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According to the World Health Organization, while cigarette consumption is declining in some countries, the number of smokers worldwide is on the upswing. Those smokers also consume more cigarettes than ever. Tobacco is considered the single most important risk factor for cancer, which the WHO says accounted for 7.4 million deaths (around 13% of all deaths) in 2004. More than 70% of all cancer deaths occurred in low- and middle-income countries. On average, smokers increase their risk of lung cancer between 5 and 10-fold and in developed countries, smoking is responsible for upwards of 80% of all lung cancers. Using American data, 24% of men who smoke can expect to developing cancer during their expected life time. Recently, the spread of tobacco use to developing countries has led to papers describing similar patterns there. The Global Tobacco Atlas, funded by the American Cancer Society and the World Lung Foundation, present data on the rates of cigarette smoking around the world. Below are maps showing overall consumption and consumption divided by male and female. Annual cigarette consumption per person: Percentage of males who smoke cigarettes: Percentage of females who smoke cigarettes: MedIndia, an Asian health portal, focused on smoking prevention in the developing world. The WHO makes no qualms about the fact that in the absence of timely intervention, cancer can claim the lives of 84 million people worldwide between 2005 and 2015, with the low and middle-income countries bearing the brunt as compared to the industrialized ones… According to the forecasted figures for 2030, there are likely to be 20-26 million fresh cancer diagnoses and 13-17 million cancer related deaths. China, Russia, and India need to watch out and tackle the growing burden of cancer, attributed mainly to increase in use of tobacco, fatty diets, adoption of western habits, and demographic changes.	<urn:uuid:9d68d90f-fbaa-477a-9281-ac5f0f88c511>	CC-MAIN-2019-39	https://worldfocus.org/blog/2010/02/04/smoking-rates-remain-stubbornly-high-around-the-globe/9548/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514577478.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20190923172009-20190923194009-00307.warc.gz	en	0.954843	374	3.28125	3
View By Collection E= mc2. One famous equation. Five symbols. Countless implications. Einstein’s equation for mass-energy equivalence altered the way we think about energy and has provided endless technological advances. Arrange the cubes so that each of the four sides show all of the five symbols that make up Einstein’s ground-breaking equation. Just one piece from the Einstein puzzle range. Is your brain big enough for them all? 3.81 x 20.5 x 8.25 cm DownloadsEinstein - Puzzle Cubes - Solution Trying to solve one of our puzzles and need a hand? Just enter your email address below to watch one of our solution videos. You may also like	<urn:uuid:026f1707-d6a6-4d7f-b960-d565f114c57a>	CC-MAIN-2021-31	https://professorpuzzle.com/products/puzzles/einstein/emc2-puzzle-blocks/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046152144.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20210726183622-20210726213622-00358.warc.gz	en	0.842099	150	2.765625	3
As Memorial Day approaches, have you taken the time to think about what the holiday really means. In addition to welcoming the fun and freedom of summer, Memorial Day is a chance to say “thank you” to those who have given the ultimate sacrifice – their lives – so we can enjoy this holiday. At Moravian Florist, we have several flowers that will give you the chance to say “thanks.” The History of Flowers and Memorial Day Throughout history, placing flowers on the grave of someone you love has been a way to honor the memory of that individual. In fact, this is actually an ancient custom. Memorial Day is just a modern holiday dedicated to the custom. Memorial Day and the giving of Memorial Day flowers started after the Civil War, when the northern states declared a “Decoration Day” to honor fallen soldiers. The southern states balked at this celebration, choosing to honor their dead at different times. After World War I, the country came together, setting aside a day in May to celebrate all fallen soldiers. In the 1970s, the day was officially set as the last Monday in May. In addition to adorning graves, flowers are also seen on the lapels of many in the form of poppies. Lieutenant Colonel John McCrae in 1915 wrote a poem that used poppies to honor fallen soldiers, and the YWCA adopted this as their symbol for Memorial Day. Since that time, the National American Legion adopted the symbol, and many can be seen sporting poppies on their coats or shirts on Memorial Day. Giving the Gift of Flowers When you are remembering fallen heroes, there’s another type of hero that deserves honor, and that is the family left behind when a soldier dies. This Memorial Day, in addition to putting flowers on the graves of those you love, consider giving a gift of remembrance to those they left behind. Moravian Florist makes this easy. Our Independence Day Basket is a glorious red, white and blue patriotic gift of remembrance. With two American flags, delphinium, carnations and daisies, this arrangement will be a welcome gift to pay tribute to fallen patriots. If you know someone who is grieving a fallen hero this Memorial Day, honor them with the gift of the Independence Day Basket. Independence Day Basket	<urn:uuid:c3f8eb36-731e-41e0-bb74-85267aa89dae>	CC-MAIN-2023-06	https://www.moravianflorist.com/blog/celebrate-this-memorial-day-with-flowers/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500094.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20230204044030-20230204074030-00123.warc.gz	en	0.946261	489	2.828125	3
THE winter of 1918 was particularly harsh because a pandemic of influenza was swirling around the globe. That November it felled an Alaskan woman whose body was interred in the frozen ground. Now, using samples taken from her lungs, and from autopsies of others among the estimated 50m people killed by influenza that year, the genetic sequence of her slayer has been identified. This sequence has allowed researchers to reconstruct a simulacrum of the 1918 virus. Since August of this year, the reborn virus has been held in controlled conditions at the Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in Atlanta, Georgia. This week Nature published the last part of the virus's genetic sequence, completing a decade-long effort by Jeffery Taubenberger and his team of scientists at the Armed Forces Institute in Maryland. The reconstruction of the live virus, announced simultaneously in Science, was done by Terrence Tumpey at the CDC and a group of researchers at the Mount Sinai School of Medicine in New York. The sequenced bits of the virus were spliced together and transferred into bacteria. The bacteria were then inserted into cultured cells and the viral genetic material reorganised itself to form a real virus. The 1918 virus was very different from the viruses that caused more recent pandemics in 1957 and 1968. In those latter years, normal human influenza viruses became particularly virulent because they acquired two or three extra genes from an avian influenza strain. In 1918, it seems that the virus was entirely avian in origin. In other words, a bird-flu virus crossed to humans and adapted to them. Dr Tumpey's team went on to create many genetic variants of the 1918 virus, in which they replaced its genes with their equivalents from more ordinary flu strains. This allowed them to identify which genes were responsible for making the 1918 virus so virulent, as each new variant was tested on mice, chicken embryos and human lung cells. In the 1918 virus, for example, a particular version of the gene that encodes a protein called haemagglutinin, which is found in the virus's outer coating, was essential for the development of severe pulmonary disease. Work on the genetics of influenza is important for many reasons. Studying the links between genetic changes and changes in the way the virus behaves is likely to help in the process of choosing effective countermeasures against emerging strains and in finding ways of designing better vaccines. The research might even lead to the development of antiviral drugs that work by interfering with the genes responsible for producing virulence in pandemic viruses. Another intriguing possibility raised by Dr Taubenberger's team is that avian viruses may adapt to humans in a predictable sequence. It seems likely that only a small number of genetic changes were required to turn bird flu into the 1918 pandemic. And it turns out that such genetic changes are also found in other human-pathogenic strains of avian viruses, such as H7N7 and H5N1. If these mutations are what allow the avian virus to replicate more easily in human cells, then it might be possible to generate a genetic “check list” of dangerous-looking mutations that would allow virus surveillance to be far better focused than it is today. Indeed, H5N1 is already picking up the kinds of mutations that made the 1918 virus dangerous. The researchers think it possible that forces similar to those at work in 1918 are driving H5N1 down a similar evolutionary path. Every time the virus infects a human, or even another mammal such as a pig or a dog, viral replication will generate further genetic changes and some of these will make the virus better at breeding in people. The one bit of good news is that it does not appear that H5N1 is very far along this path yet. The relevant mutations are still scattered among different strains. Some comfort then, but not much. This article appeared in the Science & technology section of the print edition under the headline "Unhappy rebirthday"	<urn:uuid:41367353-4971-49f1-a763-582c75fb59b0>	CC-MAIN-2021-10	https://www.economist.com/science-and-technology/2005/10/06/unhappy-rebirthday	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178376206.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20210307074942-20210307104942-00235.warc.gz	en	0.969502	816	3.625	4
Our next reading student is fast approaching fluency and is more self-motivated in reading and writing. He often corners siblings or parents and requests them to read a word he has written (rather than asking how to spell it, he tries and then asks us to read it!). We have been using this paper to record new letter sounds he is learning. We did start with m, a, t, c, d, and b and then have been adding additional sounds for words that are pretty easy to sound out. In our previous phonics program, sounds were introduced in a certain order (of commonality I think) and then the phonics reader would only use those sounds. What we are doing is letting the Bible passage kind of dictate the order that we are introducing sounds (and the pattern is similar). So Gideon refers to this paper (we put it in a sheet protector) as he reads. We have a notebook that has some letter sounds and examples of various phonetic tricks. Sometimes we write out a bunch of examples of letter sounds, and refer to them later. Here's one for using the letter y as a vowel. We also write out illustrations or reminders of tricky English things. Here is one for a homonym I probably would have never thought of! Giddy noted it! I have made these little "guides" for sounding out words for quite a while. (Where do they all go?) They are helpful to with isolating letters the child is sounding out. They help him to not get lost on the page. Gideon can sound out lots of words. Some of them he will "read" without sounding out, so we go over them again. "Firmament" looks familiar to him, so he sometimes just says it. But it's a very easy word to sound out, so we just slow down and do it. Some words, like "said" would be sight words. He tries to sound them out and usually figures out what they are. So its like a combo deal; they are irregular, but you can kind of sound them out "s" "a" "i" "d". Coincidental, but it does work. Reading the Bible aloud We now are at the point where Gideon can push himself along reading with less need for prompting. We often select passages and trade off reading. We used to read every other verse (which works well), but sometimes he will read seven verses and then I will. However, now that he is a bit stronger, he will kind of read some of my verses, too. Not my intent, but it's encouraging. We have not pursued much with learning styles. I'm sure if we analyzed it, we are making use of some learning styles of some sort, but we mostly take into account that a child has to learn to handle the way things are when they encounter them. We make modifications to take into account their abilities, but have noticed that they are pretty adaptable. (That is how we have approached lots of things, not just reading.) We have observed that a child is more teachable if he have humility, just as the Bible says. While some of our children have needed more encouragement or have taken longer to "get it," the biggest obstacle to teaching them is their attitude (or OURS!). We have an objective goal: reading the Bible. We don't have a grade level to attain, but we do seek to have them exercise their full abilities. With individualized attention (which is not limited to a class room hour, but includes all the waking hours), we can observe character issues with which we must deal. In our experience, that is what really greases the wheels of learning, and if we don't deal with these issues, we are setting ourselves up for failure (even if they figure out phonics!). Bible Time Line Gideon is just starting a Bible time line using one of those composition books with half a page blank for pictures. We have done time line pictures with words on unlined paper, but this is in a book so it's more difficult to lose. He is really excited about the time line, especially the picture aspect of it, and hardly notices the writing. That isn't the point, but it is an opportunity for him to use writing. He also enjoys letter writing. We just look for opportunities to use writing such as "letter writing time" rather than "writing time". The skills are still improved, but they are redeeming the time.	<urn:uuid:b2f41a56-934f-423a-a7cf-46f7bc8b48c7>	CC-MAIN-2020-40	http://blog.inkleinations.com/2011/12/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400241093.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20200926102645-20200926132645-00498.warc.gz	en	0.981353	925	3.71875	4
After years of arcane French vocabulary and mysterious Russian surnames, ballet began to become American in the 1930s, in part thanks to Maria Tallchief, both an enrolled Osage and a ballerina. Touring with the Ballet Russe, she refused to Russify her name, and in a world that didnt think Americans had enough soul to perform ballet (Americans were only supposed to tap dance and slap their fannies, she said), she carried her Native American identity proudly. Later she became a favorite muse of George Balanchine, originating roles in his Orpheus and Firebird and becoming a central player in the development of the New York City Ballet. Sandra Johnson Osawa and Yasu Osawas new documentary Maria Tallchief, opening here as part of the Northwest Indigenous Film Festival, includes generous helpings of interviews as well as performance footage culled from early television and backstage films. They give us a thoughtful view on the artist and her particular history. Tue., Oct. 30, 7 p.m., 2007	<urn:uuid:87726255-2368-4fd1-88d5-c3cd693dc90d>	CC-MAIN-2014-23	http://www.seattleweekly.com/2007-10-24/calendar/pioneering-muse/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510273381.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011753-00346-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.98104	209	2.765625	3
Des40A Winter 2014 13 March 2014 The Amazon Kindle is an ingenious product. This is a product in our consumer society that boasts the consumer is intelligent for making this purchase. This purchase insinuates to the public that the consumer enjoys reading (sort of a rarer trait nowadays), yet they are aware of our diminishing environment, as well. The Kindle does not use any percentage of the 20 million trees a year we use on making books. But are the materials used to make the Kindle really environmentally friendly? Truthfully: we can not be 100% sure because Amazon won’t release any official statements about the materials or energy output of the product (1). Everything known about the Kindle is based off the consumer taking it apart. It’s safe to assume that the Kindle is not as environmentally friendly as Amazon claims it to be. Amazon probably would not exclude these facts from their product information in our eco-conscious society if they were not bad. That allows us to make an educated guess that the Kindle might really be on par with reading a paperback. We have all picked up a paperback in our lives. Their materials needed are minimal. Making a paperback book only requires trees (for the paper), ink, and parts of animals or plants mixed with chemical compounds (for glue) to keep the book together - a fairly simple and straightforward method, although not the most environmentally friendly. The United States alone publishes about 3 million books a year (2). With 20 million trees a year being chopped down to make this happen, we are bound to run out of resources at some point. Our earth may be very large (we only know 14% of the species to whom this earth is home, 3), but it is also insanely small (think six degrees of separation). The Kindle makes sense to people who know the absolute basics about our environment. But the materials used to create a Kindle are not socially responsible materials and only one material is environmentally friendly. Although there have been several generations of Kindle, they are still speculated to be made of generally the same basic components each time (sometimes things like 3G capabilities vary, or the design of plastic changes). The basic parts of a Kindle are: an electrophoretic display (an all-encompassing term for electronic paper and E-ink), flex circuit connectors, light plastic casing made by way of injection mold, wireless cards/WiFi chips, controller boards, and lithium polymer batteries (4). The most notable component of the Kindle, and the one material in this product that is environmentally friendly, is the use of electrophoretic displays. This is a broad term to discuss Electronic Paper and E-ink. WiseGeek breaks down how electrophoretic displays work, and the materials it takes for them to work, the best: In the most common implementation of an electrophoretic display, millions of tiny titanium dioxide (titania) particles, each about a micrometer (a thousandth of a millimeter) in diameter are suspended in a carrier solution of hydrocarbons and black dye. These titania particles are covered with charging agents to give them an electric charge. After treatment of the particles, they are suspended in oil between two parallel conductive plates about 10 to 100 micrometers apart. The parallel conductive plates are connected to circuitry that allows external signals to manipulate the electric charge at different precise points on the display. By manipulating the charge, the particles either migrate to the surface of the display or rest near the back. This effect is called electrophoresis, after which the display is named. While at the surface, the titania particles scatter light, appearing bright white. While near the back, the dye solution makes the pixel seem black. By manipulating charge over the entire display, an image can be created. Using color filters allows the display of the full visible spectrum (16). The E-Ink Corporation states that they are a very environmentally friendly alternative to classic paper and ink. They claim, “If we could replace all paper newspapers with eNewspapers tomorrow, it would save 95 million trees that could remove 98 million tons of greenhouse gas each year" (6). With development of the technology over time, without a doubt, it will probably end up being at the forefront of materials being used in products like tablets. So while this may sound like a pretty good reason to invest in a Kindle, it’s eco-friendly marketing collapses on itself with the other materials being used. Another material in the Amazon Kindle is a Flexible Circuit Connector. This is what keeps all of the electrical currants and circuits flowing in the device. It is nearly impossible to find what raw materials go into these. I assume they are frequently made of different materials (whatever’s cheapest) because unfortunately these are made in China. According to Forbes Magazine, “The US supplier base [for products such as FCC’s] have migrated to Asia.” They are easy to get at a wholesale price (half of retail cost). They are cheaper for us to manufacture in China, as well. The companies have more of the materials we need in stock, thus making the value of these materials not as high because they are not difficult to find. Also, labor in China is notoriously cheap. With a population that has recently surpassed India (over 1.3 billion people now living in China), it is estimated a good 100 million of their workers are underemployed. For a comparison, we have a 100 million people working FULL-TIME in the United States (5). A material that is now used everywhere is plastic. Plastic is “a synthetic material made from a wide range of organic polymers such as polyethylene, PVC, nylon, etc., that can be molded into shape while soft and then set into a rigid or slightly elastic form" (7). Plastic makes up the majority of things we see and interact with on a daily basis. Coincidentally, plastic is made from another material we use on a regular basis: oil. Scientists take the oil’s chemical structure and break it down into something called monomers (a repeating sequence of carbon molecules) and combine it with other oil monomer sequences to produce an infinite number of different plastics. These chemical sequences don’t react very well with differing chemical sequences thus plastic is a tough material to break down (8). Because Amazon won’t tell us what the Kindle is made of, we are unsure what kind of plastic is used to make the Kindle. We do know, however, is that it is made via injection mold (4). Injection molds allow various materials to be inserted into a mold that is the shape of the object to be manufactured. This allows for a mass production of perfectly identical items. Although Amazon is secretive, they let us know that when we are done using our Kindle we can send it back to Amazon and they will properly dispose of it (9). The question is, however, how many people will actually do that? Wireless technology is something every generation of Kindle has in common. They use WiFi chips (wireless cards) in order for the device to reach out across radio wavelengths and access the Internet instead of having to hook up to a device like the modem itself or a computer to gain network access. It is difficult, however, to find information about how these chips are made otherwise. Based on what we know about computer related materials, it’s safe to say some sort of chemical processes and heavy metals are involved. Forbes Magazine states that Amazon could not make their Kindle (affordably) without South Korea, where these chips are made (4). South Korea is actually becoming internationally recognized hub for technology. It has 97% of their population plugged-in, three television stations dedicated to eSports (gaming), and even has a sector of government dedicated to creating a more “creative economy” called the Ministry of Science. Their major link to the United States are hook-ups in San Francisco Bay Area, which is considered the place to go if you want a career in anything regarding technology. Even companies like Google are investing in South Korean companies. Because South Korea is becoming a technology leader, more cutting edge advancements are coming out of the country (10). It’s no surprise that Amazon, a corporation heavyweight, would follow in the footsteps of companies like Google and go somewhere technology is superior, and easily accessible thus making it cheaper to buy. Controller Boards, also known as circuit boards, are one of the main components in electronics. They are the flat green boards with various bits and pieces of metal subtly sticking out like Braille patterns. These boards allow electricity to flow throughout the device. But they are also used for video cards and RAM.11 When being made, the company starts by cleaning the board surface, prepares the bases, uses an electroless copper plating method, prints patterns, electroplates, and then etches with ammonia the final pathways needed for electricity to travel (this makes the cool line patterns on the boards). In between stages they go through a multitude of chemical baths to help prevent any chemical reactions in the building process. Building these also require a massive amount of water. There are several environmental problems with building these controller boards: lots of contaminated fluids and waste chemicals are made, a lot of toxic metals are used in the process which is not good for anyone or anything, and a lot of bad chemicals being put into our air emissions. Circuit boards produce a lot of hazardous waste (12). These are not exactly eco-friendly. The final non-eco-friendly product we find in the Kindle is the Lithium Ion Battery. On the plus side, these batteries are revolutionary because they are rechargeable. In the long run that will mean less frequent battery disposal. So the problem with these batteries is the chemical compounds within these batteries. Lithium Ion batteries are actually classified as hazardous material because they are made out of heavy metals. Two of its main ingredients are cobalt and lead (13). Cobalt flies a bit under the radar in terms of toxicity but the fact is cobalt is so dangerous for humans. If we ingest too much cobalt over time (either via inhaling fumes or digesting – surprisingly this is an ingredient in certain beers as a foam stabilizer), not only can it cause severe respiratory problems such as long hemorrhaging, but cardiovascular problems such as enlarged heart ventricles and extreme gastrointestinal effects (14). The other main ingredient in these batteries, lead, can reek havoc on the human body and basically shut down basic functions because it can find it’s way into the central nervous system (15). We are not ingesting a Kindle so these materials won’t be immediately harmful. They will become harmful though when they are improperly disposed of as these materials could cause huge environmental problems down the road if we don’t handle these materials responsibly. The Kindle does have some eco-friendly promise with its revolutionary use of electrophoretic displays. However, it is difficult to ignore that the other materials being used to make this product available at an affordable price to the public are not environmentally or socially friendly whatsoever. It is awesome to have many technologies like the Kindle and other tablets literally at our fingertips, but there is an extreme price to pay. Not only are the raw materials inside the product a detriment to our earth and the people working with them now, they have the potential to cause environmental and health problems in the future. 1. Frankel, Carl. "Amazon Kindle: Reading Green?" Care2. Care2Inc, 8 May 2008. Web. <http://www.care2.com/greenliving/amazon-kindle-reading-green.html>. 2. Gallagher, BJ. "The Ten Awful Truths - and the Ten Wonderful Truths - About Book Publishing." The Huffington Post. TheHuffingtonPost.com, 05 Apr. 2012. Web. <http://www.huffingtonpost.com/bj-gallagher/book-publishing_b_1394159.html>. 3. Bergen, Jennifer. "We Have Only Discovered 14 Percent of All Species on Earth \| Geek-Cetera \| Geek.com." Geekcom. N.p., 25 Aug. 2011. Web. <http://www.geek.com/geek-cetera/we-have-only-discovered-14-of-all-species-on-earth-1415995/>. 4. Denning, Steve. "Why Amazon Can't Make A Kindle In the USA." Forbes. Forbes Magazine, 17 Aug. 2011. Web. <http://www.forbes.com/sites/stevedenning/2011/08/17/why-amazon-cant-make-a-kindle-in-the-usa/>. 5. Nash-Hoff, Michele. "Viewpoint: Why Is China Cheaper?" IndustryWeek. N.p., 18 Aug. 2011. <http://www.industryweek.com/environment/viewpoint-why-china-cheaper>. 6. EInk. "Green." E Ink. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.eink.com/green.html>. 7. Google. "What Is Plastic Made of." Google Search. Google, n.d. Web. <https://www.google.com/search?q=what+is+plastic+made+of&oq=what+is+plastic&aqs=chrome.0.69i59j69i57j0l4.1760j0j7&sourceid=chrome&espv=210&es_sm=119&ie=UTF-8#q=what+is+plastic>. 8. Freudenrich, Ph.D. Craig. "How Plastics Work." HowStuffWorks. HowStuffWorks.com, 14 Dec. 2007. Web. <http://science.howstuffworks.com/plastic.htm>. 9. Ritch, Emma. "The Environmental Impact of Amazon's Kindle." TK Earth. Cleantech Group, 2009. Web. <http://www.tkearth.com/downloads/thoughts_ereaders.pdf>. 10. McGlade, Alan. "Why South Korea Will Be The Next Global Hub For Tech Startups."Forbes. Forbes Magazine, 06 Feb. 2014. Web. <http://www.forbes.com/sites/alanmcglade/2014/02/06/why-south-korea-will-be-the-next-global-hub-for-tech-startups/>. 11. Keen, Dan. "What Are Printed Circuit Boards Used For?" EHow. Demand Media, 18 May 2009. Web. <http://www.ehow.com/facts_5031475_printed-circuit-boards-used.html>. 12. Eco Smes. "Printed Circuit Board (PCB) Manufacture." Eco Smes - Printed Circuit Board (PCB) Manufacture. N.p., 19 Oct. 2004. Web. <http://www.ecosmes.net/cm/navContents?l=EN&navID=eee&subNavID=2&pagID=18&flag=1>. 13. Hsing Po Kang, Daniel, Mengjun Chen, and Oladele Ogunseitan. "Potential Environmental and Human Health Impacts of Rechargeable Lithium Batteries in Electronic Waste." Environmental Science & Technology. ACS Publications, 2013. Web. <http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es400614y>. 14. US EPA. "Cobalt Compounds." EPA. Environmental Protection Agency, 2000. Web. 13 Mar. 2014. <http://www.epa.gov/ttn/atw/hlthef/cobalt.html>. 15. US EPA. "Lead Compounds." EPA. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011. Web. <http://www.epa.gov/ttn/atw/hlthef/lead.html>. 16. Anissimov, Michael, and Bronwyn Harris. "What Is an Electrophoretic Display?"WiseGeek. Conjecture, Web. March 13, 2014 The Embodied Energy of the Amazon Kindle For our project, my group and I were given the task of describing in detail the design process of a common digital or electronic device of our choice. This project required us to research the raw materials that went into this production, the embodied energy of the device, and the wastes and emissions that resulted from the production of the device. After considering a number of devices, my group decided that the Amazon Kindle e-reader would be a relevant and interesting device to research. After choosing a topic, I was assigned the role of researching the embodied energy of the device. Embodied energy is the sum of all energy that was necessary to produce the good from beginning to end, including the production, the distribution, the disassembly, and the recycling of the device. It is the “cradle to the grave” life cycle of a product that covers even the impact of the harvesting or mining of materials that are used to make it. With the Kindle, this is a particularly relevant subject considering it is a device aimed towards helping the environment and being energy sustainable. Compared to the production and use of paper books and other reading materials the production of the Kindle is meant to sustain energy from its production and throughout its life cycle. After my research, I found some interesting facts regarding the device’s embodied energy. Studies have uncovered the possible impact that it could have regarding the environment, especially since it battles the world’s most polluting industry that is the publishing of paper reading material. As of 2008, it is shown that these paper industries have resulted in the harvesting of 125 million trees. About a quarter of American landfills consist of paper. Books have the highest per-unit carbon footprint when it comes to the publishing sector, however high sales numbers have continued this practice despite the presence of e-reader technology (which is comparably minuscule in the world of publishing). With the Kindle being a product aimed at changing the way we read, it is crucial to consider the embodied energy of the device, since it is essentially the replacement cost of what it takes to make the product. If the Kindle aims to eradicate paper-reading materials, embodied energy is one of the more important factors to consider when contemplating the technology’s longevity. According to most sources, the production of the Kindle significantly surpasses the paper-alternative’s energy demands. Studies show that the carbon that is emitted throughout the lifecycle of a Kindle is fully counterbalanced after the first year of its use; all years after that create net carbon savings with an average of 168 kilograms of carbon dioxide per year. In addition to this there are also additional savings in toxic emissions from book publishing and water usage that have not been taken into account. These statistics multiplied by the millions of Kindles that are produced prove to result in a significant environmental impact when compared to the pollution that comes from publishing books, magazines, and newspapers. In today’s society, the emission of greenhouse gasses is a huge concern as the global warming continues to be a problem and it is largely due to these gasses that are a result of manufacturing plants. With this in mind, comparing the greenhouse emissions that come from the production of the Kindle to the emissions of the traditional production of paper reading material is very important. Studies show that e-readers that are sold from 2009 to 2012 roughly prevent the emission of 5.3 billion kilograms of greenhouse gases in the year 2012 alone (9.9 billion kilograms in these four years combined). If these devices were to reach their entire capacity, they could prevent emission of about 1.6 trillion kilograms of carbon dioxide. This is equivalent to 19 days’ worth of global emissions. In the newspaper industry alone, a single newspaper subscription demands 67 times the amount of water and 140 times the amount of carbon dioxide that the Kindle alternative demands. The production of paper books requires 78 times the water that the publication of an e-book requires. Energy is not only saved in the production of the Kindle, it is also saved in the packaging of it. The device is packaged in a minimalistic fashion with a compact recyclable box and no plastic included. This not only cuts down on costs and energy use for packaging but it also reduces waste by using all recyclable materials and cuts on transportation costs by being able to ship more units at once. With this considered, the fact that it is manufactured and assembled in China means long-distance transportation is necessary if you’re an American wanting to own one. While this does mean the use of more energy, if the device is used to its full potential the energy saved through bypassing the production of paper books is meant to outweigh the negatives. In addition to the packaging, another sustainable quality of the Kindle is its long lasting battery. Compared to reading off of tablets and smartphones with battery lives of about five to ten hours, the Kindle’s battery lasts a whopping eight weeks on a single charge. This means the device consumes low amounts of energy and requires less time plugged into an outlet. One interesting psychological factor that contributes to its environmental benefits is that people who read on e-readers tend to read more books than others. According to a study that consisted of surveying about 3,000 Americans, those who used e-readers read an average of twenty-four books in the year 2012, while those who read paper books read fifteen books. This information implies that e-books prevented the production of 27,000 paper books just among these 3,000 people alone. Also, of the people surveyed 30% of those with e-readers claimed that they spend more time reading than they did before. This has obvious benefits towards stimulating individuals’ brain activity as well as for the environment as a whole. After doing the research for this project, I have learned a lot about what goes into the production of the Kindle. However, I was unable to find more specific information due to the fact that Amazon is notoriously secretive with their business practices and refuse to release certain information regarding what goes into the device. This could be problematic as this means toxic chemicals may be included in the device, contradicting the positive impact it is supposed to have on the environment. However, with all things considered it is clear that the production of the device has far less of a negative impact on the environment and is much more energy sustainable than the production of traditional reading material. If the Kindle becomes more popular among consumers, there could be significant benefits for the environment we live in. However, a problem with this is that the use of paper reading materials is so common in today’s society that the eradication of it will take time and a big change in the practices of consumers. While newspapers and magazines have largely been replaced by digital alternatives in the past decade, the conversion from books to e-books has been less significant. The Kindle has been available to consumers since 2007, and several other e-readers have been released as alternatives to the popular Amazon product. Since then, the use of the technology has been increased fairly significantly. One study done by the Pew Research Center’s Internet & American Life Project shows that the percentage of people who read e-books rose from 6% in 2010 to 33% in 2012. While not all of these e-book owners had a Kindle specifically, the significant increase in usage of the e-book format indicates that the technology has become much more relevant. After doing this project I have learned a lot about what is required in the production of a device such as the Kindle, especially about the energy that is required. The research that I have found indicates the device has clear positive impacts on the environment and could continue to have these impacts in the future as more people convert to the technology. However, in order for the Kindle’s environmental impact to reach its full potential, there is a need for a change in cultural practices and ideals. The “green movement” must be supported by the entire society rather than just a fraction of it, and there must be more consideration of what it takes to produce paper products that we use almost every day in today’s society. As an owner of a Kindle, I have personally seen how it has effected my consumption of reading material. After looking at the shelves of books that I have owned in the past, browsing through my Kindle library makes it clear how the device has changed my reading habits. I have about twenty-five e-books that would’ve otherwise been in paper format and resulted in a significant increase in energy use for their production. This shows me that this alternative technology could have a huge impact with the participation of the masses. The embodied energy in addition to other benefits of the Kindle prove to be significant in the protection of the environment that we live in. De Morsella, Chris. "Embodied Energy, a Measure of Sustainability." The Green Economy Post: Green Careers, Green Business, Sustainability. N.p., 2010. Web. 13 Mar. 2014. This article provides a background of embodied energy and what it exactly entails. Hutsko, Joe. "Are E-Readers Greener Than Books?." New York Times 31 Aug 2009, n. pag. Web. 10 Feb. 2014. <http://green.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/08/31/are-e-readers-greener-than-books/?_php=true&_type=blogs&_r=0>. Directly compares the environmental impact of E-Reader technology to that of books and describes with the benefits of such technology in terms of improving sustainability and the environmental impact of the publishing industry. Marati, Jessica. "Investigating The Sustainability Of The Amazon Kindle." EcoSalon. TotallyHer, 8 May 2013. Web. 11 Feb. 2014. <http://ecosalon.com/behind-the-label-amazon-kindle-sustainability/>. Organizes the argument about the Kindle in a way that is people friendly as opposed to scientifically organized. Separates facts into “The Good” “The Bad” and “The Questionable.” A nice way of breaking things down. Pan, Joann. "Mashable." Mashable. N.p., 27 Dec. 2012. Web. 13 Mar. 2014. This article shows how the technology of the e-reader has advanced over the past several years and is proving to become a legitimate alternative to paper reading materials. Rainie, Lee, Kathryn Zickuhr, Kristen Purcell, Mary Madden, and Joanna Brenner.Libraries.pewinternet.org. Rep. N.p., 4 Apr. 2012. Web. This report provides statistical evidence of have Americans have adapted to e-reading. It indicates that the reading alternative has become more and more popular over the years. Ritch, Emma. "The Environmental Impact of Amazon's Kindle." Cleantech Group, 2009. Web. <http://www.tkearth.com/downloads/thoughts_ereaders.pdf>. This was a helpful PDF file because it statistically breaks down critical bits of information about the product. It is also a brief that is referenced by other multiple websites which automatically adds credibility to this report. Timothy Tabuchi (998113177) Professor Christina Cogdell DES40A, Winter 2014 12 March 2014 Kindle Waste and Emissions In the Age of Information, the average American has access to an entire database of documents, magazines, newspapers, and books. These publications have almost always been manufactured in paper and can be traceable back to the Chinese in 200 BC. However, just recently we are beginning to see this traditional use of paper be replaced with an LED screen and the use of ink be replaced with what is known as e-ink. With the introduction of the Sony Librie in 2004, the world’s first e-book reader, or e-reader for short, consumers now have the option to receive publications digitally. Since this there have been many improvements to the e-reader, the most popular make and model being the Amazon Kindle. The Amazon Kindle is a series of e-readers designed and marketed by Amazon.com that allows its users to purchase any book, magazine, or news article from its online database and readily read it on a portable computerized tablet. The Kindle’s main marketing lure is that it is environmentally friendly because it displaces the purchasing of books, assuming they would have been read by those who make the switch. The big question has always been: Is the Kindle really greener than continuing to purchase physical books? Often overlooked by the consumer, there is a whole lifecycle of waste and emissions that the Kindle is associated with that should lead one to question whether the environmental costs of owning an e-reader do justice to its purpose by actually producing less emissions than the amount they boast to prevent caused by books. The influence of Amazon’s Kindle is unlike that of the e-readers that came before it mainly because of the broad background of its company that allowed it to instantly be introduced along with endless amounts of downloadable content. Little do people know, but Amazon was founded in 1994 by Jeffrey P. Bezos with the intent of providing books nationwide through online orders. Bezos realized that there are too many books in this world to sell at any single bookstore and knew that he could sell large amounts if he sold them at cheaper than retail price (Packer, 3). This business strategy led his company to nearly dominate today’s book market and become sort of like a mega-library accessible to anyone with an address and internet connection. In 2008 alone, Amazon sold more physical books than all American bookstores combined (Packer, 9). By 2010 Amazon “controlled ninety percent of the market in digital books” (Packer, 11). Today Amazon is also a hardware manufacturer, utility, video distributor, book publisher, production studio, literary magazine, grocery deliverer, and may someday have its own package delivery service [Packer 1]. In addition to these, Amazon’s founder and chief executive Jeffrey P. Bezos just recently made a $250 million purchase for the publishing rights to The Washington Post, the nation’s most widely circulated newspaper located in Washington D.C. (Farhi, 1). The vast amount of content availability provided by Amazon to its Kindle customers is influential to the number of books it displaces each year and thus should not be considered negligible when discussing the range in wastes and emissions resulting from the product. Over 90% of the waste and emissions involved with the Kindle are expelled during the material extraction and manufacturing stage of its life. One single e-reader requires 33 pounds of mineral extraction including the extraction of small amounts of exotic metals used in its circuits (Goleman, 1). One material, columbite-tantalite, is found in the Congo. When refined it becomes metallic tantalum which is a heat resistant powder capable of holding a high electrical charge [Delawala 1]. This is used in creating the capacitors responsible for storing energy inside the Kindle. The consequences associated with mining such a metal include the deforestation of many of Central Africa’s national parks and wildlife in combination with the previously occurring displacement and killing of the natural wildlife by the rebels occupying the war-torn regions. The nonprofit Green Press Initiative (GPI) calculated that books and newspapers produce 153 billions of gallons of wastewater per year (Ritch, 3). A study done by Cleantech Group, a San Francisco based company that studies Fortune 1000 corporations to aid in the acceleration of sustainable innovation, found that the production of physical books and newspapers requires “78 times the water needed in the production of e-books” (Ritch, 6). After calculations, that is only 1.96 billion gallons of annual wastewater by the Kindle. Researchers estimate that it takes 79 gallons to make a single e-reader. An analysis in which the Cleantech report is based off calculates the total emissions per unit due to the extraction and manufacturing of materials to be 290 kg CO2 (Regnier, 2). The wastes and emissions caused by the distribution and transportation of the Kindle is directly dependent on the location of its manufacturers. The Kindle can be broken down into four main components: (1) the glass display, (2) the wireless broadband data module, (3) the microprocessor chip, and (4) the lithium-polmer battery. The glass display is made in Asia because, like many other technologies, “the capabilities needed to make glass with silicon in it moved to Asia” (Rappaport, 1). In addition to the silicon there are ink beads involved in the production of the display that are made by E Ink Corporation far away in Cambridge, Massachusetts (Rassweiler, 1). The wireless broadband data module is produced in Korea but is provided by Novatel Wireless Inc, a company specialized in communication equipment headquartered in San Diego, California (Rassweiler, 2). The MSM6801A single-chip baseband microprocessor provided by Qualcomm Inc. (also headed in San Diego, CA) and lithium-polmer battery are also made in Asia. Once individually manufactured, each component must be transported to the Kindle’s primary manufacturer, Quanta Computer Incorporated in China, where everything is finally assembled and installed. One may tend to think it requires more waste and emissions to manufacture a Kindle overseas then ship it to the United States but in fact the opposite is true due to the fact that the production of many of the individual components involved are also located throughout Asia, the majority being concentrated in China. The effect of distribution and manufacturing on a Kindle’s total CO2 output is a fraction of the 290 kg CO2 due to extraction and manufacturing (stated in the paragraph above); using 100 kilowatt hours of fossil fuels results in 66 pounds or roughly 30 kg CO2 emitted (Goleman, 2). The delivery alone, assuming domestic shipping within the continental United States from the retail warehouse to the buyer’s door, is only 3.4 kg CO2 [Regnier 2]. How much CO2 is emitted by the consumer? The CO2 emission from using a Kindle is a combination of its power consumption through time charging (roughly 30 min, 3 days a week) and necessary wattage (40 W). Simply stated, the longer one reads a Kindle, the greater the emissions are due to electricity use. Assuming the average lifetime to be 8 years, this equates to an emission of 35 kg CO2 due to use (Regnier, 3). As a percentage of the entire carbon emitted by an e-reader, waste by reading and normal use makes up only 8%. In terms of the proper disposal of a Kindle, Amazon’s certified recycler, Li Tong Group, manages the “Amazon Take Back Program” [Hooper 1]. This is a free of charge service in which the customer sends his/her Kindle product and batteries through UPS to a warehouse address in located Grand Prairie, TX. When prompted to describe what happens after this, Li Tong Group only makes the following statements: “the unit will undergo Secure Data Destruction,” “the battery will be removed…for proper recycling,” and “the remainder…will be shredded and processed for commodities material recoveries” [Li Tong]. If not disposed of properly, a Kindle has the risk of emitting a large range of toxic substances. E-readers usually contain substances such as arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, halogenated flame retardants, lead, and mercury (Dean, 3). If improperly disposed of, the Kindle’s chemical components will most likely lay out in the open in landfills or be “recycled” illegally by workers in developing countries. Some of the non-renewable resources required to make a Kindle, such as the columbite-tantalite, mercury, and lithium, are being wasted and destroyed because they are improperly disposed. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) claims that “electronic waste is growing 2-3 times faster than any other waste stream” (Dean, 1). One of the main reasons being is because people just dispose of their old system once a newer-improved model is released. An electronic device such as a Kindle should be properly incinerated with advanced emissions controls in order to maximize metal recovery. A Kindle can hold a countless number of books causing the owner to purchase fewer printed publications in the future. The debate over which is greener – a book or Kindle – is one that is not measurable solely by the amounts of CO2 emitted. Because the Kindle has a highly-energy efficient screen, it enables its user to read in the day as well as in the dark at night. An important key to note is that while physical books don’t necessarily require energy to read during the day, they do require a light bulb to read at night. The standard light bulb today uses 60 W, a value greater than the necessary wattage a Kindle requires for a single charge. Still, the health impacts from making one e-reader "are estimated to be 70 times greater than those from making a single book" (Goleman, 2). The arguments in favor of the “greener” Kindle are backed by the claims that its emissions are “offset by its manufacture in one year” (Siegle, 1). The study by Cleantech suggests e-readers to be a major method of “improving the sustainability and environmental impact on the publishing industry” (Hutsko, 1). Using an average of 167.78 kg of CO2 emitted by a Kindle and an average of 7.46 kg CO2 emitted by the average book over its entire lifetime the average displacement of books by the Kindle is calculated to be 22.5 (Rainey, 1; Ritch, 6). This means that there is no net environmental impact during the first year of Kindle use. Every subsequent year however we see an increase in the Kg of CO2 prevented due to the increase in e-reader sales each year. More importantly we see the difference increase between the Kg of CO2 cause by e-readers and the Kg of CO2 prevented by e-readers suggesting a positive environmental impact. The information necessary to complete a full report of the wastes and emissions produced as a result of e-reader technology is unavailable at both the macro and micro level. The main issue encountered when researching the carbon footprint of a single Kindle is the lack of information provided by Amazon regarding the materials, manufacturing, and disposal of their product. There have been reports that “Amazon [has] declined to provide” this information. While Amazon publicly promotes the use of its Kindle “Take Back Program,” it hardly provides any data concerning the details of its disposal and recycling program. As a result, many of the figures and calculations that attempt to explain CO2 emissions may not be accurate to the Kindle but may still be accurate to other manufacturer’s designs of e-readers. A second issue is in the number of e-books the average user is reading. This number, used to relate the number of physical books to e-readers purchased per year, assumes the average consumer purchases 3 e-books a month (Godelnik, 4). The problem with this is it assumes a user who switches to the Kindle will continue to read the same number of books annually as e-books. This estimate also states the “average will drop when lower e-reader prices entice casual readers” (Ritch, 5). While much of the debate between the Kindle and the common book are abstract arguments, there are a few points that both advocates in favor of e-readers and advocates in support of the continued use of paper books must undeniably agree on. The first of which is that the eReader will continue to be read by individuals regardless of any environmental considerations. The second is that paper based reading will “continue to meet a significant proportion of reading needs” (Rainey, 3). The third states that with an increase in the number of eBooks on a reader there is a correlated potential offset with respect to paper books. The last agreement states that sharing paper books as the number one lowest long term environmental solution (Rainey, 3). Each of these assumptions is unbiased and claims there to be an impact by the Kindle but does not attempt to decipher whether it is positive or negative. Not knowing some of the specific technical details regarding the design of Amazon’s Kindle may make calculating the exact waste and emissions difficult but it is important to remember that this report focuses on the e-reader aspect of the device. While some data seems to suggest that Amazon’s Kindle may in fact be a greener, more environmental alternative to books and newspapers, one cannot simply compare the two because of the circumstances under which each has been measured. When compared to what it replaces in terms of the materials and depletion of resources by books the Kindle always wins. But, electronic devices always have their share of environmental costs too. Till Amazon releases official information about the materials and manufacturing of their product, the precise environmental cost due to wastes and emissions of a Kindle are only a reflection of its competitors’ products. These numbers cannot be specific to the Kindle because it fails to factor in the complete dominance Amazon has over its available public content that may influence its consumer’s decisions. While this report makes it evident that the Kindle and other e-readers are in fact becoming greener, it is still too early to crown the Kindle the title of the better alternative for the environment. 1. Bezos, Jeff. "The Washington Post closes sale to Amazon founder Jeff Bezos." The Washington Post. The Washington Post, 01 Oct 2013. Web. 13 Mar 2014. <http://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/washington-post-closes-sale-to-amazon-founder-jeff-bezos/2013/10/01/fca3b16a-2acf-11e3-97a3-ff2758228523_story.html>. 2. Dean, Allison. "E-Readers and Tablets: Are They Really Greener? Read more at http://livinggreenmag.com/2012/02/29/green-business/e-readers-and-tablets-are-they-really-greener/ 3. Delawala, Imtiyaz. "What is Coltan?." ABC News. ABC News Network. Web. 13 Mar 2014. <http://abcnews.go.com/Nightline/story?id=128631>. 4. Godelnik, Raz. "New Report Finds Kindle Greener than Physical Books." Ecolibris. Blogspot, 05 Sept 2009. Web. 13 Mar. 2014. <http://ecolibris.blogspot.com/2009/09/new-report-finds-kindle-greener-than.html>. 5. Goleman, Daniel. "How Green Is My iPad?." The New York Times. The New York Times Company, 04 Apr 2010. Web. 13 Mar 2014. <http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2010/04/04/opinion/04opchart.html>. 6. Hooper, Brian. "Are eReaders Recyclable?." Opposing Views. OpposingViews.com. Web. 13 Mar 2014. <http://science.opposingviews.com/ereaders-recyclable-17521.html>. 7. Hutsko, Joe. "Are E-Readers Greener Than Books?."Green: Energy, the Environment and the Bottom Line. The New York Times Company, 31 Aug 2009. Web. 13 Mar 2014. <http://green.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/08/31/are-e-readers-greener-than-books/>. 8. Packer, George. "CHEAP WORDS." The New Yorker. Condé Nast, 17 Feb 2014. Web. 13 Mar 2014. <http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2014/02/17/140217fa_fact_packer?currentPage=all>. 9. Palmer, Brian. "Should You Ditch Your Books for an E-Reader?." Slate. The Slate Group, 24 Aug 2010. Web. 13 Mar 2014. <http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/the_green_lantern/2010/08/should_you_ditch_your_books_for_an_ereader.html>. 10. Rainey, Tom. "Weighing the environmental costs: buy an eReader, or a shelf of books?." The Conversation. The Conversation Trust (UK), 25 Jul 2012. Web. 13 Mar 2014. <https://theconversation.com/weighing-the-environmental-costs-buy-an-ereader-or-a-shelf-of-books-8331>. 11. Rappaport, Roxanne. "Amazon’s Kindle: Made in China."Blogs.Cornell. Edublogs Campus, 01 Mar 2013. Web. 13 Mar 2014. <http://blogs.cornell.edu/newmedia13rsr244/2013/03/01/amazons-kindle-made-in-china/>. 12. Rassweiler , Andrew. "Amazon’s Kindle 2 Costs $185.49 to Build, iSuppli Teardown Reveals." IHS Technology. IHS Inc, 22 Apr 2009. Web. 13 Mar 2014. <https://technology.ihs.com/405689/amazons-kindle-2-costs-18549-to-build-isuppli-teardown-reveals>. 13. "Recycling Our Products." Amazon.com. Amazon.com, Inc. Web. 13 Mar 2014. <http://www.amazon.com/gp/help/customer/display.html?nodeId=200197550>. 14. Regnier, Ben. "LCAC: Kindle vs. Pulp Army." AutoAutism. Blogspot, 21 Feb 2008. Web. 13 Mar. 2014. <http://autoautism.blogspot.com/2008/02/lcac-kindle-vs-pulp-army.html>. 15. Ritch, Emma. "The environmental impact of Amazon's Kindle." TK Earth. Cleantech Group LLC, n.d. Web. 13 Mar 2014. <http://www.tkearth.com/downloads/thoughts_ereaders.pdf>. 16. Siegle, Lucy. "Should I stop buying paper books and use an e-reader instead?." The Guardian. Guardian News and Media Limited, 05 Jan 2013. Web. 13 Mar 2014. <http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2013/jan/06/should-i-buy-an-e-reader>.	<urn:uuid:770bb140-bc05-478c-88dd-8e2c329a301f>	CC-MAIN-2017-26	http://www.designlife-cycle.com/kindle	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320263.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20170624133941-20170624153941-00126.warc.gz	en	0.928346	9,864	2.703125	3
Year 3: Dark & Middle Ages Unit Study Dark & Middle Ages Lesson Plans Click on a Lesson Plan topic below and you will be automatically forwarded to that lesson plan on this site. Each literature-based lesson plan consists of: 1.) Recommended books per subject separated into grade categories for students in grades K – 8. 2.) Discussion questions to review with your students. 3.) Recommended activities separated into grade categories for students in grades K – 8. DARK & MIDDLE AGES - Book List: Dark & Middle Ages - Week 1: Fall of Roman Empire - Week 2: The Vikings - Week 3: Viking Gods - Week 4: St. Patrick & Christian Church - Week 5: Feudalism - Week 6: Castles - Week 7: Knights - Week 8: Great Literature: King Arthur - Week 9: Stained Glass & Cathedrals - Week 10: Muhammad - Week 11: Islamic Advances: Math & Science - Week 12: Great Literature: Aladdin - Week 13: Saladin, King Richard, & The Crusades - Week 14: Great Literature: Robin Hood - Week 15: Marco Polo - Week 16: The Bubonic Plague (Black Death) - Week 17: Dark & Middle Ages History Test If you have any questions about these History Lesson Plans, please feel free to email me. My email is firstname.lastname@example.org.	<urn:uuid:20426e06-b3af-487d-b4b6-db23098d8bed>	CC-MAIN-2017-30	https://ureadthru.wordpress.com/yr-3-dark-middle-ages/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549424683.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20170724022304-20170724042304-00203.warc.gz	en	0.809497	311	3.9375	4
3D laser scanning has been slow to make an appearance in the mining industry. While it has seen some use in surveying stockpiles autonomously, there had been little uptake. However, over recent years the use of this technology at mine sites and plants has increased due to the distinct advantages it offers compared with traditional survey methods. Point cloud data uses a 3D set of vertices represented by X, Y and Z coordinates that is gathered via 3D laser scanners. Vast numbers of points are collated from a given surface to produce a high point density representation of an area or object. This becomes particularly relevant to the mining industry in its ability to tackle vast, complex and even underground sites with far greater simplicity and convenience than conventional surveying. Accuracy, time, and cost efficiency are just some of the benefits laser scanning has to offer. From a detail design perspective Point cloud technology, from a detail design point of view, not only makes the job in hand that much easier, but minimises the potential for human error to almost zero. The captured data provides an ‘as built’ status, giving a real-time snapshot of the site as it currently is and the subsequent data processing that follows has a fast turnaround. This negates the risk of changes at site affecting plans, drawings and tenders. The accuracy and coverage of the gathered data eliminates incorrect measurements or the need to make estimations. In conjunction with CAD technology, specific measurements can be extrapolated to provide exact calculations. For quality assurance purposes, using the point cloud data against prepared drawings is an excellent tool to clearly identify incompatibilities. The data also has a multitude of other uses, such as clash detection of existing infrastructure and determining what aspects need to be removed, modified and in which order. New designs can be reviewed internally and externally with client and maintenance teams, prior to fabrication and installation to identify potential problems and amend accordingly. Additionally, the 3D point cloud data can be scanned to suit the plant coordinates or even a real-time satellite position. This allows the new area being modelled to be positioned into Google Earth or any other real-time satellite imagery, allowing site a true aerial preview of the new construction. Simplicity and convenience The generation of a 3D replica of a physical object, regardless of size, layout or density can generally be performed while the plant is in production. Site personnel can continue with site activities as their presence does not interfere with data collection. This presents huge opportunities as the majority of the site can be surveyed during production without the need to schedule downtime and reduce productivity. Where interior survey of, for example, a grinding mill is concerned, a short amount of downtime is necessary. However, by using a laser scanning service such as MillMapper (Scanalyse, now part of Outotec), it’s possible to scan mills in as little as 15 minutes and this can be scheduled to coincide with a planned inspection shutdown. Both MillMapper and CrusherMapper (used for gyratory crusher analysis) use patented, proprietary software to process laser scanning data, providing 3D files and reports on liner thickness wear and cross-sectional / longitudinal profiles. Service life projections are given at the average and fastest wearing points. Localised critical areas of breakage, cracks and uneven wear are highlighted, resulting in significantly improved liner assessment being provided as the total surface is mapped, not just accessible areas. In terms of safety, both internal and external scanning reduce the need to work at heights or in confined spaces as laser scanners can be placed strategically in vantage points for remote scanning. While a miner may potentially expect higher up-front costs due to production and manipulation of the data, the net results from minimised downtime alone will offset this cost. This, coupled with the convenience of the survey, quick procedure and turn-around, along with clear, highly accurate and informative imagery, more than compensate over the course of the entire project. The fabrication stage also benefits from the inherent precision in plans and drawings which will potentially reduce commissioning time. A complete plant can be scanned within a day and the data files compiled into one or several 3D models and available to the design team within a short time frame. High density imaging The data produced from the millions of points captured in a 3D environment is generally processed via a CAD program. These high density CAD images offer numerous advantages including versatility. Sections of an image can be isolated or cut and viewed from any angle in the same way as a 3D CAD model. The extensive data also provides the same detailed information of surrounding areas. Exact calculations of space and measurement allow construction, access and craneage around existing infrastructure to be planned well in advance, without the need to revisit the site. When processed, point cloud data images provide the basis for digital manipulation, giving an accurate, impressive and true representation of the project. Whether rendered, false or true-coloured, the images are highly detailed. Every fine point is captured which by any other method may have been missed, including non-documented assets such as cable trays, service piping and on-site modifications. With so much information readily available in the digital files, time spent sorting through and analysing multiple drawings and site sketches is greatly reduced.	<urn:uuid:be0063d1-c2be-4088-a0b8-86041879999d>	CC-MAIN-2017-13	http://www.ferret.com.au/c/Outotec/3D-scanning-and-the-future-of-mining-maintenance-Part-I-n2505695	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189534.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00218-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.930375	1,101	2.5625	3
Design patterns provide solutions to common software design problems. In the case of object-oriented programming, design patterns are generally aimed at solving the problems of object generation and interaction, rather than the larger scale problems of overall software architecture. They give generalised solutions in the form of templates that may be applied to real-world problems. In the next series of articles we are going to be focus in the Gang of Four design patterns. They wrote a book called “Design Patterns: Elements of Reusable Object-Oriented Software”. The four authors are: They included in their book thirty-three design patterns divided in three main categories: - Creational patterns: Creational patterns provide ways to instantiate single objects or groups of related objects. - Structural patterns: Structural patterns provide a manner to define relationships between classes or objects. - Behavioral patterns: Behavioural patterns define manners of communication between classes and objects. In the next articles we will go deeper in each one of the types and in the design patterns included in each one of the categories.	<urn:uuid:ba896746-ebf2-491e-bdb4-ab70aeb4c35f>	CC-MAIN-2020-29	https://binarycoders.dev/tag/structural/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593657154789.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20200715003838-20200715033838-00548.warc.gz	en	0.925943	219	3.6875	4
I/O systems including networks, disks and graphics devices, typical data rates for I/O systems. Vectored and Polled interrupt systems, interrupt operation and use, maskable and non-maskable interrupts, interrupt service routines, re-entrant routines. I/O organisation including mapped and isolated models along with advantages of the different approaches, I/O progeamming model, programmed I/O, (un)conditional and interrupt driven data transfer, Direct Memory Access, parallel and serial buses, sychronous and asynchronous data transfer. Number representation, sign and magnitude, one and two's complement, overflow and underflow, multi-precision arithmetic, implementation of multiplication and division, fixed and floating point systems, bias/ excess representation of signed numbers, IEEE 754 floating point standard, Motorola MC68881 FPU -- a commercial floating point coprocessor and its programming Instruction sets, stack, accumulator and register based instruction sets including advantages and disadvantages of different systems, memory interface, big and little endian word formats, aligned and misaligned memory access. Addressing modes, their classification and use with examples taken from the Motorola 68000 instruction set, instruction encoding, comparison of instruction usage. The processor interface, bus timing and processor control, steps in instruction execution, microprogramming and microcode, horizontal and vertical microcodes, microcode sequencing, reducing cycles per instruction, handling interrupts, interrupt types and their impact on microcode organisation and Worked example -- designing and building a Motorola 68000 based computer. Demonstrated by running coursework	<urn:uuid:23ae72d3-0fae-4da0-9ee5-6ffbd983f2d2>	CC-MAIN-2019-13	https://andrewscott.eu/courses/221	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912203491.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20190324190033-20190324212033-00039.warc.gz	en	0.838965	362	3.21875	3
Earth has a bad habit of erasing its own history. At intersections of tectonic plates worldwide, slabs of ocean crust dive into the mantle, part of the continuous cycle that not only drives the continents’ drift, but also fuels the volcanism that builds up island chains like Japan and mountains like the Andes. The disappearance of these slabs, called subduction, makes it difficult to reconstruct oceans as they existed hundreds of millions of years ago, as well as the mountains flanking them. “Every day, we’re losing geologic information from the face of the Earth,” says Jonny Wu, a geologist at the University of Houston in Texas. “It’s like losing pieces of broken glass as you’re trying to put it together again.” But geoscientists have begun to pick up these pieces by peering into the mantle itself, using earthquake waves that pass through Earth’s interior to generate images resembling computerized tomography (CT) scans. In the past few years, improvements in these tomographic techniques have revealed many of these cold, thick slabs as they free fall in slow motion to their ultimate graveyard—heaps of rock sitting just above Earth’s molten core, 2900 kilometers below. Now, the complete x-ray of Earth’s interior is coming into focus. Next month, at a meeting of the American Geophysical Union in San Francisco, California, a team of Dutch scientists will announce a catalog of 100 subducted plates, with information about their age, size, and related surface rock records, based on their own tomographic model and cross-checks with other published studies. “Step by step we went deeper and deeper, older and older,” says Douwe van Hinsbergen, a geologist at Utrecht University in the Netherlands, who led the project along with Utrecht geologists Douwe van der Meer and Wim Spakman. This “atlas of the underworld,” as they call it, holds the ghosts of past geography. By rewinding the clock and bringing these cataloged slabs back to the surface, scientists can figure out the sizes and locations of ancient oceans. Moreover, they can locate where the sinking slabs would have triggered melting, releasing blobs of magma that rose into the crust and drove volcanism. That has helped earth scientists pinpoint where ancient mountains rose and later eroded away, their traces visible only in unexplained rock records. “It’s a pretty exciting time to be able to pull all of these pieces together,” says Mathew Domeier, a tectonic modeler at the University of Oslo. That has only recently become possible, as the underlying technique, mantle tomography, is plagued with uncertainties. It relies on millions of seismic waves received by sensors scattered unevenly around the world. Waves with faster arrival times are assumed to have passed through the colder rock of subducted slabs. But seismometer coverage is patchy; earthquakes—the sources of the seismic waves—don’t occur everywhere; and the waves get fuzzier as they pass near the core or travel long distances. “Very often for regions that have the most interesting structures, you have the most uncertainty,” says Ved Lekic, a tomographer at the University of Maryland in College Park. Academic groups around the world use more than 20 models to interpret tomographic data, and their pictures of the mantle and its structures often conflict, says Grace Shephard, a postdoc at the University of Oslo. In the coming months, she will publish a comparison of 14 different models that will assess which slabs seem most likely to be real. Her results could cast doubt on some of the slabs in the Utrecht atlas. But the image of Earth’s interior is becoming more believable, thanks to improved computing power and such intercomparison projects. By now the picture of lost plates is precise enough for scientists to try rewinding the clock, reconstructing vanished worlds. In earlier tomography, the plunging slabs looked like blobs in a lava lamp. But as the models have improved, the slabs in the upper mantle have been revealed to be stiff, straight curtains, says John Suppe, who heads the Center for Tectonics and Tomography at the University of Houston. The images make it clear that as they plunge, the 500-kilometer-thick slabs flex but don’t crumple—and that has made it easier for Suppe and others to unwind them. “We’re finding these plates unfold fairly easily, and they’re not that deformed,” Suppe says. If this was all nonsense, it is really quite a coincidence. These slab-driven reconstructions are calling into question plate movements inferred from ancient oceanic crust that was scraped off and preserved on the continents, Suppe says. “Almost everywhere we’ve looked at this,” Suppe says, “what we find in the mantle isn’t exactly what would be predicted.” The reconstructions are also resurrecting mountains that had been lost to time. For example, in a study published several months ago, Wu and Suppe reconstructed the travels of 28 slabs to recreate the Philippine Sea as it was more than 50 million years ago. Beyond identifying what appears to be a previously unknown piece of ocean crust, they predicted that as one of their paleoplates plunged into the mantle, it threw up a large chain of volcanoes that eventually collided with Asia. That convulsive process could explain mysterious folded rocks in Japan and beneath the East China Sea. Similarly, slabs beneath North America have helped bring that continent’s history of mountain building into clearer focus. By rewinding the clock for some of them, Karin Sigloch, a geophysicist at the University of Oxford in the United Kingdom, showed that North America’s western mountain chains, including the Rockies, likely formed between 200 million and 50 million years ago when several small plates were subducted beneath the continent, plastering multiple volcanic archipelagos against the landmass. Van Hinsbergen and his Utrecht peers hope their comprehensive atlas of slabs will make it possible to reconstruct a fuller picture of ancient geography. In 2012, they used slab tomography to constrain the longitude of volcanic island arcs that 200 million years ago dotted the ocean surrounding the Pangea supercontinent. Two years later they used their global model to estimate the number of subduction zones that would have been active over the past 250 million years, along with the amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) that subduction-related volcanoes would have emitted. The estimate closely matched geologic proxy records for atmospheric CO2 over the same period. And earlier this year, Van Hinsbergen published a study in Science Advances with Lydian Boschman, a graduate student, that identified several slabs that may have played a role in the birth of the Pacific Ocean. “We have done it,” Van Hinsbergen says. “If this was all nonsense, it is really quite a coincidence.” Even with these new techniques, which Suppe together calls “slab tectonics,” the mantle’s memory of ocean slabs only stretches back 250 million years—the time it takes for one to fall to the bottom of the mantle and be fully recycled. Beyond that, Earth continues to cover its tracks.	<urn:uuid:839b26a8-1305-43cf-89d1-243787e2db78>	CC-MAIN-2017-30	http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2016/11/atlas-underworld-reveals-oceans-and-mountains-lost-earths-history?utm_campaign=news_weekly_2016-11-23&et_rid=17774778&et_cid=1016706	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549423222.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20170720141821-20170720161821-00586.warc.gz	en	0.956704	1,571	3.890625	4
Temperature Vocabulary Cards and Word Wall! This is a set of 8 temperature vocabulary cards that make a great addition to a primary unit on temperature or measurement. I originally created them to look like trading cards for my ELL students and soon found that all of my students LOVE using them! Along with the individual cards for students I’ve included an enlarged set of the cards that can be posted in your classroom on a bulletin board or word wall. English + Spanish (A Spanish Temperature version is now included for FREE) Save $$$ when you buy the Measurement Vocabulary Card Pack which includes these temperature trading cards and word wall plus four other measurement products! This set includes: • 8 temperature vocabulary cards with the word and picture to represent it on the front and a definition as well as the word used in a sentence or some other example on the back. • The same 8 temperature vocabulary cards with the words on them but blank spaces for students to draw their own picture/symbol to remember the word and room to write their own definitions and sentences on the back. • 8 blank cards that the students and teacher can use to add more temperature terms to as they come across them in their studies. • A template for a labeled box that students can cut out, write their name on and color to store their temperature cards in. • A list of ways you can use these temperature vocabulary flashcards/trading cards with your students that is based on Robert Marzano’s “Six Steps to Better Vocabulary Instruction”. This list helps me because I can show parents, administrators, other teachers, etc. that I’m using research-based methods in my classroom. • An enlarged set of the cards that can be posted in your classroom on a bulletin board or word wall. • Trading Card Manual: 15 pages of tips and ideas on how to use these trading cards in your class • Spanish Temperature set now included for FREE to use with Spanish speaking or bilingual students I print these temperature vocabulary cards out double sided on card stock so they look and feel like real trading cards but they work just as well on regular paper. The 8 temperature words included in this set of cards are: • boiling point • freezing point SAVE Over 45% This product is included in my Math Vocabulary Bundle that includes 13 sets of math trading cards + word wall posters. Here are some related products: Measurement Vocabulary Bundle - Best Deal: Save $11.50! Temperature Vocabulary Cards Temperature Vocabulary Word Wall You may also like: Capacity Vocabulary Cards and Word Wall Length Vocabulary Cards and Word Wall Time Vocabulary Cards and Word Wall Weight Vocabulary Cards and Word Wall Fractions Vocabulary Cards and Word Wall Graphing Vocabulary Cards and Word Wall Money Vocabulary Cards and Word Wall Geometry Vocabulary Bundle Check out my other MATH Thank you for looking and be sure to check out the other fun vocabulary cards and games in Temperature Vocabulary Cards and Word Wall is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License	<urn:uuid:6b26290b-631a-4e82-9c90-2e2735088e3d>	CC-MAIN-2016-50	https://www.teacherspayteachers.com/Product/Temperature-Vocabulary-Trading-Cards-and-Word-Wall-1042090	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698542714.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170902-00491-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.914402	656	3.125	3
A genetic test involves looking for an alteration in a gene, which are the building blocks that tell us how we grow and develop. There can be lots of different reasons why people may wish to have a genetic test. It depends on the clinical situation. So, broadly speaking, genetic tests could be defined in three categories. A diagnostic test is usually undertaken where there may be a clinical of an underlying genetic condition, for example it may help then to provide information about surveillance or early intervention and, particularly in a child, potentially some treatment options. A presymptomatic test is usually undertaken for a known genetic condition in the family, where the test is undertaken after full counselling in an individual who is healthy. The test can give information that if that individual has inherited the gene, they may develop the condition at some point in the future. Carrier testing is to establish if an individual carries one copy of a gene. Individuals who are carriers are generally healthy, but if people are shown to be carriers it may well have reproductive implications for them in the future. Having a test for a genetic disorder is a purely voluntary decision. It is a very personal decision. It is recognised that many, many patients choose not to have a test and live without knowing, so we are here to support those decisions as well. As part of the consultation would go through the details of what the testing would involve, so they would explain what the outcome of a test might mean, what are the implications of a positive test, whether that's something that the patient wishes to know, the level of support that they would require, what access to services may be available in the future, and also of course the wider implications for other family members. Many patients request presymptomatic or predictive testing because they just want to know. They wish to have the clarity to know what is in store for them but it is often coupled with anxiety, with fear for what that may hold, if they have children already. But it doesn't stop with just the result being conveyed. A clinical service would be able to provide back-up. If individuals require access to further information, more professional psychological support, then we can put them in touch with their local GP or local practices, so the ongoing support and counselling according to the patient's needs. The benefits are to provide a diagnosis and for many individuals it's removing the burden of not knowing, so it's providing clarity about where they stand. Where a genetic test provides a clear answer, it enables more appropriate health surveillance to be put into place, it provides access in terms of appropriate educational support and social support, it can clarify some of the avenues around reproductive options and increasingly, for a small but increasing number of genetic conditions, it also opens up the possibility of therapeutic or treatment options.	<urn:uuid:d622c8a3-8b5a-4607-a3f7-027e13ecfcd6>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.nhs.uk/flashcont/altflash/8152_NHS-Genetictests-0101-EN-16x9_NHS953.htm	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783394605.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154954-00196-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.912021	668	3.40625	3
Hard drive failure is a serious thing. You stand to lose all internal data and if you haven’t backed up, that could be a small disaster unto itself. The truth of the matter is, hard drives do two things: 1. They store data; and 2. They fail. In the case of the latter, it’s not a question of “if” it will happen – it’s more a case of “when”. The average life of a hard drive is about six years, give or take. Fortunately, there are ways to prolong the life of your drive, but first, it’s important to understand why they fail. Solid state (SSD) vs. hard disk drives (HDD) You could say that a solid-state drive (SSD) is a super-sized, more sophisticated version of a memory stick. As its description states, it has no moving parts. In this type of drive, information is stored in microchips. In the case of hard disk drives (HDD), a mechanical arm with a read/write head moves over a spinning disk to locate and deposit information. As with anything that has moving parts, the HDD is more prone to failure. The more the disk spins, the harder it works, the greater the potential for failure. Though SSDs generally deliver better performance, they are far from being immune to failure. The most common reason for SSD failure comes down to simple wear and tear: the process of writing over and erasing data on the drive (program/erase, or P/E) exerts wear on the drive. SSDs have a finite P/E cycle, meaning that after X number of cycles it will fail. As time goes by and the drive fills with data, it will become slower and slower until it starts to become unreliable. Modern technologies have wear-leveling algorithms that do prolong the life of an SSD, but the endurance rating tells the whole story. Endurance ratings are defined in TBW (terabytes written) or DWPD (drive writes per day). If your endurance rating is 220TBW, it means that after 220 terabytes have been written to the drive, it has reached the end of its intended lifecycle. Consumer vs. enterprise-grade drives Enterprise-grade drives are built for more intensive use. The primary difference is that their endurance ratings are much higher, but you will pay for it. If your business uses software with high write loads, a more durable drive is highly desirable. Enterprise-grade drives generally can withstand higher heat and are designed to be on 24 hours a day. Their components are of higher quality and will be more durable. Each unit will have been tested thoroughly prior to being deployed and will come with better warranties and support packages than their consumer counterparts. Extending the life of your hard drives So, now that we know why hard drives fail, let’s look at some ways you can extend that life and get the most out of your investment. 1. Avoid physical damage and vibration Vibration, impact, or any disturbance, especially when the disk is spinning, can cause a malfunction, damage, or a complete failure. Avoid any unnecessary movement wh en the computer is powered up and functioning. 2. Avoid exposure to high heat Overheating is one of the most common issues that contribute to drive failure. This can arise from extreme weather, inadequate ventilation, or it can result from dust buildup in the computer’s vents. Always ensure your computer rooms are properly ventilated and that you make a habit of removing all dust buildup to keep the fans working as they should. 3. Defragment your drives Not in itself a cause of disk failure, fragmentation will cause your drives to work harder, suffer wear and tear, and will eventually become damaged. Occasional defragmentation of your drives will prolong their life but resist the urge to do it too often. For best results, defrag only when your drive is between 5-10% fragmented. 4. Don’t power on and off too frequently Booting up and shutting down is the single biggest wear and tear on your hard drive. To avoid the excessive stress, put your computers in sleep mode if you’re away from it overnight or for part of the day. Save your power-down for times when you will not be using it for a few days. If you have any lingering questions about what you can do to extend the life of your hard drives, speak to one of the IT experts at Greenlight. We are always happy to talk tech and would love to know how we can help.	<urn:uuid:4b8f33a0-cbad-417c-a052-c9689a6703ea>	CC-MAIN-2018-51	https://www.greenlight-itc.com/hard-disks-fail-can-prolong-life/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376823588.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20181211061718-20181211083218-00453.warc.gz	en	0.949734	966	3.21875	3
There used to be very good reasons for keeping instruction / register names short. Those reasons no longer apply, but short cryptic names are still very common in low-level programming. Why is this? Is it just because old habits are hard to break, or are there better reasons? - Atmel ATMEGA32U2 (2010?): - .NET CLR instruction set (2002): Aren't the longer, non-cryptic names easier to work with? When answering and voting, please consider the following. Many of the possible explanations suggested here apply equally to high-level programming, and yet the consensus, by and large, is to use non-cryptic names consisting of a word or two (commonly understood acronyms excluded). Also, if your main argument is about physical space on a paper diagram, please consider that this absolutely does not apply to assembly language or CIL, plus I would appreciate if you show me a diagram where terse names fit but readable ones make the diagram worse. From personal experience at a fabless semiconductor company, readable names fit just fine, and result in more readable diagrams. What is the core thing that is different about low-level programming as opposed to high-level languages that makes the terse cryptic names desirable in low-level but not high-level programming?	<urn:uuid:4a9a0436-a0df-4570-88ce-3680e54f8b17>	CC-MAIN-2020-16	https://softwareengineering.stackexchange.com/questions/162698/why-are-cryptic-short-identifiers-still-so-common-in-low-level-programming/182469	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370504930.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20200331212647-20200401002647-00237.warc.gz	en	0.898588	272	2.78125	3
You sigh with relief as you get home to your sanctuary. What you might not realize is you may be taking a deep breath of pollutants. When many of us think of air pollution we think of cities with factories and lots of cars that lead to smog. Unfortunately, that is not the only air pollution we should be worried about. We should all be taking steps to improve indoor air quality for healthier homes for our families. For many of us the air pollution we have to worry about more often is inside. The EPA noted that the average American spends 90% of their time indoors where levels of some pollutants are often 2-5 times higher than outside. (1) Sometimes these levels can be up to 100 times higher. These pollutants can come from inside or outside. As our buildings get old and worn there is a risk for pollutants that we no longer use or biological agents like mold. Even new homes are at risk with materials that are off-gassing contaminants and are built so efficient they have minimal ventilation. What Are Common Indoor Air Pollutants? We often talk about our toxic bucket and how it can get full making it harder for our body to detoxify. These toxins are all around us including the water we drink, the food we eat, products we use, and the air we breathe. Many of these toxins go undetected past the naked eye and right into our lungs. In fact, there are several common indoor air pollutants that are found in many homes. These pollutants can cause immediate reactions that we may notice right away but not understand what is causing the reaction. These reactions can include sneezing, headaches, fatigue, dizziness, and other irritating symptoms. Your home’s air could be causing irritation and additional toxicity that can lead to serious illness. Pollutants can also trigger asthma or lead to cancer, heart disease, or respiratory illness. These are the most common indoor air pollutants that can cause an immune reaction and affect your respiratory health. - Dust and Dust Mites - Formaldehyde and Building Materials 8 Ideas to Improve Indoor Air Quality 1) Change Your HVAC Filter That means remember to change it regularly and make sure you have a quality filter. Out of sight often means out of mind but your HVAC system can do a lot to protect your indoor air quality if you let it. Most filters can remove large particles like pet dander, pollen, and other pollutants while a higher rated filter can remove even smaller particles. Filters can remove many particles but if they aren’t changed regularly it reduces their effectiveness and efficiency. So, change your filter at least every 3 months and invest in a quality filter such as a HEPA or MERV 16 filter that is compatible with your system. If you are unsure what works with your system, then be sure to talk to a professional. Putting a filter in that doesn’t fit will restrict air flow which actually reduces filtration and could cause your system to break down. 2) Invest in an Air Purifier There are a number of good air purifier brands out there, such as Triad Aer, that can further help filter out some of those pollutants. Over brand, it is more important to consider size of room, air exchange rate, and the size of particles removed. Put your air purifier in areas where you spend the most time like your bedroom and remember to change the filter on your air purifier! 3) Stick to the Cleaning Schedule Your cleaning schedule plays a part in protecting your indoor air quality. When you dust and vacuum you remove dust, dust mites, mold, and other biological agents that are potential pollutants. Pay attention to those floors, linens, and curtains. Upgrading to a HEPA vacuum cleaner can also help trap some of those particles. Add a regular cleaning of closets and storage areas. If you aren’t using it and it’s just collecting dust (or even mold) then don’t keep it around the house or find a way to put it to use. 4) Upgrade Your Cleaning and Personal Products What you might not realize is you might be polluting your indoor air every time you clean or even use your personal care products. Many popular brands of products we use regularly have VOCs. What are VOCs? Volatile organic compounds and these aren’t the good kind of organic. Some of these gases emitted from solids and liquids are linked to a number of adverse health effects. Avoid aerosols, dryer sheets, candles, ingredients like fragrance and other products with questionable ingredients. We have some upgrade suggestions for cleaning supplies, lotions, laundry detergent, and a variety of other products. Some cleaning swaps like vinegar and water will actually save you money and you will know what the ingredients are. 5) Shop Green for Building Materials and Furniture Building materials like pressed wood have the potential to release harmful chemicals such as formaldehyde. When shopping for carpeting, flooring, paint, building materials, furniture, and mattresses be aware that those products can release chemicals into your home for a few years. Consider purchasing greener materials or get thrifty with a reused find. 6) Don’t Let Pesticides In The EPA noted a study that indicated that 80% of pesticide exposure happened in the home and that found measurable levels of a dozen pesticides in the air of homes. (2) Pesticides in the home are no good as they have been linked to cancer, hormone disruption, birth defects, nervous system toxicity, and antibiotic resistance. (3) Pesticides disrupt gut health and may be particularly damaging to developing children. So, leave the outdoor shoes at the door so they don’t track in pesticides and don’t use pesticides in your home to control bugs and rodents. New homes are built more efficient and tighter but this reduces air flow. Make sure your home is getting a flow of outdoor air. If your heating and cooling system doesn’t bring fresh air into the house then find ways to ventilate your home. Use exhaust fans to remove toxins when cooking. Here’s your reason to open a window and get some fresh air! This helps to dilute and remove indoor air pollution. 8) Keep Mold Out I’ve called mold the silent destroyer. If you see it then it’s already been circulating around your home. Mold can have devastating effects on your respiratory system and overall health. You need to make your house an inhospitable environment for mold. Mold grows well in wet, warm environments so keep your house dry. Clean up any flooding, excess water, and keep humidity below 50%. If you find mold be sure that it is properly remediated. Taking steps to improve indoor air quality will make it easier to have a big sigh of relief at the end of the day. These steps will remove air pollutants that can cause an immune reaction and increase inflammation. Protecting your family’s respiratory health can help keep them breathing easy now and help their immune systems be ready for other unavoidable assaults. For information on how to order the Triad Aer air purification system featured in this article, or guidance on how to support your family’s respiratory health, reach out to one of our clinics. Dr. Jason Nobles talks about Asthma in this video: Resources for Improving Indoor Air Quality	<urn:uuid:bb05f12b-ef21-4a43-8e22-0d31a877a583>	CC-MAIN-2022-21	https://www.thewellnessway.com/improve-indoor-air-quality/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662601401.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20220526035036-20220526065036-00220.warc.gz	en	0.93294	1,674	2.859375	3
For many years in my books and this blog, I have argued that two dominant patterns of organizing schools and teaching lessons capture the primary mechanisms of how U.S. schools its young both in the past and now. First, the structure of the age-graded school replaced the one-room schoolhouse, the primary way of organizing schooling since the 18th century. These one-room schools enrolled children and youth from six to seventeen and older. Rote teaching and learning with constant student recitations of text to the sole teacher were common. But as cities in the young nation grew and a constant flow of immigrants flowed into cities, the one-room schoolhouse could not accommodate large numbers of students. State educational policymakers of the day sought a more efficient, lower cost way of organizing tax-supported public school. The emergence of age-graded schools in mid-19th century Massachusetts built to house students in grades 1 through 8 coincided with the spreading industrial economy and factory system. In the decades after the Civil War, this school structure became common across New England and Midwestern states,spreading into Southern states following 1865. One-room schools gave way to a different, seemingly more efficient way of educating young Americans. This age-graded structure seemed to educational leaders of the day as the best way to achieve the primary purposes of tax-supported public schools: turn children and youth into literate adults who had not only absorbed civic and social values held by the local community but also displayed those values daily in the home, workplace, and town square. The bricks-and-mortar age-graded building placed children of the same age in a room (e.g.,seven year-olds in the second grade) with one teacher stationed in each of the eight grades. At the end of the school year, each teacher would decide which students would be promoted to the next grade and which ones would be held back. By 1900, the age-graded school had become the dominant way of organizing schooling across every state in America. Even when subsequent innovations in funding and organizing schools arose (e.g., charter schools in the 1990s), age-graded schools were so taken for granted, that few reformers ever challenged this structure. It remains so in 2022. The second pattern of schooling in the U.S. that has emerged from the 18th and 19th centuries is how teachers taught students. Teacher pedagogy is linked intimately to the organizational structure of the age-graded school and the curriculum that state and local boards of education require teachers to teach. I have identified teacher-centered instruction as the prevalent pattern of teaching. This way of teaching is where the individual teacher makes the bulk of classroom decisions in seating students, managing class behavior, determining who can talk or leave the room, and, finally, deciding what content and skills found in the state curricular guides will be included in each daily lesson. Even with a dearth of sources and fragmentary data, a few historians, including myself, have documented this prevailing way of teaching. Beginning in the late-19th and early 20th centuries, however, challenges to that main way of teaching arose. Progressive educators in these decades sought a “New Education,” ways of teaching that permitted students to participate in classroom lessons and decide, based on their interests, what should be learned. Called student-centered instruction, educational reformers of the day–called “progressive educators”–sought ways of teaching that would incorporate students’ aptitudes and interests into those chunks of curricular content and skills that states and districts required teachers to teach. Here, again, historians have not only documented the presence of this new way of teaching that challenged the dominant practices of teacher-centered instruction but also made clear that the prevailing pattern of how teachers taught remained in place during these decades with only a small fraction of teachers ever embracing versions of the “New Education.” These two patterns, that is, the prevailing organization of the age-graded school and dominant teacher-centered way of instruction, characterized U.S. public schools in the past. They do so as well in 2022. Moreover, these patterns are central to understanding what goes on in schools and classrooms in the U.S. But suppose I am wrong. Suppose there are fundamental patterns of organizing public schools and teaching lesson in the past that I have missed or ignored. That is surely possible since historians have to deal in scattered sources, fragmentary evidence, and skewed sampling. Since I do read extensively about education, past and present, however, I have yet to find other patterns that educators in the U.S. have evolved (I invite readers who have observed or participated in different ways of organizing schools and teaching to comment). Or perhaps I am incorrect because there are other ways to organize classrooms and teach elsewhere in the world of which I am ignorant. This latter possibility of my being unaware of other patterns in organizing schools and teaching approaches in other nations is one I want to explore. I may be incorrect in claiming these historic patterns of schooling and teaching in the U.S. are present in other nations. In the next post, I begin to look at other countries’ systems to see whether the patterns I have identified in the U.S. appear elsewhere.	<urn:uuid:deafe161-1c07-4db5-98d0-673ca2996361>	CC-MAIN-2022-40	https://larrycuban.wordpress.com/2022/05/05/schooling-in-the-u-s-and-around-the-world-part-1/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030333455.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20220924182740-20220924212740-00101.warc.gz	en	0.971875	1,077	3.265625	3
By Anita Manning, USA TODAY In the fall of 2004, the USA's public health system got a nasty shock. British health regulators suspended the license of vaccine maker Chiron, effectively cutting the U.S. flu shot supply in half on the eve of flu season. That sparked a scramble for flu shots: Senior citizens stood in line for hours outside clinics and retail stores; busloads of Americans headed north to get vaccine in Canada, where supplies were plentiful; there were reports of vaccine thefts from doctors' offices; and politicians held hearings on Capitol Hill demanding to know what went wrong. Health experts blamed the shortage, and the resulting period of panic and prioritization of the remaining limited supply, on a shaky vaccine infrastructure that relied on too few manufacturers and 50-year-old technology. Two years later, what has changed? • Vaccine is still produced by growing flu viruses in chicken eggs, a process that takes at least six months. • The stability of the flu vaccine supply, though improved, is still not certain. • Vaccine delivery, dependent on speed of production and release of lots by federal inspectors, is still sporadic throughout the season. Yet the flu vaccine landscape has undergone significant reconstruction. Chiron has been bought out by Novartis. GlaxoSmithKline is selling flu shots in the USA, and other companies might soon enter the market. About 30 companies are working on developing technologies that could allow flu vaccine to be used more efficiently and produced faster and in larger quantities. "The big picture is that a great deal of progress has been made, but we're not done yet," says Julie Gerberding, director of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Flu causes an epidemic every year, striking 5% to 20% of the U.S. population, sending more than 200,000 to the hospital and contributing to the deaths of about 36,000 people, the CDC says. Vaccination is the best way to prevent it, Gerberding says. If all manufacturers are able to deliver as much as they say they can, there should be ample supply for this fall, she says. "We'll receive 100 million doses, the largest ever," Gerberding says. It could be considerably more than that — or less. GlaxoSmithKline's flu vaccine, Fluarix, was approved by the Food and Drug Administration in August, and four months later the company acquired Canadian vaccine maker ID Biomedical and its Fluviral vaccine. Now renamed FluLaval, that vaccine is under review and could get FDA approval for distribution in the USA this week. Last year, GSK made 8 million doses for sale in the USA, but if FluLaval is approved in time for this flu season, the company expects to produce flu vaccine doses in the "mid- to high 20 millions," GSK spokeswoman Jennifer Armstrong says. That possibility is a two-edged sword that has vaccine experts a little nervous. "The biggest change this year is the risk of oversupply," says Mark Mlotek, executive vice president of Henry Schein, a vaccine distributor. "Unless we get out the word of how important it is to be vaccinated," there could be consequences. "Oversupply leads to the other problem, which means manufacturers throwing out doses," Mlotek says. Keep vaccine makers 'happy' If that happens, manufacturers could cut production for the following year or abandon the market altogether, he says, as Parke-Davis and Wyeth did in 2000 and 2002, respectively. "Right now we're in a perfect place with four manufacturers, so if one does have a problem, you have good production," Schein says, but "we have to make sure there's enough demand to keep four manufacturers happy." If there's anything that public health officials have learned in the past several flu seasons, it's that "we have to prepare for the unexpected," Gerberding says. Vaccine supply problems have plagued the USA for years as vaccine makers either bailed out of the business, citing increasingly tight regulations that required expensive factory upgrades, or merged with other manufacturers, reducing the number of suppliers. A 2003 report from the Institute of Medicine noted that the number of companies making all types of vaccine dropped from 25 in the 1970s to five, not counting MedImmune, whose flu vaccine nasal spray FluMist was approved by the FDA in June 2003. Flu vaccine prices have increased in the past couple of years, but profits are low compared with those of many blockbuster drugs. The price doctors pay for flu vaccine is less than $15 a dose for shots and less than $21 a dose for FluMist, the nasal spray vaccine. New, more reliable vaccine-making technologies are under development, but they're at best five years from being ready for market. "We're essentially making influenza vaccine the same way they did in the '50s," says pediatric infectious-disease specialist Gregory Poland of the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minn. He sees a silver lining in the Chiron debacle of 2004: "That served as a wake-up call. It tended to not only grab the attention of government policymakers but legislators and smaller biotech companies, once money became available." The failure of the vaccine production and distribution system that led to chaos in fall 2004 raised questions about how well people might be protected in a pandemic. A call to arms Flu experts knew the vaccine system was "fragile and vulnerable," says the University of Utah's Andy Pavia, chair of a public health committee of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. But the shortage "hammered home how extraordinarily fragile things were. The people who needed to be able to do something, particularly at the top levels of (Health and Human Services) and FDA, woke up." Planning for a flu pandemic shifted into higher gear, and HHS has awarded more than $1 billion to speed development of new vaccine technologies and expanded production in the USA. Novartis is about to begin constructing a plant in Holly Springs, N.C., that will produce flu vaccine by growing the virus in cell cultures, rather than chicken eggs, a process that is "much more reliable" than current methods, says Joerg Reinhardt, CEO of Novartis' Vaccine and Diagnostic Division. The company is bullish on the vaccine business, he says, but "our decision to enter the vaccine market was not driven by (Chiron's) presence in flu. It's a long-term investment in a business area we think has long-term potential." Reinhardt says Novartis sees flu vaccine as growth business. "I think the market in the U.S. is still underserved," he says. He notes that the CDC is recommending annual flu shots this year for more than twice as many people as there is vaccine available. He says the Chiron plant in Liverpool, England, where contamination detected in the flu vaccine prompted British regulators to suspend the company's license in October 2004, has undergone major renovations and manufacturing improvements. "Last year 14 million doses could be produced in Liverpool and sold in the U.S.," he says. "This year, it will be double, and next year the amount will increase." "That is a very positive sign," Reinhardt says. "It encouraged us to invest in the U.S. The government is very much behind the campaign, much more than governments in Europe." The trend is likely to continue, says infectious-disease specialist William Schaffner of Vanderbilt University School of Medicine. "It's clear the (Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, which advises the CDC on vaccine policy), in concert with the pediatricians and family doctors, have been gradually expanding the list of persons in the risk groups," he says, this year extending the childhood recommendation from ages 6 months to 23 months to include all children 6 months to 5 years old. That signals a shift in thinking, from a focus on flu vaccination as personal protection to the idea of immunization for the greater public good, Schaffner says. Flu shots are recommended for babies, seniors and people with chronic illnesses because those people are at risk of flu complications serious enough to cause hospitalization or death. But the recommendation to immunize healthy children ages 2 to 5 "was based principally on the impact of disease as measured in doctor visits, antibiotics prescribed, health care costs, disruption of home life and the like," Shaffner says. A similar approach is behind the advice for immunization of health care workers and family members of people at high risk, he says. Vaccinating the healthy can benefit everyone, he says, by reducing disruptions at work or school and building a wall of protection around those who are vulnerable. "We don't want to give the flu to our patients, to Grandpa Jones or our family member who has diabetes."	<urn:uuid:19e22cb4-e7c0-4972-b9d8-4deb53d68655>	CC-MAIN-2017-17	http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/health/2006-09-24-flu-2years-later-cover_x.htm	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917125654.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031205-00219-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.96861	1,832	2.96875	3
The state that made smog famous is losing its half-century-old authority to set air pollution rules. President Donald Trump announced Wednesday on Twitter that the Environmental Protection Agency was withdrawing California’s authority to issue stricter vehicle efficiency rules than the federal government. The move was the latest in the administration’s efforts to loosen regulations aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Thirteen states and the District of Columbia follow California’s standards. Together, they account for a third of auto sales in the United States. California has pledged to fight the decision. “It’s a move that could have devastating consequences for our kids’ health and the air we breathe if California were to roll over,” California Gov. Gavin Newsom, a Democrat, said in a statement. “But we will fight this latest attempt and defend our clean car standards.” Trump tweeted that the administration was revoking California’s air pollution prerogative “in order to produce far less expensive cars for the consumer, while at the same time making the cars substantially SAFER.” Opponents said the action was illegal and unwise. “It slams the brakes on technological advancement and throws a wrench into states’ ability to deal with air pollution and confront the growing risk of climate change,” Ken Kimmell, president of the Union of Concerned Scientists, said in a statement. “It’s yet another way the administration is defying science, the law and democratic norms to enable increased pollution.” Led the way California has set its own air pollution rules since the late 1960s. Responding to eye-watering smog in Los Angeles, the state issued the nation’s first vehicle air pollution rules in 1966. When the 1970 Clean Air Act was passed, the state was allowed to request waivers to issue stricter standards than the federal government’s. The EPA has approved more than 100 such waivers, according to the California Air Resources Board. None has been revoked. It’s not clear if the EPA has the authority to take back a waiver once it has been issued, according to Richard Revesz, director of New York University School of Law’s Institute for Policy Integrity. “This attempt to revoke California’s authority has no legal basis, and it is an affront to the well-established rights of California and more than a dozen other states,” he said in a statement. Revoking California’s waiver is the first salvo in an attempt to lower vehicle efficiency standards nationwide. During the Obama administration, the EPA required auto manufacturers’ fleets to average 54.5 miles per gallon by 2025. The Trump administration plans to lower the standard to 37 mpg for model years 2021 to 2026. Automakers initially came to the administration asking for relief from the Obama administration’s vehicle efficiency standards. But several major manufacturers have switched sides. Ford, Volkswagen of America, Honda and BMW signed an agreement with California to follow the state’s efficiency rules. Other regulations targeted The Trump administration is working to undo climate regulations across the board. The EPA has loosened rules for carbon dioxide emissions from power plants and weakened emissions restrictions from oil and gas drilling of methane. The Department of Energy is relaxing efficiency rules for light bulbs. These rollbacks and others face court challenges. The Trump administration is rescinding permission California received in 2013 for programs that lower vehicle greenhouse gas emissions and mandate zero-emissions vehicles. The EPA says California does not need the waiver because these rules “address environmental problems that are not particular or unique to California.” Lower costs predicted The administration says revoking California’s waiver will lower costs for consumers and make newer, safer cars more affordable. EPA Administrator Andrew Wheeler told the National Automobile Dealers Association on Tuesday that automakers have to sell more electric vehicles in order to meet the higher efficiency standards. EVs cost more to manufacture but are less popular than conventional vehicles, he said. “One way for automakers to meet the standards is to lower the price of electric vehicles and raise the price of other, more popular vehicles, such as SUVs and trucks,” Wheeler said. “In other words, American families are paying more for SUVs and trucks so automakers can sell EVs at a cheaper price.” Environmental and consumer groups note that drivers spend less on gas under California’s standards. “The existing standards will save drivers money at the pump, cut hazardous air pollution and help us address climate change,” Luke Tonachel, director for clean vehicles and fuels at the Natural Resources Defense Council, said in a statement. “Cleaner, more efficient cars are cheaper to own because the fuel savings dwarf any initial expense.” The administration also says lowering vehicle costs will save hundreds of lives per year because it will be easier for people to buy newer, safer cars, a claim opponents question. “Pretending that automakers cannot make cars that are both safe and efficient is ridiculous,” Tonachel said.	<urn:uuid:6adb73c3-d1ed-4616-8af1-d98284dc471f>	CC-MAIN-2022-05	https://alaska-native-news.com/trump-cancels-californias-auto-pollution-rules/44687/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320301670.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20220120005715-20220120035715-00653.warc.gz	en	0.936643	1,076	2.578125	3
A collection of over 90 poems in various languages (Latin, Greek, Hebrew, English, French, Anglo-Saxon, etc.) written by Oxford students and graduates in celebration of Oliver Cromwell's Treaty of Westminster, which brought to a conclusion the First Anglo-Dutch War. The most notable contributor is John Locke, and his two poems - one in Latin (eight lines) and one in English (44 lines) - constitute his first publication. Bookplate of Robert S. Pirie on the front paste-down. (Inventory #: 26966)	<urn:uuid:53a9c3c4-c314-4000-82f1-789167304537>	CC-MAIN-2018-26	https://www.abaa.org/book/867608348	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267867364.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20180625014226-20180625034226-00637.warc.gz	en	0.927797	114	2.65625	3
Having flawless white teeth has more implications to your health than just granting a bright smile. Excellent oral hygiene ensures that you can get enough nutrients for the proper functioning of your body. You can chew the food properly, which makes the digestion process more efficient and get the most nutrients out of the food. There are innate connections between oral health and the overall health of your body. Oral health is a window that reveals details about your health, such as nutritional deficiencies or infections. The first symptoms of several diseases become apparent in the area around the mouth initially before any other part of the body, such as AIDS, diabetes, and many more. Besides preventing tooth decay, bad breath, and gum disease, healthy oral health can aid in keeping your teeth when you grow old. Without further ado, let us take a look at how good dental health can help in improving your overall health. How Dental Health Can Improve Your Overall Health 1. Lowering Your Risk Of Heart Disease The inflammation of gums due to periodontal disease has an interconnection with cardiovascular issues such as heart disease, strokes, and blockage of blood vessels. According to an NIH funded study on periodontal bacteria in the mouth, there are independent links between heart disease and gum disease. The infectious bacteria which can fester in an unhygienic mouth can penetrate your blood vessels and finally cause blockages in the arteries. There are also findings of the presence of periodontal bacteria in the blood vessels of patients suffering from atherosclerosis. 2. Preserving Your Memory Oral health has links with your memory retention skills and you can enjoy good memories in old age by maintaining your oral health. A publication in the Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery; Psychiatry states that healthy adults have a better memory and cognitive skill than those suffering from Gingivitis. People who have gingivitis also perform miserably in other skills useful in daily life such as subtraction and deferred verbal recall. You can cut down the bacteria that causes Gingivitis in your mouth by regularly using toothpaste or antimicrobial mouthwash. You can effectively treat gingivitis by consulting with your dentist. If you have anxiety regarding procuring dental treatment, you can discuss with your dentist for using dental sedation to help you relax for the procedure. 3. Reducing And Preventing Diabetes Oral diseases such as periodontal disease have a connection with type II diabetes and diabetics have an additional risk of acquiring gum disease. Research by Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health proves that people suffering from periodontal disease have two times the chance for contracting type II diabetes. The need for additional research exists for establishing the reason for the correlation between the two diseases. The cause for the connection can arise from the fact that inflammations occur all over the body whenever oral infections progress, resulting in the disruption of the sugar processing ability of your body. Diabetes also inhibits the ability of the body to fight against infections which also includes gum infection which can ultimately progress into severe periodontal disease. Decreasing the risk of gingivitis by safeguarding your oral health can aid in keeping your blood sugar level under control. 4. Decreasing The Danger Of Inflammation And Infection In Your Body Subnormal oral health has a direct link with the advancement of infections in another area of the body. According to research, there is a strong association between the inflammation of the joint due to autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and gum disease. There are also resemblances between the loss of connective tissue that is identical in both cases of rheumatoid arthritis as well as gum disease. You can prevent the risk of gum disease and tooth decay by maintaining excellent oral hygiene, visiting your dentist routinely, and consuming a proportional diet. 5. Preventing Pancreatic Cancers A study in the Journal of the National Cancer Institute reveals that 76 out of the 216 participants who go on to develop pancreatic cancer have pre-existing periodontal disease. The study concludes that the link between periodontal disease and pancreatic cancer is due to the higher concentration of carcinogenic compounds in the mouth due to inflammation. 6. Avoiding Pregnancy Complications And Osteoporosis Research indicates the association between gum disease and the birth of lower weight and preterm infants. Pregnant women may also experience gingivitis or gum infections which can arise due to fluctuating hormones due to pregnancy. The bacteria which cause gingivitis and periodontal disease can incite growth and developmental issues to the growing fetus. The bacteria present in the oral cavity releases toxins that can travel through the bloodstream of the mother and reach the developing child via the placenta. Osteoporosis is a bone-weakening disease that has connections with periodontal teeth and bone loss. Certain medications useful for treating osteoporosis also cause loss of bones in the jaw. Having a healthy mouth also improves your self-confidence and your ability to effectively participate in social interactions. You can maintain good oral health by maintaining a healthy oral hygiene routine which reduces your risk of contracting serious diseases and maintain good overall health. A host of disparate bacteria inhabit the mouth of a human being and they can cause several diseases such as tooth decay, periodontal disease and much more. Excellent oral health can even aid in preventing memory loss for people in their elderly years. According to research, the advanced form of Periodontal disease or Periodontitis has links with cardiovascular health and heart attack. Pregnant women who are having periodontal disease also pose the risk of delivering before the completion of pregnancy term or give birth to infants under the nominal weight. Cultivating healthy oral hygiene habits such as brushing twice in a day, flossing and rinsing the mouth with an antiseptic liquid at an early age can prevent oral diseases in the long term.	<urn:uuid:3a7f5fa5-553b-413e-bdba-155681b82b98>	CC-MAIN-2021-43	https://nano-b.com/blogs/news/how-dental-health-can-improve-your-overall-health	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585380.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20211021005314-20211021035314-00614.warc.gz	en	0.939843	1,203	3.09375	3
This listening comprehension activity involves crossword puzzles between two students, where Student A has the target language clues for student B, and vice versa. This will require making two different crossword puzzles and cutting/pasting the clues onto the other puzzle. There are many crossword puzzle makers online. - Student A will ask Student B for a particular clue, e.g. “5 down” - Student B will read the clue in target language to Student A - Student A will fill in the target language answer on his/her crossword puzzle - Student B will ask Student A for a particular clue. The above pattern will continue until both crossword puzzles are completed. Like I stated earlier, I have not used this activity in quite awhile and never in a CI classroom setting. I was a bit hesitant about posting this activity, because I can see both benefits and drawbacks. As a result, I will discuss both here: - This is a great language lab activity, where partner pairs are scattered. Since partners are not seated directly next to each other, they must solely rely on listening. - This is another post-reading activity to review a passage/story. You can take actual sentences from the reading or ask questions about the reading for students to answer. - In using known sentences from a passage/story, students are continuing to receive understandable messages in the target language. - It is a novel way to get students to interact with both the language and each other. - Because students are working with crossword puzzles, it relies on them knowing the correct spelling of the words. As most students are at the novice/intermediate levels of language proficiency, their target language spelling skills are still developing. In doing a crossword puzzle, correct spelling is absolute key. In my opinion, adding a word bank does not really solve the problem and actually works against the concept of a crossword puzzle. - If one is using this to review a story, students need to know the story well by the time you introduce this. So CI teachers out there, try out this activity, and let me know how it goes, any changes which you made to it to make it more comprehensible, etc.	<urn:uuid:8616c6c4-14ed-41f3-898a-45e44db6a47d>	CC-MAIN-2018-51	https://todallycomprehensiblelatin.blogspot.com/2018/02/partner-crossword-puzzle.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376823738.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20181212044022-20181212065522-00265.warc.gz	en	0.939931	455	4.28125	4
The carnation's Latin name Dianthus comes from the Greek words for god and flower. Carnations are perennial flowers and come in shades ranging from white to dark pink. They thrive in containers both indoors and out as well as planted in the garden bed. They bloom from spring until fall, dying back after the first hard frost in autumn. They prefer full sun in well-drained soil for greatest blooms and plant health. They reproduce via seeds, cuttings or divisions. A single carnation plant has both male and female reproductive organs, allowing them to self-pollinate and form seeds. The male organ, or stamen, is covered in pollen. Insects and sometimes birds pick up this pollen and transfer it to the female part of the flower called the pistil in the course of feeding. Carnations require pollinators with long proboscises as their flowers are deep, making access to the pistil difficult for smaller insects. After successful pollination is achieved, the flower begins to die off and the seed head matures. Grown in containers indoors, carnation seeds are started in early spring six weeks before the final frost date. Outdoors they are started in late spring or early summer after all danger of frost is past. Carnation seeds require moisture and heat in order to germinate, and the emerging seedlings require light as well. Well-drained garden beds are best; otherwise, the seeds will rot in overly soggy soil. Bottom heat from a seedling heat mat speeds indoor germination. Covering pots or beds in plastic preserves both the heat and the moisture. Carnations germinate in 14 to 21 days when conditions are right. Pollination isn't necessary when reproducing carnations via cuttings. Most commercial carnation growers propagate with cuttings as the new plant is a clone of the parent plant the cutting came from. The small side shoots that form around the main stem are called suckers. When removed before the carnation during fall or winter, the suckers have the ability to grow into a new plant. They are rooted in potting soil and kept moist. Adding a rooting compound, sold at nurseries, to the soil encourages growth of roots and leaves. Dividing mature carnations plants every one to three years is another way to reproduce the plant without it being pollinated. Dig up the whole carnation plant, including the entire root ball, in order to divide. Work the roots apart gently, either using your fingers or a garden spade to separate them depending on how tightly they are wound together. Plants are divided roughly in half, though older plants may be divided into three or four divisions depending on size. Both plants from the division are then replanted as two new plants.	<urn:uuid:30a2bdd7-5dc9-438e-aedf-cc267f8161b6>	CC-MAIN-2019-26	https://www.gardenguides.com/77043-carnations-reproduce.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560628000353.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20190626134339-20190626160339-00074.warc.gz	en	0.944051	562	3.75	4
History of the Swahili People The Swahili people were traditionally found living in the coastal areas of East Africa. They are descended from groups known as Cushitic Herdsmen who used to live in these same areas before later being joined by the Bantu tribal peoples, including the Mijikenda, with whom these people married. It is also known that around AD 700, there arose Arab settlements in the form of coastal towns in the region, and the Persian traders and those from Arab communities married the local women living around this coastal region. Between the 9th and 12th Centuries AD, the Somalian Benaadir coast and Jubba River Valley were also regarded as major settlement areas for all of these peoples which were increasingly coming together and intermarrying. The area which includes the mainland areas along the African coast are the areas of Kenya, Tanzania, and Somalia to which the Swahili call their ancestral homes. The people who are the inhabitants of the area stretch from the Tana River in Kenya to the Somalian region known as Webi Shebelle. These people reside in the Africa’s Great Lakes Region, and also cover the areas of the Zanzibar Archipelago, the Tanzanian seaboard, the northern area of Mozambique, and the main inland areas near the Kenyan coast. The other areas occupied by the Swahili are the Indian Ocean Islands, as well as the Pate and Lamu island areas off of the Kenyan coast. The Swahili Language The people living in this area mostly speak the Swahili language, and they are also the members of the Bantu sub-groups and belong to the family of Niger-Congo peoples. The other people who are included among those which speak the native Swahili language are the people from the Comoros Islands and the Mijikenda people belonging to the nation of Kenya. It is mostly found that they use words which are similar to Arabic due to the historic influence of Arab settlements in the region. Even in the Great Lakes area, this language is still spoken by the urban people, and has also served as the native language for many in postcolonial times. Traditional Ways of Life The Swahili people mostly follow Islamic religious beliefs, and their lifestyle is also similar to that of many Arab cultures in that they do not generally allow women and men to mix freely with each other. It is commonly seen that the men can be usually seen working and roaming in the public areas, whereas women live in their houses only, and can speak to the people belonging to their same gender exclusively. They follow these modest behaviors, and mostly such decisions regarding women and youth living in the family are made by the males. Notable Swahili Individuals There were many notable Swahili people who held great positions too and they are: - Salim Ahmed Salim of Zanzibar, who was the Sixth Secretary General of the Organization of African Unity. - Abeid Karume was the First President of Zanzibar. - Zakia Meghji was the Former Minister of Finance of Tanzania. - Najib Balala, the current Kenyan Cabinet Secretary for Tourism. Ongoing Threats to the Swahili CultureThe Swahili people mostly live near the Peninsular Coasts, but their life is now increasingly being disrupted by the sectarian conflicts carried out among the Somalian people. This has posed a threat to the regional community, people's lives, and the culture at large. The danger is also seen along the Banadir coast of Somalia around Mogadishu, which has been looted by militant groups and individuals, and as a result people have to flee the towns in the area and leave their own homes for other's elsewhere.	<urn:uuid:097aa64d-e6cf-46ac-bbfc-bbf599b412cc>	CC-MAIN-2017-30	http://www.worldatlas.com/articles/who-are-the-swahili-people.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549425254.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20170725142515-20170725162515-00717.warc.gz	en	0.980177	775	3.828125	4
Arguably, the disguises mentioned in this article may be the most outrageous but believe it or not, they worked! The Fake Tree If you are wondering how to fake a tree, you can check out how the Jerries [this author assumes you know who they were] did it way back in World War One. The setting for this outrageous disguise was the Oosttaverne Wood located near Messines, Belgium and the year was 1917. Oosttaverne Wood was a “dead forest “. It was made up of a hundred or so dead trees with a muddy ground and surrounded by more nonliving matter. As the Germans wanted to spy on British artillery but couldn’t do so [a spotter hiding behind a dead, leaf-bare tree would be very, very obvious], they came up with an outrageously brilliant disguise for their spy — a fake dead tree. So, they fashioned several sections of steel pipes into an armor-plated fake tree that stood 25 meters tall completed with painted iron bark. So as not to raise any suspicions from the enemy [a dead tree growing overnight would be very questionable, right?]. The German troops had to cut a real dead tree down in the dead of night so that they could fix their fake tree in its place. And as axing down the tree produced loud noises, they had to do the cutting under the cover of artillery fire. With all these done, the fake tree was put in its place with a German soldier sitting [at least, a chair was structured] inside spying on the Tommies through a small window. The biggest surprise of all was that the Germans were able to get away with their “fake tree” scheme for SEVEN UNBELIEVABLE MONTHS! It wasn’t until the Brits blew the Germans’ trenches from below that the artificial hollow tree with a German soldier inside was discovered. Even then, they camped beside it for a while before they took notice of it and eventually found its secret. Talk about being too effective! The Fake Horse Carcass Well, World War One was one war of camouflages as the next item in this list of outrageous but genius disguises were from this conflict as well. How do you sneak up on your enemy when there’s a wide expanse of No Man’s Land in between you two? The French had the perfect answer to that — a fake horse carcass. The exact story of how the French came into this fascinating disguise is unknown. It is commonly known that horses were very vital and widely used during the Great War that was why it was no wonder the land between trenches were not only littered with the remains of dead soldiers from both sides but with horses’ remains as well. It would have been in between fights that the French realized that the size of a dead horse’s body was big enough actually to hide a soldier inside. Of course, using a real dead animal was horrifyingly disgusting so, they opted for a safer and less repulsive approach — by making a fake horse carcass through papier-mache. So, they made just that — a papier-mache horse a with a hollow body big enough for a single sniper to crawl into and a gun port built inside situated at where the anus was supposed to be. When night came, French troops dragged the body of a dead horse off from the desolated No Man’s Land and replaced it with the fake one with the sniper inside. That soldier even had a wire with him connected to his trench so that he could report back the whereabouts of the enemy. The disguise worked until the third day when a German soldier spotted the sniper getting out of the decoy. The Jerries went on to destroy it, but that didn’t stop the French from making more fake horse bodies. Fake Cruise/Merchant Ships The third in this list of crazy but brilliant war disguises is still from the Great War, particularly in naval warfare. Apparently, German U-boats were causing heavy losses for the British shipping industry during the first few months of the conflict. Furthermore, the German submarines were attacking ships that couldn’t defend themselves – like merchant sea vessels – that were either not escorted, older or smaller. As the British badly needed the supplies brought by these merchant ships, its army’s high-ranking officers decided to do something about the problem. The solution? Let British warships pose as innocent merchant vessels and even cruise liners to lure the German U-boats and eventually, bring them to their end. The plan was logical, alright, but the antics the British Navy employed to carry out the disguises were downright crazy! While some warships were made to look like either old unarmed vessels or merchant ships, some were made to look like cruise liners complete with soldiers playing passengers on vacation. Some even had to pose as women – in complete costumes – lounging on the ship’s deck and cuddling to their comrades. They also practiced a simulated “abandon the ship” scheme wherein half of the crew of the vessel would “panic” when the U-boat surfaced making a show of running frantically into each other, screaming, tripping, falling and even abandoning the ship. The other half stayed hidden to man the ship’s guns. When the U-boat surfaced and got shot-distance close, all hell would break loose. Reportedly, some 70 German U-boats fell for this disguise with 14 sunk. This fact made WWI soldiers who cross-dressed the seventh in the list of leading causes of death during the Great War. The fake identity guise is too commonly used when it comes to warfare. But then, some just take their fake identity disguises to a whole new [and outrageous] level like these below. First stop, the American Civil War. 21-year-old Sarah Emma Edmonds cross-dressed as a man to get into a Union Army as she felt it was her patriotic duty to serve her country and the side she believed in. Sarah, as Private Frank Thompson, went on to become a master of disguises assuming several identities – men and women, mind you – to spy on the South. One time, she dyed her skin black using silver nitrate [she was a white lady], donned a wig, assumed the identity of a negro named Cuff and walked right up to the Confederates announcing that “he” wanted to work for them as a spy. She must have looked and sounded so convincing that the they bought it. Eventually, they ended up losing plans to a fort and Sarah was able to learn about the identities of several Confederate spies which she brought with her – along with the plans – as she “escaped” back to Union lines. World War Two may not be fraught with crazy but genius disguises compared to the Great War, but there were one or two worth mentioning in this article. One example of WWII’s version of great but crazy disguises was Operation Jaywick. It was in 1943 when a 28-year-old British officer teamed up with a 61-year-old Australian civilian in coming up with a plan to attack the Japs harboring in Singapore. They were going to pass themselves off – along with a team of Commandos – as Malay fishermen traveling from Australia to Singapore then eventually, destroy Japanese ships moored in Singapore Harbor using limpet mines. Their plan relied heavily on their disguise not being discovered. There was just one big problem — how would they be able to play the roles of brown-skinned Malay fishermen convincingly when the team was made up of white soldiers? Well, they dyed their skin brown, donned on the usual garb of Malay fishermen, get on a Japanese coastal fishing boat owned by the Australian civilian who devised half of the plan. They traveled 2,000 miles to Singapore and mind you, the waters between Australia and Singapore were controlled by the Japanese at that time. Unbelievably, their plan succeeded! They were able to sink seven Japanese ships and their travel to and from Singapore was uneventful except for one frightening moment when a Japanese patrol boat approached their vessel carefully. The Highest Honour – an Australian-Japanese Film about Operations Jaywick and Rimau But arguably, the craziest example of these fake identity disguises happened in 1973 during the Israeli raid on Lebanon known as Operation Wrath of God. Some of the members of the group of Israeli commandos who executed the plan were made to look like women [yes, they cross-dressed] and they were paired off with their comrades to pass off as lovers. They were able to walk past bodyguards and security successfully killing their targets including three PLO [Palestine Liberation Organization] leaders. One interesting fact about the above-mentioned account was that among the Israeli commandos who cross-dressed for the operation was one who became Israel’s 10th Prime Minister, Deputy Minister and even Defense Minister — Ehud Barak. A perfect example for crazy fake army disguises that the other side actually bought was WWII’s Ghost Army, a tactical unit of the US Army built purposely for deception. True to its name, the unit’s members were tasked to mimic other US Army units [the real ones] to confuse the enemy. The Ghost Army used fake and inflatable tanks, trucks, artillery and went on to utilize the sounds of soldiers moving about to fool the Germans into thinking the US had troops in a certain place when there wasn’t. Because of the unit’s works, German troops were deflected from the locations where larger Allied combat units were positioned. However, the Ghost Army was not an original idea by the US Army. They copied it from the British who used the same tactic for the Battle of El Alamein in 1942. Another ghost army-ish account dates back to the 1999 Kosovo War. NATO sent a great number of warplanes to take offensive – literally rain ammunitions down – against Serb troops in Kosovo for about two months and two weeks straight. After the campaign, NATO commanders reported that the force they sent in Kosovo destroyed a total of 120 tanks, 220 armored personnel carriers, 450 pieces of artillery and killed off a total of 5,000 Serb soldiers. But to their surprise, the Serb army that rolled out of Kosovo after the war ended was pretty much the same as the one that moved into the country at the start of the conflict. So, what did NATO’s warplanes hit during their 78-day siege against the Serbs? Fake trucks, tanks, and even soldiers. What was crazy and funny was that the Serb army did not even try very hard to fake their own. For one, they made artillery guns out of pipes and plastic sheets! The Fake Island How do you make a big ship pass through enemy-infested waters and air without being singled out? Our Dutch mates from World War Two had the perfect solution — by camouflaging it as an island! As crazy as that sounds, it did work. Why would it be included in this list of crazy disguises if it did not serve its purpose? February 1942, Battle of Java Sea. The Japs had managed to wipe out an entire Dutch-American-Australian-British combo fleet except for one. The minesweeper Abraham Crijnssen was the only Dutch warship left standing, er, sailing. The problem was, the ship did not possess any guns to combat the enemy and was severely slow sailing that its crew knew running straight towards Australia would only end up in disaster and them being fodder for the sharks. So, they came up with the idea of disguising the Abraham Crijnssen as juts one of Indonesia’s 17,508 islands. The crew set out to paint the ships’ vertical surfaces making them look like rock cliffs while real trees were cut out and placed on deck to make it look like a jungle canopy. So as not to raise suspicions, the Abraham Crijnssen “island” only moved at night. In the mornings, the Abraham Crijnssen anchored near the shore to make the ship look like another Indonesian island. For eight days, the ship and its crew kept the charade up until the Abraham Crijnssen reached Australia. Here, the ship fought with the Allied troops until WWII ended.	<urn:uuid:db921a07-344c-42aa-b98c-d1088092bb39>	CC-MAIN-2019-04	http://www.warhistoryonline.com/war-articles/some-of-the-most-outrageous-but-genius-disguises-in-war-history-crazy-but-they-did-work.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547584518983.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20190124035411-20190124061411-00226.warc.gz	en	0.98132	2,592	2.890625	3
The sculptors of Chartres, who like its architects and glass artists remain nameless, are to thank for much of the cathedral’s splendour. The sculpture at Chartres was intended to exceed everything that had gone before it, both in terms of the extent of its message and the quality of its representation. Unlike the stone used to build the walls, the stone for the sculpture was not taken from the local Berchères quarries. A much finer and more evenly grained limestone was used, brought at great expense from quarries near the banks of the Seine and Oise rivers in the Paris region. It would have been transported by river, along first the Seine and then the Eure. There are approximately 4,000 carved figures at Chartres. The two great portals opening on to the arms of the transept, each comprising a tripartite porch, feature a munificent decoration designed to complement the theological message given by the west portal in an arrangement and profusion of carvings unique among the great cathedrals.	<urn:uuid:04755a90-1a30-49f9-9703-68dffe2bd3dd>	CC-MAIN-2019-47	https://www.chartres-csm.org/en/the-cathedral/the-sculptures-on-the-transept-portals/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496670389.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20191120010059-20191120034059-00192.warc.gz	en	0.967386	214	2.640625	3
Photosynthetic processes can be split into two groups, those that are involved in converting light to charge and those that use the chemical/electric potential generated by the former to produce sugar. The reaction centre (RC) is at the core of the light-to-charge conversion of photosynthesis, both in plants and in bacteria. It is a complicated pigment-protein complex, with many different chemical structures. The proteins (curls) form a scaffold for the cofactors (colourful, hexagonal structures), which are involved in the light-to-charge conversion. Light is captured by pigments, which creates an excitation in a molecule. This excitation is transferred to the reaction centre, rendering the molecule it originates from positively charged. In the RC two coupled molecules called the “special pair” help separate this charge from its original molecule for good. To better understand this function, some more abstract models have been created, that describe the reaction centre as a Quantum Heat Engine (QHE). A heat engine converts thermal energy to mechanical energy by bringing its working substance (e.g. a gas) from a high temperature state to one with lowered temperature. An example being the Otto cycle that describes a car engine. Like a normal heat engine, a QHE converts thermal energy (e.g. radiation from the sun) into useful work (a chemical or electric potential). However, instead of going through a continuous spectrum of energies (from high to low temperature), a QHE consists of a cycle through different, discrete energy levels. Let’s have a look at the model of the special pair proposed by Creatore et. al. The special pair consists of two donor molecules ( and ) with degenerate energy levels and and one acceptor molecule A. The donors interact with light through their dipole moments which are parallel to each other and of the same magnitude. Their dipole-dipole interaction couples the two molecules together, forming two new excited states and . Their dipole moments get added to each other in the same way, resulting in a bright () and dark () state. Only the bright state can absorb photons to excite energies from the ground state . To avoid losing this gain in energy to recombination, the excited electrons have to be funnelled off to the acceptor molecule. However, using the coupled energy states as a basis, the transfer of electrons only occurs from to the acceptor excited state . The transfer from the higher state is suppressed. Fortunately, there is an efficient mechanism to move population from the bright to the dark state. By emitting energy into the protein scaffold through vibrations, the excitation can relax down to the dark state and from there move to the acceptor molecule. Now the charge is properly separated from its origin and can be used for work. Even though the movement through all these energy levels involves a lot more details if looking at the specifics, using this model, the various parts of the process can be studied individually to pin point effects which might increase efficiency.	<urn:uuid:6b25809d-9814-4d7e-8b1e-b67669ce814d>	CC-MAIN-2021-17	https://spherushi.com/2017/10/photosynthetic-reaction-centre/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038087714.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20210415160727-20210415190727-00592.warc.gz	en	0.938535	620	3.90625	4
Morphological budgeting is a key method for monitoring and studying sediment transfers within gravelly rivers. We assess the utility of traditional cross‐section approaches to budgeting using Digital Elevation Model (DEM) analysis. DEMs give a more accurate volume calculation within the constraint of sampling frequency compared with cross sections, since a greater area of river bed is sampled. DEM volume calculation within the 1.7 km ‘Three Beaches’ reach in the upper Motueka revealed a net loss of 3219 m3 in this reach between 2008‐2009. Comparisons of this value with cross section‐based volume calculations at a range of section spacing using (i) Mean Bed Level (MBL) analysis and (ii) DEMs generated from cross section data, suggest accuracy of the budget is maximised at a critical cross section spacing not exceeding 90 m. Careful positioning of cross sections could lengthen this distance further and is essential to accurately represent river channel morphology. MBL analysis using cross‐sections in the reach monumented by Tasman District Council (TDC) for river monitoring underestimates the magnitude of net sediment transfers by c. 30%.	<urn:uuid:9a30b87f-1aeb-4f12-a7dc-096f9478eeee>	CC-MAIN-2017-51	https://mro.massey.ac.nz/handle/10179/1119	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948537139.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20171214020144-20171214040144-00769.warc.gz	en	0.88558	234	2.609375	3
81503 is not just a set of random numbers, but a symbol of an everlasting series of memories, spanning five years: Years that were filled with more sorrow, suffering and images of death than any human being should be forced to endure. This number was burned on the arm of Morris Glina, a Holocaust survivor, and my grandfather. On October 10, 1924 he was born in an upstairs apartment in Warsaw, Poland. Fifteen birthdays later he would personally experience history's most horrendous event. This tattoo has grown to symbolize the searing memories of inhumanity as well as the burning desire for hope, perseverance and survival (Glina Interview). Through the 1930s, as Adolph Hitler began to gain political power in Germany, [his] influence was felt in Poland as well. Anti-S.emitism began to flourish. Warsaw's Jewish families were feeling the effects of prejudice towards them simply because of the religion they practiced. Hitler converted German minds and resources into a fully militarized country and launched a campaign of destruction that would signify the beginning of World War II. Warsaw received the first air assault of any major European city Throughout the next four years, the Germans carried out a calculated plan to annihilate the city and its citizenry. In the end, some 500,000 Jews had fallen victim (Holocaust Learning Center). A week following the German occupation of Poland, soldiers herded all of Warsaw's Jewish families, including the Glinas', into a walled ghetto measuring less than one square mile. Between July 22°d and October 3`d, 1942, more than 300,000 inhabitants of the Warsaw Ghetto were sent to concentration camps and murdered (Holocaust Learning Center). Morris, along with his family, spent over a year in the ghetto before being transported to a concentration camp. Birkenau was just the first. Though isolated from the rest of society inside the barbwire walls of the ghetto, the family would grow closer and strengthen their memories that would last with them for the rest of their lives. Those memories would be all Moms would have to hold onto for strength and comfort through the duration of the war. After his arrival at Birkenau, Morris was separated from his family for the last time. 81503 was branded on his arm the day following his arrival. He asked the: Jewish worker tattooing his arm when he might see his family again? The man pointed to the sky," See the smoke... that's them traveling to heaven." (Glina Interview) After spending only two months in Birkenau, and still looking fit enough, Morris was selected to work at another concentration camp, Auschwitz, "The Death Camp" as it would come to be known. Morris, along with a group of nine other boys, was chosen to work as a bricklayer. This fateful decision would save his life. Throughout his imprisonment, tens of thousands of human beings were systematically gassed and incinerated if they were no longer capable of assisting Germany's war machine. On April 29t,1945, all the prisoners inside of Auschwitz were instructed that they were to be transported by train to another concentration camp. It is now known that the Germans had planned on slaughtering the remaining prisoners in the mountains in order to hide as much of the evidence as possible. Rumors of the worst kind began to circulate and my grandfather feared he was living his last day. In what could only be seen as a miracle, the train carrying Morris and others was stopped dead in its tracks in Tutzing, Germany by the United States Army. These seven hundred scrawny, ragged, sickly, barely human-looking, walking corpses were liberated (Glina Interview). The number tattooed on my grandfather's arm, 81503, should serve as a reminder and a lesson to humanity. It is symbolic of the pain and suffering he lived through. It speaks volumes of the bravery within him, and the strength of the human spirit. Although his parents didn't survive the crematories of the death camps, he was determined not to succumb to the Nazi plan. Morris never gave in to the evil nor questioned the purpose of continuing the fight. Still today, the survivors continue to suffer mentally from the persecution and indignities they faced during their imprisonment. Their stories must be shared with all because they are a living testimony. There is no better a tool for learning for future generations to come. There is, however, limited time left to speak with those who endured this ugliness. To hear and see, word for word and face to face, their personal accounts from histories most horrific event. We must never forget man's inhumanity to man because to do so would undermine the struggles of my grandfather and other Holocaust survivors, as well as the twelve million human voices whose words have been silenced, and faces been erased. The Nazis persecuted many groups other than just the Jews, a half-century ago. Among their victims were homosexuals, gypsies, the mentally ill, prisoners of war and political opponents of the Third Reich. It would be naive for us to believe that it is impossible for a similar atrocity to happen again in our times. Saddam Hussein gassed millions of Kurds in Iraq in recent history. In the Sudan, Hassan Turabi, once leader of the National Islamic Front, led a program of Islamization through genocide, and to this day slavery is still practiced. Modem day slaves can also be found as child carpet slaves in India or as cane cutters in Haiti and Pakistan. These acts of discrimination, intolerance and depravity must be recognized, not ignored. Humanity must be more aware of world problems, and collectively, we must make a concerted effort to impede the inhumane actions of corrupt leaders throughout the globe. Glina, Morris. Personal Interview. 11 The opinions, comments, and sentiments expressed by the participants are not necessarily those of Holland & Knight LLP or the Holland & Knight Charitable Foundation, Inc.	<urn:uuid:e8f89382-3146-4764-a266-c02f9b8f5c03>	CC-MAIN-2013-48	http://holocaust.hklaw.com/essays/2003/20031c.htm	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163052537/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204131732-00045-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.975917	1,248	2.984375	3
Photo: The Effects of Having Undocumented Immigrants as Parents: A Study A report from a Harvard developmental and community psychologist has revealed how being undocumented parents effects the lives of their children. In a recent Congressional briefing on “Children in Immigrant Families,” Prof. Hirokazu Yoshikawa of Harvard’s Graduate School of Education, stated, “Citizen children of undocumented parents show lower levels of early language and cognitive skills as early as at 2 years of age.” “These parents were afraid to enroll their kids in learning opportunities like high-quality center care and particularly the child care subsidies that would help purchase that form of care. And that’s because child care subsidies, for one thing, in our country require confirmation of earnings and employment. And despite the fact that these families were making such low level of earnings, that they more than qualified for subsidies for their citizen children, they were afraid to enroll their kids,” said Prof. Yoshikawa to NPR’s Michel Martin. “In many cases, with the undocumented moms and dads, our field workers were the first to tell them about things like public libraries. Our undocumented parents had more adults in the household, but less help with taking care of kids, help with making ends meet, help that they reported available to them. And that was puzzling to us until we realized that for the undocumented moms and dads, all the other adults in their household pretty much were undocumented as well. And that meant that the levels of information about learning opportunities for kids were just lower in these families.” Yoshikawa performed a three-year study of 380 infants from Dominican, Mexican, Chinese, and African American families, after which he wrote “Immigrants Raising Citizens: Undocumented Parents and Their Young Children.” In it he points out that immigrants are often viewed “as an economic or labor market problem to be solved, but the issue has a very real human dimension.” In the report to Congress, Prof. Yoshikawa highlighted the following ways in which the young citizen children are affected by their parent’s status. Citizen children of undocumented parents show lower levels of early language and cognitive skills as early as at 2 years of age. The lower cognitive skills of children of undocumented parents, compared to children of documented parents, place them at risk for lower achievement, and ultimately lower economic productivity, later in life. Undocumented parents experience higher economic hardship and psychological distress than documented parents. Undocumented parents in this study did not show different rates of cognitive stimulation of their young children. But they experienced hardship and psychological distress, in part due to fears of deportation, which in turn predicted lower cognitive skills in their children. Undocumented parents experience much worse work conditions — with between 30% and 40% working below the legal minimum wage in the current study, across the 3 years of research. Undocumented parents also experienced much lower rates of wage growth than other low-wage working parents in this study. These conditions contributed to their children’s lower cognitive skills. Despite their children’s eligibility for basic learning opportunities — center-based child care and preschool — undocumented parents face barriers to enrolling them. For example, these parents are reluctant to document their employment to enroll their citizen children in child-care subsidies. They are also reluctant to enroll their children in other supports, such as SNAP. He recommended policy changes that included that the undocumented be brought “out of the shadows,” ensuring access to “learning opportunities for children of the undocumented, and improving the working conditions of undocumented parents.	<urn:uuid:1bdb9483-2808-44eb-b7a7-d9943d07093f>	CC-MAIN-2013-48	http://www.hispanicallyspeakingnews.com/latino-daily-news/details/the-effects-of-having-undocumented-immigrants-as-parents-a-study/7824/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163050122/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204131730-00063-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.976852	742	2.796875	3
A MILLION of happy, self-centred habitants still live, little knowing and little known, among the other self ruling millions of the Empire. They were, originally, the habitants of lands “conceded” to Canadian seigneurs by the Crown of France, according to the theocratic feudal scheme of Richelieu. All emigrants were “good Catholics “Huguenots being expressly forbidden ; the firstfruits in their new home were apportioned to the Church ; and every able-bodied man was also bound to answer the King’s call to arms. The seigneur did homage for his lands, which he was obliged to settle on pain of forfeiture. The habitant paid seigniorial dues of cens et rente, ground his corn at the seigneur’s mill, baked his bread in the seigneur’s oven, and gave tithes of all fish caught in seigniorial waters. In those days Canada was administratively a part of France ; and, as every acceptable feature of separate French life has since been guaranteed by every succeeding Constitution and fostered by every feeling of intense race-patriotism, it is little wonder, nowadayswith every French disability long since forgotten and every present benefit appearing daily in a French disguise-to find the habitant still more devoutly French than ever. The term habitant is now generally applied to the whole country population but, as it excludes that other million of French-Canadians who live in towns or cross the line to work in New England factories, it still denotes the classes farthest removed from outside influences, most cut off by difference of language, readiest to look upon race and religion as one and the same, and always hearing, whether they will or no, the voice of the Mère-Patrie calling to them through every tale and song. If, then, we wish to understand something of their peculiar differentiation, we must consider them as having lived under the care of a great theocracy as still speaking a pure form of French, with truly derived adaptations to Canadian needs and as still cherishing a folklore quintessentially French both in letter and spirit, and distinctively Canadian only through much selection and a little variant development. Ordinary manifestations of priestly power are too well known to be dwelt upon here. We need only note that Canada has her share of them, and more. Every village has its towering church, its convent, school, and presbytère, with straggling clusters of little white cottages meekly grouped about them. The wealth of the Church is not only very great in itself, but simply overwhelming in comparison with that of the community at large ; moreover, it is free from all taxation. Yet, under the double stimulus of their own faith and priestly pressure, the people contribute enough to support a church living on pious offerings alone. There is, virtually, a State establishment n the Province of Quebec, with ” all accustomed dues and rights” ; and Provincial, Dominion, and Imperial authority alike have all united in guarantees for its continued security. And the habitant has generally been content with most things as they are. He believes that his lines are laid in pleasant places, and he knows that, however far afield they run, they will always, and surely, turn within the guardian circle of his mother Church. But, time and place and people all considered and the point of view once granted, there is no gainsaying the fact that the Church has fairly won her predominance over the mind and her pre-eminence within the soul. For the home-bound France of modern anti-clericals and perpetual colonial sterility has always been “le Soldat de Dieu ” abroad, sending generation after generation of her chosen sons and daughters to go forth pioneering for the Lord of Hosts. And her first Canadian martyr-missionaries, and their successors in less perilous times, have set up a standard of leadership which still makes the “black robe” a mighty power in the land. Illustrations of this power abound everywhere. The place-names were, originally, as various here as elsewhere ; but, as ecclesiastical power came home to the people so much more nearly than any other, the names of the local patron saints have now supplanted the place-names proper in quite two-thirds of the French towns and villages. St. Anne is the great exemplar of this victory in nomenclature. And the most important single instance is La Bonne Ste. Anne, the transatlantic Lourdes, where so many pilgrims gather that the entire population of London visit ing an English shrine would not proportionally outnumber these good Canadians. Equally apposite illustrations are by no means wanting in the comic vein. A habitant, who had unwillingly taken part in a very boisterous celebration of St. Patrick’s Day, summed it all up by making the saint the eponymous totem of all les Irlandas” C’est un terrible Saint, ce Sin-Pattarraque I” Another, after listening to my explanation of the points of likeness between the two different Churches, showed his appreciation of the Anglican position by the remark, “Eh, oui, Monsieur, c’est une espèce de religion comme il faut.” But the all-pervading influence of the “black robe” is nowhere better shown than by the way in which Christian songs have become engrafted on Canadian folklore-and folklore is always the last refuge of paganism. The “noel” D’oû viens-tu, bergère ? is a perfect Christmas picture-poem, become a folksong for childhood. Le Voyageur Chrétien is for the full vigour of manhood. And old age has the quaintly solemn religious dance, Il n’y a qu’un seul Dieu. The words of this are a French translation of a Latin paraphrase of the Series, once used for the initiation of Druidic novices. At the words Il n’y a qu’un seul Dieu the chain begins to turn, each dancer continuing in the same direction until the first line of the half-way coupletSix urnes placées, remplies, when all pause together to make profound obeisance to each other twice ; then, at its second line’ Cana, en Galilée, the chain continues turning until the series ends with les douze apôtres. The order of enumeration is then reversed and the dance ends, as it began, with the key-line so often used, Il n’y a qu’un seul Dieu. Strange that this series, of unknown antiquity even in Druidic times, should have come down, through all the Latinized conversions of the middle age, to find its last fulfilment here, in this Old-World corner of strenuous America ! And yet familiar too, for many an immemorial ark enshrines new covenants, made more appealing to the human soul. The Druids began and ended with vain elaboration–” There is no Series for the number One Fate itself, and Passing forth, the Father of Grief : Nought before, nor any After.” But the Canadians, though with the same Druidic form, are worlds apart with the new indwelling Spirit there, and faithfully content with the twice-sung line-Il n’y a qu’un seul Dieu. “Nought before, nor any After “but, with Unus est Deus, the soul flies back per omnia saecula saeculorum and forth again to all Infinity. The habitant speech is a very genuine old Frenchnot a patois, much less a degenerate form of any standard tongue. It is, indeed, the next-ofkin to Molière’s own, carried oversea two centuries ago by the most conservative of emigrants, and still living in unconscious fidelity to the France of the Grand Monarque. Its imported variants are generally of Norman origin, or nautical and military terms applied to everyday life, a very natural transference in a colony founded by seamen and maintained by force of arms. New conditions soon called for new expressions. Some Indian words were adopted ; and Anglicisms have since crept in at different times. But the natural growth of new Canadian terms out of pure Old French has always been the truest form of development ; and such terms have now acquired a legitimate technical precision in their New-World acceptations. When a habitant says he will acertainer, he is not using an Anglicism, but an excellent obsolete French word : did not Francis I himself tell the Parliament of Paris, on April 9th, 1526, “Que nous sommes duement acertenés” ? Bachelier and bacon have a similar history ; the English words coming from the Old French, which are now obsolete in Paris, but flourishing in Canada. The emphatic assavoir is still used here ; so is fiable, now only expressible in France by some such circumlocution as “digne de confiance.” People sometimes say cheux eux and ganif and astonished habitants always exclaim cray yez !-” croyez,” our own “who’d a’ thought it ! ” In spite of locks, doors are always barrées, as in the time of the ” gudeman ” hero of “Get up and bar the door.” A single line of Molière has two obsolete words still current in Canada : ” Demain, du grand matin, je l’enverrai quérir.” Du means dés and habitants still “go in quest of” what they want je va le kri. As nearly all the emigrants came by way of the north of France, we naturally find many northern peculiarities reproduced among the habitants. Such are : a for elle ; i for il, ils, lui or y ; amain, “handy” ; espérer, “to wait” ; houiner, our “whinny”; bers, a cradle ; and escousse as a space of time, instead of the space run in order to make a good jump. Pronunciation is decidedly broad and rather harsh ; with a for é, aw for a, sibilant initial dz for d, and final d, r, s, and t often sounded in places where they are now mute in modern French. A few military terms are very common in ordinary life. The personal effects which we call our ” things” are invariably known as “booty” butin. The big round ” steamer” on the winter stove is a bombe. A fur cap is a casque. And old habitants still talk of their village as le fort, in reminiscence of warpaths and scalping-parties. But nautical terms meet you everywhere. You steer your way about the country by the points of the compass. The winter roads are marked by buoys-balises; and, if you miss the channel between them, you will foundercaler, and become, like a derelict, dégradé. You must embarquer into, and débarquer out of, a carriage. A cart is radouée refitted. A well-dressed woman is bin gré-yée” fitted out to go foreign.” Horses are always mooredamarrés ; enemies reconciled by being ramarrés;. and winter heralded by a broadside of snow-la bordée de la Ste. Cathérine. Indian words are comparatively rare. Tobogane and mocassin are familiar to every one. Others are more recondite : like sassaquaw, ” no end of a row” ; micouenne, the big wooden spoon for the camp kettle ; ouaouaron, an onomatopoeic name for the bull-frog ; and ouannaniche, the land-locked salmon of Lake St. John. The use of English idioms is a very real danger; and, unfortunately, this insidious form of barbarism has perverted the truer ways of speech. Most of the common Anglicisms are merely bad superfluities forced into use by the closer pressure ,of modern Anglo-Saxondom. Steamers and trains being unknown until generations after the old French time we naturally hear of stimeurs, of “boarding” les chars, and even of a traction-engine as une espèce de stime ! Un Franças de France, who was superintending the erection of the Champlain monument in Quebec, could not get “un cric till someone thought of un djack-scrou. The habitant will clairer his land, curse with all the English he knows, and sometimes get un blackeye sur le nez ! When husband and wife go to town they can enjoy sand-wedges together, and she may buy des gants de kid, while he chooses a pair of trousers from une grande variété de pantings. Canadianisms proper are quite different, and altogether justifiable. In a country of canoes and waterways certain words soon became locally specialized. Aviron is always “paddle”; sauter, to “run ” the rapids bateau, a slow jib-and-mainsail river cargo-boat of some 40 tons. Portage has actually been taken by the Academy, which stooped to conquer an immortality of ridicule as well, by seizing upon this wonderful example ; ” Depuis Québec jusqu’à Montréal, il y a tant de portages” ! Ref oul is the strong Acadian contraction of “refoulement,” describing the sudden tumult of subsidence as the mighty ebb rushes out of the Bay of Fundy. Life in the woods has turned brûlé into a noun, meaning a burnt patch. Bois-brûle, however, is something very different. It means “half-breed,” in allusion to the darkening of the “pale-face” complexion. A road through sticky black earth is a pot-a-brai, or sailor’s pitch-pot. And “boucan,” “the place where hams are smoked,” has become boucane, meaning smoke itself, of any kind at all. Lumbering is responsible for the cageraft, cageuxraftsman, crible” crib,” and glissoire” shoot.” Sugaring has l’érablièrethe “sugar-bush” of maple-trees ; la sucrerie, where sugar is made dalleaux, nautically ” scuppers “spouts for “tap-ping” trees ; mouvettea stirabout “paddle” for the brassinthickening ” syrup ” ; cassottiny birch-bark cornucopia, full of “setting” sugar ; and la tireboth the “pulling” of half-hardened sugar and the “pulled” sugar itself. Snow and ice have their own vocabulary. Canadians go to le patinoir, not “le skating-rink” affected by Parisians. Les bordages are shore ice ; pont de glace, any stretch of ice capable of bearing traffic across water ; croûte, “crust” of snow, good going for raquetteurs snowshoers. The chief drawbacks to the pleasure of winter driving are the baraudage, ” slewing,” of the sleighscarrioles ; bourguignonfrozen clots after rain ; un chemin boulant, where hoofs “ball up”; and cahotsnot the bumpings of the carriage, as in France, but transverse gouged-out snow-ruts which cause the bumpings. And frasil, snow hanging suspended in water, is the natural foe of every miller. This ” fraw-zee ” is from ” fraisil “–” coal-dust.” Extremes meet in similitude ! There are few words to show that the seamy side of life has called for special terms. But the frequent use of zigonner, ” to saw a horse’s mouth,” is one proof of the lamentable fact that habitants are among the very worst horse-masters in the world. Unpleasing turns of thought, too, are revealed by the universal word for women-les créatures, by the bogey-name for the Devilla Gripette, and by the feminine form of ” tom-fool ” la bêtasse. But, in spite of these exceptions, and partly by reason of the general contempt for the opposite fault of affected fine language- parler en termes, the habitant’s own new-found phraseology will pass with the best. Even his distance de quelques arpents is correct enough, where farms are staked out “on the square,” and the side of an acre naturally becomes a fixed measure of length. Fumez donc is no bad form of inviting you to sit down and spend the evening ; nor could people whose axes are worth half a chest of tools describe a penniless but capable man better than by calling him un homme a la hache. And what an old-time charm there is in the everyday remark about any honest pair of loversle cavalier fréquente sa blonde ; in the high road being still le chemin du Roi ; and even in the word octroi, the Canadian use of which, in the original sense of “assistance granted,” takes us far back to the old largesse of princes. How deeply, too, must the patriarchal lore have touched a popular fancy which sees a yearly manna for the teeming rivers in the infinitude of those flies so aptly called la manne des poissons. And, surely, the name peculiar to Laurencian twilight is drawn from the very source of poetry itself ; for, at the chill of sunset, the warmed hill-tops smoke with thickening mist, the afterglow burns through the dusking brown, and then, when darkness and light have met awhiled la brunante, the Canadian day is over. Habitant folklore is one more witness to the scientific truth that older forms live longest in self centred and remote communities. For the habitant, coming out from the remoter Northern Provinces while mediævalisn still existed there, have ever since preserved their ancient lore in a new environment so very favourable to a segregated life. Priestly influence banished galanterie from the fête des noces and pagan wakes from every bel enterrement. The vaudeville meanings are not given to blonde and maîtresse. The cantica nefaria, abhorred by St. Augustine, are rare enough. Ste. Anne is invoked in song for missing sailor sons : “Bonne Sainte, rendez-moi mon filsIl vente-C’est le vent de la mer qui nous tormente.” And pagan rites are only known in their Christian guise : La Guignolée, or cutting of the sacred mistletoe at the winter solstice, becoming a Christ mas quête for the poor ; and the summer fire in honour of the earth-gods becoming le feu de joie de la St. Jean. But unconverted relics of paganism still survive. Within quite recent years an old magicienne has sold favouring winds to sailors. Little trees are still put up on new houses, though without any conscious purpose of giving a new home to the dispossessed spirits of the wood cut down for building. Marianne’s donkey changes skins at Michaelmas. Wise animals and talking birds abound. The miller tricks the Devil into a sack and ties him to the mill-wheel. The voyageur sings bonsoir, Lutin, and shares a common superstition with the fisherman, whose blanc, blanc loup-marin is a mermaid or werwolf. And the plus savante rival supplants la fille du Roi by means of the Black Art. The chief interest, however, centres in the folk-songs. Impersonal and objective in themselves they have the unselfconscious native insight of all true folklore ; and their appealing simplicity calls forth our sympathy at once and holds it fast with all the intimate and yearning charm of “Nature’s old felicities.” Not that they have any “natural magic” of their own ; for Nature is only a conventional background to some of their vivid little dramas. What really gives them their vital popularity is their intensely social qualities and it is this one companionable touch of Nature which makes them all akin. Habitants will always gladly turn away from the stern or beautiful immensity of Canadian scenes to sing their fancy back into that quaint, strayed, old-French life,, where all their common joys and sorrows of to-day still find a home. Verse and music are inseparably one. The more ancient airs link the songs still more closely with the past ; for folk-melody is far older than any modern music, and you may still hear Gregorian love-songs among the remoter habitants, while the more modern airs help to wing the verse both fast and far ; for many of them are singularly pure, some of them excellently apt, and a few have learnt the spell which binds ear and heart for ever. But, though man alone may form the burden of his song, the true Canadian folksinger is, in himself, always and everywhere a voice of Nature’s own. And once, in particular, I happened to hear his own wild melody blent with hers in supremely perfect harmony. It was far up the fiord-river Saguenay, amid a scene of beauty hushed in awe. The warm, mid-summer night was wholly calm, the great cleft gorges full of soft moonlight, which turned to gleaming silver at the touch of water, and floated there at rest, over vast, still depths. The two gigantic guardian Capes of La Trinité and L’Eternité flanked the little bay, where my tiny yacht swung quietly at anchor, as the last of the flood pulsed slumberingly along the shore. The white whales had come in here to seek their prey, and turned seaward again with a tumult of snorting plunges. A far-off loon had given his last weird, re-echoing laugh. And then there came anotherand this time a humanvoice, from nearer by, among the full-leaved shadows ; at first in wayward snatches, like a bird’s prelude ; but soon rising to the full outburst of a heart caught unawares, and singing unconscious of the world around. And this lone strain of love importunate was then as much a part of Nature’s wildness there as the cry of that calling night-bird, the mighty breaths of those leviathans, the deep pulsation of the tide, or the sheer silence of those everlasting hills.	<urn:uuid:d6b10536-fc54-4747-860f-cb64d3b17d87>	CC-MAIN-2015-32	http://canada.yodelout.com/the-habitant/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042986357.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002306-00009-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.925647	4,997	2.875	3
Mangrove forests are the X-Men of the environment: persecuted, little understood, but protecting innocents from death and destruction. Mangroves provide coastal areas with natural barriers from the devastation of hurricanes, cyclones, tsunamis, and tidal waves—superstorms that threaten to become the new normal if manmade climate change continues unmitigated. Superheroes they may be, but mangroves are declining worldwide due to human activity. A report published this month shows that the largest tract of mangrove forest in the world, the Sundarbans in India and Bangladesh, is degrading rapidly. According to the research, conducted by the Zoological Society of London, as much as 200 meters—that’s one-eighth of a mile—of mangrove forest is disappearing from the coastline each year, weakening the region’s natural protection from extreme weather events. Sundarbans translates as “beautiful forests” in the Bengali language. It is home to nearly 500 species of reptiles, amphibians, and mammals, including the endangered Bengali tiger—all of which are threatened by the loss of the mangroves. Mangroves are coastal wetlands found in tropical and subtropical areas, characterized by a rich diversity of tree, palm, and plant life that can live in salty, tidal conditions. Mangroves are relatively rare, comprising less than one percent of all forest areas. But they are also some of the most valuable ecosystems in the world, and they’re far more efficient at sequestering carbon than terrestrial tropical forests. Their disappearance releases stored carbon into the atmosphere; scientists are still debating how much. Intact, mangrove forests may be a key element in the fight against climate change. “Mangroves can hold carbon in place for hundreds of years. Most inland forests only hold carbon for about 50 years,” said Alfredo Quarto, executive director of the Mangrove Action Project. “When mangroves are disturbed by shrimp farming or by coastal developments, they release carbon at a high rate.” Unfortunately, disturbances to mangrove forests are common. An international team of researchers led by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and NASA recently published the results of a project that mapped the deforestation of mangroves over a 25-year time period. The researchers found that 35 percent of the world’s mangrove forests were lost between 1980 and 2000. Just 6.9 percent of mangroves currently exist within protected areas. “The current estimate of mangrove forests of the world is less than half what it once was, and much of that is in a degraded condition,” lead author Chandra Giri of USGS told Science Daily. In North America, several species of mangroves surround parts of the Gulf of Mexico. Florida has an estimated 469,000 acres of mangroves, according to the state’s department of environmental protection, providing protected nursery areas for fish, crustaceans, and shellfish, nesting areas for coastal birds, and ecosystem services like nutrient trapping and cycling. The devastating 2004 tsunami in the Indian Ocean showed what mangroves could do for human settlements too. The tsunami killed more than 200,000 people—and experts say the scale of disaster would have been even larger without the mangrove forests, which shielded coastal inhabitants from the sheer force of the tsunami’s waves. Agricultural production, tourist development, urban expansion, and especially shrimp farming make it hard for these valuable forests to do their work. Think of these activities as the kryptonite of mangroves, threatening their effectiveness and range. The Mangrove Action Project is leading a campaign to restore lost mangroves and educate the public about what they can do to help stop the decimation. Alfredo Quarto says shrimp farming in the global south is a major cause of mangrove deforestation—and that to help mangroves, we have to cut back on the shrimp scampi. “We’re seeing a huge demand growing in the U.S. for shrimp from Southeast Asia, South Asia, and Latin America,” Quarto told TakePart. “Shrimp farmers in many countries move into new areas every few years, causing the loss of mangroves. We want people to know about the problem and play an active role in what they consume. We could cut back our shrimp consumption and not be hurting in terms of the possibilities on our plate.”	<urn:uuid:4dd9dbbf-693b-4a84-a9bc-41e360d1e241>	CC-MAIN-2014-42	http://www.takepart.com/article/2013/01/15/mangroves-are-natures-super-heroes-they-are-not-invincible	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414637897717.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20141030025817-00146-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.947811	942	4.09375	4
Colón, city (1990 pop. 140,908), Panama, at the Caribbean end of the Panama Canal. Colón, the second largest city in Panama, was surrounded by, but not part of, the former Panama Canal Zone. Colón is an important port, commercial center, and tourist destination. It was made a free trade zone in 1953 and is the world's second largest duty-free port (the principal tourist attraction). The city was founded in 1850 by Americans working on the trans-Panama railroad and was named Aspinwall until 1890. Built on a swampy island, the city was often scourged by yellow fever until the sanitary work associated with the construction of the canal was completed under W. C. Gorgas. See more Encyclopedia articles on: Panama Political Geography	<urn:uuid:de531550-bf9d-45aa-b955-ebed6d85229a>	CC-MAIN-2017-04	http://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/world/colon-city-panama.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280504.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00423-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.967743	165	3.25	3
While waiting for some components for Experiment 23 of Make: Electronics I decided to create a simple Audio Amplifier. I had a LM386 chip lying around which is more than adequate for this purpose. My first goal was to create an amplifier circuit with it on the breadboard and do some experimenting with it. Maybe I can use this set-up later as a simple amplifier for my sons ipods or android phones. The LM386 is a low voltage chip making it ideal for a battery operated device. It has a OpAmp built in. See the image below for the pin layout. When pin 1 and pin 8 are not connected the gain is 20 but this can be increased to 200 if a 10uF capacitor is placed between these pins. Pin 4 and 6 provide supply voltage for the chip. Pin 3 is the input and a potentiometer connected to it will act as a volume control. Pin 5 is the output and can be connected to a speaker. There is plenty of literature and schematics on the LM386 on the internet. For now I choose the one used by HackaweekTV on YouTube (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3KyBrAoHMX8). It uses a 10K potentiometer for volume control and a 10uF capacitor to increase gain. Only a few components were needed so building it on a breadboard was straight forward. While testing it the amplification is excellent and the music sounds ok. Next time I will try to improve the circuit. \|Pinout diagram of the LM386\| \|Schematics of HackaweekTV used for this experiment\| \|Circuit on the breadboard with the audio jack and the speaker. On the left the 100uF smoothing capacitor.\| \|Close-up of the LM386 and the connections to all the components.\|	<urn:uuid:4192df16-284e-4916-b581-a99615490b5f>	CC-MAIN-2022-21	https://homehack.nl/create-a-simple-audio-amplifier-lm386-part-1/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662675072.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20220527174336-20220527204336-00055.warc.gz	en	0.935706	384	2.84375	3
When planning your indoor child care atmosphere, your big concerns should be the safety and health of the children in your care. You will need to look for future hazards in your child care area and take steps to stop injury and dangerous conditions. You should also think about how your area will promote safe play and learning for the kids in your care. Why hygiene is vital in child care? When you consider all the activities in a child care center – cute people running around with their small hands touching everything, crayons, sharing toys, playing in sand, books, touching furniture, food and eating utensils, it is no shock that germs can spread so simply. This high degree of physical contact creates an environment in which germs and bacteria thrive, spreading infectious diseases. So, it is important to keep a clean, sanitized and hygienic facility. How do infections spread? Infection can spread in different ways. Some germs are in the air, coming from sneezes and coughs while others are extend through direct contact with surfaces and objects. Encourage hygiene in child care services There are several hygiene techniques that can be put in place in child care facilities to minimize the danger of infection. Some of these procedures are for kids while others are for parents or adults. Some of these techniques include: - Regularly cleaning and disinfecting equipment, toys and overall child care center. Using a professional cleaner is a must; having the right cleaner can do wonders for any child care facility. There are many websites that allow you to find and compare cleaning quotes from many service providers. - Attracting children to follow principal rules of hygiene such as hand washing, not sharing drinks or food, covering mouth when coughing, using a tissue when they have a cold etc. - Encouraging adults to fully wash their hand and use hand sanitizers frequently. Avoid touching faces and rubbing nose and eyes. - Adhering to hygienic practices for toileting, nappy changing, and wiping kid’s noses - Maintaining hard hygiene practices in areas such as bathrooms, kitchens, rest/sleep areas and play areas. Encouraging families to support best hygiene and cleaning practices When a family practices best hygiene, it greatly helps the child care center as it will decrease the chance of carrying and moving infectious illnesses. Once again, one of the top methods for families to support the best hygiene practices of child care center is by drying and washing hands regularly. Additional, if families adopt the habit of washing their hands upon arrival and prior to leaving the facility, they will encourage good hygiene in children and greatly reduce the risk of bacterial transmission. More helpful hygiene reminders for family members Attract family members to reinforce hygiene habits is very helpful for all concerned. Some advises include: - Daily reminding children when to wash their hands, before and after meals, after the toilets, after playing with family pets or playing outside - Provide the kid with a change of underwear or clothes in case of accidents in child care - Most vital – keeping a child home if they are sick and only permitting the child to return once they are no longer contagious.	<urn:uuid:5949def5-feea-4514-8cda-cd7267427439>	CC-MAIN-2020-34	http://www.oncemusical.com.au/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439735906.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20200805010001-20200805040001-00191.warc.gz	en	0.95398	650	3.328125	3
Genes a A New Measure of Man William A. Haseltine Human Genome Sciences, Inc. About the LectureIn perpetual search of self, we ask: What are we? Whence to we come? Whither do we go? What distinguishes us from other living things? What distinguishes the quick from the dead? What is our place in the natural world? We are on the brink of a new set of answers to these vital, age-old questions. Our entire genetic blueprint will soon be open to view to provide yet another set of answers to these questions. What are we? Our form and function are determined by a set of genes each specifying a small element of our design. We are our genes, and now we know them. Whence to we come? What we call ourself is the physical manifestation of the DNA molecule that encodes our genes. This DNA molecule has passed for three billion years, from generation to generation. The DNA molecule within us is, in a very real sense, the same molecule as existed long ago. Our past is our present. Whither do we go? Our knowledge of genes has the potential to free us at last, from the whims of chance that have guided our physical destiny. Whither we go, is now a matter not only of chance but also of will. What distinguishes us from all other living things? All life is related by a thread called DNA. In a deep sense, all life is one. What distinguishes the animate from the inanimate? We are molecular machines, each piece architected at atomic resolution, each piece shaped by the information of our genes. There is no fundamental difference between the animate and inanimate. All are subject to the same cosmic laws. What is our place in the universe? How far down we have stepped from our classical pillar—at the center of the universe, we now see ourselves as inhabitants of a speck circling a spark. A genetic and molecular understanding reduces unique characteristics still further. We are of earth, from earth, to earth. About the SpeakerWilliam A. Haseltine holds a doctorate from Harvard University in Biophysics, and is a Professor at Dana-Farber Cancer Institute. Currently on leave of absence from Harvard Medical School and Harvard School of Public Health, he is the CEO of Human Genome Sciences, Inc., a Rockville, Maryland company working in the area of research and development related to novel genes from human, animal, plant and microbial origin. The President, Mr. Ohlmacher, called the 2038th meeting to order at 8:27 p.m. on January 20, 1995. The Recording Secretary read the minutes of the 2036th meeting and they were approved with a correction. The President then read a portion of the minutes of the 430th meeting January 19, 1895. The President introduced Mr. William A. Haseltine, President, Human Genome Sciences to discuss “Genes — A New Measure of Man”. It had long been observed that “like begets like”, but close observation of how inheritance of measurable traits really appeared to work (by Gregor Mendel and his successors after 1900) led to an initial, abstract definition of the gene. A gene is a discrete, nonmiscible, heritable trait. The nonmiscible aspect is most evident in the reappearance of recessive traits in the offspring of hybrid parents. DNA is now recognized as the physical material that embodies the abstract concept of genes. The most fundamental characteristic of DNA as the material of genes is that it manages to duplicate itself exactly on an atomic scale. Our current understanding leads us to a physical and functional definition of the gene. A gene is a length of DNA that specifies the biochemical instructions to make something, like a protein. When occasionally a new trait does appear, there has been a variation in the structure of a gene, a mutation, resulting in a change in a single piece of information, and altered instructions have led to the production of a different product. The new medicine enabled by these advances uses our own genes or gene products to correct or overcome disease. We now have the means through genetics to produce human proteins in other organisms, and harvest those proteins to use as drugs. Genetics can be used to predict future health patterns and problems. To continue these advances and use them effectively it is important that we have and be able to understand the total collection of human genes. The Human Genome Project began at the DOE and is being carried on by the DOE and the NIH. The technology of Expressed Sequence Tags (EST) was developed as one part of the Human Genome Project. EST technology isolates pieces of DNA from genes whose instructions are being actively interpreted. For various reasons this became an orphan technology that could not be conducted at or funded by the NIH. Human Genome Sciences took up this orphan technology, and after two years we believe we have now been able to isolate EST's from at least 95% of all human genes. This has been accomplished by means of robotics. The processes of picking colonies of cells from growth medium plates, growing those cells, isolating the EST's from their DNA and sequencing them have all been automated. We have a factory that produces information about the human body on an assembly line basis. Prior to our work 4,000 EST's had been isolated and sequenced. We have isolated 800,000 EST's and sequenced 400,000 of them. We can estimate that we have EST's from 95% of the human genes, because 95% of all known gene sequences can be found in an average of 4 of our EST samples, and each new gene reported can be found among our EST samples 95% of the time. In answering some age-old questions we would now say that we are atoms. There is no material difference between animate and inanimate, except in the level of organization of the material and its energy. Having a complete collection of genes can give us a deeper appreciation of how closely related we are to other living organisms. We know that life began about 3 billion years ago and was relatively stable as single-cell and simple multicell forms until about 600 million years ago when sex appeared and evolution really took off. Approximate number of genes bacteria (Escherichia coli) 3,000 yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) 6,000 worm (Caenorhabditis elegans) 12,000 fly (Drosophila melanogaster) 30,000 mammal (Homo sapiens) 100,000 The 3,000 genes in bacteria probably represent the approximate minimum number of genes that would be required by a self-reproducing organism. The increasing numbers of genes beyond that appear to arise chiefly by replication and variation of the basic set. In addition to enabling us to correct and overcome disease and to predict future health patterns and problems, these new genetics technologies will also permit gene therapy. Even more controversial, it will permit manipulation of the genetic heritage. The genetic future need no longer be a matter of chance. The President thanked the speaker on behalf of the Society. The President presented the name of one new member. The President then announced the speaker for the next meeting, made the parking announcement, and adjourned the 2038th meeting at 9:56 p.m. Attendance: 100 Temperature: +6.1°C Weather: cloudy Respectfully submitted, John S. Garavelli Recording Secretary	<urn:uuid:9fc6db2d-0d26-4cdd-bc66-eb978ea3c45e>	CC-MAIN-2022-27	https://pswscience.org/meeting/genes-a-a-new-measure-of-man/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103037649.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20220626071255-20220626101255-00443.warc.gz	en	0.950391	1,514	2.734375	3
In a world driven into a frenzy by 24 hour news cycles and constantly changing data feeds it’s easy to forget just how essential and fundamental memory is to our cognition. Our memory serves not only as the store of our knowledge and emotions, but also as the scratch pad on which our present experiences and activities are doodled. As victims or Allzheimers’ disease sadly remind us – Without memory we literally cease to be. Memory’s central place in human experience has motivated physicians and psychologists to study it in depth, and our topic in this post is the Serial Position Effect (SPE), one of the earliest modern theories about memory, and one which remains relevant to this day. The Serial Position Effect The Serial Position Effect was first proposed by a German psychologist Hermann Ebbinghaus (1850-1909) – best known for identifying and studying the Learning Curve. Ebbinghaus was fascinated with how we remember and how we forget. With precious little pre-existing research to rely on, Ebbinghaus had to establish his own experimental methodologies, which he based largely on learning and then attempting to memorize strings of nonsense words, with the goal of identifying how much of what he’d learned he could recall after given periods of time. Primacy & Recency It’s as a result of these experiments that Ebbinghaus was able to propose his Serial Position Effect Theory which states that when we attempt to remember any series of data (names, events, experiences, etc.) we’re likeliest to remember the first one (Primacy effect) and the last one (Recency effect). When we plot the likelihood of memory on a graph, it creates a U-shape – The start and end of the graph have a high chance of being remembered, but everything in the middle tends to be forgotten. It’s interesting to understand why this happens. Later studies contributed understanding regarding the contextual distinctiveness of the first position and the last positions in any series of events. In essence the first memory and last memory are, by definition, interruptions to the occurrences that preceded or followed them, and as such are distinctive, and easier to remember. Another theory explaining why these positions are easier to remember relates to the type of memory we use for remembering each position. Leveraging SPE for B2B Marketing How is Serial Position Effect applicable to everyday B2B marketing situations? Two easy examples are trade-shows and pitch scenarios. Primacy & Recency Affect Your Memory of Trade-show Leads Whenever your company is participating in a trade-show, or any networking event, due to the Serial Position Effect it’s naturally easier for you to remember the first few people you meet, and the last few, but everyone in the middle is likely to be forgotten, unless you take precautions and make an extra effort to remember them by collecting their business card and jotting down a few details of your conversation down in your CRM. For a Memorable Bid Pitch Use Primacy Another example of how you can leverage Serial Position Effect to your benefit is whenever you’re pitching for a bid against other offers. By now you can already guess that according to Serial Position Effect you should strive to be either the first to pitch, or the last. Those are the pitches your audience is likeliest to remember. That being said, due to the inevitable cognitive depletion that the pitch evaluators will experience throughout the process, it’s probably best that you always aim to be the first to pitch on any given date. So primacy effect plays to your advantage in pitching when you’re first because people find it easier to remember the first thing in a list.	<urn:uuid:f15ed94c-8810-442c-984f-343fcba66809>	CC-MAIN-2022-49	https://vimi.co/b2b-marketing/b2b-marketing-leverage-serial-position-effect/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710719.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20221130024541-20221130054541-00805.warc.gz	en	0.943698	773	2.859375	3
From the Beginning In 1841, when the Ann Arbor campus opened its doors, its faculty included only two professors, one in Mathematics and one in Greek and Latin Languages. This disposition reflected then-prevailing views about the nature of higher education. The earliest freshman curriculum, for instance, included courses in Greek and Latin literature, Greek and Roman antiquities, rhetoric, and grammar. By 1852, the study of Greek and Latin culture had grown sufficiently to permit their separation into two departments. This separation persisted until Greek and Latin were once more merged after the Second World War. During the last decades of the nineteenth century, as Michigan developed into a national research university, the two departments continued to exercise heavy influence on undergraduate education. Two of the Latin Department's faculty members (Erastus Haven and Henry Simmons Frieze) served as Presidents of Michigan, while another (Charles Kendall Adams) went on to become President of Cornell and then of Wisconsin. Of far more lasting impact on our Department, however, was Francis Kelsey, who served as Professor of Latin for nearly four decades from 1889 until his death in 1927. Kelsey's tireless acquisition of antiquities provided the core of the University's extraordinary papyrological and archaeological holdings. But Kelsey also built a faculty around his wide-ranging interests, and that faculty successfully replicated itself in succeeding generations. The Departments of Greek and Latin thus became established and renowned as research centers particularly in so-called "ancillary" disciplines (such as papyrology, numismatics, Roman law, and archaeology) as well as in more traditional areas of classical literature and philology. Long before the merger, therefore, Michigan was already distinctive for its commitment to Classical Studies understood as an entirety, rather than to, for instance, classical languages and culture. The Department took all of Greco-Roman antiquity as its proper subject matter. Only ancient history was established outside the Department, with the appointment of Arthur Boak in History (1914); still, many of our faculty members continued to pursue historical subjects. But storm clouds were already gathering. During the first half of the twentieth century the College gradually reduced, and finally abolished, its entrance and degree requirements in classical languages. The crisis that resulted would eventually lead to the emergence of the Department in its modern form. In the College Catalogue for 1852-1853, there appears a remarkable statement about the mission of the Department of Latin: The primary object of this department is to give the student a critical knowledge of the structure of the ancient languages themselves, of the principles of interpretation, and of those rhetorical principles which will enable a person to express himself in idiomatic and perspicuous English. In the department, therefore, nearly as much attention is paid to the study of English as to the study of Greek and Latin. But another and not less important object which is aimed at, especially in the later studies in this course, is the full comprehension of all that relates to the author read. It is not merely the words and the outward expression of thought to which attention is directed, but the thought itself; and in connection with this analysis of the subject matter of each author, the age and other circumstances in which he wrote are carefully considered. This leads to a general study of antiquity, the laws, government, social relations, religion, philosophy, arts, manufactures, commerce, education: in short, everything which belonged to Grecian and Roman life. In general, this statement of policy has remained valid until the present day. The modern history of the Department begins in 1957, when Gerald Else was recruited (from Iowa) to serve as its Chair. Else faced the difficult task of modernizing the Department. Under his leadership, the Department reconstituted its graduate offerings in a more up-to-date and appealing form, and it also took the first steps toward creating, with History of Art, the Interdepartmental Program in Classical Art and Archaeology (IPCAA). Else was likewise a vigorous spokesman for newer interdisciplinary approaches to classical literature. By the early 1970s, however, the Department faced a far larger crisis: the impending retirement, within the space of about five years, of many of its most renowned scholars, who together comprised half the Department. The faculty thus confronted the possibility, or even the prospect, of a drastic reduction in its size unless it could successfully remake itself by generating new sources of students. The Department took this threat very seriously. Especially under the leadership of John H. D'Arms (who became Chair in 1972), it undertook a series of initiatives that substantially transformed it, and successive Chairs (including Ludwig Koenen and Sharon Herbert) have sustained and extended these initiatives. In effect, the teaching mission of the Department now began to assume its present form. The key element of this change was the creation of a battery of courses in translation, and the appointment of new faculty qualified and eager to teach such courses in addition to their more traditional scholarly duties. The new courses were in two areas. First, the Department considerably expanded its offering in Classical Archaeology, especially its introductory and advanced courses for undergraduates. Classical Archaeology now accounts for over twenty percent of the Department's enrollments. Second, the Department established an array of new undergraduate translation courses in Classical Civilization. Most faculty members in literature were expected to mount at least one such course each year, so that the effort would be spread as broadly as possible. Introductory courses, organized initially by Don Cameron, anchored the new curriculum and soon proved immensely popular with freshmen; and other faculty subsequently developed large upper-level courses in such areas as mythology and daily life, as well as smaller and more esoteric offerings in subjects like Roman law, film, and witchcraft. Classical civilization now furnishes about half of the Department's enrollments. To the extent possible, we tried to prevent these new courses from doing harm to our more traditional curriculum in Greek and Latin. Elementary Latin, in particular, has continued as the mainstay of our language base, especially for students seeking to meet the College's language requirement. Our enrollments in intermediate and advanced Latin, and in Greek at all levels, have continued strong. Since the Department regards undergraduate language instruction as crucial to its educational goals, we have struggled to maintain as much as possible of these programs, and even to improve them through the creation of special courses for concentrators (of whom we now have about 100). In recent years the Department has also realized two long-term goals. First, we have opened a new language front: Modern Greek courses, still confined to elementary teaching but with robust numbers. Second, we have joined with the Department of History in creating a new program in Greek and Roman History. On the graduate level, our initiatives have had a more limited effect on the basic curriculum, since we continue to cherish rigorous principles of graduate education. The original "Else curriculum" has been considerably modified over the years, but its essential lines remain, particularly in our "600-level" courses in ancillary disciplines such as papyrology. Our insistence on this general objective is perhaps most clearly shown through our recruitment of top-notch younger scholars in classical literature and in philosophy. Nonetheless, our graduate students are now mainly supported through teaching assistantships in elementary Latin and in Classical Civilization, since teaching in these areas is now all but required for their future employment. Our initiatives since the early 1970s have succeeded in preserving our Department's size and academic strength throughout the financial turbulence of the past three decades. We have entered the new millennium with considerable optimism that Classical Studies will not only survive at the University of Michigan, but will remain central to its goals of liberal education. Faculty Interviews / Memoirs John G. Pedley Memoir Emeritus Professor of Classical Archaeology and Greek; Director Emeritus, Kelsey Museum of Archaeology Department of Classical Studies, LS&A Dr John Pedley received his BA in Classics, with specialization in Ancient History, at Cambridge University in 1953 and the MA in 1959. Entering the graduate program in Classical Archaeology at Harvard University in 1960, he spent a year at the American School of Classical Studies in Athens (1963-1964), and received his doctorate in 1965. Joining the Michigan faculty as Assistant Professor in 1965, he was promoted Associate in 1968 and Professor in 1974. He served as Acting Chair of the Department of Classical Studies for two years in the 1970s and as Director of the Kelsey Museum of Archaeology from 1973-1986. In 1978 he received a Senior Faculty Distinguished Achievement Award. In 1996-97 he was appointed Distinguished Senior Lecturer and received the Warner G. Rice Humanities Award. He has served as Visiting Scholar at Cambridge University, as Resident in Archaeology at the American Academy in Rome and as Guest Scholar at the J. Paul Getty Museum. His teaching and research have focused on the ancient Greek world with particular reference to art and archaeology, and notably to sanctuaries and cities, architecture, sculpture and painting. His research has included field work in England at Verulamium and Corstopitum, in Greece at Pylos and in Turkey at Sardis. He co-directed the Michigan excavations at Apollonia in Libya , served as co-principal investigator of the Harvard-Michigan fieldwork at Carthage and directed excavations on behalf of the Corpus of the Ancient Mosaics of Tunisia at El Djem. He was field director of the Michigan-Perugia excavations at Paestum in Italy in the 1980s. He has published 12 books and over 80 articles and reviews. In the course of his career he has received fellowships from the American Council of Learned Societies, the American research Institute in Turkey, Harvard University, the American Philosophical Society and the National Endowment for the Humanities, and numerous awards from the National Endowment for the Arts and the National Endowment for the Humanities for improvements to the collections and programs of the Kelsey Museum, and for the excavations at Paestum. A Life Member of the Archaeological Institute of America, he has served on numerous committees including the Executive, the Lecture Program and the Monographs Committees, and chaired the Nominating and the Fellowship Committees. He has served on the Overseers’ Committee to Visit the Department of Classics at Harvard College, as Assessor of Archaeological Projects for the Canada Council, and on UNESCO’s Comite Consultatif on the Sauvegarde de Carthage. He has chaired the Rome Prize Classical Studies Jury for the American Academy in Rome and served on the Comitato Scientifico of Ostraka and of theCentro Studi Phistelia, Parco Nazionale del Cilento e Vallo di Diano. Classical Archaeology at Michigan: Fieldwork and the Kelsey Museum of Archaeology On arrival in Michigan in 1965 I found that course offerings in classical archaeology were thin with no undergraduate major and no graduate program. Fieldwork had however begun that summer under the aegis of the Kelsey Museum at Apollonia in Libya, spurred by work started by Oleg Grabar of the History of Art department at an Islamic site in Syria. With Apollonia in view I thought it time for a renewal of the vigorous engagement with classical archaeology that had been characteristic of Michigan in Francis Kelsey’s time. At Apollonia the Michigan project was led by Clark Hopkins, Professor of Classical Art and Archaeology, assisted by Richard Goodchild, the Controller of Antiquities of Cyrenaica. Following Hopkins’ retirement in 1965 the work was co-directed by Donald White (Department of History of Art) and by me, again assisted by Goodchild. The research resulted in a detailed discussion of the city’s fortification walls, the recovery of the plan and elevation of an extramural temple, and the identification of a building inside the city as a Byzantine bath complex. These results, together with the work of earlier scholars on the theater, the churches, and the palace of thedux were published as Apollonia, Port of Cyrene, Excavations by the University of Michigan, 1965-1967, Supplement to Libya Antiqua, vol. IV (1976). The sculptures from the site followed: A Catalog of Sculpture from Apollonia, Supplement to Libya Antiqua vol.VI (1978). All publication costs were met by the Libyan Department of Antiquities. The publication of the site underscored the cordial relationship developed between Michigan and Libya, and marked the reappearance of Michigan classical archaeologists in North Africa after an absence of some 30 years. The Kelsey Museum of Archaeology The university’s collections of classical antiquities, begun by Henry Frieze (1817-1889) and expanded enormously by Francis Kelsey (1858-1927), were kept at the time of Kelsey’s death in various corners of the campus. After his death the university began to gather these together into Newberry Hall, a magnificent old building (built 1888-1891) designed for the Student Christian Association. As the building’s use for religiously based activities diminished, at some time in the 1920s it was leased to the University, and subsequently (1936) donated outright. Renamed the Museum of Archaeology it opened its doors in 1929. It was not until 1953 that the Regents endorsed the renaming of the building again to bear Kelsey’s name. From 1929 onward little consistent thought seems to have been given to the best academic use of the collections, and in the later 1960s questions began to be asked in the Executive Committee of the College of LSA about its usefulness. These rumblings came to a head in the fall of 1971 when the actual closing of the museum was under consideration. As acting chair of the Department of Classical Studies I thought it my duty to intervene. I enlisted the aid of sympathetic Michigan faculty, Ann Arbor citizens (of whom Senator and Mrs. Gilbert Bursley were the leaders), senior scholars from other universities and others who had benefited from the collections. I thought a letter writing campaign might help. There were two major categories of beneficiaries: school groups, and knowledgeable American and foreign scholars. Letters were sent out explaining the situation and asking for support. The reaction was rapid. Many schools encouraged students who had visited the museum to write. In no time the Dean’s Office was swamped with postcards, letters, and notes. Senior colleagues also reacted quickly, writing persuasively from prestigious American universities and from Europe. Within a month I was asked to serve on a four person committee set up to make recommendations about the museum’s future. This committee divided equally between two solutions: the first, to take the Museum out of the College and attach it to the Museum of Art, thereby giving it direct access to funding from the Office of the President; the second, to keep the Museum in the College, strengthening it but leaving it to compete for funds with teaching departments. I was one of the two who on financial grounds favored removing the museum from the College and attaching it to the Museum of Art. The Executive Committee of the College decided otherwise. After a while Dean Frank Rhodes asked me to be the next director. My wife and I spent a whole weekend going over the building: it was a discouraging business. The exterior is impressive, but the interior, ill-suited to a museum’s needs, was hopelessly out of date with areas of the basement and upper floors disorganized and cluttered with odds and ends. A series of meetings with the Dean ensued in which I described the situation and made a number of requests. Although he would only commit to a few of them, I was impressed by his sympathetic attitude and agreed to give it a try. I took up the directorship in July 1973. The staff was very small. It consisted of the director, an elderly curator, an equally elderly preparator, a part time registrar, a part time conservator, and a part time librarian. There was no organizational chart, no regularly scheduled Executive Committee meetings, no secretary, and no programmatic framework to make sense of the collections. There was not enough space for the proper storage of the collections or for their effective use. Functioning with just two objectives, a program of exhibits geared to schoolchildren and an intermittent fieldwork program, the place was somnolent, understaffed and underused. I thought effective administration of the Museum required an effective Executive Committee, so I set about persuading colleagues from related Departments to serve. My first approach was to Jimmy Griffin, Director of the Museum of Anthropology. Griffin was not known for sympathy to the Humanities, still less for admiration for the Kelsey Museum, but he was an eloquent champion of museums. He agreed to serve and was a big help. The chair of Classical Studies, John D’Arms and the chair of History of Art, Clif Olds, and senior members of History and Near Eastern Studies, Chester Starr and Alan Luther, also agreed to participate. We met monthly. Every initiative I proposed was discussed by this committee and no action was taken without its support. Our first task was to outline responsibilities and goals, and then programs. There was agreement that preservation of the collections was our prime responsibility - a conservation program was therefore a priority. A fieldwork program and in-house research on understudied materials were necessities. Another objective was publication of the collections – monographs, catalogs, articles, gallery guides and exhibitions. Other programs considered necessary included renovation; acquisitions; and outreach. Finally, underscoring the museum’s role in the College, we wanted to encourage the use of the collections by client Departments. Dean Frank Rhodes had agreed that the Museum could appoint a secretary and a replacement preparator. He had also agreed to consider the recruitment of an archaeological conservator and the installation of a laboratory. I’d also stressed to him the importance of hiring an archaeologist to cover the courses I was surrendering to take the directorship. The College authorized such an appointment, and Sharon Herbert, a Stanford graduate with fieldwork experience, joined the Department of Classical Studies in the fall of 1973. Fifty percent of her teaching load was to be courses in classical archaeology. In making the case for a conservator I enlisted the help of the Keeper of the Laboratory of the British Museum. After a visit to the Kelsey he wrote to Dean Rhodes unequivocally advocating the installation of a conservation lab and the appointment of a trained conservator. The Dean agreed. The Dean’s commitments were duly met. In the course of my first year as Director, Pat Berry became the museum secretary, David Slee was hired as the new preparator, and in 1975 Amy Rosenberg, a conservator trained at the London Institute of Archaeology, joined the staff. A conservation laboratory was installed on the second floor of the building and work began. In 1978 we were able to appoint a Registrar, Pam Reister, who took in hand the large back log of work. To meet the needs of programs of exhibitions, publication and fieldwork, more curators were needed. With the help of the chairs of Classical Studies and History of Art two new appointments were secured, each to be shared with a department, thus tying the museum more closely to the university’s intellectual life. Both appointments were to be Romanists, since the underlying plan, building on the strengths of the Museum’s collections and the presence on campus of distinguished Roman historians, was to secure for Michigan a leading position in Roman studies. With new curators in place the museum could publish the collections (exhibitions, catalogs, monographs), and begin the excavation of a Roman site. Two excellent appointments were made: Elaine Gazda, who was teaching at the University of Southern California, agreed to serve as senior curator of the collections overseeing the new exhibitions program, and John Humphrey, fresh from a Bryn Mawr doctorate, agreed to edit the first volume of Apollonia and plan and execute a new fieldwork project. Furthermore, on the retirement in 1978 of curator Louise Shier we were authorized to make another curatorial appointment. Another young scholar, Margaret Root, joined the faculty, a joint appointment between the Kelsey and History of Art, to help with the exhibitions program and to curate and publish the near eastern collections. A specialist in Achaemenid art and archaeology, and another Bryn Mawr graduate, at the time of her Michigan appointment Root was teaching at the University of Chicago. In this way a scaffolding of programs came into place, conservation, exhibitions and fieldwork being the cornerstones. Others followed: a publication program, a lecture program, a renovation program, a program of acquisitions, and an outreach program including a volunteers group, the Associates. I myself took responsibility for the renovations, the acquisitions, the lectures and some of the publications. Graduate Program in Classical Art and Archaeology The Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Classical Art & Archaeology, begun in 1969 and headquartered in the Museum, and chaired by me, was faltering. It needed new staff and fresh thinking. The departures of Oleg Grabar to Harvard and of Donald White to Penn had been serious blows but the new curatorial faculty appointments (50% Museum, 50% Department and therefore with teaching responsibilities) restored the program’s equilibrium. New courses, seminars and research projects, many involving the Museum’s collections, were introduced. By these means and by subsequent expansion of faculty, staff and facilities Michigan has been able over the years to attract more and better trained undergraduates to a graduate program recognized as one of the best in the nation. Since the antiquated state of the galleries required immediate attention, I applied to the National Endowment for the Arts and the National Endowment for the Humanities for help. Both were sympathetic, and between 1974 and 1977 provided six substantial grants enabling us to hire Vincent Ciulla, a New York art gallery consultant, to design and execute a program of new installations with fresh designs, colors, cases, and lighting. This initial program of renovation however only affected the ground floor galleries and the conservation space. What had been achieved was only a short term solution. The answer to the problems of space for display galleries, suitable storage areas, enlarged laboratory space, administrative and curatorial offices, student research space and the overall updating of the museum lay in the construction of a new wing on the car park behind the Museum. In early 1977 I began casting about to see how this could be done. Fundraising was in its infancy in the University, and the College had only a single fundraiser. In consultation with Wilbur K. Pierpont, Vice President for Financial Affairs, about whether it would be proper for the museum to seek donors by itself, Pierpont told me in no uncertain terms that he couldn’t imagine the university turning down a gift sufficient to meet the costs of a new wing. Together the Associates group and I began contacting several people we thought might be sympathetic; it took a while but eventually (l982) we found a person who said she would provide the few millions needed at that time to build a New Wing. But at this point the Dean, Peter Steiner, stepped in. He wanted the money for another project. So without informing the museum he approached the donor himself. When she refused him saying she wanted the money to be used for the museum, he turned to President Shapiro. The donor could hardly refuse the President. Accordingly, the funds were diverted and the much needed New Wing had to wait a further 30 years to be built, at a far larger cost. In the 1990s, however, there were some improvements: further modifications in the building including partial climate control did take place. The New Wing constructed in 2009 has transformed the building at long last into a fully effective university museum. This unfortunate experience with fundraising brought into sharp focus for me the fact that small non-teaching units have little say in the College. Large departments generating many student credit hours are much more likely to have members of their departments on the Executive Committee. This inevitably works against the smaller units which have to rely for support on the impartiality of the Dean of the moment and the occasional sympathetic voice on the Committee. Different deans viewed the Kelsey Museum in different ways. Frank Rhodes understood the museum’s problems and was consistently supportive, as was his successor, Billy Frye. Frye was exceptional for the breadth of his vision and his appreciation of all the units and departments in the College, large and small. On a visit to the Kelsey his remark “how can I learn more about the collections?” was both telling of his attitude and much appreciated by the staff. In addition to housing the classical collections, the Museum had been used by the University as a depository for materials for which there was no obvious home. Following the formulation of what fell within its purview, and what didn’t, the Executive Committee of the Museum decided to remove materials not germane to the classical Mediterranean world. These included furniture of oriental origin which was transferred to the Exhibits Museum, and the residue of a collection of firearms the larger part of which had been sold earlier. The firearms were offered to the Museum of Art and the Exhibits Museum, which were not interested in them, and then to the Clements Library which took a few items. The rest were sold at auction in 1984 and the proceeds added to the Acquisitions Fund. This fund had already been enriched by contributions from the Museum’s Associates group and used to acquire objects to fill gaps in the collections. There was a fundamental imbalance in the collections which - with only a few objects of artistic merit - consisted largely of artefactual materials. There was no example of larger scale Greek or Roman sculpture or Greek painted vases, in sharp contrast to the collections of other Big Ten universities, notably Indiana. It seemed logical to me that the Museum of Art should have shouldered responsibility for Greek and Roman art, but it had not, arguing that the Kelsey Museum was the place for all ancient western materials. In this situation, we decided to acquire a few larger objects of ancient art, and try to persuade the Museum of Art to help. In this I found a sympathetic colleague in the then director of the Museum of Art, Bret Waller, and the two museums shared some notable acquisitions. Over the years the collections increased in scope and character by the purchase of a few pieces of sculpture and vase painting, notable both for their suitability for teaching and for their artistic merit, so that by the end of my tenure as Director the imbalance between artefactual and art objects in the Museum had been somewhat redressed and the University could at last boast one or two substantial examples of Greek and Roman art. As I set my sights on re-energizing the museum’s fieldwork program, two possibilities were in view, one in Israel, the other in Tunisia. Israel: Tel Anafa In 1972-73 Sharon Herbert had worked with Saul Weinberg of the University of Missouri at Tel Anafa, a small Hellenistic and early Roman settlement in Israel, which Weinberg had opened in 1968. When Weinberg was approaching retirement and looking for a successor, he approached Herbert. I suggested to them both and to the director of the Museum of Art and Archaeology at Missouri, Osmund Overby, that a joint Missouri-Michigan continuation of Weinberg’s work under Herbert’s leadership might suit everybody. It did. Consequently, the Kelsey Museum joined with the Museum at Missouri to continue the work, initially with Herbert and Weinberg as co-Directors, subsequently with Herbert as sole director. Five seasons of work at the site, between 1978 and 1986 ensued. In early 1972 the director of the Corpus of Ancient Mosaics of Tunisia, Professor Margaret Alexander of the University of Iowa, asked if I would direct the fieldwork that summer and the summer of 1973 at Thysdrus. Bearing in mind that Michigan had excavated in Tunisia at Carthage long ago (1925), I was interested to renew the connection. The purpose of the project, begun in 1967, was to research and catalogue all Tunisian mosaics of the Roman period. Work had recently been completed at Utica, and Thysdrus was next on the agenda. This was an ideal opportunity for Michigan faculty and students to gain experience of archaeological work in Tunisia, and of Tunisian archaeological sites, practices and personnel. Our work involved the lifting of mosaics from a suite of houses, the study of the foundation laid for the mosaics and the sifting of the earth beneath for evidence (sherds, coins etc.) bearing on the date of the pavements. The archaeological evidence together with stylistic analysis would establish a chronology and typology, enabling the Thysdrus mosaics to take their place in the whole Corpus. The result of our investigations placed the installation of the mosaics between ca.180 and 250 AD. The project not only allowed team members to experience archaeological fieldwork and daily life in an Arab country, but also to broaden their intellectual horizons by visiting other cultural sites, e.g. Kairouan where the Grand Mosque, built in the later 7th century AD is considered by many Moslems to be Islam’s 4th holiest. It also brought the University of Michigan to the attention of the Tunisian authorities at a time when the Tunisians wereattempting to organize an international project of work at Carthage. Following the work at Thysdrus, I’d made enquiries about further fieldwork opportunities in Tunisia, to no avail. In the interim the Tunisian Institute of Art and Archaeology with the endorsement of UNESCO had organized an international project at Carthage, the Campagne Internationale de Sauvegarde de Carthage. Invitations to participate had been sent to various national institutions, among them the Archaeological Institute of America. The AIA passed the invitation to the American Academy in Rome. Potential participants were invited to a meeting in Tunis, at which possible sites for exploration were to be discussed and divvied up. At this meeting the American Academy was represented by Professor Frank Brown. The French were allocated the houses on the Byrsa, the hilltop overlooking the harbors, the Germans were given the forum, the British the harbors, other countries other sites. The Tunisians wanted the Americans to take on the Baths of Antoninus Pius, but Frank Brown, seeing little significant research there, displayed no interest, so no American team participated at the outset. Before long however teams from Britain, Poland, Germany, Denmark, Bulgaria, Italy, France, and Canada were in the field. In the spring of 1974 I received a phone call from Professor G. Ernest Wright, Curator of the Semitic Museum at Harvard and President of the American Schools of Oriental Research. He had received a communication from the Tunisians inviting ASOR to join the Carthage project. His reaction had been to form a consortium to represent the United States, and Michigan was on his list. I said that I didn’t favor large consortia since difficulties often arose between members, but that the idea of a joint Michigan-Harvard project appealed to me. I reasoned that since Harvard’s Semitic Museum’s interests would best be met by a Punic site - and the sanctuary site, the Tophet, partially excavated by Michigan in 1925 would be a logical starting point – and Michigan’s by a Roman site, the research aims of the two would be quite different requiring two separate teams. In this way tensions could be minimized. Professor Wright and I agreed to proceed on that understanding, each museum gathering its own team and negotiating separate permits, all under the umbrella of ASOR. In the summer I met in Carthage with Larry Stager, field director of the Harvard team and John Humphrey, field director of the Michigan team, to identify sites and negotiate permits. The Harvard team decided on resumption of work at the Punic site explored by Michigan in 1925. For Michigan, John Humphrey and I settled on a large field at the foot of the Byrsa where Tunisian archeologists in 1969-71 had found a 5th century Christian basilica and a late Roman house with fragments of mosaic pavements depicting charioteers. After minor but necessary wrangling the Tunisians granted the permits. The Michigan work began the following year in the field below the Byrsa, graduate students directing Tunisian workmen in the squares which mapped the site. Work was concentrated in two areas: the house with the charioteer mosaics, and an ecclesiastical complex close to the church investigated by the Tunisians. John Humphrey directed the excavation with the help of Michigan students and a group of outstanding specialists: John Hayes (pottery), Katherine Dunbabin (mosaics), Dick Ford (ethnobotany), and W. H. C. Frend (the early Christian church). The stratigraphy in both areas was complicated. The compression of floor levels in the so-called House of the Greek Charioteers, with numerous robber trenches adding to the difficulties, called for sharp eyed and sensitive excavators. But an outline history of the house emerged, suggesting construction in the late 4thcentury to a typical North African peristyle house plan, little alteration throughout the 5th century with the exception of the replacement of mosaic panels, and a phase of reconstruction in the 6th. At the other site, the ecclesiastical complex, the building put up in the 5th century was re-floored on several occasions; towards the end of the 6th some of its functions changed. Part of the building was turned over to domestic use which continued throughout the 7th century punctuated by moments of disruption, wall robbing, and pitting. Roof collapse was followed by episodes of debris dumping and filling, evident in stratified rubbish dumps. It was an extremely difficult site with complex stratigraphic problems, but Humphrey and the Michigan people mastered it. Under Humphrey’s editorial leadership the results were published rapidly, Excavations at Carthage conducted by the University of Michigan I-VII (1976-1982), Michigan setting the pace for the other teams participating in the UNESCO project. The work in Carthage created another link for the University. The day to day life of an archaeologist involves close communication with the workmen in the trenches. At Carthage our students used what knowledge of French they had. One Michigan student, however, a Jordanian, was fluent in Arabic. To the workmen, however, he was just another Michigan student. On the final day of the season one of the workmen’s remark to Ghazi “You speak excellent Arabic for an American” caused some hilarity. That Michigan Ph.D., Ghazi Bisheh, became Director-General of the Jordanian Department of Antiquities. The leader of the French team, Serge Lancel, happened to be at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton in academic year 1978-1979, the year in which the museum celebrated its 50th anniversary. Two projects were planned: an exhibition (Carthage Then and Now) linking Professor Kelsey’s work at Carthage in 1925 with the museum’s new work, and a conference bringing together the American and Canadian participants in the UNESCO project. At the conference held in Ann Arbor representatives of the two Canadian (one anglophone, one francophone) and the two American teams were joined by Professor Lancel. The papers were published quickly in book form: J.G. Pedley (ed.) New Light on Ancient Carthage(University of Michigan Press, 1980). In early 1980, as the publication phase of the Carthage work was winding down, I began searching for another project. It was important that the museum’s fieldwork program be visible and that graduate students should have opportunities before them on a Michigan project. Excavation at Tel Anafa was in progress but work there was only possible intermittently. So I turned to Mario Torelli, Professor of Greek and Roman Archaeology and Art History at the University of Perugia, to see if there might be possibilities in Italy. Torelli had lectured on campus in 1974 and been visiting Professor here in 1978. In the spring of 1981, Torelli sent a telegram asking whether Michigan might be interested in joining Perugia in the exploration of a sanctuary site at Paestum. It’s hard to imagine a more exciting prospect. Paestum offered opportunities for research at one of the most prominent sites in Italy, famous for its Greek temples and continuous inhabitation into Roman times. I went to Italy as soon as I could. Mario and I drove to Benevento to meet the Superintendent of Antiquities, Werner Johannowsky, who agreed to give us a permit. The following morning we examined the site. Earlier exploration had discovered unusual architectural features with pottery and terracotta figurines of Greek, Hellenistic and Roman date. Since these materials suggested continuous use from the 6th c. BC to the 3rd AD we thought we could retrieve the origins of an important Roman cult. The pottery and figurines could shed light on religious activities as well as on patterns of cultural influence and exchange in and around Paestum and between Paestum and other sites where Greeks and Romans mingled with indigenous peoples. Work began in 1982 continuing both in the field and at the museum for two months and was renewed annually through 1985. Four seasons of work bore much fruit. We successfully deciphered the stratigraphy of the site identifying levels from the archaic period through the classical and Hellenistic down into Roman republican and early imperial times. We reconstructed the architectural history of the parts of the sanctuary accessible to us, whose major features are an early 5th century BC temple extensively repaired in the Roman period, and a 5th century dining hall enlarged in early Roman times (3rd century) and further enhanced by a 1st century BC reworking of the interior to include several horseshoe shaped niches. Close by is apiscina, a large fish pool, a Roman addition to the sanctuary, perhaps the living place for sacred fish. The oldest buildings so far unearthed were not erected till the late archaic period, suggesting that the earliest (6th century) cult activity, attested by the wealth of terracotta figurines of that date, may have taken place in the open air. However, an early 20th century tomato paste (Cirio) factory sits on part of the sanctuary, so that architectural members and a sculpted stone metope found at the time of the factory’s construction (1908) may represent an earlier religious structure the location of which may not be determined until the modern factory is dismantled. As to the history of the cult, the numerous fragments of terracotta figurines are almost exclusively of familiar types variously identified as Hera, Athena, Aphrodite or Artemis. A distinctive group presents images of a standing goddess, nude, which allows us to link the earliest activity at the site with Aphrodite. Such nude female images are rare at other Greek sites in Italy and Sicily but occur more frequently in the eastern Greek world where they are thought to represent Greek Aphrodite or Phoenician Astarte. Such an eastern link for our goddess is underscored by the existence of the piscina in the sanctuary and connection to the Dea Syria, popular in the east, in whose cult fish played an important role. The continuation of the cult of Aphrodite is demonstrated by our discovery of several inscriptions of the Roman period attesting the presence of Venus (Greek Aphrodite) in the sanctuary. And the survival of the name in the contemporary name of the site as thelocalita Santa Venera is obviously significant. Beyond the dedications, other evidence of cultic activity is apparent in the dining hall where we found the debris of ritual meals. The niches in the dining hall introduced in the Roman phase are to be connected with other ritual activities, and it’s reasonable to conjecture that thepiscina similarly will have been the focus of religious practice. These results were published as preliminary reports in theAmerican Journal of Archaeology (1983, 1984, and 1985) and in two substantial volumes titled The Sanctuary of Santa Venera at Paestum (Rome, Giorgio Bretschneider, 1993, 2003). Though I took up the Directorship of the Kelsey Museum hesitatingly, I left it in 1986 content to see the Museum active on many fronts and content to have taken on the responsibility for its welfare. Pari passu with that contentment is a satisfying sense of having had a hand in the inauguration and growth of programs, undergraduate and graduate, in classical archaeology the success of which echoes that of Francis Kelsey a century ago. John Griffiths Pedley Don Cameron Interview Cameron Interview Transcription Donka: It is December 17th, 1996, 3:00 in the afternoon on the second floor of Angell Hall and I am with Professor Don Cameron who has been kind to agree to talk to us about the history of the extremely successful Great Books program here at the University of Michigan of which he has been a director for many, many years. First I would like to ask you Professor Cameron to give us a brief intellectual autobiography of yourself as an introduction. Cameron: Well I grew up in Michigan and went to the University of Michigan as an undergraduate thinking I was going to be a mathematician. And in the end of my sophomore year when it dawned on me that I would never be a world famous mathematician, I thought maybe I would have a crack at being a world famous classicist. So I switched to a major in Latin under the auspice of my beloved teacher Frank Copley. So I entered the classics program and took a degree in Classics, Latin actually because I only started Greek in my junior year. I graduated in 1956 and once again under the auspices of my beloved teachers, Frank Copley among them, Arthur Hansen and Warren Blake, I was admitted, by virtue of their letters of recommendation I should think, to the graduate program at Princeton after a ten week bicycle trip through Europe to broaden my horizons. I arrived at Princeton where I spent three years in their rather quick graduate program. In those days there was such a shortage of PhDs, even in classics, that the Woodrow Wilson foundation had instituted a financial program to stimulate young people to go into the humanities sort of to staff the universities of the country depleted after the war, so I went to Princeton with a Woodrow Wilson fellowship which paid everything in my first year. I might mention the startling fact that my graduate tuition in 1956 at Princeton was $600 a year. That should make people gasp. I had studied linguistics with Waldo Sweet as an undergraduate at Michigan and continued my study of linguistics at Princeton, became a specialist in Indo-European, which I now teach at the University of Michigan, still a graduate course in comparative grammar in Greek and Latin. I did a dissertation there on the Seven Against Thebes of Aeschylus under the direction of Robert Duff Murray and Samuel Atkins. In those happy days, one’s fate was somehow arranged by one’s elders. I came home for Christmas in 1958 in Michigan and had a phone call from Gerald Else the chairman of the classics department at Michigan asking me to come down and talk to him. I did and he offered me a job, right like that, which I accepted, right like that. So in the fall of ’59 I came to the University of Michigan as a pre-doctoral instructor with the magnificent salary of about $1,800 dollars a year I think. In those days, you got your job before you finished your PhD. I finished my PhD in those next three summers, that’s a pretty good clip. It adds up to one year of actual work because while I was teaching I didn’t get much done. I finished my PhD in 1962 and have been on the staff of the University of Michigan from 1959 to the present. Publishing on Aeschylus in my early days, I began to teach Great Books in I think ’62 it was…which was then the non-honors form of Great Books. It was just a class of 25 ordinary undergraduates fulfilling their humanities distribution requirement. In those days it was under the auspices of the Professor of Archaeology here Clark Hopkins. As the years rolled by I proceeded through the ranks to full professor eventually and teaching comparative grammar… all kinds. When I first came I taught every author of Greek and Latin you could think of. My first course I taught here was on Tacitus’ Annals and though I was a little bit wet behind the ears I seemed to carry that off alright. In 1965 I was asked to give a lecture in Honors Great Books on Virgil and as a result of that I began to lecture in Great Books…which was by that time under the auspices of the English department…for four years from ’65 –’69 giving one of the lecture sections while the TAs in those days were graduate students in English. Several students from that period, in ’65-’69, have reappeared on my shores this year as a matter of fact because their sons and daughters are now in Great Books 191 which I’m teaching again so they can come back to visit. Donka: Would you be willing to mention some of their names or…? Cameron: Well off the top of my head I can’t, I will have to look that up I’m afraid. So I became…I served as graduate chairman of the department from ‘77-’80 while Professor D’Arms, the chairman, was Director of the American Academy in Rome. In the course of this I developed an interest…I resurrected a boyhood interest in zoology and became an entomologist and finally was appointed adjunct curator at the Museum of Zoology. I specialize on spiders and scorpions and particularly that combination of zoologist and classicist allows me to be a real expert on the history of zoological nomenclature. People consult me from all over the world. I was thrilled one year to get a letter from the Secretary of the Russian Academy of Sciences who needed my advice on something. I began to teach Honors Great Books regularly in the fall of 1983. I have done that…it’s been my principle effort for many years to direct the whole Great Books program but particularly lecturing in the course required of all honors students Great Books 191 and 192 comprising of Greek, Roman, biblical, and Renaissance literature in translation to be Papa Bear to 16-20 teaching assistants every year. Any questions about that? Donka: There are few people who know as much about the conception of the Great Books program in general than you do. What is the history of this program nationwide? Cameron: The history will startle you. That is, it is a surprise…it was a surprise to me to learn that the founding father of Great Books programs in the United States was unusually General of the Army’s John J. Pershing. Under the following remarkable circumstances, Pershing commanded the American expeditionary force in the First World War of course and once the armistice was signed there were American troops serving as occupation troops in Europe. Pershing with having to deal with the problem of idle soldiers who didn’t really have to do much, conceived the idea of having a kind of Doughboy University. There were plenty of people in the army in Europe who had been college professors. So he got them together to organize a university. Among them…these guys decided in their wisdom that the place that this Doughboy University should be located would be smack dab in the middle of the Burgundy country at the city of Beaune, which is a great commercial marketplace for Burgundy wines. One particular young man from Columbia whose name was John Erskine put together a curriculum for the doughboys in which they read the books that everybody wanted to read. This is the origin of the Great Books curriculum. This university under Pershing didn’t last very long because the expeditionary force soon came home but John Erskine returned to Columbia and there instituted the Great Books program and that Columbia Great Books program is still in operation as John Erskine founded it. Among the pupils of Erskine at that time were people like Lionel Trilling and Mortimer Adler who has become a kind of patron saint of the Great Books ideas. Subsequently some very famous names, some rather disreputable ones I think of particularly this surprised me Whittaker Chambers the notorious accuser of Alger Hiss was one of Erskine’s pupils in the Columbia Great Books Program. Adler then sort of graduated to teaching in this Great Books program after having been a student and when the dean of the Yale Law School, Hutchens, was appointed as the young, new president of the University of Chicago, Mortimer Adler went down to New Haven to talk to Hutchens about this Great Books program. Hutchens was so excited about it that when he got to the University of Chicago, he instituted a Great Books program and indeed hired Mortimer Adler, sort of imposed him on a somewhat reluctant philosophy department at Chicago and he himself taught in it as did Adler for many, many years. In those days in Chicago it was a kind of a pressure cooker course in which they read a book a week and it didn’t matter whether the book was the Prometheus Bound, which is manageable, or the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire given which to do it in a week would fail any scholar. So that Chicago phase turned into a sort of industry. It was supported by the Continental Can company and there was a sort of spinoff in which Adler did sort of seminars for industrialists and businessmen in the Chicago area to enlighten them and this brought in some money. Then Adler published this sort of Great Books list and it became a publishing enterprise. The University of Michigan on the other hand…at the University of Michigan the history of Great Books is a little later. It dates from 1947. When the Second World War was over, the history of Great Books seems to be tied to wars-the First War, the Second War…when professors came back from the Armed Forces in 1946 to resume their professorships and the university had to meet the challenge of accommodating the needs of returning veterans who under the G.I. Bill of Rights were coming to colleges in droves and my dear teacher Frank Copley was then I think just an assistant professor was in charge of admissions of veterans. There were all kinds of accommodations, how do you calculate credits for somebody who has fought for four years in Europe or the Pacific and wants to finish a BA degree? Well Frank Copley was in charge of that. The other thing that changed was this was an opportunity for the University of Michigan to modernize its curriculum. The history of curriculum change is an interesting one and Howard Peckum’s history of the University of Michigan revised now by the Stenecks will give you the sort of history of how curriculum changed at the University of Michigan. In the 1840s every undergraduate in the literary department as it was called had to take the same courses. There was nothing so much…there were no electives at all. This changed under President Angell…I don’t need to go through the phases of change except that in 1947 the faculty invented the system that we have now by which there are distribution requirements for the first two years, and concentration for the last two years, concentration in the department. That scheme of distribution plus concentration was instituted in 1947 as the great curriculum reform after the Second World War. There was a humanities requirement in those distribution requirements and Clark Hopkins, Rhodes Scholar, Yale PhD, excavator with Rostovtzeff and others at Dura-Europos, was THE professor of archaeology here. We only had one and he did everything Greek, Roman, Christian. He was a great swimmer, a varsity swimmer, a champion swimmer and kept up his sort of patronage to the Michigan swimming team of which his son Cyrus Hopkins was a star in the years of the late ‘50s. It is Clark Hopkins who conceived the idea of Great Books at Michigan, patterned not on the Chicago plan but upon the Columbia plan which he moved on. The idea was to solve a perpetually reoccurring problem at the University of Michigan, the problem freshman never saw full professors. So the scheme was that these would be small classes of 20-25 for freshman, it would fulfill partly the distribution requirement in the humanities, a two semester sequence taught by the great professors at this university as an intimate class. The first semester was Great Books 1 in those days before inflation of grade numbers, Great Books 1 and 2. Great Books 1 was essentially the Greeks and the Romans going from Homer through Tacitus and Great Books 2 was everything from Dante up through Jane Austen or however far anybody wanted to go. The teachers there were the best teachers in the humanities; not only the humanities because some of the scientists wanted to get in on this humanities teaching. Kenneth Jones, the botanist, was a renowned humanities teacher in Great Books. In those days teaching Great Books, by the arrangement of the college under the Dean, was part of the regular teaching duties of these men from various departments, that is, the department donated the time of these great men. Frank Copley was my Great Books teacher when I was a freshman in 1956 and that is one of the reasons why I am a classicist today. I can remember the first day sitting in anticipation, because I being a mathematician didn’t much want to take all this literary stuff, and the first day this charming man, with a face like a burst of sunshine came in with a smile and crinkling eyes that I will never forget, just emanated a sort of mischievous joy, introduced us to the course. The last thing he did on this first day of Great Books was to tell us the story of the Iliad. I remember him sitting on the windowsill of one of those classrooms in Mason Hall, which had wide windowsills for this purpose, cocking his knees under his crossed arms and just telling us this story of the Iliad. I think that was the moment I became a classicist. It took me two years to make the decision, but Frank Copley telling the story of the Iliad was astounding. It was very moving; I’ll never forget it and that’s when I knew that I was going to love this literature. Now I’ve lost my train of thought thinking about that. Back to Michigan! Louis Bredvold, famous professor of English taught in it, Otto Graf from the German department taught in it, I’ve mentioned Kenneth Jones in botany. There were about 15 sections of Great Books and it was one of the very popular courses in the University of Michigan and as I say when I came back on the faculty I was enlisted to teach Great Books in 1962 in this pattern. Then there came a change with the institution of the college Honors program, which was developed by Professor Robert Angell and others in the late ‘50s and really sort of got underway about 1960. One of the formative ideas of the Honors program was that these Honors students would profit by studying a great civilization together so that all of them would have sort of a common intellectual ground which they could use for the rest of their college career and the choice was obviously the Greeks. So, in those days, Honors students did not take the ordinary class of Great Books 1 and 2 that the non-Honors students took. Instead, they had a scheme which seemed a little backwards at the time for Honors students-a lecture of a 100 or 250 people broken up then into sections twice a week. Donka: And this change took place in the ‘60s, right? Cameron: This change took place in the ‘60s. No, ordinary Great Books which is a 4-hour a week, 4 meetings a week sort of class continued for non-Honors students. Honors students then sat in lecture twice a week and then broke up into sections taught then by teaching fellows in the English department, they were called teaching fellows then. And that fulfilled the English composition requirement as well as part of the humanities requirement, so you kind of got a double shot. It was a way of dealing with the fact that bright students were often bored with the ordinary English composition courses. Thus, giving them the Greeks to write about was a solution. Then it sort of went overboard because it was two semesters of the Greeks and Romans, which is a little sort of overdoing it a little bit, but those who lived through this throughout the ‘60s until about 1969 seemed to like it alright. It was a popular course. When it was first invented the lecturers were two men from the English department and not to put too fine a point on it, but they were not as well equipped to lecture on Greek literature as say perhaps a classicist, for whom it was a professional concern. There was a certain amount of unrest in those early years when the English department sort of took over the Great Books program. This was done not without a certain amount of political pain because Clark Hopkins who had invented this went on sabbatical and when he came back from sabbatical he discovered that the Great Books program, “his baby”, had been taken away from him and lodged in the English department. There was considerable annoyance on his part and many people thought that was a bad way to treat him. The lecturing in Great Books, now called 191 and 192 for Honors students, left something to be desired. In fact, there were some rather notorious protests on the part of the Honors students. There was one day which they…these lectures were in the Angell Hall auditoriums A and B and one day the students pushed a piano in front of the door to prevent the lecturer from entering his own lecture hall. This had sort of opened a protest. Well this is recognized by the English department. The Classics department was complaining about this and I remember complaining to one of the bright English graduate students TAs in Great Books that the English department had no business teaching Greek Literature and he argued his point that “Yes they did,” but some of this got back to the English department and so I was asked in the Spring of 1965 as a guest lecturer, to give a lecture on the Aeneid. It was one of the hardest things I had ever done. I spent probably a week writing out in detail this lecture, I had never given a full lecture before and so forth. It was, though I shouldn’t say, a magnificent success. It went over terrifically with the result that I was then asked to give one of the lecture sections, there were two of them, two groups of about 250, while one of the English professors, the better of the two, gave the other section. Donka: I should interject here that Professor Cameron’s lectures in the Great Books program are still a favorite for both undergraduate and graduate students. I mean they are really acted out and performed almost on the stage and they’re thrilled, undergraduates are thrilled with them and everybody really enjoys them immensely. So, it’s still the tradition. Cameron: Well, then as time went on Professor Buttrey, who had just arrived in the Classics department at Michigan, Buttrey had been at Yale and about 1964 or 1965, ’65 maybe, he came to Michigan. I can’t remember when it was but maybe about ’68 that Buttrey became the other lecturer in Great Books and the Buttrey-Cameron team had some renown as the two Great Books lecturers. Still, it was under the auspices of the English department and the English department supported its own graduate students for teaching Greek literature. But things were fixed up. There was much more satisfaction on the part of the undergraduates. And Buttrey and I, because we were really good friends and enjoyed each other’s company and tease each other mercilessly and think alike about literature, we made a very successful team. I went on leave in 1969, in January 1969; I went to Lawrence University in Appleton, Wisconsin to teach for six months. So, what were they going to do? Well, they sort of consolidated the two lecture groups into one huge lecture group and enlisted a kind of committee, a succession of lecturers that gave sort of the second term of the course. That was the last time they ever did that; that didn’t turn out to be very successful. What happened after that is that I came back from Appleton, Wisconsin and the Honors Great Books course had fallen back completely into the English department and the English professors of various kinds were lecturing. Professor D’Arms was chairman of the Classics department at this time and feeling that we shouldn’t let the English department do all the teaching about Greek literature, he called me into his office and told me what my future was going to be. My future was going to be to invent Classics courses that would deal with Greek and Roman literature and civilization. So we invented Classical Civilization 101, the Greeks-the World of the Greeks, and Classical Civilization 102, the World of the Romans. Donka: And that was in what year? Cameron: About 1970, I think, or ’71. It was three lectures a week and one recitation a week. We got this instituted and the original idea was that the faculty of the Classics department would share in the lecturing, so we would have many guest lecturers, and that’s the way we did it for quite a while. But with all of these things that are sort of committee courses, as personnel changes as people get busy as people are on leave, the original scheme begins to fade away because they aren’t there to lecture so some fall guy, mainly me, began to fill in on the lectures which weren’t there until pretty soon I was giving all of the lectures in these courses with a few guest lectures from time to time. There was one fall afternoon, I was sitting in my office and Alan Stillwagen who was the Associate Director of the Honors program and an old friend of mine from undergraduate days, we lived in the same dormitory, came wandering up tentatively to my office and said “We got too many Honors students, we can’t accommodate them in Honors Great Books there aren’t enough spaces, there aren’t enough room in the lecture hall. And we got this overflow; we don’t know what to do with them. You think you could set up an Honors section of Classical Civilization 101.” Well my predatory instincts came into play and I said that I think we could probably do that. So I taught the Honors section, there was one…I guess there were two Honors sections of Classical Civ 101. This was in that period where English professors were lecturing in Great Books. So the kids with a real interest in Classics tended to choose the alternative, Classical Civ 101 and 102 over Great Books and we tried to foster that. So we began to make end roads and Great Books is still a companion, excuse me, Classical Civilization courses are still a companion for Great Books courses and now Honors students can choose among them and the bulk of them go into Great Books but a happy number prefer Classical Civ, especially those who are particularly interested in going on in Classics, but that’s how that happened. I taught Classical Civilization since it was founded to about 1984 I guess it was, about 14 years I was running that course. Sometimes under considerable strain because in the period of 1977-1980 I was also Chairman of the Classics department and tried to teach this big lecture course and so on and keep that going. I rather taught an overload in those days while trying to be Chairman. I don’t know what I was trying to prove, but I tried to do everything: be Chairman, teach Greek courses and Classical Civ courses and do it all, keep all those balls in the air. I don’t know, I managed it but at some strain to myself. Then the problem of lecturing in Great Books, being recognized by the English department, the then Director of the Great Books program, Professor Hornback, very wisely decided that in order to make Honors Great Books better you ought to have a classicist lecturing. Let me put a footnote, there was a period when our representative in partibus infidelium, that is to say Ralph Williams who is a professor of English, but has a degree from this department in Classics as well, so he counts as a classicist and there was a period when Ralph Williams was giving those lectures in which there was nothing…it was just fine. When he stopped doing that, Burt Hornback very wisely asked Ted Buttrey to give the lectures in Great Books. So for many years, and I can’t remember exactly the span of years, Buttrey lectured in Great Books program while the TAs were from the English department and from other departments. Hornback began to spread out and use TAs from other Humanities departments, including some classicists, a pattern which I have continued and I think is the best pattern for Honors Great Books. So Buttrey was teaching. Then there came a kind of crisis. Classical Civ was still under my auspices. I was teaching both the lectures and the Honors recitations in those days. And again there was some dissatisfaction in the way Honors Great Books was run and the way Great Books was run, I was sort of innocent in this I was a bystander, but somewhere off over the horizon there was a certain amount of faculty ferment about the Great Books program. With some faculty politics and some sort of personal nastiness involved and so on and so forth and the higher echelons of the Dean’s office and the chairmen sort of getting together sort of mysterious cabal, it was decided that the solution to these problems was to make Cameron Director of Great Books, see let Cameron do everything. So for the year 1983 and ’84, not only did I teach Classical Civ 101 and 102, though by that time I had shifted the Roman side, 102, over to other members of the Classics department, particular Hal McCullough who was here then. While at the same time, presiding over Great Books 191 in which Buttrey was still lecturing and then Great Books 192, which we began to shift, Great Books 192 before I took over began with Dante and ending with James Joyce’s Ulysses and it was one of those sorts of pressure cooker courses in which you read Dante in one week and you read Paradise in another week and somehow it was being very perfunctory as there was too much reading. We read Don Quixote in no time at all, these big things which the kids were not getting through. So I revised that into a reasonable reading list which brought us from Plato to Boccaccio as it is now. Then finally I was able to shift Classical Civ off onto other younger faculty in the Classics department so they could do that while I devoted my whole time to Great Books. Then, Professor Buttrey, who was still lecturing in Great Books in the first term while I did the second term, decided to retire early though he was a young man. He then retired and moved to Cambridge, England where he still resides, still a very active classicist. Therefore, I sort of took over Honors Great Books entirely giving the lectures in both the first and second term and also trying to develop other Great Books courses, that is for Honors students and non-Honors students. We had always had on the books Great Books of the Far East, that was a vigorous course taught regularly. Great Books of the Near East had sort of fallen into disrepair and I tried to resurrect that successfully with the aid of Brian Schmidt. Donka: When did these additions start? Cameron: Oh, the additions, Great Books the Far East and Great Books the Near East were very early in the history of the Great Books program. In the faculty discussions in 1947 there was proposed that we should do more than just Greeks and Romans, that there should be Great Books courses on other cultures and Far East and Near East were invented in ’47 and ’48 and taught in those years and they’d always been there. Great Books Far East was always very vigorous; Great Books the Near East sort of had fallen out of habit. I had invented with the aid of Domna Stanton in the French department, we put together Great Books by Women Writers which was a very successful course for many, many years. Again, a course in which we sort of brought together several lecturers, we enlisted the aid of several people to lecture in it on very special subjects from Hildegard of Bingham, I’m very proud of the fact that we were teaching Hildegard of Bingham in Great Books long before she sort of became trendy and popular, so we were ahead of the game there, down to Virginia Wolfe and so on, a very successful course. Another course I urged a friend of mine to invent was oddly titled Great Books of the Founding Fathers in which Professor Mills Thornton of the History department reads the writings of our Founding Fathers, Jefferson and Hamilton and Benjamin Franklin and John Dickinson and so forth, not excluding if you like Locke and Montaigne. That has always been a favorite course taught with some regularity depending on Mills Thornton’s schedule. Then we have some mini-courses, that is courses that only take half of a semester or several weeks. Bob Wallin, who is a classicist, once an undergraduate in our Classics department, studied Classics at Stanford if I remember correctly, a very good classicist in his own right, happens to be in the administration, the information center called Checkpoint. Bob Wallin taught not only a non-Honors Great Books which had the inflated number 201, but often gave, and still does, a mini-course say a half of semester in which you would read Sophocles or another half of semester in which he would read Virgil, another half of semester in which he would read Thucydides or Herodotus, and those have been really, really successful. So we have tried to expand the offerings as much as we could in Great Books remembering that it is essentially a program to provide Humanities distribution courses for underclassmen. It is now and I think it serves that purpose very well. It has become a very important element in the Honors program. I have lost of testimonials from undergraduates, especially after they have graduated and looked back upon it. Looking back fondly on Great Books because Great Books is the best thing that most clearly defines the Honors program for the Freshman Honors student, I mean it is the one thing that they are all doing and it gives it a kind of cohesion and a morale I think if you are doing it right, I think we can claim we are doing it right. It is a defining feature and it is a very well appreciated and effective kick-off for the undergraduate career for an Honors program. I think it is fair to say we have a very good press in the University, a great satisfaction among our students. There is always about 5% malcontents down there that are not interested in the Greeks or the Romans or the Renaissance or anything. Donka: That’s inevitable. Cameron: They tend to be, how do I put this, they tend not to want to read anything but science fiction and are offended if they are obliged to read Plato, but we can tolerate that. There always is a certain amount of discontent, but very little. I think by and large we have a happy student body in Great Books. Donka: Well thank you Professor Cameron. Gerald F. Else Interview Shackleton Bailey Audio Interview	<urn:uuid:16b44598-6761-4923-9632-c24d1c689178>	CC-MAIN-2017-39	https://lsa.umich.edu/content/michigan-lsa/classics/en/about-us/bicentennial/history2.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818690591.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20170925092813-20170925112813-00200.warc.gz	en	0.977104	14,914	2.546875	3
Narcissists are those who are tremendously selfish beings and who are preoccupied with having power, control, prestige and vanity. They are self-centered, thinking about themselves and no one else. This list highlights 10 people who gave narcissistic personality disorder a name. Many of the individuals on this list are sadistic, cruel and antisocial. However, this list also includes those who theorized the term. It attempts to give credit to the people who let us understand the psyche of the sadistic, cruel and powerful few. 1. Sigmund Freud: This Austrian psychologist tops this list as the co-founder of narcissism and the one who made us understand the minds of some of the cruelest people. In his paper On Narcissism he looked at the relationship between Ego and External Objects. Narcissism for him was an intermediate stage between auto-erotism and object-love; a failure to grow up. 2. Adolph Hitler: Sadly this man is on the same list as good men like Freud, Binet and Nacke. This man was self-centered, preoccupied with power, control, prestige, grandiosity and everything else imaginable. There is no other description needed. Freud was right, narcissism was a failure to grow up, especially in this case. 3. Joseph Stalin: Political opposition was eliminated during the Stalin era. Stalin was so preoccupied with having power, control, prestige and vanity that he jailed and sent to Gulags anyone who disagreed with him. He even sent his henchmen to Mexico to kill Leon Trotsky, who he felt was a threat. 4. Brian Blackwell: Blackwell is a murderer in England. He killed both his parents in cold blood. Blackwell was diagnosed with Narcissistic personal behaviour as he was preoccupied with self-importance and showed little signs of empathy. 5. Joseph Mengele: This doctor was known as Angel of Death during WWII. He would perform sadistic treatments on twins and on little people. He would inject blue dye into people eyes to see if they would change colour. He evaded death and lived life to the fullest in South America. Justice was never served for his victims.	<urn:uuid:916d8105-a596-4575-a079-b7614487fb60>	CC-MAIN-2014-52	http://top-10-list.org/2012/03/17/top-10-famous-narcissists/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802769642.136/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075249-00164-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.984309	457	2.53125	3
The National Science Foundation-funded Science of Learning Center on Visual Language and Visual Learning (VL2) at Gallaudet University research center has released the first of a series of three bilingual storybook apps, developed to help language acquisition and reading in all young children; in particular for those who are deaf and hard of hearing. Deaf Team Create New iPad App An all-deaf team created the new storybook app for the iPad, presenting The Baobab with original storytelling from Gallaudet alum April Jackson-Woodard and eye-catching animations from deaf artist Yiqiao Wang. The app’s unique feature is the interactive support by an American Sign Language (ASL) user. It also includes an ASL and spoken English glossary of 170 signs. State-of-the-art Bilingual Storybook App Researchers at Gallaudet say that their new interactive bilingual storybook app reflects state-of-the-art innovation in bilingual language learning and research, and focuses on the dual acquisition of American Sign Language (ASL) and English and learning to read in English. The researchers add that this app is unique in the world since it was built upon findings of extensive research done on both hearing and deaf bilinguals. Past research conducted by the VL2 Center team demonstrates that early visual language experience with ASL aids reading acquisition in English and offers other important advantages for a deaf child’s linguistic, communicative, cognitive, academic, literacy, and psychosocial development. App Promotes the ‘Bilingual Advantage’ in Child Development In a news release, Dr. Laura-Ann Petitto, Science Director and Co-Principal Investigator of VL2 says that “Early exposure to bilingualism provides tremendous higher cognitive, language, and reading advantages for young children and the advantages continue throughout their entire lifetime. Research has proven that these beneficial effects, known as the ‘bilingual advantage’ in child development, holds true for children learning two spoken languages as well as deaf children learning both ASL and English.” Research Proves the Advantages of Second Language Learning As Petitto mentions, for years research has shown that learning more than one language has positive cognitive effects; Vivian Cook, Professor of Applied Linguistics, states in Multi-Competence and the Learning of Many Languages. Language and Culture and Curriculum: “a single mind with more than one language has a totality that is very different from a mind with a single language.” Dr. Colin Baker, Professor of Education at Bangor University and specialist in language planning and bilingual education, explains in Foundations of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism that “the ownership of two or more languages may increase fluency, flexibility, originality and elaboration in thinking.” Baker has reviewed years of research and concludes that bilinguals have some cognitive advantages over monolinguals most noticeably in the areas of divergent thinking; they are focusing on meaning rather than sounds. Bilinguals have the advantage of viewing language arbitrarily and not being under the assumption that there is only one fixed label for each item.Decoded Science	<urn:uuid:59ac2704-6b8f-42ac-b3d1-3122813a1159>	CC-MAIN-2014-49	http://www.decodedscience.com/deaf-team-at-gallaudet-university-create-new-ipad-storybook-app/26152	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416931014369.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20141125155654-00016-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.939031	650	2.828125	3
Multiple Sclerosis: An Introduction This is my first post for my new blog Perspectives in MS on Healthline, a blog that will examine multiple sclerosis from every angle. The main requirement I made with regards to this blog was that it would be entirely free from the influence of commericial interests. Readers should know that the opinions I express in this blog are not in any way sponsored by any pharmaceutical company. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a disorder of the central nervous system, which is composed of the brain and spinal cord. The illness affects about one in 750 people in the United States, which means there are currently about 400,000 people living with the illness. It typically affects people in the prime of their life, between the ages of 15 and 40. Aside from trauma, it is the major cause of neurological disability in young people. MS is a mysterious illness. No one knows what causes MS, though certain risk factors have been identified. Once the illness has been diagnosed, it is not possible to provide anything other than a very general prognosis, though there are certain risk factors associated with an aggressive course of the disease. To understand what happens in MS, it is important to review some basic neuroscience: Neurons, the main cells in the brain, are composed of a cell body, called a soma, and a tail, called the axon. The cell bodies of neurons are in the outer part of the brain, called the grey matter, while the axons are in the inner part of the brain, called the white matter. Axons are the means by which neurons communicate with each other, and the structure of the axon can be compared to a telephone cord. The axon is the wire at the center of the cord. Each axon has a protective coating composed of fats and lipids, termed the myelin sheath. Myelin is made by cells called oligodendrocytes. What Happens in MS MS is considered an autoimmune disorder, meaning that the immune system of an otherwise normal person is tricked into attacking healthy parts of the body. In the case of MS, the primary target of attack by the immune system is the myelin sheath, though with advanced disease the axon itself can be damaged. When this happens, conduction within the nervous system slows, and patients can develop neurological symptoms. There is also some evidence that degeneration of the oligodendrocytes plays a role in the destruction of myelin in MS. Treatments for MS The first treatment for MS, an injectable interferon medicine called Interferon-B, was introduced in 1993. There are currently three formulations of this medicine, knows as Avonex, Betaseron, and Rebif. Today, the first-line treatments for almost all MS patients are still interferon medications or Copaxone, another injectable medication. These medicines have been used by hundreds of thousands of people over the years and have a very strong track record in terms of both safety and efficacy. However, they are far from a cure and have potentially intolerable side effects for many patients. In recent years, more powerful therapies, including an oral medication, have been approved and many more are likely to emerge in the near future. Nothing is for free, however, and with these more powerful treatments come more powerful, even potentially lethal, side-effects. In this blog, I look forward to discussing many aspects of this potentially disabling illness. In future posts I will discuss the cause, diagnosis, symptoms, and treatments of MS. I also hope the address the many areas of controversies and disagreements that frustrate doctors and patients alike. I look forward to hearing feedback from readers and answering any questions that may arise.	<urn:uuid:a93b0581-c345-4ba6-aa0a-d0bf74640263>	CC-MAIN-2015-06	http://www.healthline.com/health-blogs/perspectives-in-ms/multiple-sclerosis-introduction	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422115860277.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124161100-00221-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.965464	763	3.21875	3
It is estimated that more than 7,000 people are diagnosed with head and neck cancer each year in the UK and approximately 3,500 cases result in death. These cancers include tumours of the mouth, lips, throat and voice-box, and some have been linked to the sexually transmitted infection, HPV-16. Scientists at Liverpool analysed the DNA of more than 90 cancerous tissue samples to look for genes that indicated infection. The team found that nearly two thirds of tonsil tumour samples showed evidence of the HPV-16 gene. It is thought that chemical alterations in the virus’s DNA trigger the production of proteins that can alter the rate at which cells grow and repair. This strongly increases the possibility of subsequent cancer development. Recent studies have found, however, that patients who have the HPV infection when they are diagnosed with cancer, respond better to chemotherapy or radiation therapy than those that do not have the infection. The work will be presented at the National Cancer Research Institute’s (NCRI) Cancer Conference in Birmingham today. Mr Richard Shaw, from the School of Cancer Studies, explains: “Recent evidence demonstrates the possible involvement of HPV in the development of tonsil cancer, particularly in non-smokers. Interestingly, the treatment efficiency of chemotherapy and radiation, seems to differ between HPV positive and negative cases. We also need to find out why only a small percentage of people with this common infection develop this cancer. Our study, however, gives us a new lead towards a risk marker. “It is thought that HPV interacts in the cell with genes controlling the chemical modification of DNA, which affects gene expression and tumour behaviour. Our study shows that HPV may be a trigger of tonsil cancer, independent of the known common causes, such as smoking or drinking. The work also suggests that a DNA test to determine the activity of HPV, could be used to identify the most effective treatment for each individual patient. “Liverpool has the largest centralised head and neck oncology practice in the UK and our data show a doubling in the rate of non-drinkers and non-smokers presenting with tonsil cancer. As head and neck cancer is one of the cornerstones of the new CR-UK Cancer Centre in Liverpool, we are pleased to be making real progress in this area of research.” Researchers are now working to develop a clinical trial for a therapeutic HPV vaccine in head and neck cancer. The study, supported by the Royal College of Surgeons, will be presented at the NCRI Cancer Conference on Monday, 5 October. Notes to editors: 1. The Liverpool Cancer Research UK Centre focuses on understanding how cancers start and behave, how to develop better treatments with fewer side effects and how to tackle cancer in low-income communities where survival is lowest. As one of the first CR-UK Centres, Liverpool will set the pace for national and international progress in cancer of the pancreas, head and neck and blood. It will also concentrate on pioneering the latest techniques in surgery, radiotherapy and the treatment of children’s cancers. 2. The School of Cancer Studies brings together the considerable cancer research activities of the Divisions of Haematology, Pathology and Surgery & Oncology. The School forms a major part of the recently formed Liverpool CR-UK Cancer Centre.. 3. The National Cancer Research Institute (NCRI) was established in April 2001. It is a UK-wide partnership between the government, charity and industry which promotes co-operation in cancer research among the 21 member organisations for the benefit of patients, the public and the scientific community. NCRI Cancer Conference is the UK’s major forum for showcasing the best British and international cancer research. 4. The University of Liverpool is a member of the Russell Group of leading research-intensive institutions in the UK. It attracts collaborative and contract research commissions from a wide range of national and international organisations valued at more than £93 million annually. Media Relations Manager Phone: work +44 (0) 151 794 2247 Out of hours (cell+44 (0) 7970 247391) Senior Press Officer Phone: work +44 (0) 151 794 2248 Out of hours (cell+44 (0) 7973 247836) Press and Marketing Officer Phone: work +44 (0) 151 794 3044 Out of hours (cell+44 (0) 7970 247396)	<urn:uuid:d5c1dff5-4f30-45e1-9c7d-0a092e6df176>	CC-MAIN-2018-51	https://www.healthcanal.com/medical-breakthroughs/3526-dna-test-could-be-key-to-targetting-treatments-for-head-and-neck-cancer.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376825495.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20181214070839-20181214092339-00064.warc.gz	en	0.923735	913	3.015625	3
Formerly part of the Dakota Territory, North Dakota became a state on the same day South Dakota entered the Union, November 2nd, 1889. The geography of North Dakota varies widely from the fertile Red River Valley in the east to the butte-spotted and rugged Badlands of the west. The Missouri River cuts through the state and is a major source of freshwater and irrigation for the surrounding areas. The geographic center of North America is located in North Dakota, near the town of Rugby. The harsh weather of North Dakota includes fiercely cold winters, some of the windiest areas of the U.S., frequent thunderstorms and a rather active tornado season. Though the land was aggressively marketed for new settlement through the early twentieth century, geographic isolation and economic stagnation meant the population of the state changed little over the years (current population is roughly equal to the population of the state in 1920). German is by far the largest ancestry group in North Dakota, with nearly 44% of the population citing majority heritage in 2000. Some counties however, have large Russian, Ukrainian and Hungarian populations. Approximately 5% of the population is American Indian. From the 2000 Census to 2005 population estimates, North Dakota lost roughly 18,000 people, and population trends show the decline could continue. The economy of North Dakota is largely agricultural, though much of the land is arid and not suitable for large-scale agricultural production. The exception is the Red River Valley, a fertile strip of land near the Minnesotan border which was devastated by a flood in 1997. The region is also home to North Dakota's largest city and cultural hub, Fargo, as well as the city of Grand Forks. The capital, Bismarck, is in the center of the state, and the city of Minot is noted for its U.S. Airforce base. Because of the state's strategic isolation, North Dakota has a large number of ICBM (inter-continental ballistic missile) silos. Important economy industries include wind energy technologies and food processing. Firmly conservative, the state has given its 3 electoral votes to every Republican Presidential candidate since 1964.	<urn:uuid:ec817fcf-0154-45a1-99c6-0ef2c5e37015>	CC-MAIN-2017-43	http://www.statemaster.com/state/ND-north-dakota/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187825900.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20171023111450-20171023131450-00757.warc.gz	en	0.953464	429	3.640625	4
Cooking can be a lifelong hobby, and many families build traditions around food they prepare together. Involving kids in the kitchen teaches skills to your children that will benefit them throughout their lives. You can even start from a young age. Toddlers love helping, even if their help makes the project messier and longer! If you are baking, your child can help pour together ingredients like flour, sugar, and salt that you have pre-measured. If perfection is not important, you can share icing and decorating tasks to make a unique birthday cake for a family member. Or to keep your little one busy while you are making dinner, try letting him or her have free reign over their own project. Buy cheap bags of flour, rice, pasta, and dry beans. Set out some bowls, measuring cups, and mixing spoons. This will keep toddlers entertained for ages, and while they’re sure to make a big mess, they’ll also enjoy helping you sweep up the spills at the end. Kids of all ages get excited about growing their own food in the summer. Whether you have a huge yard with room for garden beds, or a sunny windowsill in an apartment, you can become gardeners and share the joy of watching plants grow from seeds into vegetables. For small pots, herbs like basil or cilantro work well and grow quickly. For larger pots, cherry tomatoes are easy and produce tomatoes for months in the hot summer months. If you have even more space, cucumbers, zucchini, and bell peppers are fun to watch as they grow. Adding your home-grown produce to recipes is exciting for cooks of all ages! School-aged kids can take on more responsibility and be true helpers in the kitchen. While close supervision is important around hot surfaces and sharp knives, kids can take ownership of a recipe. Quick baked goods like muffins are satisfying, and kids can handle all the measuring and mixing. Making your own pizza, assembling toppings for a taco bar, or helping make a special pasta sauce can involve kids in family-friendly meals. Many kids like accompanying parents to the grocery store, and allowing your whole family to offer ideas can make meal planning and shopping more fun for everyone. Finally, taking a cooking class together can be a fun night for both kids and parents! You’ll have a couple hours of special time together, prepare a kid-friendly full course meal, and gain confidence to repeat the experience at home in your own kitchen. Parkway-Rockwood Community Ed is offering two upcoming Parent-Child Cooking courses on May 6 and August 6.	<urn:uuid:9ea3afa6-3762-40cb-a908-ba0873c3d23e>	CC-MAIN-2019-39	http://prcommunityed.org/news/Pages/Cooking-Up-Fun-and-Memories-With-Your-Child.aspx	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514573908.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20190920071824-20190920093824-00477.warc.gz	en	0.9504	532	3	3
The Economic Way of Looking at Behaviour Gary S. Becker This paper aims to defend Rational Choice Theory (RCT) as a lens through which to understand human behaviour. This is the idea that people maximise welfare “as they conceive it” through the decisions that they make. He does through looking at a variety of instances where RCT seems to explain human behaviour. The first is crime, where he argues that people weigh up the chances of chances of getting caught, punishments if caught, benefits and others. This can be applied on small scales such as considering whether to park illegally by the benefit you reap, the chance of getting caught et.c., but can also apply to other instances to explain why on a macro-level crime occurs more often. RCV looks at the micro-level decisions that individuals must make to try to better understand what happens on a macro-level. The second is human capital. This is used to explain why marriage and divorces occur, caused by (according to RCT) different rational and economic evaluations of the increase or decrease of welfare in or outside of a marriage. It does the same thing to explain gender wage gaps, where the comparative advantage that men used to have in social status or cultural expectation to work led them to use this advantage, whereas married women, who had the inverse did not. Now of course this is changing as women are encouraged to work and go into varied and developed fields. The final analysis is of the rational of having fewer children and better investing in them in more developed countries. The paper mentions how Malthus was discredited for using the RCT to prove that overpopulation was inevitable. However, Becker defends the theory by saying that it was not the theory, but the false assumptions that Malthus had about modern life (such as the need for heavy investment in children). The theory also explains why investing in a heavily in a child’s education (as the trend is seen to be at the moment) is explained by the expected increase in earnings that will hopefully also look after the parents who make that decision. In short, the paper defends the RCT as an effective way of understanding and predicting human behaviour if the parameters used by it are correct. Reasons for Altruism In this paper, Schmitz analyses the reasons that altruism is not only a more moral and caring way for one’s character to be, but also should be adopted by all for purely self-interested rational reasons. The core argument of this paper is that being purely self interested does not in fact improve your welfare. Instead engaging with others and seeing one’s character develop through the faults and flaws but also the successes and good traits of others a lot of the better understand ourselves. Additionally a rather neat point made is that through displaying characteristics such as altruism when it actually has more to live for and improves their own well being as well. The way to do this paper argues is through bridging the gap between concern and commitment on a regular basis. It is one thing to care and sympathy with us but is another to be committed and actively try and improve their welfare if possible. Through habit this makes us better side of the country improve the welfare of all involved and also give one more to live for as one develops relationships friendships and feels more self-worth then they would otherwise would. Behaving and naturalistic way it enriches one’s life and also as I mentioned the developing of character is mainly done through interaction with other people where the valleys and characteristics and traits are we see ourselves but we feel ourselves and then shown under pressure or under strain to her behaviour towards other people, making them real characteristics. In Short, it is clear that on a macro-scale, the link between integrity and rationality is clear and also essential in a prosperous and caring society and altruism can help bring that about. Rationality; Maximisation Constrained This paper tries to explain how in a society with other constrained maximisers (CMs), following their rationale is better than those of straightforward maximisers (SMs). CMs are people who think and act on the idea that a joint strategy with someone they perceive to also be a CM will yield greater benefit. Contrastingly, a SM is someone who simply seeks to maximise their “utility” (benefit) based on the strategies of other people. A key point made is that a CM position allows for more options and more upside than an SM position. The latter is limited as they cannot gain as much upside through collaboration then they otherwise could. As the CM adopts his strategy dependent on who he is facing, he will usually be able to tell a SM from a CM and ensure the he is not ripped off. Through the use of probability, under the assumption that a CM can tell a CM from an SM, it is clear that not only is the optimal situation reached, but the CM is also more moral then the SM. The SM only cares for himself and will never compromise a gain for another. However, the CM wants to improve the situation for both parties involved. The reason that the SM position is immoral is that it readily leaves morality for utility-maximisation, whereas the CM mainly bridges these gaps and ensures a moral and utility-maximisation outcome. The only problem with being a CM is that it relies on their being many other like them. A CM strategy does not work is you are surrounded by SMs. There are also very extreme instances the CM strategy would allow for very immoral behaviour, though again, this is often contingent on a SM majority. In Short, this paper neatly explains how we can all in fact rationally pursue the most moral and utility-maximising strategy instead of incurring unnecessary loses and caring only for ourselves. The Toxin Puzzle The toxin puzzle explores the difference between one’s intention to do something and once actual carrying out of such an action. It’s set up a hypothetical situation where a billionaire offers you £1 million if you can show that you intend to drink a vile that will make you fall asleep for one day. The issue with that you’ll have to intend to drink the Violet once the million pounds is already deposited so regardless of whether you actually drink it you will have 1 million. But the issue is you have a special intention testing device that will tell him where you actually intend to drink it before you act before the money is deposited. Consequently, you have to try it across to try and force yourself to intend to do this. Paper tackles all of the potential loopholes and solutions to the situation. However, the real point of paper is to show the issue between what one intends to do and what one actually does. So, you can intend to do something carried out is very different. It also attempts to show that the rational choice theory fails to prove that the intuitively we should drink vile or should intend to drink it there is no rational reason for intending to drink in the toxin and so one could not sin the million. This hypothetical allows us to explore the difference between intention and carrying out an action and also shows that the rational choice theory model of how people behave fails in this case to explain why we should win £1 million (as even intending to do is irrational)	<urn:uuid:3ffa747d-3891-4ab9-8c63-369f85e292e8>	CC-MAIN-2021-10	https://in-short.org/what-is-justice/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178369512.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20210304174506-20210304204506-00639.warc.gz	en	0.967741	1,499	2.8125	3
last Monday, February 18th, the asteroid called 2000 EM26 or Moby Duck with its 270 meters of diameter passed close to Earth. the Slooh's robotic telescope on Mount Teide in the Canaries Island should monitored the asteroid called 2000EM26. However, because of frozen conditions, the telescop didn't work normally as illustrated on the picture below. Yesterday night Slooh published a file about the only picture provided during the night of February 17th by Slooh and the Dubai Astronomy Group: "Somewhere in this image, amongst the trailing star field, there should be a static round point of light – the light reflecting from an asteroid some 394886ft in diameter (270m). Based on the orbital data held by +NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, this is where Potentially Hazardous Asteroid 2000 EM26 should have been. So if it’s not here, where was this chunk of primordial space rock as it made its closest approach to Earth on Feb. 17th 2014?" Credit image: +Slooh Yesterday night Slooh announced officially that they are still looking for the asteroid. If you find it please contact Slooh as soon possible.	<urn:uuid:b4de5f2f-6267-448a-8463-08b3c2f24c4a>	CC-MAIN-2017-13	http://spacetravelfoundation.blogspot.com/2014/02/moby-dick-asteroid-2000-em26-is-missing.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218193288.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212953-00536-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.939466	248	2.71875	3
Chestnut St. between 4th and 5th The Second Bank was founded after the War of 1812 when it was realized that without a national bank (the charter on the first bank was allowed to lapse) it would be impossible to fund another war such as the one just fought. Founded in 1816, the building was finished in 1818. William Strickland, one of the first great American architects designed the building, and Nicholas Biddle was the first president of the bank. After a long battle, Andrew Jackson disbanded the bank in the 1832 during his crusade against the national banking system.	<urn:uuid:7d420b09-b463-40be-8876-e97d6c2c7282>	CC-MAIN-2015-35	http://www.ushistory.org/gop/tour_secondbank.htm	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440644060413.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827025420-00080-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.983104	123	3.03125	3
- © 2007 Cambridge University Press Hekla is a Holocene volcanic ridge in southern Iceland, which is notable for the link between repose periods and the composition of the first-erupted magma. The two largest explosive silicic eruptions, H4 and H3, erupted about 4200 and 3000 years ago. Airfall deposits from these eruptions were sampled in detail and analysed for major and trace elements, along with microprobe analyses of minerals and glasses. Both deposits show compositional variation ranging from 72 % to 56 % SiO2, with mineralogical evidence of equilibrium crystallization in the early erupted rhyolitic component but disequilibrium in the later erupted basaltic andesite component. The eruptions started with production of rhyolitic magma followed by dacitic to basaltic andesite magma. Sparse crystallization of the intermediate magma and predominant reverse zoning of minerals, trending towards a common surface composition, indicate magma mixing between rhyolite and a basaltic andesite end-member. The suggested model involves partial melting of older tholeiitic crust to produce silicic magma, which segregated and accumulated in deep crustal reservoir. Silicic magma eruption is triggered by basaltic andesite dyke injection, with a proportion of the dyke magma contributing to the production and eruption of a mixed hybrid magma. Both the volume of the silicic partial melt, and the proportion of the hybrid magma depend on the pre-eruptive repose time.	<urn:uuid:5af40a1c-4efe-4c4e-8432-1652013656fd>	CC-MAIN-2017-17	http://geolmag.geoscienceworld.org/content/144/4/643	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917123318.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031203-00167-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.907037	320	3.09375	3
You're never too old to get immunized! Your need for immunizations does not end when you reach adulthood. The specific shots (injections) you need as an adult depend not only on your age, lifestyle, overall health, pregnancy status, and travel plans but also on whom you are in close contact with and what vaccines you had as a child. Tetanus and diphtheria shots need to be repeated every 10 years throughout adulthood in order to keep your immunity. Many people don’t realize the important role vaccines can play in keeping adults healthy. But they need to — influenza, pneumonia, hepatitis B, cervical cancer, shingles and whooping cough are all adult diseases that can be prevented by vaccines. Each year, vaccine-preventable diseases kill more Americans than traffic accidents, breast cancer, and HIV/AIDS. Millions of people get sick, leading to missed work, not being able to care for those who depend on them, and passing the illness on to others. Surprisingly, adults are 100 times more likely than children to die of diseases that vaccines can prevent. Each year in the United States, vaccine-preventable diseases claim the lives of 500 children and approximately 50,000 adults. What’s the Cost? Please call for the most up to date cost as vaccine prices change. We suggest you verify the cost when you make your appointment. We accept cash, checks, money orders, debit or credit cards as well as most insurance plans for payment. Make checks and money orders payable to the Knox County Health Department. To ensure you are up-to-date with all of your destination's required vaccinations, please visit the CDC "Travelers' Health" page. The information below is provided directly from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) website.	<urn:uuid:0e13b3ea-2641-4fa4-8873-a5e16209be74>	CC-MAIN-2023-50	https://www.knoxhealth.com/index.php/adult-immunizations	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100724.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20231208045320-20231208075320-00462.warc.gz	en	0.941208	373	2.625	3
Wildlife is telling us the state of our planet. We listen. We take action. Be a part of our exciting future by subscribing to our biannual updates. The Center for Ecosystem Sentinels, housed at the University of Washington, uses information from the study of sentinel species to educate scientists, the public and policy makers. Just as canaries alerted coal miners to dangerous air quality, ecosystem sentinels serve as early warning systems of natural or human caused environmental change. Many of these sentinel species are also iconic, charismatic animals with a great ability to inspire individuals to take action. The Center is concerned with how alterations, whether natural or human, are impacting the health and well-being of these species and the ecosystems upon which we all depend. Science and long-term studies are hallmarks of the Center. We have a 45-year database on Galápagos penguins and a 35-year database on Magellanic penguins. Members of the Center are interested in natural history with a deep commitment to field biology. The Center fosters the well-being of ecosystem sentinels with long-term datasets, persuasive communication of conservation science to the public, mentorship of early-career scientists, and using science to inform the public and guide policy. To protect wildlife and preserve our environment, our work extends beyond research and publications. Through ongoing work with local and federal governments as well as conservation groups such as The Global Penguin Society (GPS), Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS), Galápagos Conservancy, and the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN), we continue to promote positive environmental change. After determining that tanker vessels were dumping oil and negatively impacting Magellanic penguins, we worked with many Argentines, including former students, and the government of Argentina, to move tanker lanes 40km further offshore, nearly eliminating observations of oiled birds on the beaches of Punta Tombo. In 2010, Dr. Boersma and Godfrey Merlen built nests out of lava rock in the Galápagos Islands to increase the reproductive success of Galápagos penguins. In 2014, after 30 years of study, we successfully linked climate change to reproductive failure in Magellanic penguins. Working with GPS and the Argentine and Ecuadorian governments, we promoted the creation and expansion of marine protected areas in Argentina and Ecuador. Dr. Boersma’s dedication and hard work led the Nature Conservancy to name her one of their “Conservation heroes of the last 50 years.” As a professor of Biology at the University of Washington, Dr. Boersma has educated future conservationists for over 40 years. In Boersma’s Science Communication Course, students produce short, educational films using video footage recorded during field research. Many of the films are shared with the public on our YouTube channel. In 2012, we launched iGalápagos, a photograph-sharing citizen science program targeting the Galápagos penguins. Supported by the Galápagos National Park, the project enhances our understanding of the breeding cycle and age distribution of this endangered species and engages the local community to be involved in research and conservation. Following the success of iGalapagos, in 2017 we launched iArgentina–a similar citizen science program for Magellanic penguins. Speaking locally as well as internationally, researchers with the project use media platforms to communicate the importance of research and conservation. Our graduate and undergraduate students visit local schools, zoos, aquariums, and public events to educate and inspire future conservationists. People that share our love of penguins and the natural world can help us get the message out that penguins enrich our lives and need our help.	<urn:uuid:731ec55f-6409-4508-b7a1-596cd3fa2c95>	CC-MAIN-2022-40	https://ecosystemsentinels.org/the-center-for-ecosystem-sentinels/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030334515.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20220925070216-20220925100216-00371.warc.gz	en	0.908456	772	3.234375	3
Climate Change Minister James Shaw says the just-published Greenhouse Gas Inventory, from the Ministry for the Environment, underlines the case for accelerated action to reduce emissions. The report shows that the 2020 lockdowns had an impact on emissions. Gross emissions were down by 3 per cent between 2019 and 2020, mainly driven by less travel by road, air and sea, and reduced fuel use for manufacturing. From 1990 to 2020 gross emissions have increased by 21 per cent. The report clearly shows where New Zealand’s emissions are coming from and – by implication – the biggest opportunities to reduce them. These include methane emissions from agriculture and carbon emissions from transport. In 2020 – - New Zealand’s gross greenhouse gas emissions in 2020 were 78.8 million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (Mt CO2-e). - Gross emissions comprised 44 per cent carbon dioxide, 44 per cent methane, 11 per cent nitrous oxide and 2 per cent fluorinated gases. - The Agriculture and Energy sectors were the two largest contributors to New Zealand’s gross emissions in 2020, at 50 per cent and 40 per cent, respectively. - New Zealand’s net emissions in 2020 were 55.5 Mt CO2-e. - The Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) sector offset 30 per cent (23.3 Mt CO2-e) of New Zealand’s gross emissions in 2020. Gross emissions since 1990 - Between 1990 and 2020, gross emissions increased by 21 per cent (13.6 Mt CO2-e). This is mostly due to increased methane from growth in the dairy cattle population and carbon dioxide from road transport. - The Waste sector had the only overall reduction in gross emissions, with a decrease of 17 per cent (0.7 Mt CO2-e) due to ongoing improvements in the management of landfills. Net emissions since 1990 - Between 1990 and 2020, net emissions increased by 26 per cent (11.5 Mt CO2-e), due to the underlying increase in gross emissions by 26 per cent (11.5 Mt CO2-e), due to the underlying increase in gross emissions. - Since 1990, net removals from the LULUCF sector have increased by 10 per cent (2.1 Mt CO2e) largely due to an increase in the production of harvested wood products. Trends between 2019 and 2020 - Gross emissions decreased by 3 per cent (2.8 Mt CO2-e). - Net emissions decreased by 5 per cent (3.1 Mt CO2-e). - Both changes are mainly due to decreases in fuel use from road transport, manufacturing industries and construction, and domestic aviation as a result of the COVID-19 restrictions. James Shaw said the emissions reduction plan, to be released next month, will provide a comprehensive list of actions to drive transformative change. “It will set out how we will meet our first emissions budget and include policies and strategies to reduce emissions in key sectors like transport, energy, waste, building and construction, agriculture and forestry,” Mr Shaw said. “In ten years’ time the world will be a very different place. We need to secure our part in it by making sure the Aotearoa of the future is carbon-zero and climate-friendly, with fairness and opportunities for all,” said James Shaw. Later this year, the Government will make a decision on how we measure, manage and price agricultural greenhouse gas emissions, he said. “Whatever system we land on will have to create the right incentives for farmers to reduce emissions and move to more efficient, sustainable practices,” said James Shaw. Minister Shaw noted the inventory provisionally indicates New Zealand will meet its international 2020 emissions reduction target under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. “As I’ve said many times, our climate targets are not optional, they are critical. Meeting the 2020 target is encouraging, but there are bigger, more important targets down the line. “As the recent IPCC report made clear, the next three years are absolutely critical – the Emissions Reduction Plan, and the emissions budgets it will speak to, will set out how we will play our part in the global bid to tackle emissions and limit warming,” said James Shaw. Sources: Climate Change Minister and New Zealand’s Greenhouse Gas Inventory 1990-2020	<urn:uuid:1a4966a7-860a-42aa-bce2-69f4863f5326>	CC-MAIN-2023-40	https://agscience.org.nz/why-the-agriculture-sector-should-brace-for-action-to-curb-greenhouse-gas-emissions/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506320.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20230922002008-20230922032008-00894.warc.gz	en	0.921911	922	3.34375	3
If you still have unanswered questions after reading this, please send a request to email@example.com and we will try to answer it. The next generation of brakes, invented by George Westinghouse in 1869, added a compressor to the locomotive, and a brake pipe running the length of the train, connected between cars with gladhands, which were symmetrical "non-gendered" connectors that were latched together by hand and would separate by themselves if pulled on. The brake pipe was connected to an air cylinder on each car, which pulled on the handbrake chain when the brake pipe was pressurized. In other words, charge the brake pipe with air, and the brakes went on. This worked MUCH better than brakemen, but it still took a long time to pump all that air back to the cars. And, all it took was a parted hose or other failure anywhere in the brake system to cause the system to fail entirely. The triple valve attached directly to the brake pipe, then had a connection to the reservoir, and to the brake cylinder. It was called "triple valve" not of the three connections, but of its three modes: At rest, the Westinghouse brake system has no air in it. So the air brakes in the train must first be charged. As air is pumped down the brake pipe by the locomotive, the triple valve directs it into the car's reservoir, where it is held for use in applying the brakes later. When the system is fully charged, brake pipe and all the reservoirs in the train will be at a pressure designated by the railroad, for this discussion let's say 70 pounds. When the engineer wants to apply the brakes, he sets the brake handle such that air is removed from the brake pipe. When the triple valve sees brake pipe pressure fall, it allows reservoir air into the brake cylinder, and the brakes apply. It's pretty simple; if you reduce the brake pipe pressure 5 pounds to 65 pounds, the triple valve transfers air into the cylinder until the reservoir drops to 65 pounds. Due to the relative volumes of the reservoir and (properly adjusted) cylinder, this will put 12.5 pounds of air into the cylinder. A 10 pound reduction will give 25 pounds of cylinder application (by reducing the reservoir from 70 to 60). The maximum braking, then, is a 20-pound reduction, which puts 50 pounds in the cylinder, and leaves 50 pounds in the reservoir. At this point, pressure in the reservoir and cylinder are equalized, and that's as hard as the system will brake. Even if the brake pipe pressure is reduced further, nothing more will happen. Once the brakes are applied, an increase in pressure told the triple-valve to release the brakes. When it saw an increase, it would vent the cylinder to atmosphere, and start to recharge the reservoir. Westinghouse's triple valve improved response times, because it didn't need to move all the air needed to apply the brakes. It only had to move enough air to carry a signal to the triple valve, telling it to apply or release. But still, the signal took awhile to work its way down the brake pipe. This would be improved later... "Emergency" adds a fourth mode to the brake system. A rapid decrease in brake pressure signals the valve to immediately throw the "works" into stopping the train. Including the full contents of a second, larger reservoir, called the "Emergency" reservoir. (The original reservoir is now called the "Auxiliary" reservoir. Most freight cars use a "duplex" reservoir, which are two cast halves separated by a steel plate. The steel plate is shaped like a dome inside, which makes the emergency half of the reservoir larger. A tab sticks out of this steel plate, one side labeled "aux" and the other "emerg" so the sides can be identified. In normal operation, the emergency-equipped control valve operates just like the original triple valve, except, of course, that it also charges the emergency reservoir. But part of the valve is designed to detect a rapid drop in pressure, which trips the emergency mode. The valve will then dump the entire contents of both reservoirs into the cylinder, and when pressure equalizes, there will be nearly full system pressure in the cylinder, 63 pounds or so on a 70-pound brake pipe pressure. This is as hard as the brakes will go, and will often lock up the axles at low speeds, skidding flats in the wheels. The force of an emergency application can also damage lading or even derail the train! An emergency stop is now the default action almost anytime there's a brake failure. Any rupture in the brake pipe will cause an emergency application, as will a defective brake valve pejoratively called a "kicker" or "dynamiter" (which puts the whole train in emergency.) The reason a defective valve could disable a whole train, is that part of the "Emergency" feature is another feature called "Quick Action". Since an emergency application requires a rapid drop in brake pipe pressure, there needs to be away to make sure the drop remains rapid, even far back in the train. The locomotive alone can't do that; by the time the pressure drop got 100 cars back, it would not be so rapid. So each valve repeats and propagates the effect of the emergency brake. That's what Quick Action does. When the valve goes into emergency, Quick Action vents the brake pipe itself, thus _causing_ a rapid drop, amplifying the emergency action and making sure the next valve goes into emergency too. That also means that if a valve is defective, and produces what is called an "Undesirable Emergency Application" (UDE), the entire train will follow suit. When conductors rode in cabooses, they knew of four reasons for their train unexpectedly going into emergency: The "AB" control valve consists of a pipe bracket, to which all piping connections are made, and two control valve portions (the "Service" and "Emergency" portions) which bolt to the pipe bracket with three bolts. Each of the three pieces weighs about 65 pounds, which is (conveniently?) just light enough to be shipped by UPS. The beauty of the system is its ease of maintenance. The two portions (which are quite complex inside) simply bolt off; and you don't rebuild them, you just ship them off to someone who does it for you for about $120. Add ten dollars worth of gaskets and filters, and a field diagnostic, and you've done 16-year brake service on a railroad car. The hard part is cutting out the stencil which says "C.O.T.S. 1/4/94" (Clean, Oil, Test and Stencil) The pipe bracket does not just unbolt; there are pipes attached to it. The five pipes are Brake Pipe, Cylinder, Auxiliary Reservoir, Emergency Reservoir, and Retainer. The last one deserves some explanation. The retainer is a way of "keeping" some of the brake application even after the brakes are released. When an AB brake releases cylinder pressure, it vents it out the "retainer" port. On most cars, this leads to a retaining valve located on the side of the car. The retaining valve retains pressure in the cylinder when the control valve tries to release it. It can be set for "direct", which lets the air out directly, or "retain 10 pounds" which keeps the last 10 pounds of pressure in the cylinder. This is used to descend long grades: with the retainers turned up, the cars will hold ten pounds of brakes even while the brakes are fully released and recharging. More advanced retainers added two more settings: retain 20 pounds, and slow release, which would release fully but took about 90 seconds to do it. On cars that didn't use the feature, a screen was put over the retaining valve port to keep wasps from building nests in the control valve. The old AB valve used technology of 100 years ago inside the valve: small pistons moved brass slide valves, aligning or blocking ports to make the valve function. They had to be lubricated with graphite, and there were always problems with scoring and leakage. With the ABD valve, rubber diaphragms (like in a car's fuel pump) replaced the pistons, and sliding shafts with rubber gaskets replaced the brass slide valves. Although they did basically the same thing. Two functional features were added to AB and newer valves: Quick Service and Quick Release. Both worked like Quick Action, manipulating brake pipe pressure to propagate the brake commands more quickly. Quick Service propagates the effect of a service application. When it sees an pressure drop of 1-1/2 pounds or so, it vents some more brake pipe pressure to atmosphere, assuming a 5-pound application. This means that the next valve sets brake more quickly, and so on. Quick Release does the same thing, for releases. When it sees an increase in pipe pressure, it adds some air from the emergency reservoir into the brake pipe. This increases the pressure some more, and all in all makes the train release much more quickly. But... remember the trouble with "Kickers" and the Quick Action feature, where one car could put an entire train into emergency? The same thing can happen here, but now one car can release the brakes on an entire train. This caused major problems until it was learned that certain ways of handling the brake were causing it. Picture, if you will, a train crew on a hill, trying to uncouple the locomotives from a train. The engineer makes a heavy brake reduction, which causes air in the pipe to move toward the locomotive. Then, a brakeman closes the angle cock (the valve between cars that closes off the brake pipe) on the first car, so they can uncouple. Normal enough, but watch what happens in the brake pipe... Air is moving through the brake pipe, and suddenly the air passage is shut. But air has momentum, and it's still moving toward the locomotive. So it piles up at the closed angle cock, a little pneumatic traffic jam. And as it does, the pressure at that spot in the brake pipe, increases. Guess what the control valve in that car does. It releases. This wasn't a problem with the AB valve; at most one or two cars at the front of the train would release. But the Quick Release feature changes all that, because it propagates the release back through the train. That knocks the brakes off the second car, which knocks the brakes off the third, and so on ... By the time the crew realizes it, their entire train has released, and it's headed down the mountain. Education has pretty much fixed the problem; wait until air has stopped moving before closing the angle cock; or leave it open a bit so air continues to drain. Ideally, braking down long grades is done with dynamic brakes. They never overheat or wear out. Realistically, some help from air brakes on the train is often needed, and that's done either by normal use of the brakes, or by stopping and turning up retainers. I won't talk about how air brakes perform over long periods of use, but I believe they are sufficiently leak-resistant that they can make it down the hill without needing to stop and recharge. However, if the engineer repeatedly applies and releases the air brakes, he will eventually drain the auxiliary reservoirs on the cars (but the emergency reservoirs will be intact...) If an engineer foolishly does this, he may need to use emergency to stop the train. Then he will need to turn up enough retainers to hold the hill, and release the brakes, and pump air into the system until it is recharged. While he waits, the trainmaster will show up and cuss him out, of course... There have been several rounds of evolution on locomotive brake stands (which together with the control-valve-like Distributing Valve, control the locomotive's and the train's brakes) The very early varieties had three positions: Running (which charged the brake pipe up to a set pressure), Apply (which discharged the brake pipe), and Lap (which did nothing to the pipe). An engineer would move the handle to "Apply" until he got the pressure he wanted, then he would move the handle to "Lap". Unfortunately, leakage would tend to reduce the pipe pressure further, which would cause the cars to set the brakes harder and harder. This caused problems on hills, as described above. The most common contemporary model is the "26", which is a pressure maintaining brake. Meaning, if you set the handle to 65 pounds, it will automatically hold it at 65, even against leakage. This solves the hill problem. Before the invention of the pressure maintaining brake, engineers would improvise one by adjusting the "feed valve", which is the pressure regulator that feeds the brake system, and thus determines maximum brake pipe pressure. That's supposed to be set at whatever brake pipe pressure the railroad runs as a practice (70, 80 or 90 pounds) and left there. To maintain pressure in their brake pipes, engineers would dial the feed valve to the application they wanted (say, 60 pounds) then let leakage bring it down to that. The feed valve, thinking 60 pounds was the running pressure, would dutifully hold the brake pipe there, against leakage. It was illegal but it mostly worked. Return to the FAQ page Last Update: 11/04/02	<urn:uuid:f017068e-6ca6-488b-aca8-ad2a99d864b1>	CC-MAIN-2014-23	http://www.psrm.org/faqs/brakes/history/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997885796.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025805-00167-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.962316	2,814	3.546875	4
If you are thinking about buying organic foods, you may want to read my article first. Many people are choosing organic for their family’s health, but you may be buying more expensive foods in vain. Don’t get me wrong, organic foods are much better for the environment, since there are stricter rules for production, handling, and processing; but as for the health benefits, for the most part, they are no safer or more nutritious than conventionally produced foods. For example, beef, poultry, eggs, and milk that are produced organically live under less-crowded conditions, which might reduce animal-to-animal transmission of disease-causing bacteria. But, on the other hand, there is no evidence that they are exposed to any fewer chemical contaminants or antibiotic residues than their non-organic counterparts. PCBs and dioxins are spread through the air and water, so there’s no reason to think they are less likely to settle on an organic farm than on a conventional one. Even worse, organic farms are equally as vulnerable since insects, birds, and other animals are also easy routes for invasion by pathogens. What does this all mean? Well, let’s define organic according to the US Department of Agriculture. “Organic food is produced by farmers who emphasize the use of renewable resources and the conservation of soil and water to enhance environmental quality for future generations. Organic meat, poultry, eggs and dairy products come from animals that are given no antibiotics or growth hormones. Organic food is produced without using most conventional pesticides; fertilizers make with synthetic ingredients or sewage sludge; bioengineering; or ionizing radiation. Before a product can be labeled “organic,” a Government-approved certifier inspects the farm where the food is grown to make sure the farmer is following all the rules necessary to meet USDA organic standards. Companies that handle or process organic food before it gets to your local supermarket or restaurant must be certified, too.” www.ams.USDA.gov/nop So, if you are thinking about going organic, but don’t believe the hype completely, you may want to choose a few fruits or veggies that DO have proven higher pesticide residues. You can lower your pesticide exposure by up to 90% just by avoiding the worst offendersbelow. Here’s a list from best to worst for your next trip to the supermarket: Peaches Nectarines Apples Sweet Bell Peppers Celery Pears Strawberries Spinach Lettuce Potatoes Grapes (imported) Cherries MAY NEED SOME WASHING Carrots Green Beans Grapes Hot peppers Cucumbers Plums Raspberries Blueberries Tomatoes Cantaloupe Mushrooms Oranges Sweet Potatoes Watermelon Cauliflower CLEAN AS A WHISTLE Papaya Broccoli Cabbage Bananas Kiwi Avocado Sweet peas (frozen) Asparagus Mango Pineapples Sweet corn (frozen) Onions In conclusion, I am all for using renewable resources and conserving water and soil. I am also all for (even slightly) more humane treatment of animals and the use of less steroids and antibiotics. I must admit, I was buying organic milk and chicken because I actually thought both were free of this stuff. Reality is, there isn’t much of a difference in the actual food itself. So, do your shopping as you wish, wash your fruits and veggies well (organic or not), and whatever you do, YOU’RE BETTER OFF EATING FRUITS AND VEGGIES WITH PESTICIDES THAN NOT EATING THEM AT ALL!! Happy shopping. Want more help? If you're tired of wasting time on counting calories, eating "fake foods", and other ineffective diets, check out our coaching program here at Power 3 Fitness Coaching to get the support you need for long term success.	<urn:uuid:a7b55e62-b86a-443b-bb39-2636c2d41f04>	CC-MAIN-2023-40	https://www.p3fit.com/post/thinking-about-going-organic	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506339.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20230922070214-20230922100214-00325.warc.gz	en	0.933361	826	2.78125	3
The Java(TM) Platform, Standard Edition Runtime Environment (JRE) is intended for software developers and vendors to redistribute with their applications. The Java SE Runtime Environment is the minimum standard Java computing environment for running applications written in the Java programming language. It contains the Java virtual machine, Java core classes, and supporting files. It does not contain any of the development tools (such as appletviewer or javac) or classes that pertain only to a development environment. The Java SE Runtime Environment contains the Java virtual machine, runtime class libraries, and Java application launcher that are necessary to run programs written in the Java programming language. It is not a development environment and does not contain development tools such as compilers or debuggers. For development tools, see the Java SE Development Kit (JDK(TM)). Deploying Applications with the Java SE Runtime Environment When you deploy an application written in the Java programming language, your software bundle will probably consist of the following parts: Your own class, resource, and data files. A runtime environment. An installation procedure or program.	<urn:uuid:38a6dbc4-b3d3-4b40-bae2-b5fdf6bfda69>	CC-MAIN-2015-48	http://www.afreecodec.com/windows/top-windows-software/java-runtime-environment-61573.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398468396.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205428-00094-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.867214	225	3.265625	3
Doc Talk: The facts about breast cancer risk and genetic testing 10/01/2013 12:00 AM 08/08/2014 10:19 AM Breast and ovarian cancer are topics of concern for many women, regardless of their family history. The National Cancer Institute reports that almost 200,000 cases of breast cancer and 25,000 case of ovarian cancer are diagnosed annually in the United States. While the majority of these cancers are not caused by inherited risk factors, about 10 percent are hereditary and linked to a genetic mutation. The month of October – National Breast Cancer Awareness Month – is a good time to evaluate your risks and ensure you taking necessary precautions to prevent or detect cancer early. Q: Do most women who develop breast cancer have a family history? A: No. The majority of breast cancers (65 percent) occur in women who have no family history of breast cancer and are not linked to heredity or genetics. These nonhereditary cancers are called sporadic breast cancers. The risk of breast cancer increases as a woman ages. Most breast cancer is found after the age of 50. If you live to 90, your risk of developing breast cancer is one in eight or about 13 percent, even with no family history. Therefore, all women over age 40 should be screened for breast cancer with annual mammograms, even if they have no family history. Q: Do women with a family history have a higher risk than one in eight? A: Yes. The actual risk depends on the number of family members with breast or ovarian cancer and the ages at which they were diagnosed. Risk depends on age, family history and several other factors including the age of first menstrual cycle and pregnancy, previous breast biopsies, and race. Breast cancers that develop in women with strong family histories are known as familial breast cancer and account for approximately 25 percent of all cases of breast cancer. In some instances, family members may have an even higher risk of breast cancer than expected due to an alteration or mutation in their genes, which is called hereditary breast cancer. The lifetime risk in a patient with these altered genes could be as high as 87 percent. Q: What are genes and what is the BRCA (breast cancer) gene? A: We’re all born with two copies of about 30,000 different genes. One copy of each gene comes from our mother and the other from our father. Two genes in particular, BRCA 1 and BRCA 2, normally work to prevent breast and ovarian cancer. But, in some cases we can inherit a BRCA 1 or BRCA 2 alteration or mutation from either parent. This alteration interferes with normal gene activity and makes the person with the altered gene more susceptible to developing breast or ovarian cancer. Q: How many people have the altered or mutated breast cancer gene? A: It is estimated that about 10 percent of women who are diagnosed with breast cancer will have one of these altered genes. Men can also have the altered gene, which increases their risk of developing breast cancer, prostate cancer and pancreatic cancer. Men can also pass the gene on to their sons or daughters. Their daughters then have a very high risk of developing breast cancer. Q: How do I know if I am at risk for this gene? A: Having a blood relative who has tested positive for the gene is the most important risk factor. Other risk factors include a history of, or a family member with, breast cancer before age 50; ovarian cancer at any age; pancreatic cancer at any age; male breast cancer; both breast and ovarian cancer; breast cancer in both breasts, multiple close family members (including grandparents, aunts and uncles) with breast, ovarian or pancreatic cancer; or being of Ashkenazi or Eastern European Jewish descent. Q: What is my risk if I have the BRCA 1 or BRCA 2 gene? A: Those with the gene have a 50 percent chance of developing breast cancer by age 50. By age 70, the risk jumps to as high as 87 percent. The risk of ovarian cancer is as high as 44 percent, compared to just 2 percent of the general, non-affected population. Those found to have the gene – both with and without cancer – are typically advised to take more aggressive steps to prevent or treat cancer. Q: If I have risk factors, can I be tested to see if I have the gene alteration in BRCA 1 or BRCA 2? A: Yes. Those at risk are wise to be tested for early prognosis. Only a blood or saliva sample is needed although the gene sequencing analysis, which looks for altered genes, is quite complex. Most health insurance plans pay for the test for those patients with appropriate risk factors. Join the Discussion The Wichita Eagle is pleased to provide this opportunity to share information, experiences and observations about what's in the news. Some of the comments may be reprinted elsewhere on the site or in the newspaper. We encourage lively, open debate on the issues of the day, and ask that you refrain from profanity, hate speech, personal comments and remarks that are off point. Thank you for taking the time to offer your thoughts.	<urn:uuid:ef676b35-7a44-46c0-99df-fc5af3d2c405>	CC-MAIN-2014-52	http://www.kansas.com/living/health-fitness/article1124266.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1419447548160.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20141224185908-00022-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.964008	1,069	3	3
Federal agencies collect data on fatalities caused by “distracted driving,” which can include anything from talking on a cellphone to eating in the car. Although there have been laboratory and observational studies that have estimated the impact of cellphone usage while driving, there has been no way to tease out exactly how many crashes are caused by texting – or cellphone use overall. “It’s extremely hard to measure causation,” says David Teater, senior director of the National Safety Council’s transportation strategic initiatives. “I believe [that] in all states there’s a mandatory blood alcohol test after a fatality.… There is nothing even close to that with distracted driving. There’s no way of knowing for sure.” In the past, if the police did try to investigate whether cellphone usage was involved in a crash – not a regular occurrence, since for years talking on the phone while driving was not illegal – officers would typically have to rely on the driver’s word. Fernando Wilson, who co-authored the study with fellow University of North Texas Health Science Center assistant professor Jim Stimpson, agrees with Mr. Teater that the study’s fatality predictions are probably low. “There is going to be a lot of underreporting,” Mr. Wilson says. “In reality it’s probably an even worse problem than what the data is showing.” Wilson and Stimpson combined data from the US Fatality Accident Reporting System database with cellphone usage statistics, adjusting for climate, state demographics, and other factors. Using this statistical modeling, they determined that if texting had not existed, the number of distracted driving fatalities would have actually declined from 4,611 to 1,925 per year from 2001 to 2007. As it is, distracted driving deaths increased to 5,870 in 2008, according to the US Department of Transportation.	<urn:uuid:141409d3-3388-436b-9989-38d276322b2f>	CC-MAIN-2014-52	http://m.csmonitor.com/USA/Society/2010/0923/Texting-caused-total-distracted-driving-deaths-to-rise-study-finds/(page)/2	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1419447559962.154/warc/CC-MAIN-20141224185919-00077-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.962996	393	3.109375	3
White Fragility is the catalyst that precipitates White Rage, which is the root cause of Black Trauma, writes Valerie Hughes. White Fragility is the catalyst that precipitates White Rage, which is the root cause of Black Trauma. These are two different concepts. However, history has proved that when one is activated, the other becomes detrimental to the lives and well-being of Black people. Coming of age is a milestone. It marks the transition from childhood into young adulthood between ages 12 and 13. As a Black child living in Washington, D.C., during the civil rights movement, I became of age at 8 years old, much earlier than white kids my age. While my grandmother would not allow her six grandkids to take part in the peaceful civil rights marches, she did allow us to watch on her tiny black-and-white television. I saw Black men, women, and children being chased through the streets by white men siccing snarling, vicious dogs on them, beating them with batons, aiming high-powered water hoses knocking them down, then trampling them over with horses. That was the first time I saw rage on the faces of white people. This was my “coming of age” moment. In that moment I realized white people were very angry with Black people, but I didn’t understand why. This was the first lesson in my course on life as a Black child of what rage looked like on the faces of white people. I still wasn’t sure what caused them to be so angry with Black people. The second lesson came when Hollywood finally began to produce movies and series that “somewhat” depicted the brutalization of slavery. I watched the series “The Autobiography of Jane Pittman” and “Roots.” While watching, I realized the slave owners were always violent and brutal toward their slaves but became even more violent when one of them tried to escape. I began to think back to the rage I saw on the faces of the white men beating the civil rights protesters, as a parallel to the rage on the faces of the slave owners who were whipping the slaves who would attempt to escape. I realized that white people were enraged in both situations by the same trigger: one by Black people wanting to be free from slavery, and the other by Black people wanting to be free of oppression. It wasn’t until I studied the social sciences in college that I learned about “White Fragility” and its effect on the Black race. White Fragility is a term created by Robin DiAngelo, PhD, to describe how white people react to issues of racism. White Rage is marked by visceral responses such as anger, fear, guilt, and silence to discussions surrounding racism, inequality, and injustice. In both instances during slavery and the civil rights movement, Black people were most traumatized by white people when they became fearful of losing control over their Black bodies, minds, and lives. White Fragility in the form of fear is the origin of White Rage, which has been the source of Black Trauma throughout history, as it continues to be so today. On May 14, 2022, White Fragility once again reared its ugly head becoming White Rage as an 18-year-old white male who believed that Black people and minorities were attempting to “replace” his white race walked into a Black community supermarket and murdered 10 innocent Black people. Once again, White Fragility in the form of fear turned into White Rage, which resulted in Black Trauma. We are terrorized and traumatized by the fact that White Fragility in the form of fear will become White Rage in the form of anger, resulting in Black Trauma in the form of violence against us and our loved ones. Disclaimer: Elm Voices & Opinions articles reflect the thoughts or opinions of their individual authors, and may not represent the thoughts or values of UMB as an institution.	<urn:uuid:15e8640c-0ac2-40e6-9395-2c63f8ddd1d1>	CC-MAIN-2022-33	https://elm.umaryland.edu/voices-and-opinions/2022/White-Fragility--White-Rage-Black-Trauma.php	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571536.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811224716-20220812014716-00022.warc.gz	en	0.980103	812	2.875	3
Grazing systems are all important for your land management and the health of your stock. And good grazing systems need great fencing systems to keep the stock in and everyone else out. What sort of grazing system you use depends upon a number of factors. There are three main systems, each with a number of variations surrounding it, but the system you choose will give you the amount of control you require over the management of your grazing land. Ultimately, you are looking to match the nutritional demands of the livestock with the right supply of forage. Set stocking or continuous stocking is the simplest form of grazing management. This is where the animals – sheep, cattle, ponies, goats, llamas, have access to just one area of grazing land for the whole season. This type of gazing is typically found in areas of extensive farming - such as uplands or breckland areas. While some early grass growth might be wasted under this system, it does reduce damage over the area as a whole. The continuous nature of grazing encourages a close, dense sward that is usually rich in clover. It also means that fencing costs – once the fence has been built – are kept to a minimum. Paddock grazing is where livestock are grazed on a rotational basis within a number of paddocks. This is sometimes called ‘rotational grazing’ and is a more intensive management system. It carries higher costs in fencing, water supply and access routes. Paddock grazing is often carried out on a 20-30 day cycle and allows the farmer to more accurately meet the nutritional demands of the livestock with the availability of forage. Paddock grazing offers two major advantages to the livestock farmer: stock do not regraze the same area of land on a day-by-day basis and become susceptible to parasitic worms; and parcels of land can be put aside for hay or silage under this system. Strip grazing allows stock to be moved to fresh pasture every day. It is usually organised within a paddock grazing system and animals are controlled by an electric fence. This system is often used when there is excess forage available, such as cover tops that are sown after the cereal harvest, radish and turnips for example. Among the advantages of a strip system is that the animals will not trample and spoil a large area as they are contained within a small area of the field. This system also allows careful management of how much nutrition the animals take in. The choice is yours What sort of grazing method you employ will be dependent upon the land you have available and the demands of your stock. You may well mix and match, with some set stocking and some strip grazing. How you fence these areas will also be dependent upon a number of factors – permanence of the grazing, the nature of the stock (beef cattle are notoriously less easily contained than dairy cows) and the budget you are working to. Your fencing contractor will be able to advise you.	<urn:uuid:3da7810c-b1d7-4496-a312-34db00dcb4db>	CC-MAIN-2019-35	http://www.dodduk.com/articles/2016/1/18/grazing-what-are-the-options	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027313536.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20190818002820-20190818024820-00332.warc.gz	en	0.951264	601	2.9375	3
Once your little one beyond 6 months old, you will most likely be spending more time focusing on their nutritional needs. After a better understanding of your baby and their delicate tummy, it is important to understand the role nutrition plays in your baby's on-going development so you feel empowered to make sure they are getting everything they need to keep their tummy happy. "Babies with a delicate tummy may have a higher risk of getting inadequate nutrition compared to other babies. Symptoms such as vomiting and diarrhea may reduce the absorption of nutrients into the body and thus increase the risk of having malnutrition," shares Miss Law Chin Chin, Senior Dietitian at The Nutrition Place. Read on to find out more about the right nutrition for your baby's development! The low down on good nutrition It will seem like your baby is doing something new every few days after 6 months, seemingly growing an inch every time you take their measurements. They might be rolling over and sitting up for short periods from 7 months and readily standing with support around 8 months, picking up small objects by 9 months, and maybe even responding to simple questions at 10 months1 – all these cognitive developmental milestones are strongly supported by parental stimulation as well as by proper nutrition2. Nutrients provide the building blocks that make up important enzyme systems in the brain3 so moms, read on for some tips on how to ensure that your baby eats well for growth! What's on the menu? Moms, your baby's nutrient demands can be met through a combination of a suitable milk supplement and solid foods from after 6 months. Miss Law advises that a variety of foods from different food groups should be introduced when weaning begins6. \|Food groups\|\|Recommended number of servings per day (7-12 months)\| \|Brown rice and whole meal bread\|\|1-2 servings\| \|Meat & others\|\|½ serving\| To help you understand suitable portions, 1 serving is equivalent to the following6: - Brown Rice and wholemeal bread: 2 slices of bread, ½ bowl of rice (100 g), ½ bowl of noodles(100g) - Fruit: 1 small apple, orange, pear or mango (130 g); 1 wedge of pineapple, papaya or watermelon (130 g), 1 medium banana - Vegetables: ¾ mug cooked leafy /non leafy vegetable (100g) - Meat & others: 90 g of fish, lean meat or skinless poultry (90g), 2 small blocks of soft beancurd (170 g), ¾ cup cooked pulses (eg lentils, peas and beans) (120 g) Feeding your fussy baby If your baby appears uncomfortable and unhappy during or after feeding and spitting up excessively, they might be experiencing signs of a delicate tummy, says Professor Geoff Cleghorn, Director, Mead Johnson Paediatric Nutrition Institute (Asia). Your baby will not always have a delicate tummy, their digestive system will need time to develop and become fully functional. "If your baby has a delicate tummy, wait for a few days between introducing new food to your baby to make sure that they don't have allergic reactions to the new items you are introducing into their diet. Always start with small amounts to ensure that their tiny tummies are able to tolerate the food well," Ms Law advises. Moms, do not fret over this! All is good as long as your baby is receiving adequate essential nutrients, eating well and following the curve of the growth chart. Remember also that every baby is different and some little ones may have a smaller appetite for milk and food. They will give you all the usual signs if they are satisfied or still hungry. Below are some of the signs showing that your baby is growing well6: - Gaining weight gradually and following the curve of growth chart - Generally happy and playful - 6 – 8 wet diapers daily - Able to achieve the milestones of development What do the right nutrients contribute to? After 6 months, your baby goes through rapid development and they require a high nutrient intake to support this growth4. Research has shown that fatty acids such as DHA and ARA not only help the development of the visual system in babies, but also speed up transmission in the neurons, making for a faster brain5. DHA also makes up about 25 percent of the total fat found in the brain and is not produced by the body in significant amounts5. Ms Law Chin Chin Senior Consultant Dietitian The Nutrition Place 1 Anjana Motihar Chandra. (2016). Baby Development Milestones: 7-12 Months. Retrieved from https://www.healthxchange.sg/children/baby-0-24-months/baby-development-milestones-7-12-months. 2 UNICEF. Early Childhood Development: The Key to a Full and Productive Life. Retrieved from https://www.unicef.org/dprk/ecd.pdf 3 Ngala. Nutrition and Brain Development 6-12 Months. Retrieved from http://www.ngala.com.au/files/files/861_PRG_84_Nutrition_and_Brain_Development_6-12_months.pdf 4 J. Hardwick and A. Sidnell. (2014). Infant nutrition – diet between 6 and 24 months, implications for paediatric growth, overweight and obesity. Retrieved from https://www.google.com.sg/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwimvYr_zubSAhXJMI8KHT0LDYsQFggaMAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1111%2Fnbu.12118%2Fpdf&usg=AFQjCNFXSuvg91N5gtVL1dMbLN3-lWUUjQ&sig2=vmK_ln-FIaqflOiGcT-3PQ 5 (2017). Baby Brain Food. Retrieved from http://www.brillbaby.com/after-birth/baby-brain-nutrition.php. 6 Interview with Ms Law Chin Chin, The Nutrition Place	<urn:uuid:719e880b-38d0-4a1c-9711-a8c2914b11f9>	CC-MAIN-2017-47	https://www.enfagrow.com.sg/articles/nutrition/happy-tummy-happy-baby	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934805923.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20171120071401-20171120091401-00048.warc.gz	en	0.912352	1,332	2.734375	3
Aluminum is metal or element which is recognized for possessing a range of useful chemical and physical attributes. The properties and features demonstrated by the metal makes it count among the widely preferred and most used elements among all. Aluminum is an element that is used in commercial, industrial and residential sectors. Every single sector has its own chain of aluminum usage. The more quality centric the element becomes; the more attributes or features it exhibits. Hence, the metal is said to possess various forms and states. The forms and states that the element is supposed to display is, aluminum foil, aluminum coil, aluminum strip and aluminum sheet. And among the aluminum strips, Cold Rolled 1100 Aluminum Strip is that state of the element aluminum that it exhibits the exact benefits, as it is predicted and stated. In common industrial developed manufacture, the continuous ingot or casting is hot rolled into a bloom or slab. Besides, creating or fabricating a useful shape for further production, the hot rolling process converts the cast grain structure into wrought grain structure. The introduction cast material owns a non uniform grain structure, generally large columnar grains that grow in the direction of solidification. These structures are usually brittle with weak grain boundaries. Cast structure naturally consists of various defects, such as, porosity caused by gases, shrinkage cavities, and solid inclusion of foreign material that becomes trapped in the metal, such as, metallic oxides. Metal rolling above its re-crystallization temperature breaks disjointedly the old grain structure and modifies the new one. Grain boundaries are cracked or smashed and the new tougher ones are produced, with more uniform grain structure. Metal rolling presses the substance, closing up the vacancies and cavities inside the metal. Besides, hot rolling breaks the inclusions and oozes out or gives their material all through the work.	<urn:uuid:660a7810-c365-4095-8acc-35703be75e44>	CC-MAIN-2017-09	https://ashlandaluminumcompany.wordpress.com/2015/05/13/cold-rolled-aluminum-1100-strip-valuable-aluminum-form/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501170700.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104610-00033-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.926924	367	3.359375	3
What does the mysterious cloud forest on Mount Sutro have in common with the strange and wondrous forests of the movie Avatar? In that film, Pandora’s world encompasses huge old trees, vegetation that glows in the dark, and interconnected plants. Sutro Forest doesn’t have bioluminescent vegetation. It does have hundred-year-old trees, though, up to 200 feet tall. And it has — interconnections. Interconnections? That’s science fiction, right? Not quite. Many kinds of trees, when planted close to others of the same species, will intergraft their roots. The roots of individual trees join up to form an underground network. Redwoods do it, so do lodgepole pines. So does eucalyptus. This helps all the trees in the group to survive. It’s one reason why even in a mixed forest, you tend to find trees in clusters by species, rather than evenly spread through the area. In 120 years, in a densely-planted 80%-eucalyptus forest like this one, the root system is likely to be a massively intergrafted net. What this means for the forest is that, rather than being 50-60 thousand individual trees, it’s an entity that functions as an interconnected forest. 1. Trees support each other. Aside from merely providing a windbreak, the interwoven, interconnected mat of roots help provide stability to the trees. In the high wind conditions of Mount Sutro, wind throw is a major factor in tree death. Yet the number of downed trees is actually quite small considering the thousands of trees on the mountain. [It has been suggested that another beneficial effect of intergrafting of the root systems of a pair or cluster of trees is the resulting stabilization of individual trees against wind throw (Loehle and Jones 1990). Basnet et al (1993) found that intergrafted trees of tabonuco (Dacryodes excelsa) underwent significantly less hurricane damage than isolated trees. — Horticultural Review 35, Article by K. Mudge, J Janick, S Scofield and E.E. Goldschmidt.] 2. The intergrafted root network helps stabilize slopes. Even more than just the spreading roots of a few trees, such a network functions like a living geo-textile worked into the fabric of the mountain. 3. Trees share food. Research shows that carbohydrates – which are food for the trees – are transferred between trees. This may explain the density of the forest; the trees are co-operating, not competing. […large root grafts transferred proportionately more carbohydrates to the shaded trees than small root grafts. Carbohydrates transferred through root grafts could allow grafted trees to persist under conditions where non-grafted trees would be removed by competition. — Carbohydrate transfer through root grafts to support shaded trees: Fraser, Lieffers and Landhausser.] 4. Trees may share chemical signals. Research has shown that trees emit chemical signals in response to insect attacks or other changes in growing conditions. Concludes one Australian arborist writing about root-grafting in eucalyptus, “Selective tree removal is not necessarily removing a competitor but a partner.” But while the root grafting benefits the trees by sharing resources and providing support, it’s also a risk. Some types of infection can travel through intergrafted root systems. And when trees in the system are cut, and herbicides applied to prevent resprouting, the herbicides can travel back through the network and weaken other trees. Both Roundup (glyphosate) and Garlon (triclopyr) — the herbicides they plan to use in the forest — act this way. [Root grafting occurs primarily within the same species, but may occur between plants within the same genus. This phenomenon can be of great importance. A herbicide can move (translocate) from a treated tree to an untreated desirable tree, killing or injuring it. Damage to desirable trees as a result of root grafting will occur from use of the following herbicides: amitrole, 2,4-D, dicamba, glyphosate, imazapyr, metsulfuron, picloram, and triclopyr. — Chemical Control for Woody Plants, Stumps and Trees By Stott W. Howard and Robert Parker (Washington State University)] BREAKING THE CONNECTIONS So what happens when you thin the trees from around 740 trees per acre to about 40 trees per acre, and add pesticides to prevent resprouting? Parts of the root network start to die. It takes some years. But both because the remaining trees will not be enough to sustain the entire root network, and because of the toxins added to it, the network will thin out and decay. It will be not hold the soil as well; it will not support the remaining trees as well. Already more vulnerable to wind throw once the trees surrounding them are gone and wind velocities rise, they will lose the support of the intertwined root network as well. The kind of cuts planned for Mount Sutro threaten to destabilize both the forest and the mountain. [Edited to Add (Sept 2013): In addition to the intergrafted roots, there is also the mycorhizzal connection, where fungi connect trees to each other. Great article and video here from University of British Columbia: http://www.publicaffairs.ubc.ca/2011/07/07/at-the-root-of-the-problem/%5D	<urn:uuid:fe5b272e-109b-485e-848e-3b1c2a648c77>	CC-MAIN-2019-39	https://sutroforest.com/2010/10/08/a-networked-forest/?shared=email&msg=fail	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514573476.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20190919101533-20190919123533-00138.warc.gz	en	0.920954	1,178	3.25	3
Every parent likes to think that their child is special - and each child is special and unique - which is precisely why different children have different educational needs. Some students need a little extra attention, some enjoy the challenge of being left to work alone, some are math whizzes and still others can't seem to find their niche at all. There are a variety of area programs to handle most classroom situations and one of those is York County's Gifted and Talented Program. The program is an program for the intellectually gifted, says Leon Hughes, who has been the Director of Program Development for about six years. "It's for students who have unique instructional needs." Serving about 5 percent of the student population in kindergarten through grade 12, the program is interdisciplinary and emphasizes higher-level thinking skills and independent study. Special interest mini-courses are used to expose the students to topics in the arts, humanities, sciences and mathematics. "We teach them creative problem solving skills and offer opportunities that normal classroom teachers can't. We do a lot with research and give them a chance to work with other gifted students," says Jean Burton, a teacher at the center. The program is funded by both state and local governments. Students in grades three through six attend the program's EXTEND Center, located at York High School, one school day a week. Seventh and eighth graders attend the center one school day every other week First- and second-grade students are taught differentiated instructional units in social studies and science while kindergarten students attend mini-seminars. High school students attend seminars also and have additional enrichment programs including field workshops. There are advanced placement courses available for high school students and Senior Honors courses offered in cooperation with local colleges. York County Public Schools Gifted and Talented Program serves all public school in York County and currently has over 500 students involved.	<urn:uuid:a8125f91-3865-4af6-9eba-e55ca5ee1055>	CC-MAIN-2017-04	http://articles.dailypress.com/1990-05-23/news/9005180285_1_talented-program-gifted-students-high-school-students	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285244.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00199-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.974302	381	2.984375	3
With a little more practice, a robot researchers are working with might be able to score a job at the laundromat. However, the robot, known as the PR2, is actually folding towels in the name of science. "Folding a towel is very difficult for a robot because clothing articles are deformable. So they can have an infinite number of different configurations," said Ziang Xie from the University of California. Xie is a graduate student at the University of California's robot learning lab. He says the task requires the robots' camera eyes to be able to identify shapes. The algorithms in its software then prioritize choices, like which corner to grab. "It does background subtraction. It reasons, 'Oh, what's the biggest blob? What's the furthest corner?'" said Xie. And that ability to perform a pre-set task, while adjusting to an unpredictable environment could someday prove lifesaving. For the last several years, doctors have been using robotic surgical systems like the Da Vinci, to perform some delicate procedures more quickly and accurately. And while the surgeon currently directs the robot's moves from a control center, the robots of the future may think more for themselves. "What we're looking at is trying to automate some parts of the procedure. So not the entire procedure, but some of the more tedious, repetitive tasks," said Pieter Abbeel, Ph.D., from University of California. Project director Abbeel says placing or removing sutures could be just one example. To help find out what's possible, his lab has been chosen as one of seven centers to receive a new research robot called "The Raven." Unlike the commercial Da Vinci, the Raven is small and designed to be reprogrammed. "And the big difference for researchers then is their design is fully open. Anybody has access to the design files, anyone has access to the software running them, so we can reprogram these robots whichever way we like," said Abbeel. And since The Raven robots are identical, researchers from the seven different universities will be able to share data and expertise gleaned from their specific programs. "What we would like to do is come up with a framework that can to allow robots, any robots, not just Ravens or PR2s, but any robots to think about deformable objects and manipulate them in a reliable way," said Abbeel. Whether that's folding towels or ultimately clamping blood vessels, he expects the robots' skill level to accelerate as the research program advances. The Raven program was started by researchers at the University of Washington and U.C. Santa Cruz. Funding is being provided by the National Science Foundation. Written and produced by Tim Didion	<urn:uuid:ec83bd3a-4c29-4f6e-887a-cd4c6a720379>	CC-MAIN-2016-30	http://abc7news.com/archive/8642669/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257823947.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071023-00218-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.963855	562	3.078125	3
Portugal and the Nazi Gold: The ‘Lisbon Connection’ in the Sales of Looted Gold by the Third Reich Between January 1, 1939 and October 31, 1945, Portugal received at least 123.8 tons of looted gold directly or indirectly from the Reichsbank, ranking it second only to Switzerland among countries that received stolen gold from the Third Reich. Nazi Germany used stolen gold in order to pay for needed raw materials, such as tungsten, while Portugal was eager to increase its gold reserves. The Swiss National Bank served as one of the main launderers of this looted gold from the Third Reich. After the war, the Allies demanded the return of 44 tons of this gold, most of this being from the Belgian national reserves. However, Portugal consistently refused to hand over more than four tons, claiming that there was no clear evidence that the gold had been acquired illegally. The article examines the labyrinth through which looted gold was transferred to Portugal, helping to increase that country’s gold reserves by nearly 600%.	<urn:uuid:8e492444-d018-4c8f-a737-fa259458f10b>	CC-MAIN-2022-21	https://store.yadvashem.org/he/portugal-and-the-nazi-gold-7	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662531762.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20220520061824-20220520091824-00404.warc.gz	en	0.977955	209	3.265625	3
ADVANTAGES OF STAINLESS STEEL Stainless steel offers many advantages to the architectural/ornamental metal user. The major advantages include its high corrosion resistance allowing it to be used in rigorous environments. It is resistance to fire and heat allowing it to resist scaling and retain strength at high temperatures. Hygienic, non-porous surface coupled with the easy cleaning ability of stainless makes it the primary choice for applications which require strict hygiene control, such as hospitals, kitchens, and other food processing plants. Aesthetic appearance provides a modern and attractive appearance for most architectural metal applications. Its bright and easily maintained surface making it an easy choice for applications demanding an attractive surface at all times. Its strength to weight advantage that allows it to be used with a reduced material thickness over conventional grades, often times generating cost savings. The ease of fabrication due to the use of modern steel- making techniques that allow stainless steel to be cut , machined, fabricated, welded, and formed, as readily as traditional steels. A long term value created by its long useful life cycle often yields the least expensive material option. DISADVANTAGES OF STAINLESS STEEL Every Metal has its disadvantages and stainless steel is no exception. Some of the primary disadvantages include its, high cost, especially when considered as the initial expense. When attempting to fabricate stainless steel without using the highest technology machines and proper techniques, it can be a difficult metal to handle. This can often result in costly waste and re-work. The difficulty in welding due to its fast dissipation of heat which can also produce ruined pieces or high scrap cost. Last but not least the high cost of final polishing and finishing. EXTREME METAL WORKS LLC 2006, All rights reserved.	<urn:uuid:60199940-95fe-487c-994b-05337769d018>	CC-MAIN-2018-26	http://exmetalworks.com/stainless_steel.htm	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267859923.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20180618012148-20180618032148-00480.warc.gz	en	0.93697	363	2.671875	3
Family: Phalacrocoracidae (Cormorants) Authority: (Wahlberg, 1855) Red List Category This species has a small population, and is currently estimated to be stable. However, the species faces threats from disturbance and marine pollution. If these increase, a decline could be triggered, possibly qualifying the species for a higher threat category. Therefore, it is tentatively assessed as Near Threatened. BirdLife International (2019) Species factsheet: Microcarbo coronatus. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 21/01/2019. Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2019) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 21/01/2019.	<urn:uuid:ea5ca219-0967-49aa-8eb8-e5bb14c23a45>	CC-MAIN-2019-04	http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/22696730	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583795042.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20190121152218-20190121174218-00109.warc.gz	en	0.855944	170	2.734375	3
The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) study «The Future of the Electric Grid,» published in December 2011, examined challenges for power systems and concluded with a number of findings and recommendations. The study carefully separated recommendations for transmission from those meant for distribution. Transmission analysis focused on the lack of comprehensive planning at interconnected system levels, siting governance shortcomings, new technologies to enhance grid observability and security, and cybersecurity issues. It also stressed the additional flexibility requirements imposed by the growing presence of intermittent wind and solar generation in the generation mix. At the distribution level, in addition to concerns related to privacy and cybersecurity, recommendations focused on the need for a transition to dynamic pricing for end consumers, promotion of innovation in network design and management, data availability and ownership, and tariff reforms to support distribution network cost recovery. Keywords: Electricity supply industry; Energy resources; Load flow; Power distribution; Power generation; Power grids; Power system economics; Power system planning; Substations IEEE Power and Energy Magazine. Volume: 14 Issue: 4 Pages: 41-53 Journal Impact Factor: JCR impact factor 2.689 (2017) DOI reference: 10.1109/MPE.2016.2550398 Published on paper: July 2016. Published on-line: June 2016.	<urn:uuid:a1d07ece-8e4a-46d5-95eb-a6b5d77ac408>	CC-MAIN-2019-04	https://www.iit.comillas.edu/publicacion/mostrar_publicacion_revista.php.en?id=1053	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547584431529.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20190123234228-20190124020228-00210.warc.gz	en	0.89699	262	2.609375	3
Includes :Aura without pain, Menstrual Migraines, Complicated Migraines Aura without pain Sometimes an Aura may occur without the headpain and this scenario can be seen in some types of childhood migraine where there may be nausea and even vomiting without pain in the head. An Aura may occur including the usual visual disturbances (zigzag lines and flashing lights or blind spots and possibly sensory disturbances such as numbness or tingling in the face or hands) These episodes will often recur on a regular basis and the sufferer feels tired and wants to find a quite dark room to rest. See relevant subsection Migraine attacks occurring in women during menstruation are often more severe than attacks occurring at other times. The fluctuation in hormonal levels during the menstrual cycle and especially prior to menstruation is believed to make the sufferer more susceptible at that time. Some researchers report an ‘oestrogen priming’ effect during a womens normal menstrual cycle whereby the sudden drop in oestrogen prior to menstruation precipitates a withdrawal response leading to migraine. These theories however, still require further investigation and the link between the menstrual cycle and migraine is not properly understood at this stage. It has been demonstrated however, that contraceptive and hormonal medications often affect menstrual migraines, causing a worsening in some cases, relief in others. The important consideration in such cases is the investigation and treatment for readily treatable conditions which may further predispose the sufferer to menstrual migraines including: neck problems, eyestrain, poor dietary habits, dental and jaw problems etc.. See Homepage [Head rollover]..as well as Treatments section.. Complicated Migraine refers to Migraine with atypical symptoms especially involving short term deficits in the sensory, motor and visual functions. These migraines should be thoroughly investigated. See relevant subsection Most migraine medications are designed to address the attack itself and provide relief or prevent the onset of an attack. Other treatments may be tailored to address underlying causes and aggravating factors as well as avoiding triggers. See “treatments section”…It is also important to note that many migraines have a number of ‘ingredients’ which combine to produce an attack. For further information please see the rollover sections on the homepage head illustration to see specific problems in specific parts of the head, neck, face, diet etc. key words: aura without pain, aborted migraine, abdominal migraines, menstrual migraines, menstrual headaches, complicated headaches, complicated migraines, childhood migraines, childhood headaches, cluster headaches See Treatments Section: For Treatment & Relief:Â Read more	<urn:uuid:c00121d0-4242-4596-bdaf-4e7a2d01ac76>	CC-MAIN-2019-26	http://headache.com.au/other-migraines/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627999273.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20190620210153-20190620232153-00271.warc.gz	en	0.921411	550	2.609375	3
Getting the facts straight about the Founding Fathers Invoking the Founding Fathers on Independence Day to celebrate our nation’s birth is a fine thing to do. Invoking them to score political points? Watch out. Take, for example, a Facebook post about Benjamin Franklin that circulated in May, a post that was actually aimed at making fun of tea party favorite Rep. Michele Bachmann, R-Minn. The meme quotes Bachmann as saying, "This country could use a president like Benjamin Franklin again." Of course, Franklin was never president. And we think Bachmann knows that, as well, because she never actually said the quote. We rated the fabricated Facebook meme Pants on Fire. It’s not just claims on social media. Pundits and politicians get things wrong time and time again when they use the Founding Fathers to support their political views. Over the years, PolitiFact has found numerous errors about what the Founding Fathers supposedly said or did, especially when it comes to constitutional issues and civil rights. Talking about the First Amendment, radio host Bryan Fischer of American Family Radio said that "by the word ‘religion’ in the First Amendment, the founders meant Christianity." Our research and interviews with historians showed that the Founding Fathers pretty clearly meant all religion. For example, we found that both Benjamin Franklin and John Adams referred to Islam when discussing religious freedom, typically referring to Muslims as Mahometans. We rated the claim Pants on Fire. On the other side of the political aisle, Keith Olbermann -- at the time a commentator on the liberal network MSNBC -- said that Adams as president signed the Treaty of Tripoli as an "outreach to Muslims." That claim went too far. Olbermann downplayed the overriding purpose: to protect American ships from pirates that happened to be Muslim. We rated his statement Half True. On the Second Amendment, we’ve looked into comments from U.S. Rep. Louie Gohmert, R-Texas, about George Washington. According to Gohmert, Washington said that a free people "should be an armed people. It ensures against the tyranny of the government." We rated that claim False, because Washington was actually talking about developing a militia to protect the new nation -- on behalf of the government, not against it. Quite a few people have made claims about Washington’s commitment to Christianity. Talk show host Rush Limbaugh, for example, said, "You can't read a speech by George Washington … without hearing him reference God." In fact, several of his important speeches -- such as his second inaugural address and annual message to Congress -- didn’t mention God. We rated Limbaugh’s statement False. In fact, Washington was not a particularly devout Christian. Rep. Duncan Hunter, R-Calif., once got a False from PolitiFact for saying, "Our first president and our first commander in chief prayed every day. He had a field manual of prayers." Scholars say Washington was more of a deist than a Christian, and the book of prayers’ connection to Washington has been debunked. We’ve also seen the Founding Fathers portrayed as fervent champions of the free market. In November 2010, Florida Gov.-elect Rick Scott said complaints about government regulations are "so old that Thomas Jefferson listed this problem among his charges against the King of England in the Declaration of Independence." Scott correctly quoted Jefferson, but we found that Jefferson’s grievances in this case were directed at King George’s interference in the colonies, rather than government regulation in general. We rated that claim Half True. The Declaration of Independence was adopted on July 4, 1776, but at least one former presidential candidate got it mixed up with the Constitution. Herman Cain said that "life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness" and "the right of the people to alter or abolish (the government)" were part of the Constitution. Both clauses are in the Declaration of Independence. We rated his statement False. Other have claimed that President Barack Obama misquoted the Declaration of Independence. A political action committee called The Government is Not Good put out an advertisement that said Obama was the "only president in history who has deliberately removed the words ‘endowed by their Creator’ when referring to the Declaration of Independence." However, Obama has used the phrase multiple times, and we found that former President Ronald Reagan left it out sometimes, too. We rated that claim False. When PolitiFact named Obama’s claim that "if you like your health care plan, you can keep it" the Lie of the Year for 2013, a reader tweeted: " ‘Half a truth is often a great lie.’ - Benjamin Franklin." The reader accurately quoted Franklin, whose sayings on truth don’t end there. In his iconic text Poor Richard’s Almanack, Franklin also said, "A lie stands on one leg, a truth on two," and, "When the wine enters, out goes the truth."	<urn:uuid:843dd3fb-1ca4-4957-a4cd-96a5a8596c6b>	CC-MAIN-2016-30	http://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/article/2014/jul/03/fact-checking-founding-fathers-misquoting/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257823989.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071023-00167-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.96492	1,030	2.515625	3
Leia aqui em Português. On the morning of June 8th, Chief of Police for the state of Amapá in Brazil, Leonardo Brito, and his field team set out for a remote patch of the Amazon in search of deforestation. They were following the guidance of a team member stationed back at their base, verifying an area that had come into question using the maps on Global Forest Watch (GFW). When the team arrived, it was clear that the satellite imagery had correctly identified forest clearing. Beyond ripped up trees, the nearby river had been diverted from its natural course and piles of scorched wood lined the river bank— evidence that site was being used to illegally produce charcoal. Often, when sites like this are discovered, the culprit is already long gone, but on that day Brito and his team arrived just in time. Looking for options when you can’t be everywhere at once The Brazilian Amazon has long been a frontline in the battle against tropical deforestation. As the rate of tree cover loss increases year to year, forest defenders like Brito have had to adapt their methods for detecting and preventing it. Brito and his team of 12 patrol a 142,815 square kilometer swath of forest in Amapá, an area about the size of Nepal. With limited resources and manpower, the team could only investigate deforestation around the edge of the forest or complaints from community members about land disagreements. Tracking down illegal tree clearing hidden deeper in the forest was simply not feasible. Brito and his team could not be everywhere at once. This inspired Brito to look for a better way to monitor forests. A cursory Google search led him to several available satellite imagery options, but most of the services updated imagery infrequently. “When the images are from 3 months or more, by the time we get to the location we don’t encounter anyone – the [loggers] have already migrated to another location,” Brito said. So, Brito continued looking, and eventually came across Forest Watcher — GFW’s mobile app, designed specifically for use offline and in the field. “The technology and the application [are] very well explained, and it’s very easy to navigate,” Brito said. Making the most of limited resources Brito and his team are now consistently using GFW’s near-real-time GLAD alerts on Forest Watcher to uncover instances of illegal deforestation in the field. While GFW and Forest Watcher provide the tools for these investigations, users must determine which areas they will prioritize. To help locate and explore the more remote trails they use a drone, but the department only has one and its battery life is just 20 minutes, so prioritization is essential. As such, they work closely with surrounding communities to narrow down the alert areas they decide to follow up on. This avoids wasting precious time and resources investigating natural or planned disturbances. Shifting the focus to forest protection Brito has only recently made the shift to working on environmental crimes, an area of investigation he says is much needed, but does not receive a lot of focus. Most work done to combat deforestation in the past was focused on land or property rights. “Police give lots of importance to other types of crime,” Brito said. “Like stealing phones, property in general—but these things are substitutable. The television, you can replace. The cellphone, you can substitute. Right now, a tree—you don’t have a way to substitute [it]. For a tree to reach the level that [you] encounter today will take 20 to 30 years.” Despite this, Brito’s work with Forest Watcher has managed to make progress in directing police efforts towards the fight against deforestation. “Before Global Forest Watch, there was only an illusion of combatting this deforestation,” Brito said. “We effectively only started combatting deforestation after Global Forest Watch. It is the principal tool of [our] police station.” The addition of the near-real-time alerts has had a real impact for Brito’s work. On the morning of June 8th, Brito was able to arrest one man for his illegal activity, and during a later operation in Ariri, seven more people were caught, as well as “empresarios”— company operators who were managing the illegal deforestation scheme. Investigations continue and their direct engagement with companies has grown as they realized the scale of the networks involved. Brito is now actively promoting the use of Forest Watcher and GFW tools to other police officers and community members. Though convincing others to incorporate the technology has been a slow process, he hopes that more and more people will adopt it as a way to protect their forests. “It’s more difficult to move their mentality — we have to combat this deforestation with new devices, technology, intelligence, look for new things, and always evolve.” BANNER PHOTO: Charred wood found at the cleared forest camp by Amapá environmental police. All photos by Leonardo Brito.	<urn:uuid:4fb43a1a-27ad-4b1a-bad5-78247ba0bea9>	CC-MAIN-2019-30	https://blog.globalforestwatch.org/people/amapa-police-use-forest-watcher-to-defend-the-brazilian-amazon	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195525355.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20190717161703-20190717183703-00357.warc.gz	en	0.967019	1,067	2.59375	3
Two prebiotic molecules - one related to DNA and the other to an amino acid - have been identified in a gas cloud near the center of the Milky Way. The predominance of 'lefthandedness' amongst amino acids in meteorites isn't, after all, an indication of biological activity, say scientists. If there's any evidence of ancient life on Mars, it's likely to be found near the surface, new research suggests - dramatically upping the chances that it'll be discovered by the Curiosity rover, set to land next month. US scientists have come up with new evidence that the key ingredients for life were brought to our planet by comets, billions of years ago. The building blocks of DNA have been arriving here from meteorites in greater quantity than previously thought, lending weight to the idea that the seeds of life on Earth originated in space. New tests on what's considered the best-preserved meteorite in the world have shed light on the way asteroids may have served up a varying menu of the building blocks of life. Some experimental samples put aside for 50 years have provided new evidence that life on earth could have been kick-started by volcanoes. Many types of asteroid could have created the kind of amino acids used by life on Earth to build proteins and regulate chemical reactions, according to new NASA research. The asymmetry of biological molecules may have come from space, say French scientists.	<urn:uuid:96670ca3-3b57-4c87-836b-72cf52c83079>	CC-MAIN-2015-06	http://www.tgdaily.com/tag/amino-acids	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422121744242.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124174904-00159-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.957568	292	3.734375	4
Children enter our preschool classrooms excited to play and explore the things that make them curious. We can foster that curiosity and create a love of learning by making children feel capable or we can destroy it. The way in which we approach extending their knowledge lays the foundation for all future learning experiences. When selecting a preschool or working with your preschooler at home, parents need to consciously examine the effects of methodology on self-esteem. A foundation for a love of learning is created by making children feel that their curiosity has merit and that they are capable. Education theorists such as Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky showed us that children develop at their own rates and that development has to derive from play and other joyful experiences. Erik Erikson, who studied the psychosocial development of humans, showed that young children’s experiences can make them feel trusting, autonomous and capable of taking initiative or can make them feel full of mistrust, shame and doubt. As parents, we want our children to be self-assured; yet, we often put them in situations that undermine their self-worth. What happens when we sit young children in front of endless worksheets and constantly point out their errors and inadequacies? What happens when their artwork must look like evidence of learning so we tell them that they are wrong to glue something in a certain place or that the sky cannot be green? What happens when instructors or coaches are exasperated at them because they did not hit the ball, kick it well or perfect the dance? We have plenty of time in our lives to be wrong. It is not true that young children learn to handle criticism well by being wrong. They learn that they are not capable. The process of shutting down begins. They become reluctant and fearful of trying new things. They stop thinking and start trying to avoid being wrong. They do things just to get them done so they can do something more pleasurable. The goal in the early childhood years should be to make learning the pleasurable activity and not the thing that must get done so we can move on. Young children who enter the elementary school years feeling capable are able to handle correction without a feeling of defeat and are confident enough to try again. Many people argue that you can’t just let the children be wrong. We must correct them. Again, it is all in the methodology. First, we must acknowledge that worksheets, workbooks and endless pieces of paper do not capture curiosity. Should we offer young learners the opportunity to write? Of course. When we do, we have to accept that their fine motor and cognitive skills develop at different rates. Let them write only for as long as they want to write and know that they are too young to master the skill. We can take turns writing with them so they watch and attempt to imitate. We can smile at them and say, “Do you want to see an easy way to do that?” We should not force them to sit when they do not want to and tell them that they have done it wrong. They will not scribble forever. As their fine motor muscles strengthen, their coordination improves and the pathways in their brains are formed, their ability to write and read will improve. In the meantime, applaud their efforts so they keep joyfully trying. Next, we need to understand that just because a child paints the sky green or scribbles and tells us that the drawing is a car, it doesn’t mean that they won’t go outside and say the sky looks blue or that they won’t be able to find a car in the parking lot. Allowing children to draw, cut and paste freely is actually a window into what they are thinking, not what knowledge they possess. The minute we hand them a pre-cut window and say “Glue it here on the house,” they stop thinking and just start trying to please us. Arts & crafts should never have a right and wrong answer. They should be self-expression. As adults, we understand that art is self-expression. We need to stop trying to use it as some grand lesson about the world for young children. That paper plate full of cotton balls is not a sheep. We know it and they know it. It is merely a paper plate full of cotton balls – an exercise in gluing. Finally, we need to be careful to match our children up with the right coaches, instructors and purveyors of other lessons. It is okay to pull your child from a team or activity and find another if you see the adults making them feel inadequate. If it is hard for us to watch how children are being treated, then imagine how they feel being the receivers of the treatment. Winning is nice but acknowledgement of the effort is important too. Losing with dignity is something children learn by example. When adults are disgusted, the lesson becomes “you are not able” instead of “you can try again.” Poet and educator Henry Wadsworth Longfellow said, “We judge ourselves by what we feel capable of doing…” It was true when Wadsworth said it in the 1800s and it is still true of our children today. Consider how we are teaching our young children to judge themselves. Please do not sell, post, curate, publish, or distribute all or any part of this article without author's permission. You are invited, however, to share a link to this post on your webpage, Facebook, Pinterest, Twitter, and other social networking sites. Copyright 2012 © Cindy Terebush All Rights Reserved	<urn:uuid:224f2076-9e1e-4038-80ff-93b69e70d12a>	CC-MAIN-2014-15	http://cindyterebush.blogspot.com/2012/10/should-preschoolers-ever-be-wrong.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223204388.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032004-00437-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.974615	1,142	3.640625	4
Scott L. Nuismer, Benjamin M. Althouse, Ryan May, James J. Bull, Sean P. Stromberg, Rustom Antia Royal Society Proceedings B October 26, 2016 Viral vaccines have had remarkable positive impacts on human health as well as the health of domestic animal populations. Despite impressive vaccine successes, however, many infectious diseases cannot yet be efficiently controlled or eradicated through vaccination, often because it is impossible to vaccinate a sufficient proportion of the population. Recent advances in molecular biology suggest that the centuries-old method of individual-based vaccine delivery may be on the cusp of a major revolution. Specifically, genetic engineering brings to life the possibility of a live, transmissible vaccine. Unfortunately, releasing a highly transmissible vaccine poses substantial evolutionary risks, including reversion to high virulence as has been documented for the oral polio vaccine. An alternative, and far safer approach, is to rely on genetically engineered and weakly transmissible vaccines that have reduced scope for evolutionary reversion. Here, we use mathematical models to evaluate the potential efficacy of such weakly transmissible vaccines. Our results demonstrate that vaccines with even a modest ability to transmit can significantly lower the incidence of infectious disease and facilitate eradication efforts. Consequently, weakly transmissible vaccines could provide an important tool for controlling infectious disease in wild and domestic animal populations and for reducing the risks of emerging infectious disease in humans.	<urn:uuid:6ef3bdd7-9a8c-486e-b4bf-11ead1b40e83>	CC-MAIN-2019-18	http://www.cidid.org/publications-1/category/2016	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578533774.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20190422015736-20190422041736-00408.warc.gz	en	0.929357	284	3.015625	3
• 4 deadly group's chemical weapons. • Chemical poisons present in a part of the treatment. • Chemical attack can be realized quickly with some of the ways. • Bleach and plastic supplies can provide protection from attack. the Syrian regime, a possible chemical weapons against countries that support the war in operation while engaged in their minds the possibility of attack can be found, experts will continue to make statements on the issue. what should be done any time of the attack on a chemical found in the Milky Way Internal Medicine Specialist Dr. Haber statements Honor Leading , a few important to understand the chemical weapons poison puts the emphasis on variety. purpose of this weapon people, animals and plants, is applied to destroy the environment, or to neutralize them is to cripple Leading voicing, the most widely used chemicals Sticky Thread block of the nervous system, especially the nervous system, which eliminates group says. second group based directly through the respiratory system, which prevents breathing suffocating gases ranking in the third group also highlighted as a very dangerous burning Leading describing gases"Leather-borne burning gases, again, by destruction of the respiratory system, causing the death of people. It enters the bloodstream directly after terminating a person's life by disrupting the exchange of oxygen in the blood ."He described the situation. "A BE PART OF THE CURE" chemical weapons Referring to the point where it is an important pioneer in diversity, one to get rid of some of the poisons that are available in some of Antidotes kurtulabilecekken thanks Through these various measures is not an antidote, but retained kurtulabilineceğini , he added. Leading the duration of exposure to toxic chemicals is also of vital importance Sticky Thread , some of the people affected in minutes ölebilecekken, the Sticky Thread for treatment of some of his time might underlines. chemical poisons used in wars between humans bulaşmadığını representing the Cardinal,"that is transmitted through contact with these poisons transmitted by air . In this regard, the chemical poisons that people do not need to . So now your clothes off, you need to destroy clothes ,"he said. noticeable CHEMICAL GAS HOW? possible during an attack for the protection of citizens as they will realize how sort of chemical gas; • is less than the sound of bullets popping sound. • Fog and steam is busy. • Almonds and felt a pungent smell like garlic. • In and around water and oil droplets is questionable. • Sudden onset of headache, nausea, image blur is felt. • Other mouse, fly, insects can be seen in the dead. CHEMICAL WEAPONS How should we react IMMEDIATELY ATTACK? Sticky Thread Sticky indoor environments and shelters should be sought for a possible attack on emphasizing Leading "during the attack should be adopted immediately in a confined space, the windows should be placed on the edge of the cloth soaked in bleach" he said. "Kids and grown-ups quickly wrapped in nylon, with a few things should cover their skin with the help of anything" said the Cardinal, chemical poison in contact with the deletion of the city but still bleach should stressed that. no water and food contaminated with chemicals barındırılmaması stated that the Cardinal, even the slightest doubt that the immediate destruction of the foods, foods and Storing water in plastic containers said that.	<urn:uuid:6c98f8be-3c70-40a1-8dd6-b7f37b0e0ae2>	CC-MAIN-2017-34	http://www.habermonitor.com/en/haber/detay/chemical-attack-on-what-should-be-done-immedi/169153/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886117519.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20170823020201-20170823040201-00441.warc.gz	en	0.933906	726	2.5625	3
King's College Chapel, CambridgeEdit profile King's College Chapel is the chapel to King's College of the University of Cambridge, and is one of the finest examples of late Gothic (Perpendicular) English architecture, while its early Renaissance rood screen separating the nave and chancel, erected in 1532-36 in a striking contrast of style, has been called by Sir Nikolaus Pevsner, "the most exquisite piece of Italian decoration surviving in England".Building of the chapel Henry VI planned a university counterpart to Eton College (whose chapel is very similar, although unfinished), the chapel being the only portion that was built. The King decided the dimensions of the Chapel. The architect of the chapel is disputed. Reginald Ely, who was commissioned in 1444 as the head press mason, was a possible architect of the chapel. However, Nicholas Close (or Cloos), was recorded as being the surveyor, which has been generally accepted to be synonymous with architect. The first stone of the Chapel was laid, by Henry himself, on St James' Day, July 25, 1446, the College having been begun in 1441. By the end of the reign of Richard III (1485), despite the Wars of the Roses, five bays had been completed and a timber roof erected. Henry VII visited in 1506, paying for the work to resume and even leaving money so that the work could continue after his death. In 1515, under Henry VIII, the building was complete but the great windows had yet to be made. The Chapel has a total length of 289 feet, and the width of the main vault is 40 feet. The interior height is 80 feet and the exterior height is 94 feet. It features the world's largest fan vault, constructed between 1512 and 1515 by master mason John Wastell. The Chapel also features fine medieval stained glass and, above the altar, The Adoration of the Magi by Rubens, originally painted in 1634 for the Convent of the White Nuns at Louvain in Belgium. The painting was installed in the Chapel in 1968, which involved the restoration of the sanctuary floor leading up to the High Alter to its original level (gradations having been created in 1774 by James Essex). During the Civil War the chapel was used as a training ground by Oliver Cromwell's troops, but escaped major damage, possibly because Cromwell himself, being a Cambridge student, gave orders for it to be spared. Graffiti left by Parliament soldiers is still visible on the north and south walls near the altar. During World War II most of the stained glass was removed and the chapel again escaped damage.The great windows The windows of King's College Chapel are some of the finest in the world from their era. There are 12 large windows on each side of the chapel, and larger windows at the east and west ends. With the exception of the west window they are by Flemish hands and date from 1515 to 1531. Barnard Flower, the first non-Englishman appointed as the King's Glazier, completed four windows. Gaylon Hone with three partners (two English and one Flemish) are responsible for the east window and 16 others between 1526 and 1531. The final four were made by Francis Williamson and Symon Symondes. The one modern window is that in the west wall, which is by the Clayton and Bell company and dates from 1879.Current use The Chapel is actively used as a place of worship and also for some concerts and college events. Notable college events include the annual King's College Music Society May Week Concert, held always on the Monday of May Week. This event is always highly popular amongst students, alumni and visitors to the city, not least for the complimentary strawberries and cream with Champagne, that follow the concert, outside on the Back Lawn. The King's College May Week Concert 2011 will be on Monday, 20th June. The Chapel is noted for its splendid acoustics. The world-famous Chapel choir consists of choral scholars (male students from the college) and choristers (boys educated at the nearby King's College School), conducted by Stephen Cleobury. The choir sings services on most days in term-time, and also performs concerts and makes recordings and broadcasts. In particular, it has broadcast its Nine Lessons and Carols on the BBC from the Chapel on Christmas Eve, when a solo treble sings the first verse of "Once in Royal David's City". Additionally, there is a mixed-voice Chapel choir of male and female students, King's Voices, which sings evensong on Mondays during term-time. The Chapel is widely seen as the symbol of Cambridge (for example in the logo of the City Council).In popular culture The large square of grass between the chapel and the River Cam was used by Roger Waters as inspiration in the song Brain Damage by Pink Floyd.	<urn:uuid:5083fc16-5876-4391-b2a9-c21e61bdbcde>	CC-MAIN-2017-34	http://openbuildings.com/buildings/king-s-college-chapel-cambridge-profile-13703	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886110578.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20170822104509-20170822124509-00347.warc.gz	en	0.976571	1,011	2.90625	3
MANILA, Philippines — After much diplomatic wrangling, three years ago, China’s Vice Premier Zhang Gaoli announced the creation of the country’s first climate change fund for developing countries. It would later be dubbed the South-South Climate Cooperation Fund with a budget of $3.1 billion — notably $100 million more than former-United States President Barack Obama’s $3 billion pledge to the Green Climate Fund. As part of the SSCCF, President Xi Jinping said that China would launch 10 low-carbon pilots, 100 mitigation and adaptation projects and capacity building opportunities for 1,000 trainees on climate change issues. As China continues to grow as a global power, so too does its footprint on the development sector. Its rise comes at a moment when the status quo is shifting in the aid industry. Traditional standard bearers such as the U.S. and EU may still drive the majority of funds and set the agenda, but protectionist policies and changing domestic priorities are setting in motion significant changes. In this six-week special series, Devex examines China's expanding role in aid and development across the globe. From tensions in Ghana to projects in Pakistan, from climate financing to donor partnerships, from individual philanthropy to state-financed investment, this series traces the past, present and future of Chinese aid and development. No deadline has been set for the so-called “10-100-1,000” initiative and information on the SSCCF is extremely limited. Climate finance experts in China say that the government is currently negotiating details on how the fund will operate. “There’s very complicated procedure issues still under planning,” says Chai Qimin, a senior director at China’s National Center for Climate Change Strategy and International Cooperation, which is involved in designing the fund. What we do know is that RMB 300 million ($45 million) per year is currently being dedicated to the “10-100-1,000” initiative, according to Chai. While there’s every indication that that the fund will offer bilateral support, the climate change expert says that SSCCF will be designed as a multilateral financial institute, similar in style to the Asian Development Bank and the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank. The fund aims to provide a wide range of initiatives, such as technical support and private investment to target countries in the global south. Forty projects across Asia, Africa, Latin America and some of the Small Island Developing States have already been approved. That includes a Chinese designed satellite that will help Ethiopia with its climate and weather monitoring. The African country is one of nine developing countries that signed a memorandum of understanding with China on climate issues last year. As of March 2017, China has signed memorandums with 27 developing countries to help them “improve their capacities in [climate] adaptation and mitigation, management and financing.” But, helping these countries with their climate action plans is challenging. Whereas China’s domestic climate policy is focused on how to peak their carbon emissions and what low-carbon energy technologies are needed to achieve that goal, Chai says that the needs and interests of the least developed countries are “totally different.” With scientists warning that global warming will lead to highly variable rainfall patterns, LDCs are more interested in water issues and the impacts of climate change on farming. The Chinese realize that their experience over the last 20 years can’t be replicated and are struggling to establish key aspects of the fund, such as a market-based mechanism to offset carbon emissions. In anticipation of these issues, China has been conducting preparatory research over the past three years on how to operate the SSCCF, including setting standards for how to choose projects and ensuring proper monitoring and evaluation. Chai says that China wants to ensure that both its needs and those of the target countries are met. To that effect, “China is open to discussions and consultations from third parties,” he adds. Lack of clear information on the fund is of little surprise. When negotiating the terms of the Paris Agreement on climate change, China vociferously opposed the transparency mechanisms being pushed forward by the U.S. And unlike the GCF, the SSCCF is housed outside of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. So the Chinese fund is not subject to the scrutiny of the U.N. system and its transparency standards, including disclosing how and where its money is being spent. “That is probably a big consideration as to why they committed the money outside the UNFCCC structure,” says Li Shuo, a Beijing-based senior climate and energy officer at Greenpeace East Asia. It is worth noting however, that under the current terms of the Paris Agreement, all countries committed to the deal are encouraged to disclose their financial contributions to developing countries for climate action every two years. China has other reasons, too. Under the U.N. framework, the dominant narrative is that developed countries are disproportionately responsible for climate change and as such are obligated to provide developing countries with financial resources to help them mitigate and adapt to the effects of climate change. If China joins that effort, especially under the U.N. convention, China could imply that it’s graduating itself from its current developing country status to a full-fledged developed country. See more related topics: “And this is not a signal that they want to send,” says Li, explaining that China’s lack of interest in graduating is complex and partially attributed to the fact that it still has many relatively underdeveloped regions. “But, at the same time, they realize their increasing responsibility in causing climate change and they wanted to do something to help other developing countries. That is also one important element that helped us unlock the Paris Agreement in the end.” Admittedly, the U.N. encourages developing countries to voluntarily help its peers and some of them such as Vietnam and Indonesia have pledged support for the GCF, for example. But these countries offered millions of dollars at most, whereas China is talking about billions. Also, China is “genuinely concerned” about not having the capacity to be transparent. “A regular report about how much it is financing and to which countries — that would add an administrative burden in their view,” says Li. The SSCCF is initiated and administered by the National Reform and Development Commission, whose entire climate department only has about 50 people. These people are responsible for both domestic and international climate policies. That includes receiving international climate finance from multilateral and bilateral agencies, as well as providing support to developing countries for climate action. There are ways to address China’s capacity issues, but it’s not going to be easy. With the South-South fund, the government is compromising. And after all these years, some say that China putting money on the table should be perceived as a positive first step. “Then they want to reserve a few other steps so that they can gradually enhance their effort and get there,” says Li, adding that a second step could be divulging how the money is being spent. Then in the medium to long run, a potential third step could be bringing the fund under the U.N. system. But, while the Chinese government is framing the SSCCF and South-South cooperation in general as foreign assistance, it is important to note that China’s policies also offers business opportunities for the rising superpower. For instance, if China plans to run the fund in a similar way to a multilateral bank as Chai mentioned, then China is poised to make money off of its investments. Providing much-needed funds to the world’s most vulnerable countries also gives China an opportunity to shape the international climate agenda. And since some surveys find that people around the world view climate change as one of the biggest threats to national security, the SSCCF enables China to influence international affairs more broadly. Still, even Beijing realizes that global public opinion on its foreign aid policy is extremely polarized. A recent article in the state-controlled media organization, China Daily, stated: “Some argue that China’s no ‘strings attached’ approach is efficient and generates win-win outcomes. Others criticize this direct, economically-driven assistance as a form of neocolonialism.” Regardless of public perception, one thing everyone seems to agree on is that the world is eagerly waiting to see how the SSCCF progresses. “There’s a lot of appetite to understand how that money will be deployed,” says Leonardo Martinez-Diaz, global director of the Sustainable Finance Center at the World Resources Institute. “And there’s a lot of pressure from governments to show some results.” If the past serves as any indicator, the Chinese government might be divulging more information about the fund at the U.N.’s annual climate change conference this November in Bonn, Germany. “It’s a good time for them to take stock of the progress,” says Li. “In Bonn, I would keep a very close eye on South-South finance.” Update, August 22, 2017: This article has been updated to clarify that RMB 300 million ($45 million) per year is currently being dedicated to the “10-100-1,000” initiative. In this six-week special series, Devex examines China's expanding role in aid and development across the globe. From tensions in Ghana to projects in Pakistan, from climate financing to donor partnerships, from individual philanthropy to state-financed investment, this series traces the past, present and future of Chinese aid and development. Join the conversation on our Facebook discussion forum.	<urn:uuid:291a283e-9f8e-4357-932c-bc0e6eef14c4>	CC-MAIN-2020-40	https://www.devex.com/news/china-s-global-climate-battle-90680	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400206329.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20200922161302-20200922191302-00579.warc.gz	en	0.957701	2,020	2.59375	3
One of the simplest health tips is to watch a little less TV. The harmful effects of TV viewing were on full display in the findings of a study published recently. The problem is that when people watch TV they aren't moving. Close to 30 percent of study participants had developed difficulty walking or were unable to walk at all at the end of the study, which ran nearly 10 years. Those who watched a lot of TV were much likelier to report these difficulties — the walking blues. “Sitting and watching TV for long periods (especially in the evening) has got to be one of the most dangerous things that older people can do because they are much more susceptible to the damages of physical inactivity,” said Loretta DiPietro, the study's lead author, in a statement. After age 50, prolonged sitting, and especially extended hours of television viewing, becomes particularly hazardous. People who watched five or more hours of TV per day had a 65 percent greater risk of having the trouble getting around at the study's end, compared with those who watched less than two hours of TV per day. The risk was even higher for heavy TV watchers who sat a lot and exercised little. But no matter how much they exercised, the more they watched TV, the likelier they were to end up with the walking blues at the study's end. Younger people might be able to get away with sitting for long periods because they are more robust, DiPietro says. But after age 50, this study suggests that prolonged sitting, and especially extended hours of television viewing, becomes particularly hazardous. TV viewing in the evening may be particularly unhealthy because it isn't broken up by short bouts of activity, as it usually is during the day, she adds. To DiPietro, Chair of the Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences at the George Washington University's Milken Institute School of Public Health, the solution is clear: “Our findings suggest that older people who want to remain fit must ramp up their daily physical activity and reduce the amount of time they spend sitting.” Older people should walk around as much as possible throughout the day. People who do sit for long stretches should make sure to get up at least once an hour. Those doing their sitting at a desk could consider switching to a standing desk. Take the opportunity to choose the stairs instead of the elevator. And, of course, everyone should consider cutting down on TV time, especially binge-watching. The study appears in the Journals of Gerontology: Series A and is freely available.	<urn:uuid:e1686abf-caa0-4a25-b1ef-12517e7c75d1>	CC-MAIN-2017-47	http://www.thedoctorwillseeyounow.com/content/aging/art5379.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934808972.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20171124214510-20171124234510-00299.warc.gz	en	0.97848	529	2.890625	3
\|Availability:\|\|In stock (4)\| In 1974 the Chattooga River became the first river East of the Mississippi to be included in the National Wild and Scenic River System. It was included because it was a clean, free-flowing mountain stream located in a relatively undeveloped mountain environment. Forming part of the Georgia-South Carolina Border, the Chattooga is the only free-flowing portion of the Savannah River System. This book gives a comprehensive overview of the river including the topography, physiography and geology.	<urn:uuid:8d423098-ee50-455b-8ca5-49d846d7f7cd>	CC-MAIN-2020-29	https://store.noc.com/a-guide-to-the-chattooga-river.html?source=facebook	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593657139167.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20200712175843-20200712205843-00471.warc.gz	en	0.959922	112	3.328125	3
[lin_video src=http://eplayer.clipsyndicate.com/embed/iframe?aspect_ratio=16×9&auto_next=1&auto_start=0&page_count=5&pf_id=9626&show_title=1&va_id=4041957&windows=2 service=syndicaster width=640 height=360 type=iframe] The first National Day of Prayer took place 61 years ago on the first Thursday in May. Thursday, the tradition continued as more than 100 people gathered in downtown Youngstown to take part in the annual event. The day started off with an interpretive dance that drew people to Federal Plaza. Pastors and spiritual leader from various denominations spent the day at several events throughout the Valley, encouraging people to bring prayer into their daily lives. “Pray for our city, pray for our nation and support those involved with the event,” said Boardman resident Jesse Griffin. Many attending the event believe prayer could help solve the city’s problems from crime to unemployment. “Prayer stops a lot of things, especially in the city of Youngstown with everything going on in the community,” said Warren resident Shamia Fudge. “We need stuff like this to watch over the city of Youngstown, the city of Warren.” A counter movement to the National Day of Prayer is called the National Day of Reason. Several groups and organizations came up with the slogan to stress the separation of church and state in the Constitution.	<urn:uuid:eccefbc2-10b5-473d-91cd-2e23a8b140f8>	CC-MAIN-2018-05	http://wkbn.com/2013/05/02/federal-plaza-alive-with-prayer-and-dance/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084889677.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20180120162254-20180120182254-00393.warc.gz	en	0.925114	329	2.53125	3
In the world but not of the world Catholics and Amish might appear very different, but there is some continuity in their approach to the world. by Fr. David J. Endres Editor’s note: Outside Perspectives is a column that addresses a religious topic and seeks to find a common element in another faith while emphasizing the Catholic Church’s teaching. Every Christian must grapple with his or her relationship to the world. Jesus teaches that his followers are not to be “of the world,” but that they are meant for the life to come. For Christians, living “in the world” but not “of the world” is expressed in different ways: from doing without some material comforts by living simply to periodic fasting and abstaining from meat or even a lifelong commitment to celibacy. The Amish, a Christian group originating among 17th-century German Mennonites, are known for choosing to live in the world while not being of the world. They are recognizable within American society for their simplicity and rejection of technology. Seeking religious freedom, the Amish immigrated to North America and can be found today especially in the Great Lakes region and the Midwest. The desire of some Amish to adhere to a radically simple way of life resulted in a split in the mid- 19th century between “new order” and “old order” Amish. The “old order,” for instance, retains the traditional practice of wearing plain clothing: for men, broad-brimmed hats, solid-colored shirts and pants; for women, bonnets and long dresses. Most do not use electricity (unless unavoidable); they do not own cars but instead utilize bicycles and horse-drawn buggies. The relationship of the Amish to the world is not born of antiquarianism or a desire for the old for its own sake. Based on a particular interpretation of Romans 12:2 (“Do not conform yourselves to this age”) and similar Scripture readings, the Amish value a simple form of communal life based on clear roles and structures of authority. They do not view technology as evil, but as a danger to their society if it diminishes solidarity or creates tension within the community. Avoidance of technology is a means to right living that gives priority to community and family, not individual expression or autonomy. “Do not conform yourselves to this age.” The Amish do not avoid all contact with non-Amish, maintaining commercial connections with their neighbors. However, they live apart in their own communities and do not marry those outside of it. They do not often attend public schools, choosing to educate their children themselves, and they refrain from participating in government entitlement programs, believing that the family and community should take care of their own. Other Christians’ relationship to the world differs in marked ways from the Amish. Catholics, along with most other Christians, are usually indistinguishable from others in their appearance, utilization of technology, and fundamental interactions with others. Catholics embrace technology, but they may set limits on its use. They recognize that the use of technology is not inherently good or evil, but that it can be used inappropriately and immorally. The Catholic Church’s understanding of the virtue of temperance helps provides balance in the use of created things. Since all of God’s creation is good, the Church instructs that the exercise of the virtue of temperance is not always the prohibition of something, but that the true and the good is often found in the middle. In short, the things of this world (unless immoral) can and should be enjoyed, but moderately. Immoderate use of a created good, however, can be sinful and can damage one’s relationship with God and others. The Catholic “middle way” can be expressed practically in an individual’s life. The good of the person — physically, emotionally, and spiritually — might suggest, for in- stance, that someone take the steps instead of riding an elevator, limit video game usage to less than one hour a day, or refrain from drinking caffeine or eating sweets. While limited use of material and sensible things can be seen as a temptation, the Church has long understood that the formation of virtue occurs in the daily choice between moderation and immoderation. This ongoing moral formation impacts how Catholics approach the world around them. “The true and good is often found in the middle.” While outwardly Catholics and Amish might appear very different, there is much continuity in their approach to the world. Both, in fidelity to Jesus, discern their relationship to and their use of created things. Though expressed in different ways, all Christians are to be in the world, but not of the world, recognizing that their inheritance is not in the visible, sensible world but in the life to come. Christians join with their Amish brethren in looking to heaven where “eye has not seen, and ear has not heard … what God has prepared for those who love him” (1 Corinthians 2:9).	<urn:uuid:082d2006-53c1-4f98-8074-674191387d7a>	CC-MAIN-2020-40	http://catholicdigest.com/from-the-magazine/outside-perspectives/in-the-world-but-not-of-the-world/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400212039.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20200923175652-20200923205652-00448.warc.gz	en	0.96058	1,049	2.65625	3
What are Precious Metals? Precious metals are rare, valuable materials that are hard, shiny, and malleable. They have been used in jewelry and other accessories for centuries, as well as forming the backbone of many economies throughout history. Besides being beautiful, there are few physical properties that unify them. Here are a few of the ways precious metals are used in jewelry. The original precious metal, yellow gold, is a true classic. Its rich hue has inspired humans for millennia, and has even been considered sacred in many cultures. There are plenty of gold alloys available for jewelry but yellow gold is more loyal to its natural color. That does not mean yellow gold jewelry is pure, however. Gold is a notoriously soft element; it can even be stretched. As such, it is often combined with copper and other metals to be more durable and accessible. White gold has a bright, silvery hue that evokes a regal sophistication. It lends its light to radiant diamonds and makes colorful gemstones more pronounced. This color is created through the addition of elements like nickel to a gold alloy. Rhodium-plating is often used as well, which brings out a more brilliant and beautiful shine. It is more durable and of higher quality than silver, but white gold must be occasionally redipped by a jeweler to maintain its luster. Rose gold is characterized by a magnificent pink shade. It evokes a clear and prominent feminine energy that can’t be found anywhere else. This alloy is often used in vintage jewelry, where it looks exquisite in more regal settings. Many designers pair diamond pave and other brilliant accents for an even more bold display. Rose gold is the result of the addition of copper to a yellow gold alloy, making it hypoallergenic. Along with gold, iron, and copper, silver is one of the first metals used by humans. Too soft and weak to make jewelry with, it could only be used as currency. With the creation of sterling silver, this elegant precious metal quickly became a mainstay of any well-rounded jewelry collection, as it is far more durable and workable while retaining its luxurious color. When mixed with copper, sterling silver is great for sensitive skin. Platinum is luxurious and fashionable while also being the most valuable precious metal. Unlike other precious metals, platinum is hard by itself, so it does not need to be alloyed with other metals to be workable. This combined with its rarity is why platinum jewelry is more expensive than other metals. It is naturally brighter than white gold with the added bonus that it never has to be redipped. While platinum has a reputation for durability, be aware that it is not immune to scratches, but still more low-maintenance than other precious metals. Find a Variety of Precious Metal Jewelry at Long Jewelers Discover a world of luxury at Long Jewelers. Our Virginia Beach jewelry store offers a wide range of gold, silver, and platinum jewelry made by several designer brands. If you do not find what you are looking for, why not design your own jewelry? Our talented team of goldsmiths is ready and eager to help. Contact us today to learn more.	<urn:uuid:518ae19d-f5b5-4fc2-8090-0aecd4f38709>	CC-MAIN-2022-40	https://www.longjewelers.net/Precious-Metals/3001115/EN	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337723.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20221006025949-20221006055949-00277.warc.gz	en	0.954167	671	2.734375	3
[ Winter 2014 ] Much like the Rockefeller Foundation, which helped set the direction of public health in the early 20th century by supporting infectious disease eradication efforts and the training of public health officers, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation has shaped the landscape of public health in the late 20th and early 21st centuries, investing in such areas as vaccine development and women’s and children’s health. This mission includes important grants to Harvard School of Public Health—from research that could lead to a malaria vaccine to tuberculosis and cervical cancer control policy development to a groundbreaking study on the global burden of disease. At the end of 2013, Gates Foundation grants to HSPH over the years totaled more than $94 million. Among the most significant of these grants are: Safe childbirth checklist In 2011, the foundation awarded a $14.1 million, four-year grant to test the effectiveness of a checklist-based childbirth safety program with a randomized trial in 120 hospitals in India. A pilot study of the program—developed in conjunction with the World Health Organization by Atul Gawande, MD ’94, MPH ’99, HSPH professor of health policy and management and a surgeon at Boston’s Brigham and Women’s Hospital—dramatically improved health workers’ adherence to hand hygiene and other essential clinical practices. The foundation has supported HIV/AIDS prevention efforts at the School with grants that include $25 million awarded in 2000 to create the AIDS Prevention Initiative in Nigeria (APIN). Founded and led by Phyllis Kanki, SD ’85, professor of immunology and infectious diseases, with local partners, this program trained clinicians and developed systems of care that continue to play a significant role in supporting HIV/AIDS treatment and prevention efforts in the country. A three-year, $12 million grant awarded in 2011 supports the Maternal Health Task Force—a one-stop shop for maternal health information and research from around the world. Hosted at HSPH under the leadership of Ana Langer, professor of the practice of public health and coordinator of the Dean’s Special Initiative on Women and Health, the task force works with maternal health organizations to support research, provide training opportunities, and disseminate health information. It focuses on three countries struggling to improve maternal health: Nigeria, Ethiopia, and India.	<urn:uuid:c6185ffb-2494-43f8-80f8-239f8f80e8da>	CC-MAIN-2014-41	http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/magazine/biggest-philanthropy-supports-multiple-areas-at-hsph/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657124607.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011204-00316-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz	en	0.937286	481	2.671875	3
Nautilus Fossils Fossil records indicate that nautiloids have not evolved much during the last 500 million years. Many were initially straight-shelled, as in the extinct genus Lituites. They developed in the Late Cambrian period and became a significant group of sea predators during the Ordovician period. Certain species reached over 2.5 m (8 ft) in size. The other cephalopod subclass, Coleoidea, diverged from the nautiloids long ago and the nautilus has remained relatively unchanged since. Nautiloids were much more extensive and varied 200 million years ago. Extinct relatives of the nautilus include ammonites, such as the baculites and goniatites. They are still found in warmer climates today, But are endangered. A Grade specimens have had hours of work on them to get them highly polished and showing those distinctive gas chambers of beautiful brown tones of calcites. They are more expensive than standard quality but are highly collectable and perfect to display. Some are large, some are small, but all are beautiful.	<urn:uuid:6f8ae66e-8c18-4954-9a10-05300dffbacd>	CC-MAIN-2018-17	http://www.fossilsforsale.co.uk/naultilus-fossils.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125948285.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20180426144615-20180426164615-00360.warc.gz	en	0.973963	227	3.75	4
"Some people have told me they don't think a fat penguin really embodies the grace of Linux, which just tells me they have never seen an angry penguin charging at them in excess of 100mph. They'd be a lot more careful about what they say if they had." — Linus Torvalds. Here are a couple of answers to Frequently Asked Questions about penguins I received from kids and penguin lovers. My answers apply mainly to the two kinds of penguins I know best, the Adelie penguins and the Emperor penguins. Just remember that although I've lived with penguins for more than a year, I'm no substitute for a real ornithologist... IANAO, I just impersonate one on the Internet ! Before you read the FAQ, have you read the FACTS about Antarctic penguins ? Right: A racing penguin... No, seriously, it's an adelie penguin which has been tagged by biologists so they can recognize him. What's a penguin ? A short-legged flightless bird of cold southern regions (Antarctica and sub-antarctic islands) having webbed feet and wings evolved as flippers. Who discovered the Adelie or Emperor penguins ? Nobody knows. The first discoverers of Antarctica saw many on the shores, but it's also possible to see them farther north, resting on floating pieces of ice, so even explorers of southern seas who didn't reach Antarctica saw many in the 18th century. And sometimes penguins get lost and end up in the wrong places. There was an Emperor penguin spending the winter in Tasmania, alone, a few years ago. Antarctica itself was thus discovered much later than the penguins that live on it. Adelie penguins are named after Adelie Land which was named by French discoverer Dumont d'Urville after his wife, Adèle, in 1840. So even if people had seen Adelie penguins before him, they did not give them a specific name. Captain Cook saw many King Penguins during his 1775 trip. The biologist of the expedition, Forster, made many drawings. 69 years later, Gray studied those drawings and noticed one that was different: it was the first Emperor penguin, thus the latin name Aptenodytes Forsteri. Where does the word 'penguin' come from ? The first animal called penguin was a flightless bird of the Arctic sea, also known as the Great Auk, which was very similar to a penguin in anatomy, although from a different order of birds. It was hunted to extinction in the 1600s. Then when later explorers discovered similar animals in the southern seas, they named them the same way. The word itself has muddy origin; it originally seemed to mean 'fat one' in spanish/portuguese, and may come from either the Welsh 'pen gwyn' (white head), from the Latin 'pinguis' (fat) or from a corruption of 'pin-wing' (pinioned wings). Where do penguins come from ? The earliest known fossils of penguins were found in Peru. The 80cm tall Perudyptes devriesi living 42 million years ago and the more impressive but more recent Icadyptes salasi, 150cm 36 million years ago. Right: Emperor penguins on the edge of the ice shelf, ready for departure in spring. This image is actually used in Al Gore's presentation An Inconvenient Truth How many species of penguins are there ? There are currently 17 species of Penguins (some scientists divide them in 18 or even 19 species). Fossil records indicate that there used to be more in the past. The current ones, all living in the southern hemisphere, are: Adelie, African, Chinstrap, Emperor, Erect Crested, Fairy, Fjordland, Galapagos, Gentoo, Humboldt, King, Macaroni, Magellanic, Rockhopper, Royal, Snares Island and Yellow Eyed. Some have multiple names (royal=king, little blue=fairy...). The current species are divided into 6 genus: Aptenodytes, Eudyptes, Eudyptula, Megadyptes, Pygoscelis and Spheniscus. I know well only the Adelie and Emperor which lived in the vicinity of Dumont d'Urville, but I have a few pictures of the Fairy (aka Little Blue) and Yellow Eyed penguins on my Tasmanian and New Zealand pages. Many more species of fossil penguins are known. Are new species of penguins still being discovered ? Amazingly the answer is yes... but not living species. In 2008 New-Zealand researchers announced the discovery of bones belonging to a previously unknown specie, the Waitaha penguin, which went extinct about 500 years ago, soon after the human settlement of the islands. How many penguins are there, total ? Many parts of Antarctica, including some of the shores, have never been explored, so the precise number of penguins is unknown. Evaluations have been done by counting manually the penguin population in some areas and extrapolating to the entire continent. The numbers of 2 300 000 pairs of Adelie Penguin and 220 000 pairs of Emperor Penguin have been proposed by some researchers. But keep in mind that those are highly inaccurate statistics, most colonies not having been visited in decades, and many more having never received a visit. Also some estimates have been performed at the wrong time of year or not from manual counts (based on aerial photographs for instance). In 2012, a team of scientists using high resolution satellite imagery to view the spots of guano (penguin poop) raised this estimate to reach a count of 595000 emperor penguins. Those scientists really know their shit (see below)... Indeed new colonies are sometimes discovered, like the two colonies discovered in the area of the Merz glacier near Dumont d'Urville in 2012. We are talking about 12 thousand new penguins here. Why aren't there penguins in the Arctic ? Well, as you just read above, there used to be one flightless bird called penguin, also known as the Great Auk, but it was hunted to extinction four centuries ago. The reason that there aren't any is probably because of predators: penguins need to go on land to nest and are quite defenseless with their feet on the ground. Antarctica and other southern island are devoid or have few land predators. The Arctic has bears, wolves, foxes, rats and more... Right: An adelie penguin moulting in autumn. Are penguins mammals/birds/fish/...? Here are a few clues: they lay eggs, they have feathers, they breathe air, they have clawed feet, they have a beak... Can you put the clues together ? I had a good laugh recently when talking with two veterinary students. One was certain that penguins are mammals (like seals), the other was certain that penguins are fish. I hope my pets don't ever get sick ! Do penguins have feathers ? Yes they do, like all birds. Their feathers are very compact and hard. When they are hot they ruffle them. And we could often see them plucking out old feathers or scratching (they have parasites like fleas, mites and even ticks [Ixodes uriae]). On the picture on the right you can see an Adelie penguin losing its old feathers before returning to sea, a process called moulting (also spelled 'molting' and also called feathering or shedding) that happens in november-december for Emperors and march-april for Adelie penguins. Can you send me some penguin feathers ? Unfortunately I never brought back any, so don't ask... Do penguins have ears ? They do not have external visible ears. But they do have an ear canal (there's probably a more scientific term for it) under their feathers that allows them to hear sounds both in the air and underwater. Hearing is an important sense for them as they recognize each other by their voice. Not cold ? Right: An Emperor penguin chick overheating on a hot spring day. Why don't penguins get cold ? Mainly because they are fat ! Fat has two main purposes in the body: it is a good insulator against cold and also it is a reserve of energy. When the emperor penguins arrive in autumn to stay the winter in Antarctica without eating, about half of their bodyweight is made of a 4cm thick layer of fat which they will use to withstand the long cold nights. But most of the thermal insulation is in reality provided by their feathers: the outer layer of hard feathers act as a wind-breaker, while the underlayer of down provides excellent thermal insulation. Indeed if a penguin develops bald spots, he will likely not survive for long and die from hypothermia; read the enlightening story of Pierre the penguin after he developed bald spots ! Also the structure of the penguin feathers gives them an increased protection against cold: an outer layer of long hard smooth feathers streamlined for fast swimming (that also probably protects them from the wind), but underneath is a layer of short fluffy down feathers providing better insulation by trapping air. Penguins also possess heat exchangers inside their body so that the cold blood flowing in the extremities is not mixed directly with the warm blood from the main body, but recirculated after being oxygenated by a complex of veins called the Rete Mirabile. This is a good way to minimize heat loss for their feet, flippers and nostrils by maintaining them at a colder temperature than the main body. In other words penguins have cold feet in bed. Their short and stocky body shape also minimizes thermal loss: short legs, feet hidden under the body, short neck, flippers flat against the body... Penguin chicks have very warm down feathers around their body, but because they are smaller in size they seek protection under the belly of a parent. When they grow bigger they become more independent, staying in groups called crêche. Also their down feathers are not waterproof and they will die from the cold if they fall in water or mud (see the picture below of a wet chick about to freeze to death). As a general rule: the colder the area they live in, the bigger the penguin (you retain heat better when the volume/surface ratio increases). Can penguin get too hot ? Penguins can actually overheat in Antarctica on warm summer days: when the temperature is high they erect their feathers a lot to increase airflow and heat exchange, they extend their flippers away from their bodies to radiate more heat, they spread out far form each others, they lay down on the ice (right picture) and they pant; all signs I've seen in unlucky penguins kept in zoos, and yet another reason not to keep one as a pet. There are penguins who are used to the heat, such as Galapagos penguins which live very near the equator. But that's not the case of the Adelies or Emperors. Penguins, as a bird and also like mammals, need to maintain a precise and fairly high body temperature in order to keep their metabolism working. The exception is that penguins are known to decrease their body temperature when in water, so as to minimize heat loss (which is proportional to the difference of temperature between body and outside). The penguins most exposed to the cold, the Emperors, need to be social to survive the hardship of winter. During the coldest and windiest winter nights, they pack together in what is called a huddle: those in the middle are warm and exchange position with those outside after a while. Right: Emperor penguins withstanding a storm. Why do penguins have a white belly and black back ? Those colors make the penguins less visible when in the water: as seen from above you see a black back above the darkness of the deep sea; as seen from below you see a light belly in front of the bright sky. Not too visible either way (plenty of fish are like that). In other words it is a defense mechanism when underwater. You've probably noticed that it makes them quite visible on land, but Adelies and Emperors don't really have predators there. I don't know if the orange neck of the Emperors has a specific function, but only adult penguins have it. Juvenile penguins (one to two years of age) only have a gray neck. Are there albino penguins ? Yes there are white penguins, although technically the mutation is different than the one resulting in albinism. They are called 'Isabelle' penguins. Their normally black coat is a creamy white. There used to be a white Adelie nesting in the vicinity of DdU, but every time I went out to try to photograph it, it was out to sea. Like with other animals, albinism is a hindrance for penguins, making them more visible to predators when underwater. There's an art film by Peter Huyghe about the search of an all-white penguin called "The Journey That Wasn't". Right: A sleeping adelie penguin, with his head under his flipper. Are penguins nocturnal ? Do penguins sleep ? Where do penguins sleep when they are at sea ? The Adelie and Emperor penguins are diurnal. Nocturnal activity is for most animals a way to avoid predators, and those penguins don't have predators when they are on land, so they are active during the day and rest at night. I don't know what their activity at sea is. But what about the night in Antarctica anyway ? In summer there isn't any night but the sun does get lower on the horizon, and during those periods you can indeed see Adelie penguins sleeping. It's also true for the Emperors who spend the long winter nights huddled together without moving but usually spread out on the ice a little when there's the daily short hour of sunlight. Other species of penguins that live on mainlands like in South-Africa, South-America, Tasmania or New Zealand often have different behaviors. The Little Blue penguins come out of their burrows before sunrise to go feed at sea and come back after dark, but they probably spend the rest of the night sleeping safely inside. Adelie and emperors penguins sleep standing when they sit an egg, or sometimes laying down on their belly if they don't. Adelies often rest their head under a flipper (see picture on right). And they close their eyes. Like all birds they have a very light sleep anyway, never staying quiet for more than a few minutes. I believe they can sleep at sea for a few minutes at a time between the times they need to breathe (like dolphins), but mainly they just find a piece of floating ice, hop on and take a nap. My class wants to know if emperor penguins see in color or are they color blind ? This article analyzing the visual system of humboldt penguins answers yes, but they see colors differently as we do. 'Adapted to the spectral qualities of its aquatic environment' is the key phrase here. I assume other species have a similar visual system but I have no direct evidence. Right: An Adelie penguin's egg hatching. See the beak of the baby penguin beginning to break the shell open ? How do they choose a mate? Do all penguins have a mate? I don't know what their criterion for choosing one mate versus another one is... Probably the fatter the better ! In the case of emperor penguins there are slightly more females than males, so some females end up without a mate and leave the rookery after a few weeks. Better luck next year. How big is a penguin's egg ? Left: An emperor penguin's egg. An Adelie egg is slightly larger than a large hen's egg and shaped the same. An Emperor's egg is much bigger, up to 15cm long and 12cm diameter with a conical top and a spherical bottom. The picture on the right shows an Adelie penguin's egg hatching (see the beak of the chick beginning to break the shell), and on the left picture I'm holding an emptied Emperor's egg. Emperors don't build nests: they carry their eggs balanced on their feet, under their belly. They usually don't move much, but if they take a big step, like to catch their balance or to flee, then they drop their egg; and once their egg is out of their pouch they will not recognize it anymore. The egg promptly dies, freezes and cracks and eventually falls into the bottom of the sea when the sea ice melts off in spring. So we had the possibility to recover and clean some abandoned eggs. The first Emperor penguin egg was found on floating ice in 1840, without knowing its origin. Wilson saw it in a museum and recognized it as such in 1905, and he also discovered the first rookery of Emperor penguins in 1902 at Cape Crozier. In 1911 he decided to do a harrowing winter trip to recover some eggs with Bowers and Cherry-Garrard, the only winter trip ever attempted in Antarctica, which is recounted in the famous book: The worst journey in the world, one of the best read about Antarctica. They barely survived. He later died on the return trip from the South Pole with Captain Scott. Right: A breeding pair of adelie penguins adding rocks to their nest to keep their newborn chick out of the seeping water. What's a penguin nest like ? Emperor penguins don't have nests. They balance their egg on their feet, keeping it warmly covered under a pouch of fatty skin under their belly. Adelie penguins make nests out of rock pebbles and sit on top. They steal each others pebbles constantly, leading to lots of braying and fights. The last ones to leave in autumn steal everybody else's pebbles and make a huge stack in prevision of their spring return. But then the early comers in spring transfer the pile to their own nest ! That is to say before they have to go back to the sea to feed at which point a free-for-all happens with lots of name calling. Other species use different methods: nests hidden under very thick bushes for Yellow-Eyed penguins, underground burrows for Little blue penguins... Right: This is NOT a penguin's nest ! This is probably a young adelie penguin who's not been listening to what I said earlier about adelies making their nests out of pebbles to keep their eggs out of the mud. Not only is this penguin just sitting in front of the egg instead of sitting on it, but the egg is also sitting in freezing muddy water. The egg is clearly dead. But the penguin will learn and will do a better nest next year. The success rate for breeding offsprings is pretty low for young penguins but increases dramatically after a few years. Do emperor penguins always go to the same breeding grounds? Up until 2014 it was thought that Emperor penguins were strongly philopatric, meaning that they would always go to the same breeding area, year after year. But recent satellite images have shown that there are rookeries that suddenly appear out of nowhere in areas that never had them before. Now this is news for several reasons. For one if the Emperor were 100% attached to the same area, it would be a recipe for disaster in term of climate change (if no ice forms for a few years, the entire colony would be wiped out). So it could be that Emperors are more adaptable than thought. On the other hand, it is strange that an animal that strongly relies on memory would change place easily, meaning this change could be due to groups of birds getting lost due to strong and recent differences in ocean currents, ice formations, etc. Which does not bode too well. I heard that when Adelie penguins are choosing a mate the male searches for the perfect pebble and presents it to the one he wants as his mate. It's a myth based on the fact that Adelie penguins build nests out of pebbles. And they build the nest while they do the courting, so it's actually partly true. I guess a penguin who doesn't bring any pebble wouldn't stand a chance, but any pebble will do and both mates bring them in ! Is there ever adoption among Emperor Penguins ? ...for instance in cases when both parents leave and abandon the chick. Unfortunately no, the chick will starve and die since they are still too young to swim for their own food. Adults already have a hard time feeding one chick. Sometimes lonely females (those that failed to mate that year) grab abandoned eggs, but those eggs are frozen and dead in the first place and they abandon them quickly. If the mother doesn't return, the father doesn't have a choice: he and his chick will die if he stays. If he leaves he can always try mating with more success the next year... In 2006 I received this message from Phil Chapman showing that apparently there are cultural differences among penguins in different parts of the frozen continent. It remains to be seen if they feed them or remember them at all between their sea strips: I would like to take issue with one of your FAQs, where you say that Emperors never adopt stray chicks. Many years ago (1958, during the IGY), I spent most of the winter in a hut adjacent to the Emperor rookery at Taylor Glacier, 80 km west of Mawson. (I was taking parallactic photos of the aurora, in cooperation with a colleague at Mawson). This rookery, one of only two on land, is now a SPA, but in those days nobody was concerned about disturbing the birds. I spent a lot of time with them, observing them at close range throughout their breeding cycle. In the early spring, when a chick escaped from its parent, all the adults in the vicinity would rush to grab it and stuff it between their feet. Sometimes they would drop chicks they already had in order to pick up the stray. I often saw 5 to 10 adults in a melee, all trying to get the same chick (which was sometimes stomped to death in the process). A little later in the season, when many chicks were loose and often freezing to death, if I stood still for a few minutes, some chick would usually come and snuggle between my feet, apparently taking me for an outsize adult. Sometimes I would pick it up and put it in the chest pocket of my parka to let it get warm, but of course I couldn't save them all. So, my observation is that Emperors are not at all selective about whose chick they nurture. Are penguins monogamous ? Adelie penguins usually keep the same mate all their life, unless the mate dies. Emperor penguins are monogamous... for a year, meaning they usually change mate every year. Do you think mother penguins are sad to leave their baby eggs to get food ? Why do they have to do this ? It's always difficult to attribute human emotions such as sadness to animals (a process called anthropomorphizing). In the case of penguins I don't think it's possible short of measuring stress-related hormones or similar invasive methods. Anyway, I don't think it's been done. They have to leave their eggs/younglings otherwise they would starve. And they come to have babies in a place where they risk starving because it has other advantages, like a complete lack of predators, and a reversed feeding cycle (meaning there's plenty of food in the sea when they go back there). Why doesn't the female emperor feed the male when she gets back ? That would be counterproductive since the male still has the energy (barely!) to trek back to the sea to go feed himself. The chick doesn't have that option and thus deserves all the mother can give him. Is it possible to breed two different species of penguins ? The possibility of hybridation depends on various factors like the number of chromosomes and the 'distance' between the species (or rather the age of their last common ancestor). But in nature it is difficult because most penguin species breed in different places and/or at different times, so they don't meet during their reproduction period. In the wild some cases of hybrids are suspected between royal and rockhopper penguins, between rockhopper and macaroni penguins, between rockhopper and erect-crested penguins, and maybe between adelie and chinstrap. Are penguins endangered ? It's hard to get an accurate count of Emperor and Adelie penguins because there are many places where they live that no human has ever visited, but apparently they are not endangered, although their numbers fluctuate with the availability of food in the sea. So for instance El Niño episodes will have a strong negative influence on the number of penguin chicks born. Adelie and Emperors don't have land predators and humans leave them alone nowadays, which is not true of most other species of penguins who live on islands which have been colonized by rats (everywhere), wild cats (King Penguins at Kerguelen), dogs (blue penguins in New Zealand) or too many tourists (Galapagos penguins). Someone I met (not sure if he's a friend) told me he once ate a penguin a long time ago and said it tasted something like a mix between a chicken gone bad and a smelly fish, and very fat at that ! Recipe below... But being bad to eat didn't protect them from human barbarity. Last century the whalers hunting in the southern indian ocean (and maybe other areas) needed heat to melt off and process whale fat. There isn't any wood on those southern islands so they invented a barbaric device: a 'penguin press' into which they would throw hundreds of live penguins, crush them to extract their fat, and then use this fat as combustible. The population of king penguins decreased dramatically at that time but has since recovered. I'm glad this time is over. Still, overall 12 of the 17 species of penguins are considered 'at risk' or endangered, mostly due to human activity. Those living in Antarctica have the least risk, thanks to their isolation. Does global warming affect penguins ? For Antarctic penguins, the answer is 'somewhat but not directly'. In the Climate FAQ I detail some of the effect of global warming on the frozen continent. A few degrees of changes won't affect penguins much when on the shore, but it affects the distribution and growth of their preys. While less sea ice means much fewer km for the emperors to walk back to the sea to feed, it also means that their nesting areas are also more at risk of being dislocated by storms while the chicks are still unable to swim. When preys become rarer, for instance during El Nino episodes, not only penguins have more difficulty in finding food, but they also become prey more often to larger predators who also have more difficulty finding food ! That's the drawback of being in the middle of the foodchain. Where can I get or buy a penguin ? Sorry, all species of penguins are protected, you can't get one legally. Even if you come to Antarctica and bring one home as a souvenir, it's plain illegal. And honestly, do you really think an animal that spends half of its time swimming free in the ocean and the other half in deep cold Antarctica would have a happy life in a hot, dry and small home ? And what drives them crazy in captivity is the fact that they cannot perform their yearly migrations, leading many zoo penguins to swim around in circles for months on end. You'll have to satisfy yourself with a stuffed teddy penguin. I do know of at least one place that sells penguins but I won't tell you. Don't ask. Right: A wet Adelie penguin chick that will die in a few minutes. Falling in freezing water is deadly when you are a baby penguin. How do you care for a penguin ? How did you find a penguin in the first place ?!? True, sometimes they end up washed ashore exhausted by storms or wounded by predators or boats... If this is the case, be careful that their bites can be very painful and they also give mean punches with their bony flippers (they can break your fingers easily). Grab them by the neck and hold them off the ground for quick transportation. If you can, put a hood over their eyes as they will immediately calm down. In '92 my predecessors in DdU adopted two emperor chicks they had found abandoned on the ice (this happens when one of the parents doesn't come back in due time). They kept them indoors and fed them leftover foods: raw fish at the beginning but also canned fish and even meat. Those two grew up to be the biggest and fattest penguins of the area and were later released in the sea, quite healthy. So I guess they are not particularly picky since their normal natural diet consist of an oil specially secreted by the parents. In New Zealand in 2000 several thousand little blue penguins got contaminated by an oil spill; they were collected and distributed among volunteers for cleaning and care; they even put sweaters on them to keep them from plucking they contaminated feathers. The survivors were later released at sea. Chicks depend on their parents for survival between hatching and the growth of their waterproof feathers: about seven weeks for Adelie chicks, 6 months for Emperors and even more for King chicks. Chicks' down feathers are not waterproof and they must stay away from water or mud, unlike the Adelie chick shown on the left picture which died a few minutes after falling in muddy water. Yes, it's a harsh world and that's why Adelie penguins build nests out of pebbles. Once a chick has feathered (or fledged), it enters the sea and becomes independent of its parents. Right: Adelie penguin swimming fast and jumping out of the water. How can I find a job that deals with penguins ? You mean zookeeper ? Kid working in a south-east asian sweatshop making stuffed teddy penguins ? Linux kernel developer ? Hockey player in Pittsburgh ? OK, the proper term would be ornithologist (bird scientist). Most ornithologists are hobbyists, but you can get a PhD and make a job off it. All the information you want (and more) is in the Going To Antarctica page. Right: Krill, a little shrimp that is the main ingredient in the penguin diet. What do penguins eat ? How do emperor penguins get their food ? They swim fast and catch it in the sea: krill (picture on right), shrimp, small fish, octopus... They catch their prey with their beak and swallow it whole while swimming. The Antarctic ocean is very rich with life, more so than the equator for instance. The reason is quite technical: cold water can absorb more oxygen than warm water, it's a physical property. Similarly cold water can absorb less salt than warm water. And the ocean (at a minimum of -1.8°C) is always warmer than the land. Those two issues make it easier for life to thrive in cold oceans, although the cold temperature slows down animal metabolism (or requires insulation such as fat) and the lack of sunlight in winter stops the photosynthesis of plankton. What is krill ? Krill is a kind of shrimp, with a mostly transparent body, a few pigmented red dots and large black eyes. There are 85 species of krill in the world, living in large groups on the ocean surface, forming groups of up to two millions tons spanning 450 square km. Krill is the most common animal in the world with an estimated biomass of 650 million tons. The antarctic krill, Euphosia superba, is at the center of the foodchain being eaten by squid, sea mammals, birds, fish and some whales. With a very low efficiency since they need to eat 100kg of krill to grow by just one kg. But the austral foodchain is so narrow that it's very fragile, an overfishing of krill would put many species in trouble, including penguins. Adelie penguins eat about 2kg of krill and fish each day when they are out at sea. Penguins are extremely good swimmers that can dive to 500m of depth and stay submerged for 5 minutes, but don't forget that, like dolphins for instance, they need to go back to the surface to breathe fresh air regularly. How do penguins drink ? When at sea they get water either from their prey or by drinking small amounts of salt water. A special gland near their beak can remove the salt from the sea water, making it drinkable. When on land they eat some snow. How are penguins able to regurgitate food for their young long after having eaten it ? There are 3 different ways to feed their young amongst penguins species: Some keep freshly caught fish/krill in their stomach where they have special enzymes that inhibit bacterial development although the fish is at body temperature. They can keep for several days before being regurgitated. Others partially digest their keeps and then regurgitate this 'puree'. Finally for the emperor penguins who have to go for weeks, they digest it completely and secrete a very rich oil which they feed to their young. Right: Close up view on a spiny penguin tongue. This helps holding and swallowing slippery preys such as fish. Do penguins have knees ? They have the same basic anatomy as other terrestrial amniotes, so yes they do have knees, they are just hidden under a thick layer of fat. The fat plus the very short legs make for their strange gait. If you look at the pictures of the dead penguin below, you'll actually see the outline of the knees. There's actually a book by this very title, I can only hope it answers the question ! Right: An adelie paddling with his feet on floating ice. Penguins don't like this kind of conditions as they cannot swim fast and they cannot see if a sea leopard may be lurking underneath. What color are penguin feet ? The skin looks like reptile skin: emperors have black scales with grey in-between while adelies have more pinkish skin. They also have strong nails they use to push themselves when sliding on the ice on their bellies or when scaling ice (for instance when they want to climb on an iceberg to rest while at sea). Emperors on land are sometimes seen laying back on their heels and tail so they can rest their feet (probably allowing more blood to flow and warm them up). Do penguins make noise ? Yes, and lots of it ! Pass your mouse over the first few pictures above to hear them. They have a very loud voice similar to a donkey braying. Those calls are essential since they recognize themselves only through voice, not visually. They call to attract mates, when doing courtship, when greeting a returning mate, when threatening other penguins (or a human coming too close), or sometimes when bored alone. Different species of penguins have different calls, and in some species like the Emperors the male and female have a distinct voice that one can tell apart with a little training (listen to the samples below). On my first job in Antarctica, I installed a Sodar, an acoustic device to do remote sensing of the lower atmosphere. In summer the data was perturbed by the noise coming from all the Adelie penguins. Here are the recorded sounds I have (just click on them): Now just try to imagine when there are 5000 of them at the ... Right: A dead Adelie penguin well on its way to becoming a fossil. Do penguins have predators ? Emperor penguins do not have predators, either in sea (they are too fast) or on the land (no other animals in winter in Antarctica). In spring Giant Petrels will occasionally grab an abandoned chick, and also juveniles that haven't learned to swim well may fall prey to the Leopard Seal or a passing orca when first hitting the water. Thus emperor penguins hardly have any defense mechanism, they only start to turn around and flee if you get within one or two meters from them. Their main enemy is the cold and the distance to the sea; and on really cold winters some of them do not have the strength to make it back to the sea after their long fasting. Adult Adelie penguins do not have predators on land; although their unattended eggs and chicks are often attacked by skuas (which is probably the reason why most penguins are afraid of what comes from the sky). When in the sea they have to avoid Leopard Seal and killer whales. How come penguins don't fight or defend their young from predators ? I saw a documentary where the parents/adults watch as predators are feeding on their young. Adelie penguins do fight if anything gets too close to their nest. But basically they don't have to as predators (skuas and giant petrels) will attack only abandoned and weakened chicks. What they showed as 'parents' were probably non-related penguins. How do penguins tell each other apart ? How do researchers tell them apart ? Well, not visually but thanks to their voices. Researchers are at a loss to recognize individuals because they can't identify their voices, so they resort to treacherous techniques like tagging or spray-painting them like on the picture at the top of the page ! How long do penguins live ? What's the life expectancy of penguins ? Unlike many animals, Antarctic penguins are lucky not to have too many predators and it's possible for them to die of old age, a rare occurrence in nature. There's a female Emperor at DdU who was tagged 40 years ago, still coming and breeding every year. Adelie penguins have a life expectancy of 15 years or more in the wild. They don't tag penguins anymore because it's not very easy to do it reliably and it probably causes the penguin some trouble when swimming (the tag is a kind of arm-band). We sometimes see bodies of Adelie penguins stuck in the ice or the mud, what they died of remains a mystery: old age, disease, exposure ? In captivity many penguins can reach old age, such as Pierre the penguin who almost died of... baldness but ultimately recovered thanks to... a wetsuit ! What happens to the bodies of all the penguins that die in Antarctica ? Usually they get eaten by scavengers like skuas. If they die on the sea ice their bodies fall in the sea when said ice breaks up in spring. If they die on land ice (rare), they get carried by glaciers, and end up into an iceberg and then in the sea as well. If they die on a rare spot of iceless land, they don't decay but dry out, get covered with other penguins' excrements, sometimes end up as fossil but most likely get ablated by the very strong wind over the years and end up as dust and a few dry bones sticking from the mud. That's why Antarctica is not covered with penguin corpses accumulated over the years... But penguin fossils are found every once in a while. Right: Adult adelie penguins aggressive towards a chick out of his own nest. Do penguins fight ? Are penguins aggressive ? They have few predators, but Adelie penguins fight between themselves a lot for various reasons: for mates, for the best nest locations, for the possession of rocks and pebbles, if some other penguin gets too close to their nest... Those fights never go beyond the 'first blood' but I've seen penguins jump off cliffs in fright (or being pushed off !). Their defense mechanism involves loud braying calls, threatening attitudes (body moving side to side), pinching with the beak and hitting very fast with their flippers which are very hard (it's just a flat bone with skin and thin feathers on top). I was once standing in the middle of the base, talking with a colleague, when a penguin in a bad mood decided I was in his way. He bit me on the tendon inside the knee while hitting me very hard with a series of lightning fast punches ! I had a limp for a week. Adult Adelies are particularly aggressive towards others' chicks. Chicks can be abandoned for two reasons: either a parent disappeared at sea and the other had to go feed, or they were born twins but the parents had only enough food to feed one chick (the biggest). In which case you see a wretched chick walking around the rookeries, getting weaker day by day, trying to get back to his nest but constantly harassed by his ex-parent and the other adults, and soon watched eagerly by a skua or two... On the other hand, Emperor penguins are probably the most placid animals ever. No predators, so no defense mechanism. And they need to rely a lot on the others to survive the winter together, so the only time they display any kind of aggressivity are when the females compete for a male: they just stand around and try to interrupt him if he chooses a mate by standing in the middle. An issue he usually solves by walking around them. That's about all. Right: A emperor chick resting comfortably under its parent's pouch. Where are penguins located ? Adelie and Emperor penguins live on the shores of Antarctica, in the few places that have rocks for Adelie and in the few places where the sea ice is stable enough not to be broken up by strong winter storms for Emperors. Just think that 98% of Antarctica is covered by ice, so that doesn't leave much rock for Adelie penguins to settle. And there are glaciers around most of Antarctica, making it too unstable and dangerous for Emperors to settle (glaciers move, they have crevasses, falling seracs...). Nothing in Antarctica lives more than a few minutes walk from the sea except for some micro-organisms. In the spring of '93 we had a record number of Emperor penguin chicks next to Dumont d'Urville. Due to unusually warm and mild weather they spread out on the ice quite far way, leaving the sheltered area between the islands. Then a strong storm came and broke up the ice around the islands. After the end of the storm, two thirds of the chicks were missing, fallen in the deadly cold water while still wearing their down feathers... Are penguins found only in Antarctica ? No. Different species have different habitats: there are actually only 5 species in Antarctica (including Adelie and Emperors); King, Chinstrap and others in sub-Antarctic Islands (plenty of small islands that are located in the Antarctic Ocean, the south Pacific, south Atlantic or south Indian ocean); Little Blue, Yellow-eyed and others at the southernmost tips of America, Africa or Australia; there are even penguins near the equator, at the Galapagos Islands. But there aren't any penguins in the northern hemisphere, although there used to be a very similar flightless bird of a different family, called the great penguin also known as the Great Auk, a cousin of puffins from the Arctic sea. Unfortunately it was hunted to extinction in the 1600s. Penguins are very slow and awkward on land, making them easy preys for predators, that's why they are only common on small islands or places that do (or did) not have any predators (including humans). Right: A creche of emperor penguin chicks in early spring. What is called a group of penguins ? I can think of no less than 4 different terms: A 'rookery'. Emperor penguins huddle together to form one very large rookery when it's cold and split in smaller groups spread on the ice when it's warm; they don't make nests but carry their eggs or their feet. Adelie penguins form small rookeries of 2 to hundreds of breeding pairs by building nests on rocky outcrops. Some say this term should be kept for rooks, a type of crow, but it's in widespread use for penguins. When emperors are huddled close together against the chilly winter storms, in french this is called a 'turtle', just like the Roman legionnaires defensive position. But the english equivalent has less history behind it, the term being simply a 'huddle'. Penguins in this situation change position periodically, those on the outside moving back inside to shelter from the cold, something similar to bikers taking the lead temporarily although it costs them energy. This behavior was thought to be a fairly unique altruistic behavior, but it can be explained quite simply by evolutionary biology: no penguin want to be outside exposed to the cold, so they try to get to the center, but they don't want to fight for it (a big waste of energy), so they just push slowly till they get a better position; and later other penguins pushing in other directions will expose them again. When they grow bigger and no longer need an adult at all time to keep them sheltered, the chicks group together in 'crêches' (picture on left), a French word for crib. They do this for protection against the cold and against predators (Skuas and Giant petrels) but are not cared communally by the remaining adults: adults will feed only their own chick which they recognize by its voice. There can be several crêches in a large rookery. And more simply we also say that all the rookeries in a common area form a 'colony'. Do penguins have a leader ? What's their social structure ? They don't have a leader as such, but sometimes when a group action is necessary one penguin will take the initiative and all the others will follow as happens for instance when jumping in the water or beginning a walk. This does not give any advantage to the first one, except more risk of being eaten by a waiting leopard ! Why do they walk in a single line formation ? This applies mainly to Emperor penguins as Adelies wanders in not particularly organized groups when going between the shore and their nests. Basically they just follow the leader, an older penguin who knows the way for their hundred of km treks. Some lines can have as much as 3000 penguins in a single file. How do they find the way ? I have no idea. Do they get lost ? Maybe, but they don't tell anyone. Right: Adelie penguin footsteps on snow. How long does it take the Emperor Penguins to make their trek to/from the group to feed ? The distance can be anywhere from 60 to 250 km depending on ice extension, and it takes them an average of a week, one way. Add to this a week to fish and replenish their fat supply so it can take them a good month to do the round trip. If the ice extends particularly far that year, the long turn around times increase the mortality among the chicks who cannot be fed enough in time. What other animals live near penguins ? Seals, other birds like skuas and petrels, and even sometimes humans in places like New Zealand or the Galapagos. What do penguins do for fun ? When they are on land I haven't observed any behavior that even remotely looks like play. They only come on land for serious activities: reproducing and moulting. On the other hand, as soon as they go back to the water they swim in groups in circles, jump out in the air (also known as porpoising or breaching) and generally seem to be enjoying themselves. Do penguins fall over when something fly over them ? No. This is an urban legend and I can't believe the NSF actually funded a study on this. Adelie and Emperor penguins are moderately scared of things from the sky because that's where their only predators on land come from (skuas and giant petrels that grab their unattended eggs or chicks). They can also be afraid of noisy helicopters at first, but they get used to them very fast. In Dumont d'Urville, some Adelies are nesting less than 10 meters from helicopter landing pads. They just crouch for a minute when the chopper passes above them and then go on their business. When out of the water penguins don't have very good vision, they are near-sighted so they can't really tell whether it's a bird or airplane flying above them unless it gets close and noisy. How do you cook a penguin ? Penguin recipes ? They are very fat, so a method that melts the fat off is better, like a roast. The blood is very rich in oxygen so the meat turns an un-appetizing dark as it cooks. The breast can make decent steaks. For doing an omelet, you need to remove some of the white of the egg otherwise it's not tasty enough; but the overall taste is the same than a normal omelet. Am I joking ? Maybe... Just remember that many an explorer can trace his survival to scrambled penguin eggs. Hardly a necessity nowadays. If you want to know everything there is to know about the subject (except maybe the taste itself), I refer you to the recipe book "Fit for a FID" by Gerald Cutland or the book about the history of Antarctic cuisine "Hoosh" by Jason C. Anthony. Is it true that there are homosexual penguins ? Yes, it is a behavior sometimes observed in zoo animals. There was a famous case at the NY zoo of two males taking turns caring for a fake egg, then given a real one and successfully raising a family. The children book And Tango Makes Three recounts this true story. It's hard to tell if this happens in the wild as it's usually impossible to tell the difference between male and female visually. Note that many different animal species can exhibit homosexual behavior, so very far from the fundamentalist views that 'homosexuality is against nature'. Right: Hole left by the body heat of an Adelie penguin who waited out a storm for several days... with skidmarks ! And those are feathers at the bottom of the hole. What color is penguin poop ? I can't believe some of the questions I get... Well, here goes: it's kinda white with greenish and darkish streaks when it comes out, but when it dries it turns to reddish for Adelies and greenish for Emperors. The red comes from all the krill that they eat and there are large quantities of this red 'mud' accumulated around the rookeries (sometimes as much as 10cm thick). The green is probably bile due to the fact that the Emperors fast for a long period; the ice is covered with it in spring and melts back into the sea. The fact that adelie penguins nest on rock outcrops makes it so that the higher ones 'shower' the lower ones. Just like in our own society I guess... And to continue on this issue which decidedly uses lots of ink, the 2005 Ig Nobel price in fluid dynamics has been attributed to Victor Benno Meyer-Rochow (International University Bremen, Germany and University of Oulu, Finland) and Jozsef Gal (Loránd Eötvös University, Hungary), for using basic principles of physics to calculate the pressure that builds up inside a penguin, as detailed in their report "Pressures Produced When Penguins Pooh — Calculations on Avian Defaecation". can you tell us about emperor penguins for our prodject yu know issy you need to email her aswell No. What about saying 'hello' ? What about signing your mail ? What about reading what's already on this page instead of asking me to do your homework ? What about not doing 8 spelling or punctuation errors in 19 words ? [yes, that is an actual email I received] Do penguins make a case for 'intelligent design' ? No more than any other animal in existence. For a clear view on the subject, read a real book for once, like something by Stephen Jay Gould or Richard Dawkins, they can explain and put things in perspective much better than I ever could.	<urn:uuid:eb3faef8-5b79-45eb-be07-389e393191ce>	CC-MAIN-2017-30	http://www.gdargaud.net/Antarctica/PenguinFAQ.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549426629.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20170726202050-20170726222050-00559.warc.gz	en	0.963597	11,068	2.765625	3
The Washington Post recently ran an article stating that approximately 17 percent of people newly diagnosed with HIV are age 50 and older. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, in 2014, this age bracket contracted 7,500 new cases of HIV infections, with a majority, nearly 5,500, of those cases occurring in people between 50 and 59 years old. Even though the percentage of new cases is slightly down from a previous study, which measured the rate of infection at 1 in 5, the statistics may still be shocking to many. While the Post speculates that the rate of infection may be due to the growing popularity of erectile dysfunctional drugs such as Viagra, the article posits that women over child barring age may be less likely to use condoms during sex. Despite these speculative causes, the newspaper article admits that older populations have not been studied to the same degree as younger, more sexually active populations. In other words, there may not be a clear answer as to why there is such a high number of new HIV infections affecting older populations. The article adds that most new cases of HIV infections include heterosexual men and an increasing number of women, but by and large the percentage of newly diagnosed cases of HIV still “reflect the overall HIV universe: mostly gay men, some straight men and women, intravenous drug users” and these folks are also mostly minorities. The article does shine some light on an advocacy organization called ACRIA which is running a campaign called “Age Is Not a Condom” as healthcare professionals attempt to do more to educate older populations, specifically women, to practice safe sex and to be aware that they can still contract HIV late in life. Even though HIV is not necessarily the death sentence that it used to be, baby boomers already face the growing potential of other health care issues, such as dementia, Alzheimer’s, high blood pressure, heart disease, diabetes, and so on. These potential age-related health problems are and can be extremely expensive to treat. Adding HIV, which is almost 100% preventable, into the mix will only compound the strain on finances, stress levels, and quality of life. Healthcare professionals, social workers, and other senior advocates should pay close attention to this disease and address it through increased education and targeted awareness.	<urn:uuid:dd6ddb76-6086-454b-814f-3ffc510063e1>	CC-MAIN-2018-22	https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=b05ae132-3006-483d-904a-eb2fda1f3561	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794872114.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20180528072218-20180528092218-00245.warc.gz	en	0.966025	465	2.671875	3
Books in English The OCaml System: Documentation and User's Manual Damien Doligez, Alain Frisch, Jacques Garrigue, Didier Rémy, and Jérôme Vouillon This the official User's Manual. It serves as a complete reference guide to OCaml. Updated for each version of OCaml, it contains the description of the language, of its extensions, and the documentation of the tools and libraries included in the official distribution. Real World OCaml Jason Hickey, Anil Madhavapeddy, and Yaron Minsky Learn how to solve day-to-day problems in data processing, numerical computation, system scripting, and database-driven web applications with the OCaml multi-paradigm programming language. This hands-on book shows you how to take advantage of OCaml’s functional, imperative, and object-oriented programming styles with recipes for many real-world tasks. You’ll start with OCaml basics, including how to set up a development environment, and move toward more advanced topics such as the module system, foreign-function interface, macro language, and the ocamlbuild system. Quickly learn how to put OCaml to work for writing succinct and readable code. OCaml from the Very Beginning In "OCaml from the Very Beginning" John Whitington takes a no-prerequisites approach to teaching a modern general-purpose programming language. Each small, self-contained chapter introduces a new topic, building until the reader can write quite substantial programs. There are plenty of questions and, crucially, worked answers and hints. "OCaml from the Very Beginning" will appeal both to new programmers, and experienced programmers eager to explore functional languages such as OCaml. It is suitable both for formal use within an undergraduate or graduate curriculum, and for the interested amateur. Unix System Programming in OCaml Xavier Leroy and Didier Rémy This is an excellent book on Unix system programming, with an emphasis on communications between processes. The main novelty of this work is the use of OCaml, instead of the C language that is customary in systems programming. This gives an unusual perspective on systems programming and on OCaml. It is assumed that the reader is familiar with OCaml and Unix shell commands. OCaml for Scientists Jon D. Harrop Flying Frog Consultancy Ltd, 2005. This book teaches OCaml programming with special emphasis on scientific applications. Many examples are given, covering everything from simple numerical analysis to sophisticated real-time 3D visualisation using OpenGL. This book contains over 800 color syntax-highlighted source code examples and dozens of diagrams that elucidate the power of functional programming to explain how lightning-fast and yet remarkably-simple programs can be constructed in the OCaml programming language. Using, Understanding, and Unraveling OCaml This book describes both the OCaml language and the theoretical grounds behind its powerful type system. A good complement to other books on OCaml it is addressed to a wide audience of people interested in modern programming languages in general, ML-like languages in particular, or simply in OCaml, whether they are programmers or language designers, beginners or knowledgeable readers — little prerequisite is actually assumed. Think OCaml: How to Think Like a (Functional) Programmer Nicholas Monje and Allen Downey This book is an introductory programming textbook based on the OCaml language. It is a modified version of Think Python by Allen Downey. It is intended for newcomers to programming and also those who know some programming but want to learn programming in the function-oriented paradigm, or those who simply want to learn OCaml. Developing Applications With OCaml Emmanuel Chailloux, Pascal Manoury, Bruno Pagano A comprehensive (742 pages) book on OCaml, covering not only the core language, but also modules, objects and classes, threads and systems programming, interoperability with C, and runtime tools. This book is a translation of a French book published by OReilly. Introduction to OCaml This book is notoriously much more than just an introduction to OCaml, it describes most of the language, and is accessible. Abstract: This book is an introduction to ML programming, specifically for the OCaml programming language from INRIA. OCaml is a dialect of the ML family of languages, which derive from the Classic ML language designed by Robin Milner in 1975 for the LCF (Logic of Computable Functions) theorem prover. The Functional Approach to Programming Guy Cousineau, Michel Mauny Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1998, ISBN 0-521-57183-9 (hardcover) or 0-521-57681-4 (paperback) This book uses OCaml as a tool to introduce several important programming concepts. It is divided in three parts. The first part is an introduction to OCaml, which presents the language itself, but also introduces evaluation by rewriting, evaluation strategies and proofs of programs by induction. The second part is dedicated to the description of application programs which belong to various fields and might interest various types of readers or students. Finally, the third part is dedicated to implementation. It describes interpretation and compilation, with brief descriptions of memory management and type synthesis. This book is a work in progress. It currently includes sections on the core OCaml language, Camlp4, parsing, various libraries, the OCaml runtime, interoperating with C, and pearls. Books in French Développement d'applications avec Objective Caml Emmanuel Chailloux, Pascal Manoury, and Bruno Pagano Éditions O'Reilly, Paris, 2000, ISBN 2-84177-121-0. A comprehensive (742 pages) book on OCaml, covering not only the core language, but also modules, objects and classes, threads and systems programming, and interoperability with C. "Objective CAML est un langage de programmation : un de plus dira-t-on ! Ils sont en effet déjà nombreux et pourtant il en apparaît constamment de nouveaux. Au delà de leurs disparités, la conception et la genèse de chacun d'eux procèdent d'une motivation partagée : la volonté d'abstraire" Manuel de référence du langage Caml Xavier Leroy and Pierre Weis InterEditions, Paris, 1993, ISBN 2-7296-0492-8 (out of print). Written by two of the implementors of the Caml Light compiler, this comprehensive book describes all constructs of the programming language and provides a complete documentation for the Caml Light system. Intro: "Cet ouvrage contient le manuel de référence du langage Caml et la documentation complète du système Caml Light, un environnement de programmation en Caml distribué́ee gratuitement. Il s’adresse á des programmeurs Caml exp ́ériment ́és, et non pas aux d ́ébutants. Il vient en compl ́ément du livre Le langage Caml, des mêmes auteurs chez le même é́editeur, qui fournit une introduction progressive au langage Caml et á l’é́ecriture de programmes dans ce langage." Le langage Caml Pierre Weis, Xavier Leroy Second edition: Dunod, Paris, 1999, ISBN 2-10-004383-8. First edition: InterEditions, Paris, 1993. Out of print. This book is a comprehensive introduction to programming in OCaml. Usable as a programming course, it introduces progressively the language features and shows them at work on the fundamental programming problems. In addition to many introductory code samples, this book details the design and implementation of six complete, realistic programs in reputedly difficult application areas: compilation, type inference, automata, etc. Approche fonctionnelle de la programmation Guy Cousineau, Michel Mauny Ediscience (Collection Informatique), Paris, 1995, ISBN 2-84074-114-8. This book uses OCaml as a tool to introduce several important programming concepts. It is divided in three parts. The first part is an introduction to OCaml, which presents the language itself, but also introduces evaluation by rewriting, evaluation strategies and proofs of programs by induction. The second part is dedicated to the description of application programs which belong to various fields and might interest various types of readers or students. Finally, the third part is dedicated to implementation. It describes interpretation then compilation, with brief descriptions of memory management and type synthesis. Seize problèmes d'informatique Éditions Springer, Paris, 2001 This book offers sixteen problems in computer science, with detailed answers to all questions and complete solutions to algorithmic problems given as OCaml programs. It deals mainly with automata, finite or infinite words, formal language theory, and some classical algorithms such as bin-packing. It is intended for students who attend the optional computer science curriculum of the “classes préparatoires MPSI/MP”. It should also be useful to all teachers and computer science students up to a masters degree. Nouveaux exercices d'algorithmique Éditions Vuibert, Paris, 2000 ISBN 2-7117-8990 X. This book presents 103 exercises and 5 problems about algorithms, for masters students. It attempts to address both practical and theoretical questions. Programs are written in OCaml and expressed in a purely functional style. Problem areas include programming methodology, lists, formula evaluation, Boolean logic, algorithmic complexity, trees, languages, and automata. Option informatique MPSI Éditions Vuibert (Enseignement supérieur & Informatique), Paris, 1996 This is a computer science course for the first year of “classes préparatoires”. The course begins with an introductory lesson on algorithms and a description of the OCaml language. Then, several fundamental algorithms are described and illustrated using OCaml programs. The book adopts a mathematical approach: descriptions of mathematical objects are related to data structures in the programming language. This book is suitable for students with some mathematical background, and for everyone who wants to learn the bases of computer science. Option informatique MP/MP* Éditions Vuibert (Enseignement supérieur & Informatique), Paris 1997 This books is a follow-up to the previous one and is intended for second year students in “classes préparatoires”. It deals with trees, algebraic expressions, automata and languages, and OCaml streams. The book contains more than 200 OCaml programs. Cours et exercices d'informatique Thomson Publishing International, Paris, 1997 This book was written by teachers at university and in “classes préparatoires”. It is intended for “classes préparatoires” students who study computer science and for students engaged in a computer science cursus up to the masters level. It includes a tutorial of the OCaml language, a course on algorithms, data structures, automata theory, and formal logic, as well as 135 exercises with solutions. Concepts et outils de programmation Thérèse Accart Hardin, Véronique Donzeau-Gouge Viguié InterEditions, ISBN 2 7296 0419 7. This book presents a new approach to teaching programming concepts to beginners, based on language semantics. A simplified semantic model is used to describe in a precise manner the features found in most programming languages. This model is powerful enough to explain typechecking, polymorphism, evaluation, side-effects, modularity, exceptions. Yet, it is simple enough to be manipulated by hand, so that students can actually use it to compute. The book begins with a functional approach, based on OCaml, and continues with a presentation of an imperative language, namely Ada. It also provides numerous exercises with solutions. Programmation en Caml Eyrolles, Paris 1997, ISBN 2-212-08944-9. This book is intended for beginners, who will learn basic programming notions. The first part of the book is a programming course that initiates the reader to the OCaml language. Important notions are presented from a practical point of view, and the implementation of some of these is analyzed and sketched. The second part, the “OCaml workshop”, is a practical application of these notions to other domains connected to computer science, logic, automata and grammars. Apprentissage de la programmation avec OCaml Catherine Dubois and Valérie Ménissier Morain Hermès Sciences, Paris 2004, ISBN 2-7462-0819-9. Programming is a discipline by which the strengths of computers can be harnessed: large amounts of reliable memory, the ability to execute repetitive tasks relentlessly, and a high computation speed. In order to write correct programs that fulfill their specified needs, it is necessary to understand the precise semantics of the programming language. This book is targeted towards beginner programmers and provides teaching material for all programmers wishing to learn the functional programming style. The programming features introduced in this book are available in all dialects of the ML language, notably Caml-Light, OCaml and Standard ML. The concepts presented therein and illustrated in OCaml easily transpose to other programming languages. Programmation fonctionnelle, générique et objet: une introduction avec le langage OCaml Vuibert, Paris 2005, ISBN 2-7117-4843-X. Programmation de droite à gauche et vice-versa Éditions Paracamplus, Paris, 2011, ISBN 978-2-916466-05-7. Books in German Algorithmen, Datenstrukturen, Funktionale Programmierung: Eine praktische Einführung mit Caml Light Juergen Wolff von Gudenberg Addison-Wesley, Bonn, 1996. This book gives an introduction to programming where algorithms as well as data structures are considered functionally. It is intended as an accompanying book for basic courses in computer science, but it is also suitable for self-studies. In the first part, algorithms are described in a concise and precise manner using Caml Light. The second part provides a tutorial introduction into the language Caml Light and in its last chapter a comprehensive description of the language kernel. Books in Italian Introduzione alla programmazione funzionale Carla Limongelli and Marta Cialdea Societa' Editrice Esculapio, 2002, ISBN 88-7488-031-6.	<urn:uuid:ba390d09-b017-458a-88ee-3626f129f0df>	CC-MAIN-2014-23	http://ocaml.org/learn/books.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997884795.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025804-00240-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.780336	3,254	2.625	3
Similarly to the EU, we believe that energy efficiency – achieving the same result with less energy – is one of the most cost-effective ways of reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Through the Grants, we support measures to step up energy efficiency and increase the share of renewable energy in Europe. We’ve come a long way, and we already see good results within our programmes. Let’s give you a few examples. Improved energy efficiency in more than 200 buildings Some of the programme results lead to desired impact without further interventions. These include, amongst other things, investments aiming to increase the energy efficiency of buildings, which in turns lead to reductions in emissions of greenhouse gas emissions. Through our programmes, we have improved energy efficiency in more than 200 buildings. Poland generates most of its electricity from coal, but through our programme 'Saving energy and promoting renewable energy sources', more than 100 projects aiming to reduce the demand for fossil fuels and expand the use of renewable energy solutions in buildings have received funding. Same results, less energy The hospital and health care centre in Glubczyce is one example. Several of the buildings have been modernised and the hospital has been equipped with solar panels and heat pumps, thus reducing the demand for heat and fossil fuel-based electricity. The result is sustained energy savings and more energy efficient and climate-friendly energy solutions, which in turn will reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Similar measures have been supported in Bulgaria, where 33 municipalities have receive funding in order to transform heating systems in public buildings to solutions that are more climate friendly and energy efficient. Thanks to one of our projects, the children in ‘Snow White’ kindergarten can now play on floors that are heated by a water underfloor heating system – a much more efficient way of using the energy. The project was realised with assistance from, among others, the Norwegian partner Greenzone AS. Utilising renewable energy potential Replacing fossil fuels with energy from renewable sources contributes to the more long-term impacts. In Oradea in western Romania, there is a great potential to increase the use of geothermal energy, which is a form of heat accessible from below the Earth’s surface. In cooperation with the Icelandic Geothermal Engineering, the municipality – including both houses and a school - is replacing fossil fuels for district heating with thermal energy produced from geothermal water. Not only does this contribute to reducing CO2 emissions, it also increases energy security by shifting to local resources. In addition to providing funds for concrete measures, we give financial backing to awareness-raising and education. In Bulgaria, more than 2 600 state and municipal employees have undergone targeted training on how to improve energy efficiency in buildings and infrastructure either at national level or in their local community. Interested to learn more about our efforts to improve energy efficiency and increase the use of renewable energy? Find out more by reading about our programmes for energy efficiency and renewable energy.	<urn:uuid:35380f3b-332b-40d2-a740-1a9adb0fb880>	CC-MAIN-2019-39	https://eeagrants.org/news/taking-our-turn-for-clean-energy	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514571360.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20190915114318-20190915140318-00353.warc.gz	en	0.945056	595	2.625	3
Marijuana is one of the most widespread drugs in the world. Marijuana has become a so-called "stress remedy" for many people. Drugs take millions of lives each year, but the most worrying is the speed with which drug addiction destroys young people, and the more it threatens the world in the future. This information for those people in whose lives weed has taken a certain place, those who heard about it or smoked a couple of times, for those who believe that marijuana is not a drug and tries to convince oneself and others of this. Therefore, we want to provide truthful information about the dangers of drugs. Marijuana is a drug. Unfortunately, there are those who propagandize the use of marijuana, doing so, based on their own selfish interests. This has been confirmed more than once, so you should not even doubt it. Marijuana (weed) is dried flowers, seeds and leaves of a plant of Indian hemp. A survey conducted in 2002 showed that only in the United States 14 million people smoked marijuana at least once during the month preceding the survey. Marijuana is usually smoked, twisting into cigarettes (shoals), but it is also smoked like tobacco in smoking pipes. Less often marijuana is mixed with food or brewed like tea. Sometimes marijuana users roll out cigars and remove tobacco from them, replacing it with marijuana - this method is called "blunt". In jambs and bluntes, other stronger drugs, such as crack, cocaine or pi-si-pi (phencyclidine) are sometimes mixed. When a person smokes a joint, he usually begins to feel the effects of the drug in a few minutes. Marijuana gives such sensations as: increased heart rate, deterioration of coordination of movements and sense of balance, as well as "dreamy", unreal state of mind - the culmination takes place during the first 30 minutes after taking the drug. Then, with the passage of time, marijuana has an increasingly smaller effect, and these short-term exposures gradually come to naught within 2-3 hours, but may last longer, depending on how much the drug has been taken. Marihuana And Immediate Side Effects - Distortion of perceptions - Poor coordination of movements - Slow reaction time - After initial "take-off", the host feels drowsy and depressed - Increased palpitations and risk of heart attack. Marihuana And Deferred Side Effects - Weakened resistance to common diseases (colds, bronchitis, etc.) - Suppression of the immune system - Growth disorders - Increased number of abnormally constructed cells in the body - Reduction in the content of male sex hormones - Rapid destruction of lung fibers and irreversible pathology of brain tissue - Reduction of sexual potency - Difficulties in learning: decreased ability to receive and learn information - Apathy, drowsiness, lack of motivation - Change in personality characteristics and mood - Inability to clear be aware of the environment.	<urn:uuid:0d32a395-bf63-481b-a99a-99b899478ed9>	CC-MAIN-2020-45	https://quasispy.com/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107919459.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20201031151830-20201031181830-00371.warc.gz	en	0.956228	610	2.59375	3
A lot of people are get enthused about gardening early especially when it comes to starting tomato seeds. Trust me, the first of April is soon enough. Instead of sowing tomato seeds too early, let's simply get ready to sow the seeds by locating the varieties that we want and getting them ordered. One of the best catalogs for tomato and pepper seeds is called Totally Tomatoes and you can get that online through Totally Tomatoes.com. After you order your seeds, get the growing media and pots or cell-packs ready so that on April first you are ready to begin. The best growing media for starting your seeds is going to be any of the artificial soils, ones that contain no real dirt but rather a combination of peat, vermiculite and perelite. These are available at all garden centers and "big box" stores. Using an inexpensive, heavy potting soil or worse yet, dirt from your garden is just asking for trouble...poor drainage and disease is bound to ruin your best efforts. After planting your seeds, cover the top of your soil with a light coating of either dry Canadian peat moss or dry vermiculite then mist it to get it moistened without washing away the seeds. Now let's talk about the proper time for sowing seeds in our area. We are zone 5 which in my book means that frost-free date is somewhere between May 1 and May 30, your guess is as good as mine but let's assume around Mother's Day. Please note that when that day arrives, you re-evaluate the weather situation and use your best judgement. If we back up from Mother's Day to April 1 we see about six weeks. That is enough time for tomatoes to be ready for transplanting outside. Peppers need one to two weeks more so late March for them. Do you want to plant something now? Pansies, begonias, seed geraniums (why would you want these), petunias, impatiens, and lobelia are a few flowers that need an early start, plant them today. As for early vegetables, all of the cold crops need to be planted in late February, so right now, get it done. These include broccoli, cabbage, Brussels sprouts, cauliflower, head lettuce, kale, collards and onions. In late March plant egg plant, peppers, and tomatoes. Late April is soon enough to plant the delicate vegetables such as cucumbers, cantaloupe, okra, pumpkin, squash and watermelon. Also, fast growing flowers to be included in the list of late April are cleome, cosmos, marigolds and zinnias. Just a few tips on indoor growing of seeds; use a good artificial soil-less mix, water the soil before planting the seeds, if you use old containers wash with soap then rinse with bleach but only use the bleach at a rate of 1 part bleach to 9 parts water. Most seeds germinate best at temperatures between 68 and 70 except the cold-crop seeds that would rather start at around 55 degrees. Transplant seedlings as soon as you have a set of "true" leaves, this helps prevent damping-off disease (Rhizoctonia). Fertilize once established but at one half the normal rate. Place cold crop seedlings in a cool place, 48 to 50 degrees in bright light. You may substitute bright light with a twin fluorescent light fixture using two 40-watt tubes, one cool white and one "grow light" (violet). In May when taking the plants outside, do it 2 weeks before planting in the ground and take them out on a cloudy but warm day and let them harden-off in an area that is not full sun.	<urn:uuid:43aabddf-3b6d-4cdf-a530-145028a545d7>	CC-MAIN-2015-48	http://www.thewaynedalenews.com/outdoors/10403-early-seed-planting-for-spring.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398447906.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205407-00330-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.950099	774	2.546875	3
How to Establish A Family Routine - Malia Russell The Old Schoolhouse - 2010 11 Feb When was the last time you went to hear a performance by a symphony orchestra? Do you remember hearing the orchestra warm up? Each player tunes, plays, adjusts, and plays again on his own accord, with no regard to others in the area. Although you can hear the beauty in the instruments individually, the overall noise is not particularly pleasant, except for the fact that you are looking forward to hearing them work together. You may actually enjoy the warm-up, but you know something better, something beautiful, is coming. An organized home can produce a symphony. One conductor stands in the front, and all the players, well practiced and well trained to use their instruments, play together to make a joyful noise. What you do not see, however, is the hundreds of hours spent in individual and group rehearsals that led up to the main event. Indeed, there is a conductor who knows the music, knows the instruments, and keeps all the players seamlessly performing together. In an organized home, things are in place, people are busy about their tasks, and the home is peaceful. While homeschooling, having an organized home—especially when a home is a place filled with people working, eating, and playing all day long—can seem like a daunting goal. But a well-organized home does not "just happen." There is a parent at the conductor's stand who knows the players, knows the plan, and whose sole job is to keep all the players working together to accomplish something extraordinary. One of the ways to create an orderly home is by establishing routines. Routines give everyone the opportunity to contribute to the smooth running of the household. They establish a sense of order. When each person does his job well, chores can be completed with efficiency, competency, and a pleasant attitude. Beginning around age 3, each child in our home is given a Morning Routine list. When learning his or her part to play, I will be alongside, training the child to become familiar with the list and explaining what each point on it means. This initial instruction is much like beginning music lessons. My daughters are taking piano lessons right now, and even though they can play duets together, each has to spend time learning her individual part. Once they can do their individual parts well, then they can work together. Once the list becomes a normal part of your child's day, a sibling can oversee his routine, or he can be entirely self-directed, depending upon the maturity of the child. For a 3-year-old, a simple morning routine looks like this: - Rise and shine (wake up in a good and sweet humor) - Go potty - Get dressed - Make bed - Eat breakfast - Straighten room and bathroom Once all of these skills are mastered, i.e., they can be carried out by the child independently, I will introduce an evening routine that looks very similar. As the child matures, the routine list will grow longer. For example, at age 8, my daughter's list includes some additional items: - Pet care - Laundry (switch laundry and put away a load of laundry) When you train the children, you can make a game out of increasing their speed. Use a timer when you are training them (when they are less likely to dawdle). Then, once you have determined how long the routine should take, set the timer and help them learn to work at a pace that is reasonable. As you are establishing the routine, stay in a nearby area and offer lots of praise. Stay alert to what is happening so that you can monitor their work and make immediate corrections. If your children have no routines in place, morning and evening routines are good places to start. Once these are in place, you will begin to notice how quickly they can learn and implement a new skill. Then you can think of other times when a routine might be helpful. For example, having a Saturday evening routine to prepare everything for church, as well as setting out the food for the Sunday meals, can be a huge benefit. SEE ALSO: Mangled Schedules and Grateful Hearts You can also have daily routines for mealtimes. These can include the entire family cooperating to clean the kitchen or training older children to clean independently. Remember that in order to work harmoniously, each family member must be able to independently complete all of the individual tasks he has been assigned. An attempt to put everyone in the kitchen together for a big cleanup, when none of the children have ever completed their individual tasks before, will fail. Work individually with them on the "small parts," so that when you put them all together, you are like the conductor, not like a music teacher who runs all over the stage during a performance, coaching everyone as they play their pieces. All this training takes time and consistent effort, but it will produce fruit in your family. Soon, your children will set about their tasks vigorously and with delight because they know exactly what to do and when to do it. They will be capable and well-trained to complete their tasks. They will enjoy the privileges and responsibilities of living in a well-kept home. Establishing routines will be easy for some children. You may have children who delight in routines, but on the other hand, you may be met with resistance or even rebellion. If your children are resistant, start with a small list. Train them consistently and give ample encouragement and praise. If you stay with them as they learn their routines, they will move toward independence quickly. If you have many children, this may mean that you get only one child trained at a time. Invest whatever time it takes to help a child gain independence in completing his assigned responsibilities. Remember that there will be a learning curve as you establish routines. This is a season when you are investing your time and energy in order to reap a bountiful harvest in your home. Think back to that orchestra with me for a moment. First, a musician works with a teacher to learn a difficult piece. This leads to independent practice. Eventually the student is ready to participate in an orchestra with other well-trained musicians. Sometimes routines do not work. If a routine is not working, look for the underlying reasons for your child's failure or frustration. If you find that your child is not growing in maturity and ability to carry out a planned routine, consider the following questions: - Are too many responsibilities included in his routine? - Am I asking a child to do a task he has never been trained to do well? - Are there too many distractions competing with the work? - Is there too much clutter? - Is someone causing friction? - Is this the wrong time of day to do this task? Am I being consistent? As you are casting a vision for the home you would like to have, from the very beginning, visualize that symphony. God has given you the music sheets (His Holy Word), the perfect players (your wonderful children), and all the instruments you need for the smooth and gentle running of a household. Training all the little ones in your care to do their work, and do it well, will result in a delightful chorus that glorifies the Lord. *This article published February 16, 2010. Malia Russell is the blessed wife to Duncan, thankful mother to four children (ages 3-18), and an author, conference speaker, and director of www.homemaking911.com. Visit her site for inspiration, encouragement, and practical help in your roles as a Godly wife, mother, homemaker, or home educator. You can email Malia at [email protected]. Copyright 2008. Originally appeared in The Old Schoolhouse Magazine, Spring 2009. Used with permission. Visit them at www.TheHomeschoolMagazine.com. For all your homeschool curriculum needs visit the Schoolhouse Store.	<urn:uuid:487540c6-1dc4-4618-affe-f69ea755ae6a>	CC-MAIN-2018-17	https://www.crosswalk.com/family/homeschool/the-symphony-of-routines-11626137.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125937193.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20180420081400-20180420101400-00235.warc.gz	en	0.969396	1,641	2.828125	3
Creation of Adam The Emergence of Mankind from One Man According to the theory of evolution, it is impossible for thousands of species to give birth to only one human being. On the other hand, this theory thinks it possible that a lot of people may born simultaneously. While the holy Qur’ān categorically states that the appearance of mankind is from one man and not many. God Almighty, first of all, created a single person, then from him created his mate and from them spread may men and women. The Qur’ān says: O, people! fear your Lord who performed (the first act of your) creation from a single soul, and from it created its mate, then from the pair of them scatted (the creation of) countless men and women. This statement does not validate the evolutionary theory in any case. Here the Arabic word nafs wāhidah means one single person. It is not applicable to an amoeba or other unicellular organisms as some people try to interpret it. It is illogical from the scientific point of view. It is so because the unicellular organisms do not have any conjugal system. They divide into two parts without any sexual process. This natural phenomenon is existing for millions of years and no change in this system is noted until date. So these unicellular organisms do not have any male or female. (Creation of Adam) Special Creation of Adam The Divine declaration that ‘innija‘elun fil ardhe khalifah’ is refuting the evolutionary theory altogether. Many other Qur’ānic verses validate this statement. And (call to the mind) when your Lord said to the angels: “I am about to create a human being from old (and) black stinking, sounding clay. Here the interpretation of ‘innīja‘elun fil ardhe khalifah’ is being made with the words ‘inni Khaliq un basharan’. In this way, the creation of that particular ‘vicegerent’ is narrated. The word ‘Bashar’ is used for both singular and plural in the Qur’ān. For plural it is used as: - But (the fact is that) the (creatures) whom Allāh has created, you (too) are a mortal creature from (among) them (that is, you are like other human classes). - Their messengers said to them: though, we are (in our mortal self) only but human like yourselves. And for singular the word ‘Bashar’ is used as: - And they (after seeing instantly) said: Allāh preserve us! No mortal is this.”’ - For they said: what! A man; a solitary one from among ourselves! Shall we follow such a one? Thus one single man is inferred from the Qur’ānic words ‘inni Khāliqun basharan’. The forthcoming verse confirms this statement: So when I have fashioned his (outward) form in perfect proportion and breathed into (the innermost nature of this mortal) frame my own (light-diffusing) spirit, fall you down before him in prostration. Here both the pronouns used in sawwaituhū and nafakhtu fīhī are singular and masculine which confirm the statement that only one person is being mentioned and not many. The following verses of surah Sa‘ad reinforce the And (call to the mind) when your Lord said to the angels: I am about to create man from clay. So when I have fashioned his (outward) form in perfect proportion and breathed into (the innermost nature of this mortal) frame my own (light diffusing) spirit, fall you down before him in prostration. This Qur’ānic statement is, therefore, rejecting the theory of evolution altogether. It is pointing out the creation of man from clay and not from unicellular organisms or other animals. Otherwise, the word dābbah would be used instead of tīn. Another noteworthy point is that the aforesaid Qur’ānic statement is a dialogue between God Almighty and the angels on the occasion of Adam’s creation. And all the species of the world had emerged till that time as is clear from the following Qur’ānic verse. And He taught Adam the nature of all things. So on the occasion when all the animals and vegetables had appeared, the Divine statement is a clear substantiation of Adam’s creation from clay. (Creation of Adam)	<urn:uuid:65ab56b8-591b-4f7d-8df0-7e36377fa117>	CC-MAIN-2020-10	http://www.bookderives.com/2019/07/27/special-creation-of-adam/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875148850.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20200229083813-20200229113813-00330.warc.gz	en	0.933127	989	2.578125	3
Is it possible to see into the future? Many believe that a man named Michel de Nostradamus could. His predictions of the future have mystified scholars for over four hundred years. Nostradamus made over one thousand predictions and historians say that over half of them have already come true. The most startling of his predictions deal with the coming of three anti-Christs. My paper will focus on these prophecies made by Michel de Nostradamus. If his predictions of the past are accurate, then his predictions for the future may also come true. In order to establish Nostradamus' credibility, it is important to know facts concerning his actual life. Michel de Nostradame -who later latinized his name to Nostradamus- was born in 1503 in St. Remy de Provence, France. His family was Jewish but converted to Christianity, and the young Michel was brought up as a Catholic . Being a brilliant student, Michel learned classical languages, mathematics, and astrology from his grandfather. Later he decided to pursue medicine and enrolled at the University of Montpellier . As a skilled physician, he became famous for his amazing success in treating victims of a deadly plague . Beginning in 1532, Nostradamus enjoyed three years of happiness. During this time he got married and had children, but the terrible plague that Nostradamus himself had helped to fight returned killing his wife and children . Deeply depressed, Nostradamus spent the next six years wandering around France and Italy. This is when he began to notice and take account of his strange prophetic gifts . While wandering through Italy, Nostradamus encountered a group of Franciscan monks. Standing aside to let them pass Nostradamus suddenly exclaimed and threw himself on his knees, bowing his head and clutching at the garment of one of the monks. The monk, named Felice Peretti, was a former swine herder of very lowly birth. When asked why he had done such a silly act, Nostradamus replied, "I must yield myself and bow before his Holiness." Nineteen years after the death of Nostradamus, Peretti became Pope Sixtus V . Many such stories arose as testimony to Nostradamus' alleged second sight. In one account, the visionary was challenged by a skeptic, the Seigneur de Florinville, while staying at his chateau in the province of Lorraine . Nostradamus was shown two suckling pigs, one black, the other white. Florinville then asked Nostradamus to predict which they would eat that night for supper. Nostradamus replied they would eat the black pig. Florinville then told the cook to prepare the white pig. That evening at dinner, Nostradamus was again asked which pig they were eating, and again he replied the black one. Florinville triumphantly asked the cook to tell which pig it was that they were eating. The cook said that while preparing the white pig a tamed wolf cub had wandered into the kitchen and devoured it. The cook then slaughtered the remaining black pig and prepared it for the dinner . In 1547, Nostradamus finally settled in the small town of Salon. There he remarried and began to compose prophecies, drawing on his accumulated knowledge and books on astrology and magic . In 1550 he published his first almanac. This almanac won him fame and success, and among his many followers was Catherine de Medici, the wife of Henry II. In 1555, Nostradamus published the first of ten books, all entitled Centuries. Each volume contained 100 predictions written in four line verses known as quatrains. He wrote in his native French but to protect himself from the superstitious which hunters of the day, he confused the verse with Latin, Greek, and even anagrams . In 1559, Nostradamus urged Catherine to keep her husband away from ceremonial battle for it appeared that this would bring his death. Later that year his prediction was fulfilled when King Henry died in a jousting accident. This accident thus sealed two mens fate: that of King Henry (he was dead), and that of Nostradamus as his warning had been well known. From then on, the noblest families of France sought his advice and could be found passing through his house until his own death in 1566. His death, however, didnt mark the end of his mischief. On his death he was buried upright in the wall of a church in Salon, and it was rumored that within his coffin lay not only his corpse but also the key to decipher the strange poetry with which he had written the Centuries, the eight books that contain his predictions for the world after his death. In 1700 it was decided that his body should be moved to a more prestigious wall in the church, and the clergy took the opportunity to recover this key. However, when they opened the coffin they found no key, only a medallion hung around the neck of the corpse with the number 1700 engraved into it, the very same year they had chosen to open his coffin. The following predictions and interpretations are based on the English translation of Nostradamus' prophecies. Throughout Nostradamus' quatrains he speaks of three powerful and tyrannical leaders that he calls anti-Christs. He said they would lead their people through reigns of terror after first seducing them with promises of greatness . Napoleon is thought to have been the first of these anti-Christs. Of Napoleon's rise to power and years as Emperor Nostradamus An Emperor shall be born near Italy. Who shall cost the Empire dear, They shall say, with what people he keeps company He shall be found less a Prince than a butcher. Napoleon, who was considered a butcher even by his supporters, certainly cost the Empire dearly in both manpower and political strength . From a simple soldier he will rise to the empire, From the short robe he will attain the long. Great swarms of bees shall arise. After becoming Emperor, Napoleon adopted the beehive as his imperial crest . Some scholars say that Nostradamus was referring to Napoleon's destruction of Moscow when he wrote: A great troop shall come through The destroyer shall ruin a city. Napoleon's forces drove too far and got trapped in the Russian winter. The following verse resembles what could have been Napoleon's retreat across the icy part of Russia. The rear guard will make defense. The exhausted ones will die in the white territory. Nostradamus made other predictions of Napoleon's fate: The great Empire will soon be exchanged for a small place. Which will soon begin to grow. A small place of tiny area in the middle of which He will come to lay down his scepter. The captive prince, conquered, is sent to Elba; He will sail across the Gulf of Genoa to Marseilles. By a great effort of the foreign forces he is overcome, Though he escaped the fire, his bees yield blood by the barrel. Napoleon was exiled to the small island of Elba but escaped for 100 days. After a defeat at Waterloo he relinquished all power for exile on tiny St. Helena . The second anti-Christ Nostradamus wrote about was "a man stained with murder...the great enemy of the human race...one who was worse than any who had gone before...bloody and inhuman." Experts are in agreement that the sixteenth century prophet was referring to Adolf Hitler. Out of the deepest part of the west of Europe, From poor people a young child shall be born, Who with his tongue shall seduce many people, His fame shall increase in the Eastern Kingdom. Adolf Hitler, born in Austria of poor parents, with his knowledge of mob psychology and powers of speech, was successful in seducing many people , even in the Eastern Empire of Japan . In some quatrains Nostradamus refers to Hitler as the child or sometimes captain of Germany. Here are two examples: He shall come to tyrannize the He shall raise up a hatred that had long been dormant. The child of Germany observes no law. Cries, and tears, fire, blood, and battle. A captain of Germany shall come to yield himself by false hope, So that his revolt shall cause great bloodshed. All of these images certainly describe Adolf Hitler. After seducing his people, Hitler ignored all treaties and began a massive invasion of Europe . In the following verse, some experts say that Nostradamus actually referred to Hitler by name but missed by one letter. Beasts wild with hunger will cross The greater part of the battlefield will be against Hister. Finally, Nostradamus sums up Hitler's life and even predicts the fact that his death in Berlin in 1945 would never be satisfactorily confirmed: Near the Rhine from the Austrian Will be born a great man of the people, come too late. A man who will defend Poland and Hungary And whose fate will never be certain According to Nostradamus, the first two anti-Christs were extremely evil, and history has shown this to be so; however, Nostradamus speaks of a third anti-Christ who is more hideous than all the others combined. Some say Sadaam Hussein, the dictator from Iraq, could be this evil tyrant. Others say that he has not yet appeared. What does Nostradamus say about this third anti-Christ? First, Nostradamus tells us he will come from the Middle East. Out of the country of Greater Shall be born a strong master of Mohammed... He will enter Europe wearing a blue turban. He will be the terror of mankind. Never more horror. Here, Nostradamus says that a man from Greater Arabia will lead his forces on an invasion through Europe. This invasion will start a third world war that will be far worse than all the other wars put together . When will all this take place? In one quatrain Nostradamus gives us an exact date in which the war will be well under way. In the year 1999 and seven months From the sky will come the great King of Terror. He will bring back to life the King of the Mongols; Before and after war reigns. Nostradamus predicts the war will begin shortly before the year 1999 . He also tells us how long the war will last. The war will last seven and twenty years. Nostradamus says that the war will be so terrible that the world will come face to face with final annihilation. Here, he implies that the war might involve some kind of horrible weapon, possibly nuclear. Nostradamus tells what the first target will be. The sky will burn at forty-five Fire approaches the great new city. In this phrase, Nostradamus refers to a great city in the new world of America near forty-five degrees latitude. Experts agree this could only be New York. By fire he will destroy their city, A cold and cruel heart, Blood will pour, Mercy to none. Although Nostradamus 's predictions for our future sound frightening he does give us some hope by telling us how this third world war will end. He says it will end as a result of an unexpected alliance. When those of the Northern Pole In the East will be great fear and dread... One day the two great leaders will be friends; Their great powers will be seen to grow. The New Land will be at the height of its power: To the man of blood the number is reported. The new land was a common term used by Nostradamus to refer to what we now call America. The countries of the northern pole could be Russia and the United States. We have recently seen the breakdown of Communism in Russia and an increasing friendship between Russia and the U.S. . Was Nostradamus a fraud or a prophet? There are some who say that the seeming accuracy of his quatrains are a result of their facile interpretations . Still, more than four hundred books and essays about his prophecies have been published since his death in 1566, along with a great number of articles and other commentaries, in numerous languages . Even skeptics pay careful attention to Nostradamus' predictions of the three anti-Christs. If Nostradamus truly predicted Napoleon and Hitler we should take heed of his words about the future. Perhaps we can prevent the dismal fate Nostradamus has predicted. Cast & Characters - The Antichrist - Time of Troubles - Scientific Achievements - WW-III - Earth Shift - Grab Bag Windows Tips Galore If you have any comments/suggestions to make about this website mention them in my Guestbook My Other Websites Eleven Valuable Lessons of Life Features everything you need to know about them - Their History, Flying Mechanism, Their role in Wars, Picture Galleries,...etc All about the mean machine - Its History, Test Results,...etc. etc. including a Wonderful Pictures Galore Visual Illustration about how the VIRUS worked , Spread across the Net and Effects of its Impact	<urn:uuid:521b839a-c1d2-4dba-86d8-a7ffaeefc894>	CC-MAIN-2015-27	http://nostradamusspeaks.tripod.com/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375090887.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031810-00147-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.97118	2,740	2.609375	3
According to a post in WasteAdvantage magazine, the Plastic Pollution Coalition has published a new engineering estimate showing plummeting recycling rates for plastic in United States. Author Jan Dell, a consulting chemical engineer, used U.S. Environmental Protection Agency data and industry data to estimate the U.S. plastic recycling rate will sink from 9.1% in 2015 to 4.4% in 2018. Dell estimated the recycling rate could drop as low as 2.9% in 2019 if plastic waste import bans are adopted by more countries in Asia. The engineering estimate shows four factors contributing to the drop in recycling rates: 1. Plastic waste generation is increasing in the U.S. 2. Exports counted as recycled have cratered due to China’s ban. 3. Costs of recycling are increasing since many trucks are needed to collect the widely dispersed waste. 4. Plastic production expansion is keeping the prices of new plastics comparatively low. These factors work against the key premise that waste plastic will someday have sufficient value to drive reclaiming it rather than disposing of it. “Einstein famously said that a definition of insanity is doing the same thing over and over again and expecting a different outcome,” says Dell. “We’ve seen promises, goals, ambitions, and aims from companies for nearly 30 years to increase recycled content and reduce the number of plastic bags they hand out. During that time, plastic use and pollution has increased as well-documented by Jenna Jambeck , Roland Geyer , and other researchers. The projected less-than-5% U.S. plastic recycling rate in 2018 should be a wake-up call to the false promise that the existing voluntary, economic-driven U.S. recycling system is a credible solution to plastic pollution.” “Recycling as the solution to plastic pollution is a myth,” said Dianna Cohen, co-founder and CEO of Plastic Pollution Coalition. “Recycling is the end point of the production chain, and it does not work without infrastructure and operational systems, which many places in the U.S. and world, simply do not have. In the U.S., industry looks to recycling as a catch-all, when really we must stop using plastic as a material for single-use. Corporations must step up to change their packaging because they are responsible for 100 percent of the damage it does. It’s time for all of us to work together and demand a systems shift away from ‘disposable’ toward nontoxic reusables.” Jan Dell, PE, is a registered chemical engineer and author of The Last Beach Cleanup (to be published in 2019). She has worked with companies in diverse industries to implement sustainable business and climate resiliency practices in their operations, communities, and supply chains in more than 40 countries. Appointed by the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy, she was a member of the U.S. Federal Committee that led the 3rd National Climate Assessment from 2010 to 2014 and the Vice Chair of the U.S. Federal Advisory Committee on the Sustained National Climate Assessment in 2016-2017.	<urn:uuid:d88c3b18-bf47-42a1-957f-e3657c90e059>	CC-MAIN-2022-21	https://progressiveengineer.com/chemical-engineer-documents-drop-in-plastics-recycling/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662593428.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20220525182604-20220525212604-00005.warc.gz	en	0.952899	655	3	3
Day 65 – Q 3. A basic value of journalism is neutrality. With current increase of investigative journalism, do you think media is infringing in the smooth governance and judicial process in India? 3. A basic value of journalism is neutrality. With current increase of investigative journalism, do you think media is infringing in the smooth governance and judicial process in India? Investigative journalism is the discipline of digging deep and bringing to light verified facts about wrongdoing, or about a matter of significance, which are sought to be covered up or are otherwise inaccessible to the public. - It bypasses public and judicial institutions, shows the credibility of public institutions in poor light. - It could be used by warring political factions for gaining advantage. Increasingly politicians are buying/opening media outlets to influence public. - The exposed are shamed in public without giving a chance to prove their innocence, thus taking on the judicial role in their hands. - Increased RTI applications, hinders the governance process. - Sting operations give a lopsided view without deep analysis. Rarely does the media pursue a case in full, which on one hand reduces the credibility of journalism, and on other affect the investigative process. E.g. sting operations are India TV exposing spot fixing by offering bribes to players to catch them fixing a spot or match. - Privacy of the exposed and sometimes of their relatives and friends is violated. - The online platforms are doing investigation and trying to uncover the truth. Many a time, rumours take form as news and easily are broadcasted through social media. E.g. Tehalka.com’s operation West End Aid in governance process: - Accountability- It helps in holding the public institutions accountable to the public by exposing corruption cases. E.g. Vyapam scam. - Evidence- Tapes, conversation and evidence obtained could be used in court of law to punish the offenders, like the case of Panama papers, which brought significant financial misdoings in public domain along with due evidence. - Awareness- It brings awareness on government provisions and procedures available to public to tackle the corrupt. - Restore faith- It restores faith in the masses that corrupt and criminals cant escape their fate. E.g. Jessica lal murder case and vikas yadav case. Investigative journalism of quality and relevance is valuable in itself, in what it can do for ordinary folk and for society, typically holding up truth to power. It however, must be supplemented by ethical standards. Best answer: Iron Man	<urn:uuid:9bc4cf37-6bfd-49fc-8b97-153031d600bf>	CC-MAIN-2020-29	https://tlp.iasbaba.com/2019/02/day-65-q-3-a-basic-value-of-journalism-is-neutrality-with-current-increase-of-investigative-journalism-do-you-think-media-is-infringing-in-the-smooth-governance-and-judicial-process-in-india/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593657149819.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20200714083206-20200714113206-00186.warc.gz	en	0.930644	524	2.75	3
Listen To This Article - Click Play Henry Ford didn’t just revolutionize the automobile industry…he also revolutionized camping trips! A lover of nature, Ford and some of his famous friends took a series of high profile road trips between 1914 and 1924 to some of the nation’s most scenic areas. Along the way, Ford showed the world how fun it could be to pack up the car and head into the great outdoors. Visit My Smokies did a little research to bring you an account of the time Henry Ford and Thomas Edison went camping in the Great Smoky Mountains. The Vagabonds: America’s First Supergroup For his camping trips, Ford put together an all-star team made up of some of America’s greatest minds. Calling themselves the “Vagabonds”, the posse consisted of: - Henry Ford: the founder of Ford Motor Company and the visionary who brought the Model T to the masses. - Thomas Edison: the brilliant inventor who developed the motion picture camera, the phonograph, and the long-lasting electric light bulb. - Harvey Firestone: the founder of the Firestone Tire and Rubber Company, one of the earliest global manufacturers of automobile tires. - John Burroughs: a naturalist and nature essayist who was active in the conservation movement. The Vagabonds’ first outing occurred in 1914, when Ford and Burroughs visited Edison for a tour of the Florida Everglades. The next year, Ford and Edison invited Harvey Firestone to join them on a vacation in California. In 1918, all four men set out for their most ambitious expedition to date: an epic camping trip from Pennsylvania to Tennessee, by way of the Great Smoky Mountains. Thomas Edison Should Have Invented a GPS Before the Vagabonds could go camping in the Great Smoky Mountains, they had to drive there first! With an average speed of 18 mph, and dozens of cars trailing them, the famous foursome weren’t exactly whizzing down the Autobahn. Thomas Edison was in charge of plotting out the road trip, and it sounds like he could have benefited from Google Maps. Mocking Edison’s navigational skills, Harvey Firestone wrote, “We never know where we are going, and I suspect that he does not either”. To be fair to Edison, driving in 1918 was a lot different than it is today. Paved roads were few and far between, there were no interstate highways, and every so often, drivers would encounter handwritten road signs with dire warnings like “DRIVE SLOW – DANGEROUS AS THE DEVIL”. Armed with only a compass and a collection of atlases, Edison made due with the tools at his disposal. On the other hand, Edison reportedly had a penchant for choosing back roads and avoiding big towns. The Vagabonds did run into some trouble when a broken fan pierced the radiator of one of the cars. Fortunately, the world’s foremost expert on automobiles was there to help! Henry Ford rolled up his sleeves and repaired the car himself, which undoubtedly enthralled the group of onlookers. Camping, Millionaire Style When you’re Henry Ford and Thomas Edison, you simply don’t go camping in the Great Smoky Mountains like normal people. In fact, the Vagabonds could be considered pioneers of “glamping” – a trendy type of glamorous camping that has become popular in recent years. For starters, each man slept in his own tent with his name etched on the outside. Apparently, Edison couldn’t bear to be without his beloved electricity for an extended period, so he brought his own mobile electric generator to power the campsite. Joining the Vagabonds on their journey was a servant staff who followed their employer in a fleet of Ford cars that sometimes numbered at 50. During one camping trip, there was a specially designated kitchen car that John Burroughs dubbed a “Waldorf-Astoria on wheels”. Meals were served to the Vagabonds by waiters in formal wear inside of a large dining tent with room for 20 guests. Despite their ultra-luxurious accommodations, the men did enjoy some traditional outdoor activities. A font of knowledge regarding everything to do with nature, Burroughs taught his companions how to identify flowers and make bird calls. Always competitive, Ford challenged the Vagabonds to races and contests, such as tree chopping competitions. Even though Edison’s generator provided ample light, the men enjoyed a traditional campfire and wide ranging conversations about everything from poetry to classical music. Inspiring a New Generation of Campers Naturally, the Vagabonds’ camping expeditions attracted a lot of attention – not that Ford and Firestone were complaining. As newspapers printed headlines like “Genius to Sleep Under Stars” and “Millions of Dollars Worth of Brains off on a Vacation”, the captains of industry got plenty of free publicity for their cars and tires. Ford even brought his own film crew on the camping trips to create a series of newsreels that were shown in theaters across the country. You can see one of these short silent films embedded below: John Burroughs passed away in 1921, and after a 1924 vacation with President Coolidge in Vermont, the remaining Vagabonds decided to hang up their tents for good. The attention the famous men attracted on their adventures was getting to be too much; Firestone described it as a “traveling circus”. Nevertheless, the Vagabonds could take pride in the fact that their newsreels and newspaper headlines helped inspire an entire generation of Americans to go on road trips and enjoy nature. Does reading about Ford, Edison, Firestone, and Burroughs make you want to go camping in the Great Smoky Mountains? Check out our complete guide to RV Parks and Campgrounds in the Smoky Mountains!	<urn:uuid:380fd80c-171c-4cb6-803b-050a0d769794>	CC-MAIN-2020-10	https://www.visitmysmokies.com/blog/smoky-mountains/henry-ford-thomas-edison-camping-in-the-great-smoky-mountains/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875146123.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20200225141345-20200225171345-00359.warc.gz	en	0.954959	1,235	3.359375	3
FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE Contact: Connie Barclay News Releases 2003 NOAA Home Page NOAA Public Affairs The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA) National Marine Fisheries Service (NOAA Fisheries) and scientists from various academic institutions believe they have found a new subspecies of Bryde’s whale in North Carolina. NOAA is an agency of the U.S. Department of Commerce. On March 13, 2003, a beach comber found a dead baleen whale on the shore of Carolina Beach near Wilmington, North Carolina. During studies of tissue samples collected, scientists determined that the animal most likely died from starvation, as a result of line entanglement. Scientists also determined that the whale is a member of the baleen whale family, and has a unique genetic sequence, only seen in one other whale. “Whales are such incredible animals, and we need to continue to learn as much as we can about them. As stewards of the environment, it is our responsibility to ensure their survival,” said Dr. Janet Whaley, a veterinarian with NOAA Fisheries’ Office of Protected Resources and coordinator of the National Marine Mammal Stranding Network. “When we look at marine mammals and determine their overall health and some of the things that might effect that, we can get clues about what might effect humans as well." Similar to crime scene investigators, marine mammal scientists collect biological and other data from stranded animals, in order to piece together not only the identity and natural history of the species, but also to identify the cause of death. Such stranding investigations ultimately give scientists a glimpse into the type of threats facing marine species and the overall health of the oceans. A new federal program, funded by Congress and implemented by NOAA, the John H. Prescott Marine Mammal Rescue Assistance Grant Program, makes this kind of work possible, by providing funds to authorized volunteers and local communities during and after strandings. Bryde’s whale is a baleen whale and is unique in having three longitudinal ridges on its head. It has a prominent dorsal fin, which is relatively tall. Bryde’s whales are typically tropical and subtropical species, but may be found in some slightly colder waters. They feed on pelagic schooling fish, such as anchovy and herring. Bryde’s whales are active feeders, and can dive for 20 minutes or so. The Bryde’s whale has twin blowholes with a low splash guard to the front. It has no teeth, but in their place are two rows of baleen plates. NOAA Fisheries is dedicated to protecting and preserving our nation’s living marine resources, and the habitat on which they depend, through scientific research, management and enforcement. Our stewardship of these resources benefits the nation by supporting coastal communities that depend upon them, while helping to provide safe and healthy seafood to consumers and recreational opportunities for the American public. NOAA is dedicated to enhancing economic security and national safety through the prediction and research of weather and climate-related events and providing environmental stewardship of America’s coastal and marine resources. On the Web: NOAA’s Fisheries: http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov NOAA's Marine Mammal Health and Stranding Response Program and the Prescott Grant Program: http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/prot_res/PR2/Health_and_Stranding_Response_Program/mmhsrp.html Volunteers from the marine mammal stranding network, William McLellan and Dr. Ann Pabst of the University of North Carolina at Wilmington and scientists from the Smithsonian Institute collected scientific samples from the carcass on the beach. In the laboratory, Dr. Dave Rotstein from North Carolina State University analyzed the whale tissue samples collected, and determined that the animal most likely died from starvation as a result of a debilitating line entanglement. William McLellan and Dr. Ann Pabst of the University of North Carolina at Wilmington performed a necropsy (animal autopsy) of the dead whale. Genetic testing conducted at the NOAA Southwest Fisheries Science Center in La Jolla, California by Dr. Rick LeDuc shows that the animal was a member of the baleen whale family known as rorquals (the whale family that includes the well-known humpback whale and the enormous blue whale), and had a genetic sequence identical to a Bryde’s whale sampled in 1992 in South Carolina. However, both Carolina samples appear distinct from other Bryde’s whale samples from the Caribbean and Pacific. A team of scientists from the University of North Carolina at Wilmington led the immediate response and necropsy of this whale with assistance from local authorities. Scientists from the Smithsonian Institution collected the whale's skeleton, and are collaborating with other institutions in the U.S. and abroad to compare the skeleton with historic specimens. This possible subspecies of Bryde’s whale appears to be unique from the other Bryde’s whales studied.	<urn:uuid:62a497cb-81c9-4889-aebf-612ab92c9c6b>	CC-MAIN-2016-36	http://www.publicaffairs.noaa.gov/releases2003/sep03/noaa03114.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982950764.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823200910-00084-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.928743	1,055	3.125	3
by Bill Gauley and John Koeller Did you know that, on average, people take 0.69 showers per day? Did you know that the average shower lasts 7.8 minutes? Did you know that showering uses a lot of water? Showering currently accounts for almost 20% of all indoor residential water demand! There is no question that many people want to be environmentally responsible and use our natural resources—including water—more efficiently. But do low-flow showerheads actually save water? Or do lower flow rates simply mean people take longer showers—thus negating any potential water savings? To answer this question, Bill Gauley and John Koeller analyzed data for more than 50,000 shower events1! Shower volumes were determined by multiplying the flow rate by the duration. The results were very clear (see Figure 1). - People do not significantly compensate for lower flow rates by increasing the length of their shower. For every 0.2 gallon per minute (gpm) decrease in flow rate, shower duration only increased by about five seconds. - Lower flow showerheads do result in a lower overall shower volume. For every 0.2 gpm decrease in flow rate, shower volume decreased by 1.34 gallons. In fact, it seems that people tend to follow their own routine for showering regardless of the flow rate of the showerhead (at least for those showers between flow rates of 1.0 to 4.0 gpm). For example, if you take an eight-minute shower with a flow rate of 2.5 gpm (the current federal standard), then you are likely to take an eight-minute, 12-second shower with a flow rate of 2.0 gpm (the current U.S. EPA WaterSense® standard). But the total water used during your shower will decline from 20.0 gallons to only about 16.4 gallons! While studies have shown that people tend to prefer higher flow-rate showerheads2, the results of this analysis clearly show that water savings can be achieved by using lower flow-rate showerheads. As a result, water and energy utilities interested in achieving higher levels of water savings are rebating high-performance, low flow rate showerheads. The complete report can be at http://bit.ly/low_flow_showerhead. The authors can be reached for questions at Bill Gauley, P Eng., Principal, Gauley Associates Ltd., email@example.com and John Koeller, P.E., Principal, Koeller & Company, firstname.lastname@example.org. 1Data from 1999 and 2016 Residential End Uses of Water Studies (REUS1999 and REUS2016) completed by Aquacraft, Inc. Data provided by Co-Principal Investigator, Peter Mayer, P.E. 2High-Efficiency Showerhead Performance Study, 2009, Gauley, Robinson, Elton. Report can be found at http://bit.ly/showerhead_performance This article originally appeared in Home Energy magazine online at www.homeenergy.org on March 20, 2017. It is reprinted with permission.	<urn:uuid:ea3bad32-c13b-48f9-8b50-2c03a5640668>	CC-MAIN-2021-43	https://www.greenenergytimes.org/2017/06/do-low-flow-showerheads-save-water/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585305.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20211020090145-20211020120145-00107.warc.gz	en	0.925541	644	2.75	3
Hunters usually target species that need resource investment disproportionate to associated rewards that are nutritional. Expensive signalling theory provides a prospective description, proposing that hunters target species that impose high costs ( ag e.g. greater failure and injury dangers, reduced consumptive returns) given that it signals a capability to soak up expensive behavior. If high priced signalling is pertinent to modern ‘big game’ hunters, we would expect hunters to cover greater costs to hunt taxa with higher identified costs. Consequently, we hypothesized that search rates is greater for taxa which can be larger-bodied, rarer, carnivorous, or called dangerous or hard to hunt. In a dataset on 721 guided hunts for 15 united states big animals, rates listed online increased with human anatomy size in carnivores (from about $550 to $1800 USD/day across the observed range). This pattern shows that aspects of high priced signals may continue among modern non-subsistence hunters. Persistence might just connect with deception, considering that signal sincerity and physical physical physical fitness advantages are unlikely such various conditions contrasted with ancestral surroundings for which searching behaviour evolved. If larger-bodied carnivores are more desirable to hunters, then preservation and administration techniques should think about not just the ecology regarding the hunted but additionally the motivations of hunters. The behavior of individual hunters and fishers diverges significantly off their predators of vertebrate victim. In place of targeting primarily juvenile or individuals that are otherwise vulnerable people (frequently men) typically look for big taxa, along with big, reproductive-aged people within populations 1–5, targets additionally tried by early peoples teams 6. This distinct pattern of searching behavior is likely shaped by numerous selective forces 7; as an example, in subsistence communities, targeting prey that is large could be motivated by kin provisioning 8–11, whereas commonly sharing large prey beyond kin, and anticipating exactly the same in exchange, may follow reciprocal altruism 12,13.Continue reading	<urn:uuid:a2dd156a-b5cf-497e-997c-6667c2c8b497>	CC-MAIN-2022-21	https://www.frakootenp.nl/category/topic-for-a-narrative-essay-2/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662627464.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20220526224902-20220527014902-00596.warc.gz	en	0.937819	395	3.078125	3
Simple Definition of enlargement : the act of making something larger or of becoming larger : a larger copy of a photograph Examples of enlargement in a sentence Symptoms include enlargement of the lymph nodes. The plans call for an enlargement of the company's offices. First Known Use of enlargement ENLARGEMENT Defined for Kids Definition of enlargement for Students 1 : an act of making or growing larger 2 : the state of having been made or having grown larger 3 : a larger copy of a photograph Seen and Heard What made you want to look up enlargement? Please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible).	<urn:uuid:025efdb8-ab5b-4eac-bd10-f34e09b0d774>	CC-MAIN-2016-30	http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/enlargement	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257826916.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071026-00320-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.86011	147	3.3125	3

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