful or harmful material already published, usually after having the opportunity to dispute the charge in court.
"knowingly or willfully advocate, abet, advise or teach the duty, necessity, desirability or propriety of overthrowing the Government of the United States or of any State by force or violence, or for anyone to organize any association which teaches, advises or encourages such an overthrow, or for anyone to become a member of or to affiliate with any such association."
It also required all non-citizen adult residents to register with the government; within four months, 4,741,971 aliens had registered under the Act's provisions.
The Act is best known for its use against political organizations and figures, mostly on the left. From 1941 to 1957, hundreds of socialists were prosecuted under the Smith Act. The first trial, in 1941, focused on Trotskyists, the second trial in 1944 prosecuted alleged fascists and, beginning in 1949, leaders and members of the Communist Party USA were targeted. Prosecutions continued until a series of Supreme Court decisions in 1957 threw out numerous convictions under the Smith Act as unconstitutional. The statute itself, often amended, has not been repealed.
During World War I, and to a greater extent during World War II, war correspondents accompanied military forces, and their reports were subject to advance censorship to preserve military secrets. The extent of such censorship was not generally challenged, and no major court case arose from this issue, and even the Supreme Court found it constitutional on the grounds that it "protected free speech from tyranny".
The Office of Censorship, an emergency wartime agency, heavily censored reporting during World War II. On December 19, 1941 President Franklin Roosevelt signed Executive Order 8985, which established the Office of Censorship and conferred on its director the power to censor international communications in "his absolute discretion." Byron Price was selected as the Director of Censorship. However, censorship was not limited to reporting; postal censorship also took place. "Every letter that crossed international or U.S. territorial borders from December 1941 to August 1945 was subject to being opened and scoured for details."
In later conflicts the degree to which war reporting was subject to censorship varied, and in some cases it has been alleged that the censorship was as much political as military in purpose. This was particularly true during the Vietnam War and the invasion of Grenada. The executive branch of the federal government attempted to prevent the New York Times from publishing the top-secret Pentagon Papers during the Vietnam War, warning that doing so would be considered an act of treason under the Espionage Act of 1917. The newspaper prevailed in the famous New York Times Co. v. United States case.
Such issues arose again during the 2003 Invasion of Iraq, when many embedded reporters accompanied soldiers as they made their way into the country. These reports were subject to censorship in that they were not allowed to reveal a unit's exact location.
Wartime censorship often involves forms of mass surveillance. For international communications, like those done by Western Union and ITT, this mass surveillance continued after the wars were over. The Black Chamber received the information after WWI. After WWII NSA's Project SHAMROCK performed a similar function.
Journalism in warzones
Reporters are often obliged to "embed" themselves with a squad or unit of soldiers before being granted official access to fields of battle. Reporters are limited in what they may report by means of contracts, punishment or forced relocation, and the inherent nature of being tied to and reliant upon a military unit for protection and presence.
Wilhelm Reich was an Austrian psychoanalyst. He moved to New York in 1939, in part to escape the Nazis, and shortly after arriving there coined the term "orgone" – derived from "orgasm" and "organism" – for a cosmic energy he said he had discovered, which he said others referred to as God. In 1940 he started building orgone accumulators, devices that his patients sat inside to harness the reputed health benefits, leading to newspaper stories about sex boxes that cured cancer.
Following two critical articles about him in The New Republic and Harper's, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration obtained an injunction against the interstate shipment of orgone accumulators and associated literature, believing they were dealing with a "fraud of the first magnitude." Charged with contempt in 1956 for having violated the injunction, Reich was sentenced to two years in prison, and that summer over six tons of his publications were burned by order of the court. He died in jail of heart failure just over a year later, days before he was due to apply for parole.
Second Red Scare
McCarthyism is the term describing a period of intense anti-Communist suspicion in the United States that lasted roughly from the late 1940s to the late 1950s.
The Alien Registration Act or Smith Act of 1940 made it a criminal offense for anyone to "knowingly or willfully advocate, abet, advise or teach the […] desirability or propriety of overthrowing the Government of the United States or of any State by force or violence, or for anyone to organize any association which teaches, advises or encourages such an overthrow, or for anyone to become a member of or to affiliate with any such association." Hundreds of Communists were prosecuted under this law between 1941 and 1957. Eleven leaders of the Communist Party were charged and convicted under the Smith Act in 1949. Ten defendants were given sentences of five years and the eleventh was sentenced to three years. All of the defense attorneys were cited for contempt of court and were also given prison sentences. In 1951, twenty-three other leaders of the party were indicted including Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, a founding member of the American Civil Liberties Union, who was removed from the board of the ACLU in 1940 for membership in a totalitarian political party. By 1957 over 140 leaders and members of the Communist Party had been charged under the law.
In 1952, the Immigration and Nationality, or McCarran-Walter, Act was passed. This law allowed the government to deport immigrants or naturalized citizens engaged in subversive activities and also to bar suspected subversives from entering the country.
The Communist Control Act of 1954 was passed with overwhelming support in both houses of Congress after very little debate. Jointly drafted by Republican John Marshall Butler and Democrat Hubert Humphrey, the law was an extension of the Internal Security Act of 1950, and sought to outlaw the Communist Party by declaring that the party, as well as "Communist-Infiltrated Organizations" were "not entitled to any of the rights, privileges, and immunities attendant upon legal bodies."
The first act of movie censorship in the United States was an 1897 statute of the State of Maine that prohibited the exhibition of prizefight films. Maine enacted the statute to prevent the exhibition of the 1897 heavyweight championship between James J. Corbett and Robert Fitzsimmons. Some other states followed Maine.
In 1915, the US Supreme Court decided the case Mutual Film Corporation v. Industrial Commission of Ohio in which the court determined that motion pictures were purely commerce and not an art, and thus not covered by the First Amendment. This decision was not overturned until the Supreme Court case, Joseph Burstyn, Inc. v. Wilson in 1952. Popularly referred to as the "Miracle Decision", the ruling involved the short film "The Miracle", part of Roberto Rossellini's anthology film L'Amore (1948).
Between the Mutual Film and the Joseph Burstyn decisions local, state, and city censorship boards had the power to edit or ban films. City and state censorship ordinances are nearly as old as the movies themselves, and such ordinances banning the public exhibition of "immoral" films proliferated.
Public outcry over perceived immorality in Hollywood and the movies, as well as the growing number of city and state censorship boards, led the movie studios to fear that federal regulations were not far off; so they created, in 1922, the Motion Pictures Producers and Distributors Association (which became the Motion Picture Association of America in 1945), an industry trade and lobby organization. The association was headed by Will H. Hays, a well-connected Republican lawyer who had previously been United States Postmaster General; and he derailed attempts to institute federal censorship over the movies.
In 1927 Hays compiled a list of subjects, culled from his experience with the various US censorship boards, which he felt Hollywood studios would be wise to avoid. He called this list "the formula" but it was popularly known as the "don'ts and be carefuls" list. In 1930, Hays created the Studio Relations Committee (SRC) to implement his censorship code, but the SRC lacked any real enforcement capability.
The advent of talking pictures in 1927 led to a perceived need for further enforcement. Martin Quigley, the publisher of a Chicago-based motion picture trade newspaper, began lobbying for a more extensive code that not only listed material that was inappropriate for the movies, but also contained a moral system that the movies could help to promote - specifically a system based on Catholic theology. He recruited Father Daniel Lord, a Jesuit priest and instructor at the Catholic St. Louis University, to write such a code and on March 31, 1930 the board of directors of the Motion Picture Producers and Distributors Association adopted it formally. This original version especially was once popularly known as the Hays Code, but it and its later revisions are now commonly called the Production Code.
However, Depression economics and changing social mores resulted in the studios producing racier fare that the Code, lacking an aggressive enforcement body, was unable to redress. This era is known as Pre-Code Hollywood.
An amendment to the Code, adopted on June 13, 1934, established the Production Code Administration (PCA), and required all films released on or after July 1, 1934 to obtain a certificate of approval before being released. For more than thirty years following, virtually all motion pictures produced in the United States and released by major studios adhered to the code. The Production Code was not created or enforced by federal, state, or city government. In fact, the Hollywood studios adopted the code in large part in the hopes of avoiding government censorship, preferring self-regulation to government regulation.
The enforcement of the Production Code led to the dissolution of many local censorship boards. Meanwhile, the US Customs Department prohibited the importation of the Czech film Ecstasy (1933), starring an actress soon to be known as Hedy Lamarr, an action which was upheld on appeal.
In 1934, Joseph I. Breen (1888–1965) was appointed head of the new Production Code Administration (PCA). Under Breen's leadership of the PCA, which lasted until his retirement in 1954, enforcement of the Production Code became rigid and notorious. Breen's power to change scripts and scenes angered many writers, directors, and Hollywood moguls. The PCA had two offices, one in Hollywood, and the other in New York City. Films approved by the New York PCA office were issued certificate numbers that began with a zero.
The first major instance of censorship under the Production Code involved the 1934 film Tarzan and His Mate, in which brief nude scenes involving a body double for actress Maureen O'Sullivan were edited out of the master negative of the film. Another famous case of enforcement involved the 1943 western The Outlaw, produced by Howard Hughes. The Outlaw was denied a certificate of approval and kept out of theaters for years because the film's advertising focused particular attention on Jane Russell's breasts. Hughes eventually persuaded Breen that the breasts did not violate the code and the film could be shown.
Some films produced outside the mainstream studio system during this time did flout the conventions of the code, such as Child Bride (1938), which featured a nude scene involving 12-year-old actress Shirley Mills. Even cartoon sex symbol Betty Boop had to change from being a flapper, and began to wear an old-fashioned housewife skirt.
In 1952, in the case of Joseph Burstyn, Inc. v. Wilson, the U.S. Supreme Court unanimously overruled its 1915 decision and held that motion pictures were entitled to First Amendment protection, so that the New York State Board of Regents could not ban "The Miracle", a short film that was one half of L'Amore (1948), an anthology film directed by Roberto Rossellini. Film distributor Joseph Burstyn released the film in the U.S. in 1950, and the case became known as the "Miracle Decision" due to its connection to Rossellini's film. That in turn reduced the threat of government regulation that justified the Production Code, and the PCA's powers over the Hollywood industry were greatly reduced.
At the forefront of challenges to the code was director Otto Preminger, whose films violated the code repeatedly in the 1950s. His 1953 film The Moon is Blue, about a young woman who tries to play two suitors off against each other by claiming that she plans to keep her virginity until marriage, was the first film to use the words "virgin," "seduce," and "mistress," and it was released without a certificate of approval. He later made The Man with the Golden Arm (1955), which portrayed the prohibited subject of drug abuse, and Anatomy of a Murder (1959) which dealt with rape. Preminger's films were direct assaults on the authority of the Production Code and, since they were successful, hastened its abandonment.
Billy Wilder's Some Like It Hot (1959) and Alfred Hitchcock's Psycho (1960) were also released without a certificate of approval due to their themes and became box office hits, and as a result further weakened the authority of the code.
President Barack Obama said on December 19, 2014 that Sony “made a mistake” in pulling its film The Interview from distribution following a cyber-attack that American officials may have linked to North Korea. “We cannot have a society where some dictator someplace can start imposing censorship here in the United States,” Obama said. The film has since been released in limited distribution at select theaters.
The Pawnbroker and the end of the Code
In the early 1960s, British films such as Victim (1961), A Taste of Honey (1961), and The Leather Boys (1963) offered a daring social commentary about gender roles and homophobia that violated the Hollywood Production Code, yet the films were still released in America. The American gay rights, civil rights, and youth movements prompted a reevaluation of the depiction of themes of race, class, gender, and sexuality that had been restricted by the Code.
In 1964 The Pawnbroker, directed by Sidney Lumet and starring Rod Steiger, was initially rejected because of two scenes in which the actresses Linda Geiser and Thelma Oliver fully expose their breasts; and a sex scene between Oliver and Jaime Sánchez, which it described as "unacceptably sex suggestive and lustful." Despite the rejection, the film's producers arranged for Allied Artists to release the film without the Production Code seal and the New York censors licensed The Pawnbroker without the cuts demanded by Code administrators. The producers also appealed the rejection to the Motion Picture Association of America.
On a 6-3 vote, the MPAA granted the film an "exception" conditional on "reduction in the length of the scenes which the Production Code Administration found unapprovable." The exception to the code was granted as a "special and unique case," and was described by The New York Times at the time as "an unprecedented move that will not, however, set a precedent." The requested reductions of nudity were minimal, and the outcome was viewed in the media as a victory for the film's producers. The Pawnbroker was the first film featuring bare breasts to receive Production Code approval. In his 2008 study of films during that era, Pictures at a Revolution, author Mark Harris wrote that the MPAA's action was "the first of a series of injuries to the Production Code that would prove fatal within three years."
When Jack Valenti became President of the MPAA in 1966, he was immediately faced with a problem regarding language in the film version of Edward Albee's play Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? (1966). Valenti negotiated a compromise: The word "screw" was removed, but other language, including the phrase "hump the hostess", remained. The film received Production Code approval despite having language that was clearly prohibited. The British-produced, but American-financed film Blowup (1966) presented a different problem. After the film was denied Production Code approval, MGM released it anyway, the first instance of an MPAA member company distributing a film that didn't have an approval certificate. There was little the MPAA could do about it.
Enforcement had become impossible, and the Production Code was abandoned entirely.
On March 15, 1950, Scientific American published an article by Hans Bethe about thermonuclear fusion, but the United States Atomic Energy Commission successfully ordered printed copies of the magazine destroyed, and a redacted version was published. The censorship was not disputed by Bethe.
In 1979, the magazine The Progressive was sued by the U.S. government (United States v. The Progressive) and temporarily blocked from publishing an article that purported to reveal the "secret" of the hydrogen bomb. The article was eventually published after Fusion magazine, published by the Fusion Energy Foundation, published similar information and the government dropped the charges.
In 1997, Congress voted unanimously to add an amendment to a Department of Defense spending bill (known as the Feinstien amendment) forbidding the distribution of instructions that teach "the making or use of an explosive, a destructive device, or a weapon of mass destruction" if those instructions are intended to assist in the actual building and use of such a device.
In 1987, an article appeared in The Scientist which alleged that the U.S. government improperly suppressed two science magazines put out by the Fusion Energy Foundation. The article quotes scientists Winston Bostick, who said that "the Department of Justice wants to crush the magazines before they publish information which could send quite a few officials of the department to jail," and former Department of Energy official Stephen Dean, who said that the government's actions were "a gross abuse of the legal system—a violation of due process."
Export of sensitive software
The export of cryptography software is regulated as a munition under the International Traffic in Arms Regulations, although in recent years the regulations have relaxed, due in part to industry lobbying.
In 1995, Daniel J. Bernstein challenged the regulations (see Bernstein v. United States) on First Amendment grounds. The Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals ruled that software source code was speech protected by the First Amendment and that the government's regulations preventing its publication were unconstitutional. However, some regulations remain.
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The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) regulates "indecent" free-to-air broadcasting (both television and radio). Satellite, cable television, and Internet outlets are not subject to content-based FCC regulation. It can issue fines if, for example, the broadcaster employs certain profane words. The Supreme Court in 1978 in FCC v. Pacifica Foundation upheld the commission’s determination that George Carlin's classic “seven dirty words” monologue, with its deliberate, repetitive and creative use of vulgarities, was indecent. But the court at that time left open the question of whether the use of “an occasional expletive” could be punished. Radio personality Howard Stern has been a frequent target of fines. This led to his leaving broadcast radio and signing on with Sirius Satellite Radio in 2006. The Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show controversy increased the political pressure on the FCC to vigorously police the airwaves. In addition, Congress increased the maximum fine the FCC may levy from US $268,500 to US $375,000 per incident.
The Supreme Court, in its 5-4 decision in FCC v. Fox Television Stations, Inc. (2009), said it did not find the FCC's policy on so-called fleeting expletives either "arbitrary or capricious", thus dealing a blow to the networks in their efforts to scuttle the policy. But the case brought by Fox to the high court was a narrow challenge on procedural grounds to the manner in which the FCC handled its decision to toughen up its policy on fleeting expletives. Fox, with the support of ABC, CBS and NBC, argued that the commission did not give enough notice of nor properly explain the reasons for clamping down on fleeting expletives after declining to issue penalties for them in decades past. The issue first arose in 2004, when the FCC sanctioned, but did not fine, NBC for Bono's use of the phrase "fucking brilliant" during the Golden Globes telecast. The present case arose from two appearances by celebrities on the Billboard Music Awards. The first involved Cher, who reflected on her career in accepting an award in 2002: “I’ve also had critics for the last forty years saying I was on my way out every year. Right. So fuck 'em.” The second passage came in an exchange between Paris Hilton and Nicole Richie in 2003 in which Ms. Richie discussed the difficulties involved in removing cow feces from a Prada purse with the quotation "Have you ever tried cleaning cow shit off a Prada purse? It's not so fucking simple." The majority decision, written by Justice Antonin Scalia, reversed the lower appellate court's decision that the FCC's move was "arbitrary and capricious." “The commission could reasonably conclude” he wrote “that the pervasiveness of foul language, and the coarsening of public entertainment in other media such as cable, justify more stringent regulation of broadcast programs so as to give conscientious parents a relatively safe haven for their children.” Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg, dissenting, wrote that “there is no way to hide the long shadow the First Amendment casts over what the commission has done. Today’s decision does nothing to diminish that shadow.” Justice John Paul Stevens, dissenting, wrote that not every use of a swear word connoted the same thing: “As any golfer who has watched his partner shank a short approach knows,” Justice Stevens wrote, “it would be absurd to accept the suggestion that the resultant four-letter word uttered on the golf course describes sex or excrement and is therefore indecent... It is ironic, to say the least, that while the FCC patrols the airwaves for words that have a tenuous relationship with sex or excrement, commercials broadcast during prime-time hours frequently ask viewers whether they are battling erectile dysfunction or are having trouble going to the bathroom... The FCC’s shifting and impermissibly vague indecency policy only imperils these broadcasters and muddles the regulatory landscape.” For 30 years, the FCC has had the power to keep “indecent” material off the airwaves from 6 a.m. to 10 p.m., and those rules “have not proved unworkable” Stevens added. Justice Breyer, dissenting, wrote that the law “grants those in charge of independent administrative agencies broad authority to determine relevant policy,” he observed. “But it does not permit them to make policy choices for purely political reasons nor to rest them primarily upon unexplained policy preferences.” Scalia’s majority opinion was joined by Chief Justice John G. Roberts and Justices Thomas and Samuel A. Alito Jr. and (for the most part) by Justice Anthony M. Kennedy. Justices Stevens, Ginsburg, Souter, and Breyer dissented. Four justices wrote concurrences or dissents speaking only for themselves.
But the decision was limited to a narrow procedural issue and also sent the case back to the 2nd Court of Appeals in New York to directly address the constitutionality of the FCC's policy. The 2nd Court of Appeals is already on record in its 2007 ruling that it was "skeptical" that the policy could "pass constitutional muster." Scalia said that the looming First Amendment question “will be determined soon enough, perhaps in this very case.” The decision provided hints that the court might approach the constitutional question differently. Some dissenting justices and Justice Clarence Thomas, who was in the majority, indicated that they might be receptive to a First Amendment challenge. Thomas, in a concurrence, said he was “open to reconsideration” of the two cases that gave television broadcasters far less First Amendment protection than books, newspapers, cable programs and Web sites have.
The FCC is also responsible for permitting transmitters, to prevent interference between stations from obscuring each other's signals. Denial of the right to transmit could be considered censorship. Restrictions on low-power broadcasting stations have been particularly controversial, and the subject of legislation in the 1990s and 2000s (decade).
The Guardian reported U.S. censorship of U.S. media regarding a CIA employee implicated in murder in that "A number of US media outlets learned about Davis's CIA role but have kept it under wraps at the request of the Obama administration." Colorado station KUSA censored an online report indicating Davis worked for the CIA when the station "removed the CIA reference from its website at the request of the US government."
Censorship of pornography
U.S. courts have ruled that the First Amendment protects "indecent" pornography from regulation, but not "obscene" pornography. People convicted of distributing obscene pornography face long prison terms and asset forfeiture. However, in State v. Henry (1987), the Oregon Supreme Court ruled that obscenity was an unconstitutional restriction of free speech under the free speech provision of the Oregon Constitution and abolished the offense of obscenity in that state, although it remains an offense on the federal level.
A widely publicized case of prosecuting alleged obscenity occurred in 1990, when the Cincinnati arts center agreed to hold an art show featuring the work of photographer Robert Mapplethorpe. His work included several artistic nude photographs of males and was deemed offensive by some people for this reason. This resulted in the prosecution of the center and its director, who were later acquitted.
In the early 1990s, Mike Diana became the first American artist to receive a conviction for obscenity for drawing cartoons that were judged legally obscene.
Child pornography is illegal in the United States. The U.S. Supreme Court has held that it is not protected by the First Amendment. And even if not obscene, it is not considered protected speech, according to New York v. Ferber.
Ban on material support for foreign boycotts
A law passed by the U.S. Congress in 1977 prohibits all U.S. persons, defined to include individuals and companies located in the United States and their foreign affiliates, from supporting the boycott of Israel and provides penalties for those who willingly comply with the boycott. The B.I.S. website states:
Conduct that may be penalized under the TRA and/or prohibited under the EAR includes:
- Agreements to refuse or actual refusal to do business with or in Israel or with blacklisted companies.
- Agreements to discriminate or actual discrimination against other persons based on race, religion, sex, national origin or nationality.
- Agreements to furnish or actual furnishing of information about business relationships with or in Israel or with blacklisted companies.
- Agreements to furnish or actual furnishing of information about the race, religion, sex, or national origin of another person.
Implementing letters of credit containing prohibited boycott terms or conditions.
The TRA does not "prohibit" conduct, but denies tax benefits ("penalizes") for certain types of boycott-related agreements.
Some pro-Israeli activists have construed the law as forbidding speech and expression that supports any boycott of Israel (as opposed to actions taken to comply with the requests of foreign entities to boycott Israel) whether foreign in origin or domestic, and asked the US Anti-Boycott Office to prosecute divestment campaigners against Israel.
However, the law only forbids material participation in or material support of a boycott originated by a foreign nation or organization, not with a domestic boycott campaign, nor can the law be construed as forbidding speech that politically or morally (as opposed to materially) supports any boycott, whether foreign, or domestic. The law only prevents US organizations from being used by alien entities as agents of their foreign policy, when that foreign policy includes the pursuit of boycotting arrangements; it does not prevent US organizations or individuals from choosing how to spend or invest their money based on business or ethical considerations; it only forbids doing so as the result of a foreign entity's request. Material attempts to suppress speech through induction of state action under false pretenses, such as by claiming a domestic boycott campaign is foreign in origin may be unlawful, and may constitute conspiracy against civil rights, a federal crime, punishable by fine and imprisonment. (Such speech is considered to be core political speech under the US Constitution, and any state actions interfering with core political speech are subject to the strictest Constitutional scrutiny.)
Libel and slander are generally considered civil wrongs which can constitute the basis of a private lawsuit. Although some states still carry criminal libel laws on the books, these are very infrequently used.
Since the 1964 decision in New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, public figures like entertainers and politicians must prove actual malice was intended as opposed to simple negligence to win a libel or slander suit. For instance, public officials cannot file a lawsuit if someone makes a caricature of them or insults them.
Although it is difficult to win a libel case in the United States, it can still be an effective means of intimidation and deterrence, since defending oneself against a lawsuit is expensive and time consuming.
Persons engaged in legislative debate in Congress are granted complete immunity from libel and slander suits so long as they are speaking from the floor of the Senate or House of Representatives.
Individual judges have the power to order parties in their jurisdictions not to disclose certain information. A gag order might be issued to prevent someone from disclosing information that would interfere with an ongoing court case. Though court documents are generally public information, record sealing is sometimes used to prevent sensitive information (such as personal information, information about minors, or classified information) exposed by a court case from becoming public.
The 1971 case Nebraska Press Assn. v. Stuart established a high standard that must be met for courts to prevent media organizations from publishing information about an ongoing trial to preserve the defendant's right to a fair trial.
On January 4, 2007, US District Court Judge Jack B. Weinstein issued a temporary restraining order forbidding a number of activists and their organizations in the psychiatric survivors movement, including MindFreedom International and the Alliance for Human Research Protection from disseminating ostensibly leaked documents purporting to show that Eli Lilly and Company knowingly concealed information on potentially lethal side-effects of Zyprexa for years. The "Zyprexa documents" had been sealed by an earlier court order in a mass tort case; they were widely disseminated after Alaska attorney James Gottstein issued a subpoena for them in an unrelated case. The Electronic Frontier Foundation came to the defense of one of the parties silenced by the restraining order to defend the First Amendment right of Internet journalists to post links to relevant documents on wikis, blogs, and other web pages. While Eli Lilly maintains that the documents were obtained unlawfully and should not be part of the public domain, critics cite the leaked Pentagon Papers as precedent for the right of individuals to report on the existence and contents of such documents, and in this particular case, maintain that court sealing of documents should never be allowed to protect individuals or corporations from criminal liability.
The United States has strong copyright laws, which result in the inability to republish copyrighted material without permission from the copyright owner, subject to criminal and civil penalties.
Digital Millennium Copyright Act
The Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) is an extension to United States copyright law passed unanimously on May 14, 1998, which criminalizes the production and dissemination of technology that allows users to circumvent technical copy-restriction methods. Under the Act, circumvention of a technological measure that effectively controls access to a work is illegal if done with the primary intent of violating the rights of copyright holders.
Although the Act contains an exception for research, the DMCA has had an impact on the worldwide cryptography research community, because many fear that their cryptanalytic research violates, or might be construed to violate the law. The arrest of Russian programmer Dmitry Sklyarov in 2001, for alleged infringement of the DMCA, was a highly publicized example of the law's use to prevent or penalize development of anti-digital rights management measures. Sklyarov was arrested in the United States after a presentation at DEF CON, and subsequently spent several months in jail. The DMCA has also been cited as chilling to non-criminal inclined users, such as students of cryptanalysis (including, in a well-known instance, Professor Felten and students at Princeton), and security consultants such as the Netherlands-based Niels Ferguson, who has declined to publish information about vulnerabilities he discovered in an Intel secure-computing scheme because of his concern about being arrested under the DMCA when he travels to the United States.
Free speech lawsuits have resulted surrounding the publication of DeCSS and the AACS encryption key, both dealing with the "cracking" of copy-protected movies (on DVD and Blu-ray Disc/HD DVD, respectively).
War on Terrorism
The NSA electronic surveillance program and DARPA's Total Information Awareness were two examples of post–September 11 government monitoring programs. Though intended to target terrorist behavior, critics worried fears about government monitoring might lead people to self-censorship.
A controversy also erupted concerning National Security Letters, issued by the federal government and not subject to prior judicial review. These letters demanded information the government asserted was relevant to a terrorism investigation, but also contained a gag order preventing recipients from revealing the existence of the letter. Critics contend this prevents public oversight of government investigations, and allows unreasonable search and seizure to go unchecked. The American Civil Liberties Union complained that Section 505 of the USA PATRIOT Act removed the need for the government to connect recipients to a terrorism investigation, widening the possibility for abuse. On November 7, 2005 the American Civil Liberty Union reported:
[...] According to the Washington Post, universities and casinos have received these letters and been forced to comply with the demands to turn over private student and customer information. Anyone who receives an NSL is gagged - forever - from telling anyone that the FBI demanded records, even if their identity has already been made public.
In New York and Connecticut, the ACLU has challenged the NSL provision that was dramatically expanded by Section 505 of the Patriot Act. The legislation amended the existing NSL power by permitting the FBI to demand records of people who are not connected to terrorism and who are not suspected of any wrongdoing. [...]
in this war, some of the most critical battles may not be fought in the mountains of Afghanistan or the streets of Iraq, but in the newsrooms in places like New York and London and Cairo and elsewhere. [...] While the enemy is increasingly skillful at manipulating the media and using the tools of communications to their advantage, it should be noted that we have an advantage as well, and that is, quite simply, that the truth is on our side, and ultimately, in my view, truth wins out. I believe with every bone in my body that free people, exposed to sufficient information, will, over time, find their way to right decisions.
The war on terrorism also affects US policy towards journalists in other states. In 2011, US president Barack Obama asked Yemeni President Ali Abdullah Saleh to stop the release of journalist Abdulelah Haider Shaye, who reported US involvement in the bombings.
Free speech zone
Free speech zones (also known as First Amendment Zones, Free speech cages, and Protest zones) are areas set aside in public places for citizens of the United States engaged in political activism to exercise their right of free speech. The First Amendment to the United States Constitution states that "Congress shall make no law... abridging... the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances." The existence of free speech zones is based on court decisions that stipulate the government may regulate the time, place, and manner—but not content—of expression. TPM restrictions, as these are known, are only lawful when:
- they treat all speech equally - for example, persons on all sides of an issue must be treated the same;
- they are justified by a substantial, bona-fide public interest, such as crowd control;
- they do not substantively impede or dilute the speech at hand;
- there is no bad faith; there is no overt or ulterior motive by the authorities imposing a TPM restriction to suppress speech in general, or speech that they disagree with, in particular.
All TPM restrictions are subject to judicial review. Unreasonable and unconstitutional TPM restrictions are and have been repeatedly vacated by various courts, and/or subjected to injunction, restraining order, and consent decree. Unconstitutional TPM restrictions allow citizens whose freedom of speech has been violated to personally sue state agents acting under color of law responsible for the violations at hand in their individual capacity, e.g. as private citizens, stripping them of any official capacity defense or defenses of sovereign immunity. TPM restrictions related to core political speech are subject to the highest possible level of Constitutional scrutiny.
Free speech zones have been used at a variety of political gatherings. The stated purpose of free speech zones is to allegedly protect the safety of those attending the political gathering, or allegedly for the safety of the protesters themselves. Critics, however, suggest that such zones are "Orwellian", and that authorities use them in a heavy-handed manner to censor protesters by putting them literally out of sight of the mass media, hence the public, as well as visiting dignitaries. Though authorities generally deny specifically targeting protesters, on a number of occasions, these denials have been contradicted by subsequent court testimony. The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) has filed a number of lawsuits on the issue.
The most prominent examples are those created by the United States Secret Service for President George W. Bush and other members of his administration. While free speech zones existed in limited forms prior to the Presidency of George W. Bush, it has been during Bush's presidency that their scope has been greatly expanded. Free speech zones are and have been used in the past and in the present by institutions of higher education in the United States, which has led to organizations like the ACLU and the Foundation for Individual Rights in Education to object to these as infringements of freedom of speech, and of academic freedom.
In 1969 Nicholas Johnson, United States Federal Communications Commission (FCC) commissioner, put forward in an article in TV Guide entitled The Silent Screen that "Censorship is a serious problem" in the United States, and that he agreed with the statements by various network officials that television was subject to it, but disputed "just who is doing most of the censoring". He stated that most television censorship is corporate censorship, not government censorship.
Croteau and Hoynes discuss corporate censorship in the news publishing business, observing that it can occur as self-censorship. They note that it is "virtually impossible to document", because it is covert. Jonathan Alter states that "In a tight job market, the tendency is to avoid getting yourself or your boss in trouble. So an adjective gets dropped, a story skipped, a punch pulled … It's like that Sherlock Holmes story — the dog that didn't bark. Those clues are hard to find." The head of the Media Access Project notes that such self-censorship is not misreporting or false reporting, but simply not reporting at all. The self-censorship is not the product of "dramatic conspiracies", according to Croteau and Hoynes, but simply the interaction of many small daily decisions. Journalists want to keep their jobs. Editors support the interests of the company. These many small actions and inactions accumulate to produce (in their words) "homogenized, corporate-friendly media". Croteau and Hoynes report that such corporate censorship in journalism is commonplace, reporting the results of studies revealing that more than 40% of journalists and news executives stating that they had deliberately engaged in such censorship by avoiding newsworthy stories or softening the tones of stories.
Nichols and McChesney opine that "the maniacal media baron as portrayed in James Bond films or profiles of Rupert Murdoch is far less a danger than the cautious and compromised editor who seeks to 'balance' a responsibility to readers or viewers with a duty to serve his boss and the advertisers". They state that "even among journalists who entered the field for the noblest of reasons" there is a tendency to avoid any controversial journalism that might embroil the news company in a battle with a powerful corporation or a government agency.
Self-censorship is not the only form of corporate censorship in the news and entertainment businesses. Croteau and Hoynes also describe examples of managers censoring their employees, subdivisions of conglomerates applying pressure upon one another, and pressure applied upon corporations by external entities such as advertisers.
One of the incidents of corporate censorship that Croteau and Hoynes find to be "the most disturbing" in their view is the news reporting in the U.S. of the Telecommunications Act of 1996, which made fundamental changes to the limitations on ownership of media conglomerates within the U.S. and which was heavily lobbied for by media interests, and yet which was subject to, in Croteau and Hoynes words, "remarkably little coverage" by U.S. news media.
Private Internet connections in the United States are not overtly subject to censorship imposed by the government, but there is evidence of search related restrictions being imposed through certain predominant search engines, along other intentionally narrowed parameters related to censorship as "blocked access" that seems to indicate intentional governmental restrictions where search providers seem complicit with "open internet searches."
However, private businesses, schools, libraries, and government offices may use filtering software at their discretion, and in such cases courts have ruled the use of such software does not violate the First Amendment.
Amazon.com removed WikiLeaks from its servers on 1 December 2010 at 19:30 GMT. U.S. Senator Joe Lieberman, among the members of the U.S. Senate Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Committee who had questioned Amazon in private communication on the company's hosting of WikiLeaks and the illegally obtained documents, commended Amazon for the action; WikiLeaks, however, responded by stating on its official Twitter page that "WikiLeaks servers at Amazon ousted. Free speech the land of the free—fine our $ are now spent to employ people in Europe", and later that "If Amazon is so uncomfortable with the first amendment, they should get out of the business of selling books".
Official efforts by the U.S. government to limit access to, conversation about, and general spread of the cables leaked by WikiLeaks were revealed by leading media organizations. A 4 December 2010 article by MSNBC, reported that the Obama administration has warned federal government employees and students in educational institutions studying towards careers in public service that they must refrain from downloading or linking to any WikiLeaks documents. However, State Department spokesman P.J. Crowley denied ordering students, stating, "We do not control private networks. We have issued no authoritative instructions to people who are not employees of the Department of State." He said the warning was from an "overzealous employee." According to a 3 December 2010 article in The Guardian, access to WikiLeaks has been blocked for federal workers. The U.S. Library of Congress, the U.S. Commerce Department and other government agencies have confirmed that the ban is already in place. Some Department of Homeland Security staff say the ban is hampering their work: "More damage will be done by keeping the federal workforce largely in the dark about what other interested parties worldwide are going to be reading and analyzing." One official says that the ban apparently covers personal computers as well.
A spokesman for Columbia University confirmed on 4 December that its Office of Career Services sent an e-mail warning students at Columbia's School of International and Public Affairs to refrain from accessing WikiLeaks cables and discussing this subject on the grounds that "discourse about the documents would call into question your ability to deal with confidential information". However, this was quickly retracted on the following day. SIPA Dean John Henry Coatsworth wrote that "Freedom of information and expression is a core value of our institution, [...] thus, SIPA’s position is that students have a right to discuss and debate any information in the public arena that they deem relevant to their studies or to their roles as global citizens, and to do so without fear of adverse consequences."
The New York Times reported on 14 December that the U.S. Air Force bars its personnel from access to news sites (such as those of The New York Times and The Guardian, Le Monde, El País, and Der Spiegel) that publish leaked cables.
On 18 December, the Bank of America stopped handling payments for WikiLeaks. Bank of America is also blocking access to WikiLeaks from its internal network preventing employees from accessing WikiLeaks.
PRISM and Edward Snowden's revelations about NSA activity
The Monterey Herald reported on June 27, 2013, that the United States Army bars its personnel from access to parts of the website of The Guardian after their revelations of whistleblower Edward Snowden's information about global surveillance. The entire Guardian website is blocked for personnel stationed throughout Afghanistan, the Middle East, and South Asia.
- Civil liberties in the United States
- First Amendment to the United States Constitution
- Freedom of speech in the United States
- Press freedom in the United States
- List of cases argued by Floyd Abrams
- List of most commonly challenged books in the United States
- Mass surveillance in the United States
- Media coverage of climate change
- Media bias in the United States
- Political correctness
- Prior restraint
- United States defamation law
- United States obscenity law
- Westmoreland v. CBS
- This Film Is Not Yet Rated (2006)
Censorship in the past
Rating systems and industry self-regulation
- Comics Code Authority
- Entertainment Software Rating Board (ESRB)
- MPAA film rating system
- Parental Advisory (music)
- TV Parental Guidelines
Related techniques of suppression
Free speech advocates
- American Civil Liberties Union
- American Library Association
- Center for Democracy and Technology
- Electronic Frontier Foundation
- Fans of X-Rated Entertainment
- Index on Censorship
- International Freedom of Expression Exchange
- National Coalition Against Censorship
Organizations advocating censorship
Surveillance by the United States government
- 2013 mass surveillance disclosures, reports about NSA and its international partners' mass surveillance of foreign nationals and U.S. citizens
- Carnivore, a U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation system to monitor email and electronic communications
- Computer and Internet Protocol Address Verifier (CIPAV), a data gathering tool used by the U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)
- Dropmire, a secret surveillance program by the NSA aimed at surveillance of foreign embassies and diplomatic staff, including those of NATO allies
- Magic Lantern, keystroke logging software developed by the U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation
- NSA call database, a database containing metadata for hundreds of billions of telephone calls made in the U.S.
- NSA warrantless surveillance (2001–07)
- NSA whistleblowers: William Binney, Thomas Andrews Drake, Mark Klein, Thomas Tamm, Russ Tice
- Spying on United Nations leaders by United States diplomats
- Stellar Wind, code name for information collected under the President's Surveillance Program
- Terrorist Surveillance Program, an NSA electronic surveillance program
- Total Information Awareness, a project of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)
- Timothy Jay (2000). Why We Curse: A Neuro-psycho-social Theory of Speech. John Benjamins Publishing Company. pp. 208–209. ISBN 1-55619-758-6.
- David Goldberg, Stefaan G. Verhulst, Tony Prosser (1998). Regulating the Changing Media: A Comparative Study. Oxford University Press. p. 207. ISBN 0-19-826781-9.
- David Goldberg, Stefaan G. Verhulst, Tony Prosser (1998). Regulating the Changing Media: A Comparative Study. Oxford University Press. p. 207. ISBN 0-19-826781-9.
- Linder, Doug. "The Trial of John Peter Zenger: An Account". University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Law. Retrieved 2008-04-15.
- Schlesinger Age of Jackson, p.190
- Hand, Augustus N. (August 7, 1934). "United States v. One Book Entitled Ulysses". 72 Federal Reporter, Second Series 705. Circuit Court of Appeals, Second Circuit.
- Gillers, Stephen, "A tendency to deprave and corrupt," Washington Law Review, Vol. 85, No. 2, 2007
- "Free Speech", Electronic Privacy Information Center (EPIC). Retrieved 26 October 2013.
- Fiset, Louis. Return to Sender: U.S. Censorship of Enemy Alien Mail in World War II, Prologue Magazine Spring 2001, Vol. 33, No. 1. Retrieved from U.S. Government National Archives.
- The Press: It Was a Public Relations Rout Too, Time, 11 March 1991
- James Bamford, The Shadow Factory, 2008, Doubleday, Chapter 'Shamrock', especially p. 163
- Fried, Albert (1997). McCarthyism, The Great American Red Scare: A Documentary History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509701-7.
- Orbach, Barak. "Prizefighting and the Birth of Movie Censorship". SSRN 1351542.
- Sperling, Millner, and Warner (1998), Hollywood Be Thy Name, Prima Publishing, ISN:559858346 p. 325.
- Leff, Leonard J. (1996). "Hollywood and the Holocaust: Remembering The Pawnbroker" (PDF). American Jewish History 84 (4): 353–376. doi:10.1353/ajh.1996.0045. Retrieved 2009-03-09.
- Harris, Mark (2008). Pictures at a Revolution: Five Movies and the Birth of the New Hollywood. Penguin Group. pp. 173–176. ISBN 978-1-59420-152-3.
- Bruce Gellerman, "LaRouche Crackdown Shuts Two Magazines", The Scientist, July 13 1987
- Bernstein v. USDOJ (9th Cir. May 6, 1999)
- Walsh, Declan; Ewen MacAskill (20 February 2011). "American who sparked diplomatic crisis over Lahore shooting was CIA spy". The Guardian. Retrieved 21 February 2011.
- Hudson, David (1998-10-28). "Wisconsin high court could strike down obscenity law". First Amendment Center. Retrieved 2011-01-13.
- "Why should ‘virtual’ child pornography be thought of any differently than child pornography?", First Amendment Center, November 21, 2002. Retrieved October 25, 2013.
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- What do the Laws Prohibit? Office of Antiboycott Compliance, Bureau of Industry and Security, U.S. Department of Commerce.
- U. S. Bureau of Industry and Security
- Unknown News
- Boycott Watch - Divest-from-Israel Campaigns May Violate the Federal Antiboycott Law
- "Leaked Documents Spur First-Amendment Debate", Snigdha Prakash, National Public Radio (NPR), January 17, 2007.
- 17 U.S.C. Sec. 1201(g)
- RIAA challenges SDMI attack 2002-01-07, Retrieved on 2007-02-26
- "30,000 National Security Letters Issued Annually Demanding Information about Americans: Patriot Act Removed Need for FBI to Connect Records to Suspected Terrorists", American Civil Liberty Union, November 7, 2005.
- "New Realities in the Media Age: A Conversation with Donald Rumsfeld", Kenneth I. Chenault (Presider), Council on Foreign Relations, Federal News Service, Inc., February 17, 2006.
- White House Stands By Obama Push for Yemeni Journalist to Remain Behind Bars, ABC News, Retrieved 2012-05-04.
- "Readout of President's Call with President Saleh of Yemen". The White House. Retrieved 2012-03-16.
- "Why Is President Obama Keeping a Journalist in Prison in Yemen?". thenation.com. Retrieved 2012-03-15.
- (US courts have held that it is impossible for government officials to act in their official capacity or within the scope of their offices when violating the Constitution; hence, government officials are personally liable for unconstitutional acts that they have performed; see Ex parte Young (1909) and Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents (1971). Analogous concepts applied to different areas of law, such as corporate law, or the law of nations, include the doctrine of corporate veil piercing, the Yamashita standard, or the Nuremberg Defense.)
- Bailey, Ronald. Orwellian "Free Speech Zones" violate the constitution. Reason, February 4, 2004. Retrieved on January 3, 2007.
- McNulty, Rebecca. Fla. College Student Successfully Fights Campus 'Free Speech Zone'. Foundation for Individual Rights in Education Student Press Law Center, June 28, 2005. Retrieved January 3, 2007.
- Hightower, Jim. Bush Zones Go National. The Nation, July 29, 2004. Retrieved on December 20, 2006.
- Freedom Under Fire: Dissent in Post-9/11 America. March 28, 2003.
- Nicholas Johnson (1969-07-05). "The Silent Screen". TV Guide. — reprinted and augmented in Nicholas Johnson (1970). How to Talk Back to Your Television Set. New York: Bantam Books. pp. 71–88.
- David Croteau and William Hoynes (2006). The Business of Media: Corporate Media and the Public Interest. Pine Forge Press. pp. 169–184. ISBN 1-4129-1315-2.
- Self Censorship: How Often and Why
- John Nichols and Robert Waterman McChesney (2002). Our Media, Not Theirs: The Democratic Struggle Against Corporate Media. Seven Stories Press. p. 59. ISBN 1-58322-549-8.
- "US v. ALA 539 U.S. 194, 2003". FindLaw. Retrieved 2007-03-21.
- Staff writer (1 December 2010). "Internet Company Had Hosted Wikileaks Website". Office of U.S. Senator Joe Lieberman. Retrieved 4 December 2010.
- Staff writer (1 December 2010). "WikiLeaks servers at Amazon ousted. Free speech the land of the free--fine our $ are now spent to employ people in Europe.". WikiLeaks (via Twitter). Retrieved 10 December 2010.
- Staff writer (1 December 2010). "If Amazon are so uncomfortable with the first amendment, they should get out of the business of selling books.". WikiLeaks (via Twitter). Retrieved 10 December 2010.
- Staff writer (4 December 2010). "Fed Workers Told: Stay Away from Those Leaked Cables – Directive Notes the Content 'Remains Classified'; Columbia U. Also Warns Future Diplomats". MSNBC. Retrieved 5 December 2010.
- Staff writer (7 December 2010). "State Dept Denies Warning Students about WikiLeaks". Associated Press (via The Wall Street Journal). Retrieved 9 December 2010.
- MacAskill, Ewen (3 December 2010). "US Blocks Access to WikiLeaks for Federal Workers – Employees Unable To Call Up WikiLeaks on Government Computers as Material Is Still Formally Classified, Says US". The Guardian. Retrieved 5 December 2010.
- MacAskill, Ewen (December 10, 2010). "Ban on federal staff reading WikiLeaks hampering work, says US official". The Guardian (London).
- Staff writer (4 December 2010). "Fed Workers Told: Stay Away from Those Leaked Cables". MSNBC. Retrieved 6 December 2010.
- Gustin, Sam (6 December 2010). "Columbia University Reverses Anti-WikiLeaks Guidance". Wired. Retrieved 10 December 2010.
- "Air Force Blocks Sites That Posted Secret Cables", Eric Schmitt, New York Times, December 14, 2010. Retrieved 26 October 2013.
- Staff writer (18 December 2010). "Bank of America Stops Handling Wikileaks Payments". BBC News. Retrieved 20 December 2010.
- "Restricted Web access to the Guardian is Armywide, say officials", Philipp Molnar, Monterey Herald, June 27, 2013. Retrieved 15 October 2014.
- "Zensur: US-Armee sperrt Zugang zu "Guardian"-Artikeln", Jörg Breithut, Spiegel Online, June 28, 2013. Retrieved 15 October, 2014.
- Ackerman, Spencer (July 1, 2013). "US military blocks entire Guardian website for troops stationed abroad". The Guardian.
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Pre-Settlement Funding: Railroad Accident Lawsuit
From transporting merchandise and goods to daily transportation and cross-country travel, trains and railroads are an essential part of our transportation system. Railroads are constantly in use each and every day all over the country, but there are several components that go into ensuring that railroads are running effectively and safely. Otherwise, someone can easily get hurt. Unfortunately, these railroad accidents can and do happen, and they can put many people at risk: railroad workers, passengers, and even people who are on foot and near railroad tracks when a railroad accident occurs.
Some railroad accidents over the years have made headlines, including a deadly derailment in 2015 near Philadelphia. The crash, which ultimately resulted in criminal charges against the engineer operating the passenger train, is a clear demonstration of how negligence can cause a serious railroad accident. An investigation uncovered that in this particular derailment, the engineer was operating the train too fast during a turn, resulting in the train’s derailment. This one crash alone injured hundreds of people onboard and killed eight.
Passengers aren’t the only ones at risk in a railroad accident, either: the lives of railroad workers are also put on the line. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, approximately 1,221 workers died from railroad accidents over a recent nine-year period. Non-railroading workers made up more than half of these deaths at 62 percent, with workers in the railroad transportation industry making up 24 percent. Railroading workers in other industries made up 14 percent of these fatalities. Although anyone working in the railroad industry can potentially be at risk, the organization also reports that the most hazardous railroad jobs and those most at risk for death include rail transportation occupations, such as locomotive operators, those who operate brakes, signals, and switches, conductors, and yardmasters. One of the most common causes of fatal work-related railroad accidents is railroads colliding with other vehicles and at-grade crossing accidents.
Other causes of railroad accidents include:
- Human factors, such as conductor fatigue and other negligent acts
- Equipment issues
- Track issues, which may result in derailment
- Crossing incidents, such as colliding with cars and pedestrians
- Issues with signaling
As these common causes indicate, railroad accidents tend to result from human error or equipment errors. In a way, equipment errors can sometimes also be classified as human errors, depending on the circumstances. For example, if a piece of railroad equipment is defective and nobody noticed until an accident occurred, a negligent third party may be to blame for overlooking the defect. On the other hand, if a worker neglected to adequately maintain essential pieces of railroad equipment, and this lack of maintenance results in a railroad accident that causes injury or death, a railroad accident lawsuit may result.
In just one recent year, it has been reported that in total, there were 1,848 railroad accidents. Although this is a significant number, the number of railroad accidents has steadily gone down over the years as more and more safety measures are taken. For example, in the year 1975, there were 7,793 reported railroad accidents. These numbers clearly show that railroad accidents continue to go down year after year, but the numbers of accidents, injuries, and fatalities are still alarmingly high, especially when these incidents could have easily been prevented.
Railroad accidents tend to be serious and can result in severe injury or death. Several different departments are responsible for safe railroad transport, including engineering, maintenance, and so on. If just one person is negligent or overlooks something important, a tragic railroad accident can result. Because the injuries from a railroad accident have the potential to be serious, they may result in severe pain, costly and invasive treatments, and significant recoveries. As an accident victim, you may already be working with a personal injury attorney to recover damages through a personal injury lawsuit if someone else has been found responsible for your railroad accident injury.
Tragically, railroad accidents can also be fatal. If you lost a loved one in a railroad accident due to the negligence of another, you may be working with an attorney and pursuing a wrongful death lawsuit.
Whether you are currently waiting on a personal injury lawsuit or wrongful death lawsuit to settle, the waiting period can be financially difficult for many plaintiffs and their families. After all, victims of accidents, including railroad accidents, often count on receiving this money to take care of bills and expenses. At USClaims, we help plaintiffs in this situation by offering a solution that enables them to get settlement money upfront: pre-settlement funding. This process is also commonly referred to as a lawsuit advance and is a risk-free way to get money faster. To find out if your case is eligible and to learn more about the process, contact USClaims today.
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Everything outside the boundaries of the subsystem sport is considered to be its environment, and this can be influenced and altered by sport or, conversely, can itself influence sport. Examples of the latter are to be observed, for instance, in the effects on athletic performance of certain climatic qualities of the environment of Mexico City (tropical uplands) during the Olympic Summer Games 1968, or of Lagos (humid tropical lowlands) during the Pan African Games in 1973. In the sociology of sport it is principally the first mentioned influence – sport on the environment – that is the subject of discussion and study, and in particular the integration of sport in ecosystem structures is at the center of consideration.
Since the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) in 1992, the guiding principle of sustainability has been internationally recognized. This principle says that nature must be protected from over exploitation so that it will be available to future generations in sufficient quality and quantity. And it is also a guideline for sport (e.g., when choosing the location for sports grounds). Here it is important to exploit areas which can stand ecological strain, and to spare sensitive areas (Schemel & Erbguth 2000: 13–22). This principle not only applies to the construction of buildings and development of sports grounds, but also to the practice of outdoor sports. Originally looked upon as harmless leisure activities, they are now being subjected to harsh criticism. For even though sport is a secondary problem compared with the main causes of environmental destruction (agriculture, industry, settlements, and traffic), it is nevertheless imperative to reconsider various aspects of the subject ‘‘sport versus environment.’’
Noxious emissions and pollution caused by sports tourism and by athletes and spectators traveling to and from events must be mentioned in this context. There is also the construction of stadia, hotels, roads, etc., all too often in other wise unspoiled countryside, and sometimes exclusively for one single big event, such as the Olympic Games. A further matter for discussion is the huge consumption of energy at big athletic events, and all the effects of various individual sports, such as alpine skiing, on the environment. Every year 120 million tourists and athletes go to the European Alps. This figure makes it clear that the compatibility of sports and leisure activities in the Alps with nature and the environment must be subjected to scrutiny in the light of the principle of sustainability. Building ski lifts not only means the loss of trees and the natural appearance of the local landscape, but, above all, also results in damage to vegetation cover due to the use of crawler type vehicles, which also brings up the question of erosion. Then there is the damage caused by each individual: the noxious emissions produced during travel to and from the mountains, garbage, ski wax and waste water left on site, vegetation damaged by skiing off piste or when there is too little snow to protect it (Weiss et al. 1998). This is discussed more often since 1990 due to recent climatic changes. On the other hand, all the alpine ski pistes and slopes together only represent a total of 0.9 percent of the entire area of the Alps (Baetzing 1997: 215), so that damage to mountain regions is in effect very slight.
The effects of sport on the environment need not necessarily be negative. Opinions can be subjective and often differ greatly. Laying out a golf course, for instance, will probably be regarded by conservationists as a negative alteration to the natural environment. Golfers, on the other hand, will look upon it as conservation of the countryside. This is mainly due to differences in the appreciation of nature. For those who understand ‘‘natural’’ to mean ‘‘unspoiled’’ or ‘‘untouched,’’ sport appears to be a threat to the environment, for it brings mountain bikers, joggers, hikers, riders, skiers, and other sportspeople into regions hitherto unused by human beings. However, if humans are seen as a legitimate part of a common habitat together with flora and fauna, then specially bred plants, flowerbeds, paths, or skiing pistes are all part of nature. From this point of view, sport has a positive effect on the environment, in that it gets human beings out of their overheated living rooms and air conditioned cars and (following Rousseau) back to Nature.
- Baetzing, W. (1997) Kleines Alpen Lexikon. Umwelt- Wirtschft-Kultur, Munich.
- Schemel, H.-J. & Erbguth, W. (2000) Handbuch Sport und Umwelt. Ziele, Analysen, Bewertungen, Loesungsansaetze, Rechtsfragen, Aachen.
- Weiss, O., Norden, G., Hilscher, P., & Vanreusel, B. (1998) Ski Tourism and Environmental Problems: Ecological Awareness among Different Groups. International Review for the Sociology of Sport 33(4): 367-80.
Back to Sociology of Sport.
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Famous Deaths In 1572
Friday, 19 July 2019
Feb 23 Pierre Certon, French composer died on this day in history.
Feb 28 In the year 1572 death of aegidius Tschudi, Swiss historian (b. 1505)
Mar 02 On this day in history death of mem de Sá, Portuguese Governor-General of Brazil
Mar 27 In the year 1572 death of girolamo Maggi, Italian Renaissance man (b. abt. 1523)
May 01 In the year 1572 pius V, [Antonio Ghislieri], great-inquisiteur/Pope (1566-72), dies
Jun 02 Thomas Howard 4th duke of Norfolk, English Earl, executed at 36 died in the year 1572.
Jun 07 August I [Sigismund II August], king of Poland (1548-72), dies at 42 on this day in history.
Jun 09 Jeanne d'Albret, queen of Navarra, dies at 44 on this day in history.
Jun 24 On this day in history death of adrianus van Gouda, lay brother, hanged
Jul 07 In the year 1572 sigismund II August, last Jagellonen king of Poland, dies at 51
Aug 05 Isaac Luria, Palestinian-born Kabbalist (b. 1534) died on this day in history.
Aug 20 Miguel López de Legazpi, Spanish conquistador (b. 1502) died in the year 1572.
Aug 22 Thomas Percy, 7th Earl of Northumberland (b. 1528) died on this day in history.
Aug 24 In the year 1572 death of gaspard de Châtillon, Count the Coligny, French gen/admiral, beheaded
Aug 26 In the year 1572 death of petrus Ramus, French philosopher (b. 1515)
Aug 27 In the year 1572 death of claude Goudimel, French composer
Sep 05 Pieter Tichelmann, Flemish Franciscan, dies at about 71 in the year 1572.
Sep 30 On this day in history francisco Borgia, theologist/saint, dies at 61
Oct 24 Edward Stanley, 3rd Earl of Derby, English politician (bc. 1508) died on this day in history.
Nov 23 Agnolo di Cosimo, Italian artist and poet (b. 1503) died on this day in history.
Nov 24 John Knox, Scottish preacher, dies at about 67 in the year 1572.
Dec 10 Cornelis Musius, Dutch humanist/poet, murdered at 72 died in the year 1572.
Dec 30 In the year 1572 galeazzo Alessi, Italian architect (Palazza Marino, Milan), dies at 60
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Island Fox Population Stabilizesposted: 4/10/2013
Thirteen years after the species was threatened with extinction by an outbreak of canine distemper virus (CDV) that was possibly introduced by a stowaway raccoon, the population is now stabilized.
Julie King, director of conservation and wildlife management for the Catalina Island Conservancy, reported there are now approximately 1,500 Catalina Island foxes. The total estimate was determined after conducting the annual island-wide trapping survey for 2012.
That approximation has decreased from the 2011 estimate of 1,542.
“It is a slight decrease from last year but still within the same range,” King said.
Biologists use a population-modeling program called DENSITY to analyze capture and recapture data for animals such as the fox, and calculate a population estimate for the entire island, according to the Catalina Island Conservancy.
Once foxes are lured into a wire box cage by their favorite meal of a sweet berry mixed with cat food, each fox is accessed, weighed, microchipped and vaccinated against canine distemper and rabies. Ear mites are treated, a blood sample is collected and radio collars on select foxes are inspected and replaced if necessary before each fox is released at its site of capture, officials explained.
Conservancy biologists will continue to vaccinate at least 300 foxes annually in their effort to protect the population against CDV and rabies. Weekly aerial monitoring of 50 to 60 radio-collared foxes will also continue.
“This year, we reduced the number of traps included in the survey from 400 to 243 and utilized six of the 10 trap-lines that we had completed last year,” King said. “We expected to catch fewer individuals in total, but the number of foxes captured within these six lines was almost identical to that captured within these same trap-lines last year.”
There are six subspecies of the Catalina Island fox. Four of the six subspecies have declined in population due to diseases and serving as prey to golden eagles. The foxes reside on the California Channel Islands.
Although Catalina is home to the largest island fox population, the island’s protection policies fall behind those put into place on the other Channel Islands.
“All of the other Channel Islands have instituted policies where there are no dogs or cats allowed, and all non-native or feral animals have been removed,” King noted. “This is not possible on Catalina, due to our large resident human population and annual visitors numbering about 1 million.”
Human activities contributed to more than half of the 24 fox mortalities documented in 2012, she added.
The Catalina Island fox remains listed as “threatened” by the California Department of Fish and Wildlife and “endangered” by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). USFWS is finishing up its five-year status review of four listed island fox subspecies. Once that is completed, a decision may be made to down-list or delist one or more of those populations, or their protected status may remain unchanged.
“We would need to show that all threats associated with the original listing have been adequately addressed,” King said. “Until we can reduce or eliminate the threat of a future disease introduction, the Catalina Island fox may not ever be delisted.”
King said that the fox population on the West End of the island has been fairly stable for the last 10 years, because CDV didn’t extend west of the Isthmus.
“The East End population has been increasing annually up until this point,” she said. “This is the first year it has reached a plateau.”
King said she expects the number of foxes on the island will fluctuate slightly from year to year. “These fluctuations will be linked closely to available resources, and rainfall,” she said.
Visitors to the island are asked to keep an eye out for the foxes, if they drive golf carts, bikes or motor vehicles on the island.
“You will be seeing a lot more foxes, especially during dawn and dusk,” King said. “Please keep your speed down to 25 miles per hour and watch out for them.”
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Author: Anthony Vinci
In Farmington, Connecticut, the Wampey family was considered one of the most prominent families. Elijah Wampey, the father of eight children, played a crucial role in advancing Christianity beyond Connecticut and to both New York and Massachusetts. He became interested in advancing Native Americans’ knowledge of English law and individual land ownership, a common characteristic among Puritans. This increased confidence among the local Indians helped them to send letters to the Connecticut General Assembly, which assisted in their move to Oneida, New York and West Stockbridge, Massachusetts, where they acquired individual land. While at Farmington, in Wampey’s house, Joseph Johnson was offered the schoolteacher job in 1772 and the residence was often used for Christian meetings. Wampey’s children, Wampey Jr. and Hannah Wampey also frequently came in contact with Johnson who was their schoolteacher, preacher, and community leader.
Along with Johnson, Wampey played a critical role in ensuring New England Natives received individual land in Oneida. On December 23, 1773, Johnson wrote a circular letter to the seven towns of New England, urging each one to send a representative to the Oneida conference. The letter was signed by some of the most prestigious Tunxis Tribe members that included: Solomon Mossuck, Daniel Mossuck, Andrew Corcomp, Solomon Adams, David Robin, and Elijah Wampey. As a result of Johnson’s request, four representatives on the first week of January 1774, set out to meet at Kanawarohare. Joseph Johnson represented Mohegan, Elijah Wampey for Farmington, Jacob Fowler went for Montauk and Groton, and Samuel Tobias for Charlestown, Rhode Island.
On May 25, 1774, Wampey wrote to the Connecticut General Assembly to receive an English law book. In this memorial, Wampey asked the General Assembly to help the Tunxis tribe become more proficient with English literature and the laws of Connecticut, by giving them a law book. This information would help the Natives uphold the regulations set forth by the officials of the Connecticut colony. Leaders of the Tunxis tribe, including Wampey, Mossuck, Samuel Adams, and Thomas Moses, made the disclaimer that the Christian Natives had been instructed in writing and reading English with the help of the Bible. A better understanding of colonial jurisdiction allowed Christian Natives to become more accustomed to English culture.
In 1775, Wampey temporarily lived in Oneida but retained ties to the land in Farmington. He received Native land on the west side of the Pequabuck River in Farmington in 1777. Initially, Wampey supported Johnson but broke off relations with him in 1776. He was a trustee at Brotherton until the residents became upset about the start of the Revolutionary War. He then moved from Oneida land to West Stockbridge.
One of Wampey’s most famous contributions came on October 13, 1780, when former Tunxis tribe members wrote from West Stockbridge, Massachusetts to the Connecticut Assembly in order to fund the spread of Christian education. Elijah Wampey, who once lived in Farmington, was a community leader in West Stockbridge, where he moved to seek a better life. Wampey and the West Stockbridge council asked Daniel Simon of the Narragansett tribe to donate to the continued education of Christian Natives. Samuel Kirkland, a community member in West Stockbridge, endorsed the charity of Christian education for Native tribes. George Wyllys, a Connecticut native, gave thirty pounds to the West Stockbridge public treasury that would be used by Kirkland to promote the spread of Christian education. State support helped fund the West Stockbridge School and indicated that Christian education was important to those from the Tunxis tribe. After Wampey’s time in West Stockbridge, he returned to Brotherton to endorse Native Americans renting land to American settlers. Until his death in 1802, Wampey lived on lot 117 in Brotherton.
Before Wampey broke ties with Joseph Johnson, his children often interacted with him through school related activities. On December 17, 1772, Johnson disciplined three scholars for acting out inappropriately; the three students were Luke Mossock, Lucy Mossock, and Elijah Wampey Jr. Initially, Johnson threatened the students, which made them behave temporarily. Afterwards, Johnson was informed that the students continued to act out and as a result he “made them a Sad Example of Disobeying the School Orders.” Johnson appeared distraught and hoped it would be the last occurrence of inappropriate student behavior while at Farmington. He expected more from the children of two of the most prominent families in Farmington, the Wampeys and Mossucks. Additionally, a couple of weeks after the school incident, Johnson could not attend the singing meetings he implemented twice per week, due to personal injuries. On December 29, 1772, Johnson hurt his leg and was later advised to go to Hannah Wampey’s house, who nursed him back to health.
Due to Wampey’s leadership qualities, nearly all of the Tunxis Natives respected him. Along with other leaders of the Farmington community, Wampey helped advance English customs like law and individual land ownership to help Christian Natives progress in English society. Wampey was a leader in the Christian Native American movement that Johnson and many Tunxis tribe members embraced. Throughout the move from Oneida to West Stockbridge, Wampey maintained ties in Connecticut and readily supported endeavors to advance Christian Native teachings. Due to Wampey’s status as a community leader at Farmington, his children often interacted with school teacher, Joseph Johnson. Wampey Jr. was a student of Johnson and Hannah helped nurse the schoolteacher back to health. The expectation level associated with the Wampey name, allowed Elijah Sr. to flourish as a community leader in Farmington, Oneida and West Stockbridge. In every community he lived, Wampey played a crucial role in advancing Native Americans awareness of English law, individual land, and Christian education.
Johnson, Joseph. To Do Good to My Indian Brethren the Writings of Joseph Johnson. 1751-1776, ed., Laura J. Murray. Amherst, Mass.: University of Massachusetts Press, 1998.
Love, W. Deloss. Samson Occom and The Christian Indians of New England, Syracuse. NY, Syracuse University Press, 2000.
Occom, Samson. The Collected Writings of Samson Occom, Mohegan: Literature and Leadership in Eighteenth-Century Native America. ed., Joanna Brooks. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2006.
Wampey, Elijah, “Memorial of Connecticut Indians at West Stockbridge.” Yale.edu, findit.library.yale.edu/yipp/catalog/digcoll:2664.
Wampey, Elijah, “Memorial of the Tunxis with regard to Obtaining a Law Book.” Yale.edu, findit.library.yale.edu/catalog/digcoll:2600.
Wampey, Elijah, “Wampey, Elijah, 1734-1802.” Yale.edu, http://yipp.yale.edu/bio/bibliography/wampey-elijah-1734-1802.
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How many times we have raised with us jaw pain? Surely most of us have suffered this discomfort on occasion throughout our lives. This pain is usually caused normally during sleep tend to press hard teeth. This is what is known as bruxism
.it is more common than we think and that occurs in all kinds of people at all ages disorder. It is characterized by the individual who suffers clench or grind your teeth unconsciously. Normally usually occur over night, as the time of day when only control our impulses, but in others it is during the day. This disorder may seem simple, but it triggered a series of problems.
The causes of this disorder are not known for certain, although it is the most reliable deck excess stress being suffered throughout the day triggers a nerve activity during sleep. Thus it could be an escape route that the body has to eliminate all the excess stress that we accumulate.
Certainly bruxism primarily affects the teeth, and this continued movement of teeth grinding is what causes them to end up wearing out and losing its strength, for ultimately ended with enamel that covers the teeth and they serves as protection. But this disorder not only damages our teeth, but the jaw is affected, and that excess movement can provoke injury.Tendinitis in the jaw, muscle strain and bone pain are some of the consequences of bruxism, is that too much pressure builds up in this part of the face that eventually lead to a disorder. In many cases this tension is so great that it can affect the ears causing pain in the eardrum and other ear bones that form. In many cases this disorder leads to constant headaches.
For some children suffering the effects of the disorder can lead to difficult behavior which makes them introverts and distances them from other children his age, but many experts agree that there are behind other psychological problems that lead to such this tension causes children teeth squeak.
For this reason it is important that this problem be identified as soon as you go to avoid over and be done with our teeth with the disruption this will cause in the future in our body, and we know that the teeth and their health directly affect other organs of our body. So treatment is essential and they just help us with that will assist the dentist solutions to a problem
Dr Alberto Salgado on bruxism usually lectures for dentists and Clinical Salgado treat bruxism in a comprehensive manner for the best possible treatment.
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CC-MAIN-2019-30
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https://clinicasalgado.com/home/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195524475.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20190716015213-20190716041213-00558.warc.gz
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en
| 0.975305
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| 2.609375
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Operations on Deque:
Mainly the following four basic operations are performed on queue:
insertFront(): Adds an item at the front of Deque.
insertLast(): Adds an item at the rear of Deque.
deleteFront(): Deletes an item from front of Deque.
deleteLast(): Deletes an item from rear of Deque.
In addition to above operations, following operations are also supported
getFront(): Gets the front item from queue.
getRear(): Gets the last item from queue.
isEmpty(): Checks whether Deque is empty or not.
isFull(): Checks whether Deque is full or not.
Applications of Deque:
Since Deque supports both stack and queue operations, it can be used as both. The Deque data structure supports clockwise and anticlockwise rotations in O(1) time which can be useful in certain applications.
Also, the problems where elements need to be removed and or added both ends can be efficiently solved using Deque. For example see Maximum of all subarrays of size k problem., 0-1 BFS and Find the first circular tour that visits all petrol pumps.
See wiki page for another example of A-Steal job scheduling algorithm where Deque is used as deletions operation is required at both ends.
A Deque can be implemented either using a doubly linked list or circular array. In both implementation, we can implement all operations in O(1) time. We will soon be discussing C/C++ implementation of Deque Data structure.
Implementation of Deque using circular array
Please write comments if you find the above codes/algorithms incorrect, or find other ways to solve the same problem.
- deque::pop_front() and deque::pop_back() in C++ STL
- deque::emplace_front() and deque::emplace_back() in C++ STL
- deque::empty() and deque::size() in C++ STL
- deque::front() and deque::back() in C++ STL
- deque::clear() and deque::erase() in C++ STL
- deque::at() and deque::swap() in C++ STL
- deque::begin() and deque::end in C++ STL
- Applications of Priority Queue
- Applications of Queue Data Structure
- deque emplace in C++ STL
- deque crbegin in C++ STL
- deque::push_front() in C++ STL
- deque::push_back() in C++ STL
- deque::operator= and deque::operator in C++ STL
- Deque in Python
Improved By : TanmayS
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<urn:uuid:c118dbc3-27c3-493f-8314-fe2772df94f2>
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CC-MAIN-2019-51
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https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/deque-set-1-introduction-applications/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575541319511.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20191216093448-20191216121448-00344.warc.gz
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en
| 0.815901
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| 3.15625
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Archimedes developed calculus? JAN 23 2009
According to a Greek text that was overwritten with Christian prayers, Archimedes worked out some of the principles of calculus over 1900 years before Newton and Leibniz. He called it The Method.
In The Method, Archimedes was working out a way to compute the areas and volumes of objects with curved surfaces, which was also one of the problems that motivated Newton and Leibniz. Ancient mathematicians had long struggled to "square the circle" by calculating its exact area. That problem turned out to be impossible using only a straightedge and compass, the only tools the ancient Greeks allowed themselves. Nevertheless, Archimedes worked out ways of computing the areas of many other curved regions.
Much more is explained in the book The Archimedes Codex. The entire text is available for free on Google Books (you might need this). (via long now)
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<urn:uuid:fa14d758-5733-4cea-9ff5-15a7b0ceaea2>
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CC-MAIN-2015-40
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http://kottke.org/09/01/archimedes-developed-calculus
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443736676033.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001215756-00141-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz
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en
| 0.946521
| 188
| 4.09375
| 4
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