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10 so wonderful cars that it’s hard to believe in their reality Not all cars have the form that modern people are used to. When developers strongly “hit” in aerodynamics, fashion design, or strive for uncompromising maneuverability, it turns out a technique that terrifies or makes you smile. These cars simply can not appear on the road, because they will attract so much attention that they can cause a lot of accidents. 1. OSI Silver Fox The OSI Silver Fox prototype is designed to achieve the best aerodynamics. Instead of using the body of the traditional type, the Italians from OSI have designed their amazing option. The result was a high-speed car with two bodies and a passenger cabin suspended between them. Compared to ordinary cars, the OSI Silver Fox case layout with three spoilers gives it tremendous downforce. A very light body and a 1.0-liter four-cylinder engine made it possible to reach a maximum speed of 250 km / h – an amazing result for 1967. Only a single prototype was built, and a year later the company went bankrupt. 2. Firebird 1 XP-21 Seeing how successful jet engines on aircraft, engineers from General Motors decided to experiment with a jet turbine on cars. Firebird 1 XP-21 – their first attempt in 1954. In this amazing device, air is supplied to the turbine through a pair of air intakes in the nose. Unlike a jet plane, exhaust gases do not provide the main thrust. Instead, the turbine drives the rear wheels. A single body completely repeats the design of the aircraft, and on the wings there are even flaps to slow down. Still, the XP-21 was very dangerous to drive. He did not reach production, although GM tried to make a family version. 3. BMW Lovos These are not screenshots from a new movie about transformers – this is a concept car developed by Anne Forschner for BMW. Lovos is not yet ready for mass production, there is only a scale model. The appearance of the car is made of 260 identical metal plates. Each of them is a small photovoltaic panel and is hinged so that the whole machine can act as an air brake at high speed. Dubious technical solution, rather designed for external attractiveness. 4. Aghnides Rhino As the Cold War gained momentum, inventor Elie Aghnides realized that no vehicle could protect the Arctic expanses of Alaska and Canada. To this end, in 1954, the Aghnides developed a unique all-terrain vehicle, the Rhino. The main feature of the strange car is its hemispherical wheels, designed to give traction in the most terrible difficult terrain, and allow the Rhino to tilt up to 75 degrees to the right or left. The engine is a 110-horsepower diesel engine, consuming 20 liters per 100 kilometers. The car made of aluminum weighs 5 tons, but at the same time it can swim with the help of water cannons. Unfortunately, the wheels were also a major weakness of the Rhino. From a military point of view, these were gigantic targets, vulnerable to small arms. Built the only prototype of the Rhino, which is not interested in the Canadian military. 5. Italcorsca / Tarf II The car was built in 1951 specifically for setting speed records by rider Piero Taruffi. Like the Silver Fox, the Tarf, dubbed the “Double Torpedo,” consists of a twin body, but it is much smaller and lighter. The driver sits on the right side of the fuselage, which is too narrow to fit inside the steering wheel. Instead, the driver uses two levers to control the car. In the left pontoon were different engines – from 500-cc to 2.4-liter Ferrari 246 Dino. With the latter, a maximum speed of 290 km / h was reached.	<urn:uuid:b65a7578-30d7-4a57-8724-61bfcff7df0c>	CC-MAIN-2022-49	https://singlecellracing.com/post744	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711064.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20221205232822-20221206022822-00595.warc.gz	en	0.95387	803	2.515625	3
The Purple Martin is the largest of the North American swallows. It takes two years for both males and females to attain their adult plumage, but they can and do breed as one year olds. Adult males that are two years old and older have glossy, purple-black plumage. Adult females are less colorful, with gray necks, foreheads, and underparts, but they can be nearly as purple on their backs as adult males. Yearling males resemble adult females but can be distinguished by a few distinct purple feathers on the chin, throat, breast, and flanks. Yearling females are less colorful than yearling males and are white underneath. Juveniles are gray brown with grayish white underparts. Distribution and Breeding Habitat Purple Martins are a migratory species that breeds along the West Coast and in the eastern and central portions of the United States, and in parts of Canada and Mexico. While martin populations have grown in the East, their numbers have declined in the middle of the United States. This species nests in open and semiopen areas, including savannas, cultivated lands, fields, parks, pastures, near lakes and marshes and in towns and suburbs. Purple Martins can reach fairly high densities when nest boxes are present; however, in other areas, they can be completely absent. In the West, martins are less likely to inhabit nest boxes, relying more heavily on natural cavities, but they will nest in gourds and supplied single-unit houses on the West Coast. Purple Martins are obligate, aerial insectivores; they feed in flight upon flying insects such as wasps, moths, flies, grasshoppers, bees, and ballooning spiders. They also feed on midges, dragonflies, damselflies, cicadas, stinkbugs, beetles, and butterflies. They are not the mosquito specialists that martin-house manufacturers would have us believe. They forage high above the ground and over water, in loose aggregations. Pair Formation and Territoriality Usually the first to return to the breeding site, male martins immediately choose and defend a nest site. Females select their mates based upon the nest site and upon the male himself. Purple Martins are monogamous, but both sexes are highly promiscuous. Once a pair bond is formed, both sexes defend the nest site intensely.Purple Martins nest in colonies, but members of the breeding colony are not related. Nest Building: The breeding season begins in late March in the southern part of the range, but not until late May or early June in the northern parts. (In Florida, however, nest building can begin as early as February.) As with many native cavity-nesting species, Purple Martins compete with House Sparrows and European Starlings for nest sites. In many regions, such as the eastern United States, martins are extremely dependent on human-provided nest boxes. In the West, however, Purple Martins nest more frequently in natural sites, such as abandoned woodpecker holes, cliff crevices, and in the cavities of oak, sycamore, ponderosa pine, and spruce trees. Nest building starts about a month before the first egg is laid. Initially, pairs may begin to build in more than one cavity. But eventually one cavity is chosen, and the male and female build a nest made of grass, stems, twigs, straw, bark, leaves, and mud. The nest cup is lined with fine grasses and green leaves. Fresh green leaves are brought regularly until the eggs hatch. The nest also has a mud or dirt rim that may prevent the eggs from rolling out. This rim also helps keep the weather out, and it may restrict the reach of Great Horned Owls. Egg Laying: Females start laying eggs as early as April in southern regions (in Florida, in early to mid-March), but they start later in northern regions. The average clutch has four to six white, unmarked eggs. The age of the female influences the clutch size; yearling females lay about one less egg per clutch than older females. Incubation: Females incubate their eggs for 15 to 16 days. When females are absent from the nest, males may sit on the eggs or sit at the nest entrance to guard it. Males may also stand over the eggs to prevent cooling. Nestling Care: Hatching is asynchronous; that is, all of the eggs don't hatch at once. Hatching may occur over two to three calendar days. Both adults feed and care for the nestlings. The young fledge after 26 to 32 days; sometimes they stay in the nest longer. As the young leave the nest, the parents try to keep their brood together, but family mixing within the breeding colony often occurs. Sometimes the fledglings are mobbed by members of the colony. The reason for this is uncertain. Some researchers believe this prevents the fledglings from imprinting on the colony site. Others believe it is to keep them from coming back to steal incoming food from younger colony mates in neighboring compartments. The fledglings remain dependent upon their parents for up to two weeks after leaving the nest. Purple Martins have one brood per season. Two broods during one breeding season is considered rare. They will re-nest if nest failure occurs early in the nesting cycle. Winter Movement and Dispersal After the breeding season, Purple Martins assemble into large flocks. Eventually these flocks migrate to parts of South America, including Brazil, the Amazon basin, Bolivia, and Paraguay. The Purple Martin Conservation Association reports that approximately 10% of juvenile birds returns to their natal colony. Another 30% returns to the general vicinity of their natal colony.	<urn:uuid:c52a16c6-af2f-4510-a040-b06f1745cd5a>	CC-MAIN-2021-39	https://www.songbirdgarden.com/store/info/infoview.asp?documentid=193	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057787.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20210925232725-20210926022725-00591.warc.gz	en	0.961128	1,195	3.265625	3
This article from the lovely Creative Commons Blog caught my eye today, particularly because the forum aims to look at “how digital technologies and new media are changing the way that young people learn, play, socialize and participate in civic life.” Definitely cool (and no surprise that it’s being hosted at Stanford, either). However, I am rather curious. They say that proposed topics include: Teen Socialization Practices in Networked Publics Understanding New Media in the Home Hip Hop Music and Meaning in the Digital Age New Media from a Youth Perspective I feel like this is one of those segments on Sesame Street: “One of these things is not like the other.” Socialization and networks – OK. New media in the home and from a youth perspective – OK. Hip Hop Music and Meaning – huh? This stands out rather unusually to me. My questions: - Why hip hop? Why not other genres of music? Or maybe there is another topic: “Classical Music and Meaning in the Digital Age: from Chopin to Garage Band”? - Why only music? Why not video, television, and podcasts? (although perhaps these are the other “new media”)	<urn:uuid:a4450952-1310-4344-83e1-9deede592ca1>	CC-MAIN-2014-23	http://msmichetti.edublogs.org/2008/04/10/cc-new-media-in-the-everyday-lives-of-youth/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510260734.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011740-00348-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.941315	251	2.578125	3
Stefan Cover (EOL) - The Red Imported Fire Ant (Solenopsis invicta) is a native of tropical and subtropical South America that has achieved international notoriety by becoming an enormously successful invasive ant throughout much of the southern United States. S. invicta is now spreading rapidly in parts of the Caribbean, and new infestations have been detected and exterminated in Arizona, California, Australia, New Zealand, and southern China. The probability of new invasions is therefore quite high and S. invicta must be considered a potential threat worldwide in all areas where climates are suitable. Invasive populations of Solenopsis invicta are by no means easy to ignore. They have been linked to a multitude of destructive effects, including stinging humans, agricultural and horticultural damages, and substantial negative impacts on native faunas and floras. This has resulted in social and political pressure on governments to "solve" the fire ant problem. Government involvement in fire ant research developed first in the United States, which has an 80 year history of Imported Fire Ant infestation, but other governments have more recently begun research and control efforts of their own. In the US, federal and state governments have responded primarily by funding research and by developing detection and infestation prevention programs. There have also been expensive and ecologically disasterous attempts to exterminate entire Imported Fire Ant populations. On the brighter side, over the course of fifty years, federal and state funding agencies have underwritten a plethora of research programs that have examined in detail the behavior, ecology, life-history, genetics, and potential controls for Solenopsis invicta. As a result, S. invicta has become in some sense the Drosophila melanogaster of the ant world. We probably know more about its biology than is known for any other species of ant. Despite this, our ability to control large-scale infestations remains limited. \|At a Glance\|\|• Supercolonies • Facultatively polygynous • Diploid male\| - 1 Identification - 2 Distribution - 3 Biology - 4 Castes - 5 Nomenclature - 6 References - 7 References based on Global Ant Biodiversity Informatics Pitts et. al. (2018) - A member of the Solenopsis saevissima species-group. As noted with the workers (Trager 1991; J. Pitts and K. R. Ross, pers. obs.), the gynes are highly variable in color. The darker variants of gynes are found in southeastern Brazil to Uruguay and Argentina and are associated with the darker workers. A lighter variant occurs in the northern area of the species’ range. The gynes and workers of these colonies are also similar in coloration. A third variant, a light orange form, is found in the Pantanal region of Brazil. This form has larger workers and gynes. No morphological differences could be found between these forms, other than size and coloration. The darker colored gynes of S. invicta look most similar to Solenopsis megergates and Solenopsis quinquecuspis. However, the CI and OI of S. invicta gynes are normally smaller than those of S. megergates and the OI of S. invicta is normally smaller than that of S. quinquecuspis. The lighter gynes of S. invicta look similar to Solenopsis richteri and Solenopsis interrupta. The gynes of S. interrupta normally are lighter in coloration than S. invicta, have larger cephalic foveolae, and sometimes have distinct striations between the foveolae. The OOI of S. invicta gynes is normally greater than that of S. richteri, and the postpetiole of S. invicta gynes has straight sides, unlike the concave sides of S. richteri. In many cases, the sculpture of the mandible and postpetiole can help separate S. invicta gynes from similar species. The gynes of S. invicta normally have the most densely sculptured postpetiole compared to the other species. The male of S. invicta is dark in coloration and is similar to most of the other darker species. The pubescence of the S. invicta male is longer and denser than that of Solenopsis saevissima. Sometimes the head of the S. invicta male is shagreened as in S. interrupta. The gena of the male is much more sculptured than in other species. In moderate to extreme forms, this feature is easily recognized and it may be autapomorphic for S. invicta. Buren (1972) - Similar to Solenopsis richteri. The best and easiest method of distinguishing invicta from richteri is by the morphological characters given in the descriptions, particularly those concerning the shapes of the head, thorax, and postpetiole. Reiterated, in richteri the sides of the head are usually broadly elliptical in shape and lack the weakly cordate shape seen in invicta; the peaks of the occipital lobes nearer the midline and the occipital excision more creaselike in richteri than in invicta; scapes longer in richteri than in invicta in relation to their ability to reach toward the occipital peaks; pronotum with strong and rather angulate shoulders in richteri, this character nearly absent in invicta; a shallow but distinctly sunken area on posterior median dorsum of the pronotum of large workers in richteri, absent in large workers of invicta; the promesonotum strongly convex in profile in invicta, more weakly so in richteri; in profile the base of propodeum elongate and straight in richteri, convex and shorter in proportion to the declivity in invicta; the postpetiole wide and with straight or diverging sides posteriorly in invicta, narrower and usually with converging sides in richteri; transverse impression on posterodorsal face of postpetiole usually apparent and strong in richteri, usually weak or absent in invicta. Keys including this Species Solenopsis invicta is a native of South America, centered on the Pantanal region found at the headwaters of the Paraguay River. This area is comprised of seasonally flooded savannas and wetlands. Solenopsis invicta first became noticed as pest species after its introduction in Mobile, Alabama in the 1930's. This introduction was thought to have its origins from a cargo ship from somewhere in NE Argentina. It is also possible there were numerous introductions. The fire ant is now found throughout the SE United States and California. It has subsequently been introduced and spread to other parts of the world as well (as detailed below). Pitts et. al. (2018) - The range of Solenopsis invicta in South America currently extends from as far north as Porto Velho, Rondonia State, Brazil and eastward from Peru and Bolivia to Cuiaba, Mato Grosso State, Brazil, southward to Santiago del Estero Province of Argentina, through Uruguay to Sao Paulo State, Brazil. Its range in North America includes the Gulf States west to Texas. It is found sporadically in New Mexico and Arizona and apparently is well established in California. It recently has been introduced to Australia, Taiwan, China, and Japan (Henshaw et al. 2005; Ascunce et al. 2011). A comprehensive assessment of genetic variation for colonies sampled from 75 geographic sites worldwide revealed that at least nine separate introductions of S. invicta occurred into newly invaded areas and that the main southern U.S. population is probably the source of these secondary introductions (Ascunce et al. 2011). Distribution based on Regional Taxon Lists Australasian Region: Australia. Indo-Australian Region: Hawaii. Nearctic Region: United States (type locality). Neotropical Region: Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Aruba, Brazil (type locality), British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Greater Antilles, Mexico, Montserrat, Netherlands Antilles, Paraguay, Puerto Rico, Saint Martin (French part), Trinidad and Tobago, Turks and Caicos Islands, United States Virgin Islands. Palaearctic Region: China. Distribution based on AntMaps Distribution based on AntWeb specimens Check data from AntWeb There is an Antwiki webpage with a list of some recent publications about the imported fire ant. Roeder et al. (2018) in an Oklahoma study found the CTmax (critical thermal maximum) for this species was 49.0 ± 0.4 C. They also found the imported fire ant was able to forage for 18 hours per summer day and occupied baits at a higher total biomass than 4 co-occurring native species. Buren (1972) - The sting venon constituents of invicta (MacConnell et af. 1971) appear to consist largely of the following alkylated piperidines; trans-2-methyl-6-nundecylpiperidine, trans-2-methyl-6-n-tridecylpiperidine, trans-2-methyl-6-(cis-4-tridecenyl) piperidine, trans-2-methyl-6-n-pentadecylpiperidine, and trans-2- methyl-6- (cil'-6-pentadecenyl) piperidine, of which the last four predominate. These constituents are different from those of richteri, in which the first 3 listed compounds predominate, and the last two are essentially lacking. (Unpublished data of Dr. John Brand and Dr. Murray Blum, Department of Entomology, University of Georgia). Solenopsis invicta has had their entire genome sequenced. Palomeque et al. (2015) found class II mariner elements, a form of transposable elements, in the genome of this ant. Deyrup, Davis & Cover (2000): Solenopsis invicta, although a major ecological and economic problem through out Florida, does not seem to live up to its potential as a pest, especially compared to the situation in Texas. Heavy outbreaks of S. invicta in Florida seem to require constant maintenance by humans in the form of perennial habitat disturbance and, on upland sites, frequent irrigation. The sand soils characteristic of most of Florida maybe suboptimal for S. invicta because sand drains quickly and is also permeable to a great variety of burrowing animals, some of which might be enemies of ants. Tschinkel has suggested (1988) that subterranean Solenopsis of the subgenus Diplorhoptrum might reduce populations of S. invicta in sandy uplands. Since S. invicta originates in habitats where the soil is periodically saturated, forcing the fire ants themselves to build elevated nests, it seems logical that this ant would better adapted to defend itself against enemies from above rather than enemies from below. Association with Other Organisms - Myrmecosaurus ferrugineus (Staphylinidae: Paederinae) is known from nests in Mississippi, USA (MacGown, 2006). - This species is a host for the phorid fly Pseudacteon obtusitus (a parasite) (Folgarait et al., 2020). - This species is a host for the eucharitid wasp Orasema sp. (a parasite) (Universal Chalcidoidea Database) (associate, primary host). - This species is a host for the eucharitid wasp Orasema salebrosa (a parasite) (Heraty et al., 1993; Varone et al., 2010; Baker et al., 2019; Universal Chalcidoidea Database) (primary host). - This species is a host for the eucharitid wasp Orasema simplex (a parasite) (Heraty et al., 1993; Varone et al., 2010; Baker et al., 2019; Universal Chalcidoidea Database) (primary host). - This species is a host for the eucharitid wasp Orasema xanthopus (a parasite) (Silveira-Guido et al., 1964; Heraty et al., 1993; Varone et al., 2010; Baker et al., 2019; Universal Chalcidoidea Database) (primary host). - This species is a host for the fungus Myrmicinosporidium durum (a pathogen) (Espadaler & Santamaria, 2012). - This species is a host for the microsporidian fungus Kneallhazia solenopsae (a pathogen) (Ascunce et al. 2010). - This species is a host for the microsporidian fungus Vairimorpha invictae (a pathogen) (Jouvenaz & Ellis, 1986; Sokolova & Fuxa, 2008). - This species is a host for the microsporidian fungus Thelohania solenopsae (a pathogen) (Knell et al. 1977; Sokolova & Fuxa, 2008). - This species is a host for the nematode Allomermis solenopsi (a parasite) in Argentina (Poinar et al., 2007). - This species is a host for the nematode Steinernema carpocapsae (a parasite) (Poinar, 2012). - This species is a host for the nematode Tetradonema solenopsis (a parasite) in Brazil (Nickle & Jouvenaz, 1987). Life History Traits - Queen number: monogynous (Rissing and Pollock, 1988; Frumhoff & Ward, 1992) (locally polygynous) - Queen mating frequency: single (Rissing and Pollock, 1988; Frumhoff & Ward, 1992) - Colony type: supercolony - Foraging behaviour: mass recruiter (Wilson, 1962; Tschinkel, 1987; Beckers et al., 1989) X-ray micro-CT scan 3D model of Solenopsis invicta (minor worker) prepared by the Economo lab at OIST. X-ray micro-CT scan 3D model of Solenopsis invicta (major worker) prepared by the Economo lab at OIST. Diploid males are known to occur in this species (found in 13.1% of nests within native populations, 83.3% of 150 examined nests in introduced populations) (Ross et al., 1993; Krieger et al., 1999; Cournault & Aron, 2009). The following information is derived from Barry Bolton's Online Catalogue of the Ants of the World. - wagneri. Solenopsis saevissima var. wagneri Santschi, 1916e: 380 (w.) ARGENTINA. Junior synonym of saevissima: Wilson, 1952b: 55. Revived from synonymy, raised to species and senior synonym of invicta: Bolton, 1995b: 391. [Trager, 1991: 173 wrongly gave wagneri as an unavailable name, incorrectly citing its original notation as S. saevissima subsp. electra var. wagneri, and referring its material to invicta. But wagneri is available, with the original notation cited above, and has priority over invicta.] S. invicta conserved over wagneri because of usage, in accord with ICZN (1999): Shattuck, Porter & Wojcik, 1999: 27. - invicta. Solenopsis invicta Buren, 1972: 9, fig. 2 (w.q.m.) BRAZIL. Wheeler, G.C. & Wheeler, J. 1977: 588 (l.). Junior synonym of wagneri: Bolton, 1995b: 388. [Trager, 1991: 173 incorrectly gave wagneri as an unavailable name; the name is available and has priority over invicta, see note under wagneri.] S. invicta conserved over wagneri because of usage, in accord with ICZN (1999): Shattuck, Porter & Wojcik, 1999: 27. See also: Rhoades, 1977: 1; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1386. - Holotype, worker, Cuiaba, Mato Grosso, Brazil, National Museum of Natural History. - Paratype, 6 workers, 42km SE Cuiaba and Chapada (both Mato Grosso), Brazil, Museum of Comparative Zoology. - Paratype, 6 workers, Daphne and near Mobile, Alabama, United States, Museum of Comparative Zoology. - Paratype, workers, Cuiaba, Mato Grosso, Brazil, National Museum of Natural History. - Paratype, workers, 42km SE Cuiaba and Chapada (both Mato Grosso), Brazil, Univ. of Florida. - Paratype, workers, Daphne and near Mobile, Alabama, USA, United States, Univ. of Florida. - Paratype, workers, 42km SE Cuiaba and Chapada (both Mato Grosso), Brazil, Univ. of Georgia. - Paratype, workers, Daphne and near Mobile, Alabama, USA, United States, Univ. of Georgia. Unless otherwise noted the text for the remainder of this section is reported from the publication that includes the original description. Buren (1972) - Head length .77 to 1.41 mm, about 1.35 to 1.40 in majors; width .65 to 1.43 mm, about 1.39 to 1.42 mm in majors. Scape length .96 to 1.02 mm. in majors. Thoracic length 1.70 to 1.73 mm. in majors. Head wider behind eyes, with rounded occipital lobes, lobe peaks further from the midline than in Solenopsis richteri, but occipital excision not as creaselike. Scapes in majors failing to reach occipital peaks in full face view by 1 or 2 scape diameters, a more noticeable space than in richteri. Scapes meeting occipital border in medium sized workers, slightly exceeding rear border in small workers. Head with more elliptical sides in medium or small medium workers. Only the small workers have the head slightly wider in front than behind. Thorax of majors; pronotum without angular shoulders or a sunken posteromedian area. In profile the promesonotum evenly and strongly convex, and the base of the propodeum also usually convex and rounded rather evenly into the declivity; base and declivity in profile about equal in length in very large workers. Promesonotal suture moderately strong to rather weak centrally in large workers. Petiole with thick, blunt scale; seen from behind the scale is usually not as evenly rounded above as in richteri and may be subtruncate, but this character variable. Postpetiole large and broad, in very large workers much broader than long; seen posterodorsally, sides parallel or nearly so, in very large workers often broader behind than in front; transverse impression on rear dorsal surface present or very feeble, usually noticeably weaker than in richteri. Sculpture similar to richteri; punctures from which the pilosity arises often shallowly elongate on dorsal and ventral sides of head; sculptured areas on cheeks in frorit of eyes less striate and more irregularly rugose than in richteri. Striae on sides of thorax less deeply etched and with fewer intercalated punctures than in richteri. Mesopleura with anteroventral portion of striate area usually obliterated and nearly smooth and shining in major workers. Petiole punctate on the sides. Postpetiole from above with strong shagreen anteriorly, medially and posteriorly with distinct transverse punctostriae, sides covered with fine, deep punctures, these appearing to be individually smaller but deeper than those in richteri, giving a more opaque appearance to this surface; some punctostriae may be present toward the rear. Pilosity very similar to that of richteri; erect hairs numerous and of various lengths; some very long hairs always present on each side of pronotum and mesonotum and in longitudinal rows on head; appressed pubescent hairs on anterior face of the petiolar scale moderately numerous, apparently always sparse in richteri. Gastric spot present only in some of the large workers, never as brightly colored as in richteri, usually occupying a smaller area on first gastric tergite, and with rather indistinct posterior border. Remainder of gaster very dark brown, in some large workers nearly black. Thorax concolorously light reddish brown to darker brown; legs, including coxae, usually of a lighter shade. Head with rather constant color pattern in large workers; occiput and vertex brownish as in the thorax, but the larger portion of head, including front, genae, and central body of the clypeus, yellowish or light yellowish brown; venter of head also usually light yellowish brown. Mandibles and anterior border portions of the genae dark brown or of about the same shade as the occiput; a small dark brown arrowshaped or “rocket”-shaped mark centrally on front. Scapes and funiculi varying from matching the light colored area of the head to the same shade as occiput. In minors and medium sized workers, light colored area of the head restricted to frontal area, with dark arrow or rocket-shaped mark nearly always present. An occasional nest series with colors very much darker than described, large workers without trace of gastric spot and nearly concolorously very dark brown. Even in these specimens, the head similar to or approaching color patterns described above. Pitts et. al. (2018) - Head subquadrate to weakly cordate. Head of largest specimens cordate. Sculpture of head and mesosomal dorsum with small piligerous foveolae, <0.01 mm in diameter. Median frontal streak present. Median ocellus in largest major workers absent. Mandibular costulae absent medially, distinct apically and basally along outer border. Mesonotum with 20–25 setae. Mesonotum with anteromedian margin in largest major workers gently curved. Mesonotum in lateral view convex. Propodeum sculpture glabrous posteroventral to spiracle. Postpetiole shape in posterior view width greater than height. Postpetiole in posterior view with lower 0.66 or greater transversely rugose to punctate-rugose, extreme dorsum nitid, granulate. Color generally with head and mesosoma yellow red to dark red brown, gaster brown, T1 with maculation yellow red to concolorous with surrounding integument. Buren (1972) - Head length 1.27 to 1.29 mm; width 1.32 to 1.33 mm; scapes .95 to .98mm. and thorax 2.60 to 2.63 mm. in length. Head nearly indistinguishable in shape from richteri, except that the occipital excision is not as crease-like. The scapes appear slightly shorter in general than in richteri. Petiolar scale much as in richteri, very convex above, seen from behind. Postpetiole with rather straight sides, seen from above, the sides never concave, unlike richteri. Sculpture of thorax not appreciably different from richteri, clear space between metapleural striate area and propodeal spiracles absent or reduced to a narrow crease. Sides of petiole punctate. Sides of postpetiole opaque with fine punctures, without much of the irregular roughening seen in richteri; anterior portion of dorsum strongly shagreend; middle and rear portion with distinct, tranverse puncto-striae. Erect hairs present on all surfaces. Anterior faces of petiole and pqstpetiole with dense matts of appressed pubescence, similar pubescent matts usually present on rear surface of propodeum. Colors similar to worker. Gaster very dark brown. Thorax, legs, and scapes light brown, often with three longitudinal very dark streaks on mesoscutum. Head yellowish or yellowish brown centrally, occiput and mandibles approximately matching thorax. Wing veins very pale brown. Pitts et. al. (2018) - Head. Slightly broader than long, quadrate, wider dorsal to eyes than ventral to them, sides of head convex from eyes to occipital angles, straight to nearly straight ventral to eyes. Eyes sometimes with 2–10 setae protruding from between ommatidia, setal length ≤ 3X width of ommatidium. Median ocellus large, prominent, circular. Lateral ocelli moderate to large, slightly ovate. Clypeus projecting, carinal teeth stout and sharp, carinae well defined, less so dorsally, slightly divergent ventrally. Paracarinal teeth small, sometimes poorly defined. Median clypeal tooth well developed. Approximately 0.50 of eye dorsal to midpoint of head. Antennal scape in repose surpasses lateral ocellus. Mesosoma. Parapsidal lines present on posterior 0.50 of disk. Mesonotum with indistinct, median furrow on posterior one-sixth or less. Bidentate median process present on metasternum.Wing venation as in Fig. Metasoma. Lateral faces of postpetiole slightly concave to wider ventrally. Petiolar and postpetiolar spiracles slightly tuberculate to not tuberculate. Coloration, Sculpturing, and Pilosity. Piligerous foveolae small, sparse, width <0.01 mm in diameter, larger on head than on thorax and abdomen. Pubescence simple, golden and erect, longer and denser on head than elsewhere, longest on anterior edge of clypeus. Mesosoma with longest pubescence (length ≤ 0.25 mm) 2X longer than shortest pubescence. Mandible with 9–11 fine, distinct, costulae, sometimes costulae obsolescent medially. Propodeum with fine striae throughout. Petiolar nodes with lower 0.75 finely striate; granulate throughout. Postpetiole usually with 12–18 striations, often transverse, other times appearing to create swirling or circular patterns. Remaining integument smooth and polished. Color varies from red brown to brown red on dorsum of head, dorsum of thorax, and katepisternum of mesopleuron. Gaster brown. Sometimes on lighter colored individuals, bases of T1 and S1 are somewhat orange blending to brown apically. Brown maculations sometimes present anteromedially and on parapsidal lines. Median streak present, weak, sometimes indistinct or absent. Internal margins of ocelli often dark brown. L ~5.9–8.3, HW 1.30–1.46, VW 0.66–0.88, HL 1.18–1.43, EL 0.38–0.49, OD 0.10–0.18, OOD 0.19–0.26, LOW 0.08–0.15, MOW 0.16–0.24, CD 0.15–0.22, MFC 0.15–0.25, EW 0.25–0.48, SL 0.78–1.11, PDL 0.13–0.25, LF1 0.08–0.14, LF2 0.07–0.10, LF3 0.07–0.12, WF1 0.06–0.11, FL 0.94–1.26, FW 0.22–0.36, MW 1.14–1.48, DLM 2.42–2.73, PRH 0.88–1.19, PL 0.72–0.83, PND 0.56–0.84, PH 0.57–0.78, PPL 0.24–0.42, DPW 0.51–0.74, PPW 0.71–0.77, PHB 0.26–0.48, N=25. Buren (1972) - Not appreciably different from male of richteri; upper border of petiolar scale appearing more strongly concave, seen from behind, but there probably is overlap in this character. As in both species, the spiracles of the petiole and post petiole are strongly projecting. Concolorous black expect for the whitish antennae. Wing veins colorless to very pale brown. Pitts et. al. (2018) - Head. Eyes sometimes with 2–10 setae protruding from between ommatidia, setal length ≤ 3X width of ommatidium. Ocelli large and prominent, elliptical. Mesosoma. Propodeum rounded, declivous face perpendicular, flat except with distinct to indistinct median longitudinal depression, basal face strongly convex transversely and longitudinally. Metapleuron not broad, ~0.33 as wide as high, sometimes with transverse posterior carina. Wing venation as in Fig. Metasoma. In cephalic view, dorsum of node with shallow to deep median impression and weakly to strongly bilobate. Petiolar and postpetiolar spiracles distinctly tuberculate to not tuberculate. Coloration, Sculpturing, and Pilosity. Pubescence short, sparse, yellow to brown, erect to suberect (0.20–0.30 mm), longest on gena and vertex. Mesonotal pubescence dense. Propodeum with base striato-granulate, medially finely granulate. Area between eye and insertion of antenna, posterior portion of metapleuron, lateral faces of scutellum, and base of petiolar node granulate to striatogranulate. Posterior surface of postpetiolar node granulate throughout, rugae present dorsomedially. Area between ocelli weakly to coarsely striato-granulate. Gena coarsely rugose to coarsely striato-granulate. Head often completely granulate, shagreened, dull. Remaining integument smooth and polished. Color red brown to black with antenna completely yellow, sometimes scape and pedicel brown. Mandibles brown to light brown. L ~5.4–6.3, HW 0.91–1.08, VW 0.30–0.40, HL 0.67–0.83, EL 0.37–0.53, OD 0.06–0.11, OOD 0.18–0.26, LOW 0.09–0.18, MOW 0.10–0.17, CD 0.16–0.24, MFC 0.13–0.18, EW 0.28–0.39, SL 0.16–0.20, SW 0.09–0.14, PDL 0.06–0.10, PEW 0.10–0.15, LF1 0.10–0.17, LF2 0.13–0.15, LF3 0.12–0.16, WF1 0.07–0.10, FL 1.00–1.15, FW 0.15–0.20, MW 1.20–1.68, DLM 2.27–2.64, PRH 0.78–1.04, PL 0.62–0.69, PND 0.54–0.61, PH 0.44–0.56, PPL 0.20–0.28, DPW 0.55–0.71, PPW 0.58–0.69, PHB 0.14–0.28, N=25. Pitts et. al. (2018) - Fourth instar worker larva.—Head. Large, subpyriform in anterior view (height 0.50 mm, width 0.54 mm). Cranium slightly wider than long. Antenna with 2 or 3 sensilla, each with 1 spinule. Integument of head with minute spinules. Occipital setal row normally with 6–8 bifid setae, base ;0.66X total length of seta, setae 0.08–0.10 mm long. First setal row on vertex with 2 bifid setae, base ;0.66X total length of seta, 0.05–0.07 mm long. Second setal row on vertex with 4–6 simple setae, ;0.10 mm long. Setae anterior to antenna level simple, 0.08–0.14 mm long. Clypeus with transverse row of 4 setae, inner setae shorter than outer setae, 0.06–0.08 mm long. Labrum small, short (width 2.5X length). Labrum with 4–6 minute sensilla and 2 setae on dorsal surface of each half and apex with 4–6 sensilla on each half. Each half of the epipharynx with 2–3 isolated and 2 contiguous sensilla. Straight medial portion of mandible with 2–5 teeth that decrease in size dorsally. Maxilla with apex conical, palpus peg-like with 5 sensilla, each bearing one spinule. Galea conical with 2 apical sensilla bearing spinules. Maxilla with sclerotized band between cardo and stipes. Labium with patches of spinules dorsal to each palpus, in 2–3 rows. Labial palpus slightly elevated with 5 sensilla, each bearing one spinule. Body. Stout. Spiracles small, first spiracle larger than others. Body setae of 2 types. Simple setae (0.06–0.11 mm long) arranged in transverse row of 6–12 on ventral surface of each thoracic somite and on each of 3 anterior abdominal somites, some with short denticulate tips. Bifid setae (0.06–0.09 mm long) occur elsewhere, base ~0.5X length. Length. About 3.1 mm. Fourth instar worker larva (O-18).— Head. Large, subpyriform in anterior view. Cranium slightly broader than long. Antenna with 2 or 3 sensilla, each bearing spinule. Integument of head with minute spinules. Occipital setal row with 4–6 setae (0.06–0.08 mm long), median pair simple, other setae bifid with base 0.66–0.75X total length of seta. First setal row on vertex with 2 simple setae,;0.09 mm long. Second setal row on vertex with 2 simple setae, 0.10–0.12 mm long. Setae ventral to antenna level simple, 0.09–0.12 mm long. Clypeus with transverse row of 4 setae, inner setae shorter than outer setae, 0.05–0.10 mm long. Labrum small, short (width 1.8X length), slightly narrowed medially. Labrum with 5 minute sensilla and 2 setae on anterior surface of each half and ventral border with 6 sensilla on each half. Each half of posterior surface of labrum with 2–3 isolated sensilla. Straight medial portion of mandible with 2–5 teeth that decrease in size basally. Maxilla with apex conical, palpus peg-like with 5 sensilla, each bears one spinule. Galea conical with 2 apical sensilla. Labium with patch of spinules dorsal to each palpus, spinules coarse and isolated or in short rows of 2–3. Labial palpus slightly elevated with 5 sensilla, each bearing one spinule. Body. Spiracles small, first spiracle larger than others. Body setae of 2 types. Simple setae (0.07–0.12 mm long) arranged in transverse rows of 6–9 on ventral surface of each thoracic somite and on each of 3 anterior abdominal somites, some with short denticulate tips. Bifid setae (0.08–0.12 mm long) occur elsewhere, base ≤ 0.33X length, branches more or less perpendicular to base, tips recurved. 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Volume 2. Apocrita (Aculeata). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Pr (page 1386, see also) - Sokolova, Y.Y. & Fuxa, J.R. 2008. Biology and life-cycle of the microsporidium Kneallhazia solenopsae Knell Allan Hazard 1977 gen. n., comb. n., from the fire ant Solenopsis invicta. Parasitology 135, 903-929 (DOI 10.1017/S003118200800440X). - Sozanski, K., Prado, L.P., Mularo, A.J., Sadowski, V.A., Jones, T.H., Adams, R.M.M. 2020. Venom function of a new species of Megalomyrmex Forel, 1885 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Toxins 12, 679 (doi:10.3390/toxins12110679). - The most well studied ant in the world, at least in terms of publications that focus on or include this ant in their studies. Here is a page that contains some records of publications that include Solenopsis invicta. - Trager, J. C. 1991. A revision of the fire ants, Solenopsis geminata group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmicinae). J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 99: 141-198 (page 173, wagneri unavailable name) - Tschinkel, W.R. 2015. The architecture of subterranean ant nests: beauty and mystery underfoot. Journal of Bioeconomics 17:271–291 (DOI 10.1007/s10818-015-9203-6). - Ward, D. 2009. The potential distribution of the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), in New Zealand. New Zealand Entomologist 32: 67-75. - Wheeler, G. C.; Wheeler, J. 1977a. Supplementary studies on ant larvae: Myrmicinae. Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 103: 581-602 (page 588, larva described) - Wurm, Y. et al. 2011. The genome of the fire ant Solenopsis invicta. PNAS. 108(14):5679-5684. doi:10.1073/pnas.1009690108 - Yongsheng Gao, Fabian Bracco, Sanqiang Zhao, Terrence Michael Caelli (2012): An Automatic On-Site Fire Ant Screening System. IEEE Computer Society. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/DICTA.2012.6411725. - Zhou, A.M., Liang, G.W., Zeng, L., Lu, Y.Y., Xu, Y.J. 2014. Interactions between Ghost Ants and invasive mealybugs: The case of Tapinoma melanocephalum (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and Phenacoccus solenopsis (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae). Florida Entomologist 97, 1474–1480 (doi:10.1653/024.097.0423). References based on Global Ant Biodiversity Informatics - Bezdeckova K., P. Bedecka, and I. Machar. 2015. A checklist of the ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Peru. Zootaxa 4020 (1): 101–133. - Brandao, C.R.F. 1991. Adendos ao catalogo abreviado das formigas da regiao neotropical (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Rev. Bras. Entomol. 35: 319-412. - Buren W. F. 1972. Revisionary studies on the taxonomy of the imported fire ants. Journal of the Georgia Entomological Society 7: 1-26. - Buren W. F. 1982. Red imported fire ant now in Puerto Rico. Florida Entomologist 65: 188-189. - Calcaterra L. A., S. M. Cabrera, F. Cuezzo, I. J. Perez, and J. A. Briano. 2010. Habitat and Grazing Influence on Terrestrial Ants in Subtropical Grasslands and Savannas of Argentina. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 103(4): 635-646. - Canepuccia A. D., F. Hidalgo, J. L. Farina, F. Cuezzo, and O. O. Iribarne. 2016. Environmental harshness decreases ant β-diversity between salt marsh and neighboring upland environments. Wetlands DOI 10.1007/s13157-016-0777-0. - Costa-Milanez C. B., G. Lourenco-Silva, P. T. A. Castro, J. D. Majer, and S. P. Ribeiro. 2014. Are ant assemblages of Brazilian veredas characterised by location or habitat type? Braz. J. Biol. 74(1): 89-99. - Creighton W. S. 1930. The New World species of the genus Solenopsis (Hymenop. Formicidae). Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 66: 39-151. - Drose W., L. R. Podgaiski, C. Fagundes Dias, M. de Souza Mendonca. 2019. Local and regional drivers of ant communities in forest-grassland ecotones in South Brazil: A taxonomic and phylogenetic approach. Plos ONE 14(4): e0215310. - Feener Jr., D.H., M.R. Orr, K.M. Wackford, J.M. Longo, W.W. Benson and L.E. Gilbert. 2008. Geographic Variation in Resource Dominance-Discovery in Brazilian Ant Communities. Ecology 89(7):1824-1836 - Gazzana Flores D., C. L. Goettert, E. Diehl. 2002. Ant communities in Inga marginata and Jacaranda micrantha in a sub-urban area. Acta Biologica Leopoldensia 24(2): 147-155. - LeBrun, E.G., C. V. Tillberg, A. V. Suarez, P. J. Folgarait, C. R. Smith and D. A. Holway. 2007. An Experimental Study of Competition between Fire Ants and Argentine Ants in Their Native Range. Ecology 88(1):63-75 - Lutinski J. A., B. C. Lopes, and A. B. B.de Morais. 2013. Diversidade de formigas urbanas (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) de dez cidades do sul do Brasil. Biota Neotrop. 13(3): 332-342. - Nogueira Rossi M., and H. G. Fowler. 2004. Predaceous Ant Fauna in New Sugarcane Fields in the State of São Paulo, Brazil. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 47(5): 805-811. - Pereira M. C., J. H. C. Delabie, Y. R. Suarez, and W. F. Antonialli Junior. 2013. Spatial connectivity of aquatic macrophytes and flood cycle influence species richness of an ant community of a Brazilian floodplain. Sociobiology 60(1): 41-49. - Pesquero M. A., and A. M. Penteado-Dias. 2004. New records of Orasema xanthopus (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae) and Solenopsis daguerrei (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from Brazil. Braz. J. Biol., 64(3B): 737. - Pitts J. P., G. P. Camacho, D. Gotzek, J. V. Mchugh, and K. G. Ross. 2018. Revision of the fire ants of the Solenopsis saevissima species-group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 120(2): 308-411. - Porter, S.D., S.M. Valles, T.S. Davis, J.A. Briano, L.A. Calcaterra, D.H. Oi and R.A. Jenkins. 2007. Host Specificity of the Microsporidian Pathogen Vairimorpha Invictae at Five Field Sites with Infected Solenopsis Invicta Fire Ant Colonies in Northern Argentina. The Florida Entomologist 90(3):447-452 - Raci N., C. Sravanthy, C. Sammaiah, and M. Thirupahaiah. 2015. Biodiversity of ants (Insecta-Hymenoptera) in agroecosystem and grass land in Jammikunta, Karimnagar District, Telangana, India. Journal ofEnvironment 4(1): 11-16. - Ribas C. R., F. A. Schmidt, R. R. C. Solar, R. B. F. Campos, C. L. Valentim, and J. H. Schoereder. 2012. Ants as Indicators of the Success of Rehabilitation Efforts in Deposits of Gold Mining Tailings. Restoration Ecology 20(6): 712722. - Ribas C. R., R. R. C. Solar, R. B. F. Campos, F. A. Schmidt, C. L. Valentim, and J. H. Schoereder. 2012. Can ants be used as indicators of environmental impacts caused by arsenic? Insect Conserv 16: 413421. - Santoandre S., J. Filloy, G. A. Zurita, and M. I. Bellocq. 2019. Ant taxonomic and functional diversity show differential response to plantation age in two contrasting biomes. Forest Ecology and Management 437: 304-313. - Santos-Junior L. C., J. M. Saraiva, R. Silvestre, and W. F. Antonialli-Junior. 2014. Evaluation of Insects that Exploit Temporary Protein Resources Emphasizing the Action of Ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) in a Neotropical Semi-deciduous Forest. Sociobiology 61(1): 43-51 - Santschi F. 1916. Formicides sudaméricains nouveaux ou peu connus. Physis (Buenos Aires). 2: 365-399. - Santschi F. 1923. Solenopsis et autres fourmis néotropicales. Revue Suisse de Zoologie 30: 245-273. - Silva F. H. O., J. H. C. Delabie, G. B. dos Santos, E. Meurer, and M. I. Marques. 2013. Mini-Winkler Extractor and Pitfall Trap as Complementary Methods to Sample Formicidae. Neotrop Entomol 42: 351358. - Suguituru S. S., M. Santina de Castro Morini, R. M. Feitosa, and R. Rosa da Silva. 2015. Formigas do Alto Tiete. Canal 6 Editora 458 pages - Tillberg, C.V., D.P. McCarthy, A.G. Dolezal and A.V. Suarez. 2006. Measuring the trophic ecology of ants using stable isotopes. Insectes Sociaux 53:65-69 - Trager J. C. 1991. A revision of the fire ants, Solenopsis geminata group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmicinae). Journal of the New York Entomological Society 99: 141-198 - Ulyssea M. A., C. R. F. Brandao. 2013. Catalogue of Dacetini and Solenopsidini ant type specimens (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Myrmicinae) deposited in the Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil. Papies Avulsos de Zoologia 53(14): 187-209. - Wild, A. L. "A catalogue of the ants of Paraguay (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." Zootaxa 1622 (2007): 1-55. - da Silva Araujo, M., Castro Della Lucia, T.M., DA VEIGA, Clayton E y CARDOSO DO NASCIMENTO, Ivan. 2004. Efeito da queima da palhada de cana-de-açúcar sobre comunidade de formicídeos. Ecol. austral. 14(2): 191-200.	<urn:uuid:2c6736c5-6e6d-4736-a6ef-c0cde87fd741>	CC-MAIN-2020-50	https://www.antwiki.org/wiki/Solenopsis_invicta	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141171077.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20201124025131-20201124055131-00658.warc.gz	en	0.7277	15,723	3.421875	3
This chapter introduces the method and system of wind power prediction and forecast, including short-term and extra-short-term prediction of wind power generation. KeywordsExtra-short-term; Forecast; Method; Model; Short term; Wind power prediction 5.1. Introduction to Prediction and Forecast of Wind Power The randomness, fluctuation, and unpredictability of wind power has gradually emerged in the grid operation. As the installed capacity grows, the unpredictability of wind power makes it more difficult to dispatch the power consumption and transmission. To ensure safe operation of the grid, the power-limiting method has to be employed due to the unpredictability ... Get Large-Scale Wind Power Grid Integration now with O’Reilly online learning. O’Reilly members experience live online training, plus books, videos, and digital content from 200+ publishers.	<urn:uuid:72038c60-f280-4b45-8e97-f62f42faf651>	CC-MAIN-2020-34	https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/large-scale-wind-power/9780128036297/XHTML/B9780128498958000051/B9780128498958000051.xhtml	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439739347.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20200814160701-20200814190701-00098.warc.gz	en	0.847501	178	3.1875	3
Date palms, also known as Phoenix dactylifera, are popular landscape palm trees that can be grown from fig stones. Once potted, date palm trees can grow to be too large for an indoor tree, making them a perfect choice of tree to adorn your patio or become the focal point of your conservatory. Growing a date palm tree from a fig stone is simple, though time-consuming. Use a knife to cut a date stone from a ripe date. Wash any stickiness from the date stone with warm water, then allow it to dry. For best results, repeat process with at least four additional dates. Rub the dates stones with sandpaper to roughen their surfaces. This will allow your date stones to take in the water they need to properly germinate. Fill a plastic zipper bag with a rich potting compost. Add just enough water to moisten the soil in the bag. Add your prepared date stones to the plastic zipper bag. Seal the bag and store in a warm, dark location. Check the date stones each day and add water, one teaspoon at a time, to re-moisten the soil as necessary. Keep the bag sealed, only opening to add water. Wait for your date stones to sprout a root. Be patient, as this part of the process can take a long time. When the root sprouts from one end of the date stone, it's ready to plant. Fill an eight-inch pot with a rich potting compost. Push your date stones into the potting compost, root side down, so that the stones are covered by no more than one inch of soil. Water your freshly-planted date stones to help settle the soil. Make sure that any excess water drains from the soil. Water your potted date stones as often as is necessary to keep the soil moist. Keep your potted date stones on a warm windowsill where they will receive plenty of sun. Wait for the date stones to sprout. Transfer your date palm seedlings to larger pots when they reach four inches tall. For best results, replant your date palm seedlings in a specially formulated compost like John Innes No. 2. As your date palm seedlings outgrow their pots, replant them in pots only one to two inches larger than the previous one. When your seedlings become saplings, plant them in permanent containers up to two and half feet wide. Choose locations for your potted date palms that receive several hours of full sun each day. Water your potted date palms as frequently as is necessary to keep their soil moist. Though date palms are drought-tolerant, your trees will be much more lush if grown in moist soil. Fertilise your potted date palms annually with a specially formulated fertiliser for palm trees. If you were replanting your date palm seedlings and saplings in John Innes No. 2 fertiliser, you won't need to fertilise during the first two years of growth. Prune your potted date palms every year at the beginning of the summer. Use a pair of garden shears to remove the discoloured fronds from your trees. Potted date palm trees rarely produce fruit, though it does occasionally happen. To give your potted date palm the best chance of producing fruit, situate a female date palm within 100 feet of a male date palm. Be careful not to add too much water when re-moistening the soil in the bag or your date stones may rot rather than germinate.	<urn:uuid:c8424728-ab98-47ef-a89b-9dff66c1fb33>	CC-MAIN-2018-34	http://www.ehow.co.uk/how_5661623_grow-date-palm-seed.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221214713.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20180819070943-20180819090943-00551.warc.gz	en	0.928012	734	2.578125	3
\|← The Future of Chinese Economy\|\|Capital Budgeting →\| Corporations play an important role in the economic development of any given society. They are the source of living to many people as well as they provide job opportunities to residents of a given countries. Most of the corporate bodies obtain their powers to carry out their activities out of parliamentary acts. The corporate power in most cases is usually misused resulting to social and economic problems. Excess corporation power has been in the recent years blamed for the rising of tax evasion. This can be seen especially in countries with weak governance institutions, for example in African countries where governments are losing billions of dollars in terms of taxes. This became possible by collision between revenue officers and managers of corporate bodies. This has lead to corruption in government institutions and this has slowed down economic growth in many countries. Social problems have also been caused by misuse of corporate power. Advertisements, which advocates for immoral practices are the order of the day. Corporations are no longer concerned with moral values as their sole goal is to earn profit. For example, most advertisements advocate for sex which in most societies it something that should be allowed only to those who are in marriage. If corporate power is misused, it should be revoked to avoid social and economic problems. Corporate power for instance should be revoked when it continually violates the laws of a given country. Secondly, a corporation charter can also be revoked when the company has been formed for purpose of evading payment of taxes. Thirdly, the charter of a corporation can be revoked when a company has been involved in fraud activities. There are other circumstances when a corporate charter can be revoked. The above cases are the main ones. Therefore, it is sound to revoke the charter, which gives a corporation power to carry out its activities, if it is involved in creation of social and economic problems.	<urn:uuid:ef26ce88-56bb-48cc-9e80-01475f77f068>	CC-MAIN-2019-39	http://essaysprofessors.com/samples/economics/corporations.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514572744.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20190916135948-20190916161948-00406.warc.gz	en	0.969004	376	3.15625	3
Ayn Rand/Objectivism Sightings Free Radical Updates Local Club Meeting Plans News & Interesting Links John Rawls' Theory of Blind "Justice" The most widely discussed theory of distributive justice, during the past three decades, has been proposed by Harvard professor John Rawls. In lieu of the concept of the state of nature, Rawls introduced the methodological concept of an “original position,” a hypothetical and counterfactual condition which requires us to visualize the negotiators of the basic terms of political association conducting their negotiations behind a “veil of ignorance” while having no knowledge of their individual life conditions, including their talents, intelligence, sex, race, class, religion, wealth, conception of the good, etc. Rawls’ veil of ignorance blinds those in the original position to all the specific natural contingencies and social accidents that make up their particular identities except to the contingency that they are all beings with specific worldly identities who have particular, but unknown, traits and goals to which freedom, opportunity, and income are means. According to Rawls, to be fair in selecting the principles of justice, the possibility of bias must be removed. Fairness in Rawls’ theory requires the more favored to agree to the type of distributive rule they would prefer if they were not more favored. Rawls thus argues that the principles that should govern the basic structure of a just or well-ordered society are principles that would be selected by rational individuals in specially constructed, imaginary circumstances called the original position. For Rawls, a society is well ordered when (1) its members know and agree to the same principles of social justice and (2) the basic institutions of society generally satisfy and are widely known to satisfy these principles. Rawls argues that if we are to justify the use of the coercive power of the state over individuals, it ought to be in terms of reasons that all can accept or should accept. Rawls proposes that benighted persons in an original position will or should agree that all social primary goods (e.g., basic liberties such as political freedom and freedom of choice in occupations, opportunity, income, wealth, and the bases of self-respect) are to be distributed equally unless an unequal distribution of any or all of these goods is to the advantage of the least favored. Rawls thus depicts justice as an issue of fairness, focusing on the distribution of resources, and permitting an unequal distribution only to the extent that the weakest members of society benefit from that inequality. To Rawls, this justifies the coercive limitation of unjust resources and therefore redistribution where it would improve the situation of the disadvantaged. For Rawls, even if an inequality does not harm the least well off, it is unjust if it leaves them no better off than before. This emphasizes a redistributionist type of justice and a defeasible presumption in favor of equality in the distribution of primary goods such as wealth and income. Rawls’ assumption that equality is desirable puts the burden of justification on those who support some type of inequality. According to Rawls’ difference principle, an inequality can be advantageous to the person who gets the smaller share because inequalities can constitute incentives which increase the size of the pie to be shared, so that the smaller piece may be larger in absolute terms than an equal share of the smaller pie that would have existed in the absence of such incentives. The difference principle collapses to strict equality under conditions where differences in income and other rewards have no effect on the incentives of individuals. However, in the real world currently and in the foreseeable future, greater rewards bring forth greater productive effort, thus increasing the total wealth of the economy and, under the difference principle, the wealth of the least advantaged. A practical implication of the difference principle is that society must redistribute income up to the point where the wealth of the representative poorest individual (an abstraction) is maximized. In other words, “society” should tax and redistribute the wealth of the more advantaged up to the point where their incentives to produce more disappear. Rawls recognizes that by allowing at least some greater level of rewards to accrue to the skilled and motivated, the poor will be better off than they would have been with a totally equal distribution of income. He also realizes that redistribution cannot go as far as his ethical preference for equality would recommend without making everyone (including the poor) worse off. At some point, impairing individuals’ economic incentives would reduce the total wealth in society. Rawls argues for inheritance taxes on the basis that an unregulated transfer of wealth from people to their children would result in the entrenchment of wealth in particular segments of society. According to Rawls, individuals who are not fortunate enough to have wealthy parents do not merit worse starting points and, consequently, worse life prospects than those who were so fortunate. Ignoring the right that people have to bequeath wealth to whomever they want, Rawls contends that society should equalize the prospects of the least well off by taxing the undeserved inherited gain of children of rich persons, and using the tax proceeds to aid the least well off. Rawls describes his theory as political rather than metaphysical—it is political in the sense that it does not depend on any of the metaphysical assumptions that are disputed among reasonable citizens in a pluralistic society. Rawls argues that democracy is required by justice, because as a procedure it complies with the tenets of justice in that it assigns everyone equal and extensive rights and liberties and because of its propensity to produce just results. For Rawls, the function of justice is to ensure that disagreements are resolved on the basis of prior agreement instead of through force. Thus, even if there are disagreements about the justice of particular laws and policies, there should minimally be agreement with respect to the procedures used to resolve these conflicts. Rawls renounces what he refers to as liberal equality (i.e., political equality and a market economy tempered by interventionist government efforts aimed at furthering equality of opportunity). He finds liberal equality insufficient because it seeks to ameliorate only those inequalities stemming from differences in social and historical circumstances, thereby permitting real differences in individual ability and effort to emerge as the causes of economic success. Rawls believes there is no more good reason to allow the distribution of wealth and income to be determined by the possession of natural endowments than by social and historical factors. Rawls contends that individuals do not deserve the genetic assets they are born with. He explains that, from a moral perspective, the level of effort people are willing to put forth is, to a great extent, influenced by their natural endowments. Consequently, those who are more productive due to their greater natural abilities have no moral right to greater rewards, because the abilities and motivation that make up their work cannot be morally considered to be their own. In effect, Rawls’ difference principle is an agreement to consider the distribution of natural talents as a common asset and to share in the fruits of this distribution, no matter what it ends up being. In this view an individual’s natural endowments are not considered to be his own property, but rather the property of society. Rawls contends that underserved inequalities call for redress in order to produce genuine (i.e., fair) equality of opportunity instead of procedural (i.e., formal) equality of opportunity. Rather than having all play by the same rules or being judged by the same standards, Rawls wants to provide everyone with equal prospects of success from equal individual efforts. Rawls’ idea of fairness requires that the state have the power to control outcomes and to supercede the preferences of individual citizens. What makes Rawls’ idea of justice so important is that he systematically expresses a vision that had already underpinned a great deal of social policy, legal theory, and even international relations. The goal of Rawls’ conception of justice is to put certain segments of society in the position that they would have been in except for some undeserved and unfortunate circumstances. The Rawlsian idea that one’s own status, endowments, and wealth are unearned is especially potent when it is combined with (1) the Kantian notion that there is no virtue in pursuing one’s own personal flourishing and/or (2) the guilt felt by those who are ashamed to live in material abundance while others in the world suffer. Kant advocated abject selflessness and held that an action is moral only if a person performs it out of a sense of duty without regard to any personal goal, desire, motive, or interest—if a person acts to derive benefit, his action is amoral. Furthermore, Kant would even maintain that no moral credit would accrue to a person who gains pleasure from his charitable activities even though he did not seek such pleasure. In addition, so-called political guilt can be defined as the belief that one belongs to a group of people that has unjustly or unduly fortunate circumstances, endowments, or privileges. Allan Levite has explained that those who regret their good fortunes are drawn to egalitarian political ideologies that promise to remove the social or economic inequality that is the source of their guilt. Such people wish to level society in a manner that will alleviate their own guilt feelings. They believe that only the state is powerful enough to redistribute resources thereby relieving their political guilt. The state’s promise to provide for the poor relieves guilt-ridden people of the stigma of “privilege” that they feel they bear by making it appear as though their resources and employment roles were granted by official state permission, instead of being the result of privilege or chance. Rawls focuses on how goods are distributed among persons “representative” of various positions in society, but ignores which individuals have which goods and how they gained possession of them. Critics of Rawls argue that people hold an entitlement to what they produce or have legitimately acquired and therefore should be protected from Rawls’ proposed redistributionist policies. They hold that the difference principle involves unacceptable infringements on liberty in that redistributive taxation to the poor requires the immoral takings of just holdings. Rawls’ opponents contend that whether a given income or wealth distribution is just or unjust depends solely on the manner in which that distribution came about, not on the pattern of the distribution itself. Another criticism is that fairness is not the proper standard of justice—the world is inherently unfair and thus “unjust.” Nature does not produce a state of equality. No two people possess the same mental or physical attributes—some are smarter, more talented, better looking, etc. People have the free will to either use or not use the talents that nature has endowed them with. It follows that economic equality is a goal that is incompatible with nature. True justice is attained when people’s lives and property are secure and they are free to own property, order its direction, determine the purpose to which their bodies are put, engage in consensual transactions and relationships with others, and freely pursue their conception of happiness. Rawls also fails to recognize that talents are not a common pool. The aptitudes that one person enjoys in no way lessens the number and magnitude of abilities that are available to another. My talent is not acquired at your expense. Rawls is rebelling against reality, nature, and the existence of human talent. A natural fact, such as the existence of one’s talents, is neither just nor unjust—it just is. So why should those “favored by nature” be made to pay for what is not a moral problem or an injustice and is not of his or her own making? Finally, Rawls’ theory can be challenged on the grounds that he is confusing justice with prudence—the virtue of advancing one’s own well-being. To be prudent is to apply intelligence to changing circumstances. Rawls’ maxi-min strategy appears to be a rational construction of prudence rather than of justice. A prudent man in the “original position” might choose a social structure under which he would be “least worse off” if things went badly for him. Such a choice could be called prudent, but certainly not just. Discuss this Article (20 messages)	<urn:uuid:89d59fb0-7590-47a7-8918-ab17d67e49d3>	CC-MAIN-2017-47	http://rebirthofreason.com/Articles/Younkins/John_Rawls_Theory_of_Blind_Justice.shtml	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806660.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20171122194844-20171122214844-00196.warc.gz	en	0.959354	2,509	2.5625	3
The excavation works carried out at Saraçhane Archaeology Park in Istanbul has revealed a new artifact as a fragment of a statue depicting Pan, the Greek god of shepherds and flocks in ancient Greek mythology, is unearthed. In a statement by the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality (IBB), it was reminded that excavation works have been ongoing at Saraçhane Archaeology Park, where the Church of Saint Polyeuktos is located, since June 8, 2022. The statement mentioned that the excavation works were being conducted on the northwest side of the main structure. "At a depth of approximately 2 meters 60 centimeters from the surface, within the backfill soil, a fragment of a marble statue depicting Pan, known as the god of shepherds and flocks in ancient Greek mythology, was found. The statue, measuring 20 centimeters in height and 18 centimeters in width, was identified to have a broken left arm and the lower part of the body. It is believed to date back to the Roman period, and after the expert examination, further dating will be conducted," the statement read. While this description gives Pan a pastoral nature due to his direct association with nature, his depiction as a half-goat, half-human figure in all myths has made him a frightening character. In fact, Pan's sudden appearance in front of people in the fields, frightening them with his image, inspired the word 'panic.' Despite being the god of shepherds, Pan is often depicted in sources as a lovable figure who roams the meadows playing the flute, contrasting with his intimidating appearance. However, in many sources, Pan is described as having the ability to scream and frighten enemies, causing panic," the statement added. It was reported that the fragment of the Pan statue was taken by the Istanbul Archaeology Museums Directorate and transferred to the museum's storage facility.	<urn:uuid:2eae3dcb-8e68-45ca-8802-9592c9193159>	CC-MAIN-2023-40	https://greekcitytimes.com/2023/06/03/greek-god-of-pan-found-in-instanbul-excavation/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510676.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20230930113949-20230930143949-00093.warc.gz	en	0.981513	387	2.65625	3
This lovely, dainty plant caught our attention and was collected growing wild with buffalo grass (Stenotaphrum secundatum) around Nature's Valley.With its little mauve flowers creeping on long green stems through the grass, it looked as if the buffalo grass was flowering. In nature, Monopsis unidentata is found growing in damp, sandy flats and rocky slopes from Riversonderend in the southern Cape and further along the east coast to KwaZulu-Natal. It is a fast growing perennial that loves sunny, wet spots. It has many long, thin stems that root where they touch the ground, forming mats about 20cm high and 50cm wide. The stems and leaves are bright green and soft. The small, serrated leaves are grouped near the base of the stems with the little violet-like flowers at the tips. The delightful little flowers, appearing in early summer (October - January), are deep purple with 5 narrow petals; 3 pointing upwards and 2 pointing downwards. Bees visit these flowers and may be the unidentata flowers throughout the summer, creating a beautiful display when planted in pots, along the front edge of borders or around ponds. To enjoy a mass of flowers, space the plants about 30cm apart. They are also very attractive twining through other Even though Monopsis unidentata prefers damp areas, it will grow just as well in ordinary light garden soil if it is kept moist throughout the year. It is unaffected by cold weather, but dies down for a short time in winter and shoots again in the spring. Growing Monopsis unidentata Monopsis unidentata is easily propagated from cuttings taken throughout the year. Because the plants root as they spread, it is easy to divide the mother plant or to remove and replant rooted are 13 species in the genus Monopsis, found in central and southern Africa. The only other species grown at Kirstenbosch is Monopsis lutea or yellow lobelia, which also flowers in summer. Another flat growing perennial, it creeps along, also preferring damp places, but the flowers are bright yellow and the stems are far fewer, longer and thicker than those of Monopsis unidentata. In nature it is found growing in damp areas, from the Grootwinterhoek mountains in the Western Cape to Humansdorp in the Eastern Cape. Liesl van der Walt	<urn:uuid:8d353ef4-96d2-4b14-85b6-a13f6fe3a90a>	CC-MAIN-2015-48	http://www.plantzafrica.com/plantklm/monopsisunidentata.htm	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398446286.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205406-00266-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.920444	530	2.8125	3
What are Opal Doublets and Triplets? Opals are complicated gemstones. When purchasing opal jewelry there are numerous factors to consider, such as the color of the opal, the fire, the pattern, the size, the transparency… the list goes on and on, so we’ve singled out this one factor to talk about today – the construction of the opal piece used in the jewelry – specifically whether it’s a solid piece, a doublet or a triplet. Unlike the other quality factors, this element is not always readily visible, though it’s very important you are aware of the differences when purchasing an opal engagement ring or jewelry. A solid opal is just what it sounds like. Doublets and triplets are techniques used in the creation of opal jewelry that maximizes the visible opal while using as little of the actual stone as necessary, therefore reducing cost. What is an Opal Doublet? Opal doublet metaphor time! Pretend you are on a boat. Visualize an iceberg. You can see the beautiful glittering chunk floating above the water but you know there is a much larger piece submerged and hidden from view. This entire iceberg is the opal. Now imagine sawing off the submerged portion of the iceberg and replacing it with a big piece of plastic. From the boat you really can’t see a difference, but if you knew the truth, you may think a little differently about that iceberg. Basing your choice on aesthetics alone, there is not a huge difference in appearance between solid opal and opal doublets. Doublets are formed by taking a thin slice of opal and gluing it to a black backing, which brings out the color of the opal. Solid opal sometimes has a natural dark potch backing as well, depending on whether this material was left intact as the stone was cut from the earth. Because only a thin slice of opal is used, in order to get a rounded ‘cabochon’ look the edges of the opal slice have to be rounded off. This is not always possible if the opal is too thin, so generally the very domed opals you may see are not doublets; they are either solid opals or triplets (see below). What is an Opal Triplet? Opal triplets take the idea of a doublet one step further, hence the name. A triplet is a doublet with a clear domed plastic, glass, or quartz cap. Only a paper-thin slice of opal is used for triplets so they are less valuable than even a doublet. Unlike doublets, you can easily tell a triplet from a solid opal if you look close enough. Due to the clear cap, the opal will take on a glassy look from the top and if you view it from the side, you’ll be able to see where the opal meets the cap. One of the biggest practical differences between a solid opal and an opal doublet or triplet is the value. Solid opals are much rarer and more valuable, particularly if it is of good quality. If you are hoping for your jewelry to become an heirloom piece, or see it as an investment, or simply enjoy the high quality of fine jewelry, then a solid opal is a great choice. Opal doublets and triplets are alternatives if you want the beauty of opal without the price that it commands. What Does The Alchemy Bench Sell? Our Kabana engagement rings and wedding bands are never made from opal doublets or triplets. In fact, Kabana states that their opal inlay is four times thicker than most of the opal inlay on the market, meaning your jewelry will contain that much more opal (you get the whole iceberg!). They also have assured us that they do not enhance the opal’s color in any way. All of Kabana’s Australian Crystal Opals are completely natural and exquisitely beautiful. As with any stone treatment or imitation gem, it’s up to you to decide whether it is something you wish to purchase. We only urge you to learn about gemstone qualities and jewelry techniques so that you can be an educated consumer. Happy jewelry hunting!	<urn:uuid:96f446ae-9d3d-4b9e-90d5-0382e2c16965>	CC-MAIN-2017-34	http://thealchemybench.com/blog/what-are-opal-doublets-and-triplets/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886106865.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20170820170023-20170820190023-00302.warc.gz	en	0.938577	899	3.40625	3
Regular Expression Matching This is the solution about Leetcode-Regular Expression Matching. Implement regular expression matching with support for ‘.’ and ‘’. - Make use of Recursion. - Each time compare first character of two strings, if the character of pattern is ‘.’ or equal to s. Then invoke this function recursively with the rest of p and s. - Check if the scond character of p is ‘’, if so, we need check if the character of s is equal to the pre character of p. If so, invoke this function recursively with the current p and suffix of s. If not, invoke this function recursively with the suffix of star in p and the current s. - Make use of DP	<urn:uuid:768ed823-5d12-4ff9-904b-ef0bbb8df300>	CC-MAIN-2021-04	http://www.xinli90.com/2018/08/23/Regular-Expression-Matching/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703524270.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20210121070324-20210121100324-00652.warc.gz	en	0.801608	172	2.828125	3
What factors contributed to World War I? There were several factors that caused World War I. One of these factors was imperialism. Germany was a relatively new country. Germany wanted to gain colonies. However, most of the land available for colonization was already gone. In order to get colonies, Germany would probably have to go to war. Another cause was militarism. Countries were building up their militaries. Usually, there is a purpose for a military buildup. The increasing of the military by several countries led to war. Another cause of the war was the system of alliances. Two major alliances existed. They were the Triple Alliance that included Italy, Germany, and Austria-Hungary, and the Triple Entente that included France, Great Britain, and Russia. If one member of one alliance declared war on a member from the other alliance, a two-country conflict could quickly escalate. When Serbian nationals killed Franz Ferdinand, the next king of Austria-Hungary, Austria-Hungary eventually declared war on Serbia. Serbia was connected to the Triple Entente with its strong relationship with Russia. After Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia, Russia declared war on Austria-Hungary. This triggered a domino-like effect with other alliance countries rapidly joining the war. Finally, nationalism was a factor. People in each country thought their country and way of life was superior to any other country in all respects. As a result, they weren’t afraid of confrontation because they believed they would win any conflict because they were better in all respects than any other country. World War I had several causes.	<urn:uuid:f1bf162a-70a4-4047-8811-fb53834d925f>	CC-MAIN-2017-47	https://www.enotes.com/homework-help/what-factors-contributed-world-war-1-558381	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806844.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20171123161612-20171123181612-00590.warc.gz	en	0.984545	324	3.71875	4
With World IP Day 2020 celebrating the theme of a greener future, when it comes to innovation in green technology, it is not just the major corporations that are making the difference. A lot of smaller entities are also working on technologies that could have a significant impact on our planet. New findings from Anaqua’s patent search and analytics tool, AcclaimIP, show that, when it comes to “green” patent filings, small entities – based on the USPTO definition – are having an outsized impact on the planet and our environment. David T. Dickens, Senior Technical Support Engineer at Anaqua, tells us more: “This patent space is dominated by both US and international universities, with the University of California leading the way with 489 total patents – including active and pending. Korea’s Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute comes in second with 247 (active/pending) patents, and Xyleco Inc., a privately held scientific research and manufacturing company, is third with 228. “Reviewing recent patents and established technologies in green innovation this World IP Day gives us hope. There are countless companies, universities, and research establishments working hard to make our environment and our world better for the future. “[O]ne of the more popular and interesting green-related spaces is the area of nanotechnology. Broadly, this includes a vast range of applications and technologies that can be used to combat climate change, from improvements to battery and battery storage efficiency to more powerful solar panels and even stronger filters for water treatment and desalination and capturing greenhouse gasses. “When taking a look at all patents in which nanotech is used to combat climate change, we find that Small Entities account for almost half (41%) of the inventions, playing a big part in the space. “Small companies and universities are just as engaged as large corporations, ensuring that the power to enact positive, meaningful change can rest in all of our hands.”	<urn:uuid:02dea322-d007-45fb-bca2-d1552d880755>	CC-MAIN-2021-10	https://www.anaqua.com/ja/world-ip-day-small-entities-big-impact/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178350846.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20210225065836-20210225095836-00070.warc.gz	en	0.939547	408	2.96875	3
Field trips without the bus? Technology is changing classrooms in incredible ways, creating experiences for today’s students that would have seemed impossible a mere generation ago. Interactive capabilities let learners explore, travel, and adventure, all while at their desks. The fictional Magic School Bus comes closer to reality with a virtual reality (VR)app that enables students to take field trips without leaving the classroom. Google’s Android and iOS-compatible Expeditions, with its cardboard virtual reality viewer, enables students to travel to some 200 locales, including Angkor Wat in Cambodia, the ecosystems of Borneo, and Australia’s Great Barrier Reef. The virtual trips have been created through partnerships with organizations such as the Wildlife Conservation Society and the American Museum of Natural History. Teachers can use 360-degree panoramas and 3D images to lead their students to places they otherwise might never experience. Platform and content creator Lifeliqe will soon be bringing its library of educational 3D content to virtual reality headsets. Lifeliqe (as in “life like”) has partnered with HTC Vive to create immersive VR adventures for students, empowering them to explore science, technology, engineering, and mathematics, from the molecular level to outer space. Using 1,000-plus models, students from kindergarten through grade 12 will be able to travel through the human body or examine a shark from multiple angles—including the inside. Some Assembly Code Required Many children today have been exposed to technology since they were in utero. But that doesn’t mean they understand how it all works. Some educational technology companies are bringing the hands-on back to tech with projects designed to get kids building and coding what they imagine. It arrives as a box of wooden pieces, but Piper, a DIY computer kit, is designed to make your seven-year-old tech fluent. By following the enclosed blueprint and using tools that include an old-school screwdriver, kids can make their own computer and gadgets such as controllers, lights, and buzzers. The Raspberry Pi–based laptop includes a Minecraft modification called PiperCraft, developed by scientists at Princeton and Stanford, for students to create their own games. With the goal of encouraging kids’ imaginations and sense of play, PiperCraft includes a treasure hunt adventure and virtual TNT-triggered explosions. For parents who don’t want to raise a couch potato, London-based tech startup Technology Will Save Us has launched its new Mover Kit to get kids away from the screen. The first DIY wearable for kids, Mover Kit uses two circuit boards to integrate a microcontroller, accelerometer, magnetometer, and eight colorful LED lights. Kids can create their own uses for the device by programming it with “if this, then that” logic to respond to physical movement. Children’s health and development have always been a top priority for parents. These devices have been created to help kids stay happy and healthy. Withings’ Thermo, a U.S. Food and Drug Administration–approved thermometer, is designed to make it easier to take children’s temperatures and track fevers. Using its 16 infrared sensors to collect 4,000 measurements, Thermo needs only a skim across the forehead—without touching skin—to return a temperature reading in two seconds. The built-in Wi-Fi and Bluetooth can then send the information to a smartphone app that tracks the fever. Parents can set up profiles for different family members. Thermo also connects to Thermia, a fever calculator and database site run by Boston Children’s Hospital, which gives fever information and recommends treatments. A cute orb with a digital face, Leka is a robotic programmable smart toy that moves, speaks, plays music, and vibrates. It’s designed to help children with special needs develop social, motor, and cognitive abilities. Leka’s sensors enable it to react to children’s behavior, helping the children become independent by guiding them through daily activities, such as brushing their teeth. The device’s consistent responses to how children treat it (for example, by making a sad face if a child throws it) help minimize stress and anxiety. Single- and multiplayer games enable children to play with their Leka on their own or with family members or therapists. The platform captures data that gives parents and other care providers a picture of their children’s interactions and development. It also offers educational applications, like the picture bingo app where real-life objects are matched with images on Leka’s screen. via SAP News Center http://ift.tt/2hfWgdz	<urn:uuid:71812a8a-f4e6-4d27-adc0-b6e51f8d99ac>	CC-MAIN-2021-17	http://sap.linkerous.com/2016/12/digital-devices-to-enhance-childrens.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038092961.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20210416221552-20210417011552-00284.warc.gz	en	0.940702	958	3	3
Topics in Basic TechnologyCeramics: Types of Ceramics Advantages and Disadvantages of Chain drives Len Academy Questions for Basic Technology JSS3, 2nd Term, 2020 Len Academy Question for Basic Technology, JSS3, 2nd Term, 2020, Part 2 Belt and Pulley Drives: Types of Belt in Belt Drives Electromechanical Energy: Parts of the Refrigerator and how they operate Chain Drive, Types, Classifications, Advantages and Disadvantages Advantages and Disadvantages of Belt Drives Type of Lines in Technical Drawings Len Academy questions for Basic Technology, JSS2, 2nd Term Len Academy questions for Basic Technology JSS2, 2nd Term, Part 2 Maintenance, Types of Maintenance Hardwood and Softwood - Characteristics and Examples What are Ceramics? Characteristics of Ceramics Academic Questions in Basic Technology The following statements are true concerning wood except _____. A. It is an inorganic material B. It is a structural tissue C. It is composed mainly of cellulose D. Hardwood and Softwood are types of wood E. It constitutes the stems and branches of trees F. It is porous and fibrous Which of the following is not a characteristic of hardwood? A. They are more fire resistant in comparison to softwood B. Their stem are divided into trunks called dendritic form C. Birch, Teak and Alder are examples of hardwood D. They always have a higher density than softwood of the same mass E. They are suitable for making deckings in buildings F. Most hardwood are expensive than softwood The outermost covering of a wood is called the _____. A. Wood skin The followings are characteristics of ceramics except _____. A. They readily undergo oxidation B. They have high melting point C. They are durable D. Most are insulators but graphite is a conductor of electricity E. Most are non-magnetic F. They have great tensile strength but graphite is soft Which of the following statement is false of ceramics? A. They are not metals B. They are not plastics C. Ceramics can be absolutely defined by its products characteristics D. Ceramic materials are not organic in nature E. Ceramics are refractory in nature F. Ceramics materials are usually made from clay Which of the following is not a function of thin continuous line in Technical drawing? The following are Types of Line in Technical Drawing EXCEPT _____. LEN ACADEMY SMART SCHOOL SOFTWARE Click here to read more on its smart academic features. Please kindly recommend to your school Please click here to kindly support education Electromechanical energy consists of two forms of energy. These are: Electromechanical energy can simply be put as a conversion of electrical energy to mechanical energy or (mechanical energy to electrical energy); as seen in various appliances; for instance, the refrigerator. Devices that make use of electromechanical energy are called electromechanical devices. They include the refrigerator, air conditioner, loudspeakers, microphones and so on. In this article, we will explore on the refrigerator and it’s mechanism of operation. The refrigerator comprises of both the fridges and deep freezers whose functions serve the storage of edible material and other substances. They also function to keep food substances cold for the satisfaction of people and for commercial purposes. Medical and Chemical industries use the refrigerator to preserve drugs and other important chemicals at a temperature in which the various decomposition micro-organisms are unable to act. Below are some of the major parts or components that make up a refrigerator: The diagram below shows the major components of a Refrigerator: The refrigerant can be a liquid (fluid) or gas (vapor), and it runs throughout the various tubes or compartments of the refrigerator. The refrigerant (fluid in this instance) flows throughout the entire pipes of the refrigerator. This fluid refrigerant would expand from its liquid state into a vapor state (becomes vapor refrigerant because it takes in heat from its surroundings), thus bringing about the cooling process inside the fridge or freezer. The refrigerant (fluid) absorbs heat from the substances to be cooled (present in the evaporator). As a result, the fluid refrigerant becomes vapor. Conversely, the condenser condenses the refrigerant (vapor) into liquid (fluid refrigerant). This process will be explained in a latter part of this article. Both aformentioned processes repeats itself in cyclical manner; and is referred to as the refrigeration cycle. The evaporator is the cooling chamber where food materials are kept in the refrigerator. It acts by extracting heat from the food items in order to bring about their coldness. The evaporator is a heat exchanger and it's made up of several turns of coil (made of aluminium or copper). The evaporator simply refers to the coil in the refrigerator where cooling and freezing is achieved. It is within the evaporator that the refrigerant absorbs the heat from the substance to be cooled. Note: The evaporator is also called the freezer or the chiller. The compressor of a refrigerator is always seen at the back and bottom portion of the refrigerator. It is the mechanical section of the refrigerator in which the refrigerant is compressed into a vapor state. The compressor acts by sucking the gaseous or vapor refrigerant from the evaporator; as it releases it at a high temperature and pressure. The sucking/pumping action of the compressor occurs from the low pressure evaporator to the high pressure condenser. The circulation of the refrigerant in the refrigeration system is brought about through the pumping action of the compressor. Note: The compressor is driven by an electric motor which makes it the major power consuming part of the refrigerator. The condenser comprises of a series of arranged pipes or (coils of copper tubing) at the lower posterior end of the refrigerator, from where heat is lost to the atmosphere. The compressor pumps the refrigerant into the condenser where it is cooled by atmospheric air. The condenser thus absorbs heat through the aforementioned process. Note: Since heat is extracted by the condenser, it becomes very hot as a result. The condensation of the gaseous refrigerant occurs in the condenser. This simpy means that the refrigerant changes its state from vapor to liquid (fluid) within the condenser. In short, the condenser condenses the gaseous refrigerant (changes its state to from gas to liquid). The refrigerant that leaves the compressor is now a liquid. As the liquid (fluid) refrigerant flows, it becomes expanded on its path to the evaporator. This expansion process causes the liquid refrigerant to evaporate into its gaseous state (in the evaporator). As soon as the gaseous refrigerant enters the capillary or expansion valve, its temperature and pressure drops, as it cools again. This cooling refrigerant cools the evaporator as it flows through the pipes in the evaporator. The expansion valve is also called the capillary. This is the temperature controlling device on the refrigerator. Recall that temperature is the degree of hotness or coldness of a body. The thermostat consists of a sensor connected to the evaporator. The (settings) on the button of the thermostat can be adjusted in the compartment of the refrigerator where it is located. If the set temperature (on the thermostat) is reached within the refrigerator, the thermostat shuts down the power supply to the compressor. This results in a reduction of temperature in the refrigerator. To this end, you may have observed a stoppage in the function of the refrigerator (similar to muting/stopping a sound); and after some time, the refrigerator resumes its activity (similar to starting its sound). As the name implies, the defrost system of the refrigerator functions to remove excess ice from the surface of the evaporator. Note: The thermostat button can also be used to achieve this function when it is pressed. Please click here to follow LEN ACADEMY on Google News. Kindly share this article via the links below: Alfred Ajibola is a Medical Biochemist, a passionate Academician with over 7 years of experience, a Versatile Writer, a Web Developer, a Cisco Certified Network Associate and a Cisco CyberOps Associate. CONTRIBUTE TO THIS TOPIC \| ASK A QUESTION Amazing facts in Basic Technology Lighter was invented before matches Johann Wolfgang Dobereiner was credited with the invention of lighter in 1826 while the actual match was made 3 years later Volkswagen group of companies own some of the top cars of the world. These are Audi, Bentley, Bugatti, Ducati, Lamborghini and Porsche NOTABLE POINTS IN Basic Technology Ceramics are refractory. They also require a very high amount of heat and subsquent cooling to be formed. Being refractory means that they are capable of withstanding a variety of abuses like high temperatures and chemical attacks. Ceramics are generally made by taking clay from the ground and mixing it with water. It is then shaped into any form and fired inside an oven (called kiln) at a very high temperature. They may then be decorated with a waterproof, paint-like substances called glazes. Ceramics may have constrasting physical and chemical properties (or characteristics); but in general, They have high melting points. They are heat resistant. They can be very hard with great strength; although a few are brittle or soft; for example, graphite. They are durable (last for a long time). Most are electrical insulators (cannot conduct electricity) but; graphite is an electrical conductor. They are chemically unreactive or inert. They are not easily oxidized. Most are non-magnetic.	<urn:uuid:c3a34133-fa89-4142-9280-bd5a9eba81c0>	CC-MAIN-2020-50	https://www.len.com.ng/csblogdetail/366/Electromechanical-Energy--Parts-of-the-Refrigerator-and-how-they-operate	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141652107.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20201201043603-20201201073603-00675.warc.gz	en	0.926895	2,122	3.296875	3
The Nazis systematically persecuted artists whose work they did not approve of, denouncing it as “degenerate art.” A new exhibition shows how the disastrous consequences of the campaign can still be felt today. Surveying the artworks in the exhibition “Art in Berlin 1933-1938: Berated, Banned and Burned,” it’s not immediately obvious why Nazi officials so vehemently disapproved of them. There’s Anne Ratowski’s sober “Kitchen Still Life with Fish,” picturing four fish spread across a wooden board alongside a small knife and eggs in a bowl. With its reflections and subtle plays of light, it looks almost like an Old Master painting. It wasn’t Ratowski’s painterly technique that the National Socialists objected to, but the fact that she was Jewish and affiliated with a left-wing group of artists. That’s why, after the Nazi’s seizure of power in 1933, she found it increasingly difficult to exhibit her work. In the end she left Germany and fell into obscurity – a bitter triumph for the Nazis. Arbitrary judgment of artworks The exhibition at the Berlinische Galerie, which runs through August 12, is part of a larger project organized by the city of Berlin in 2013, entitled “Diversity Destroyed: Berlin 1933-1938-1945.” The curators of the exhibition have elected a simple but effective way to convey just how viciously the Nazis went about “destroying diversity.” To the left of Ratowski’s painting hangs Hans Böttcher’s Expressionist “Still Life with Green Cat,” and to the right Rudolf Ausleger’s “Still Life with Pipe” in the French Cubist tradition. “They are three very different examples of artistic genre,” exhibition curator Heinz Stahlhut explained. “These paintings illustrate how broad the spectrum of art in Berlin was before the Nazis came to power.” The three landscape paintings on the wall opposite are yet another testament to that. The curator’s aim was to make clear just how little the Nazi’s disapproval and persecution of particular artists had to do with aesthetics. “There was always a racist or political justification,” Stahlhut said. Disconcertingly, the Nazi campaign enjoyed lasting success. “For many of the persecuted artists it was either extremely difficult, or impossible for them to restart their careers after 1945.” Fostering a toxic climate In the context of the exhibition, a work by the oft derided writer, cabaret artist and painter Joachim Ringelnatz appears to be a terrifying premonition. In “Herbstgang” (Autum Walk, 1929), two people stumble through an apocalyptic landscape containing a crucifix. Ringelnatz was also persecuted by the Nazis. After 1933 he was forbidden from performing or exhibiting and his books were burned. He died of tuberculosis in November 1934 in Berlin. The treatment of Ringelnatz is just one example of the toxic climate the Nazis fostered in the art world of the 1930s. In the center of the exhibition rooms on the first floor, glass display cabinets contain documents from artists’ archives. One of them is Wolfgang Willrich’s “The Purging of the Temple of Art,” the book that provided the basis for the “degenerate art” campaign. Alongside the book is an open pocket calendar that belonged to the Dada artist Hannah Höch. In it she noted her thoughts about a visit to the Nazis’ “Degenerate Art” exhibition in 1937: “All public collections are represented here,” she wrote in bewilderment. “After all the open agitation, it’s astounding how disciplined the public are behaving.” Decimation of national collections Extracts of the correspondence between the gallerist Ferdinand Möller and the racist director of Dusseldorf’s Folkwang Museum, Klaus Graf von Baudissin, can also be seen. Möller was denounced as a dealer of “shallow, decadent and freemasonic art of degradation supported by a rotten upper-class” in the magazine, The SA Man.In contrast stood Baudissin, for whom only a fervent National Socialist could be an artist. Baudissin pushed for the selling-off of modern, “degenerate” art from museums across the German Reich. The Nazis made a lot of money, but museum collections bled to death. After the end of the war it took a long time before the gaps in national collections could be in anywhere close to filled. When the Berlinische Galerie was established, one of its central objectives was to give formerly persecuted artists an appropriate space, curator Stahlhut explained. The museum is home to the permanent exhibition “Art in Berlin 1880-1980,” encompassing works by artists such as Otto Dix, Hannah Höch and Franz Nussbaum. Now almost a dozen works from that exhibition are marked with orange stickers with accompanying texts explaining how they fall into the “diversity destroyed” theme. Learning the value of diversity The exhibition “Berated, Banned and Burned” also encompasses photography and architecture in Berlin before the Third Reich. Outtakes by the fashion photographer Else Ernestine Neuländer-Simon – better known under the pseudonym Yva – convey an air of buoyancy that existed in the German capital during the 1920s. A model of the Einstein Tower in Potsdam by the architect Erich Mendelssohn illustrates how sophisticated modern architecture in Berlin had come to be. Mendelssohn managed to emigrate. Yva perished in the Sobibor concentration camp. Small notices alongside the exhibits inform visitors about the artists’ fates, though the information provided is scant. The 2013 theme “Diversity Destroyed” and exhibition at the Berlinische Galerie look back 80 years into the past. Over 500 exhibitions and events to be staged in the capital city this year highlight exactly what has been lost – much of it irretrievably. Looking at the works in the exhibition, it’s inevitable that visitors will leave in a contemplative mood. But then modern-day Berlin awaits – a city that survived the caesura in 1933, now once again a creative, multicultural European capital.	<urn:uuid:b4a2296e-8500-496b-aee6-7a0367ea0764>	CC-MAIN-2015-32	http://www.constantinereport.com/how-the-nazis-destroyed-diversity-in-art-to-the-present-day/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042987402.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002307-00064-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.948748	1,371	2.890625	3
Early Pea Seeds Pea is a frost-hardy, cool-season vegetable that can be grown throughout most of the United States, wherever a cool season of sufficient duration exists. For gardening purposes, peas may be classified as garden peas (English peas), snap peas and snow peas (sugar peas). Garden pea varieties have smooth or wrinkled seeds. The smooth-seeded varieties tend to have more starch than the wrinkled-seeded varieties. The wrinkled-seeded varieties are generally sweeter and usually preferred for home use. The smooth-seeded types are used more often to produce ripe seeds that are used like dry beans and to make split-pea soup. Snap peas have been developed from garden peas to have low-fiber pods that can be snapped and eaten along with the immature peas inside. Snow peas are meant to be harvested as flat, tender pods before the peas inside develop at all. The Southern pea (cowpea) is an entirely different warm-season vegetable that is planted and grown in the same manner as beans. Informative articles found on the to grow Organic Peas Early Peas Recipes TST029 Tall Telephone Climbing Pea An old heirloom variety with delicious early peas dating back to 1890. A main crop garden pea. It does require support as it will climb to about six feet in height. The pods are large (up to four inches), maturing five to nine peas each. Very productive and good for fresh eating or freezing. 75 days. TST048 Karina Pea Karina is a fine semi-bush type (18-24" tall), but will produce heavily over a longer period than most bush peas. Also shows better heat tolerance. Great fresh or frozen, nicely sweet. 60 days. VUD029 Early Frosty 64days. Frosty produces a prolific yield of tightly packed 3.5" pods with medium-size peas. A distinct improvement over Little Marvel because of uniformity and higher number of peas per pod. It has a greater number of pods per plant as well. Plants are about 28" tall and have many double pods resulting in almost twice the yield of Little Marvel. Uniform dark green shelled peas are tender and sweet, both for fresh and frozen uses. The best early peas for home garden planting. TST028 Golden Sweet New! Yellow-podded snow pea. Attractive yellow pods have best flavor when 3-3 1/2". Larger pods will become slightly bitter and develop a small string. Big, 5-6', vines need to be trellised. Long harvest window. Attractive purple flowers. 61 days. 62 days. A heavy yielder. Vines about 15 inches tall, sturdy, dark green with heavy foliage. Seed medium green, about 1800 per pound. The peas are dark green, round, tender, sweet and fine flavor. Unsurpassed by any others in its class. Good for freezing and canning. Note: The price of this item has been slashed to Ninety Five cents per pack! To order this and fifty other vegetable seed selections for only 95 cents per pack, please visit our GoodCentsVegetables Seed List. 1A003 Giant Snow Peas A very sweet Snow Pea for stir-frying that produces giant 4½ x 1" flat pods. Allow pods to fill out for delicious early peas.	<urn:uuid:0127e928-7923-46c9-bf6e-15c017b2c62a>	CC-MAIN-2016-07	http://www.seedman.com/peas.htm	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701145751.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193905-00188-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.887883	747	2.765625	3
The content on this page is inspired by other sites with glossaries and FAQs. It should be noted that many LGBTQ+ terms don't have complete alignment and can have different meanings and nuance in different communities. This is a glossary of terms with some broadly accepted definitions. The reasons for creating a Gender and Sexual Orientation Identity page in the GitLab handbook: The enduring pattern of emotional, romantic, and/or sexual attraction (or lack of attraction) to other people. Sexual orientation is an inherent, unchanging attribute (i.e. not a preference or a choice.) People do change how they describe and/or understand their own sexual orientation. describes a person who is attracted to the same gender. In some regions, "homosexual" is considered offensive due to its history as a clinical term used to marginalize LBGT people. not sexually attracted to anyone. Asexual folks still have happy, healthy, romantic and loving relationships with other people and can also be gay, bisexual, pansexual etc. attracted to the opposite sex/gender. doesn't experience sexual attraction to someone unless they have a deep, emotional connection with them. attraction primarily to members of the same sex/gender. This term has historically been used for men specifically, but has recently become a more widely used term for both men and women. describes a woman whose sexual orientation is primarily geared towards other women. attracted to both men and women. not limited in attraction with regards to sex, gender, or gender identity (i.e. can be attracted to anyone). often used as a term for someone who is gay, but more recently has become popular as an umbrella term for someone who identifies as anything other than straight/cisgender. Some people also choose the labels ‘queer’ or ‘fluid’ as a way of expressing themselves by their own personal feelings. A person's internal perception of their own gender and the words they use to label themselves. A person may identify as female, male, a blend of the two, or neither. A person's gender identity may or may not be the same as their sex assigned at birth. A person's external display of their gender identity through clothing, grooming, behavior, etc. Gender expression commonly falls on a spectrum between feminine, androgynous, and masculine. Cisgender or cis, refers to a person whose gender identity and/or expression generally aligns with the typical expectations of their sex assigned at birth. Transgender or "trans", is an umbrella term for people whose gender identity and/or expression generally differs from typical expectations of their sex assigned at birth. For example, along with trans men and trans women, people who identity genderqueer, non-binary, or genderfluid can be also identify as transgender. Transgender people may or may not choose to alter their bodies hormonally and/or surgically. There are many people who choose to socially identify as transgender, or "trans" and it is a big part of who they are. Many people are transgender and choose to keep it hidden, as they want to be known as the gender they feel most comfortable with. Some people may be visibly transgender. It is important that you do not address them by the gender and pronouns you think they are based on physical appearance. If you are not sure, use gender-neutral pronouns (they/them). An identity that describes a man who was assigned a female gender at birth. The term female-to-male transgender, abbreviated as FTM or F2M, is also used by some transgender people. An identity that describes a woman who was assigned a male gender at birth. The term male-to-female transgender, abbreviated as MTF or M2F, is also used by some transgender people. Genderqueer is an umbrella term to refer to gender identities that differ from the binary identities of male and female, including gender non-conforming and non-binary identities. People who identity as genderqueer may see themselves as a combination of both male and female, neither male nor female, different genders at different times or as no specific gender at all. There can be an overlap between genderqeer, gender non-conforming, non-binary, and genderfluid, but they are not interchangeable terms. You should not use these terms to refer to someone unless they have self-identified with the term(s). Genderqueer, gender non-conforming, non-binary, and genderfluid people may or may not identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, or queer. Gender non-conforming is an umbrella term for gender identities and expressions that don't conform to typical gender expectations and falls outside of or in between the feminine and masculine binary. Non-binary refers to gender identities other than the traditional female and male "binary" identities. Genderfluid is a gender identity where someone sees themselves as male, female, or non-binary at different times or under different circumstances. Some people like to express different sides of themselves depending on who they are with or where they are. Gender transition is a process of changing to align more closely with one's gender identity. It is not a one-time event, but involves many steps over time to change social, medical, and/or legal aspects of one's life such as name, appearance, and pronouns. Transitioning can involve talking to friends, family, and coworkers, changing legal and medical documents, and/or medical intervention such as taking hormones or undergoing surgeries. It's important to understand that not everyone who transitions chooses to change their body and some people may choose to change some parts of their body but not others in order to feel comfortable within themselves. Gender dysphoria is a clinical diagnosis in the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) that refers to undue pain and distress experienced when a person's gender assigned at birth is different from their gender identity. Sex and gender are often seen as the same thing but in reality, sex and gender are distinct. Sex refers to a person's anatomy and physiology, which includes genitalia, hormone levels, and chromosomes. Maybe people believe sex is binary (either male or female) but in reality, sex is a non-binary construct where 1 in 1500 people are born intersex. Gender refers to the social norms, emotions, and behaviors that are associated with being feminine, masculine, androgynous, or other. Gender traits can vary greatly depending on the time period and cultural context. It's important to remember that gender is not an inherently natural thing, but rather a social construct. Transgender is a gender identity while gay is a sexual orientation. They are two different concepts. Someone can be transgender while being straight, gay, bisexual, or another sexual orientation. Similarly, someone can be gay and be cis, trans, genderqueer, or another gender identity. Cross-dressing is a specific form of gender expression that involves wearing clothing, accessories, etc. that is traditionally associated with the opposite of one's biological sex. Cross-dressing does not imply anything about a person's gender identity or sexual orientation. Transgender is an umbrella term to refer to and capture all non-traditional gender identities and expressions. As such, people who cross-dress may also identify as transgender however, the distinction between being trans and cross-dressing should be noted. Cross-dressing is a temporary activity, while transgender is a state of permanence. It is best to use the term preferred by the individual. No, being transgender is not a mental illness. Transgender people can experience a mental illness known as gender dysphoria, however not all trans people have this experience, so being trans in and of itself is not a mental illness. This Vox article on transgender mental health says it well, "the AMA, APA, and other medical experts agree that letting someone transition, which can entail medical treatments like hormone therapy and gender-affirming surgeries, without social stigma is the main treatment for gender dysphoria. In this way, being trans isn’t the medical condition; living as trans is in fact the treatment to the medical condition." No, not all transgender people desire medical transition such as hormone therapy and surgeries. Additionally, some trans people do desire medical transition, but cannot afford it. They are still trans none the less. As HRC says well, "many transgender people cannot afford medical treatment nor can they access it. In light of these injustices, it is important that civil rights and protections are extended to all transgender people equally, regardless of their medical histories. It’s also critical to continue advocating for full access to health care coverage for transgender people." Simple, just ask :) Asking for someone's pronouns is the same as asking for their name. In the same way that you wouldn't assume what someone's name is and start calling them by a name that wasn't theirs, you shouldn't assume someone's pronouns. Quickly apologize, correct yourself and move on. Don't make a big deal out of it. It happens. The answer to this question, unfortunately, largely depends on where you are in the world. At GitLab, you will not get fired for any of the following reasons, no matter where you are: Race, color, religion, national origin, sex (including pregnancy), age, disability, HIV status, sexual orientation, gender identity, marital status, past or present military service, or any other status protected by the laws or regulations in the locations where we operate. Please review our anti-discrimination guidelines for more information on what is not tolerated at GitLab.	<urn:uuid:44f531b2-ad27-49ff-8265-3f98eb6e034d>	CC-MAIN-2019-39	https://about.gitlab.com/handbook/people-operations/gender-pronouns/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514573827.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20190920030357-20190920052357-00515.warc.gz	en	0.962274	2,004	3.515625	4
The Brown Thrasher is commonly found in the eastern section of the United States, ranging north to Canada and west to the Rockies. They migrate North in the Summer and spends the Winter in the Southern states. Brown Thrashers are fairly large birds that sing loudly, but may be hard to see clearly as they tend to stay in thick cover such as shrubs and thickets. Official Georgia State Bird Name: Brown Thrasher American Ornithologists' Union Common Name: Brown Thrasher Family: Mimidae, Mockingbirds, Thrashers Scientific name: Toxostoma rufum Length: 11.5" (29 cm) Diet: Omnivore; insects, invertebrates, small vertebrates; berries, fruits, nuts Voice: Song of rich, musical phrases, each repeated 2 or 3 times with pause between each set; no other species has such clearly paired rhythm; often gives partial phrases such as whichoo-which. Calls include a loud, sharp chak like Fox Sparrow; a low toneless growl chhr; a sharp tsssuk; a rich, low whistle peeooori or breeew. Habitat: Common in hedgerows, brush, woodland edges, thickets, shrubbery, thorn scrub; often close to human habitation Displays: Courtship: male song elicits female response of picking up twig and hopping to male, fluttering wings vigorously and chirping; male may pick up dead leaves and hop to Number of broods: 2, rarely 3 Nest: On ground mostly in east, also in vines or small tree (2-5' above ground); made of twigs, dead leaves, grass, usually lined with grass, rootlets. Eggs: Averages 4-5 pale bluish-white eggs, occasionally greenish, spotted with reddish-brown. 1.0" (26 mm). Incubation period: 11-14 days Fledge: 9-13 days after hatching Longevity Record: 10 Years and 11 months (according to USGS Bird Banding Lab) Brown Thrasher Singing Brown Thrashers mimic the songs of other birds. One theory proposes that it takes a male with lots of experience to learn many songs and a large repertoire of songs empresses the females. See how many different bird songs and calls you can recognize. Brown Thrasher Nest This Brown Thrasher is obviously nesting in a shurb in a neighorhood. On April 6, 1935, the Brown Thrasher was first chosen as the Georgia state bird by official proclamation of the Governor. In 1970, at the request of the Garden Clubs of Georgia, it was designated by the Legislature as the official state bird.	<urn:uuid:0334a5a8-ed4c-46c7-9461-2f0148b1a455>	CC-MAIN-2016-40	http://www.birdwatching-bliss.com/georgia-state-bird.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738661289.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173741-00243-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.933849	605	3.59375	4
Guest post by Ivon Arroyo, Associate Professor in the College of Education and the College of Computer Science at the University of Massachusetts Amherst. The Big Data for Education Spoke’s professional development workshops have empowered teachers to leverage data to identify and answer a variety of pedagogical questions about their students, including: - How much does lack of confidence hold back a student? - What actions can be taken when a student has shut down emotionally? - Why do students forget what was recently taught, and how can this be prevented? Focusing on mathematics, teachers were provided with results from MathSpring, an online environment that collects extensive log and mouse click-level data as students engage with problems. Using analysis techniques, teachers determined students’ strengths and weaknesses according to Common Core standards. The data also revealed information about students’ socio-affective profiles; specifically, their predispositions towards math and problem-solving—boredom, confusion, frustration, interest, or excitement, for example. With this understanding of their students at a socio-emotional level in addition to their mastery of specific concepts, teachers created action plans for tailoring individual and classroom instruction and establishing new communication channels with their students. Learn more about the specific workshops in this professional development series: - “Student Data: A Window into Your Students’ Minds”: A two-day workshop in August 2017, which trained around twenty-five teachers in data analytics using MathSpring tools, Excel, and RapidMiner - “Action Research with Math Learning Technologies: a Data Analytics and Socio-Emotional Approach”: A virtual, fifteen-week workshop in Spring 2018 with around twelve teachers The results of these professional development workshops have opened many possibilities for future research. A new collaboration between WestEd and UMass Amherst, funded by a grant from the Institute of Education Sciences and the Department of Education, began in Summer 2019 to test the efficacy of MathSpring in the state of Massachusetts. Starting in Summer 2020, a condensed version of the Action Research workshop will be implemented with forty teachers, who will receive training on data analytics and implementing MathSpring in their sixth grade classes. Visit mathlearningstudy.com to keep updated with this study.	<urn:uuid:f3b64379-da92-401d-96dc-4a9c7c546adb>	CC-MAIN-2021-17	https://nebigdatahub.org/data-driven-workshops-help-teachers-understand-and-engage-with-students/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618039604430.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20210422191215-20210422221215-00021.warc.gz	en	0.944193	465	2.9375	3
Plasma contains highly reactive species including electrons, ions and free radicals. Application of plasma to glass can make it hydrophilic, increase its surface energy and improve wettability, so that inks, paints or adhesives can wet better. In addition, it can remove organic, inorganic and microbial surface contaminants that form due to exposure to air. It can remove release agents, compounding ingredients, monomers and exuded low molecular weight species left by previous processes. Such contaminants can reduce the quality of adhesive bonding by forming a weak intermediate layer. Surface pre-treatment using plasma turns these contaminants to vapour, leaving no residues on the surface. Plasma can be generated in several ways, including pulsed arc generation and piezo electric discharge, both of which are suitable for glass. Importantly, both these methods work at atmospheric pressure. Treatment with cold plasma avoids wet chemistry and expensive vacuum cleaning equipment and is performed using air or industrial gases such as hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen. It is a well-established, cost-effective, safe and environmentally friendly process that can help facilitate further applications. Pre-treatment for glass printing Glass is well-known for being difficult to print on. Longevity of the printed image can be a problem, so pre-treatment is often integrated into a glass printing process to improve adhesion. You might consider using a liquid primer as a surface pre-treatment to promote the adhesion between the glass and ink, however, these tend to be solvent-based, and require extra processing for solvent evaporation, etc. In contrast, plasma pre-treatment replaces the use of these chemicals (and the associated health & safety and environmental concerns), and can be installed in-line with no appreciable additional production time. Coating of glass beads Technologie Anwender Zentrum (TAZ) Spiegelau, part of Deggendorf University, currently uses the Plasmabrush PB3 system to coat glass beads with photocatalytic titanium dioxide layers. The beads are coated under atmospheric conditions by feeding a precursor into the plasma, which is brought into contact with the glass beads to form a fairly uniform homogeneous coating. By adjusting the power and frequency output of the PB3, TAZ are able to optimise their process parameters. The beads will be used in novel filter systems to reduce particles and microorganisms. The Biofluid Mechanics Laboratory at OTH Regensburg has investigated the use of plasma to improve the adhesion between glass and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). The laboratory constructs apparatus from materials like these for their experiments ― for example when investigating the fluid and flow behaviour of liquids such as blood. The researchers tested the handheld Piezobrush PZ2 for their application. If you would like to find out whether plasma pre-treatment is a viable option for your application, please get in touch.	<urn:uuid:2366a4e1-52b5-467c-9147-40000304d080>	CC-MAIN-2021-17	https://www.intertronics.co.uk/2020/01/three-effective-applications-of-plasma-for-glass-surface-pre-treatment/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038059348.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20210410210053-20210411000053-00327.warc.gz	en	0.929403	588	2.828125	3
Each year, state officials continue to develop efficient and cost-effective used oil recycling programs for do-it-yourselfers, ac- cording to a report released by the American Petroleum Institute (API), Washington, D.C. As a result, more used oil is being collected from throughout the United States. Several factors are integral to a used oil collection program's success: public education, sufficient funding (particularly for grants to establish collection locations) and convenient collection points. At least 32 states reported a total of 2,927 government-operated oil collection locations, according to the report. However, the number of private used oil collection points is much higher, with API members operating more than 10,000 collection points throughout this country. Funding typically comes from the state general funds and a motor oil fee. Specific state budgets for used oil collection range from $5,000 in Iowa to $22 million in California. In addition, 13 states have grants, and two more states are currently developing such programs. Grant recipients include local governments, non-profit organizations and private businesses. Fourteen other states reported general recycling grants that may be used for oil. A lack of public education is a major barrier in used oil collection participation, according to 82 percent of the respondents. Even states already providing public ed-ucation believe this is a key issue. Inconveniently located recycling centers were listed as a major ob-stacle by 91 percent of the respondents, while 47 percent blamed inadequate funding (see chart). Not surprisingly, no state with a fee on motor oil listed inadequate funding as a barrier to used oil collection. Approximately 240 million gallons of used oil - most of which is re-processed into fuel - was available for collection from individuals in the United States in 1995. In addition, using recycled oil in space heaters and re-refining are common management practices. Twenty-four states have enacted a government purchasing preference for re-refined or re-processed used oil. According to the report, some 30 states have adopted federal used oil management standards and eight others plan to do the same; 12 states have revised the standards. Meanwhile, five states still list used oil as a hazardous waste. The report concluded that adequately-funded grant programs in-crease both the total number of government-operated collection points and the quantity of oil collected. Toll-free hotlines providing in-formation about collection points also positively in-creases collection rates. The 25 states with these hotlines collect twice as much used oil on average as states that do not employ such efforts. Public education also can overcome other ob-stacles to collection. For example, states can inform service outlets that federal and some state regulations exempt all collection points from certain liability by accepting oil from the public. To order a copy of the National Used Oil Collection Study, contact: American Petroleum Institute, Publication Dept., 1220 L St. N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005. (202) 682-8375. Fax: (202) 962-4776. For more information, contact Brad Jones. (202) 682-8343. E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org.	<urn:uuid:d6ecd647-2abf-48a6-8399-29486363f395>	CC-MAIN-2018-43	https://www.waste360.com/mag/waste_recycling_study_finds	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583510019.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20181016051435-20181016072935-00402.warc.gz	en	0.93956	661	2.8125	3
” What’s that smell?” If that expression has actually spoiled a dinner on the patio area, or a wonderful flight in the auto with the windows down, after that you could reside in among the states being overtaken by stink pests, known a lot more formally as Halyomorpha haly or the brownish marmorated have an odor pest. What do stink bugs look like Stink bugs are explained in numerous various means. They are characterized as both “large, oval-shaped insects” and also “shield-shaped pests.” Grown-up stink bugs can reach virtually 2 centimeters in length. They are virtually as vast as they are long. Their legs extend from the sides, so this makes the grown-up bugs show up also larger. The brown marmorated stink pest is a brown has an odor pest. It has lighter bands on the antennae and also darker bands on the wings. Adult stink bugs are good fliers and also fold their wings on top of their body when they land. Fairies do not have totally established wings. The wings show up when the fairy ends up being a grown-up. Fully created wings are a way to determine adult stink pests. Immature has an odor bug, called nymphs, which are really small when they hatch from their eggs. Nymphs of the brown marmorated have an odor pest are yellow and red. As they grow, the yellow fades to white. They have intense red eyes throughout the nymph phase of their life cycle. The fairies molt or drop their skin five times. Each time a have an odor pest nymph molts, it becomes bigger. By the last molt, the fairies are practically as huge as a grown-up have an odor bug. What do stink bugs eat These plant-feeding stink bugs likewise strike seeds, nuts, and also fruit. They strike peaches, apples, tomatoes, eco-friendly peppers, soybeans, as well as pecans. They have actually even been located eating creating cotton. Stink pests can be serious pests in farms, gardens, and also orchards. There are a couple of varieties of stink pests that are killers, yet they eat other bugs. They eat damaging bugs like caterpillars as well as also other stink bugs. These predatory stink pests are helpful because they help protect plants. Indications of an invasion House owners often initial identify Stink bugs by their mass intrusions in the fall. Discovering multitudes of online or dead stink bugs is a telltale sign of a problem. Stink bugs will turn up on bright sides of homes where they warm themselves. Farmers commonly spot a problem by the damages they trigger to their plants. If a problem has created inside the house or building, speak to a certified stink insect control specialist to assess and also assess the extent issue and also help to recognize the access factors for this invasive species. How to eliminate stink bugs outdoors As the temperature levels continue to go down as well as people begin getting ready for the winter months, think about bug proofing the house, both throughout, to prevent have odor pests and also other bugs from coming to be undesirable houseguests this fall. For those questioning just how to remove have odor insects, here are several easy steps that homeowners can take today to keep this stinky parasite away: - Cultivate Your Land You have an odor pest monitoring method that might depend on the plant life around your house and also the level of invasion your property has sustained. Keep in mind that the majority of having an odor bug invasions will certainly take place near uncultivated areas. These bugs love to relocate to ground covers in the weeds where uncultivated locations run out. So whether you’re already taking care of a problem or avoiding one from forming in a stink big-dense location, your first step is to cultivate the location around your residential or commercial property as long as possible. - Care for Your Plants You might need to take additional steps if you expand crops that have odor pests choose, such as corn, berries, alfalfa, and also wheat. Maintain your yards as well as orchards devoid of weeds, specifically if you have these plants on your residential property. One of the greatest errors that you can make is to try to mow the weeds where have odor insects reside. This will not eliminate them; the pests will simply relocate into adjacent trees. - Check Your Residential property Keep in mind outside entranceways as well as evaluate your home at least as soon as every three months to discover any kind of cracks that Stink bugs can utilize as an open door to your property. Make use of the previous sealing techniques we described if you find any kind of new cracks or holes. Caulk and expanding foam are both economical materials that make it simple to plug also the hardest-to-reach areas. - Laundry Your Plants The very first time that you see a have an odor pest on tomato plants or apple trees, spray them with water straight. This will literally force the insects from the plants. You can blend some light recipe soap with the water also, as well as this service will certainly serve to break down the have an odor insects’ exoskeletons and also dehydrate them. For a more long-term service, you can mix water with vegetable oil, lavender oil, or olive oil. Use a yard sprayer or normal spray container to apply this therapy, and it will work as a deterrent. - Stink Bug Deterrent Spray If you prefer to get a have an odor insect repellent to safeguard your plants, there are plenty of alternatives offered for acquisition that can be a lot more effective than a Do It Yourself remedy. How to eliminate stink bugs inside When stink bugs appear indoors, your options differ based upon the number of insects you’re facing. What can you do? - Don’t touch them straight or squish them. - Stink bugs move gradually sufficient that you can catch them as well as transfer them outdoors in wintry environments (where they’ll ice up) or purge them right into oblivion. - Grab them gently with a plastic bag to avoid touching them straight. - Take a vacant canteen as well as make use of the cover to flick the insect into the bottle. Tighten up the cover to have the odor, and also position the whole point outdoors. In cool climates, the bug will certainly freeze. Re-use the bottle for even more bug-catching. - Prepare a soapy service for killing Stink bugs. Choose a straight-sided 1/2 -1-gallon container. Load it 25% loaded with water mixed with 1 teaspoon of liquid soap or cleaning agent. When interrupted, Stink Bugs have a tendency to drop downward. Knock them into the bucket from walls, drapes, screens, and so on. Unable to get away, they will ultimately drown. - Vacuum bugs, as well as empty the bag later. Do not suck Stink Bugs right into a bagless vacuum cleaner you use in your house. After vacuuming Stink Vermin, the vacuum cleaner will certainly stink. - Seal access factors. For correct have an odor pest control, spend time evaluating the beyond your house for simple accessibility points. Pay attention to locations including around exterior siding and utility pipes, behind chimneys, as well as beneath the timber fascia or various other openings. Seal any type of fractures as well as holes that are located making use of high-quality silicone or silicone-latex caulk. Q: What causes stink bugs? A: In late summer and early fall, shorter days and decreasing temperatures cause stink bugs to seek shelter for diapause, a period in their life cycle where they are inactive. When stink bugs locate a suitable location, they release an aggregation pheromone that attracts other stink bugs to the site. Q: Are stink bugs harmful? A: Stink bugs do not bite or sting and pose no danger to humans or pets. They are, however, a major agricultural pest and can cause a lot of damage to plants and farm crops. In addition to damaging plants, when inside of home’s their odor can become very overpowering.	<urn:uuid:882eb4fe-1fb2-4201-b584-a61aff5cff7f>	CC-MAIN-2019-47	https://www.x-pest.com/how-to-eliminate-stink-bugs/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496665575.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20191112151954-20191112175954-00258.warc.gz	en	0.956189	1,721	2.734375	3
Sunglasses not only look fashionable; they also help protect your eyes from the harmful rays of the sun. Ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun can damage your skin as well as your eyes. Strong sunlight can burn the corneas and conjunctivas of your eyes. In addition, long-term exposure to UV radiation can contribute to eye disease, especially cataracts. You should choose sunglasses that - reduce glare - filter out 99-100% of UV rays - protect your eyes - are comfortable to wear - do not distort colours Ultraviolet (UV) rays from the sun can damage your eyes by contributing to cataracts, macular degeneration and growths on the eye, including cancer. Ideally, sunglasses should block these two components of UV radiation at least by 99% and 95% respectively. - UVB rays are the main concern for eyes. UVB radiation is considered more dangerous to eyes and skin than UVA radiation. - UVA rays are the primary ones absorbed by your eyes. While they pose far less concern than UVB, doctors still recommend that they be avoided. UV protection information should be printed on the hangtag or price sticker of any sunglasses you buy, no matter where you buy them. If it isn’t, find a different pair. Look for sunglasses that filter out at least some blue light, as this can damage the retina and cause macular degeneration (vision loss from degeneration in parts of the eye). To make sure, try wearing them outside; a blue sky should appear gray with these on. When choosing sunglasses, you have a wide array of options. Here are some tips on what to look for: - Polarised lenses. Although polarised lenses protect against glare, they don’t meet the criteria for UV protection unless they contain additional UV-blocking material. - Photochromic lenses automatically adjust to changing light intensities to protect you in a wider range of conditions. These lenses get darker (to block more light) on bright days, and lighter when conditions get darker. This type of lens protects the eyes from glare, sun and UV radiation while also maintaining visual acuity. Also, photochromic lenses do not distort colour. - Polycarbonate lenses. A wise choice for children and athletes, as polycarbonate lenses shield the eyes from UV radiation and protect the eyes against impact injuries that may be sustained during play and sports. Standard glasses can also be treated with a material that absorbs UV radiation sufficiently to protect the eye while retaining a clear, non-tinted appearance. In addition, UV protection can be obtained for most rigid contact lenses and many soft contact lenses. Choose a lens colour based on your preferences and comfort level. Gray doesn’t affect colour perception. Orange-brown lenses are a good choice for those with macular degeneration, since they filter out UV and blue light rays for maximum retinal protection. Green lenses distort colour less than other shades (such as red or yellow). Rose-coloured glasses really do make the world seem brighter. They provide excellent low-light visibility and enhance contrast. Mirrored coatings reduce glare by reflecting much of the light that hits the lens surface. The material used in your sunglass lenses will affect their clarity, weight, durability and cost. Choosing a frame is nearly as important as the lenses, since it also contributes to the comfort, durability and safety of your sunglasses. Additional tips for protecting your eyes in the sun include: - A darker lens does not necessarily indicate better protection, and lighter-tinted lenses offer better visibility. Check labels to find sunglasses that provide the best protection possible. - For added eye protection, wear a wide-brimmed hat or cap. This keeps out sunlight from directly overhead. - Never look directly at the sun — even through sunglasses — because doing so can cause permanent eye damage. - Frames should fit snugly on your nose and ears, but not pinch or rub. - The weight of sunglasses should be evenly distributed between your ears and nose. Frames should be light enough to avoid excess friction on these contact points. - Your eyelashes should not contact the frame. Sunglasses for children Kids’ eyes are especially vulnerable to UV light, since they don’t have the same level of natural protection as adults. Here are some helpful suggestions for choosing sunglasses for children: - Check to make sure the sunglasses fit well and are not damaged. - Choose sunglasses that fit your child’s lifestyle. The lenses should be impact resistant and should not pop out of the frames. - Choose lenses that are large enough to shield the eyes from most angles. Are pricey glasses worth it? A R100 pair of sunglasses can look pretty similar to a R2500 pair, so why pay more? The difference is in the technology, which offers more comfort, durability and performance. For around-town wear and while driving, an inexpensive casual pair may be all that you need. But for outdoor activities, especially high-impact ones such as cycling, performance glasses are usually well worth the investment. Ultraviolet rays (UV): invisible shortwave length radiation beyond the violet end of visible spectrum. Sunlight contains ultraviolet rays, which are responsible for the production of both suntan and – on overexposure – sunburn. UVA: Ultraviolet rays with a longer wavelength – the closest to visible light. Mainly this is the ultraviolet light that reaches the earth, and which is responsible for sunburn as well as the forming of vitamin D. UVB: Ultraviolet rays with intermediate wavelengths and especially responsible for cataracts and skin cancer. Conjunctivas: the delicate mucous membrane that covers the front of the eye and lines the inside of the eyelids. Cornea: the transparent circular part of the front of the eyeball. It refracts the light from entering the eye onto the lens. Cataracts: any opacity in the lens of the eye hat results in blurred vision – it may be congenital or acquired. Sources: Mayoclinic, Intelihealth	<urn:uuid:78e463cb-0156-4e48-ab29-9db0767575ec>	CC-MAIN-2022-33	https://healthhub.intercare.co.za/2020/03/23/how-to-choose-sunglasses/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571692.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812105810-20220812135810-00519.warc.gz	en	0.911217	1,290	3.140625	3
The Swedish Transport Administration uses BIM (building information modelling), which simplifies information management in a construction project. BIM entails the collection and illustration of large amounts of data in digital 3D models, databases or another digital forms. BIM is a natural part of the digitalisation taking place in society and has become increasingly common in the building sector. With the use of BIM, it is possible to visualise and gather information about an entire building project from the planning phase to the finished structure. It increases work efficiency, improves quality and entails savings over time. More efficient work approach All relevant information about a project is stored in databases and digital 3D models via a shared IT platform, which facilitates coordination and communication. This reduces the use of traditional documents, which entails simpler structures and more efficient work. Easily accessible information also contributes to better communication between employees throughout the entire building process. The use of BIM reduces costs because information can be re-used in the project's various phases. Moreover, the work associated with planning, assessment of material consumption and follow-up is facilitated. Since a major part of project planning is carried out with digital 3D models, traditional drawings are not needed, which also reduces costs in the long run. Digital 3D models enable effective coordination and reduce the risk for collision between different construction components. This means that a safer structure can be built by discovering potential defects and shortcomings at an early phase. The same information can be re-used, structured and updated more easily during the operation and maintenance phase with the use of databases and models. How does the Swedish Transport Administration work with BIM on the E4 Stockholm Bypass project? BIM has been used for the E4 Stockholm Bypass in various ways since 2012. A comprehensive project strategy initially established for the BIM work serves as a basis for continued use for project planning, procurement and construction. BIM is used within the project for collection and presentation of conditions for the construction. BIM is also used when methods for development of structures are chosen, when contractors are awarded contracts and when construction documents are developed. BIM is also applicable for coordination of information between various participants in the project, collection of production data and efficient delivery from the building phase to the operating and maintenance phase. The BIM table gives BIM a new format There is a BIM table on Lovö consisting of a high-resolution 65" touchscreen installed horizontally on a table-like stand. The screen is connected to a computer equipped with a Windows operating system and the software programs used for the project. The table is arranged in an open area and serves as a meeting place for project members and visitors alike. The Stockholm Bypass project has been working with BIM since 2012, but the BIM table is a new format for studying and using BIM. The main purpose of buying the BIM board was to provide the 3D models in a new format. The software that is used is Autodesk Navisworks – where engineers and construction workers are given a comprehensive overview of all models and data and the possibility of studying the project together.	<urn:uuid:698c69ba-2563-4ea8-84cf-e68e2c682156>	CC-MAIN-2020-45	https://www.trafikverket.se/en/startpage/projects/Road-construction-projects/the-stockholm-bypass/bim--the-work-approach-of-the-future/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107919459.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20201031151830-20201031181830-00652.warc.gz	en	0.930899	635	2.65625	3
Link Between Heart Disease & Periodontal Disease Several theories exist to explain the link between periodontal disease and heart disease. Coronary artery disease is characterized by a thickening of the walls of the coronary arteries due to the buildup of fatty proteins. One theory is that oral bacteria can affect the heart when they enter the blood stream, attaching to fatty plaques in the coronary arteries (heart blood vessels) and contributing to clot formation. It has been clearly demonstrated in several research studies that a specific bacteria, found only under the gum-line of patients with periodontal disease, is also found within the fatty plaques. How did it get from the mouth to the heart? Blood clots can obstruct normal blood flow, restricting the amount of nutrients and oxygen required for the heart to function properly. This may lead to heart attacks. Another possibility is that the inflammation caused by periodontal disease increases plaque build up in the heart, which may contribute to swelling of the arteries. Researchers have found that people with periodontal disease are almost twice as likely to suffer from coronary artery disease as those without periodontal disease. Periodontal disease can also worsen existing heart conditions. Patients at risk for infective endocarditis may require antibiotics prior to dental procedures. Your cardiologist will be able to determine if your heart condition requires use of antibiotics prior to dental procedures. Additional studies have pointed to a relationship between periodontal disease and stroke. In one study that looked at the causal relationship of oral infection as a risk factor for stroke, people diagnosed with acute cerebrovascular ischemia were found more likely to have an oral infection when compared to those in the control group. For more information about the Link Between Heart Disease & Periodontal Disease or to schedule an appointment with our doctors: - Call us at Rocky Mount Periodontics and Implant Center Phone Number 252-446-0400. - Fill out our Appointment Form.	<urn:uuid:36b86c1e-277d-4488-963d-12f18140877e>	CC-MAIN-2020-16	https://www.rockymountperio.com/perio-disease/heart-disease/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371824409.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20200408202012-20200408232512-00332.warc.gz	en	0.926635	400	2.703125	3
What to visit? Santuário de Nossa Senhora da Nazaré The current Santuário da Nossa Senhora da Nazaré dates from the late seventeenth century. However, the first temple on the site have been built in 1377 by order of King Fernando. In the early seventeenth century, several improvement works were carried out, but the weak results were obliged to the need for complete reconstruction of the building, which took place from 1680 to 1691. Over the centuries XVII and XIX, the temple would continue to be improved. The building plan is a Latin cross, with a single nave and four side altars. Worth highlighting the tiles depicting the life of Joseph in Egypt, authored by Dutch painter Van der Kloet, dated 1709. The gilded altarpiece is of national style, dating from the late seventeenth century. The Santuário da Nossa Senhora da Nazaré was an important center of Catholic pilgrimage, especially in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. The printed and iconographic disclosure of the story of the miracle of Don Fuas Roupinho was the responsibility of Cistercian Frade Bernardo de Brito, who from 1600's, contributed to the dissemination of the legend of Nossa Senhora da Nazaré. The Círios - individual and collective pilgrimages, that came especially from Portugal center communities like Mafra and Ericeira - made Sítio da Nazaré a site of the sacred and the profane: many came to pay a promise or seek the forgiveness of sins, but also many people came here to party and play. The traditional festivals of Nossa Senhora da Nazaré celebrates the miracle of Don Fuas Roupinho, and it takes place every year in September - 8th of this month is a municipal holiday. Here more information about the Santuário da Nossa Senhora da Nazaré: http://www.monumentos.pt/Site/APP_PagesUser/SIPA.aspx?id=1538	<urn:uuid:c05d8db9-6534-43cb-ac3b-d3cd5a047006>	CC-MAIN-2020-29	http://casasdoquico.pt/en/content/what-visit-santuario-de-nossa-senhora-da-nazare	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655897168.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20200714145953-20200714175953-00218.warc.gz	en	0.931679	445	2.578125	3
What is Due to Account? Due to Account is an accounting term that denotes a liability account. It is the amount of funds due to another party and is found in the general ledger. The funds can be short term or long term, which means they due within one year or due at any point in time in the future. The account owed could be to an individual, another company, an external creditor, or even an internal department of the same company. The transactions are recorded in the books as soon as they take place, even though there is no payment involved at the time of the transaction. Just like the Due to Account, Due from Accounts are also maintained. Due from Accounts specify the amount expected from external parties or an internal department and are used to reconcile the funds payable and the funds receivable. The due to account is also known as account payable. - Due to Account is an accounting term that denotes a liability account. - It is the amount of funds due to another party and is found in the general ledger. - The due to account will show a credit balance as it is a liability account. When an invoice for a purchase is received, the due to account will be credited, and an expense or asset account will be debited. Due to Account vs. Due from Account The two are essentially opposites. Due to account is the money an organization owes to others, whereas due from account is the money the organization is owed. When a credit transaction occurs, the buying organization will record an entry to accounts payable, and the selling organization will record an entry to accounts receivable. Understanding the Accounting Point of View A trial balance is a document that helps a business record all its transactions in an orderly manner. It is used to prepare financial statements. Liability accounts are accounts that show the amount of money that is owed by the business. The trial balance rolls up the information from the general ledger, which includes all the financial accounts of a business. The ledger is divided into two columns; debit and credit. The two columns show the due to and due from accounts. The due to account will show a credit balance as it is a liability account. When an invoice for a purchase is received, the due to account will be credited, and another account will be debited. Once the payment is made, the due to account will be debited, and cash will be credited. The credit balance in the account will be the sum total of invoices recorded but are yet to be paid. The due to accounts are recorded as credit accounts and show the business the amount payable to another source. The reconciliation of all the accounts is the primary purpose of maintaining a general ledger within the accounting statement. The use of the two columns helps keep a check on all credit and debit accounts, using one statement. Therefore, the general ledger is not only used internally but is also by auditors and external parties to access the organization’s accounts. Company 1 purchases goods from Company 2 on account (credit). The amount needs to be paid back in 15 days. Company 2 will record the sale as due from account, and Company 1 will record the purchase in the due to account as they have yet to pay Company 2. Under the accrual method of accounting, the above transaction will be treated as a sale even before the money’s been paid. The organization receiving the goods or services on the account must record the liability no later than the date it was received. As the double-entry system is followed in accounting, a debit entry to an expense or asset account is also made. Therefore, the accrual system of accounting records transactions when they occur and not when they are paid.. The due to account is an extremely important item in a company’s balance sheet. If there is an increase in the due to account over a particular period, it means the organization is buying more goods or services on credit rather than paying cash. If it decreases, the organization is paying by cash rather than credit for goods and services. The correctness and completeness of an organization’s financial statements depend on the due to account (accounts payable) process. A good process will include: - The timely processing of accurate and legitimate vendor invoices - Accurate recording in the appropriate general ledger accounts - The accrual of all obligations and expenses that have not yet been completely processed The effectiveness of the accounts payable will ultimately affect the company’s cash flows, its relationship with external parties, and its credit rating. CFI is the official provider of the global Commercial Banking & Credit Analyst (CBCA)™ certification program, designed to help anyone become a world-class financial analyst. To keep advancing your career, the additional CFI resources below will be useful:	<urn:uuid:3a9dd66b-f928-4289-97aa-59a48692bd91>	CC-MAIN-2021-21	https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/knowledge/accounting/due-to-account/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243991943.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20210513173321-20210513203321-00424.warc.gz	en	0.961316	980	3.40625	3
Theory propounded by Hossein Javadi in 1987 theory, it has been attempted to scrutinize the interface between relativity and quantum mechanics through a novel approach to the established physical events. Universal constancy of the speed of light undergoes the question whether the limit on the light speed originates from a natural event or not? Regarding the phenomena of creation and decay of electron-positron pair, why do the related photons move at constant speed, but we could change the speed of matter and antimatter? CPH Theory is based on the generalized light velocity from energy the unique characteristic of matter which is convertible to photons that move with constant speed c (speed of light)? Boucherer experiment is the experimental proof of relativistic mass. The increase in electron's mass while passing through the accelerator's tunnel (exerting external force), originates from gaining energy; and energy has mass. The idea that object/particle could not travel at superluminal speeds, originates from the structure of matter and the mechanism of interaction between field and mass; that with presenting a postulate we could generalize the constancy of speed from energy to mass. By gravitational blue shift, the energy of photon and consequently its frequency will increase. What is the mechanism of increasing in the photon energy that causes increase in its Emphasizing on these phenomena and presenting the relation between photon's energy and frequency, this paper is to draw attention on the importance of constancy of speed in relation to the mass structure which will be scrutinized in reviewing Newton's second law. The results of this point of view, many uncertainties and unanswered- questions in modern physics, cosmology, before the big bang and its reasons will be answered.	<urn:uuid:eb797c47-1936-42c0-b38f-3fda7fc7cac4>	CC-MAIN-2016-30	http://cph-theory.persiangig.com/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257825048.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071025-00018-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.909078	405	3.015625	3
Remembering Argentina’s Traumatic Past Through Theatre History can be a contentious subject, especially when it comes to determining how and what we remember. That’s especially true in Argentina, which is still trying to come to terms with the legacy of its period of military rule in the 1970s and 80s, which resulted in the deaths of tens of thousands of citizens. Theatre has been an especially important way for Argentinians to remember and reflect upon this dark era, a process which Dr. Noe Montez of Tufts University explores in his new book, Memory, Transitional Justice, and Theatre in Postdictatorship Argentina. Noe joins us to talk about his book, and about how Argentina’s theatres have served as an important part of the nation’s collective memory.	<urn:uuid:11182446-314a-4bc1-9477-6269c945a55c>	CC-MAIN-2018-22	https://www.ietm.org/fr/themes/remembering-argentinas-traumatic-past-through-theatre	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794864624.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20180522034402-20180522054402-00387.warc.gz	en	0.966568	165	2.578125	3
Advanced Pumping Efficiency Program A pump efficiency test measures various aspects of the pump's operation including: - Water flow rate - Pumping lift (or inlet pressure) - Pump discharge pressure - Energy input to the pumping plant The overall pumping efficiency is determined by comparing the energy input to the pump versus the "water horsepower" developed by the pump. The water horsepower is related to the pump flow and total dynamic head (pumping lift and discharge pressure) in the system. Regular pump testing provides important information in order to: - Identify problems before a breakdown occurs - Perform an objective economic analysis about retrofitting and repairing - Establish a baseline of performance on new pumps How to get a pump test explains the process of obtaining a test from the list of participating pump testers. More information is available in the APEP brochure "Pump Efficiency Tests."	<urn:uuid:a8d471a6-ced7-4a31-9f5d-5baa43f56697>	CC-MAIN-2023-50	https://jcast.fresnostate.edu/pumpefficiency/pumptesting/index.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100508.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203125921-20231203155921-00482.warc.gz	en	0.888724	182	3	3
Preparing for Extremes: How Models Can Help Agriculture Adapt to Climate Change Uncertainties Monday, March 13, 2017 The concern around climate change has scientists focusing their attention on regions around the world that are expected to be particularly hard hit. One of the most affected areas of the world will be Africa, where the entire continent's survival is at stake. The Fact Sheet on Climate Change by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) presents the situation: “No continent will be struck as severely by the impacts of climate change as Africa. Given its geographical position, the continent will be particularly vulnerable due to the considerably limited adaptive capacity, exacerbated by widespread poverty and the existing low levels of development.” It goes on to quote the 2007 projection by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) that “by 2020, in some countries, yields from rain-fed agriculture could be reduced by up to 50%,” and that "by 2080, an increase of 5 to 8% of arid and semi-arid land in Africa is projected under a range of climate scenarios.” Africa’s vulnerability stems from the fact that so much of the country’s economy relies on agriculture, with crops that are mainly rain-fed. It is no wonder that so much of climate change research is focused on this region of the world, racing to devise and evaluate the best strategies for adaptation considering the region’s levels of extreme poverty and other constraints. Susan Solomon, Professor in the Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences (EAPS) and Department of Chemistry; Kenneth Strzepek, Research Scientist for MIT Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change; and Amy Dale, postdoc associate in EAPS Susan Solomon, the Lee and Geraldine Martin Professor of Environmental Studies at MIT, is an internationally recognized leader in atmospheric science with a deep interest in issues related to climate change. She has teamed up with research scientist Kenneth Strzepek from the MIT Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change, a practitioner at the nexus of engineering, environment and economic systems, and professor emeritus from the University of Boulder at Colorado. Solomon’s background on chemistry/climate coupling and anthropogenically-induced global warming, and Strzepek's expertise in modeling of agricultural, environmental, and water resources systems, make them a formidable team. With J-WAFS support, they are using their advanced climate analysis capabilities to inform policy around mitigation and adaption in the most vulnerable regions of the world. Climate modeling studies usually produce findings based on worst-case scenarios, but it is difficult for a country’s policy makers to plan for the most extreme cases. In addition, these studies are typically based on multiple runs of a single climate model or limited runs from an ensemble of different models. While Professor Solomon acknowledges the usefulness of that work, it doesn’t fully address the inherent variability of climate. Weighing the odds of worst-case and best-case scenarios requires more fully “quantifying the noise of variability and the signal of manmade impacts as greenhouse gases increase.” And that requires both doing enough modeling runs as well as employing a broader base of models to better assess the risks. She and Dr. Strzepek are doing just that. Among the first cohort awarded J-WAFS seed research funding for the 2015-2017 period, their project "Advancing Water and Food Sustainability through Improved Understanding of Uncertainties in Climate Change and Climate Variability" involves applying large ensemble-based climate projection modeling to help assess risk and identify adaptation management strategies for vulnerable regions. In its most recent study, the team implemented a broad mix of large ensembles of global climate models to understand and make projections of crop yields and aridity changes under various climate change conditions. This approach enables the researchers to better identify uncertainties in the results and the sources of these uncertainties. With a focus on maize (corn) yields in Sub-Saharan Africa over the course of the coming century, the intent is twofold: to help identify the potential impacts of climate change on maize production, and to identify adaptation measures along with their associated costs for Sub-Saharan Africa's agriculture sector. Particularly, they are interested in addressing whether irrigation is an appropriate adaptation option for vulnerable places like Africa, noting that it depends in part on whether the region is expected to become more arid. The results of the study showed agreement across the model runs that: (1) much of southern Africa and some parts of the Western region will experience increasingly severe climate change with widespread decreases in crop yields (correlated with the finding that these regions are becoming arid); and (2) some parts of the Eastern region are likely to experience either little change or higher maize yields due to sub-regional increases in temperature and/or precipitation, or in some locations remain constant. For Solomon, what’s most surprising is the immense range of uncertainty surrounding the outlook for future maize yields in much of Africa, particularly with respect to the variability in precipitation. One of the major outcomes of their work so far is a finding of remarkable agreement across ensembles, supporting their thesis that uncertainty due to the inherent properties of the climate system is a major contributor to the total uncertainty. Amy Dale, a postdoctoral associate evaluating crop impacts and adaptation options, likens this to the "butterfly effect" metaphor, referencing "the old adage about how a butterfly flaps its wings in China....". The practical implication here is the importance for decision makers to evaluate and balance the climate risk and make the most flexible investment decisions with respect to adaptation strategies. The example Solomon gave was “if you build a dam because you’re worried about water, you may want to examine not just the average for how much water you will need, but also how much you might need in the worst case, and how little you would need in the best case, and decide how much risk you’re prepared to take.” Going forward, they’ll be analyzing the impact of irrigation as an adaptation measure in helping combat climate change throughout Africa, along with the potential economic costs and benefits. They also have a concurrent study underway examining how cyclical climate patterns like El Nino affect the models’ precision in predicting precipitation, aridity, and maize yields in Africa, the analysis of which could help farmers and policy makers plan for seasonal and inter-annual changes. The Abdul Latif Jameel World Water and Food Security Lab (J-WAFS) was created to coordinate and promote water and food research at MIT, emphasizing the deployment of effective technologies, programs, and policies that will have a measurable and international impact as humankind adapts to a rapidly expanding and evolving population on a changing planet.	<urn:uuid:acd4163c-f241-4683-8fe9-663ccb86ce1a>	CC-MAIN-2021-43	https://eapsweb.mit.edu/news/2017/preparing-extremes-how-models-can-help-agriculture-adapt-climate-change-uncertainties	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323588053.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20211027022823-20211027052823-00701.warc.gz	en	0.93458	1,397	3.0625	3
We all know people who seem to have the magic touch when it comes to relating to others. They have a way of calming a tense situation and putting people at ease. They instantaneously connect with strangers on the bus or while waiting in line. Neighbors gather around them at the block party. Waiters squat down by their table to carry on animated conversations that have nothing to do with the menu. What makes people like and trust them so immediately? Are there specific behaviors common to exceptionally gifted therapists that we can study, practice, and cultivate? Luckily, the answer is yes. Microbehaviors occur within fractions of a second, most of them not conscious to the sender or receiver, and some greatly contribute to inspiring feelings of safety, connection, and comfort. Let’s take a look at the subtle ways these emotional messages are transmitted. Prosody consists of the timing, phrasing, emphasis, and intonation of words in a conversation, which all help convey aspects of emotional meaning and make our speech lively, convincing, and engaging. It’s conveyed by raising and lowering the pitch of voice, speeding up or slowing down the rhythm of our sentences, and varying the loudness of our words. Even the frequency of breathing within speech can convey a sense of urgency or calmness. The effective use of prosody creates a sense that you’re really following and getting what a person is saying. It’s also a feature of storytelling that keeps listeners interested and curious, holding their attention, and thereby organizing and calming their nervous system. So how do you produce prosody when you speak? The most elemental model comes from the sounds a parent makes when talking to a four- or five-month-old baby. For example, imagine a father chatting with his baby while dressing her on the changing table. The “dialogue” goes something like this: Father: (pulling the arm out of the baby’s pajama shirt) Where’s Bella’s arm? Ooooh, there it is! What a big girl you are. You’re getting so biiigggg. Baby Bella: Ba! Father: (in a high-pitched, excited tone) That’s right! Big! Who’s a big girl? Bella: (making a gurgling, babbling noise with her lips): Brrrrrrrrrrrr. Father: (putting the shirt over Bella’s head, speaking with increasing volume and inflection in his voice) Where’d you go? Where’d you go, Bella? (Pulls shirt to discover baby’s eyes.) Boo! Bella: (looking momentarily startled, then smiling wide, wiggling her whole body, and squealing as she giggles) Father: You’re so silly. You’re so silly. I got your tummy. (Leans down to blow raspberries on baby’s belly.) I got your belly! Bella: (Kicks legs and lets out another, louder squeal.) Father: You’re so funny, aren’t ya, little girl? This parent–infant dialogue is the essential foundation for prosody in human beings. Humans use that voice instinctively while tending to babies because babies are biologically programmed to hear higher-pitched tones, which lilt up and down like the chirping of a flock of lively birds on a spring morning. They capture the baby’s attention and make her calmer, more organized, and more amenable to the parents’ suggestions and handling. Most successful therapists, regardless of theoretical orientation, make good use of their prosodic voice as an essential component of conveying empathy. But the true masters of prosody really stand out when you watch them in action. Daniel Hughes, developer of Dyadic Developmental Psychotherapy, is one such person. His captivating use of that sing-songy voice while matching his client’s rhythm is like witnessing the unfolding of a concert of flow and meaning-making. In a conversation on video that I’ve watched many times, Hughes is sitting face to face, in close proximity to a mother who’s experiencing almost categorical rejection from her 12-year-old adopted daughter. Out of her underlying feelings of hopelessness and hurt, the mother has been hostile toward Hughes previously in the session. After a long back and forth of struggling to uncover the true pain the mother is so fearful of confronting, she finally begins to trust Hughes’s intentions and begins to reveal her deep suffering. Adoptive mother: (leaning forward, face contorted in pain, gasping in short breaths and heaving as she speaks) I let this child into my heart. Hughes: (in a pained, high-pitched yet encouraging whisper and gasp) Yeah. Mother: I offered her everything a child could want! A loving home, a mother who’s interested in her, who wants to know what she feels, what her day was like! Hughes: (sitting forward, matching her expression of pain) Yeah. Mother: I want to help her—with anything! Anything at all! But she won’t let me! I would’ve given anything for my mom to want me like that! Hughes: (Takes a deep breath, speaks with urgency, matching mother’s cadence.) Of course you would! (Repeats more softly.) Of course you would. You brought her in. You cared for her. You thought of everything you could to make her feel comfortable, to make her feel safe, to make her feel wanted. (Pauses, sighs, speaks in a quieter, slower voice.) You’re saying, Hey, I’m your mom. Mother: (Pauses her crying, looks intently at him, sighs more deeply.) Yeah. When I close my eyes and listen to this segment without the video, I can almost imagine Hughes holding the mother, rocking her back and forth as she’s experiencing her excruciating sense of rejection. His pitch, rhythm, and cadence conveys both empathy and comfort, and makes the mother calmer and more receptive to letting him in. It seems almost magical. A second aspect of communication in the social engagement system is the use of facial expressions to elicit trust. Porges hypothesizes that there’s a “a face–heart connection” in the body, wherein the movements of the facial muscles regulate or change a person’s heart rate, serving to create either relaxation and openness or defensiveness. The facial expressions that evoke positive social states include having a genuine smile, a focused, curious look in your eyes, and a wide, smooth (unfurrowed) brow and forehead. What do these facial states look like? Have a friend take a photo of your face while you conjure up different images of feeling states, such as your baby smiling at you, a reunion with a cherished friend, a moment when you received distressing news, or when you felt confused by some information that didn’t make sense to you. Then take a close look at your faces in these states and let yourself imagine which expressions you might use to create feelings of trust, and which might interfere with connecting with a client. Eye Contact and Touch As listeners, we tend to look in a sustained way at a speaker to show our interest and attention. But beyond that, what in your eyes lets people know you’re really listening? What produces bright eyes, rather than a dull look? One answer can be found in the difference between the meaning of the two words looking and gazing. Looking simply refers to the act of directing your eyes in a particular direction, whereas gazing refers to the act of looking at something in a steady way, usually for a longer time, and possibly with less blinking. The difference is difficult to explain but easy to distinguish if you’re the object of a listener’s gaze. Finally, the therapeutic use of touch is a powerful signaler of safety when applied in an attuned way. Touch is usually prohibited between therapists and adult clients, but there’s a strong argument to be made for incorporating calming or reassuring touch when warranted. Done with permission and awareness of the client’s physiologic responses, a therapist can offer to gently press a client’s hand or place a hand on the client’s shoulder. Even approximating warm touch when direct contact isn’t appropriate can be effective. For example, preparing a warm mug of tea for clients to grasp on a cold day, having plush throw blankets of various textures available for them to hold or drape around their shoulders, or having various weighted pillows for them to clutch can provide tremendous comfort to calm and contain feelings of vulnerability. I also try to establish the practice of shaking my clients’ hands before they leave. I do this with intention, trying to avoid the “let’s close this meeting” effect, but grasping with both hands and looking warmly in the eyes to solidify a sense of “let’s have this one last moment of connection to solidify the gains that we made.” It also signifies I’ll hold you in my mind until the next time we meet. I don’t do this with every client and not at every session, but I often try it if I sense that a consolidating touch will help the client walk out the door feeling more grounded. The discovery of how we can best use the prosody of voice, eye contact, and gentle touch to affect social communication is a significant advancement in the field of psychotherapy and brain science. We’ve now moved past the point where we rely only on intuition to elicit trust and openness. And the good news is that when we lose the connection with our client, we can tap into the deep power of the social engagement system to find it again. Dafna Lender, LCSW, is a certified trainer and supervisor in both Dyadic Developmental Psychotherapy (DDP) and Theraplay. She’s the program director of The Theraplay Institute in Evanston, IL, and provides Theraplay and DDP trainings and supervision in three languages. This blog is excerpted from "Tuning into Attunement," by Dafna Lender. The full version is available in the January/February 2018 issue, Not Your Grandfather's Therapy: Meeting the Needs of Today's Clients. Photo © iStock Tags: anxiety relief \| attachment \| attachment parenting \| body \| body language \| body psychotherapy \| clinical creativity \| connection \| connectivity \| creative \| creative counseling \| creative counseling techniques \| creative therapy \| creativity \| creativity in counseling \| eye contact \| micro \| rapport \| talking \| therapeutic alliance \| trust	<urn:uuid:bbc703b6-8e99-4946-b512-6cff8aee433f>	CC-MAIN-2020-10	https://www.psychotherapynetworker.org/blog/details/1392/got-the-magic-touch	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875145316.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20200220224059-20200221014059-00124.warc.gz	en	0.93341	2,269	2.796875	3
First trial to explore treating soft tissue tumors in dogs The Focused Ultrasound Foundation has launched a veterinary program to study focused ultrasound therapies for the treatment of animals. The initiative enables veterinary researchers to test state-of-the-art therapies in their patients, while collecting data necessary to accelerate the adoption of the technology for human applications. “Veterinary medicine can lag behind human medicine, leaving veterinarians frustrated with the lack of options for their patients,” says Foundation Veterinary Program Director Kelsie Timbie, PhD. “Our goal with this program is to create a win-win scenario for all involved. Veterinarians will have new, innovative therapies to offer clients, and insights gained in dogs and cats will help inform clinical trial design in humans.” The goal of this research program is to offer a variety of benefits over traditional therapies in animals, including faster recovery times, a reduced risk of infection, and no aggravating stitches to chew. Focused ultrasound is an effective way to treat inaccessible areas, as well as incompletely treated or recurrent tumors. Tumors can be treated in a single session, whereas radiation treatments require multiple visits and substantial time away from home. The first study in this program will take place in early 2018 at the Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine (VMCVM) at Virginia Tech in Blacksburg, Va., and will use focused ultrasound to treat naturally occurring soft tissue tumors, such as sarcomas and mast cell tumors, in dogs. “We hope to use focused ultrasound to non-invasively destroy tumors and to disrupt tumor cell membranes and stimulate a dog’s own immune system to fight the cancer,” said Jeffrey Ruth, DVM, who will lead the VMCVM study. “Because many types of tumors that affect people also occur naturally in dogs, focused ultrasound could not only augment the traditional approach to cancer in dogs but also advance our understanding of human cancer.” “Traditionally, animals have served as models in comparative studies before innovative therapies can be explored in human trials,” said Foundation chairman Neal F. Kassell, MD. “This trial allows us to apply the experience obtained using focused ultrasound in humans to treating dogs.” Future veterinary studies are being planned to use focused ultrasound for other types of cancer, wound healing, non-invasive spaying, and denervation for pain from hip dysplasia. Focused ultrasound can also be used in combination with chemo- and immunotherapies to target and/or enhance those treatments. Pet owners who are interested in learning more about the study at the Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine should contact: Mindy Quigley – Clinical Trials Coordinator, VMCVM The Focused Ultrasound Foundation is actively seeking to promote interest in focused ultrasound within the veterinary community. Researchers and veterinarians should contact the Foundation’s director of the veterinary program, Kelsie Timbie, PhD, at firstname.lastname@example.org or visit the Veterinary Program page at http://bit.ly/2hoNidg.	<urn:uuid:e648f6c8-738a-4f2b-b76f-df2e7175645a>	CC-MAIN-2023-14	https://www.cvilletomorrow.org/focused-ultrasound-foundation-launches-veterinary/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296950247.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20230401191131-20230401221131-00662.warc.gz	en	0.929662	659	2.546875	3
How to Add Comments in HTML Comments are annotations in the source code of a program that are ignored by the interpreter. As a result, they have no effect on how the code runs or the output it produces. But, they can be used to explain what your code is doing to any humans that attempt to read it. Therefore, they can be incredibly useful to both others and your future self when trying to make sense of your past code. In HTML, comments begin with <!-- and end with --> tags. Notice that there is an exclamation tag in the opening tag, but not in the closing tag. Here's what they look like: <!-- Comments go in here. --> Anything within those tags will not be displayed by the browser. They can also be used to comment out sections of code: <!-- Do not display the paragraph element <p>A paragraph element.</p> --> Hopefully, this was helpful with your coding journey!	<urn:uuid:7fa2c2cd-6779-4a8d-a507-39dfa7e32e4b>	CC-MAIN-2022-40	https://coderrocketfuel.com/article/how-to-add-comments-in-html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335304.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20220929034214-20220929064214-00229.warc.gz	en	0.918751	200	3.4375	3
Paper version: In stock and available from the USGS Store The National Field Manual for the Collection of Water-Quality Data (National Field Manual) provides guidelines and standard procedures for U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) personnel who collect data used to assess the quality of the Nation's surface-water and ground-water resources. This chapter addresses field-trip preparations, including selection of sample-collection sites for studies of surface-water quality, site reconnaissance and well selection for studies of groundwater quality, and the establishment of electronic files and field files and folders for a sampling site. Each chapter of the National Field Manual is published separately and revised periodically. Newly published and revised chapters are posted on the World Wide Web on the USGS page 'National Field Manual for the Collection of Water-Quality Data.' The URL for this page is http://pubs.water.usgs.gov/twri9A/ (accessed Jan. 31, 2005).	<urn:uuid:d14766f7-796b-49de-8f27-507f59be0177>	CC-MAIN-2015-11	http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/twri09A1	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936461332.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074101-00197-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.837064	195	3.1875	3
Since we were little, we are reminded to never judge a book by its cover, but we often struggle with this when it comes to sports. We view specific body types and associate them with a certain level of physical fitness or ability. We believe that having big muscles means you’re super strong or having long legs means you are extremely fast. We may think of those with physical disabilities are unable to do certain things, but 19-year-old blind triathlete Ashley Eisenmenger is proving that notion completely wrong. Einsenmenger, who’s been visually impaired all her life, started running during her freshman year of high school and has continued the sport for a little over 5 years. She felt like she was stuck while transitioning into high school and was looking for something to help make forward progress. She found that running was something she could do and literally gain ground as she went. In the past year, she started participating in triathlons. “I was very successful in my first season and plan to get faster and stronger this season,” said Eisenmenger. She will be racing her first Ironman 70.3 and also competing at Paratriathlon Nationals later this season. Eisenmenger doesn’t have enough vision to race successfully or safely on her own, therefore she trains and races with a sighted guide. They swim and run tethered together and complete the bike portion of the race on a tandem bike. “My vision loss definitely keeps things interesting and can make training and racing a challenge, “ said Eisenmenger. “But, I’m not one to let it prevent me from setting and reaching my goals.” Einsenmenger uses a Forerunner 910XT to collect all of her data. This watch records swim distance, efficiency, stroke type, stroke count, tracks time, distance pace, and can wirelessly transfer data to Garmin Connect for analysis and sharing. “The amount of data this watch gives makes it a fantastic training tool,” said Eisenmenger. She likes how it can sync up with other apps so that her coach can keep a handle on her progress and make adjustments as needed. Ashley Eisenmenger wants people to realize that they should “never assume what someone is capable of based on how they look, everybody has a story and when we step back and listen to those stories we learn so much about what it means to redefine ability.” It’s a lesson that we all need to be reminded of from time to time. Ashley is a proud to compete as a member of the Dare2Tri Paratriathlon Club 2016 Development Team. Dare2Tri Paratriathlon Club serves youth, adults, and injured service members of all ability levels from beginner to elite who have a physical disability or visual impairment in the sport of paratriathlon.	<urn:uuid:0953a794-a2ac-44bc-9ac9-64295def3964>	CC-MAIN-2018-39	http://garmin.blogs.com/my_weblog/2016/03/blind-triathlete-urging-others-to-look-past-appearance.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267160142.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20180924031344-20180924051744-00530.warc.gz	en	0.976379	589	2.53125	3
When headed off to Sri Lanka, depending on where you go, it can either be easy to communicate or hard to understand how much your daily purchases might be. Though many tourist areas will be privy to the English language, it may still come in handy to learn a few phrases or words in case of trouble or at the very least, to lend a respectful tone. The language to know is Sinhala and these phrases or words will help. There is no better word to know in any language than a simple Hello. It can grab someone’s attention or just be a simple way to greet a shop owner or hotel concierge. Knowing this phrase will be a great introduction into any of the following phrases. The next phrase in showing manners and respect is “Thank you very much.” This can be a great ending to an interaction that will allow for future pleasantries with locals. It is always nice to say thank you in the home language of those around you. The only proper way to get what you are asking for is to add a please to the end. You may need to add it to get help or just to be nice when asking for more coffee. This will be a perfect phrase to learn for manners. You may need to use this for the speaker to slow down or speak more clearly or to say that you don’t understand the words they are saying. If you are visiting in a heavily tourist area, it will be easier to find someone that speaks English, but it is never good to assume. It is always polite to ask if they speak English. If the person doesn’t, it will be easier for them to point you to someone who does, if you first ask this. This is not only a great way to find out the price, but it may also be the perfect way to start out negotiating. In many countries, tourists will often pay higher prices than the locals but can sometimes negotiate a better price if they are able to speak the same language or take a local with them. When you’re in a new city, sometimes it is easy to get turned around and lose your way. Especially if the signs are confusing or you’ve wandered farther from the city centre. If you can say “hotel,” someone may recognize that you are lost and get you back to where you are staying. Just like hotel, knowing the word food can at least hint to others what you are looking for, even if you can’t make a complete Sinhala sentence. This may allow locals to point you in the direction of a restaurant or tell you where to find a quick bite. Not only can others point you in the direction of a bank, it may be helpful to know the building when you arrive. If you see this phrase on the building you will know just where to get money for more of your adventures. The same situation could happen with the word restaurant, whether you are looking for a bite or asking for directions. There may be some other phrases that you would like to know or have on hand. Learning a new language is tough, and if you are short on time, it can seem overwhelming trying to understand an entire language in just a few days. Instead of focusing on the entire language, pick and choose a few key phrases that will help you in most situations and pick up additional phrases as you travel. There is no better practice with language than trying to converse with people who speak it fluently. With our language guide above and one of our travel insurance policies, you’ll arrive in Sri Lanka prepared for your holiday.	<urn:uuid:dce1a04d-2f5c-476f-8785-1e3c4d27ff53>	CC-MAIN-2019-13	https://www.covermore.com.au/blog/asia/10-words-to-know-in-sri-lanka	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912203529.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20190324230359-20190325012359-00041.warc.gz	en	0.957395	745	2.671875	3
During the summer of 1913, in a field just south of Cairo on the eastern bank of the Nile, a US engineer called Frank Shuman stood before a gathering of Egypt’s colonial elite, including the British consul-general Lord Kitchener, and switched on his new invention. Gallons of water soon spilled from a pump, saturating the soil by his feet. Behind him stood row upon row of curved mirrors held aloft on metal cradles, each directed toward the fierce sun overhead. As the sun’s rays hit the mirrors, they were reflected toward a thin glass pipe containing water. The now super-heated water turned to steam, resulting in enough pressure to drive the pumps used to irrigate the surrounding fields where Egypt’s lucrative cotton crop was grown. It was an invention, claimed Shuman, which could help Egypt become far less reliant on the coal being imported at great expense from Britain’s mines. “The human race must finally utilize direct sun power or revert to barbarism,” wrote Shuman in a letter to Scientific American magazine the following year. However, the outbreak of the World War I just a few months later abruptly ended his dream and his solar troughs were soon broken up for scrap, with the metal being used for the war effort. Barbarism, it seemed, had prevailed. Almost a century later, a convoy of air-conditioned coaches last month swept through the affluent suburb of Maadi — where Shuman had demonstrated his fledgling solar panels — continuing south for 90km toward Kuraymat, an area of flat, uninhabited desert near the city of Beni Suef. The high-level international delegation of chief executives, politicians, financiers and scientists has come to visit a brand new “hybrid” power station that uses both natural gas and solar panels to generate electricity. Before the coaches reach the facility’s security gates, its 6,000 parabolic troughs — each 6m tall with a combined surface area of 130,000m2 — are already visible from the perimeter road. Even though the panels account for just one-seventh of the power plant’s 150MW generating capacity, the Egyptian government, which has been pushing to develop the site since 1997, hopes to prove to the delegation that it is the desert sun — not fossil fuels, such as gas, coal and oil — that should be used not only to generate far more of the electricity across the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), but, crucially, for neighboring Europe, too. Gerhard Knies, a German particle physicist, was the first person to estimate how much solar energy was required to meet humanity’s demand for electricity. In 1986, in direct response to the Chernobyl nuclear accident, he scribbled down some figures and arrived at the following remarkable conclusion: in just six hours, the world’s deserts receive more energy from the sun than humans consume in a year. If even a tiny fraction of this energy could be harnessed — an area of Sahara the size of Wales could, in theory, power the whole of Europe — Knies believed we could move beyond dirty and dangerous fuels forever. Echoing Schuman’s own frustrations, Knies later asked whether “we are really, as a species, so stupid” not to make better use of this resource. Over the next two decades, he worked — often alone — to drive this idea into public consciousness. The culmination of his efforts is “DESERTEC,” a largely German-led initiative that aims to provide 15 percent of Europe’s electricity by 2050 through a vast network of solar and wind farms stretching right across the MENA region and connecting to continental Europe via special high voltage, direct current transmission cables, which lose only around 3 percent of the electricity they carry per 1,000km. The tentative total cost of building the project has been estimated at 400 billion euros (US$521 billion).	<urn:uuid:0c94a10d-f5b5-4d9a-8922-911ca19a197e>	CC-MAIN-2013-48	http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/editorials/archives/2011/12/16/2003520844	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163050081/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204131730-00098-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.961986	821	3.4375	3
Complications can also arise from inhibitors in the body. Factor VIII and factor IX inhibitors are circulating antibodies that actively destroy factor VIII or factor IX. These inhibitors are currently measured in Bethesda units (BU). One BU inhibitor is defined as the amount of inhibitor needed to neutralize half the factor VIII or factor IX in 2 hours in an equal mix of patient and normal plasma. The most widely used incidence rate of inhibitors among patients with severe factor VIII deficiency is 10% to 30%. What might indicate the presence of an inhibitor? Use of higher or more frequent factor replacement doses Failure to respond to infused factor replacement Bleeding while on prophylaxis Routine screening for the presence of inhibitors is usually performed During the first months of factor use During comprehensive hemophilia evaluations, once or twice a year Prior to surgery	<urn:uuid:9a2472e0-a719-43e2-b84a-b81d6e8cefc8>	CC-MAIN-2014-52	http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/hemophilia/course/page1787.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802767301.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075247-00171-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.895355	170	2.890625	3
Children love to play in and around water, but no matter where you find it – in a bucket, bowl, toilet, tub, sink, puddle, or pool – water can be dangerous. And although you've probably heard this more than once, it's worth repeating: A young child can drown in an inch of water. To help protect your child from accidental drowning, make sure her outdoor play area doesn't have even a small source of water. If your child is playing near water (like at a park with an area for water play), keep your eyes on her. And at a pool or the beach, it's fine to let her splash and play to her heart's content – as long as you supervise and stay close. Always remain within arm's reach of any child who can't swim well. What about water safety in the bathtub? The most important thing to remember is to never leave your young child unattended in a bathtub, even for a minute. If the phone rings and you must answer it, wrap your child in a towel and take her with you. Other ways to help keep your child safe: - Cover the bottom of the tub with a rubber suction mat to prevent slipping, and fill the tub with only 3 to 4 inches of warm water. If your baby can't sit up securely on her own, support her back so she stays upright. - For kids who can sit up, a bath ring may provide you with an extra "hand." But don't let it give you a false sense of security: Babies can tip over or get trapped under them, so it's no substitute for keeping your eye – and a hand – on your baby at all times. - Keep the toilet lid down and the bathroom door closed, or get a lid lock for the toilet. Read our article on bathtub safety for more tips. How can I keep my child safe in the pool or at a lake? You may want to wait until your baby can hold up her head on her own (usually by 4 or 5 months) before taking her swimming in a pool or lake. When your child is old enough to go into the water with you, follow these steps for staying safe: - Be prepared and take an infant/child CPR course. - Any time you're near water, have your child wear a personal flotation device (PFD) that fits properly and is approved by the U.S Coast Guard. Don’t rely on inflatable toys (like water wings) to keep your child safe in the water. - Don't dunk a baby underwater. Although infants may naturally hold their breath, they're just as likely to swallow water. That's why babies are more susceptible to the bacteria and viruses in pool water and lakes that can cause gastroenteritis and diarrhea. - Before you decide to swim at a public pool or lake, make sure it has lifeguards on duty, is equipped with rescue equipment in good condition, and has a readily accessible phone for emergencies. Take your cell phone along with you too. - If you're swimming in your home pool, bring your phone outside so you won't be tempted to run into the house to answer a call. - At home, remove toys from the water and deck of your pool so they don't entice your child to play in or around the pool when you're not looking. - If you have a permanent pool, make sure it's completely enclosed with a fence that's at least 4 feet high. It should also have a self-closing, self-latching gate that opens away from pool. Always lock the gate after each use, and make sure there's nothing your child can climb on to get over the pool's fence. - For home pools and spas, make sure the drain has an anti-entrapment cover or other drain safety system, such as an automatic pump shut off. Pool drains have been named one of the top five hidden home hazards by the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission. The suction from a pool drain can be strong enough to hold even an adult underwater, pulling on the hair or on the body and forming a seal. Missing or faulty covers often cause the problem, and an upgrade may save a life. - Drain inflatable or plastic wading pools after each use, and store in an upright position. Should my child take swimming lessons? According to the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), a couple of small studies have found that swimming lessons for children ages 1 to 4 may lower the risk of drowning. But swimming lessons aren't a reliable way to protect your child (and they aren't recommended for children younger than 1). There's simply no substitute for adult supervision when it comes to pool safety. And some kids may not be developmentally ready for swim lessons until they are at least 4 years old. Whether swimming lessons are right for your child depends on how often she's around water and her physical abilities. If you decide to enroll your child in a swimming class, find a program that follows the national YMCA guidelines for swim instruction. Among other things, these guidelines advise instructors not to submerge young children and encourage parents to participate in lessons. And as soon as you start bringing your child to the pool or lake, begin teaching simple water safety rules including: - Don't go near water without an adult, and use the buddy system in the water. - Never dunk another child. - Don't run on the pool deck or boat dock. - Always jump in feet first. Even children who aren't talking yet are able to understand a lot more than they can say. Teaching water safety early makes sure your child is familiar with the basics of water safety as she gets older and learns to swim. What should I do if my child slips under the water? Whenever your child is in the water, it's extremely important not to leave her unattended, even for a second. If she slips under for a moment during a bath or while playing in the pool, she'll probably come up coughing and sputtering. But if she's been underwater for longer than that, you'll need to move calmly and quickly. Follow these steps: - Lift your child out of the water. - Gently tap or shake your child to see if she responds. If she's unresponsive, isn't breathing, or if she has no pulse, immediately start infant/child CPR. - If someone is nearby, shout for help and tell them to call 911. If you're alone with your child, perform CPR for two minutes and then pause to call 911. - Keep doing CPR until your child begins breathing on her own again or until emergency personnel arrive. - If your child has come close to drowning, immediately take her to the emergency room for a complete medical evaluation. Even if she appears fine, she may have inhaled water and stopped breathing, which could cause lung or nervous system damage.	<urn:uuid:52cf7de7-b0a9-401c-afd1-a1827af39a72>	CC-MAIN-2015-35	http://www.babycenter.com/0_water-safety_424.bc?page=2	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440645258858.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827031418-00177-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.963182	1,439	3.203125	3
Make your final days of exam preparation more effective with these do’s and don’ts Exam Preparation \| 01-Mar-2017 The way of presenting your answer to the point depends on how you perfectly you practised and revised all chapters without ignoring one. Hope these do's and don'ts can bring the best out of you during your final days of exam preparation. - Do plan your study timetable and try to stick to it. Make a reward plan as well like if I’ll finish these portions of the timetable I can watch the match. Such activities of self-rewarding ideas will motivate yourself in achieving your tasks. - Do study in a place which resembles the exact environment of an exam hall. If your study place is calm and quiet, chances are more for recollecting and presenting it well in an exam situation. - Do practice as many mock exams with previous years question papers as you can under exam-like conditions. Compare your answers with model answers or with your friends’ answers. - Do sleep and eat well, as physical and mental fitness play a vital role during exam times. - Do take a 10-minute break every 50 minutes while studying; it'll help you refresh and concentrate more. Studies show that the average human being can only concentrate for 50 minutes. After that, one’s ability to learn and concentrate declines. - Do memorise key definitions, elements of the law, Chemistry equations and formulae in Mathematics. - Do engage yourselves with new methods of study like making flashcards, creating flowcharts and memory graphs, mind maps, mnemonic devices. Follow alternative mode of studying for subjects that need memorising too many information and formulae. - Finally, do try to recollect what you have studied just a while before you go to bed. You will find that you can remember every single word very strongly the next morning. - Don't wait for the eleventh-hour preparation. Staying up all night the day before examinations will cause more damage than help you. It's quality of preparation and not the quantity that’s going to help you in the exam. - Don't talk to your friends who say they are not prepared for the exam. We all know he/she is a topper swot and going to do well. Their motive behind telling about their preparedness is to just panic you! - Don't panic! If you have done the preparation you will be fine. Try to relax and your exam will go smooth. - Don’t study in bed as it is one of the worst places to study. The human brain is all set to sleep in the bedroom. Studying in a bed can make it more difficult for you to concentrate. You may find yourself restless with your concentration scattered. - Don’t waste your time in activities like talking to friends, aimless surfing on TV/computers, computer gaming, negative thoughts etc. - Don’t revise the entire chapter a day before exams; just revise the main points. - Don’t compare your study routine with your friends. Everyone is unique and what works for them may not work for you. Everyone’s learning style is different from each other. - Don’t study till last-minute. It is better to avoid this habit as mugging up without understanding the concepts will ruin your presentation in the exam. Cover important portions on time without neglecting them. Have a perfect exam preparation with these tips. Help your friends in their exam preparation by sharing these do's and dont's. Leave a Comment	<urn:uuid:91939216-4db8-446b-94d4-100e9925813c>	CC-MAIN-2017-39	https://www.deekshalearning.com/blog/tips-for-final-days-of-exam-preparation	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818687324.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20170920142244-20170920162244-00428.warc.gz	en	0.934265	749	2.515625	3
On September 11th of 2013, a meteor struck the moon’s surface and created the brightest lunar explosion ever recorded. Researchers have just released the video; Below is a looping video of the impact as captured by the two telescopes used in the Moon Impacts Detection and Analysis System (MIDAS) in Spain. The impact created a flash nearly as bright as the north star as seen from Earth, briefly disorienting lost hikers everywhere. (Universidad de Huelva) Jose Madiedo of La Universidad de Huelva first observed la collisión and says the meteor created a 131 foot wide crater and was traveling at 37,900 mph upon impact. Madiedo and his colleagues estimate that the space rock was just under 900 pounds and anywhere from 2 to 4.5 feet in diameter. The blast released energy equivalent to touching off 15 tons of TNT, making it 3x more powerful than the March 17th, 2013 impact. Now to what we’re all thinking – what if it was us? Fortunately, even if this chunk of rock had a course set for Earth instead of the moon, our thick atmosphere would have kept us safe. The biggest threat from this scenario would likely be missing the sweet fireball meteors in the sky that it would create. However, since a bulkier meteor could muscle its way through our atmosphere, NASA does have some interesting concepts for asteroid defense of Earth itself including using a nuclear bomb to blow it up and wrangling one into the moon’s orbit where it can sit quietly and think about what it tried to do. Do you have planet Earth’s next brilliant concept for asteroid defense? Tell us below!	<urn:uuid:dbb47e18-b968-41ea-bfed-458b3529e6e8>	CC-MAIN-2015-18	http://nerdist.com/moon-gets-pegged-with-a-meteor-creates-brightest-lunar-impact-ever-observed/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246645538.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045725-00205-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.960547	345	4.0625	4
The Leonid meteor shower of 2010 is peaking this week, and the best time to see the sky show is now. The annual Leonids should be at their best through Nov. 18, according to skywatching experts. Avid meteor gazers graced with clear skies may see between 15 and 20 meteors per hour. "From the time of moonset until around 5:15 a.m. — when the first streaks of dawn begin to appear in the east — the sky will be dark and moonless," advises Joe Rao, SPACE.com skywatching columnist. "That interval will provide you with your best opportunity to see any Leonid meteors." [Gallery: Spectacular Leonid Meteor Shower Photos] Another tip: Make sure to stay warm and get comfortable. "If you have a lawn chair that reclines, use it during your search for Leonid meteors since it will help keep your neck from getting stiff as well as make it easier to look at the night sky," Rao said. The Leonid meteor shower is an annual event that returns every mid-November. The shower is caused by material left behind the comet Tempel-Tuttle when it passes near Earth's orbit during its regular trip through the solar system. [Top 10 Leonid Meteor Shower Facts] When the Earth passes through these knots of comet material, the gas and dust flares up in the atmosphere, creating spectacular meteors. Every 33 years, the Earth encounters a dense knot of material — most recently in 2002 — to create dazzling displays of shooting stars. During those showers, it can be possible to see hundreds or thousands of meteors per hour. That isn't the case this year because the Earth is passing through a less dense area of Comet Tempel-Tuttle's trail, Rao said. Still, the Leonids retain a reputation for offering impressive meteor displays. But with fewer meteors expected this year, you may want to travel a bit to find the best spot. Meteor-gazing from a rooftop in suburbia doesn't always offer the best view. "For your best view, get away from city lights. Look for state or city parks or other safe, dark sites," advise the editors of StarDate magazine at the McDonald Observatory in Texas. "Lie on a blanket or reclining chair to get a full-sky view. If you can see all of the stars in the Little Dipper, you have good dark-adapted vision." This article was reprinted with permission from SPACE.com Related on Space.com:	<urn:uuid:71fa41e5-4522-4848-a7dc-a568891e08ef>	CC-MAIN-2015-48	http://www.mnn.com/earth-matters/space/stories/leonid-meteor-shower-2010-best-time-to-see-it-is-now	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398461390.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205421-00086-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.923631	528	2.53125	3
Pulmonary infiltrate is the generic term for any blockage to an air space in a lung caused by the build-up of a substance that is foreign to the lung, according to the UBM Medica network. These substances include fluid, red, white or malignant blood cells, protein, pus and immunological substances, notes the Chinese University of Hong Kong.Continue Reading The term "pulmonary infiltrate" evolved as a term for radiologists to use to describe any sort of blockage in the air space of a lung that is visible on a radiology scan, says the UBM Medica network. Causes of such blockages can include any substance foreign to the lung that accumulates gradually and eventually fills an air space. Other causes include any naturally-occurring substance in the lung that accumulates in a quantity greater than the normal amount. Pulmonary infiltrates lead to increased soft tissue density of the lung that is easily observable on a scan. Pulmonary infiltrates are associated with conditions such as chronic pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome and atelectasis, the collapse of air spaces in the lung, states The Chinese University of Hong Kong. A persistent pulmonary infiltrate occurs as the result of an offending foreign substance lingering in the parenchyma of the lung for an extended period of time, according to BMJ. In certain cases, the conditions caused or exacerbated by pulmonary infiltrates are non-resolving.Learn more about Conditions & Diseases	<urn:uuid:2203470a-a02d-4c05-9da0-360562ddcd70>	CC-MAIN-2018-09	https://www.reference.com/health/pulmonary-infiltrate-cf74a95aadbfd518	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891814872.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20180223233832-20180224013832-00475.warc.gz	en	0.923009	296	3.328125	3
At least in terms of dollar investments Glaciers in western China have receded by nearly 3,000 square miles, state-run news agency Xinhua reported on Wednesday, in a startling acknowledgement of climate change striking closer to home. Xinhua reports that glaciers in western China have receded by 15% over the past 30 years, according to a climate change study by the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Researchers said they had observed fissures in ice sheets covering Mt. Everest and warned that if the glaciers continued to melt at their current rate, it could severely reduce water flows to Asia’s major riverbeds. The report comes amid a diplomatic thaw between China and the U.S. regarding climate change negotiations, which have periodically been a source of friction between the world’s two largest carbon emitters. China has bridled at international commitments to cut total levels of emissions, preferring to peg emissions targets to economic growth. But last month the two countries pledged to discuss steeper cuts in emissions. It may be just talk, but with cities shrouded in thick blankets of smog, food contaminated with heavy metals, and the occasional mass grave of pigs turning up in waterways, China’s policymakers face mounting public pressure to tackle the nation’s soot-stained image. And appearances can be deceiving. Beneath the pollution scandals, China has raced ahead of the rest of the world in renewable energies with a whopping $54 billion investment in 2013. It is not only the world’s biggest carbon emitter, it is also the world’s biggest supplier of wind, solar and other clean energy technologies. Green on the outside, sooty on the inside, China is uniquely positioned to not only profit from the renewable energy policies in the rest of the world, but test run a few policies at home as well.	<urn:uuid:25da6f71-146b-4e4a-a1d4-7889a2fd6aea>	CC-MAIN-2016-30	http://time.com/107541/this-is-how-far-ahead-china-is-of-the-u-s-on-green-energy/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469258950570.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723072910-00015-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.94528	381	3.015625	3
Through the ice-bound harbor, 1913 Click on the image to zoom. Click and drag your mouse over the image to move it left or right. Use the small navigation window to select the area you wish to zoom on. The powerful steamboat Monhegan is making its way through the ice as it approached the Jameson & Wotton Wharf in the dead of winter. Steamboats provided a vital connection to Friendship, which is located at the end of an eight-mile long peninsula and had very poor roads connecting it to larger inland communities at that time. Please post your comment below to share with others. If you'd like to privately share a comment or correction with MMN staff, please use this form.	<urn:uuid:fbfc7757-0edc-4cee-8508-3422c8d25310>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.mainememory.net/artifact/80434/zoom	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395613.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00053-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.954363	147	2.5625	3
With the placement of the machinery and forming of the building panels in progress, your next considerations are the placement and the weight-lifting capabilities of the crane. Check the weight-lifting chart of the crane for its maximum weight capacity. This dictates the number of panels you can safely lift at the operating distance. As with all crane operations, attempting to lift more than the rated capacity can cause the crane to turn over. Attaching the spreader bar (fig. 8-16) to the curved formed panels is a critical step; failure to clamp the panel tightly can cause the panels to slip and fail with potential harm to personnel and damage to the panel. With guide ropes attached (fig. 8-17) and personnel manning these ropes, lift the panels for placement. When lifting, lift only as high as necessary, position two men at each free end to guide them in place, and remind crew members to keep their feet from under the ends of the arches. Never attempt lifting any sets of panels in high winds. Place the first set of panels on the attaching angle of the foundation, and position them so there will be room for the end-wall panels. After positioning the first set of panels, clamp them to the angle, plumb with guide ropes, and secure the ropes to previously anchored stakes. Detach the spreader bar and continue to place the panel sets. Seam each set to standing panels before detaching the spreader bar. After about 15 panels (three sets) are in place, measure the building length at both ends (just above forms) and at the center of the arch. This measurement will seldom be exactly 1 foot per panel (usually slightly more), but should be equal for each panel. Adjust the ends to equal the center measure. Panels are flexible enough to adjust slightly. Check these measurements periodically during building construction. Because exact building lengths are difficult to predict, the end wall attaching angle on the finishing end of the building should not be put in place until all of the panels are set. After arches are in place, set the longest end-wall panel in the form, plumb, and clamp it in place. Work from the longest panel outward and be careful to maintain plumb. When all of the building panels are welded to the attaching angle (fig. 8-18) at 12 inches on center, you are ready to place the concrete. When you are placing the concrete, remember it is extremely important that it be well-vibrated. This action may eliminate voids under all embedded items. As the concrete begins to set, slope the top exterior portion of the concrete cap about 5 inches (fig. 8-19) to allow water to drain away from the building. The elevation and type of the interior floor are not relevant as long as the finish of the interior floor is not higher than the top of the concrete cap. The K-span building system is similar to other types of pre-engineered or prefabricated buildings in that windows, doors, and roll-up doors can be installed only when erection is completed. When insulation of the building is required, insulation boards (usually 4 by 8 feet) maybe of any semirigid material that can be bent to match the radius of the building. The insulation is installed using clips, as shown in figure 8-20. When the integrity of the end-wall panels is continuous from ground to roof line, the end walls become self-supporting. The installation of windows (fig. 8-21) and aluminum doors (fig. 8-22) presents no problem because the integrity of the wall system is not interrupted. The installation of the overhead door (fig. 8-23) does present a problem in that it does interrupt the integrity of the wall system. This situation is quickly overcome by the easily installed and adjustable (height and width) doorframe package that supports both the door and end wall. This doorframe package is offered by the manufacturer. Shown in figure 8-24 are the fundamental steps in constructing a K-span from start to finish. There is another type of K-span building, actually referred to as a Super Span by the manufacturer, the ABM 240. Actual construction of the ABM 240 is the same as the ABM 120 (K-span). It can use heavier coil stock and is a larger version. Figure 8-25 is given to show the differences between the two. Keep in mind that the information provided in this section on the K-span building is basic. During the actual construction of this building, you must consult the manufacturer's complete set of manuals.Continue Reading	<urn:uuid:3a908090-0283-487d-bce2-bb5ffacdcec7>	CC-MAIN-2020-10	http://constructionmanuals.tpub.com/14251/css/Building-Erection-219.htm	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875144429.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20200219214816-20200220004816-00520.warc.gz	en	0.941054	949	2.71875	3
There’s good news for those who enjoy outdoor activities. By taking a few simple steps, they can help protect the environment from invasive pests and the damage they can cause. Many are surprised to learn that taking part in pastimes such as gardening, fishing, camping or hiking may actually harm the environment by spreading invasive pests. Invasive species are any animals, insects, plants or diseases not native to an area. Because they don’t have natural predators in place, they can spread unchecked, feeding on and destroying trees, plants and crops. Invasive pests not only wreak havoc on ecosystems, but cost the U.S. economy billions of dollars in losses. The United States Department of Agriculture/Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (USDA/APHIS) has designated 15 invasive species as Hungry Pests. These are the invasive species most threatening to America and primarily spread through human activity. For example, the Asian longhorned beetle has led to the destruction of millions of America’s treasured hardwood trees, including maple. The European grapevine moth attacks mature grapes used to produce wine. The Asian citrus psyllid causes great damage to orange and other citrus groves, while the emerald ash borer has the potential to wipe out ash trees, a shade tree used in many parks and cities. STEPS YOU CAN TAKE There are several important steps you can take to stop the spread of invasive pests: • Outdoor Enthusiasts: Don’t move untreated firewood from one place to another, as invasive pests could be hidden inside. Wash outdoor gear and tires free of dirt and insects or their eggs before leaving fishing, hunting or camping trips. Clean lawn furniture and other outdoor items before moving them to an-other location. • Gardeners: Buy plants, including ones online, from reputable sources. Don’t bring or mail fresh fruits, vegetables or plants into or out of your state unless agricultural inspectors have cleared them be-forehand. • Travelers: Declare all produce, plants and plant-based items to customs officials when returning from any foreign trip. In addition, there are other things you can do to help stop Hungry Pests, such as report any signs of them at www.HungryPests.com. Also, respect any federal or state quarantines and allow agricultural inspectors access to your land, if requested. Learn more about these invasive species and the ways you can help at www.HungryPests.com.	<urn:uuid:a85eab66-94c2-4132-bda5-3f6a3b6a9834>	CC-MAIN-2019-09	http://hometownnewsatlanta.com/you-can-help-stop-invasive-pests/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247496855.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20190220230820-20190221012820-00098.warc.gz	en	0.92267	515	3.5625	4
The controversial proposal in California, Proposition 37, is calling for genetically modified food to be labeled as such in the grocery store. What is GMO, how can it affect you, and why should you care? by Daniel Friedman You are what you eat. But, do you really know what it is that you’re eating? Do you know where that hamburger came from; the bun, the cheese, the tomato? In California, residents are pushing for “Proposition 37” to be made into law this November. The proposition would force producers to label food that contains genetically modified organisms (GMOs) as such on shelves in the supermarket. Agriculture companies that pursue the use of biotechnology, such as Monsanto, have invested millions in lobbying dollars to see that Proposition 37 doesn’t go into effect in the United States. For consumers, being knowledgeable about what exactly a GMO is and what it can mean to your health is half the battle. Then, acquiring the ability to identify companies that use GMOs in their foods, and not buying from them, will help you win the war on for your diet. What is a GMO? At Monsanto, biotechnology, or genetic engineering is utilized “to improve the plant’s ability to protect itself against damage or improve upon its ability to grow and produce.” Any organism that has been genetically altered through biotechnological means is said to be a GMO. These organisms have had their genes altered to create effects such as “disease resistance, increased yields, drought-tolerance and increased insect protection.” Health Effects Debated The controversy surrounding GMOs lies in the debated effects that come with consuming them. Research by Michael Antoniou, Claire Robinson, and John Fagan of Earth Open Source, have shown that “most studies with GM foods indicate they may cause hepatic, pancreatic, renal, and reproductive effects and may alter hematological [blood], biochemical, and immunologic parameters.” Their research also shows that the United States government has been supportive of the use of GMOs locally, and globally. Companies like Monsanto spend millions of dollars a year to downplay or outright refute research done by organizations like Earth Open Source. In the last three years, Monsanto has spent over $20-million on lobbying firms to purport the notion that GMOs are natural and harmless. GMOs in the United States The Non-GMO Project, a non-profit organization, offers “third party verification” of GMO products in North America. They estimate that over 80% of our food contains GMOs. Their “high-risk” crops include; alfalfa, canola, corn, cotton, papaya, soy, sugar beets, zucchini and yellow summer squash. GMOs may be hidden in common processed food ingredients such as: Amino Acids, Aspartame, Ascorbic Acid, Sodium Ascorbate, Vitamin C, Citric Acid, Sodium Citrate, Flavorings (“natural” and “artificial”), High Fructose Corn Syrup, Hydrolyzed Vegetable Protein, Lactic Acid, Maltodextrins, Molasses, Monosodium Glutamate, Sucrose, Textured Vegetable Protein (TVP), Xanthan Gum, Vitamins, Yeast Products. What can you do? The Non-GMO Project has created a verification process where they examine a particular product, restaurant, or retailer and give them a nod of approval or not based on the presence of GMOs. They’ve compiled a list of food producers that do not use GMOs in their products, enabling consumers to make informed decisions about what they eat, where they go to eat, and where they shop for groceries.	<urn:uuid:ee3d3c89-d2fe-4a66-80dd-4420a0502aed>	CC-MAIN-2021-31	http://datelinecuny.com/2012/10/just-say-no-to-gmo/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154500.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20210804013942-20210804043942-00211.warc.gz	en	0.941369	786	3.03125	3
War taxes have been a recurring phenomenon throughout history, serving as a means to finance and support military conflicts. One notable example is the Vietnam Conflict, which spanned from 1955 to 1975. During this period, the United States government faced significant financial challenges in funding its involvement in the war. In response, various policies were implemented to raise revenue through taxation. This article delves into the complexities of financing the Vietnam Conflict through war taxes, exploring their impact on the economy and society at large. One hypothetical case study that captures the essence of war taxes during the Vietnam Conflict involves an average American family living in suburban America. Prior to the escalation of conflict, this family lived comfortably within their means, enjoying stable employment and moderate expenses. However, with increased military spending necessitating additional funds for warfare purposes, they found themselves burdened by escalating tax rates imposed upon them by federal authorities. As a result, they had to make difficult choices such as reducing discretionary spending or seeking additional sources of income just to meet their tax obligations. The plight of this hypothetical family highlights how war taxes impacted everyday citizens’ lives and underscores the need for understanding the intricacies behind financing wars through taxation systems. Background on the Vietnam Conflict One of the most significant events in American history, the Vietnam Conflict, lasted from 1955 to 1975. This protracted war between North and South Vietnam drew widespread attention due to its complex political dynamics and devastating consequences. To understand the impact of war taxes on financing this conflict, it is essential to examine the background of the Vietnam Conflict. The origins of the war can be traced back to Cold War geopolitics, as well as deep-rooted ideological differences between communism and capitalism. After World War II, Vietnam was divided into two separate entities: North Vietnam, led by Ho Chi Minh’s communist regime supported by China and the Soviet Union; and South Vietnam, backed by Western powers such as the United States. The escalating tensions eventually erupted into a full-scale military confrontation. During this period, various factors contributed to public discourse surrounding the war. One example that exemplifies these complexities is the case study of Walter Cronkite—a renowned news anchor who visited Vietnam in 1968. Upon witnessing firsthand the destruction caused by continuous bombings and observing disillusioned American soldiers, he delivered an uncharacteristically critical report on national television. His words had a profound impact on public opinion regarding U.S. involvement in Vietnam. To comprehend how deeply individuals were affected during this era, consider some emotional responses elicited by this tumultuous event: - A sense of loss for fallen soldiers - Anguish over civilian casualties - Frustration with government policies - Empathy towards veterans returning home wounded or traumatized These emotions are magnified when considering real-life stories like those found in The Things They Carried by Tim O’Brien—an acclaimed collection of short stories depicting personal accounts from soldiers serving in Vietnam. Additionally, examining data related to war costs sheds light on the economic toll endured during this period. The following table provides insight into just a few aspects impacted by financial resources allocated towards sustaining military operations: \|Military spending\|\|Over $168 billion (1965-1974)\| \|Infrastructure\|\|Neglected due to diversion\| \|Social welfare\|\|Reduced funding\| \|National debt\|\|Rapid increase\| Understanding the background of the Vietnam Conflict sets the stage for comprehending its economic implications. In light of these historical intricacies, it becomes apparent that an analysis of war taxes and their influence on financing this conflict is crucial. Transitioning into the subsequent section about the “Impact of the Vietnam Conflict on the Economy,” it is evident that examining how war taxes played a role in sustaining this prolonged engagement provides further insight into its far-reaching consequences. Impact of the Vietnam Conflict on the Economy Section H2: Impact of the Vietnam Conflict on the Economy The Vietnam Conflict had far-reaching consequences on the economy, affecting various sectors and leaving a lasting impact. To illustrate this, let us consider the case study of a small manufacturing company located in the United States that relied heavily on imported goods from Southeast Asia. As tensions escalated and trade disruptions occurred due to the conflict, this company faced significant challenges in sourcing raw materials and maintaining its production levels. This example highlights just one aspect of how the war influenced economic dynamics. One can observe several key impacts that reverberated throughout the economy during this period: Decline in Manufacturing Output - The disruption caused by the war resulted in reduced productivity within many industries. - Companies faced difficulties in obtaining necessary imports or meeting export demands due to logistical constraints and market instability. - Consequently, manufacturing output experienced a decline, negatively impacting employment rates and revenue generation. - The government’s increased spending on military operations led to an expansionary fiscal policy, which created inflationary pressures on prices. - Rising costs of essential commodities such as oil and metals further exacerbated these inflationary trends. - As a result, consumers struggled with higher living expenses while businesses grappled with increased production costs. - Financing the war effort required substantial financial resources beyond what was covered by tax revenues. - Government expenditure outpaced revenue collection, leading to budget deficits. - In turn, these deficits necessitated borrowing through bond issuance, causing public debt levels to rise significantly. These interrelated impacts underscored the need for financing mechanisms capable of sustaining wartime efforts while mitigating negative repercussions on domestic economies. In response to these challenges, governments adopted various approaches aimed at addressing both immediate funding needs and long-term economic stability. Transitioning into subsequent section about “Government’s Approach to Financing the Vietnam Conflict,” it becomes evident that the economic consequences of the war necessitated a comprehensive and strategic financial strategy. Government’s Approach to Financing the Vietnam Conflict The impact of the Vietnam Conflict on the economy was significant, leading to a need for innovative ways to finance such an extensive military engagement. One approach adopted by the government was implementing war taxes. To understand how war taxes were utilized, let us consider a hypothetical case study involving Smith Manufacturing, a prominent company in the defense industry. Smith Manufacturing, known for its production of military-grade equipment during the Vietnam Conflict, experienced both positive and negative consequences due to war taxes. On one hand, increased government spending created higher demand for their products, resulting in substantial profits. However, these gains were offset by the burden of additional taxation imposed by the government to fund the war effort. The implementation of war taxes had several key implications: - Financial pressure on businesses: Companies like Smith Manufacturing faced greater financial strain as they not only dealt with rising costs associated with increased production but also had to meet their tax obligations. - Redistribution of wealth: The burden of financing the conflict fell heavily on corporations and high-income individuals through progressive taxation policies. This led to a redistribution of wealth within society. - Public sentiment towards taxation: The introduction of war taxes sparked emotional responses among citizens who felt compelled to contribute financially to support their nation’s involvement in Vietnam. - Political debates and public discourse: War taxes became a topic of intense political debate and discussion at that time, reflecting differing opinions regarding governmental priorities and fiscal responsibility. To gain further insight into how various entities were affected by war taxes during this period, we present a table detailing different stakeholders’ reactions: \|Corporations\|\|Increased financial strain; potential profit growth\| \|High-Income Individuals\|\|Higher tax burdens; concerns over wealth redistribution\| \|General Public\|\|Emotional response; patriotic duty\| \|Politicians\|\|Intense debate; discussions about national priorities\| In summary, the implementation of war taxes during the Vietnam Conflict had a profound impact on both businesses and individuals. As seen in our hypothetical case study with Smith Manufacturing, companies faced complex challenges as they navigated increased demand for their products alongside higher tax obligations. Moreover, war taxes elicited emotional responses from citizens while fueling political debates about governmental priorities. With this understanding of the implications of war taxes, we can now explore how the government approached their implementation. Understanding the effects and reactions to war taxes provides valuable context for examining the subsequent section on the government’s approach to implementing these measures efficiently. Implementation of War Taxes Throughout the duration of the Vietnam Conflict, the United States government faced significant challenges in financing its military operations. As explored in the previous section, policymakers adopted various approaches to fund this costly war. Now, we will delve into the implementation of war taxes and their impact on both individuals and society. To illustrate the implications of war taxes, let us consider a hypothetical case study involving John, a middle-class factory worker from Ohio whose son was drafted into service during the conflict. Despite his limited income, John found himself subject to increased taxation as part of the government’s efforts to secure funding for the war. This burden placed additional strain on his already stretched resources, making it increasingly difficult for him to provide for his family’s basic needs. The implementation of war taxes had profound effects on individuals like John and broader society at large. To highlight some key consequences: - Financial hardships: The imposition of higher taxes meant that many families experienced financial struggles. Limited disposable income hindered their ability to invest in education or other long-term goals. - Unequal distribution: War taxes often affected lower-income households disproportionately compared to wealthier ones due to progressive tax structures. This disparity further exacerbated existing socioeconomic inequalities within American society. - Public discontentment: The introduction of war taxes generated public dissatisfaction and resentment towards the government’s handling of financial matters related to the conflict. - Moral dilemmas: Some citizens grappled with ethical concerns regarding their tax dollars being allocated towards a controversial and divisive war effort. These are just a few examples of how war taxes impacted individuals and communities during this turbulent period in American history. In light of these repercussions, it is essential to examine how public opinion shaped attitudes towards both taxation policies and U.S. involvement in Vietnam. Next, we will explore public sentiment surrounding war taxes and resistance movements that emerged as citizens expressed their disapproval. Transitioning seamlessly into our subsequent section about “Public Opinion and Resistance to War Taxes,” we will now delve into how these financial burdens gave rise to dissenting voices and resistance movements across the nation. Public Opinion and Resistance to War Taxes Section H2: Public Opinion and Resistance to War Taxes The implementation of war taxes during the Vietnam Conflict was met with varying degrees of public opinion and resistance. One notable example is the case study of Jane Adams, a middle-class citizen who staunchly opposed the imposition of war taxes due to her pacifist beliefs. This case exemplifies how individuals can become vocal opponents of such measures, leading to broader debates within society. Public opinion regarding war taxes during the Vietnam Conflict was characterized by both support and opposition. While some citizens recognized the necessity of financing the war effort, others viewed it as an unjust burden imposed on taxpayers. These differing viewpoints often resulted in heated discussions and protests, reflecting deeply held convictions about government’s role in funding military actions. - Many Americans believed that allocating funds for social welfare programs would be a more just use of taxpayer money. - Some argued that increasing defense spending while neglecting domestic needs created economic disparities within society. - Others contended that compulsory financial contributions undermined democratic principles by limiting individual freedoms. - A significant portion considered war taxes to be morally objectionable, refusing to contribute as an act of civil disobedience. In addition to divergent public opinions, various forms of resistance emerged against war taxes. To illustrate these dynamics, we present a table highlighting different modes of opposition: \|Forms of Resistance\|\|Description\| \|Tax refusal\|\|Individuals purposefully withheld payment or filed fraudulent returns.\| \|Demonstrations\|\|Citizens organized rallies and protests expressing their discontent.\| \|Legal challenges\|\|Court cases were brought forth questioning the constitutionality\| \|and fairness of imposing additional levies for wartime expenses.\| Overall, public sentiment towards war taxes during the Vietnam Conflict reflected deep divisions within American society. The clash between those supporting necessary financial contributions and those opposing them on moral, economic, or philosophical grounds created an ongoing dialogue about the role of taxation in times of war. Transitioning into the subsequent section on “Long-term Consequences of War Taxes,” it is crucial to recognize that public opinion and resistance during this period shaped not only immediate outcomes but also had a lasting impact on future policies regarding taxation and government spending. Long-term Consequences of War Taxes Public opinion and resistance to war taxes shed light on the immediate challenges faced by governments during the Vietnam Conflict. However, it is equally important to consider the long-term repercussions of implementing such taxes. This section explores the enduring effects that war taxes had on society, economy, and governance. To understand the lasting impact of war taxes, let us examine a hypothetical case study involving two individuals – John and Sarah. Both were in their mid-20s when they started working in the early 1970s. Due to increased taxation resulting from funding the Vietnam Conflict, John’s disposable income decreased significantly over time. This financial strain limited his ability to invest in education or save for retirement. Conversely, Sarah was not burdened with excessive taxation as her country did not participate in the conflict. As a result, she had more opportunities to pursue higher education and establish a secure financial future. The consequences of war taxes go beyond individual economic circumstances. They have broader societal implications as well. Consider the following bullet points: - Increased poverty rates among lower-income households due to reduced disposable income. - Growing inequality between those affected by war taxes and those exempted from them. - Weakening trust between citizens and government, leading to heightened political polarization. - Reduction in public support for subsequent military interventions due to dissatisfaction with prior wars funded through taxation. These factors demonstrate how war taxes can perpetuate socioeconomic disparities and erode social cohesion within a nation. Furthermore, analyzing the long-term ramifications of war taxes necessitates examining their influence on governance structures and policies. The table below highlights three key aspects impacted by these tax measures: \|Government Revenue\|\|Increase in revenue collection but potential decline in morale\| \|Public Trust\|\|Erosion of citizen trust in government\| \|Democratic Values\|\|Potential infringement on individual rights and liberties\| This table illustrates the trade-offs associated with implementing war taxes, showing how they can strain the relationship between citizens and their government, potentially undermining democratic principles. In summary, the enduring effects of war taxes extend far beyond their immediate implementation. They shape individuals’ economic well-being, exacerbate socioeconomic disparities, impact governance structures, and influence public sentiment towards future military engagements. Recognizing these long-term implications is crucial when assessing the overall cost of financing conflicts through taxation. (Note: The bullet point list and table are not displayed correctly here due to formatting limitations. However, they would be presented properly in a markdown format.)	<urn:uuid:9c37a2e8-ecf3-452d-b73c-9fb79f9fa5bf>	CC-MAIN-2023-40	https://beneathbuddhaseyes.com/war-taxes/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510983.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20231002064957-20231002094957-00741.warc.gz	en	0.94532	3,133	3.59375	4
Deregulation and the establishment of TelstraIn Australia the 1982 Davidson Enquiry regarding private sector involvement in delivery of existing/proposed telecommunications services recommended ending Telecom Australia's monopoly. In the preceding year Aussat Pty Ltd, another government agency, had been established to operate domestic satellite telecommunication and broadcasting services. In practice Aussat's charter restricted it from acting as a competitor to Telecom, including a prohibition on interconnecting public switched traffic with Telecom's network. Aussat's viability was undermined through restrictions on raising capital, of critical importance given tepid government support and increasing costs. It wasn't until 1985 that Australia's first geostationary communications satellite was operational; by late 1990 it had debts of about $400 million. The Australian Telecommunications Commission was restructured as the Australian Telecommunications Corporation, trading as Telecom Australia, in 1989. That year saw the last domestic telegram handled by Telecom, with responsibility for telegram operations handed over to Australia Post. Proposals for a merger of Aussat and OTC (thereby permitting national delivery of telecommunication services in competition with Telecom) were rejected in favor of disposal of the satellite operator to a non-government entity that would be allowed to compete with Telecom. Immediately following the decision that Optus Communications - a private sector entity owned by a consortium that included BellSouth - would be given Australia's second general carrier licence purchased the Satellite assets with many of the Non Satellite Assets remaining with the Government as part of Telstra. Cable & Wireless, privatised after several decades of UK government ownership, took a controlling stake in Optus in 1998 (under the banner Cable & Wireless Optus) before control passed to SingTel in 2001.	<urn:uuid:02462a8f-9959-428b-878c-62daf608c0c7>	CC-MAIN-2017-22	http://telecommunicationsintroduction.blogspot.com/2011/06/deregulation-and-establishment-of.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463612502.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20170529165246-20170529185246-00328.warc.gz	en	0.958387	353	2.75	3
WWW Virtual Library - Sri Lanka India - Sri Lanka: Search for a common past THROUGHOUT one recent week, at different venues in Chennai, Dr. Siran Upendra Deraniyagala, former Director General of Archaeology, Sri Lanka, called for a much closer partnership between India and Sri Lanka in exploring the prehistoric links between the two countries and their influence on the rise of civilisation in this part of the world. A recurring theme was that Sri Lanka was, "more often than not, linked to southern India by a land bridge." He held that during the last 7,00,000 years the sea level dropped sufficiently at least 17 times to create such a connection. The last separation of Sri Lanka from India was, he thought, about 7,000 years ago! A satellite picture from the National Remote Sensing Agency, Hyderabad, which I used on the cover of my recent book, The Indo-Lankans, reveals a very definite land link. "Adam's Bridge" is what we were taught to call it in school. Years ago, travelling by the Indo-Ceylon Boat Mail and crossing the Pamban Bridge, I'd watch the chain of rocks, clearly visible beneath the pristine water, running parallel to the railway track. And a few hours later, crossing by either m.v. Irwin or m.v. Goschen, the ferries that linked Dhanushkodi with Talaimannar, the chain of rocks would be visible again. That the two countries were once linked, even a schoolboy mind had no doubt. And it's a memory that triggers hope that a land bridge of a different sort might one day be built. But that's digressing. To get back to Siran Deraniyagala's words, he went on to suggest that such joint "digs" might not only throw new light on the humans who lived in Indo-Lanka (my coinage) a million years ago, but also on the flora and fauna that thrived in this part of the world. In the gem-rich alluvial gravel of Sri Lanka's famed Ratnapura District have been found the remains of Upper Pleistocene fauna, including a hippopotamus with six incisor teeth, a rhinoceros dated to around 80,000 years ago, and a lion, he stated. As I listened, I wondered where I had heard it all before, in fact, seen it all picturised. And then when I got home, it suddenly came back to me. In the 1950s - 1960s, I had been in charge of a publication rather well-received internationally, The Times of Ceylon Annual. And in the 1963 issue, an article on Ceylon's vanishing wildlife had not only spoken of these extinct animals but had also carried line illustrations of them. The author and the artist was P.E.P. Deraniyagala, father of Chennai's visiting lecturer. Paul Deraniyagala was at the time not only the Director Emeritus of the National Museum but was also, among other things, a Member of the Permanent Council of the International Union of Prehistoric and Protohistoric Sciences. To him, The Times of Ceylon Annual — a hallowed publication now extinct — and the National Museum, Colombo, I owe the information that follows and the accompanying illustrations. Referring to Ceylon being "connected to the Indian landmass on several occasions", Deraniyagala Senior cited one proof. Many of Ceylon's freshwater fish, he said, are identical with those in India. "Since such fish die within a few minutes of being immersed in seawater, these could only have entered Ceylon by the rivers which had formerly traversed the land connecting the two territories," he posited. There is enough evidence, he felt, in the large boulders and pebbles found in Ceylon "digs" to testify to torrential rivers that had once existed and had produced them. These rivers could have resulted from heavier rainfall than occurs in the island today. "In these earth layers or `beds' are also the fossilised bones of animals that no longer occur... though some possess living relatives in India or even as far afield as Africa," Derainyagala Senior wrote. Accompanying his sketch of a lion and gaur in mortal combat in prehistoric Ceylon, in that long ago Annual, were his notes on the extinct Ceylon Lion, the Leo leo sinhaleyus Deraniyagala 1937, and the extinct Ceylon Gaur, Bibos sinhaleyus Deraniyagala 1962. Certainly, the lion figures in Sinhala folklore whereas the tiger doesn't. The pristine Sinharaja Forest, Sinhagiriya (Sigiriya) and the Sinhala race all derive from sinha, the lion. Deraniyagala Senior believed that the tiger from East Central Asia, coming into the subcontinent through Assam, drove the native lion out of India and into Africa where no Simba (a variation of Simha) fossils have been found, thus indicating more recent arrival. With Ceylon becoming an island by then, the lion survived there till it was hunted out. Deraniyagala Senior cited fossils of three lion teeth found in the island — one in 1936, another in 1947 and the third in 1961. The Ceylon gaur, smaller than the Indian, was reported by several British writers writing from the island from as early as 1681. These were said to have grazed in the highland Horton Plains. Leg bones and teeth of gaur have been found in the Ratnapura area in some number, but it was the discovery in 1962 of a skull with two horns that led Deraniyagala Senior to identify the Sinhala gavara as the gaur. Sri Lankan legend has it that "the courage of the King's bodyguards was annually tested by pitting them against gaurs kept in the royal preserves for this purpose," wrote Deraniyagala Senior. The gempits in the Ratnanapura area have also revealed the fossilised remains of the lower jaws and teeth of a Ceylon hippopotamus and rhinoceros. The lower jawbone of the hippopotamus reveals six incisor teeth, whereas the hippopotamus that survives in Africa has only four incisors. The extinct Ceylon hippopotamus has been named the Hexaprotodon sinhaleyus Deraniyagala 1937. The change in climate — from heavy rainfall that fed numerous large rivers and lakes to a more moderate rainfall that reduced the island's waterbodies — was probably responsible for the extinction of the world's second heaviest land mammal in the island, thought Deraniyagala Senior. And, he added, "The extinction of this animal might have occurred sometime shortly after the middle Pleistocene times, since its nearest a relative, the extinct Indian hippopotamus from former lake beds which are now traversed by the Nerbudda (Narmada) River, became extinct in middle Pleistocene times about 500,000 years ago." The rhinoceros finds indicated to Deraniyagala Senior two species, the older, less developed one, the Rhinoceros sinhaleyus Deraniyagala 1936, which has squarer and lower teeth that the more rectangular-toothed Rhinoceros kagavena Deraniyagala 1956. The former became extinct earlier, in Deraniyagala Senior's view. With Siran Deraniyagala bringing to mind once again what his father Paul Deraniyagala had once written so extensively and authoritatively about, and with the son calling for a joint Indo-Lankan effort to explore this common past, perhaps it's time something like joint "digs" were started. Siran Deraniyagala's plea was, "Further investigations conducted jointly by India and Sri Lanka would enhance the preliminary data at our disposal and thereby provide a sound basis for assessing the environment of early humans in India/Sri Lanka during the last million years." Even more than an all-India effort, a Tamil Nadu Archaeological Survey protocol with the Sri Lankan Archaeological Survey might be the way to go to search for our common past. The writer is a historian and author based in Chennai. (@The Hindu) WWW Virtual Library - Sri Lanka	<urn:uuid:ab053993-6bc6-4800-90d9-abad05308f52>	CC-MAIN-2015-35	http://www.lankalibrary.com/geo/india-lanka.htm	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440644066266.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827025426-00343-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.963642	1,755	2.796875	3
ავტორი : ლუკა ეხვაია 30/12/2022 The article allocates the opening of the Ganmukhuri Patriot Youth Camp (GPYC) near the border of the conflict region of Abkhazia to a timeline of other historical processes unfolding in the same region. By doing so, the broader historical context is rebuilt and the chronological sequence of the events is reconstructed. The orderly investigation of the historical processes that led to the erection of the Ganmukhuri patriot camp only a kilometer from the administrative Abkhazian border and its demolition by Russian military forces reveals the motives standing behind the initiative to build the youth patriot camp in the conflict area. The United National Movement (UNM) government built the camp in 2007 as a part of an extension of the state-sponsored programme, planning to set up youth patriot camps across Georgia. The GPYC was sheltering approximately six hundred youngsters during the summer vacation. By reconstructing a chronological sequence of the events, the article addresses whether or not the Ganmukhuri camp was part of the revanchism of the UNM government and if these spaces, like other patriot camps, were used to reinforce the official memory politics of the ruling party. In the process of analysis, we are to disclose whether participants of the camp were used as a human shield against Russian military aggression and if the building of the camp was a well-planned provocation of the UNM to justify their aggressive campaign of reclaiming the territories lost in the near past. For this, the paper examines the historical context and looks closely at the environment, disposition, and inner structure of the camps.	<urn:uuid:ed22e102-afba-4ca3-a6ac-fccc716370fc>	CC-MAIN-2023-50	http://journal.ciu.edu.ge/article/20	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679518883.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20231211210408-20231212000408-00817.warc.gz	en	0.943915	373	2.84375	3
Following the multiplication of binary option brokers providing contract on bitcoin, we figured it could be interesting to present you the basics of this new digital currency. The bitcoin popularity is growing among retail traders who find in this digital currency an alternative to traditional financial markets. Marc Andreessen, for example, from the venture capital firm Andreessen Horowitz, wrote in The New York Times on January 21 this year: “Far from a mere libertarian fairytale or a simple Silicon Valley exercise in hype, Bitcoin offers a sweeping vista of opportunity to re-imagine how the financial system can and should work in the internet era, and a catalyst to reshape that system in ways that are more powerful for individuals and businesses alike.” What is bitcoin? Bitcoin is the first digital currency that can be transferred instantly, anonymously and securely, with no transaction fees, between any two people anywhere in the world. You can think of it as electronic cash that you can use to pay for goods or services online without having a bank as intermediary. Bitcoin is a “crypto currency”, in other words, as defined by Investopedia, a digital or virtual currency that uses very complex cryptography for security and is thus difficult to counterfeit. This currency is generated by complex algorithms linked to online peer-to-peer systems. How are bitcoins generated? Bitcoin is the first currency that would be controlled by cryptography, rather than a central bank. A bitcoin is a piece of code that fits a specific mathematical formula. It’s so complex that finding a code that fits the formula, requires incredibly powerful computer processors spending huge amounts of time trying different combinations. This is what’s known as ‘mining’ and is how new bitcoins are created. Also, there will only ever be 21 million bitcoins in existence due to the way the formula was worked out at the very beginning. So when a computer solves the complex formula, a bitcoin block is generated with 50 Bitcoins as reward, but as almost no one mines alone, they are split between all the miners in the mining pool. Right now, a block is generated every 10 minutes but given that more and more processing power gets into the mining every day, the underlying algorithm that generates the new formula, adds more complexity to it along the way in order to keep the bitcoin supply regular. How to buy bitcoins? Most investors that speculate on bitcoin don’t “mine” them but buy them directly on a bitcoin exchange, the largest international exchange is BitStamp (https://bitstamp.net). You can also buy financial instruments that will track the performance of the bitcoin such as a CFD (contract for difference) or whose value will be dependent on the direction of the bitcoin price evolution such as binary option. You can of course buy these instruments through a regulated broker that is acting as a Market-Maker for the product. Is bitcoin a safe and secure currency? Bitcoins are based on complex cryptography, harder than the ones used by banks and military to send data or virtual money from one place to and other. Bitcoin is thus considered extremely safe. Nevertheless, the exchanges and brokers who provide bitcoin are not protected against any bankruptcy threats so you should select your counterparty with care. Bitcoin binary options with AnyOption AnyOption is one of the only brokers to propose binary options on bitcoin. Bitcoins are listed in US dollars (like any forex pair) on multiple exchanges and AnyOption designed a specific platform to monitor all the most popular exchanges in order to perfectly track the bitcoin live price.	<urn:uuid:ffe236f4-7f5a-49f1-90dc-7ba4c45092b0>	CC-MAIN-2017-17	http://binaryoptions-broker.co.uk/what-is-bitcoin-basics-binary-option/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917124299.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031204-00304-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.944856	723	2.625	3
The town had some three thousands residents, two thousands of them Jewish. The houses were made of wood, and as Rakov had not suffered from a devastating fire for a long time they were old and dilapidated. In the center of town, a row of shops, and the market was held there twice a week: on Mondays and on Fridays. Its streets: Vilna Street on the West and Minsk Street on the East, and on their sides small streets and lanes, which were inhabited, mostly, by Christians, and by a few Jews. On the outskirts of town there were isolated Jewish houses. The neighboring towns: Horodok, Ivanitz, the famous Volozhin, Vishniva, and more, each town and its unique character. These towns survived for hundreds of years in the Lands of Byelorussia and Lithuania, and developed their way of life; the way of life of a Jewish town, where Jewish culture evolved and was preserved, until they were destroyed by the wicked hand. The two large cities: Vilna to the West, some 140 kilometers from Rakov, and Minsk to the East, 35 kilometers away, were, until the First World War, the metropolitan centers of these smaller towns. From there they brought in the goods, and there they sent their products; there did the 'maskilim' [seekers of general education] go to get their heavenly [elementary] education, and later to the Gymnasium [high-school]. The situation changed after Rakov became a border town [after World War I] a mere half a kilometer from the border, and Minsk on the other side of the border. Vilna remained the only central city of the region, and all commerce revolved around her. There did the shopkeepers and businessmen go, and there were the young sent to obtain their education; there, too, went those young people who aspired to go out to the big world. The only mode of transportation was the wagon, as the railroad bypassed the towns, disregarding their transportation needs, and that of the nearby villages. The teamsters were a special breed, shaped by the constant journeying on those unpaved, and often impassable, roads. The teamster and the butcher were two of a kind. They were the am ha'aretz [common, ignorant folks] of the town. But they were, also, the ones who protected it in time of danger from rioters, or just from unruly drunken goys. They knew how to unsheathe the butcher's knife, and how to raise the shaft of the wagon and smash the heads of those who wanted to 'play a little' in the town. Add to them the tailors, the cobblers, the carpenters, the iron-smiths, the bakers, and other sorts of artisans, and you get a large group of breadwinners who made their living by the toil of their hands, and were the healthy economic basis, even though the poorer one, of the town. \|The Drama Group 1926\| By the way, Rakov also had a resident 'hach'shara halutzit' [a place of readying pioneers for settlement in Eretz Israel], and in the Twenties it had some 30 halutzim [pioneers], from all over Poland, working there. It is interesting to note that Mr. Rivin, the owner of the sawmill, was himself a member of Bilu [a pre-Herzl Zionist movement], and had intended to migrate to Eretz Israel with his comrades, only that he was delayed for a little while.This little while stretched for tens of years, until he and his enterprise were destroyed. We should mention another enterprise, heavy industry, in Rakov, under the ownership of the Pupkin family: the production of coal [from wood], turpentine, and tar in the Pogolenka Forest. This enterprise, whose products were mostly for export, was functioning well until the outbreak of the Second World War. The next strata was of those who were engaged in commerce, the shopkeepers, the tavern owners, and a few clerks in institutions of the community. This was the weakest link in the economic life of the town, subject to economic fluctuations. They were hard up, and many of them actually suffered hunger, and needed the support of their relatives in America or that of the Rakov Association in America. The two organizations of Gmilat Hessed [for giving interest-free loans] and Linat HaTzedek [for giving shelter and clothing] also came to their help. There were also Jews who were engaged in agriculture. Some of them owned their land, and others leased land from the owners of nearby estates and from rich farmers, and started their own farms. Unlike the other towns in the area, Rakov was a mixed town, of Jews and Christians. The Jews resided in the center of town, and the Christians in the periphery, in the outer lanes. Most of the Christians owned small farms, and cultivated vegetable gardens. From these lanes the Jews in town got their apples, the fragrant pears, the plums, and the cherries. Some of the Christians were artisans: cobblers, tailors, carpenters, government clerks, and tradesmen; the latter had shops in the center of town, and eventually became strong competitors of the Jewish shop-owners, and encroached on some of the areas which had been Jewish for generations. Rabbi Helprin served as the rabbi in Rakov until the Nazis came. He was taken by the Germans to a labor camp, and was killed there together with the rest of the people in the camp. T.N.Ts.B.H [May his soul be bundled in the bundle of eternal life May he rest in peace]. The yeshiva existed in Rakov until 1929. When Rabbi Kalmanovitz left town, and the financial sources dwindled, the yeshiva was shut down. That was the education of the boys, but the education of the girls was quite different. Here there was no heder or the inhibition of 'tradition', and the path was clear: the Government School. Thus it was under the Russians, and thus it was under the Polish authorities. Upon graduating from elementary-school, the daughters of the well-to-do families were sent to Vilna, to continue their education in the high-school. They learned Hebrew with private tutors. To the chairman of the Committee to Aid Rakov, our distinguished friend, the famous philanthropist, R. Rosenthal, may his light shine. Today I am a man of good tidings. The construction of the building is completed only the stoves are lacking. We are preparing the dedication ceremony, hoping that these [troubled] times would permit us to celebrate. Your honor will be thanked during these joyful celebrations, as being one of the first donors, and your name will be forever remembered and blessed by the students who will study in the school. The stone which, at first, was rejected by the masons became the cornerstone. [an allusion to Psalms 118; 22] No building in the area can match the splendor of this one. The stoves cost more than a thousand pieces of gold, in addition to the large debt which I owe to the shopkeepers and craftsman of Rakov. We were mistaken in our reckoning. They [the stoves] cost twice as much as we thought at first. I sent an exact account to R. Moshe Berman. So, brethren and friends, hurry up with your aid. Do not let us collapse under the heavy burden, help us. The good God will repay you for your deeds, and may the Master of All double your wages. I am also sending you my best wishes for the new year, may it be a year of good life, peace and tranquility, and great success in all your doings. Your eternal friend Israel Helprin 9 of Elul 5699 [August 24, 1939] \|Building the Religious School\| JewishGen, Inc. makes no representations regarding the accuracy of the translation. The reader may wish to refer to the original material JewishGen is not responsible for inaccuracies or omissions in the original work and cannot rewrite or edit the text to correct inaccuracies and/or omissions. Our mission is to produce a translation of the original work and we cannot verify the accuracy of statements or alter facts cited. Rakov, Belarus Yizkor Book Project JewishGen Home Page Copyright ©1999-2014 by JewishGen, Inc. Updated 23 Mar 2005 by LA	<urn:uuid:8a9f4d73-37a3-4ef6-998c-35722d4664e1>	CC-MAIN-2014-49	http://www.jewishgen.org/yizkor/rakow/rak060.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416931008720.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20141125155648-00156-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.979912	1,833	2.953125	3
PHOENIX — Weather forecasts show that a resurgence of Arizona’s monsoon is on the horizon and while badly needed moisture may be on the increase, so will the possibility of insect-borne diseases that can impact people, pets and wildlife. Earlier this month a dead prairie dog tested positive for plague in Coconino County and Maricopa County Vector Control officials detected West Nile and St. Louis encephalitis viruses in mosquito pools. Another disease not uncommon during summer months is tularemia, a infection that can be transmitted to humans. “These diseases can have a devastating impact on Arizona’s wildlife, causing die-offs in rabbits, rodents, squirrels and prairie dogs,” said Anne Justice-Allen, Arizona Game and Fish Department wildlife veterinarian. “People should also be mindful that infected fleas and mosquitoes can also be a risk to domesticated pets. When you’re outside – and especially early in the morning and evening – take protective measures such as wearing long pants, long sleeves and apply mosquito repellent.” AZGFD advises the public to avoid any potentially deceased animals they come across and to report any incidents where there are more than one animal of the same species found dead within the same general vicinity. Such incidents can be reported to the nearest AZGFD regional office or by calling the department radio room at (623) 236-7201. Plague is carried by infected fleas, which spread the disease through host animals. While prairie dogs are host to fleas, the fleas can survive in the burrow after their host dies and attach themselves to the next host that comes along, which may or may not be another prairie dog. Badgers, coyotes and foxes are also host to fleas and may contribute to the spread of an outbreak because they travel further distances. Those in areas where plague and/or rodents are known to be present are urged to take the following precautions to reduce their risk of exposure: - Do not handle sick or dead animals. - Prevent pets from roaming loose. Pets can pick up the infected fleas. De-flea pets routinely. Contact your veterinarian for specific recommendations. - Avoid rodent burrows and fleas. - Use insect repellents when visiting or working in areas where plague might be active or rodents might be present (campers, hikers, woodcutters and hunters). - Wear rubber gloves and other protection when cleaning and skinning wild animals. - Do not camp next to rodent burrows and avoid sleeping directly on the ground. - In case of illness see your physician immediately as treatment with antibiotics is very effective. More information is available at https://www.cdc.gov/plague/.	<urn:uuid:99b15831-71f1-49f9-b33d-396f97ade1db>	CC-MAIN-2019-35	https://themaverickmagazine.com/azgfd-monsoon-moisture-brings-increased-exposure-to-insect-borne-diseases/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027314667.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20190819052133-20190819074133-00420.warc.gz	en	0.92759	567	3.0625	3
Being told stories and being read to leads children to develop the rich storehouse of language, grammar and vocabulary they need to bring to texts when learning to read and write. Try our multilingual stories below or send us your own stories to share with others. The giant cabbage One day Zinthle’s granny sat and watched Zinthle picking tomatoes in their garden. ‘Here, Granny, taste this,’ said Zinthle handing her grandmother a round, red tomato. “I grew it myself!” ‘Thank you, Zinthle, you really have green fingers,’ said Granny. Zinthle laughed. ‘I don’t think so, Granny. I just use Uncle Lazola’s growing recipe.’ ‘Oh yes,’ said Granny. ‘Your uncle is very proud of his recipe! Have I ever told you the story of Uncle Lazola’s giant cabbage?’ ‘No,’ answered Zinthle. ‘Can you tell me now?’ ‘Alright,’ replied Granny. ‘One Saturday morning Uncle Lazola bought a packet of cabbage seeds…’	<urn:uuid:040ed26b-27c4-4088-bcbe-c5d8d34bc754>	CC-MAIN-2019-35	https://nalibali.org/content/giant-cabbage	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027315258.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20190820070415-20190820092415-00470.warc.gz	en	0.94117	261	3.625	4
Components of Logic Models The situation is the foundation for logic model development. The problem or issue that the program is to address sits within a setting or situation--a complex of sociopolitical, environmental, and economic conditions. If you incorrectly understand the situation and misdiagnose the problem, everything that follows is likely to be wrong. Take time to understand the situation and carefully define the problem. This may be the most important step. As you do so, consider the following questions: Create a succinct but thorough statement that answers the above questions. This statement is the foundation of your logic model. \|Often the situation statement is appended to the logic model, as text. We think it is important, however, to include a few words on the far left side of the logic model. These words should capture the core of the originating situation. What is the problem/issue? The situation sets the foundation for everything that follows and is what we return to in order to see if we are making a difference. Too often we design and implement programs without fully considering and understanding the situation. The better we understand the situation and analyze the problem fully, the easier our logic model development will be.\| Questions to ask during problem analysis Help with problem analysis Help with understanding your situation Situations are not static	<urn:uuid:b02e59c4-d194-4e2f-95b3-d69aaa606e0d>	CC-MAIN-2016-44	http://www.uwex.edu/ces/lmcourse/Module_1_pages/M1_Section1/HTML/m1s1p8.htm	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719465.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00112-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.928502	266	3.734375	4
After nine years in deep space collecting data that indicate our sky to be filled with billions of hidden planets – more planets even than stars – NASA’s Kepler space telescope has run out of fuel needed for further science operations. NASA has decided to retire the spacecraft within its current, safe orbit, away from Earth. Kepler leaves a legacy of more than 2,600 planet discoveries from outside our solar system, many of which could be promising places for life. “As NASA’s first planet-hunting mission, Kepler has wildly exceeded all our expectations and paved the way for our exploration and search for life in the Solar System and beyond,” says Thomas Zurbuchen, associate administrator of NASA’s Science Mission Directorate in Washington, United States. “Not only did it show us how many planets could be out there, it sparked an entirely new and robust field of research that has taken the science community by storm. Its discoveries have shed a new light on our place in the universe, and illuminated the tantalising mysteries and possibilities among the stars.” Kepler has opened our eyes to the diversity of planets that exist in our galaxy. The most recent analysis of Kepler’s discoveries concludes that 20 to 50 percent of the stars visible in the night sky are likely to have small, possibly rocky, planets similar in size to Earth, and located within the habitable zone of their parent stars. That means they’re located at distances from their parent stars where liquid water – a vital ingredient to life as we know it – might pool on the planet surface. The most common size of planet Kepler found doesn’t exist in our solar system – a world between the size of Earth and Neptune – and we have much to learn about these planets. Kepler also found nature often produces jam-packed planetary systems, in some cases with so many planets orbiting close to their parent stars that our own inner solar system looks sparse by comparison. “When we started conceiving this mission 35 years ago we didn’t know of a single planet outside our solar system,” says the Kepler mission’s founding principal investigator, William Borucki, now retired from NASA’s Ames Research Center in California’s Silicon Valley, United States. “Now that we know planets are everywhere, Kepler has set us on a new course that’s full of promise for future generations to explore our galaxy.” Launched on 6 March 2009, the Kepler space telescope combined cutting-edge techniques in measuring stellar brightness with the largest digital camera outfitted for outer space observations at that time. Originally positioned to stare continuously at 150,000 stars in one star-studded patch of the sky in the constellation Cygnus, Kepler took the first survey of planets in our galaxy and became the agency’s first mission to detect Earth-size planets in the habitable zones of their stars. “The Kepler mission was based on a very innovative design. It was an extremely clever approach to doing this kind of science,” says Leslie Livesay, director for astronomy and physics at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California, United States, who served as Kepler project manager during mission development. “There were definitely challenges, but Kepler had an extremely talented team of scientists and engineers who overcame them.” Four years into the mission, after the primary mission objectives had been met, mechanical failures temporarily halted observations. The mission team was able to devise a fix, switching the spacecraft’s field of view roughly every three months. This enabled an extended mission for the spacecraft, dubbed K2, which lasted as long as the first mission and bumped Kepler’s count of surveyed stars up to more than 500,000. The observation of so many stars has allowed scientists to better understand stellar behaviours and properties, which is critical information in studying the planets that orbit them. New research into stars with Kepler data also is furthering other areas of astronomy, such as the history of our Milky Way galaxy and the beginning stages of exploding stars called supernovae that are used to study how fast the universe is expanding. The data from the extended mission were also made available to the public and science community immediately, allowing discoveries to be made at an incredible pace and setting a high bar for other missions. Scientists are expected to spend a decade or more in search of new discoveries in the treasure trove of data Kepler provided. “We know the spacecraft’s retirement isn’t the end of Kepler’s discoveries,” says Jessie Dotson, Kepler’s project scientist at NASA’s Ames Research Center in California’s Silicon Valley. “I’m excited about the diverse discoveries that are yet to come from our data and how future missions will build upon Kepler’s results.” Before retiring the spacecraft, scientists pushed Kepler to its full potential, successfully completing multiple observation campaigns and downloading valuable science data even after initial warnings of low fuel. The latest data, from Campaign 19, will complement the data from NASA’s newest planet hunter, the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite, launched in April. TESS builds on Kepler’s foundation with fresh batches of data in its search of planets orbiting some 200,000 of the brightest and nearest stars to the Earth, worlds that can later be explored for signs of life by missions, such as NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope. Keep up to date with the latest news in All About Space – available every month for just £4.99. Alternatively you can subscribe here for a fraction of the price!	<urn:uuid:d95d7824-e97e-47a6-bd8e-61c2b86e33d4>	CC-MAIN-2022-05	https://www.spaceanswers.com/space-exploration/kepler-retires-from-exoplanet-hunting-duties/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320303709.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20220121192415-20220121222415-00519.warc.gz	en	0.943168	1,153	4	4
Students learn to subtract numbers with two or more digits, such as 985 - 47. The first step is to line up the numbers vertically so that the units digits are in the same column. Next, subtract the units digits, the tens digits, and the hundreds digits. When subtracting the units digits, notice that it is not possible to subtract 7 ones from 5 ones, so 1 ten must be borrowed from the tens column, leaving 7 tens and 15 ones. Now, subtracting the units digits, 15 - 7 = 8, subtracting the tens digits, 7 - 4 = 3, and subtracting the hundreds digits, 9 - 0 = 9. So 985 - 47 = 938. Note that the answer to a subtraction problem is called the difference, so the difference of 985 - 47 is 938.	<urn:uuid:ab33f61d-651c-4f84-9d5c-5da21b29090e>	CC-MAIN-2016-30	http://www.mathhelp.com/how_to/addition_and_subtraction/subtraction/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257822598.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071022-00242-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.861062	168	3.859375	4
What is CITES? The international trade in wild animals and plants is worth billions of dollars every year. Levels of exploitation and rates of wild capture can have a serious detrimental impact on the future survival of thousands of animal and plant species across the globe. The United Nations Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) is an international agreement between governments, which provides varying levels of protection for species that are or may be in danger of extinction from international trade. 179 countries (or ‘Parties’) are members of CITES. It is viewed by many as the world's most important Multilateral Environmental Agreement, and is legally binding upon the Parties. Contraventions of the Convention can lead to trade suspensions and can have a serious economic impact on the countries involved. The United Nations Environment Programme administers CITES through a Secretariat. Among its many functions the Secretariat has a coordinating, advisory and servicing role in the working of the Convention. How does CITES regulate international trade ? CITES has more than 30,000 species of plants and animals listed on three Appendices: Appendix I includes species that are threatened with extinction and that are or may be affected by international trade. Commercial international trade in species listed on Appendix I is prohibited. Appendix II includes species that, although not necessarily threatened with extinction, may become so unless trade is strictly regulated. Species may also be listed on Appendix II if their parts or products cannot be readily distinguished from those of other species listed on CITES Appendix I or II. Commercial international trade in Appendix II species is permitted, but is subject to strict controls. Parties may only grant a permit to export such species, or their products, after it has determined that the export will not be detrimental to the survival of the species. Appendix III includes species that any Party has identified as requiring regulation within its jurisdiction, and that needs the cooperation of other Parties to monitor international trade in the species. Parties may unilaterally add species to Appendix III at any time and such listings are not legally binding. What happens at CITES meetings? The Conference of the Parties (CoP) is an event which takes place every three years. At each CoP, Parties submit Proposals to add or move species between Appendix I and II based on a set of biological and trade criteria. They may also propose that species be removed from the Appendices. These Proposals are discussed and then, if no consensus is reached, submitted to a vote. CoPs also provide an opportunity for Parties to consider and vote on Decisions, Resolutions and other documents which relate to compliance, implementation and enforcement of the Convention. For example, at the 15th CoP (CoP15) in March 2010, Tanzania and Zambia tried to reduce the level of protection their elephants are afforded (by moving them from Appendix I to Appendix II) and additionally sought to gain approval for a one-off sale of over 110,000kg of their stockpiled ivory to China and Japan. Although these Proposals went against the spirit a nine year moratorium on ivory trade which had been agreed by Parties in 2007, the final wording of that moratorium unfortunately had a loophole which Tanzania and Zambia tried to exploit. However, due to the hard work of many, including the African Elephant Coalition (composed of the majority of African elephant range States), CITES rejected both Tanzania's and Zambia's Proposals. CoP16 took place in Bangkok between 3 and 15 March 2013. Tanzania had again been planning to seek approval to sell ivory - this time over 101,000kg of it - but following widespread opposition to this move, withdrew its Proposal in December 2012. The CoP16 agenda still had many issues potentially affecting elephants both negatively and positively - see here for a summary of the outcomes of CoP16. CITES Parties also meet annually at Standing Committee (SC) meetings in Geneva (Switzerland). The members of the SC are Parties representing each of the six major geographical regions (Africa, Asia, Europe, North America, Central & South America and the Caribbean, and Oceania). The SC provides guidance to the CITES Secretariat on the implementation of CITES and oversees the management of the Secretariat's budget. Where required it also coordinates and oversees the work of other committees and working groups, carries out tasks given to it by the CoP and drafts Resolutions for consideration by the CoP. The membership of the SC is reviewed at each CoP meeting. See here for an overview of the outcomes of the last SC.	<urn:uuid:9f05540e-6213-4273-8d9e-1fbac7ed5128>	CC-MAIN-2015-27	http://www.bloodyivory.org/cites	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375096209.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031816-00019-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.95378	952	4.21875	4
Veterans Day Around the World Many other countries honor their veterans on November 11th of each year. However, the name of the holiday and the types of ceremonies differ from the Veterans Day activities in the United States. Canada, Australia, and Great Britain refer to their holidays as "Remembrance Day." Canada and Australia observe the day on November 11, and Great Britain conducts their ceremonies on the Sunday nearest to November 11th. In Canada, the observance of "Remembrance Day" is actually quite similar to the United States, in that the day is set aside to honor all of Canada's veterans, both living and dead. One notable difference is that many Canadians wear a red poppy flower on November 11 to honor their war dead, while the "red poppy" tradition is observed in the United States on Memorial Day. In Australia, "Remembrance Day" is very much like America's Memorial Day, in that its considered a day to honor Australian veterans who died in war. In Great Britain, the day is commemorated by church services and parades of ex-service members in Whitehall, a wide ceremonial avenue leading from London's Parliament Square to Trafalgar Square. Wreaths of poppies are left at the Cenotaph, a war memorial in Whitehall, which was built after the First World War. At the Cenotaph and elsewhere in the country, a two-minute silence is observed at 11 a.m., to honor those who lost their lives in wars. Have You Hugged Your Veteran Today? One of the most personal and meaningful Veterans Day activities for people is to send notes or cards to hospitalized veterans or those living in veterans homes. Or, better yet, visit a veteran in a local veterans hospital or veterans home. The best way to have a "happy Veterans Day" is to do something special to make a veteran happy.	<urn:uuid:c5a54044-7241-472a-9836-a3e3e0f732b8>	CC-MAIN-2014-10	http://usmilitary.about.com/cs/generalinfo/a/veteransday_2.htm	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999652873/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060732-00089-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.964357	388	2.8125	3
Wells Fargo Corporate History Wells Fargo's rise is inevitably tied to the fortunes and the blossoming of the West. In 1852, Henry Wells and William Fargo founded Wells, Fargo & Co. in the gold rush port of San Francisco, offering banking services pegged to the exchange of gold. Soon, the nascent finance chain opened offices in other boomtowns and mining camps in the region. To expedite communication and deliveries between these different locations, Wells, Fargo helped start the Overland Mail Company, which employed stagecoach, steamship, railroad and other forms of transportation. In 1866, Wells Fargo combined all the major western stage lines and stagecoaches emblazoned with the name Wells, Fargo & Co., which traversed over 3,000 miles of land from California to as far as Nebraska. The stagecoach became the bank's corporate symbol. Today, the banking giant is a diversified financial services company with operations around the world. It is the fifth-largest bank in the United States by assets and the ninth-largest bank in the world by market capitalization.	<urn:uuid:ac4403c8-0b97-4524-bb3c-a8aa92946e84>	CC-MAIN-2017-09	http://www.marketplace.org/2008/06/10/business/wells-fargo-corporate-history	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501171932.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104611-00373-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.940003	226	2.9375	3
How do engineers prepare buildings to withstand earthquakes? According to experts from the School of Civil Engineering of Barcelona, one approach to this problem is to consider a building as you would a living being. Two UPC-Barcelona Tech research groups -- Risk Management and Control, Dynamics and Applications -- have extensive experience in this field. An earthquake is the sudden release of energy accumulated in the Earth's crust, brought about by the movement of a fault. This shock causes seismic waves to spread out in all directions. According to a study by the Center for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED), over the past decade, earthquakes have been responsible for 60% of all deaths caused by natural disasters -- a total of approximately 780,000 victims. The consequences of an earthquake can be catastrophic, as we saw recently in Haiti. With more than 220,000 victims, that magnitude 7.0 quake was one of the deadliest on record. It destroyed 97,294 homes and damaged 188,383 others in Port-au-Prince and southern Haiti. On the basis of data analyzed over the past few decades, researchers agree that natural disasters -- of which earthquakes account for 9% -- have not seen an increase in either frequency or power. Social and regional vulnerability, however, have increased sharply. According to Àlex Barbat, director of the Risk Management research group in the Department of Strength of Materials and Structural Engineering at the UPC-Barcelona Tech: "Statistics show that, over the years, risk, defined as expected losses, has increased in all of the world's seismically active areas, and all signs suggest that it will continue to rise. This is because many urban areas are surrounded by two or three industrial belts, made up of increasingly sophisticated facilities, which are also subject to damage during an earthquake. And let's not forget that many seismically active areas, such as those in Asia, also happen to be some of the world's most densely populated areas." In light of the fact that it remains impossible to accurately predict earthquakes, Mr. Barbat made the following observation: "Buildings are the structures where most risk is concentrated. When an earthquake strikes an urban area, most losses -- meaning both the loss of human life and economic, cultural and social losses -- are caused by the deficient seismic behavior of buildings." The immediate conclusion that can be drawn from all this is the need to design earthquake-resistant structures. New techniques The vibrations produced by strong earthquakes can cause serious damage to structural elements. As a general rule, structures hold up due to their strength, their capacity to withstand deformation and their ability to dissipate energy. In conventional design, beams become deformed, are damaged or even break in order to prevent buildings from collapsing. As an alternative to this practice, a new design philosophy known as vibration control has emerged. In civil engineering, this is an area of knowledge that treats structures as dynamic systems -- that is, as systems subject to external actions that, over the course of their useful lives, respond by exhibiting particular behaviors. These actions often take the form of undesired agitation that causes movements in the structure that should be reduced in the most appropriate manner possible. "In the case of earthquakes specifically, the external action is the movement of the ground, and the dynamic system or structure tends to be a building," explained José Rodellar, director of the Control, Dynamics and Applications research group in the Department of Applied Mathematics III at the UPC-Barcelona Tech. "In essence," Mr. Rodellar continued, "the idea is to consider the structure as a 'living' system that is subjected to agitations. We are interested in connecting some sort of additional mechanism to the structure in order to improve its behavior and strength in the event of an earthquake." The first alternative is to use passive control systems such as base isolators or energy dissipators -- that is, to retrofit the structure with devices that will absorb some energy in the event of an earthquake. Today, the most mature and widely used technology is base isolation, which consists in adding special supports that decouple the movement of the structure's base from the movement of the ground. A flexible device is installed that allows the base to move. The friction that this causes dissipates some of the energy that would otherwise directly enter the structure. Another system is to support the structure on flexible elements made from materials such as neoprene. In this method, the deformation of the support elements is what allows the base to move. Eergy-dissipation systems essentially consist of dampers placed at the joints between structural elements -- for example, where beams meet diagonal supports. During an earthquake, these devices, made from very weak steel, may undergo plastic deformation or even break, but only in very specific, predefined areas of the building. The ain advantages of these control systems are their simplicity, the possibility of replacing them if they age or break, and the fact that they do not require an external energy source, since they work by reacting to the movement of the structure. Nevertheless, when the force of an earthquake exceeds a certain magnitude, the limitations of these systems become clear. Another alternative is to employ an active control system, which is designed to apply a force that counteracts that of the earthquake. Active systems differ from passive systems in that they apply force to the structure by means of a real-time process. A series of sensors begin by measuring the structure's response (displacement, velocity and acceleration). The measurements are digitized and sent to a computer that carries out a control algorithm. This algorithm calculates the value of the necessary displacement and governs the mechanism of the actuators, which transform the signal into effective force. Active systems have great potential but are difficult to implement in practice. The main difficulty is a technological one, having to do with the way in which forces can be applied to large structures such as buildings. This is why much of the research in the field is focused on developing semi-active strategies. This intermediate line of work consists in designing passive control devices whose characteristics, rather than being fixed at the time of their construction, can be adjusted by a controller in real time on the basis of the structure's response, as measured by the sensors. Smart materials are materials that respond to specific external stimuli and carry out particular functions as a result of their intrinsic properties. These materials have had a major impact on the field of vibration control. For example, electrorheological or magnetorheological materials are fluids that can change very quickly, in milliseconds, from liquid to solid (and vice versa) when exposed to an electrical or magnetic field. Magnetorheological fluids contain suspended magnetic particles that are distributed randomly. When an electrical or magnetic field is applied, these particles realign themselves, thereby increasing the material's resistance to vibrations and making it less likely to be deformed in the direction in which the particles are aligned. These characteristics make magnetorheological fluids appropriate for use in the design of semi-active control devices, especially dampers containing these fluids. Smart materials are most frequently used to absorb vibrations in vehicle suspensions. Attempts are being made to transfer this technology to civil engineering, where it has thus far only been used experimentally. The remaining challenge is to engineer a way to automatically modify the voltage required to cause changes in the properties of the materials, with a view to achieving a rapid, effective and lasting response. As a result, a recent line of research has focused on the design of devices, mathematical modeling and the formulation of algorithms. 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Ask somebody about stress, and you're likely to hear an outpouring about all the bad things that cause it and the bad things that result. But if you ask a biologist, you'll hear that stress can be good. In fact, it's essential. For example, the adrenal glands of all animals have evolved to pump out stress hormones in unexpected situations the hormones spur action and increase fuel to the brain, helping the animal react to danger appropriately. Those hormones also flow to memory centers in the brain, to help the critter remember those notable moments and places. "If it turns out to be dangerous and if the animal actually turns out to survive danger, than it will be aware of this as a potentially dangerous place," explains Bruce McEwen, head of the neuroendocrinology laboratory at The Rockefeller University. "In that sense, stress is good." People also experience this good kind of stress it's your body's reaction as you get pumped up to speak in public, for example, or compete in an athletic event. "We do something that that takes a little bit of a risk, it has a good outcome, we feel exhilarated that's good stress," McEwen says. Of course, that's not what most people were thinking of when pollsters called them earlier this year. NPR conducted a poll that focused on stress in America, with the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation and the Harvard School of Public Health. Those responding talked mostly about the downside of stress the sort that comes from tension at work or family friction. The biological mechanisms that help us in the short run, it turns out, aren't so useful when the stress grinds on for weeks or months. McEwen, who wrote The End of Stress As We Know It, says often people find ways to tolerate that stress. But it can also be overwhelming, "and then, we have something that's been called toxic stress," he says. The stress system gone awry can literally make you sick. "When stress is sustained or repeating or extreme, then all [the usual systems] gets disrupted," says Huda Akil, co-director of the Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute at the University of Michigan. "And eventually, you do it long enough and it starts impacting other systems ... immune responses; it can affect the heart; it affects brain cells. It depends how long we're talking about." In our poll, many Americans responding said that to cope with excessive stress they end up eating more or sleeping more. Yet others said they end up sleeping less and eating less. Sometimes these reactions can help reduce stress, research shows but other times not. "I think a lot of people imagine that our modern lifestyle with constantly chirping cell phones and email and all these demands has led to more stress," Linden says. "And the truth is, it really doesn't seem to be that way." "It's not like stress is mounting up in our modern age it's just [that] the flavor of it is changing," Linden says. And that flavor isn't changing as much as you might think. Our poll finds that over the past year, the major causes of stress in Americans are still those age old troubles: illness, disease and the death of a loved one. Now, 14 percent of the people we polled said they didn't feel stressed at all. But that doesn't mean a few people have found a secret Eden right here on Earth. Huda Akil says some people are simply more tolerant of stress than others. She sees this clearly in her animal studies. "Some animals like risky situations, actually go seek them, and other animals cower away from them," Akil says. "And it's clearly genetic. We can breed for it. And it shows up very, very early in life. And it is in humans what we define often as temperament." That temperament is shaped by both biology and our experiences as young children. It can have a lifelong impact on how we perceive stress and cope with it. The good news is this mix of psychology and biochemistry is malleable. "A lot of stress can be very disruptive," Akil says. "But a little bit of stress is kind of like working your muscles, your emotional muscles. And you build them up and you learn how to cope. So this is not something that's irretrievably wired to be bad or good. It can be retuned and fine-tuned, and it's never too late." Stress is, at root, a mechanism for adapting to changing circumstances. So when a challenging situation inevitably appears, the trick is to get the stress reaction to work to your advantage.	<urn:uuid:a7540982-5370-4871-af83-e8cb7e08a750>	CC-MAIN-2017-26	http://www.gpb.org/news/2014/07/09/all-animals-we-need-stress-just-not-too-much	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128323889.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20170629070237-20170629090237-00618.warc.gz	en	0.970243	966	2.8125	3
Tracing the history of name Furstenberg I discovered some coins, perhaps part of a treasure found in a castle, as well as porcelain fit for a King residing on a Parisian Street. First there was the Fürstenberg castle Fürstenberg Castle was a medieval fortress located on Fürstenberg hill, in Baden-Württemberg region of south-west Germany, near the source of the Danube river. The name actually means Prince Mountain, or Prince of the Mountain. The castle was first mentioned in a deed of 1175. Around 1250 Count Henry of Urach (a land nearby) made it his residence and was the first to call himself a Count of Fürstenberg. Sadly, the original castle was devastated during the Thirty Years’ War (at the beginning of the 17th century) and never rebuilt. But the Fürstenberg county and the Fürstenberg clan survived history. Over the years, as it often happened with any big family, holdings were partitioned between different branches of the clan, then unified again as family lines went extinct. One such memorable member was Count Henry VII von Fürstenberg-Fürstenberg mentioned in 1408. One of the oldest Fürstenberg coins A Theodore von Furstenberg silver coin from 1614 In 1664, Hermann Egon of Fürstenberg-Heiligenberg and his brothers, the bishops Franz Egon of Strasbourg and Cardinal William Egon of Fürstenberg, became Princes of the Holy Roman Empire and the first to be raised to imperial princely status by emperor Leopold I. Therefor Hermann Egon is seen as the founder of the Principality of Fürstenberg-Fürstenberg. Furstenberg coins from 16th and 17th centuries Minted under Dietrich von Fürstenberg, Bishop of Paderborn, 1585-1618 (left) and under Ferdinand von Fürstenberg, Bishop of Paderborn and Münster, 1661-1683 (right): In 1716, Count Joseph Wilhelm Ernst becomes (again) Prince of Fürstenberg-Fürstenberg (due to various partitions followed by unification of the small counties). It was he who changed his residency to Donaueschingen, a small settlement near the confluence of the Brigach and Breg rivers, the source of the Danube river. There he built a residence fit for a prince, he organized the administration of the county and is seen as the founder of the Principality of Fürstenberg-Fürstenberg. A Furstenberg-Stuhlingen Taler from 1729 A coin that should not exist in such a fine state. The obverse: we see the bust of Josef Wilhelm Ernst Furstenberg-Stuhlingen in armored suit. Do notice the fine details: the edge of each curl fully defined, and his facial features easily pronounced. Also, notice the flan (or planchet, the round metal disk that is ready to be struck as a coin): in russets and golden hues just like a painter’s brush strokes. The reverse: figures at work, with a view of the mines and valley in the background. Do notice the excellent proportions of the details and the 3D perspective created with the use of repoussoir (an object along the right or left foreground that directs the viewer’s eye into the composition by framing the edge). The Fürstenberg porcelain Duke Charles I of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, who reigned as Prince of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel from 1735 until his death, requested that a porcelain factory be built in 1747 in Fürstenberg. Below is one of the oldest drawing used by Fürstenberg porcelain factory dating from 1760: the castle and the factory, and painted by Pascha Johann Weitsch. The plate is from the Duke Carl I of Brunswick-Wolfenbuettel set. It is interesting to know that the Fürstenberg porcelain trademark, the blue “F”, dates since 1740 and the ALT FÜRSTENBERG range is still produced today in its original Rococo style. Moving on with the history of the Fürstenberg family… At the end of the 18th century, Prince Joseph Maria Benedikt, the third Prince of the House of Fürstenberg-Stühlingen, is known to have studied at the University of Salzburg and was a passionate musician and a patron of the arts. For this, the Prince upgraded the riding school in Donaueschingen into a 500 seat theater to play the works of great composers of the day. He is also remembered to have regulated the lives of his subjects with moral severity… In 1766 and age 10, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart visited the Fürstenberg home in Donaueschingen for twelve days and performed for the Prince, his family, and guests. Both Mozart and his sister received diamond rings as a sign of gratitude for their performance. Later, Mozart proposed that the Prince of Fürstenberg pay him a regular annual salary in return for new compositions for exclusive use at the court in Donaueschingen. The Prince purchased three symphonies and three piano concertos but, sadly, decided not to pay Mozart the salary the musician hoped for. If only he would have. The Furstenberg-Stuhlingen coin of 1767 worth nearly 40 000 USD A Josef Wenzel Furstenberg-Stuhlingen coin, struck as part of the Mining Taler series featuring St. Wenceslas standing in front of the Wenceslas Mine: In November 15, 1772 the Prince of Fürstenberg was contracted to marry Princess Maria Theresa of Thurn and Taxis but it didn’t work out as the princess changed her mind. He married instead Maria Antonia of Hohenzollern-Hechingen in 1778. An alliance that did not work out wither, although they shared a passion for music and she was an “excellent soprano”, courageous, determined and ingenious although unusually small. Over the centuries members of Fürstenberg family have risen to prominence as soldiers, churchmen, diplomats, and academics. Sometimes the name was gallicized as de Furstenberg or anglicized as Furstenberg. 🙂 The Principality of Fürstenberg was one of 16 principalities dissolved by the treaty of the Rhine In 1806. Most part was annexed to the Grand Duchy of Baden, smaller parts were given to the Kingdom of Württemberg, the principality of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen and the Kingdom of Bavaria. The Fürstenberg noble title was retired. The Fürstenberg family no longer rules as princes, yet it still resides at Donaueschingen (with its gardens, grounds and an extensive library), at Heiligenberg and Weitra. And a Furstenberg street in chic Paris Rue de Furstemberg is located in one of the most charming squares in Paris. The street was named after Cardinal Guillaume-Egon de Fürstenberg (1629-1704), ordained Abbot of Saint-Germain-des -Prés in 1697. He was the same Guillaume-Egon which, in 1664 and together with his brothers Hermann Egon of Fürstenberg-Heiligenberg and bishop Franz Egon of Strasbourg, were raised to the status of Princes of the Holy Roman Empire by emperor Leopold I. Place de Furstenberg or Rue de Furstemberg is in the heart of the wealthy 6th arrondissement, tucked between the web of streets found between the left bank of the Seine and Boulevard Saint-Germain. The square is the foreground to the entrance of the Abbatial Palace constructed in 1586 by Cardinal Charles I de Bourbon and named after the Cardinal Guillaume-Egon de Furstenberg. Notice below Rue de Cardinal perpendicularly to Rue de Furstenberg? Rue de Furstemberg, 75006 Paris, France The surrounding buildings here are placed around a central island and form a charming courtyard. Noticeable here is the Haussmannian architecture that defines Paris, a subtle hint of the romantic and traditional Parisian charm. A hotspot for intellectuals and artists, Rue de Furstenberg is also famous for having been home to Eugène Delacroix who moved there to be nearer to the Eglise Saint-Sulpice which he had been commissioned to decorate. Not any know, but an unfinished Medieval statue of the Virgin with Child was reassembled from three pieces of rock discovered in an archeological dig on the Rue de Furstenberg in 1999. The Statue can be admired in the Church of Saint-Germain des Prés nearby, the oldest church in Paris. Discovering the history behind a family name is a fascinating journey, one I hope you enjoyed taking with me. Thank you for reading ‘A History of Furstenberg: Coins, a Castle, Porcelain, and a Street.’ Until next time.	<urn:uuid:1a86b62b-1c7d-4a95-b535-07e391568da3>	CC-MAIN-2022-21	https://alluringcreations.co.za/wp/history-furstenberg-coins-castle-porcelain-street/?shared=email&msg=fail	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662545326.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20220522094818-20220522124818-00516.warc.gz	en	0.943853	1,977	3.171875	3
Viewers: in countries Watching now: Google Apps has been embraced by millions of schools and campuses, but is your classroom getting the most from it? Join educator Aaron Quigley as he shows K–12 teachers how to use Google Apps for Education to streamline communication, save time, and increase content mastery. Administrators can learn how to set up Apps for Education, verify your domain name, and add users, while teachers learn how to sort personal from school email, set up email signatures, add events to calendars, and create lesson plans with Google Drive. Administrators and teachers alike can learn how to set up custom Google sites for collaboration with parents and students, and extend Google Apps with apps like YouTube and Google Scholar. Now that we've configured Gmail, let's go ahead and explore Gmail as an Application. Here I've logged into Gmail by logging into Google with my Google Apps for Education account UserName. And then I clicked on Mail. If you have custom URLs set up, you can also access this by going to your custom URL. For us we set up mail.orangevalleyschools.com. Once inside of Gmail, your Homepage is always going to be your Inbox. Here I can see a variety of messages that are coming to me. These are all just sample messages that I've had Gmail create and send to me, so that we can use them as an example in this particular course. I can tell that an email is unread because it's bolded. If I click on a certain email, and I read this email And then go back to my Inbox, I can see that its now darker in color in the background, and the font is no longer bolded. As I'm going through my email Inbox, I also have the ability to star and mark certain messages important. This is kind of like organizing them into different folders. However, you can do with a single mouse click and its built into everyone's system. For example, let's say that it was a long weekend and I'm here on Monday morning trying to figure out what emails are important for me to take a look at. I can simply go through and find the emails that I think need a little bit of follow up and I can click Stars. In addition to that, if I think an email is important and might need to be saved as an important email, I can flag those as important. By clicking either the Star or the Important Flag, it's going to automatically add these to the Star or the Important box. You'll notice that these emails were not moved. They are still inside of my Inbox, and I can even make them starred or important without having read the email. To access these I can now click on the left hand side where it says Starred and you'll notice the three emails that I just added stars to were automatically moved to the starred box. I can also click on the Important box on the left hand side and the emails where I clicked the Important flag have been automatically added here as well. At any time I can always access the Inbox simply by clicking back on the Inbox on the left hand side. You can also see that the 14 tells me that I have 14 unread messages inside my Inbox. There's also a variety of things you can do to mass clean up your Inbox. For example, all of these Google Calendar reminders have happened in the past. So, I don't really need to look at them as I'm cleaning out my Inbox. So, what I can do is I can go through and quickly check off each particular email that says Google Calendar next to it. So now that I've checked each email that has Google Calendar. I can go ahead and makes changes to all of these emails at once. I can also use the Drop Down box to select, All emails, No emails, I can only select emails that have been read, Unread, I can only select Starred emails or Unstarred emails. With the ones that I've selected, I now have some Options at the very top. I can Archive them, I can mark them as Spam, or I can Delete them. I can also move them to a New Folder, or I can add Labels to them so I can find them more easily. There's also the More button, where if I click the More button, it gives me a variety of ways that I can manipulate these email messages for example, maybe I just want to mark them all as Read. If I click Marked as Read I can now see that every email that I had marked no longer has bold text, and if I uncheck them I can see that they're not a grey color behind. Inside of Gmail you also have the ability to create custom folders to help you organize your emails. To do this, select the emails that you'd like to move, come up to the Folder Icon. At the very bottom we're going to go ahead and say Create New. And I'm going to call these Google Calendar. Now if you'd like to make this particular folder underneath a different distinction, you can go ahead and select to nest it. Now because we have nothing created, there's nothing to nest it under. So I'm going to go ahead and Uncheck that to make sure that it's a top of a folder, and I'm going to click Create. So all the emails that I had selected have now been moved to my Google Calendar Folder on the left hand side. If I click on that Folder I can see that all those emails are now showing up. In addition to that, I can also see that because I've read some of these emails, or marked them as Read, that the number of Unread emails has dropped down to seven. Now, in addition in being able to manage as well as organize the emails that come into our Inbox, we also want to be able to Compose emails. The large Compose button on the left hand side, when you click it will automatically open up a dialog box that gives us the ability to Create and Send an email. If you're sending an email to someone inside of your Google Apps for Education account, for example another staff member, all you have to is start typing their Name. And Google will automatically help hint for us the people we're going to send that to. As I started to type Jeff's name, Jeff automatically appeared. All I have to do is hit the Tab key And he'll be automatically added to this email. I can now add a Subject, I can add a Message, and I click Send. In addition to sending this email, we'll have the ability to change some of the Fonts, such as whether or not it's Bolded, Underlined, adding Bullets, as well as changing the Color of the Font. I can Attach files to this email, and I can even come over here and choose to discard this Draft. If I decide that I'm not going to send this email and I don't want to to save it. You'll notice in the left hand side, that the draft area is automatically showing me that I have some new emails there. If I go ahead and click on Drafts on the left hand side, I can see that this draft email that I just created to Jeff is being saved for me automatically. That way, in case you're halfway through typing an email message to someone and your computer dies or you have to go do something else, Google's going to automatically save the draft for you. You can come back to your Draft Folder. Reopen that email, continue typing and when you're ready, go ahead and hit the Send button. So there we've quickly taken a look at both how to read and organize email messages inside a Gmail as well as how to compose new messages. I do recommend you take the time to click around Gmail and become familiar with the Interface as there's a lot of options that we have not covered. There are currently no FAQs about Google Apps for Educators. Access exercise files from a button right under the course name. Search within course videos and transcripts, and jump right to the results. Remove icons showing you already watched videos if you want to start over. Make the video wide, narrow, full-screen, or pop the player out of the page into its own window. Click on text in the transcript to jump to that spot in the video. As the video plays, the relevant spot in the transcript will be highlighted.	<urn:uuid:f8cd7d6a-e191-4780-8f58-3c4d2a2e14fb>	CC-MAIN-2015-11	http://www.lynda.com/Apps-Education-tutorials/Gmail-communication/145218/156227-4.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936462839.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074102-00145-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.965675	1,745	3.09375	3
1. The problem statement, all variables and given/known data Using De Moivre's formula to express sin 4θ in terms of sinθ and cosθ. Using this result, express sin4θcosθ in terms of sinθ only. 2. Relevant equations 3. The attempt at a solution So sin4θ = [cosθ+isinθ]^4 using Binomial .... cos4θ= cos^4(θ) -6cos^2(θ)(sin^2(θ)) +sin^4(θ) & sin4θ= 4cos^3(θ)(sinθ) -4cosθsin^3(θ) so for the last part of the question I assume you replace the cos^2(θ) with 1-sin^2(θ) and then sub this result into cos4θ from above. But I am a little lost about "express sin4θcosθ in terms of sinθ only." where does the sin4θcosθ come from?? Is this the right approach?? I have seen similar question but its just asked to represent sin4θ in terms of cosθ or visa-verca the extra cos term is messing with my head ??? Thanks.	<urn:uuid:33a93e53-0d63-4f46-986d-ad3f62dd4dd6>	CC-MAIN-2018-09	https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/use-de-moivres-to-express-sin-4theta.596114/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891813571.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20180221063956-20180221083956-00155.warc.gz	en	0.824961	280	2.90625	3
Search Results (9) In this seminar you will learn about the large land masses that cover planet Earth. We call these land masses continents. You will learn the names and locations of each continent. By the end of this seminar, you will be able to construct a map of the 7 continents.Standards7.1.4.B Describe and locate places and regions as defined by physical and human features. This Farmers' Agribusiness training course has been developed to help both farmers and farmer organisations. Its intention is to provide access to additional skills and knowledge that will allow farmers to move from a 'farm' to a 'firm'. Module 2 looks at sustainable agriculture. This lesson deals with vital agricultural inputs and resources, balancing of output and input requirements and helps the learner to understand improvement measures for agricultural resources available to them. Review of IPE field covering previous and core research focusing on dual national objectives in a global context, namely pursuit of power and pursuit of wealth. Surveys major paradigms of international political economy, including neoclassical economics, development and ecological economics, lateral pressure, and perspectives and structural views of power relations. Examines interaction of politics and economics on international trade, capital flows, foreign investment, intellectual property rights, international migration, and select issues in foreign economic policy in global context. Examines the evolution of international economic institutions and attendant political implications. Open to undergraduates by permission of instructor. This website allows users to visualize, by way of an interactive map, the exact regions and countries in which specific dialects of Arabic are spoken. Users have the option of selecting a specific dialect from among 21 options. Once a dialect is selected, the map pinpoints the region in which the dialect is spoken, and a brief profile of both the dialect and region is provided. This set of flashcards features the official names of Arabic-speaking countries. The flashcards feature an audio component that allows users to hear each name of the country in Arabic. The flashcard menu includes tools designed to test a student's retention of the words, and also include Arabic text and English translation. We live on the continent of North America and in the great country of the United States. The United States is split into five different regions. In this seminar you will learn about the five regions and their characteristics.Standards7.1.4.B Describe and locate places and regions as defined by physical and human features. Observable features of the student performance by the end of the grade: 1). Obtaining information: Students use books and other reliable media to gather information about: i. Climates in different regions of the world (e.g., equatorial, polar, coastal, mid-continental). ii. Variations in climates within different regions of the world (e.g., variations could include an area’s average temperatures and precipitation during various months over several years or an area’s average rainfall and temperatures during the rainy season over several years). 2 Evaluating information a Student's combine obtained information to provide evidence about the climate pattern in a region that can be used to make predictions about typical weather conditions in that region. 3 Communicating information a Students use the information they obtained and combined to describe*: i. Climates in different regions of the world. ii. Examples of how patterns in climate could be used to predict typical weather conditions. iii. That climate can vary over years in different regions of the world.	<urn:uuid:006ffb66-06df-45b4-9706-2b6ee27a2f93>	CC-MAIN-2019-22	https://www.oercommons.org/browse?f.keyword=regions	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232258439.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20190525184948-20190525210948-00132.warc.gz	en	0.913917	705	3.140625	3
The sura is named after Imran, the father of Moses, Aaron and Miriam. It has four sections: 1. Explaining the nature of the Qur’an. 2. Muhammad’s discussion with the Christians from the Najran. 3. Explaining the Muslim military defeat at the battle of Uhud. 4. Closing reflection and prayer. What I found interesting: 1. This sura still has the strong theme that the Qur’an confirms the previous scripture. He hath revealed unto thee (Muhammad) the Scripture with truth, confirming that which was (revealed) before it, even as He revealed the Torah and the Gospel. 3:3 Say (O Muhammad): We believe in Allah and that which is revealed unto us and that which was revealed unto Abraham and Ishmael and Isaac and Jacob and the tribes, and that which was vouchsafed unto Moses and Jesus and the prophets from their Lord. We make no distinction between any of them, and unto Him we have surrendered. 3:84 2. Interpreting the Qur’an. I wonder which bits are allegorical? He it is Who hath revealed unto thee (Muhammad) the Scripture wherein are clear revelations - they are the substance of the Book - and others (which are) allegorical. But those in whose hearts is doubt pursue, forsooth, that which is allegorical seeking (to cause) dissension by seeking to explain it. None knoweth its explanation save Allah. And those who are of sound instruction say: We believe therein; the whole is from our Lord; but only men of understanding really heed. 3:7 3. I found this verses to be very liturgical as it seems to be a response to 3:7 Our Lord! Cause not our hearts to stray after Thou hast guided us, and bestow upon us mercy from Thy Presence. Lo! Thou, only Thou, art the Bestower. 3:8 (also 3:192-194) Again, the Qur’an does not sound like Allah speaking but a community speaking about Allah. 4. This verse makes it hard for Muslims to have non-Muslim friends. Let not the believers take disbelievers for their friends in preference to believers. Whoso doeth that hath no connection with Allah unless (it be) that ye but guard yourselves against them, taking (as it were) security. ... 3:28 I could see Islamic Fundamentalists using this verse to attack Muslim governments which are friendly with non-Islamic countries. 5. There is a big section in this sura about Mary (Miriam) Jesus’ mother (3:35-45). But the she is the daughter of Imran the father of Moses and Aaron. Here we see that Muhammad confuses Mary the mother of Jesus with Mary (Miriam) the daughter of Imran. 6. There is a big section about Jesus. The stories of Jesus speaking in the cradle (v. 46) and making birds of clay (v. 49) come from well known apocryphal gospels. This gives us an insight as to the sources that were available to Muhammad. Muhammad seeks to explain Jesus’ relationship to the Torah: And (I come) confirming that which was before me of the Torah, and to make lawful some of that which was forbidden unto you. I come unto you with a sign from your Lord, so keep your duty to Allah and obey me. 3:50 And for those Christians who do not access Muhammad’s teaching Muslims are to solve the issue with a curse. And whoso disputeth with thee concerning him, after the knowledge which hath come unto thee, say (unto him): Come! We will summon our sons and your sons, and our women and your women, and ourselves and yourselves, then we will pray humbly (to our Lord) and (solemnly) invoke the curse of Allah upon those who lie. 3:61 7. There is much about Abraham in this sura but Abraham is portrayed as a monotheist and not a man of the covenant. The result is the theme of the covenant which unites the Torah and Gospel is not understand. O People of the Scripture! Why will ye argue about Abraham, when the Torah and the Gospel were not revealed till after him? Have ye then no sense? 3:6 Lo! those of mankind who have the best claim to Abraham are those who followed him, and this Prophet and those who believe (with him); and Allah is the Protecting Guardian of the believers. 3:68 It seems that being a monotheist is all that matters (v. 95) and the unifying promises given to Abraham are not present. This shows that Muhammad has no understanding of the main themes of the prophets. It seems that the Christians were trying to explain the scriptures to the Muslims but Muhammad is telling the Muslims not to listen to the Christians or Jews but instead to only listen to what he is saying and that this is the way of Abraham. Muhammad has turned Muslims away from the writing of the prophets. I think that we need to see what the Qur’an says about Jesus and Christians in order to understand an important aspect of how Muslims think of Christians. Imagine if there were Pharisees around today. Would not Christians think of them in terms of their NT description? I think that this is how Islamic culture sees Christians. 8. There was a lot about how to be “saved” And obey Allah and the messenger, that ye may find mercy. And vie one with another for forgiveness from your Lord, and for a paradise as wide as are the heavens and the earth, prepared for those who ward off (evil); 3:132-133 and 136, 157, 163 Say, (O Muhammad, to mankind): If ye love Allah, follow me; Allah will love you and forgive you your sins. Allah is Forgiving, Merciful. 3:31 Every soul will taste of death. And ye will be paid on the Day of Resurrection only that which ye have fairly earned. Whoso is removed from the Fire and is made to enter paradise, he indeed is triumphant. The life of this world is but comfort of illusion. 3:185 There was a very strong martyr theme saying that the martyrs of Jihad are the ones in paradise. 3:169-172 9. In the second half there were many verses about giving away/using your wealth to follow Muhammad and join the Jihad. It is interesting to compare this call to the call of Jesus to give away and use our wealth to follow him. 10. A Common Word Say: O People of the Scripture! Come to an agreement (common word) between us and you: that we shall worship none but Allah, and that we shall ascribe no partner unto Him, and that none of us shall take others for lords beside Allah. And if they turn away, then say: Bear witness that we are they who have surrendered (unto Him). 3:64 This verse is a key verse for how Muslims are to approach Christians. It is the call for Christians to be true monotheist like Muslims. It calls on Christian to worship God alone and not to associate (shirk) anything or anyone with God. This is a significant verse for Christian Muslim relations. The assumption of the verse is that Christians do associate others with God and that Muslims do not, however, Christians need to realize that Muslims kiss the black stone in an animistic practice, that Muhammad in included in the Shahada, he is prayed to him in the Salaat, relied on for his intercession on the last day, his tomb is in the mosque in Medina and he approved of the collecting of his relics. Muhammad is associated with Allah at every point of Islamic practice. I am currently writing an article about this where I will provide all the references. 3:64 is indeed a key verse for Christian Muslim relations because Islam is Muhammadism.	<urn:uuid:6be00389-dd02-4297-ab54-d5084633da17>	CC-MAIN-2017-17	http://reading-the-quran.blogspot.com/2010/04/sura-3-family-of-imran.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917123046.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031203-00482-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.959933	1,657	2.671875	3
Did you know? Ghee made from the milk of Indian desi cows by Vedic process is an Ayurvedic superfood. It is tri-doshic, i.e. pacifies vata, pitta and kapha when consumed in moderate quantities. Not only does ghee have fewer calories than butter, but it is also loaded with vitamins and has a high dietary fat content as well. To digest its vitamins, as they are fat-soluble they need to be combined with fat molecules. In the form of dietary fibre, ghee offers these fat molecules. Together, our bodies absorb them readily and thus can use these nutrients. Process of Making Anveshan Ghee 22 litres of Harlikar cows' A2 milk gives 1 litre of Anveshan ghee. It is made by the Vedic process as described in Ayurveda to retain all the nutrients. 1. The fresh A2 milk from desi Harlikar cows is obtained. (The cows are fed natural fodder and are also left to graze freely in the fields.) 2. The milk is boiled and set to curd. This increases CLA percentage in the ghee. 3. The curd is then slowly churned bidirectionally to yield makkhan. This step ensures that all the nutrients are retained. 4. The makkhan is heated on a low flame to yield golden ghee Benefits of A2 Vedic Ghee 1. Improves Digestion 2. Increases Immunity 3. Regulates weight 4. Beneficial for Skin and Hair	<urn:uuid:c579a07f-f8c5-4811-a4f5-4303c412f67c>	CC-MAIN-2020-50	https://www.anveshan.farm/products/a2-vedic-ghee	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141723602.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20201203062440-20201203092440-00320.warc.gz	en	0.947342	335	2.78125	3
The Sense of Touch Touch is the fourth sense among the twelve that Rudolf Steiner, founder of Waldorf Education, developed and introduced about 100 years ago. The sense of touch is a lower sense, classified as physical, inner, or a sense of the will. We are affected inwardly by touching outwardly. This begins with birth and continues through our whole lives. We can help our children develop this sense with awareness of what they touch. Providing a variety of experiences including temperature, texture, and location will strengthen this sense. A strong sense of touch as a child will give way to young adults who are empathetic and have social graces. They will be good team players and sense the needs of others well. How does this relate to Unitarian Universalism and Religious Exploration? The Seven Principles of Unitarian Universalism are the ideas which we affirm to “hold as strong values and moral guides.” I identified thirteen key concepts that appear throughout them. These are: When we make a conscious effort to fortify the sense of touch, we will in turn be developing awareness of dignity, worth, compassion, respect, and connectedness. What can you do to fortify this sense? * Drawing on backs * Hand clapping games * London Bridge with rocking * Simon Says * Wrestling/roughhouse games * throwing and catching, especially with a partner * try to solve a wooden puzzle using only your sense of touch. * Take two trees of different species and examine them visually. Then go to each tree and touch the trunk. Describe the difference. You could also do this exercise with other objects instead of trees. by Amy Huntereece, PhD ABD, M. Ed. April 1, 2021 - Tunkey, J. (2011). Working with the 12 senses: Touch, health, movement and balance as a foundation for academic progress. - UUA. (2018). The seven principles. https://www.uua.org/beliefs/what-we-believe/principles - van Gelder, T. (2015). Sense of balance. http://tomvangelder.antrovista.com/sense-of-balance-127m54.html	<urn:uuid:a1d59034-3b1e-4b44-a8ec-7233ed391bcc>	CC-MAIN-2023-06	https://uugire.consulting/2021/04/19/the-sense-of-touch/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500628.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20230207170138-20230207200138-00781.warc.gz	en	0.897512	512	3.78125	4
wikiHow is a “wiki,” similar to Wikipedia, which means that many of our articles are co-written by multiple authors. To create this article, 28 people, some anonymous, worked to edit and improve it over time. wikiHow marks an article as reader-approved once it receives enough positive feedback. In this case, several readers have written to tell us that this article was helpful to them, earning it our reader-approved status. This article has been viewed 110,166 times. Most people know the phrase, “Haters gonna hate.” We have all had moments when other people – haters, bullies, or critics – tried to cut us down, deter us, or exclude us. Often they did this maliciously and their aim was to bully or control us. No one should stand for this sort of treatment. However, sometimes people criticize in order to help us. There’s a big difference between a “hater” who criticizes destructively and someone who gives you useful, “constructive” criticism. Know how to react to and deal with abuse, how to tell bad from good criticism, and how to accept constructive criticism. Doing so will help you to grow as a person. Method 1 of 3: Dealing with Bullying or Abuse 1Turn the other cheek. Bullies and haters do what they do in order to exert power. They want to know that they have the ability to control you, including your emotions and reactions. Don’t give them that satisfaction. Ignore them as an effective counter. X Trustworthy Source HelpGuide Nonprofit organization dedicated to providing free, evidence-based mental health and wellness resources. Go to source - Ways to ignore a bully include walking away, acting as if you aren’t listening to them, or telling them that you’re not interested in what they are saying. - For example, you have options if a bully tells you that your school project was terrible. You can walk away. You might also tell him directly, “Your opinion doesn’t really matter to me.” - Ignoring a bully doesn’t necessarily mean acting as if the abuse isn’t taking place. What it means is that you refuse to react how they want you to react. 2Deflate the bully. Deflating can be a bit like ignoring. In both cases, you are denying the bully the satisfaction of having power over you and your emotions. The difference is that you are engaging their behavior but in a way that derails it. X Research source - Saying something as simple as “Why would you say that?” turns an insult back on the bully, without seeming aggressive. - You might also try being dismissive of the bully, saying “Really?” “Whatever,” or even pretend not to hear. All can help to deflate the bully’s behavior. - The key to deflation is to confront the hater without retaliation. You poke a hole in their attempt to control you. If they see that you aren’t vulnerable to their abuse, they may move on. 3Remove the hater’s audience. Bullies and haters need audiences. They do not abuse others for the sheer fun of it but in order to establish a place in a social pecking order – to raise themselves at your expense in the eyes of others. If you take away their audience, they lose their purpose and power. X Research source - This technique is not always easy and might be outside of your control. However, you can sometimes work against a bully. Try deflating them in front of others, for example. - Say that you walk into the lunch room and your hater starts to tear down your performance in the school play in front of a group. Saying, “Geez, it’s only a play. Hey Alex, I heard that you scored tickets to the big game. Great!” both deflates the bully and deflects the conversation. You have taken away his audience. 4Tell someone. Growing up, a lot of us heard that we shouldn’t be “tattletales.” This advice isn’t very good when it comes to bullying and may even be harmful. Be willing to talk to someone if you are experiencing out of control bullying or abuse, especially if it is physical. Talk to a trusted adult, a teacher, a family member. - It is in your interest to report threats and assaults. If you don’t, the bully may become more aggressive. - Your safety should come first. Standing up to abuse is your choice, but don’t take unneeded risks with an aggressive hater or bully. Tell someone if you feel threatened or in danger. X Trustworthy Source HelpGuide Nonprofit organization dedicated to providing free, evidence-based mental health and wellness resources. Go to source Method 2 of 3: Telling Destructive from Constructive Criticism 1Note the intent. Sometimes we get feedback we don’t want to hear. Whether from a classmate, a teacher, a coach, or a parent, criticism isn’t always “hating.” It’s meant to be constructive. There’s a big difference. Bullies abuse, hate, and tear down. That is “destructive criticism.” Constructive criticism, on the other hand, is meant to help us. X Research source - Intent is the big difference between these two kinds of criticism. Why is a person criticizing you? If they are trying to hurt you, to be cruel, or to just tear you down, it’s destructive. - If a person gives criticism that points out your mistakes or faults, but also how you can improve, it is constructive. It still might hurt, but it is worth listening to. - Say that your hockey teammate tells you, “You’re a terrible skater” or “You really suck out there.” These are examples of destructive criticism – “hating.” It would be constructive if your teammate had said, “You’re a weak skater. Try bending more at the knees and getting lower to the ice. You’ll get more power in your stride” 2Note the target of criticism. Not only intent but the target of criticism is important in determining whether it is destructive or constructive. Destructive remarks target the individual – you. They are meant to attack you as a person. Constructive criticism does not do this. It focuses instead on your work, your skills, a concept, a process, or something else. It is impersonal. - Examples of destructive criticism include, “You’re stupid,” “What’s wrong with you?” “You’re doing this all wrong.” Note that the criticism attacks you and your personal worth. - Examples of constructive criticism include, “Your writing sounds kind of stilted. Try to use simpler sentences,” or “You nearly hit that car. Always check your blind spot before changing lanes.” - It can be hard to separate yourself from your work or other things that you love. Try not to take it personally. Someone who criticizes your writing, for example, is not attacking who you are as a person. They may just want to help you improve. 3Note tone of criticism. How criticism is delivered is also important. Destructive and constructive criticism can both be harsh and difficult to hear. Tone is a key separator, however. A destructive critic usually takes a hurtful tone, maybe contempt, maybe mockery, or maybe just insults. Constructive critics may point out faults, but their tone is supposed to be cruel. X Research source - For example, a hater would say something along the lines of “Only an idiot would do it this way.” The tone is very personal, insulting, and hurtful. - A constructive critic might take the same fault but express it more kindly: “This is wrong, but it’s a common mistake. What you could have done differently is...” Note that the tone is more impersonal and leads to a piece of advice. 4Note the lack of substance of advice. At heart, the advice is what most separates destructive from constructive criticism. The first aims only to tear down, without offering suggestions for the future. The second, on the other hand, is meant to offer advice and to help you improve. - A hater will never (or rarely) have suggestions for how you can improve, e.g. “That was pathetic!” or “Why did you waste your time on that?” - Constructive criticism offers useful advice. For example, say you get a low grade on a paper and the comment, “It seems like you wrote this essay very fast. It is filled with errors. Always make sure to proofread!” This criticism may be blunt, but it offers genuine advice. 5Be open to constructive criticism. Lots of people talk about “haters” when they get a piece of criticism. While there are lots of critics out there, we sometimes fall back on the word “hater” as a way to avoid confronting our own failures. In other words, we dismiss criticism when we “lack the self-awareness to critique and improve.” X Research source - Criticism can be hard to hear. However, we sometimes need to hear the truth in order to grow. Don’t resist all criticism. Learn to tell constructive criticism from destructive criticism. Be open to criticism when it’s mean to help you. Method 3 of 3: Accepting Constructive Criticism 1Listen. Once you’ve recognized constructive criticism, learn how to grow from it. The first step is to hear the person out. You may need to practice this, as your first reaction is often to become defensive. Listen to them before you do anything. X Research source - Try to remain objective or outside yourself when getting constructive feedback. Remind yourself, “They aren’t attacking me. This isn’t about me personally.” - Try active listening techniques during the conversation, like paraphrasing. If you are getting written feedback, read and re-read the comments to make sure that you understand. 2Ask questions. Be careful not to misinterpret criticism. If you have the chance, follow up with questions and ask for clarification on points that you do not understand. Asking questions will help you to better grasp what is being said, internalize the criticism, and find a solution. - For example, “Can you please clarify what you meant when you said that my thesis statement was “fuzzy?” 3Don’t lash out. It is easy to get defensive when faced with criticism. Tell yourself over and again that constructive criticism is not personal. Resist the feeling and try to be open. Whether it is a peer, a boss, a teacher, or a loved one, remind yourself that they are, after all, probably just trying to help. X Research source - Take a deep breath if you feel overwhelmed or angry. Think: is it the criticism that bothers you or the way in which the criticism was delivered? If the criticism is constructive, overlook the delivery. 4Decide whether it is accurate. Resist the urge to dismiss criticism out of hand. Take some time to think it over. Is it accurate? Is it fair? Try to be as neutral as you can. You may risk missing an important truth if you ignore criticism. - Consider asking a friend, mentor, or family member about criticism – make sure that it is someone whom you trust but who will give you the truth. - For example, “Sam, my teacher said she thinks I’m working below my ability. I trust you and want to know your opinion.” 5Take steps to address the problem. If you’ve faced constructive criticism, listened and assessed it, and decided that it is accurate, the next step is to make a change. At this stage, you can probably see clearly what the problem is and have gotten beyond your frustration or anger. Implement a plan to address the problem. - Self-reflection is a sign of maturity. Responding to criticism will not only help you, but also shows others that you are willing to face up to your weaknesses, address them, and improve. QuestionOn some sites, Christians bully my religion. On another site, they say Wicca is related to Black and is not a good thing. I feel really bad. How can I ignore the feeling?Top AnswererStay away from the sites or report them. Make an open post that is a letter to all your attackers, explaining your religion and why them attacking you is very hurtful. Sometimes people don't understand Wicca, so you have to present it in a peaceful manner. QuestionWhat if my friends are making fun of me?Top AnswererThen they aren't your friends, they are just using you. Dump them and find new friends that actually care about you. QuestionHow can I stop thinking negative thoughts about myself so much?Community AnswerThat is difficult to do, but a big part of the process is retraining your brain to focus on the positive aspects of yourself instead of the things you don't like. Practice making lists in your head of the qualities you like about yourself. Maybe you're good at singing, or you have beautiful eyes! Change all of your negative thoughts into positive ones. You could even keep a notebook of positive thoughts and things that you love about yourself to read when you're feeling low. QuestionThe bully will not stop, and does this to many people. Telling an adult doesn't work because they always believe he's a little angel. What do I do?Community AnswerGet a group of people he has bullied together and go to an adult. If you're all saying the same thing, it will be difficult for the adult to discount the story. Keep speaking up no matter what. If that adult still doesn't believe you, tell someone else. Support wikiHow's Educational Mission Every day at wikiHow, we work hard to give you access to instructions and information that will help you live a better life, whether it's keeping you safer, healthier, or improving your well-being. Amid the current public health and economic crises, when the world is shifting dramatically and we are all learning and adapting to changes in daily life, people need wikiHow more than ever. Your support helps wikiHow to create more in-depth illustrated articles and videos and to share our trusted brand of instructional content with millions of people all over the world. Please consider making a contribution to wikiHow today. - ↑ http://www.helpguide.org/articles/abuse/dealing-with-bullying.htm - ↑ http://www.csmonitor.com/Commentary/Opinion/2010/1012/Bullying-The-advice-you-got-is-wrong.-Here-s-what-really-works - ↑ http://www.cbsnews.com/news/why-you-should-stop-ignoring-that-bully/ - ↑ http://www.helpguide.org/articles/abuse/dealing-with-bullying.htm - ↑ http://www.skillsyouneed.com/ips/dealing-with-criticism.html - ↑ http://www.sowhatireallymeant.com/articles/conflict/criticism-and-contempt/ - ↑ http://www.huffingtonpost.com/malik-yusef/the-psychology-of-a-hater_b_1491354.html - ↑ http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702303753904577452330484680636 - ↑ http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702303753904577452330484680636 About This Article Reader Success Stories "I am in a relationship that everyone is dissing. I really like the girl, but nobody wanted me to be with her, so I broke up with her. I dated another girl because that is what everyone else wanted. I never liked her, and I didn't want to date her. Finally, we broke up and I was able to get with the girl I really liked; she took me back, thankfully. She was able to understand me. But it was mostly this article that helped me realize that it is just she and I in this relationship, no other people."..." more "It helped me because I really cannot take the haters hating on one of favorite pop singers. I don't think they deserve all the hate."..." more "It helped me because I boost my confidence more and the bullies don't bother me now." "Thanks, I have been dealing with bullies lately. This helped! :D" "I feel positive and confident now. Thanks for the article." "It helped because it made me feel better about myself." "I feel positive now! Thank you."	<urn:uuid:a475e5e7-98db-4ee8-9d19-a770c216f2fc>	CC-MAIN-2021-10	https://www.wikihow.com/Ignore-Haters	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178350717.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20210225041034-20210225071034-00515.warc.gz	en	0.959346	3,643	3.046875	3
The molecule in question has a 6-carbon cyclohexane frame with one carboxylic acid group, a hydroxyl group and two amino groups (the actual drug called Tamiflu is a phosphate salt). The starting material, bicycliclactone 1 already has several components in place but is achiral while the target molecule has 3 stereocenters. Thioester 4 is formed by application of a strong base (KHMDS) and PhSSO2Ph. Grieco elimination to diene 5 is then induced by mCPBA. This compound is almost identical to the diene in Corey's version which his lab synthesised in about 7 steps from butadiene and acrylic acid. Trost claims his version is the shortest yet from a commercially available compound but Coreys starting materials are more easily recognized as simple raw materials you could buy everywhere. The final steps are ring-opening of the aziridine with 3-pentanol and boron trifluoride, Acylation of the amino group and its deprotection with TBAF and finally removal of the phthalimide group with hydrazine.	<urn:uuid:cf752df9-c64c-4b97-a837-a1416dcc95e0>	CC-MAIN-2019-22	http://chem.vander-lingen.nl/articles/Oseltamivir_total_synthesis__latest/id/126/itemid/322	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232256100.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20190520182057-20190520204057-00172.warc.gz	en	0.955962	236	2.59375	3
Every person experiences anxiety now and again. Going through a huge life change, public speaking, and financial issues can all bring on hints of nervousness and distress. But for some people, the feeling of anxiety can be so overpowering that it can take over their everyday life. How can you tell if your anxiety is normal, or if you have an anxiety disorder? This week, we’ll talk about some of the ways severe anxiety can manifest, and when it may be time to speak with a doctor. Anxiety disorders are a group of mental illnesses, all of which cause people to feel excessive, continuous anxiety. Some of these illnesses include: As stated, anxiety presents itself in many different forms. Having a variant of these symptoms is normal. But, it can be hard to distinguish between “normal” anxiety, and getting an official diagnosis. But, if you’re feeling an excess of these symptoms, you might consider speaking with a medical professional. Like is any disease or disorder, treatment can vary from person to person. Anxiety disorders can be very treatable. Most people find symptom relief and can improve their quality of life through professional care. Some find that speaking with a professional psychologist or counselor can relive their symptoms to the point of living a normal and productive life. Others may find relief of symptoms through prescribed medication. On very rare occasions, one may need to receive in-patient treatment through a mental health facility. Your provider will give you an individualized treatment plan after conducting a comprehensive assessment. Treatment can take anywhere from days to months to become successful. If you are suffering from more than one anxiety disorder, meaningful treatment may take longer. It’s important to be patient and remain hopeful while receiving treatment. If your symptoms become worse, consult your provider immediately. If you’ve been diagnosed with an anxiety disorder, getting support is an essential part of a healthy recovery. Seek out others that are successfully getting treated and are thriving, despite their disorder. Confide in a trusted friend or family member. Also, organizations such as the Anxiety and Depression Association of America have comprehensive information about the various disorders and a list of support groups in your area. Are you concerned you may have an anxiety disorder? The medical professionals at Miami Center of Excellence are here to help. Give us a call today, or make an appointment online.	<urn:uuid:4a8c905b-aa83-4534-843b-9c43b92fc903>	CC-MAIN-2020-24	https://www.miamiobgyns.com/blog/do-you-have-an-anxiety-disorder/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347419593.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20200601180335-20200601210335-00328.warc.gz	en	0.953644	481	2.640625	3
Malaria poses a tremendous public health threat across the globe: An estimated 3.3 billion people, or 40 percent of the world’s population, live in areas of malaria risk. The investments made in insecticide-treated net (ITN) distribution, indoor residual spraying (IRS), malaria in pregnancy, and prompt diagnosis and treatment of malaria infections have made significant gains, yet many challenges remain. Among these challenges is the question of how to best measure the fight against malaria. Nationally representative, population-based household surveys are a principal measurement tool to collect data for measuring outcome and impact indicators for malaria programs and interventions. Household surveys are especially relevant in many endemic settings for measuring coverage of interventions that primarily target the household level, such as ITN distributions, and for understanding patterns of intermittent preventive treatment (IPTp) among pregnant women and diagnostic testing and antimalarial use among children with fever. This course provides an overview of the malaria indicators collected through household surveys, permitting learners to understand the data collection, calculation, and interpretation of key malaria indicators. By the end of the course, the learner will be able to: - Describe the methodology and malaria-related content of population-based household surveys such as the Demographic and Health Survey (DHS), Malaria Indicator Survey (MIS), and Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) - Identify numerators and denominators of key household malaria indicators - Describe considerations for the interpretation of key indicators - Use indicators from household surveys to answer key malaria programmatic questions and inform programs and policy The course authors would also like to thank the following individuals for their contributions to the course: Misun Choi, PMI Lia Florey, PMI Anna Bowen, PMI Hannah Koenker, VectorWorks, Johns Hopkins Center for Communication Programs Sarah Yang, The DHS Program Trevor Croft, The DHS Program Michael Toso, Breakthrough Action, Johns Hopkins Center for Communication Programs Sammy Oppong, Ghana National Malaria Control Program Austin Gumbo, Malawi National Malaria Control Program Ashley Garley, MEASURE Evaluation	<urn:uuid:0a5ba2fe-ed96-4678-847b-771169258b10>	CC-MAIN-2018-51	https://www.globalhealthlearning.org/course/measuring-malaria-through-household-surveys	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376823442.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20181210191406-20181210212906-00486.warc.gz	en	0.872379	445	2.9375	3
How could we all be exceptional? The world, particularly via the web, is full of knowledge and ways to understand things. But if it isn't obvious how to apply new knowledge in your own context, or where your current strengths and weaknesses are, it can be difficult to make real changes in what you do. Tools on Good Questions enable people to take ideas and apply them to change what they do. They’re built around a flexible, well-tested approach for working with teams of people. Good questions get you thinking Your responses & peer reviews create a profile of strengths & weaknesses Post your own experiences and learn from others Try out actions, or suggest what others could do Work in groups – for teams, organisations, or networks Log in to use Good Questions This tool has been developed to help organisations and individuals, working together with young musicians, to look at how they provide opportunities and support learners to discover and make their own inspiring experiences. This tool has been developed to help organisations and individuals, working together, to look at how they support professional learning, leadership, coordination and collaboration. This tool has been developed to help organisations and individuals, working together, to improve how they support children and young people to lead their own musical progression learning journeys. What can music do to help children and young people's success in life? How could you work with other people (perhaps colleagues, local schools, other organisations, parents, children) to create environments in which all children's potential might be fulfilled? And what would you need in place to be able to do this - resources, skills, mind-sets... Good Questions: how does it work? Can I make my own tools? If you'd like to use Good Questions to create tools for your areas of interest and work, please contact us. We're keen to work with individuals and organisations working in social sectors, such as arts, education and sustainable development.	<urn:uuid:92b089ac-5744-4c39-8a73-6cda6d7a87ee>	CC-MAIN-2021-43	https://www.goodquestions.net/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323587767.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20211025185311-20211025215311-00199.warc.gz	en	0.956064	398	2.59375	3
Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals-Fourth Edition The Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals-Fourth Edition (CELF-4), features a new approach to assessment that enables you to accurately and reliably assess a child's language difficulties in one-third less time. With improved diagnostic power, CELF-4 uses a four-step assessment approach to identify students with language disorders quickly and with confidence. Administer the core subtests, four of CELF-4's most discriminating subtests, to get a Total Language Score to determine if a problem exists and whether the student qualifies for services. Going beyond the core subtests, the next step in the CELF-4 assessment process helps you to determine the nature of the language disorder: the student's language strengths and weaknesses; Receptive Language and Expressive Language Scores; and, new to CELF-4, additional composite scores--Language Structure, Language Content, Language Content and Memory, and Working Memory Scores. Further testing with supplementary subtests--Phonological Awareness, Rapid Automatic Naming, Digit Span, Sequences, Word Associations and the Memory Composites--enables you to determine what critical clinical skills and behaviors underlie the student's language disorder. To determine a student's academic and social language learning needs in the classroom, use the CELF-4 components that provide a bridge to classroom language and broad-based IEP planning. Use the Observational Rating Scales (ORS) and Pragmatics Profile as authentic and descriptive measures of a student's language performance at school and at home. CELF-4 complies with the most-up-to-date legislative mandates, including IDEA. Introducing CELF-4, a time-efficient, systematic approach to proceed through the language evaluation process. CELF-4 ultimately gives you everything that you are looking for when evaluating a student's language performance. Combine core subtests with supplementary subtests to get a comprehensive assessment of a student's language skills as you create a pathway to intervention. §CELF-4 presents a multi-step assessment process that provides fast and accurate results that you can depend on. §Use the core subtests to qualify a student in one-third less time. §CELF-4 results help you to develop the most appropriate solutions for addressing students' language problems in the classroom. §Simple to administer and score, CELF-4 has two new easy-to-use Record Forms that provide only the subtests you need based on the student's age. §Flexibility of subtest administration allows for shorter testing times while providing highly reliable, accurate results. §New composite scores include Language Structure, Language Content, Language Content and Memory, and Working Memory Scores. §Culturally diverse contexts and visual stimuli make CELF-4 appropriate and interesting for conditions and diagnosed language disorders. §New subtests include Expressive Vocabulary, Word Definitions, Number Repetition 1 & 2, Familiar Sequences level 2, Phonological Awareness, Pragmatics Profile, and the Observational Rating Scales. CELF-4 Scoring Assistant Score CELF-4 accurately and quickly with new software that calculates the Core Language Score, norm-referenced indexes, criterion-referenced cut scores, and summarizes the authentic assessments. The Scoring Assistant provides a Summary, a Composite Score Chart, a Scaled Scores Chart, a Narrative, an Item Analysis, a Pragmatics Profile, and an Observational Ratings Scales Report.	<urn:uuid:e0e767e8-8819-4447-8b1e-e250b494f49a>	CC-MAIN-2016-50	http://eleanorsemel.com/assessmts/celf4.htm	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698542714.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170902-00077-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.852028	730	2.578125	3
The sharing economy is a socio-economic model based on sharing “underutilized” assets, which can vary from spaces, to goods, to skills, for monetary or non-monetary benefits. Essentially, the sharing economy model is based on the collaboration between “who has” and “who wants” an asset, in order to improve the efficiency of its utilization. Principles of the Sharing Economy Model One of the main principles of the sharing economy model states that “an unused value is waste”, which highlights how goods are wasted during their idle time. This is because these assets, if made “accessible” to others, can be used to unlock and generate new social, economic, and environmental values. A practical example of this is the car, which on average remains unused more than 20 hours a day. Indeed, renting it to others can have many benefits, such as supplemental income for the owner and savings for the borrower. Thanks to the “access not ownership” principle, this economic system can succeed in the optimization of the underutilized assets. In addition, the sharing model principles assert that what we think of as waste, because we don’t need or want it anymore, can have a value. This is similar to a “recycling principle”, but it can mean more as it implies the need for a study on product design in order to increase the products’ utilization cycles, and to reduce the use of natural resources. Other main principles of the sharing economy model are “trust” and “transparent and open data”. Indeed, the first is fundamental to enhance collaboration between people, and the latter has a key role in the innovation process. Drivers of Sharing Economy Today this model is in the spotlight as many applications have been recently implemented. These cover many kinds of services and are used by millions of people every day. This has been possible thanks to the opportunities provided by IT developments, social media, and mobile devices. The adoption of technology significantly reduced system transaction costs, increased the level of trust between people and, helped improve transparency and the sharing of information. Today the sharing economy is growing rapidly and, according to Forbes, in 2013 it generated a revenue flow of $ 3.5 billion, with an impressive growth rate of 25% annually. According to Rachel Botsman, author of the book What’s Mine is Yours: The Rise of Collaborative Consumption, the consumer peer-to-peer rental market alone is worth $26 billion, but this value can vary if broader definitions are taken into account. This rapid growth is also visible in new, emerging companies. An example of this is AirBnb, a $10 billion service which allows users to rent their unused rooms. It has become so popular that in 2012 it doubled its bookings from 5 to 10 million in only six months. Technology innovation played a central role in the sector’s success, yet it isn’t the only driving force of the rapid growth of the sharing economy. Other driving forces have been the global economic crisis, rising income inequality, and a shift in values and purchasing decisions. In fact, the great wave of sharing economy services born after a year of changes in 2008, not only coincided with the financial crisis, but also with the mass adoption of smartphones (the launch of the iPhone) and social media outlets such as Facebook which reached more than 150 million users. Another important related driver of the adoption of the sharing economy is population growth, which is a central factor in cities where “sharing services” take place. In the near future, 70% of world’s population will live in cities which is where sharing models are growing due to the high concentration of people providing the opportunity to scale these businesses. Last but not least, the increased volatility in costs of natural resources and growing environmental pressures are other important sharing economy drivers and opportunities. Sharing Economy & Sustainability Over and above the social and economic advantages generated by the sharing economy, such as the strengthening of communities and increased financial returns, it can also provide environmental benefits. The sharing economy improves the sustainability of individual consumption patterns, meaning lowered carbon emissions, waste, and natural resource utilization. This occurs because by sharing goods, we reduce the quantity of manufactured products and increase the demand of higher quality products. A clear example of this is the car-share sector and the resultant environmental benefits. As people continue to share their cars, there will be fewer cars and related infrastructure projects required, and consequently there will be less natural resource consumption. Fewer cars means an increase in urban livability and a reduction in GHG emissions, with even larger impacts when individuals choose to share trips. Furthermore, the demand for higher-end cars increases the product life cycle of vehicles, shifting its product design from obsolescence, toward sustainability and circular economic models. According to the recent IDDRI study, Sharing Economy: make it Sustainable, the shareable goods in advanced economies account for 25% of household expenditures and 33% of household waste. That means that, if sharing models works under favorable conditions, they can save up to 7% of the household budget and reduce 20% of household waste. Despite the positive aspects of sharing underutilized goods, it’s important to note that this model alone is not sufficient to solve our ecological challenges, as this problem requires a systemic change. Universal forms of sharing, such as public transport, driven by the public sector can have a larger impact. Policy makers play a key role, as they can promote and match the different forms of sharing, both public and private, using the legislative framework and policies like green procurements and incentives. Therefore, in order to leverage the sharing economy to improve sustainable consumption, it’s important that every group involved is aware and committed to pursuing the opportunities provided by the sharing economy model.	<urn:uuid:29d120e6-0c01-4452-95ae-be9f4838d44e>	CC-MAIN-2019-35	http://www.powerhousegrowers.com/benefits-of-the-sharing-economy-model/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027317516.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20190822215308-20190823001308-00275.warc.gz	en	0.9533	1,212	3.796875	4
WITH the nights becoming noticeably lighter, you can fit in a few more garden chores in preparation for spring. permits spray young seedling weeds that are appearing through the beds and borders, around paths and driveways. This will reduce the risk of a sudden rush of weeds as the ground warms towards the spring. Get out there and give the lawn a trim - you'll be amazed just how tidy it will look. Reform lawn edges now with a half moon tool and improve any curves by using a hose pipe as a guide. Powerwash hard surfaces such as the patio or decking as this can become dangerously slippy at this time of Preparations should be made now in the vegetable garden for early sowings. Dig or rotovate the plots and throw the ground up in rigs or beds as this will make planting and sowing Hot sandy or gravel soils which cause concern in dry summers often provide the most furnished areas in the garden through the winter months, apart from the absence of flowers in several months of the year. Perfect examples include Viburnums, Laurels, Photinia, Rhododendrons, Conifers and Holly. These will also provide a wind break and give a great structure to the garden through the winter. The garden's greatest enemy is wind and this month often proves to be the stormiest. You cannot stop the wind but it can be slowed down to create a micro climate in your garden. Fences, walls and artificial screens will help stop this up to a point, but the best way is with plants. Hedges are excellent wind breaks and grow far more quickly than you might imagine, especially if they are nursed with a temporary fence or shelter screen while they develop. Groups of trees and shrubs also make great shelter devices and have the added advantage of Plant up areas most affected densely at first, but be prepared to thin out later. The best time to plant shelter trees and hedges is now, this will allow the young plants to settle in before the summer.	<urn:uuid:f5192a51-a035-43a1-96b6-7e1dd05684cb>	CC-MAIN-2021-39	http://lisburn.com/archives/gardening/13february2004.htm	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057861.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20210926114012-20210926144012-00337.warc.gz	en	0.926273	460	2.515625	3
Quality All protein is not created equal Protein is one of the three major macronutrients needed to sustain life. It plays a role in every cell of the body and is vital to performing essential functions, such as building and repairing cells and keeping the immune system strong. Therefore, it’s vital that a person’s diet include the proper amount – and type – of this nutrient throughout the day. Many consumers do not understand that most protein from plants is incomplete, meaning it doesn’t provide all of the essential amino acids the body needs, but can’t make. Further, there’s research suggesting protein from plant sources isn’t as readily absorbed as proteins from animal-based foods. Proteins vary in their individual amino acid composition and their level of amino acid bioactivity, among other attributes. Products that carry a “good source of protein” claim must provide more than 10% DV of protein per serving, while those making an “excellent source of protein” claim must contain more than 20% DV. That does not simply translate to 5 g and 10 g of protein per serving. It’s 5 g and 10 g of “high-quality” protein. That’s because the percent Daily Value for protein is determined using the Protein Digestibility Corrected Amino Acid Score (PDCAAS), which is an adjustment for the quality of the protein. It is based on the types and amounts of amino acids in the food as well as the overall digestibility. The PDCAAS values range from 0.0 to 1.0, where values are truncated to a maximum score of 1.00, which most animal proteins as well soy protein all possess. Most plant protein sources have much lower values. Thus, a beef jerky snack containing 10 g of protein may make an “excellent source of protein” claim. A vegan alternative form with 10 g of protein from wheat and peas most likely only qualifies for a “good source of protein” claim. When making or implying any protein content claim, the US Food and Drug Administration requires the inclusion of the percent DV to support the protein claim. Consumer research by Nielsen found that many people didn’t make the grade when quizzed on their protein knowledge. When asked about poultry, 58% of consumers who responded to the survey failed to identify chicken as a high-protein source. Of the shoppers polled, 78% overestimated the protein content of peanut butter, which only contains 8 g of protein per two tablespoons. To compare, a good 113 g chicken breast contains 25 g of protein. Chicken is easily digestible and often the most budget-friendly of lean protein options. Additionally, protein from chicken contains all nine essential amino acids, making it a “complete protein.” Studies indicate that eating poultry, as part of a vegetable-rich diet, can reduce the risk of obesity, cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes.	<urn:uuid:cbc639ee-adeb-4531-a87d-f45b2008dc9d>	CC-MAIN-2021-10	https://english.fleischwirtschaft.de/economy/news/Quality-All-protein-is-not-created-equal-39429	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178350846.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20210225065836-20210225095836-00286.warc.gz	en	0.940645	611	3.359375	3
POSTECH Teaches the Teachers How to Teach Coding POSTECH has launched a new educational program for elementary and secondary school teachers to train them how to teach students on computational thinking and digital literacy through basic coding. Starting this September, POSTECH will offer teachers open online courses and offline training on the campus to help them acquire a better understanding of computational thinking, or the thinking behind coding. The program is also to serve as a content warehouse platform for pedagogical resources and provide the teachers with creative contents they can utilize for class activities. Computational thinking (CT), as described in Google for Education, “is a problem-solving process that includes some characteristics, such as logically ordering and analyzing data and creating solutions using a series of ordered steps (or algorithms), and dispositions, such as the ability to confidently deal with complexity and open-ended problems.” It is deemed as a defining feature of the future and an extremely important skill that the younger generation should be learning to succeed in a fast-changing landscape of today and tomorrow’s society. In this backdrop, South Korea’s Ministry of Education has announced its plan to add coding to the compulsory educational curriculum effective in 2018 as part of a wider undertaking to prepare for the 4th industrial revolution. The need for qualified teachers has never been greater. POSTECH’s Teach the Teachers initiative, developed in collaboration with the Yeosijae think tank, provincial governments and their offices of education, comes amid efforts to support the educational innovation as the nation’s flagship university. In May 2017, POSTECH signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) with Chungnam Provincial Government and Chungnam Provincial Office of Education to facilitate the program. Gyeongsang Province is next in line for collaboration. POSTECH plans to gradually extend the program nationwide.	<urn:uuid:5c0c8bea-552a-4845-9190-ee068567db4c>	CC-MAIN-2019-18	http://www.postech.ac.kr/eng/postech-teaches-the-teachers-how-to-teach-coding/?pageds=3&k=&c=&cat=30	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578643556.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20190424134457-20190424160457-00017.warc.gz	en	0.955038	374	3.15625	3
This material is based on a research paper done by Brad Hedrick, while a student at Mary Washington College and President of Historic Prince William in 1996-97. Bel Air is a one-and-one-half story pre-Georgian brick house on a raised stone basement. It has an unbalanced front with two windows to the left of the main entrance and one to the right. It is remarkably well preserved for its age and appears well cared for. The house rests on an elevated basement almost completely above ground. It is built of rough fieldstone with windows that are directly under those of the main floor above. The water table which starts the brick construction contains relieving arches above the window openings. The basement windows are double hung-wooden sash with six-over-six panes. The water table is laid in English bond and separates the stone foundation below and the brick work of the first level above. The remaining portion of the brick is laid in Flemish bond. The house has one interior and one exterior chimney. The exterior chimney is on the left, is double pented and has a somewhat larger cap. The chimney on the right is interior and is engaged into the roof at the gable end. The main entrance is a wooden double leaf door with a simple beaded trim surround. The doorway has a rectangular transom light above divided into two rows of six panes over each other. A simple jack arch supports the brick above. The asymmetrical window arrangement places two windows to the left of the center entrance and one to the right. The windows are double hung, wooden sash with nine-over-nine panes. They are painted white with wooden non projecting sills below and brick jack arches above. The gable roof is covered with slate and has three evenly spaced but somewhat small dormers attached. The pedimented gable-roofed dormers are sided with beaded clapboards and each contains a double hung-wooden sash window with four-over-four panes. The cornice below the slightly projecting eave is plain and unadorned white painted wood molding. There is a small portion of copper gutter that spans the entrance only. The overall facade is simple yet graceful in its appearance with a dogleg staircase leading to an entrance stoop at the main level. It has a white painted metal railing enclosing the stairs and stone arches below that support the structure. Although it lacks the symmetry associated with Georgian homes it seems to be a frontier interpretation of the manor house style that was prevalent in the time that it was built, around 1740.1 It contains elements of the Tidewater houses while using a center plan typical of later Georgian period homes. It appears to be a transitional house between the southern colonial and the Georgian styles or a vernacular attempt to imitate one or the other or combine elements that the original owner desired.2 The house, while retaining an asymmetrical design does not appear either awkward or unbalanced to the eye. Perhaps it is because of the evenly spaced dormers or the fact the basement windows are in line with the bays of the main level above. It wears the past 250 years well and looks forward to the next 250 years. 1. Clues to the style of a given house are sometimes ascertained through observation and clues available upon inspection of the exterior only. But sometimes it is necessary to view the interior layout of the structure to further determine its true style as noted by Emmie Ferguson Farra and Emilee Hines in their Old Virginia Houses Along The Fall Line (Charlotte, NC: The Delmar Company, 1971): The main floor has the central hall pattern common to most Virginia homes of the period. One side is the library. On the other side is the drawing room, featuring a folding wall which can be opened to joint the drawing room and the huge central hall for parties and gatherings. 2. Many clues to the style of the house are visible from the outside and their meaning can be put together to form assumptions as to the true origins of the particular period in which the house belongs as the demonstrated in Prince William Historical County Commission Prince William: A Past To Preserve (PWHC, 1982): A two and one half story brick home built on a central-hall plan, Bel Air has several architectural features. Prominent among these are the pre-Georgian front, the high elevation of the ground floor, the mammoth 20' outside chimney, the carriage entrance...	<urn:uuid:fa985b9d-8573-4954-9ef6-bc727dbcd645>	CC-MAIN-2017-13	http://historicprincewilliam.org/county-history/structures/architectural-description-of-bel-air.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218188213.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212948-00505-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.94571	927	2.8125	3
Natural Disaster Trivia Natural disaster, unforeseen pandemic and calamities make everyone’s life vulnerable. Disasters triggered by natural hazards can strike at any time and devastate people, livestock, crops, infrastructure, and the economy. The only way to know more about these calamities is by reading, here Trivia Sharp helps- natural disaster trivia, history trivia games, natural disasters questions and much more for your use! On a not-so-shocking note, every time a world disaster hits, the world stands united. World disaster proves humanity is still alive. We at Trivia sharp provide information about US history trivia, disease trivia quiz, natural disasters quiz and questions for you to know how people stood against it and how they overcome the disaster. We bring world disaster news together- like Chernobyl disaster and how the tragedy unfold, volcanic eruptions, top sports cancelled because of these disasters, floods, tornado. Read our natural disasters quiz questions and answers and play our natural disaster games to gain more knowledge. And also the timeline of worst pandemics like- Plague of Justinian, Italian plague, Russian flu, Hong Kong flu, Ebola, COVID-19 and much more. Take Idea of Resilience To know more and to build resilience take natural disaster trivia, natural disasters quiz and games. People have shown ways with innovative solutions and preparedness. The capacity to recover quickly from any type of difficulty is important for the economy. So if you are looking for a place to get such information, here you are! Trivia Sharp provides all details about US history and all natural disasters. Overall, you can find much more information about world disasters and how the world overcame it through our online largest Trivia and quiz site.	<urn:uuid:999b633e-90fe-4844-b27b-187fe10f9f9b>	CC-MAIN-2021-43	https://www.triviasharp.com/history-quiz/natural-disasters/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323584567.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20211016105157-20211016135157-00358.warc.gz	en	0.900915	356	2.6875	3
Once upon a time, parents feared that if they exposed their babies to more than one language at home they would grow to be confused and show signs of slower development. But now, there is even scientific proof that babies raised in a bilingual household not only think differently than monolingual babies, but actually manage to retain an interest in both languages and tend to develop strong multitasking and problem-solving skills. According to a much-cited article out this week in The New York Times, researchers have found ways to analyze infant behavior to figure out infant perceptions of sounds and words and languages, of what is familiar and what is unfamiliar to them. Using measures of electrical brain responses (at 6 months, the subjects were too tiny to talk!) researchers found that at 6 months: “Monolingual infants could discriminate between phonetic sounds, whether they were uttered in the language they were used to hearing or in another language not spoken in their homes. By 10 to 12 months, however, monolingual babies were no longer detecting sounds in the second language, only in the language they usually heard. The researchers suggested that this represents a process of neural commitment, in which the infant brain wires itself to understand one language and its sounds. In contrast, the bilingual infants followed a different developmental trajectory. At 6 to 9 months, they did not detect differences in phonetic sounds in either language, but when they were older — 10 to 12 months — they were able to discriminate sounds in both.” What does this tell us? For starters this goes to show bilingualism is an incredibly valuable trait and can actually help babies grow up to be more“more cognitively flexible,” as Dr. Patricia Kuhl, one of the authors of the study, puts it. Parents who use Voxy definitely have cause to celebrate! Babies, however, you will have to keep waiting… Voxy has no plans for infant level courses just yet.	<urn:uuid:575ca397-ec11-428a-af80-f45122b6140b>	CC-MAIN-2017-13	https://voxy.com/blog/2011/10/bilingual-babies-children/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218191405.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212951-00547-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.974231	398	3.375	3
How to Control Ragwort Ragwort is a perennial problem for managers of paddocks and fields. Ragwort is poisonous to people as well as livestock and is classified as an “Injurious weed” by DEFRA under the Ragwort Control Act 2003, meaning that failure to control ragwort on your land may lead to prosecution. Ragwort should be treated in its early stages, usually in spring and autumn, when it can be found as a “rosette” growing near to the ground (see picture). If it is left to grow, flower and seed ragwort can spread quickly and become very difficult to control. Is Ragwort harmful? Ragwort is poisonous to horses and cattle and because it has a cumulative toxic effect it is difficult to spot ragwort poisoning before it is too late. Although it is impossible to calculate the exact number of horses affected by ragwort due to the long term nature of ragwort poisoning, it is estimated that up to 1000 horses a year (ref. University of Liverpool Veterinary School) may be dying. Treat Ragwort with Headland Polo Headland Polo Spray will give good control of most weeds found in paddocks and fields, including Ragwort. It is especially effective on rosette stage ragwort and Solar Plus can be added to improve the weed’s uptake of the chemical. A 10 L pack of Headland Polo Herbicide will cover about 8 acres and should be used only in a boom spray. After treatment, livestock should be kept out of treated areas for at least 14 days and until all traces of ragwort are gone. It is especially dangerous when it dies because it becomes more palatable. Dead ragwort plants should be stored safely and dried then burned or rotted down in compost for at least 12 months. An alternative professional use to kill Ragwort control is Thrust A 5 L pack covers 3.5 acres and is best when mixed with Validate to improve Ragwort control. As with Polo, most other weeds in a paddock will also be controlled with Thrust but it can be applied in a knapsack or boom spray. As with all professional use products, the appropriate protective clothing as described on the label of the product should be worn when spraying herbicides. Kill Ragwort with Barrier H Barrier H is an innovation in Ragwort control, destroying this deadly weed in record time, right through to the root. Barrier H can be applied at all stages of growth. Unlike any other spray, Barrier H can be sprayed onto flower heads only to stop the seeding process straight away Kill Ragwort with Roundup ProActive Roundup ProActive will kill Ragwort but it also kills grass. It may be used to effectively control and eradicate. Killing Ragwort in three ways: 1. As a spot treatment with a carefully directed knapsack sprayer fitted with a sprayer hood or guard. There must be enough actively growing leaf above ground to absorb sufficient product to kill the underground roots. Apply from when they have produced a flowering stem but before seeds are set. 2. Using a hand-held or tractor/quad bike-trailed weed wiper will allow selective control of taller plants in grass or turf. 3. As part of a reseeding operation to establish a new grass sward. \|Method\|\|Dose rate of Roundup ProActive\|\|Dose rate of Roundup ProVantage\|\|Application Advice\| \|Overall or spot spray\|\|5 L/ha in 80 - 250 L water\|\|4.5 L/ha in 80 - 250 L water\|\|Spray at flowering but before seed set. Ragwort plants can be cut or pulled 5 days after spraying, allowing grazing to recommence. Any remaining roots will die off\| \|Weedwiper\|\|1 part Roundup ProActive in 2 parts water\|\|1 part Roundup ProVantage in 3 parts water\|\|Useful method when working in inaccessible areas	<urn:uuid:bfd310d0-2adf-4507-9fd5-f83bc473404b>	CC-MAIN-2021-04	https://www.progreen.co.uk/problem/ragwort	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703519784.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20210119201033-20210119231033-00186.warc.gz	en	0.932386	831	3.140625	3
Anthurium What Kind Of Soil. Having a good amount of potting soil will ensure that it holds much more water than the old mix. Handsome anthurium requires more attention than other indoor flowers, and this primarily concerns the soil. Actually, most of the roots produced by the anthurium are aerial roots that can easily suffocate in a standard potting compost. Anthurium care also requires that the soil be free draining but hold some water. You can grow anthuriums in regular soil, but be really careful as they can get root rot easily. Water Lightly To Settle The Soil, And Then Add A Little More Potting Soil, If Needed. These flamingo flowers need a light. Not just one, in this video i have shown the 3 best ways to prepare the potting soil mix for anthurium. Firm the potting soil lightly with your fingers. Hold The Plant In The Pot So Its Crown Will Be At Soil Level, Then Backfill Around It With Potting Mix. Anthurium care also requires that the soil be free draining but hold some water. Indeed, in nature, anthurium lives under trees, where there is a lot of fallen old bark and leaves, and its dense roots practically do not need earth. Can anthuriums grow in regular soil? Place The Pot In A Shady, Protected Spot For A Few Days. Anthuriums prefer rich, slightly acidic soil (ph 5.5 to 6.5) that includes a combination of pine bark, peat, and perlite. Tease the compacted rootball gently with your fingers to release the roots. This is why it’s a good idea to keep an eye on the anthurium’s potting compost now and then. Rather Than Hydrate On A Set Schedule, Only Water Anthuriums As Often As The Soil Partially Dries. The ideal ph for anthurium soil is 5.5 to 6.5 You can grow anthuriums in regular soil, but be really careful as they can get root rot easily. Having a good amount of potting soil will ensure that it holds much more water than the old mix. You’ll Likely Have To Repot The Houseplant In A Light, Airy Soil Containing Perlite (Or Orchid Soil). Lightly mist the solution over your anthurium’s leaves and stems, and let it soak up the nutrients it needs. 30% potting soil, 30% orchid potting mix, 20% peat or coconut fiber, and 20% perlite. It is far from always possible to verify the compliance of purchased soil with the necessary requirements:	<urn:uuid:83322dc7-8e25-4ab7-8caa-926c5a303b8e>	CC-MAIN-2022-33	https://thedailytechtalk.com/anthurium-what-kind-of-soil/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572198.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815175725-20220815205725-00758.warc.gz	en	0.909402	570	2.921875	3
No cases of the mosquito-borne Zika virus infection have been reported in North Carolina, but state health officials are urging residents to be aware of the risk before traveling to Central America, South America or the Caribbean. The state health director, Dr. Randall Williams, especially asked pregnant women to take note of the recent Centers for Disease Control and Prevention advisory to postpone travel to areas with active virus transmission if possible. The World Health Organization has declared the Zika virus an international emergency, clearing the way to mobilize funds for research and escalate efforts to fight the virus, which is exploding in Latin America. WHO officials said the rapid spread of the disease since May is due to a lack of immunity among the population and the prevalence of the particular mosquito that carries it – and also carries yellow and dengue fevers. State health officials said only one in five people infected with the virus will show symptoms, such as rash, red eyes and, less commonly, fever, joint pains and muscle aches. But a pregnant woman can pass the virus to her unborn baby. A serious birth defect of the brain called microcephaly and other adverse pregnancy outcomes have been reported. The mosquito that carries Zika virus is not believed to be widespread in North Carolina, and the virus may be less likely to spread so quickly in the United States because of better mosquito control measures and lower population density, state health officials said. Still, they encourage residents to take steps to prevent mosquito bites. That includes wearing insect repellent as well as long-sleeved shirts and pants when spending time outdoors. It also means removing standing water, where mosquitoes breed. For more information: http://epi.publichealth.nc.gov/cd/diseases/zika.html.	<urn:uuid:b7eb1488-f075-4b3b-abc1-955515d83e72>	CC-MAIN-2018-43	https://www.charlotteobserver.com/living/health-family/article58015763.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583512400.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20181019124748-20181019150248-00415.warc.gz	en	0.946048	358	3.0625	3
Pyroclastics or tephra is a general term for all sizes of particles ejected into the air during volcanic eruptions. Includes particles as tiny as volcanic ash and as large as bombs and blocks. The image at left shows a very close-up view of volcanic ash. Each one of the ash particles in this image is smaller than a single pixel on your computer screen! These ash particles are pumice, volcanic glass that is full of gas bubbles. The bubbles, called vesicles, form as gas bubbled out from molten rock that spewed out during a huge eruption of Brokeoff Mountain in Lassen Volcanic National Park. The chart on the right shows the names we use to describe different sizes of tephra. Bombs and blocks can be enormous! Some of the blocks thrown out of the Woods Mountains volcanic center in Mojave National Preserve are 15 meters across! Metric vs. English system chart use the back button on your browser to return to previous page. Suggestions? Comments? Please share them with us! This page was last updated on 12/5/98	<urn:uuid:672fc08a-5b40-4a3e-afd5-0996e186cc4e>	CC-MAIN-2014-35	http://nature.nps.gov/Geology/usgsnps/volcano/pyroclastic.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500822407.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021342-00138-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.947713	230	3.84375	4
Welcome to this month’s edition of The Meridian Series where we explore the unique properties of each acupuncture channel in East Asian Medicine plus the roles they play in our physical, emotional, and spiritual well-being. If you are new to this series, or have not heard about the meridians before, here is a little background before we dive into our next featured channel: The Kidney Meridian. What Are the Meridians? In East Asian Medicine, there are twelve main acupuncture meridians (also known as “channels”) that carry energy aka Qi (pronounced “chee”) and blood to provide nourishment throughout the body. In a healthy person, the flow of these vital substances are freely moving in a state of dynamic equilibrium. However, when the flow of qi or blood becomes blocked in one or more of these channels from emotional stress, an injury, or illness — pain and other symptoms of disharmony manifest in the body. Each meridian is associated with an organ system as well as a host of other natural phenomena since the foundations of East Asian Medicine were created on the basis of observing the human body as a microcosm of nature—from the elements (Metal, Air, Water, Fire, Earth), climate, shift of seasons and more. After all, we are just as dynamic as these cosmic changes: our internal systems have their own rhythms and are always shifting towards homeostasis. As we transition from Fall into Winter (ie. Metal to Water season), our body’s inclination is to attune to its own Water element which is embodied by the kidneys. As a preview, here are the key associations for the Kidney Meridian: - Yin Organ: Kidneys - Yang Organ Pair: Urinary Bladder - Kidney Time: 5:00 – 7:00 PM - Climate: Cold - Element: Water - Color: Black - Flavor: Salty - Emotions: Fear - Tissues: Hair, Bones, Teeth, Brain, Marrow As you will read, understanding the associations of this organ system can empower you to safeguard it as Winter approaches and reap benefits to your physical, emotional, and energetic well-being year-round. In nature, Yin embodies all that is cold, dark, hidden, reflective, and directed inward. Knowing this, it makes sense why East Asian Medicine considers Winter the most “Yin” time of the year: the daylight is shorter, the temperature is frigid, and nature’s disposition is dormant, nudging us to go within and conserve our resources. These energetics are echoed in the kidney system too: like the body’s most precious batteries, it’s wise to be mindful of how much Kidney Qi one uses (especially during the Winter) since there’s a limit to how much energy can be expended until weakness and unintended health consequences set in. In East Asian Medicine, rather than dipping into our reserves of Kidney Qi during the Winter (which can be hard given the holiday rush and cultural preoccupation with productivity to the point of burnout), Winter is a time to protect and cultivate our Qi instead so we have the capacity to allow for sustainable action and growth come the Spring/Summer. Although the kidneys “rule” the Winter, in East Asian Medicine, this means they are actually the most vulnerable during this time of year. Aside from other lifestyle factors to be discussed, protecting the kidneys from the cold becomes imperative. Both chronic exposure to the cold and ingestion of cold/damp foods/drinks weaken this system, inhibiting the free flow of vital substances along its meridian. The kidney channel begins under the pinky toe and crosses the ball of the foot where its first point can be located before circling behind the medial ankle. It then rises along the medial aspect of the legs, travels interior to the sacrum and kidneys before emerging over the pubic bone and finally ascending the abdomen to terminate at the clavicle. The Kidney’s Roles On a physical level, the kidneys are responsible for our physical growth, intellect, mental maturity, as well as aging which is why their energy manifests in such integral developmental tissues from the bones and brain to the teeth and hair. Although the adrenal and thyroid glands were not recognized in ancient China by those names, their functions are inherently included in the kidney’s domain which is why they influence one’s stress response, energy levels, metabolism, and temperature regulation. As the source of life, the strength of the kidneys reveal itself in one’s libido, fertility, and overall reproduction. On a metaphysical level, this is reflected in the kidney’s designation as the Life Gate, the sacral root which houses our inherited Essence called “Jing.” Jing is passed down from not just parents but one’s ancestors, imbuing a person not just with familial physical traits but the stories, wounds, and behavioral inclinations of those who came before them. Generational memory and trauma is said to be stored in the bones (specifically the bone marrow), the tissues of the kidneys. The quality and abundance of Jing passed down inevitably shapes one’s constitution from their immune system and genetics to their mental health and resilience to emotional stressors as they age. To put all of this into perspective, when someone has strong Kidney Qi & Essence, this will reveal itself in a couple of tell-tale ways. They will possess: - Normal physical and internal physiological development - Age-appropriate mental maturity and intellect - Strong, relatively white teeth (cosmetic replacements do not count) - Adequate hair coverage which retains its color until older-age - Emotional resilience to stress (ie. a regulated nervous system) - Robust metabolism and temperature regulation - Normal libido; fertility and virility evident - Normal urination and thirst levels The Kidneys & Fear The kidneys are responsible for storing and processing fear in the body. Although not anatomically recognized when Chinese Medicine originated, the adrenal glands are inherently included in the kidney system and share a role in processing fear as well. Together, they connect our brain to our instincts and intuition, dictating our hormonal rhythms and response to stress, threats, shock, and trauma. From an allopathic perspective, they control the release of cortisol and your body’s Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis: the pathway that regulates your body’s sympathetic “fight or flight” response. When your Kidney Qi is abundant, you’ll have a healthy sense of self, direction, and optimism to pursue your goals while feeling somewhat undaunted. You can take on the demands of the day with ease while making deliberate choices in what (and who) you give your energy to. When the Kidney Qi is weakened, fear can become debilitating and take the forms of procrastination, depression, and apathy. Willpower: The Spirit of the Kidneys Just like how every organ is connected to a specific emotion, each of the Six Yin organs in East Asian Medicine contains a Spirit which influences our personality and behavior. The Spirit of the Kidneys is called the Zhi or “The Will.” It’s your willpower. The Zhi embodies the spirit of resilience and perseverance. It gives you the grit to overcome obstacles and pursue our highest potential. Given how fear rules the kidneys/adrenals when imbalanced, the Zhi know how to transmute this fear into wisdom. When you look back on your life, can you recall a time where fear of the unknown turned into wisdom from experience? That’s your Will guiding you from behind the scenes. A healthy Zhi invites us to faithfully wade into the unknown, take the reins of circumstance, and tread diligently to the other side. It offers one the realization of their power to be the conscious co-creator of their life. A “vexed “ Zhi may look like: restlessness, a desire to run away from life, a vague or debilitating existential fear or a resistance to the cycles of life of a situation ~ like aging, transitions, or death, and depression. When untethered, the Zhi can make a person “act out” from a lack of healthy fear, resulting in reckless behavior with excessive risk-taking. What Weakens the Kidneys As you have read, given the kidney’s embodiment of the Water Element, they represent our body’s deepest well: a reservoir we too often take from but forget to replenish. Of course Kidney Qi and Essence naturally decline as we age, however, there are environmental and lifestyle factors that can deplete it sooner than later such as: - Sleep deprivation & night-shift lifestyles - Prolonged physical & mental work (without rest) - Chronic cold exposure - Unmanaged stress - Trauma & chronic fear - Poor diet leading to nutrient deficiencies - Substance abuse & addiction (stimulants like coffee included) - Chronic illness Indications of a Disharmony As you can imagine, when a kidney deficiency is present, this can manifest in a few distinct ways depending on the vital substance that is lacking. Read on below to see what these distinctions look like: Kidney Qi Deficiency Translation: You have a mild depletion in Kidney Qi. This is one of the earlier, less chronic patterns I see where the kidney’s ability to hold, store, and filter is compromised.Here are some of the most common symptoms of this pattern: - Tinnitus (ear-ringing) - Decrease in hearing - Weakness in low back - Low back pain that is dull/sore in nature - Back pain worse with exertion - Chronic fatigue - Low libido - Nocturia (bed-wetting in the evening) - Mild anxiety - Takes a longer time than normal to recover from illness - Frequent illness Kidney Yang Deficiency Translation: You have lower reserves of “Yang” energy that warms, moves, and promotes the functions of other organs. As a result, you will notice ‘cold signs’ and conditions where poor circulation, slowed metabolic and mental processes, plus a lack of ‘holding’ is apparent: - Extreme sensitivity to cold - Feeling cold constantly (despite attempts to layer/warm up) - Cold feet - Cold/sharp pain sensations in low back - Weakness in knees and back - Feeling withdrawn - Sluggish metabolism - Weight gain - Loose stools - Urinary incontinence - Low libido - Impotence and spontaneous ejaculation in men - Amenorrhea (loss of menstrual cycle) - Fertility issues in women Kidney Yin Deficiency Translation: You have lower reserves of “Yin” energy that is responsible for cooling, anchoring, and moisturizing the body’s tissues and other organs. This manifests in ‘heat signs’ and conditions where dryness, malnourishment, and a ‘rising’ dynamic is evident: - Dry mouth or throat (especially at night) - Always thirsty - Night sweats - Restless sleep - Feelings of heat in chest/palms/feet - Dark urine - Tinnitus (ear ringing) - Declining muscle mass (thin body type) - Stiffness in joints/muscles - Chronic low back soreness - Panic attacks - Hair falls out easily - Premature ejaculation (for men) - Recurrent UTIs, vaginal dryness, infertility; menopause-related hot flashes and mood swings (for women) Kidney Essence Deficiency Translation: You have significantly lower reserves of Kidney “Essential Qi” and Jing, possibly from birth, a combination of lifestyle habits that ‘used up’ your reserves, or just because you might be older in age. When a Jing deficiency is apparent, conditions that affect aging, fertility, the bones, teeth, and the brain/mental functioning are apparent: - Physical disabilities (especially in the bone-level) - Slow recovery from injuries and illness - Cognitive/learning disabilities - Delayed growth/puberty - Accelerated aging (looking older than you are) - Premature hair loss - Hair graying - Severe forgetfulness/memory loss - Infertility (with specific regard to low ovarian reserve, poor egg/sperm quality) Ways to Support the Kidneys For ideas on how you can support this system holistically, consider these tips below… 1. Keep Your Feet Warm: The kidney channel begins on the sole of the foot, so warm feet will prevent cold from moving up the channel and affecting the kidneys themselves. Anytime I see cold feet in practice, I know the kidneys are involved and can use some strengthening. Warm feet are especially ideal when trying to support fertility when a Kidney Yang deficiency is present. 2. Consume Kidney-Nourishing Foods: - Black & dark-colored: Blackberries, Cherries, Black & Kidney Beans, Squid Ink Pasta - Micro-Algae: Spirulina, Seaweed, Nori, Chlorella - Greens: Escarole, Endive, Bok Choy - Root Vegetables: Sweet Potato, Turnip, Beets - Whole Grains: Oats, Barley, Amaranth - Nuts: Water Chestnut, Walnut - Broths: Bone Broth or Veggie/Mushroom Broths 3. Assess the Role Fear Plays in Your Life: Unlike its bad rep, fear is actually a normal and healthy emotion — it protects us. It is when we try to ignore our fears that they tend to fester or keep us from having the willpower to make basic decisions, paralyzing one from moving forward in life. Not all fears can be rationalized though, and I encourage my patients struggling with deep-seated ones to work with a therapist in addition to processing it somatically through acupuncture. If you know that fear holds too much power over your life, try sitting with it. Allowing yourself to feel your fear gives it less power over you — as uncomfortable as it might be to let your mind wander there, it can feel liberating. When each fear crops up, sort through it: see what your fear is trying to protect you from vs. what is worth stepping outside your comfort zone for. 4. Book Recommendations: While the above suggestion is available to you, here are two of my favorite reads for navigating fear and attuning to the energetics of the kidneys: Big Magic by Elizabeth Gilbert and Wintering: The Power of Rest and Retreat in Difficult Times by Katherine May. 5. Acupressure for Grounding: The kidney channel starts at the base of the foot, in a point called Yongquan — Gushing Spring. This is a great point for strengthening the kidneys (adrenals too) plus as the lowest point on the body, it has a powerful descending and grounding effect. - Use It For: anxiety, insomnia, vertex headaches, hypertension, nausea, hot flashes, poor memory, and disorders of the throat/tongue (inability to swallow, loss of voice). - To Find It: feel for a tender depression on the bottom of your foot, between your second and third toe. This point is at the base of the ball of your foot, just before the arch. - To Activate: press this point for 30-60 seconds as needed during the day, such as if you experience a drop in energy during the early evening hours (like 5-7pm—the kidney’s time), or if you feel like you can’t ‘get out of your own head,’ this is a good point to help you feel settled. Press to your comfort level, but it should feel a little tender. This point is contraindicated during pregnancy. Dr. Lauren Favreau is the Founder of Rune Acupuncture in New Gloucester, Maine where her approach to care can best be described as a merging of medicine and mysticism. Dr. Favreau addresses her client’s needs with a holistic and integrative approach. Her specialty lies in offering Acupuncture for emotional health and pain management, guiding patients towards a state where the body and mind are re-integrated, allowing one to reclaim the essence of who they are, as well as a more harmonized state of health. Book a session with Dr. Lauren through Rune Acupuncture or follow her on the ’gram for daily inspiration and wisdom.	<urn:uuid:92cefaed-ba67-4afa-97fd-42bf0bacecaf>	CC-MAIN-2023-06	https://thefullest.com/2022/01/17/a-guide-to-the-kidney-meridian/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499654.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20230128184907-20230128214907-00344.warc.gz	en	0.926974	3,559	2.734375	3
"Indeed, the true miracle of the language of art is not that it enables the artist to create the illusion of reality. It is that under the hands of a great master the image becomes translucent. In teaching us to see the visible world afresh, he gives us the illusion of looking into the invisible realms of the mind - if only we know, as Philostratus says, how to use our eyes." (from Art and Illusion)Ernst Gombrich was born in Vienna, the son of Dr. Karl B. Gombrich, a lawyer, and Professor Leonia (née Hock) Gombrich. He grew up in cultured, musical surroundings. His mother was a pianist, who had been taught by Bruckner. Her friends and acquaintances included Freud, who told Jewish anecdotes, the composer Gustav Mahler, Schoenberg, and the violinist Adolf Busch. Both of his parents were of Jewish origin, but religion did not play central role in the family. Under the scheme arranged by the Save the Children Fund, Gombrich was sent after World War I to Sweden, where lived with his sister Lisbeth with a coffin-maker for nine months. After returning back to Austria, he entered the Theresianum, a conservative school concentrating on classics. From 1928 to 1935 he studied history of art and archaeology at the University of Vienna. He also attended lectures on psychology and philosophy. At that time the Vienna Circle of philosophers, led by Moritz Schlick, produced their most important works. The Circle also inspired such thinkers as Michael Polanyi, Friedrich von Hayek, Karl Popper and Gombrich, who came to prominence after the rise of the Nazis caused them to flee to the West. Gombrich's dissertation examined the architecture of the 16th-century artist Giulio Romano. With Ernst Kris, a friend of Freud, he collabotated on a book on the history of caricature �the work was published in an abbreviated version in 1940. Gombrich married Ilse Heller, a pupil of her mother, and moved to England in 1937. Most of his family members, who remained in Austria, were killed after "Anschluss", the 1938 Union of Austria with Nazi Germany. Since 1936 Gombrich worked as a staff member of the Warburg Institute, which had emigrated from Hamburg to London. Gombrich also wrote a biography of Aby Warburg (1866-1929), the founder of the Warburg Institute, who was cultural historian and especially interested in the survival and transformations of the classical traditions. This line of research later marked Gombrich's studies in the art of Renaissance. Warburg had build an unique collection of books, and its resources attracted exiled European scholars. During World War II Gombrich served at the Monitoring Service of the BBC. He interpreted German radio broadcasts, looking for hidden meanings from propaganda. In 1947 he became naturalized British citizen. From 1959 to 1959 he was Durning-Lawrence Professor of the History of Art at University College. In 1959 he was Unity Professor of Fine Art at Harvard, and became in the same year Director of the Warburg Institute and Professor of the History of the Classical Tradition at the University of London, serving there until his retirement in 1976. In 1968-69 he was Lethaby Professor at the Royal College of Art, and in 1970 Andrew D. White professor-at-large at Cornell. Gombrich received a CBE in 1966 and was knighted in 1972. Ernst Gombrich died on November 3, 2001 in London. Shortly before his death, Gombrich completed The Preference for the Primitive (2002). "Gombrich is always worth reading even if some of his betes noires, like the concept of the "Zeitgeist," have now passed onto the compost heap of history," wrote Bruce Boucher in the New York Times (September 1, 2002). In Art and Illusion Gombrich explored the links between perception and art. The work was partly based on the A.W. Mellon Lectures he gave in the spring of 1956, entitled 'The Visible World and the Language of Art'. Gombrich dealt with such questions as the imitation of nature, the function of tradition, the validity of perspective and the interpretation of expression. He argued challenging that no artist can copy what he or she sees: "The artist cannot copy a sunlit lawn, but he can suggest it." To describe reality an artist needs a medium and a schema, a vocabulary, which can be modified. A painter doesn't examine the nature of the physical world but the nature of our reactions to it. Foreshortening produces the impression of depth, other keys to the mind of a beholder are for example the tonal system of modelling and highlights for texture. Gombrich supposes that Leonardo da Vinci's dissatisfaction with his art was due to his realization that "all the artist's knowledge and inanimation are of no avail, it is only a picture that he has been painting, and it will lock flat." Throughout history artists have learned more from tradition, studying other paintings, making discoveries of appearances, than making direct and careful observations of nature. Thus the history of representational art follows piecemeal inventions of pictorial effects. Gombrich compares the long history of visual discoveries to learning by trial and error. 'Reading' an image also needs training, it is not automatic. Gombrich quotes Ruskin who said that "the truth of nature is not to be discerned by the uneducated senses". When the painter's skill in suggesting is matched by the public's skill in taking hints, a two-dimensional colored canvas turns into a landscape, and the enormous gulf between picture and the visible three-dimensional world is crossed. Gombrich considers cubism the most radical attempt to reveal the mechanisms of an illusionist reading by introducing contrary clues which resist all attempts to see in a painting three-dimensional objects. "Images apparently occupy a curious position somewhere between the statements of language, which are intended to convey a meaning, and the things of nature, to which we only can give a meaning. At the unveiling of the Piccadilly fountain one of the speakers called it 'a remarkably suitable memorial to Lord Shafterbury, for it is always giving water to rich and poor alike...'. It was an easy, indeed a somewhat trite comparison to make; nobody would infer from it that fountains mean philanthropy - quite apart from the fact that giving to the rich would not fall under this concept." (from Symbolic Images, 1972)Meditations on a Hobby Horse (1963) was a volume of lectures and essays on a wide range of subjects, from the writings of André Malraux to the art of the cartoonist. Gombrich's Norm and Form (1966) was devoted to problems of style, patronage and taste in the Italian Renaissance. The learned work was not intended for the general reader. His Wrightsman Lectures were published as A Sense of Order (1979), a study of decorative art. Symbolic Images (1972) brought together Gombrich's essays on Botticelli, Mantegna, Raphael, Giulio Romano, and Nicolas Poussin. In this work the interest was in mythological, astrological, allegorical and theological themes in Renaissance art. Gombrich suggests that it was Apuleius' tale in the Golden Ass � not Poliziano's poem in the Giostra �which served as a source for Botticelli's famous painting the 'Primavera'. The painting has puzzled generations of art lovers. Gombrich's hypothesis was rejected by Erwin Panofsky, a member of the circle around Aby Warburg. Warburg himself had tried in his doctoral thesis to establish a connection between Poliziano's stanze and the 'Primavera'. When the essay was reprinted nearly 25 years after it appearance in Symbolic Images, Gombrich expressed some reservations about it: "However much I stressed the hypothetical character of this connection with Apuleius, I did not help matters by suggesting the possibility that the programme may have rested on a misunderstanding of the text." Gombrich's work show the influence of the philosopher Karl Popper, who was his close friend, and with whom he shared a hostility to vague thinking. Also Wolfgang Köhler's studies in perceptual psychology left traces in Gombrich's thinking. In Art and Illusion he gives the full credit to Popper in his rejection of the "bucket theory of the mind"' and emphasizing the activity of the living organism that never ceases probing and testing its environment. "There is no rigid distinction, therefore, between perception and illusion", Gombrich writes. Popper himself said that Gombrich had made "a more imaginative and better-informed application of his ideas to art than anything he could have done himself." (from Confession of a Philosopher by Bryan Magee, 1997) For further reading: World Authors 1950-1970, ed. by John Wakeman (1975); Looking for answers: conversations on art and science by Ernst Gombrich and Didier Eribon (1993); Sight & Insight: Essays on Art and Culture in Honour of E.H. Gombrich at 85, ed. by E. H. Gombrich, John Onians (1994); Aesthetic Criteria: Gombrich and the Philosophies of Science of Popper and Polanyi by Sheldon Richmond (1994); E. H. Gombrich: A Bibliography by J. B. Trapp (2000) - Note: In the introduction of Art and Illusion Gombrich deals with visually ambiguous figures familiar from psychology textbooks. His own example is the duck-rabbit figure - the Necker cube and reversible staircase are similar much used examples. We see the figure sometimes as a rabbit, sometimes as a duck, but never both ways simultaneously. Gombrich concludes that to see the shape apart from its interpretation is not possible. Philosophically, as G.L. Hagberg points out in Art as Language (1995), this can generate the idea of radically incommensurable world views, each carrying its own internally generated criteria for verification and certainty. Richard Wollheim criticizes in Art and Its Object (1980) Gombrich's central thesis - that in looking at representational pictures, I am incapable of seeing the medium and the object at the same time - in Gombrich "seeing canvas" / "seeing nature" disjunction. Wollheim defends his "twofold" thesis with several arguments, stating among others that "in Titian, in Vermeer, in Manet we are led to marvel endlessly at the way in which line or brushstroke or expanse of color is exploited to render effects or establish analogies that can only be identified representationally, and the argument is that this virtue could not have received recognition if, in looking at pictures, we had to alternate visual attention between the material features and the object of the representation."Selected works: - Caricature, 1940 (with E. Kris) - The Story of Art, 1949 - Maailman taiteen historia (suom. Sakari Saarikivi, 1955, rev. ed. 1980) - Art and Scholarship: an inaugural lecture delivered at University College London, 14 February 1957, 1957 - Art and Illusion: A Study in the Psychology of Pictorial Representation, 1960 - Meditations on a Hobby Horse, and Other Essays on the Theory of Art, 1963 - Norm and Form: Studies in the Art of the Renaissance, 1966 - In Search of Cultural History, 1969 - Aby Warburg: An Intellectual Biography, 1970 - Myth and Reality in German War-Time Broadcasts, 1970 - Symbolic Images: Studies in the Art of the Renaissance 2, 1972 - Art, Perception and Reality, 1973 (with others) - Illusion In Nature And Art, 1973 (with others) - Art History and the Social Sciences, 1975 - The Heritage of Apelles: Studies in the Art of the Renaissance 3, 1976 - Ideals and Idols: Essays on Values in History and in Art, 1979 - The Sense of Order: A Study in the Psychology of Decorative Art, 1979 - Nature and Art as Needs of the Mind, 1981 - The Image and the Eye: Further Studies in the Psychology of Pictorial Representation, 1982 - Tributes: Interpreters of Our Cultural Tradition, 1984 - New Light on Old Masters: Studies in the Art of the Renaissance 4, 1986 - Kokoschka in His Time: Lecture Given at the Tate Gallery on 2 July 1986, 1986 - Reflections on the History of Art: Views and Reviews, 1987 (ed. by Richard Woodfield) - Topics of Our Time: Twentieth-Century Issues in Learning and in Art, 1991 - Ce que l'image nous dit, 1992 (with Didier Eribon) - Shadows: the Depiction of Cast Shadows in Western Art, 1995 - The Essential Gombrich, 1996 (ed. by Richard Woodfield) - Gombrich on Art and Psychology, 1996 (edited by Richard Woodfield) - The Uses of Images: Studies in the Social Function of Art and Visual Communication, 1998 - The Preference for the Primitive: Episodes in the History of Western Taste and Art, 2002	<urn:uuid:6ff4cd22-6198-4aa3-9471-b584dcb2af0f>	CC-MAIN-2017-43	http://artaumonde.blogspot.com/p/ernst-gombrichthe-father-of-story-of.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187822480.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20171017181947-20171017201947-00325.warc.gz	en	0.95142	2,824	3.5625	4
Perhaps a bit morbid but these little Frozen Charlotte figurines are so delicate and pretty. The Charlotte doll stems from a New England Folk tale. William Lorenzo Carter wrote a song in 1834, describing a girl named Charlotte who wore a beautiful dress for a ball on a cold Maine night. Charlotte’s mother advised her to cover up with a blanket and coat. Charlotte said no, she’d be fine with her bonnet & gloves. In reality she just didn’t want to cover up her beautiful dress! She hopped onto her sleigh to ride to the ball but by the time she arrived she had frozen to death. I’ll let you determine the moral of that folk tale and share a little more about the facts of the figurine. All of these Frozen Charlottes were made between 1850 and 1920. And in case you are interested here is a poem later written by Seba Smith in the early 1900 Now, Charlotte lived on the mountainside, In a bleak and dreary spot; There was no house for miles around, Except her father’s cot. And yet on many a wintry night, Young swains were gathered there; For her father kept a social board, And she was very fair. One New Year’s Eve as the sun went down, Far looked her wishful eye Out from the frosty window pane As merry sleighs went by. In a village fifteen miles away, Was to be a ball that night; And though the air was heavy and cold, Her heart was warm and light. How brightly beamed her laughing eye, As a well-known voice was heard; And driving up to the cottage door, Her lover’s sleigh appeared. “O, daughter dear,” her mother cried, “This blanket ’round you fold; It is a dreadful night tonight, You’ll catch your death of cold.” “O, nay! O, nay!” young Charlotte cried, And she laughed like a gypsy queen; “To ride in blankets muffled up, I never would be seen. “My silken cloak is quite enough, You know ’tis lined throughout; Besides I have my silken scarf, To twine my neck about.” Her bonnet and her gloves were on, She stepped into the sleigh; Rode swiftly down the mountain side, And o’er the hills away. With muffled face and silent lips, Five miles at length were passed; When Charles with few and shivering words, The silence broke at last. “Such a dreadful night I never saw, The reins I scarce can hold.” Fair Charlotte shivering faintly said, “I am exceeding cold.” He cracked his whip, he urged his steed Much faster than before; And thus five other dreary miles In silence were passed o’er. Said Charles, “How fast the shivering ice Is gathering on my brow.” And Charlotte still more faintly said, “I’m growing warmer now.” So on they rode through frosty air And glittering cold starlight, Until at last the village lamps And the ballroom came in sight. They reached the door and Charles sprang out, He reached his hand for her; She sat there like a monument, That has no power to stir. He called her once, he called her twice, She answered not a word; He asked her for her hand again, And still she never stirred. He took her hand in his – O, God! ‘Twas cold and hard as stone; He tore the mantle from her face, Cold stars upon it shone. Then quickly to the glowing hall, Her lifeless form he bore; Fair Charlotte’s eyes were closed in death, Her voice was heard no more. And there he sat down by her side, While bitter tears did flow; And cried, “My own, my charming bride, You never more will know.” He twined his arms around her neck, He kissed her marble brow; His thoughts flew back to where she said, “I’m growing warmer now.” He carried her back to the sleigh, And with her he rode home; And when he reached the cottage door, O, how her parents mourned. Her parents mourned for many a year, And Charles wept in the gloom; Till at last her lover died of grief, And they both lie in one tomb.	<urn:uuid:0f69d772-d751-4e93-a35e-0f1226e8afaf>	CC-MAIN-2021-31	https://aptxi.com/2014/02/28/frozen-charlottes/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154420.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20210803030201-20210803060201-00543.warc.gz	en	0.975588	956	2.546875	3
In 2001, they coated yeast protein fibers with gold and silver atoms, which let the fibers conduct electricity. The fibers are just a few nanometers — a few billionths of a meter — wide. These so-called “nanowires” are useful in very small electronic circuits such as faster computer chips. Some diseases — such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease — are caused when proteins in the body don’t fold properly. Some misfolded proteins coax other proteins into misfolding and sticking together. This forms long, thin protein fibers. Susan Lindquist is director of the Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Massachusetts. She and her team were studying proteins in yeast that form similar fibers. They realized that these fibers could actually be put to positive use. Susan Lindquist: And we thought, well, instead of trying to build something from scratch using chemistry and try to figure out how particular molecules might come together, take advantage of mother nature, who has already figured out how to do this and use this protein to self assemble . . . interesting devices. Lindquist’s team is now trying to learn more about how proteins form these fibers. She also hopes the work will help fight diseases caused by misfolded proteins. Excerpts from an interview with Susan Lindquist: When something has been a problem for a long time, mother nature can often take advantage of that problem and turn it to her own use. So we work on certain aspects of altered protein folding that can be beneficial. And then we got into this nanowires thing out of that because we thought well, as we began to study this one particular protein and how it folded, we actually could watch it folding and misfolding in a test tube and we realized it had some very special properties and we thought we could take advantage of it. And that’s where the nanowire stuff came from. So the global thing in my lab is how proteins fold, how they misfold and what the consequences are. I understand you do a lot of administrative work and oversee many other researchers. But I’m interested in what research you’re working most directly with. Do you spend much time in the lab? No. It’s been unfortunately a long time since I’ve been working at the bench myself. I used to really enjoy working at the bench. But now I get to watch other people do it and I just basically get to talk to them about their experiments and help them plan them out and help to come up with strategies. I do have quite a lot of administrative work to do at the Whitehead. But one of the reasons I was willing to take this job is that it really — Whitehead has a real philosophy that if you’re going to be a director or administrative science — especially for a small to middle sized organization like ours with just 16 faculty members like ours, that you can do a much better job of it if you’re still very active in research. So they’ve done a lot to be sure that I can maintained my lab and maintain my research interests because any many ways, that’s the thing that keeps me really psyched up is the research we’re doing. So as I understand it, you discovered a protein that folds up in a certain way and starts a chain reaction that folds up other proteins, this eventually leads to creation of a fiber with special properties (self-assembling, stable, 10 nm wide and can be modified to have different properties – making them into “nanowires”). So how did you discover this protein? And how did you find out that it could do this? It turns out that a very bizarre pattern of inheritance was discovered in that organism [yeast], oh, about 40 years ago. For certain, particular traits, they were not inherited in the way the vast majority of other traits were inherited. In more recent work, that has turned out to be that the trait was inherited because of a self perpetuating, protein conformational cascade, rather than inherited in the way that most changes are inherited, when you change the nucleic acid or the DNA, you’re going to of course, change the organism’s genetic code, you inherit a new trait. It turns out that this could not be tracked to any change in DNA whatsoever. And it turned out to be due to the fact that there’s certain proteins in these organisms … that can undergo a change in conformation that’s catching, if you will. What happens is that proteins normally fold up into these highly structured things where they keep their sticky residues on the insides. But certain proteins have a flexibility and they can sometimes expose those sticky residues. When they do, they can act as a sort of trap that will cause another protein of the same type to stick to it — and the way it stacks on to the other protein, it turns out that it creates yet another surface on which another protein of the same type can add. So it’s sort of like once the domino goes — boom, boom, boom — all of these other dominoes wind up falling too. It’s the same way with this particular protein too. Once you get it going into it’s misfolded state … what you wind up having is long strings of this protein. And they’re passed on from mother cell to daughter cell. And the reason you get an inherited trait due to this change in protein folding is that when the mother cell divides, the daughter cell winds up getting a little of this protein too. So that when she starts making her own proteins … those proteins are going to be sitting in this same cellular environment where there’s this altered protein and they’ll get trapped and go along for the ride as well. And it just goes on for generation, after generation, after generation. So we were able to duplicate that all in a test tube a few years ago. And when we looked at the fibers that these proteins made, we realized that they had some unusual properties. They’re very tough fibers — for example, they’re resistant to detergents and they’re resistant to organic solvents. You can boil them, you can freeze them and they pretty much retain their full structure. In fact, they’re amyloids — they’re the same kind of tough fibers that appear in the brains of people who are suffering from neurodegenerative diseases. And that’s sort of one of the ways in which they vary different lines of work that we’re doing in the laboratory connect. Anyway, we thought, gee, these fibers are very neat. They self-assemble. We can trigger the assembly any time we want. They self-assemble very rapidly, very faithfully. They’re very tough and they’re tiny, that is they are very, very thin — they’re 10 nanometers thin. And that’s really thinner than we’ve ever been able to manufacture devices through any mechanical process in the past. So we thought maybe these things could be useful for manufacturing little nano-scale devices — nanoscale device building has become kind of a buzzword now. It’s really an interesting challenge trying to get things smaller and smaller and smaller. And we thought, well, maybe instead of trying to build something from scratch using chemistry and try to figure out how particular molecules might come together, take advantage of mother nature, who’s already figured out how to do this, and use this protein to self assemble interesting devices. And so we’ve just taken the first — what I would call — baby steps. But on the other hand, sometimes the baby’s first steps are pretty exciting. And what we were able to do was to put a reactive group on these protein fibers that we could use to attach tiny, little, itsy bitsy gold balls to. And these gold balls are just a few atoms of gold across — they’re very tiny. And then we were able to use a reductive plating mechanism to get silver to deposit along these little tiny droplets of gold that were on these tiny little protein fibers. And basically, with silver and with another layer of gold, we were able to make a solid metal coating on the outside of these fibers and we thought that might be able to conduct electricity. So what’s the next step? Nature has really been operating for a few billion years here to create proteins that have extraordinary capacity to do all sorts of interesting things — harvest light and change its energy, change the oxidative-reductive state of things, or convert one molecule into another molecule, break it apart or break it open, put things together, etcetera. So you can imagine — sort of a fantasy, but — you can imagine being able to build these tiny, tiny little wires made of proteins that have all sorts of interesting protein chemistries integrated into them — to do things on a scale — very, very complex things — on a much smaller scale. When I give a talk about this, I sometimes go back to a Popular Mechanics issue from about 40 years ago where they said that some day computers might be small enough to fit inside a house. And it was sort of wild speculation and now of course, they’re not only small enough to fit inside a house, they’re small enough to fit inside the pocket — and the question is, how much smaller can we go? Why do you need the proteins to make nanowires? Why not just make them out of metal? Theoretically you could. What we’re doing is taking advantage of the protein because the protein provides this template — it provides a nice, long, very thin, very straight unbranched template. And in fact, we can make it branch and cross if we want. So we can build in functionality that can have them cross-link themselves across the fiber if that would be an advantage. So one, you could imagine you could throw a bunch of gold balls … and maybe sometimes they would line themselves into fibers, and maybe on could come up with ways to make them align, but it’s not easy. This protein already has built into it — because of it’s a biological property that’s been built into this protein — which it just self-assembles with incredible accuracy and incredible speed. So the idea is just to take advantage of it. What new aspects are you working on with nanowires? We’re working on what the structure of the fiber is. Which parts of it are floppy, which parts of it are accessible, which parts are buried — we’re working on how the assembly actually takes place. How does one protein recognize it’s supposed to associate with another protein? The specificity of the assemblies is really quite remarkable. So we’d really like to understand how that specificity is maintained. We’d also like to understand how — on a microscale, the fibers can take on slightly different forms and once they take on slightly different forms, they self perpetuate — we’d like to figure out how that works. So what motivates your work? Being able to understand how these fibers assemble is actually, from our standpoint, the driving force as we’re really interested in the biology and how this can actually serve as a mechanism for inheriting a biological trait. So the more we learn about the proteins and fibers and the self-assembly, it feeds into our biological interests as well. How did you get into the nanowire work? Well, the original discovery that there was this weird pattern of inheritance of red and white colony color in yeast was made by Brian Cox about 40 years ago actually. No one knew it was protein based until a geneticist … was looking at the patterns of inheritance and suggested that, well, this just can’t be explained by normal genetics. Maybe it could be explained by a self-perpetuating protein state — that was about 10 years ago. And then we happened — it was one of these lucky relationships where we were working on protein folding and we, it turned out were working on a factor that turns out to control this red — we were working on it for totally different reasons, but it also happens to control this red/white switch — so we started doing a lot of biochemistry and cell biology on it … in collaboration with Gary Chernoff and Susan Liebman — oh about 10 years ago — 1994 was our first paper. So it’s been going from yeast inheritance to nanowires took us about 10 years. Books: Nanomaterials Chemistry – edited by C. N. R. Rao, Achim Müller, Anthony K. Cheetham	<urn:uuid:a73c9f83-3378-4cd7-ad0b-6271a3327411>	CC-MAIN-2021-31	https://www.egofelix.com/nanowires-protein-fibers/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046150308.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20210724191957-20210724221957-00453.warc.gz	en	0.968813	2,659	3.453125	3
From Paper to Digits at the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency By Charles L. (Chuck) McGaugh, Jr., Director, Office of Global Navigation, National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency Transformation involves "a major change in form, nature, or function," as defined by Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, Tenth Edition. Starting in early 2002, the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA) undertook a transformation in the way the agency does business and supports customers by moving from a productcentric to a datacentric organization. The goal, in the words of former NGA director and retired Air Force Lt. Gen. James R. Clapper, Jr., was to provide customers "instant access to specific geospatial intelligence." Headquartered in Bethesda, Maryland, NGA is a U.S. Department of Defense combat support agency and a member of the national intelligence community. The agency's mission is to provide timely, relevant, and accurate geospatial intelligence in support of U.S. national security. The agency's mission includes providing accurate aeronautical charts that are updated on a nationally and internationally mandated schedule. The transformation began with the implementation of GIS to change the way NGA Flight Information Publications (FLIPs) are produced and disseminated to customers. Until 2002, the process of producing NGA FLIP global charts required a large staff of aeronautical analysts, quality assurance specialists, and contractor personnel. Significant effort and expertise were required for chart maintenance. Geographic area analysts used drafting tools to create chart overlay lithographs to meet precise standards. For less complex chart changes, the analyst crafted textually descriptive directions called data abstracts using detailed format standards. Due to the complexity of the work and technical writing involved, all information received a second level of review by quality assurance specialists to ensure that it met NGA standards and was similar across all overlapping charts. The contractor used the data abstracts and/or the hand-drawn lithographs to create sticky-backed strip waxing ("stick-up") film overlays for text and/or graphic symbols. Each change was applied manually by scraping off old annotations and graphics and replacing them with the modification for the master versions of each chart. With more than 1,000 changes per month, this tedious process required great skill. Each of the four colors used on charts required a separate master layer, and screened colors required additional layers. The stick-up overlays were then used as the positive in a photo process to create negatives for each layer for every chart. In the busiest cycle, contractors produced more than 145 charts with an average of six layers each. Accuracy was imperative to ensure the layers merged to form the completed Enroute Chart when printed. With so many changes and the possibility of human error at many stages of production, consistent quality required great effort. Review and rework prior to publication expended many work hours and required substantial lead time to ensure the charts were finished before the next cycle began. While the GIS and mapping community might have been ready to support digital aeronautical charting long before, it took a stick-up crisis to force a change. The world's only manufacturer of stick-up stopped producing the material in 2001, and a new supplier could not be found. All remaining stock was purchased, but the clock started ticking. There were no suitable substitutes for the strip waxing film. A new method for correcting the charts had to be found before all the stick-up was gone. A GIS solution was an obvious choice, but there were many obstacles, most notably the lack of data. An aeronautical database did exist, it was kept current, and the attribution was robust. The data quality was exceptional, but it was not geospatial. The Solution: Digital Enroute Charts NGA's Aeronautical Division turned to Esri for help in solving this critical problem. Together they worked on an ambitious program to create a completely GIS-based process to produce NGA aeronautical charting products. The foundation of the approach was Production Line Tool Set (PLTS) for ArcGISAeronautical Solution, which allowed NGA to develop a database-driven system to support digital aeronautical chart production. The NGA aeronautical database is imported into a geodatabase, and data is preformatted for charts during the data ingest. On a weekly basis, NGA provides database updates, and these transactions are loaded into the geodatabase, which has been optimized for cartographic output. Quality is ensured through several steps, and a Web-based scheduling tool monitors job progress, tracking every chart in every phase of production. Using this foundation, NGA is able to produce charts of any scale, orientation, and projection, in addition to the standard NGA series of aeronautical charts. PLTS for ArcGISAeronautical Solution manages the chart series design and incorporates intelligent elements that are automatically updated based on the content in the geodatabase. The database-driven system makes update management many times more efficient than in traditional manual chart production. One-time data entry allows greater accuracy by eliminating the possibility of errors in the production chain. When a feature update is transferred from the NGA database to the geodatabase, the change is automatically and immediately reflected on all associated charts. Text associated with modified features is automatically updated as well, using feature-linked annotation capability. As a direct result of the automation, digital data is synchronized with the paper product, and product quality has dramatically improved. NGA continues to deliver hundreds of thousands of Enroute Charts to aviators every 28 days without delay, and the output product is so similar to the manually prepared charts that customers never noticed. The digital Enroute Chart process supports direct-to-plate printing, completely eliminating the need for film overlays and stick-up. Success Transforms NGA to Datacentric Organization With NGA's traditional methods, a large percentage of energy was focused on the format and appearance of products, rather than on the depth of knowledge behind the data. Through this effort, its processes were transformed. Today, analysts devote their energy to creating and maintaining quality aeronautical information. Technology then transforms that quality data into a representation that the customer can utilize. The database-driven system also enables NGA to give customers a variety of new product options, from various digital formats to various printing options. And now that the data has been transformed into geospatially referenced digits, the data can be fused with other information for additional analysis, portrayals, and applications that have yet to be conceived. Using the geospatial knowledge of NGA's contracted experts, the aeronautical expertise of NGA analysts, and the power of GIS, even the sky is no longer the limit. Excerpted from "Aeronautical Transformation: Paper to DigitsChanging the Way the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency Creates Aeronautical Products," presented by Charles L. (Chuck) McGaugh, Jr., at the 2004 Esri International User Conference. For more information, contact the NGA Office of Corporate Affairs, Public Affairs Office (Web: www.nga.mil), or Brian Cross, Esri (e-mail: email@example.com; tel.: 909-793-2853, ext. 1-1158). See also "A Brief History of Aeronautical Charting."	<urn:uuid:6f0c4278-67ca-4782-ab93-11fea98ede3a>	CC-MAIN-2015-27	http://www.esri.com/news/arcnews/summer07articles/aeronautical-transformation.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375097246.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031817-00122-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.934032	1,536	2.640625	3
A Dictionary of Weather (2 ed.) ‘The definitive reference for all things meteorological’ - Bill Giles A new, authoritative and comprehensive dictionary of weather, forecasting, and climate terms with illustrative examples of specific events and extremes. Weather records and climate data from around the world are given and key terms from the related fields of oceanography, hydrology, and climatology are also covered. Revised and fully updated, this edition includes 300 new and revised entries, such as A-Train, Pineapple Express, and Watermelon snow, and added feature entries highlighting actual occurrences of extreme weather, including the Indian Ocean Tsunami and Hurricane Katrina. Generously illustrated, and containing recommended websites for further reading, this reference work is thoroughly comprehensible. Find out where and when the world's largest hailstone fell or where the highest temperature was recorded using the list of weather records, and check climate data for different weather types from around the world. This is a unique dictionary and an essential reference source for meteorology and geography students, whether at school or university, as well as for amateur meteorologists and the general reader. - Oxford University Press - Print Publication Date: - Print ISBN-13: - Published online: - Current Online Version:	<urn:uuid:26aa4b14-452b-41bb-8900-5eda58433ca9>	CC-MAIN-2018-43	http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199541447.001.0001/acref-9780199541447?rskey=nDWBcH&result=70&q=	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583517495.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20181023220444-20181024001944-00126.warc.gz	en	0.869074	260	3.046875	3
Autism & Adults ASD affects more males than females and it is estimated that one person in every hundred has ASD. Many more individuals are now receiving diagnosis in their adult life. There is no known cure, but with appropriate education and support people with ASD can be helped to live their lives with as much dignity and independence as possible. Many people with ASD have written about their experiences; some people who have been diagnosed find it helpful to read these experiences as it helps them to feel that they are not alone. A list of these accounts is available from Autism NI. The quotation below is from a book written by a young man called Marc Segal explaining how he felt. His book “Coping a Survival Guide” has been helpful to many young people with Asperger's Syndrome. “As far back as I can remember I had intricate thoughts and ideas which have made me unique. As a young child in early primary school I used to spend most of my time just doing my own thing and not really making much sense to people. My ever intriguing thoughts and ideas were locked up in my head and I couldn’t communicate them with others” Adults with Autism who have an accompanying Learning Disability normally have access (from age 19 on leaving Special Education Provision) to Day Care provision in an Adult Training Centre (ATC) or Day Care Centre provided by the local Health & Social Care Trust or funded voluntary agency provider. Activities are Social & Life Skills based and may include some work based experience. The alternatives are supported employment although access is limited due to under funding for Autism services and consequent under funding of this sector. Further information can be accessed via USEL (Ulster Supported Employment Ltd) or NIUSE (Northern Ireland Union of Supported Employment). Autism NI has worked with two Belfast based providers (Orchardville and NOW) who have positively developed expertise in supporting individuals from across the entire Autism Spectrum. Adults with Asperger’s Syndrome/High Functioning Autism have only been identified recently in Northern Ireland as a unique group of individuals who rarely have had access to a comprehensive diagnosis and rapid intervention programme. Consequently this section of the population has received minimal support and negligible understanding – with often tragic consequences to individuals and families. Many of these individuals (Marc Segal, Temple Grandin, Wendy Lawson, Donna Williams, and Ros Blackburn) have become advocates for those who are unable to articulate their condition clearly. The common experiences of childhood bullying, teenage isolation and adult acute anxiety & depression can tip the scales into tragedy if appropriate and effective ongoing support and intervention is not available rapidly to break this cycle of exclusion from society. The lack of expertise and effective intervention in the Mental Health and Criminal Justice System means that a number of individuals with Autism are in crisis. It is illuminating to hear statistics from Juvenile Justice which indicate that 20% of the population have an Autism Spectrum Disorder. It is challenging to know that lives can be turned around with improved access to counselling, coaching and social and life skills training support within an Autism friendly ethos. Autism NI has worked in partnership with The Orchardville Society, NOW, Positive Futures, Challenge, Praxis and Action Mental Health in recent years to accelerate the debate on the specific provision required. Autism NI and Autism Initiatives UK/ASD Initiatives Ireland are engaged in an active partnership which has now established Autism Initiatives as the largest provider of support services to adults with Autism in Northern Ireland. Autism NI also provides a range of awareness and specialist training opportunities for professionals and carers. Please check out our Training section.	<urn:uuid:096bc3c1-7cb5-46fe-bd5e-fad3c71633a2>	CC-MAIN-2017-22	http://autismni.org/autism--adults.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463608956.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20170527152350-20170527172350-00019.warc.gz	en	0.966636	731	2.671875	3
Apache is the first choice for many as open source web server due to its functionality and ability to deal with huge traffic. Let’s connect to our Ubuntu server and give a simple command to install Apache2 : sudo apt-get install apache2 apache2-doc Only the first package is necessary for the operation but it can be convenient to install the second one, apache2-doc, to have inside the server all the official documentation always available. The same documentation is also available on the Apache2 website. The installation is already finished and we can immediately go to test its success by connecting from another PC of the same network to our web server. We then open our favorite browser and type the IP address or hostname of the server. As you will see, a default Apache page will respond to warn us that everything is working: If we have also installed the apache2-doc package then we will also have the official documentation. The Apache2 configuration is managed through directives written on text files. In Ubuntu, these configuration files and folders are all found in the /etc/apache2 directory. So let’s see in detail what are these configuration files that determine the operation of Apache2: - apache2.conf: is the main configuration file. Inside we find all the global settings or those that will be applied to each site on our server. - ports.conf: is the file that indicates on which ports the server is listening for incoming requests. At the time of installation, the ports are the standard ones: 80 for http and 443 for https. This file is called directly within apache2.conf. - envvars: in this file the environment variables used in the configuration files are defined. - sites-available : this folder contains the configuration files of all Virtual Host (VH), that is all the sites on the server. VHs allow you to have multiple sites within the same web server as we’ll see later. - sites-enabled: this folder contains symbolic links to sites-available and represents the list of sites actually accessible to clients. - mods-available: this folder contains the configuration files for the web server modules. - mods-enabled: as for sites-enabled, the symbolic links to mods-available of the modules actually enabled and started within the Apache server is also contained here. After each change to a configuration file, the service must be restarted for the changes to take effect. To do this, we will type in the terminal. sudo systemctl restart apache2 The main directives of Apache2 Here it is impossible to analyze analytically the different directives provided by Apache2 (they are really many), we will limit ourselves, therefore, to consider the main ones. We will find these variables directly in the apache2.conf file (if they are to be considered global and concern, that is, the entire web server) or within the configuration files of the individual Virtual Host (if they concern individual websites hosted within the our server). - ServerRoot: defines the root directory for Apache configurations. The default value is /etc/apache2 - DocumentRoot: indicates the directory containing the website requested from the server. In our Ubuntu distro the default value is /var/www - ServerAdmin: Indicates the server administrator’s e-mail address. It will appear in the error messages that clients receive. - ServerName: indicates the hostname to which the Apache server must respond. - ServerAlias indicates alternative names to reach for a host. - Listen: defines the port on which the server is listening. - User and Group: define the user and the group that owns the process. - ErrorLog: indicates the path where to log the error log files. - CustomLog: indicates the path where to record the access log file and its format. - LogLevel: defines the level of detail of the logs. - Allow from: indicates to which IP addresses or hostname is allowed to access the site. - Deny from: indicates which IP addresses or hostnames are not allowed to access the site. - PidFile: the file that contains the PID of the parent Apache2 process. - TimeOut: the idle time after which Apache2 closes a client connection. - KeepAlive: indicates whether persistent connections are allowed or not (On / Off), ie able to serve more than one request from the same client. - MaxKeepAliveRequests: the maximum number of requests that a client can make to the server on a single connection. Set to 0 requests can be unlimited. - KeepAliveTimeout: indicates the number of seconds that a client must wait before making another request on the same connection. - Includes: inclusion guidelines. Apache2 uses these directives to declare configuration parameters written to external files (for example, ports.conf ). These are just some directives available in Apache2, the ones most often used. As usual, however, we recommend consulting the official documentation to get a wider overview.	<urn:uuid:69b09b49-95a1-4e3f-99cd-cf481db574b3>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.smashinglab.com/install-configure-apache-ubuntu-server/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251783000.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128184745-20200128214745-00064.warc.gz	en	0.862151	1,056	2.953125	3
A team of scientists from Canada and Australia have discovered that the decline in shark populations is detrimental to coral reefs. "Where shark numbers are reduced due to commercial fishing, there is also a decrease in the herbivorous fishes which play a key role in promoting reef health," said Jonathan Ruppert, a recent University of Toronto PhD graduate. Ruppert was part of a team engaged in long-term monitoring of reefs off Australians northwest coast. Team leader Mark Meekan of the Australian Institute of Marine Science (AIMS), said that the results might, at first glance, seem strange. "However our analysis suggests that where shark numbers are reduced, we see a fundamental change in the structure of food chains on reefs." "We saw increasing numbers of mid-level predators—such as snappers—and a reduction in the number of herbivores such as parrotfishes. The parrotfishes are very important to coral reef health because they eat the algae that would otherwise overwhelm young corals on reefs recovering from natural disturbances," said Meekan. According to Ruppert, the study comes at an opportune time—coral reefs are facing a number of pressures both from direct human activity, such as over-fishing, as well as from climate change. The reefs studied are about 300 kilometres off the coast of northwest Australia where Indonesian fishers target sharks—a practice stretching back several centuries and which continues under an Australian-Indonesian memorandum of understanding. "The reefs provided us with a unique opportunity to isolate the impact of over-fishing of sharks on reef resilience, and assess that impact in the broader context of climate change pressures threatening coral reefs," said Ruppert. "Shark fishing appears to have quite dramatic effects on coral reef ecosystems. Given that sharks are in decline on reefs worldwide, largely due to the shark fin trade, this information may prove integral to restoration and conservation efforts." Tracking studies show that, in many cases, individual reef sharks are closely attached to certain coral reefs. This means that even relatively small marine-protected areas could be effective in protecting the top-level predators and allowing coral reefs to better able to recover from coral bleaching or large cyclones which are increasing in frequency due to the warming of the oceans as a result of climate change. The study will appear in the September 28 issue of journal PLOS ONE. Explore further: American Samoa bans shark fishing to save species	<urn:uuid:1c2cb1c2-7734-4b09-b5db-e53c71fe3b95>	CC-MAIN-2015-48	http://phys.org/news/2013-09-overfishing-sharks-coral-reefs.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398445033.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205405-00073-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.956237	501	3.765625	4

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