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Archives:Minority Carriers and the First Two Transistors
The first transistor-the "point-contact transistor, invented at Bell Labs in December 1947 by John Bardeen and Walter Brattain-had almost no commercial impact in the decade following its invention. Only one firm seriously attempted to produce such a transistor in quantity-the Western Electric Company, the manufacturing division of American Telephone and Telegraph, which began using the device in such telephone applications as direct dialing as early as 1952. It was the second transistor-the "p-n junction transistor," which William Shockley conceived in January 1948-that became "the first technologically important device of the solid state era," as he put it. The successful manufacture of the junction transistor and its offspring stimulated the exponential growth of the semiconductor industry. By contributing crucially to the rise of such industry giants as Texas Instruments, SONY and Fairchild Semiconductor during the explosive fifties, the junction transistor made Silicon Valley possible. Given this impact, it is surprIsIng how little scholarship has been devoted to the history of the junction transistor, and how many important historical issues about the device have not even been explored. At the 1992 Indianapolis meeting of the American Physical Society, Nick Holonyak pursued one of them-the scientific understanding of "minority carrier injection," a physical process that was critical to the invention of the junction transistor. Whereas Shockley claimed sole authorship of this idea, Holonyak argued on the basis of several pieces of indirect evidence that Bardeen deserves the credit. In this paper we reexamine the controversy about the origins of this concept, using more immediate documentary evidence from laboratory notebooks, patent applications, scientific articles written in 1947-48, and interviews conducted with participants.
Citation and Link to Full Article
Michael Riordan & Lillian Hoddeson, “Minority Carriers and the First Two Transistors,” in Facets: New Perspectivies on the History of Semiconductors, ed. Andrew Goldstein & William Aspray (New Brunswick: IEEE Center for the History of Electrical Engineering, 1997), 1-33.
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Research in Geophysics covers three main fields:
- Research in Seismology and Numerical Modelling
- Research in Experimental Geophysics
- Operation of the Seismological Observatory
Many of the individual research projects are part of the collaborative research centre (SFB 526) "Rheology of the Earth - from the upper crust to the subduction zone", which is an interdisciplinary scientific programme supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) and involving different departments of the Ruhr-University Bochum.
The current seismological research involves a field experiment in the southern Aegean Sea named EGELADOS as an acronym for Exploring the GEodynamics of subducted Lithosphere using an Amphibian Deployment of Seismographs. Egelados was one of the Gigants of the Greek mythology. He was buried by a huge rock by Athene and still tries to struggel out from below. This is - according to mythology - the cause of earthquakes.
Students interested in geophysics can enter either the Bachelor or Master program of geosciences. Postgraduate Students can join our research teams as PhD students.
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The brain's "reward system," those brain circuits and structures that mediate the experience and pursuit of pleasure, figured prominently in several studies. The studies shed light on adolescents' ability to control impulsivity and think through problems; reveal physical changes in the "social brain;" document connections between early home life and brain function in adolescence; and examine the impact of diet on depressive-like behavior in rodents.
Today's new findings show that:
- Adolescents can throw impulsivity out the window when big rewards are at stake. The bigger the reward, the more thoughtful they can be, calling on important brain regions to gather and weigh evidence, and make decisions that maximize gains (BJ Casey, PhD, abstract 128.04, see attached summary).
- Rodents that receive an omega-3 fatty acid in their diets, from gestation through their early development, appear less vulnerable to depressive-like behaviors during adolescence (Christopher Butt, PhD, abstract 522.07, see attached summary).
- Depression in older adolescent boys may be associated with changes in communication between regions of the brain that process reward. At the same time, the study found possible connections between early emotional attachments—particularly with mothers—and later reward system function (Erika Forbes, PhD, abstract 128.11, see attached summary).
- Early cognitive stimulation appears to predict the thickness of parts of the human cortex in adolescence, and experiences at age four appear to have a greater impact than those at age eight (Martha Farah, PhD, abstract 908.02, see attached summary).
- During the span of adolescence, the volume of the "social brain"—those areas that deal with understanding other people—changes substantially, with notable gender differences (Kathryn Mills, BA, abstract 128.02, see attached summary).
Explore further: New research reveals more about how the brain processes facial expressions and emotions
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For years, we have been told that eating breakfast supports weight loss, boosts energy and prevents overeating, presumably because not eating breakfast after fasting through the night leaves us famished and more likely to overeat later in the day. Recent studies and randomized trials have cast doubt on the theory that eating breakfast has any protective effect on weight gain. As reported in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, the effect of eating breakfast on obesity is only presumed true and is not justified by scientific evidence. This means that the widely held belief that eating breakfast initiates weight loss, while skipping breakfast causes weight gain, is based on overstated or misconstrued studies.
It appears that the 2010 U.S. Dietary Guidelines that state “not eating breakfast is associated with weight gain,” is based on scientific speculation and may be completely unfounded. This recommendation was based on observational studies that now draw extensive criticism from statisticians. According to S. Stanley Young, former director of bioinformatics at the National Institutes of Statistical Sciences, “over 90% of claims” produced from observational studies “fail to replicate,” meaning that they can’t be replicated later by more exacting clinical or randomized controlled studies. At the time of the recommendations, research was indeed limited and more research has since been conducted.
Recent scientific experiments at Cornell University showed that in some, but not all, cases people who skipped breakfast did consume more calories at lunchtime. However, those additional calories did not exceed the calories they would have eaten at breakfast time and still resulted in lower caloric intake overall. The Cornell researchers concluded that skipping breakfast could actually lead to weight loss and had little to no effect on weight gain. In short, it appears that what has been touted as the most important meal of the day is simply just another meal. A study by Columbia University researchers concluded that obese people who skipped breakfast daily for 4 weeks resulted in a reduction in body weight, simply by reducing caloric intake.
Unless you have a medical condition, such as diabetes or hypoglycemia, and need to eat small, frequent meals to keep blood sugar levels stable, the question of whether to eat breakfast or not remains open and largely comes down to personal choice. While researchers’ recommendations remain divided amongst those who support eating breakfast and those who don’t, there remains little evidence of the benefits of eating breakfast in a well-nourished person. A Harvard Medical School study concluded that those who ate whole grain cereals for breakfast had lower rates of diabetes and heart disease as compared to those who ate nothing. But it could be that it’s the whole grains that are heart healthy and not the timing of the consumption of those grains.
Clearly all breakfast foods are not created equally. If your idea of breakfast is a bowl of sugar laden cereal and a big glass of juice, you’d likely do less overall harm by skipping it, as sugary foods do little to satiate hunger and may result in cravings that could increase your daily caloric intake. If you eat a nutrient dense breakfast that contains protein, healthy fats and dietary fiber and you are happy with your weight, there’s no need to make any changes. The same applies if you opt to skip breakfast altogether, as the stronger evidence from randomized controlled trials show no link between skipping breakfast and weight gain, nor do they show a difference in reported energy levels. If you’re hungry, eat, and if not, you no longer have to worry about weight gain if you decide to wait until lunchtime to have your first meal of the day.
Belief beyond the evidence: using the proposed effect of breakfast on obesity to show 2 practices that distort scientific evidence. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24004890
Myths Surround Breakfast and Weight. http://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/09/10/myths-surround-breakfast-and-weight/
Should you, or Shouldn’t You, Skip Breakfast? http://health.usnews.com/health-news/blogs/eat-run/2014/08/27/should-you-or-shouldnt-you-skip-breakfast
Should I Eat Breakfast When I’m Not Hungry? http://www.eatingwell.com/nutrition_health/nutrition_news_information/should_i_eat_breakfast_when_i_m_not_hungry
The science of skipping breakfast: How government nutritionists may have gotten it wrong. http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonkblog/wp/2015/08/10/the-science-of-skipping-breakfast-how-government-nutritionists-may-have-gotten-it-wrong/
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By Chris Ouellette
Director of the Academic Skills Center at Miss Hall’s School
Have you ever learned a mnemonic that you don’t think will ever leave your mind? I will tell you what mine is, 30 days hath September, April, June, and November... I find it a bit ironic that today’s offering on time management lands on the final day of November in 2020. As I found myself preparing to lead a workshop for my faculty on supporting the development of time management skills in their students, I laughed out loud at my own sense of time (or lack thereof) throughout this pandemic. Initially, working from home last spring was an amazing break (in an awful time) from the grind of everyday boarding school life. As we entered our first term this year in the virtual world, I started to find that days and weeks began to blur in my memory. When we began our second term in person; it was easier to find my anchor, easier to separate each day and experience. Not only did this help me be better for my students, I was also able to attain much better productivity. If this was occurring this easily for me (and I would imagine some of you), then how much more impactful is this for our students? So, with the surging pandemic in mind, and my school’s return to a virtual environment, the development of time management skills becomes even more necessary.
When you put your hand on a hot stove, a second can feel like an hour. When you put your hand on a loved one seldom seen, an hour can feel like a second. While this quote can be explored slightly differently through the eloquent words of LL Cool J in the 1999 film Deep Blue Sea, the idea that time is relative is necessary. How we perceive time (how much we have, how long something takes) will impact our level of success with time management.
The One-Minute Challenge
is a fun and quick way to see just how differently we all perceive time. The premise is simple: have your students or colleagues sit down when they feel one minute has passed. Have each member of your group stand up in front of their chair and close their eyes. Instruct them to sit down when they feel one minute has passed (open your eyes, remain quiet). Set your timer for 1:30 and say “go”. Throughout my time running this activity, I have only had two humans sit down at exactly one minute. Even those who think they can count to 60 often find that they miss the mark. Now apply this to what you are doing! What happens when you think something will take you 30 minutes and you only set aside 30 minutes? What happens when you feel like you are going to take a 10 minute break and then you look over at the clock and one hour has gone by? The more accurately you can perceive time, the better you are able to manage your own time.
is a great way to look at our priorities a little more deeply. Another simple premise here: each of you $86,400, you must spend it all in one day, you cannot bank/invest it, and if you don’t spend it, you lose it. Watching people decide what to spend their money on is quite amusing. I want to shout out my ~30 fresh-humans the other day as everyone chose to donate large sums of money or pay their families’ bills (we can talk about how far $86,400 goes another time). The fun part comes when you start talking about the real point of this activity. You have 86,400 seconds in each day. What you choose to spend your time on is vital to your success. If you don’t use your time well, you don’t get it back. It is important to help your group to start to think about their priorities, and remember to tell them that rest is an important thing to spend time on.
Races to the Aces
helps us to look more deeply at our schedule. Yet another simple premise: each human turns over their deck of cards and races to find the four aces. Build up this competition so that humans really want to win. What they won’t know ahead of time is that some decks are shuffled randomly, while other decks have the aces strategically placed close to the bottom. “That’s not fair!” “They cheated!” “That’s BS Ouellette!” You should be smiling as you ask them to think of each deck of cards as their schedules. If your schedule is organized and ready to go, then you win the race (or at least have a better chance at winning).
If we can help our students develop; a clearer perception of time, the ability to prioritize, and the ability to create a schedule to follow, then we will help them become better at managing their time. It would be foolish to not reinforce that each area discussed will take much practice, and even the most organized human has moments where time management is a losing battle. We need to regularly help our students reflect on and track how long assignments take to complete, strengthening their perception of time. We also need to help our students prioritize (you may have noticed that some students need help seeing that one less assignment can be more rewarding than finishing the next level, episode, or chapter) their work and restorative activities so that they can find a better life balance. Lastly, while some humans can seemingly fly by the seat of their pants, I promise that it becomes exhausting! We need to work with our students so that they can eventually build schedules for themselves that are both structured and flexible, so that they don’t become overwhelming.
In the interest of my own time management, I will leave you with a quote from J Cole, “they say time is money, but really it’s not. If we ever go broke, time is all we got.” Let’s keep working to help our students make the best of the time they have got!
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Creating history, not just preserving it.
Anthony Wayne’s great grandson served his country just as those Wayne family members before him. His time was the Civil War.
William Wayne Evans, who later took the name William Wayne, was born December 6, 1828, in Willistown, Chester County, Pennsylvania. He was the son of Issachar Evans and Mary Wayne Atlee, and the grandson of Margaretta (Wayne) Atlee, and great-grandson of General Anthony Wayne.
He worked as a farmer, and married Hannah J. Zook in 1853. Around this time, he inherited “Waynesborough” from Isaac Wayne and changed his name to William Wayne. At the outbreak of the Civil War, he was an avid supporter of the Union Cause, and shortly after the fall of Fort Sumter, helped organize a home guard unit among the farmers and other citizens of Paoli, Pennsylvania.
In August of 1861, Wayne was authorized to help raise a company of recruits for the 97th Pennsylvania Infantry. Wayne recruited Company K in mid-November 1861 and served as its captain.
In December of 1861, the 97th Pennsylvania Infantry received orders to proceed to South Carolina to participate in the follow-up to Du Pont’s Port Royal expedition. In the first six months of 1862, Wayne led his company through the operations at Warsaw Sound, Georgia; Fort Clinch and Jacksonville, Florida; and Edisto, John, and James Islands, South Carolina. On September 10, 1862, while posted at Hilton Head Island, South Carolina, Wayne was detailed to Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, for recruiting duty, after suffering health problems due to exposure. He remained quite active at Harrisburg, but submitted his resignation at the end of the year, which the War Department accepted in January 1863.
William Wayne returned to Paoli and resumed farming. He died November 20, 1901.
This is William Wayne’s campaign chest and his portrait, which is on display at Historic Waynesborough.
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Authors:S. Siriboonprapob, A. Charoensri, N. Sastri
Publication Type: Poster, INST2019
Abstract: Radionuclides in the environment are from natural occurrence and man-made activities. For the later source, it can be from nuclear weapon testing, nuclear accidents and nuclear applications using as in medical, industrial sectors and research that are able to increase some artificial radionuclides to the terrestrial ecosystem. These radionuclides can enter to human by inhalation, ingestion and skin absorption. The significant amounts of radionuclides entered to human body would have some biological effects. According to the various laws and guidelines, the radiation control is strictly managed in facilities using nuclear and radioactive materials. Therefore, the efficient radiation monitoring system for terrestrial ecosystem is very important for determining environmental status in normal situation and nuclear emergency situation. The appropriated factors and parameters management in properly selected pathway can be used for dose assessment. This research is to present the environmental radiation monitoring management plan for pathway from atmosphere to human by uptake. This designed management plan would be used for a guidance of radiation monitoring system which is corresponding to international standards.
Keywords: environmental radiation monitoring, radionuclides, atmospheric pathway
*Corresponder’s e-mail: email@example.com
For full article, please contact firstname.lastname@example.org
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https://www.oap.go.th/en/2023/01/19/environmental-radiation-monitoring-management-plan-for-thailand/
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Located on the eastern end of the Ile-de-la-Cité, an island on the Seine River, the site was a Christian church since the fourth century. And for a long time, it remained a powerful symbol of church authority. Even today, it is the seat of the archbishop of Paris.
As a scholar of Gothic architecture I have studied how this and other buildings were continuously adapted to reflect changing architectural fashion and to enhance the spiritual experience of the visitor.
Key part of religious district
The current cathedral, dedicated to Our Lady, or the Virgin Mary, replaced an earlier cathedral that was built during the Merovingian period which lasted from the fifth to eighth century. The earlier building was dedicated to Saint Stephen, the first Christian martyr.
Maurice de Sully is believed to have initiated the rebuilding of the cathedral around the same time that he became bishop of Paris in 1160. Maurice had previously served as archdeacon of the cathedral where he also taught theology.
Other church officials likely also had a role in this rebuilding as the cathedral canons, or clerics, and not the bishop held authority over the structure.
Reconstruction of the cathedral was part of a larger redesign of the eastern part of the Ile-de-la-Cité. This neighborhood housed the church officials, masters, clerics, servants and others who worked to run the diocese of Paris and the cathedral school.
Maurice’s other projects at the time included construction of a new street, the rue Neuve Notre-Dame, which ran from the cathedral to the west – now replaced by the square in front of the cathedral. He also built a new palace for the bishop and a new charitable hospital.
How structures were added
Construction proceeded under a series of master builders.
The first part of the cathedral to be built was the eastern part, or choir. This was to serve as the religious heart of the structure where the main altar would be located. Construction then generally proceeded westward, though multiple parts of the building were sometimes worked on simultaneously.
The design, however, was continuously revised during the course of construction. For example, in the 1220s the upper wall of the cathedral, which had already been constructed, was demolished and rebuilt to allow for larger windows. This transformed the building from a four-story to a three-story structure.
The new cathedral was largely completed by around 1245, although, construction continued in various parts until the mid-14th century. During these 200 years chapels were added along the exterior of the cathedral, some structural supports modified and the transept arms were extended, giving the cathedral a cross-like shape.
In my assessment, these many remodels during the Middle Ages demonstrated the vitality of the cathedral in medieval life and the creativity of the builders, as they adapted the building to changing architectural fashions and social practices. The change to a three-story structure, that had become the standard by the early 13th century, is one such example.
My forthcoming book shows how cathedrals, including Notre Dame of Paris, were connected to the daily life in the city. There were markets around cathedrals and also spaces where disputes could be resolved. In other words, the cathedral was an important part of medieval city life.
Meaning for France
Notre Dame was the most colossal church of its generation – wider and taller than other European churches of the mid-12th century.
There were several technological breakthroughs made in its construction. For example, it was a site of early experimentation with flying buttresses, the externalized buttressing arches that transfer the weight of the heavy stone vault away from the walls, which can then be pierced by large window openings filled with stained glass.
It was the first French Gothic cathedral to receive a line of chapels along its exterior. These were added to the building between the projecting buttress piers after 1228. Many other cathedrals would later adopt this pattern.
The chapels appended to the choir on the eastern end of the cathedral were the only ones from 1300-1350 to survive the French Revolution.
Paris Cathedral played an important role in religious and secular life.
As the seat of the bishop, Notre Dame was the most significant religious building in the city. Its size and luxury symbolized the power of the church and the authority of the bishop. It was also the site of ceremonies connected to the King of France, including royal funerary processions and the royal entry, a ceremony in which the city received a new king.
Consequently, it was one of the many churches that were attacked during the French Revolution in the 1790s. This violence resulted in significant losses of medieval sculpture and stained glass and damage to the building itself.
By the 19th century, the cathedral was in a state of disrepair.
A major restoration effort began in 1843 under the supervision of architects Jean-Baptiste-Antoine Lassus and Eugène-Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc, which was spurred by a larger renewal of interest in Gothic architecture. Viollet-le-Duc completed the restoration work in 1864.
Many of the building’s iconic features date to the 19th-century restorations. These include the crossing spire that collapsed in the recent fire. It also includes the many gargoyles and chimeras that peer out from the upper parts of the cathedral, many of which are modern replacements of medieval sculptures.
The 19th century also saw the construction of the parvis, or square in front of the cathedral, which significantly altered how one encounters the structure. Visitors to the cathedral now have a much larger area from which to view the front of the building which facilitates spectacular views of the cathedral’s twin towers.
Why it will survive
The roof of the cathedral was largely destroyed in the recent fire. While much of the building is constructed from stone, the roof was supported by enormous wooden beams that sat above the vault or curved stone ceiling of the church.
Details are still emerging about its priceless 13th-century stained glass windows. And it is too early to say how much of the art work housed in it survived.
The cathedral has stood for 800 years and withstood damage on many previous occasions. I am confident that it will survive this fire as well.
Although the 2019 fire may appear to many as a cataclysmic destruction, the cathedral is exceptionally well documented. Andrew Tallon, a scholar at Vassar College, who died last year, had digitally scanned the building, resulting in measurements of the structure that are more precise than any data previously gathered.
While some parts of the cathedral might be irreplaceable, I believe many future generations continue to admire and learn from this magnificent building, as well as its rich history.
(Maile Hutterer is an assistant professor of the history of art and architecture at the University of Oregon. The views expressed in this commentary do not necessarily represent those of Religion News Service.)
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Are you looking for a low cost method to prolong life of power transmitting devices?
Then start looking at how drive and load devices are connected. Devices such as motors, reducers, encoders, shafts and other rigid elements should be linked to operate at its high efficiency.
Many times electrical and mechanical friction play into the linked system to create premature failure. These failures start at the point of frictional contact, which are the bearings, seals, shaft and lubricants.
One of the major causes of device failure is misalignment, which leads to bearing, shaft, seal and lubricant failure.
Zero-backlash flexible shaft couplings have come a long way in the market to accommodate parallel and angular misalignment and also shaft endplay.
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Happy World Smile Day! Did you know that today is dedicated to smiles and kind acts throughout the world? Smiling is a universal sign of affection instinctive to us all. But have you ever wondered where our grins come from?
Smiling may have originated from the bared teeth expression made by monkeys when frightened. But in higher primates, teeth bearing is often a sign of submission and non-hostility from a subordinate member of a group towards a dominant member.
From signalling non-hostility and appeasement, teeth bearing is thought to have developed into showing affection and affiliation between equals.
Laughter is the best medicine
It’s also likely that our laughter evolved from another primate expression: the ‘play face’. This facial expression can be seen during playful encounters. For instance, a flash of teeth reassures a gorilla’s playmate that they do not intend to harm them. This appears to be a foundation of human laughter.
It’s easy to imagine that all animals smile and show happiness just like us. Today, they can! For when you’re smiling, the whole (natural) world smiles with you…
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http://blog.arkive.org/2012/10/arkive-celebrates-world-smile-day-2/
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The battle with mastitis has always been an on-going, difficult challenge for the dairy producer. Research shows that in addition to the $150 economic loss per diagnosed case of mastitis from discarded milk, antibiotic treatment, decreased production and time spent managing treatment, mastitis also takes a toll on the dairy cow’s reproductive success.
Several studies support the detrimental effects of mastitis, including research¹ from the University of Tennessee. This study’s objective was to identify the presence and strength of the relationship between mastitis and reproduction within a 758-cow Jersey herd. Reproduction data was collected and analyzed over a 10-year period.
Cows diagnosed with mastitis experienced significantly greater days open and services per conception compared to cows with subclinical or no mastitis. Furthermore, cows with subclinical infections that eventually became clinical cases during the breeding period were most affected. Click on the link below for more information.
Download full version (PDF format).
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CC-MAIN-2014-35
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Do you have a sweet tooth? According to a recent report by the research organization NPD Group, Americans are cutting back on sugary foods and drinks. Today, on average, kids are eating and drinking sugary sweets 126 times less than they did in 1998.
“This change is about the family,” NPD Vice President Harry Balzer told TFK. “Families are altering their eating patterns.”
Since March 1, 1980, the NPD Group has been surveying households across the United States about how they eat. The study includes 5,000 people in 2,000 households. Families taking part in the survey keep a journal of their daily diets for two weeks. During that time, each individual keeps a tally on how many sweets and sugary treats he or she consumes.
The study shows that a large percentage of Americans still satisfy their sweet tooth, but in smaller amounts. Nearly 98% of the adults and children surveyed still have at least one sweet, but only every two weeks. “It’s not a question of whether or not you’re going to have a sweet,” said Balzer. “It’s a matter of how frequently you’re going to have a sweet.” While there is no formal definition for what classifies a “sweet,” NPD selected 20 products to conduct the study. The list is expansive, ranging from cookies and brownies to fruit juice and yogurt. Kids today are eating cookies 8 times less than they did in 1998, and drinking fruit juice 16 times less.
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the percentage of obese kids ages 6 to 19 tripled in the U.S. between 1980 and 2000. About 9 million children were excessively overweight. Today, obesity rates are not falling, but they aren’t growing, either. “There are three points to every trend,” said Balzer. “There’s the movement upward, the leveling off, and the decline. Right now we’re [at the leveling off point].”
Schools nationwide are doing their part to put childhood obesity on a downward trend. Fried food has disappeared from many cafeteria menus. Whole-wheat bread has replaced white bread. Water and low-fat milk have replaced sugary beverages such as fruit punch, sports drinks, and soda. Many schools have also banned junk food and now require healthier snack options in their vending machines. These efforts, both at home and in school, are slowly putting kids on the right track for healthy eating.
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Unformatted text preview: Z Butt er Guns W X Y Butt er Guns The table below shows the number of hours French and English workers must work in order to produce 1 bottle of wine and 1 pound of cheese. Wine (Hours/Bottle) Cheese (Hours/Poun d) France 2 3 England 4 5 1. England has an absolute advantage in production of: a) wine, but not cheese. c) both wine and cheese. b) cheese, but not wine. * d) neither wine nor cheese. 2. England has comparative advantage in production of: a) wine, but not cheese. c) both wine and cheese. * b) cheese, but not wine. d) neither wine nor cheese. 3. When trade opens between England and France we would expect the terms of trade to lie between _____ and ______ bottles of wine per pound of cheese. a) 2/3; 4/5 b) 1/2; 3/5 c) 5/3; 2 * d) 3/2; 5/4 4. We would expect opposition to free trade between England and France to come from a) French wine producers c) French and English consumers * b) French cheese producers d) All of the above. 5. A bicycle was produced, but not sold, by a firm in 2007. The bicycle was then sold by the firm to a college student in 2008. These two transactions a) increased both 2007 and 2008 GDP. b) increased 2007 GDP and decreased 2008 GDP. * c) increased 2007 GDP, but did not affect 2008 GDP. d) did not affect 2007 GDP, but increased 2008 GDP. 6. Brittany purchases a laptop produced in Japan. This transaction * a) increases Consumption but does not change GDP in the United States. b) increases Consumption and GDP in the United States....
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This note was uploaded on 08/02/2011 for the course ECON 252 taught by Professor Robertholand during the Spring '08 term at Purdue University-West Lafayette.
- Spring '08
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Eastern practitioners have been cognizant of the benefits of qigong for centuries. Qigong — qi (subtle breath or vital energy) and gong (skill cultivated through steady practice) — is known to help prevent and manage a broad range of health problems, and is particularly rewarding for older adults and people who experience significant stress on a chronic basis. Qigong, with its many variations, is now being promoted by holistic practitioners for its proven ability to help us reduce stress, improve flexibility and stay focused.
What is Qigong?
Qigong is an all-encompassing term that involves many different types of gentle movement and concentration practices stemming from China nearly 2,000 years ago. It has been described as a mind-body-spirit practice that improves our mental, physical and spiritual health by uniting posture, movement, breathing technique, self-massage, sound and focused meditation. Many experts believe that more than 3,000 styles, school, traditions, forms and lineages of qigong exist today.
The practice itself involves gentle movements that are in sync with the inhalations and exhalations of our breath. And although many regard qigong as a form of exercise, it’s also a mental skill that requires time and attention before it can ever be mastered. As mentioned above, qigong takes on many forms. Two of the most well known being tai chi, which is gentler and best suited for older people, and kung fu — a more spirited version of qigong similar to karate.
History of Qigong
Maintaining health, curing disease and extending ones lifespan has been a crucial part of Chinese culture and tradition for thousands of years. Improving and developing the body, breath and mind is at the core of many of these traditions, qigong included. Of the many types of qigong, some sprouted from Buddhist, Daoist and Confucian sources, while others were purely medical or sought spiritual connection. Many of these practices have been passed down in secret over the centuries with a variety of different names used:
- daoyin (leading and guiding)
- neidan (internal alchemy)
- neigong (internal skill)
- xingqi (circulating vital energy)
- zhanzhuang (standing meditation)
- tuna (exhalation and inhalation)
- lianyang (refining and nourishing), etc.
The term qigong has only been used as a common categorization of these sorts of practices since the middle of the 20th century. It wasn’t until this time that the word qigong was used as an umbrella term to include all of these ancient Chinese traditions.
5 Benefits of Qigong
Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) believes that qigong practices can help in nearly all aspects of our lives; however, below are some of the ways qigong has been proven to help us the most:
- Makes Our Hearts Healthier And Improves Blood Pressure
From an Eastern medicine standpoint, qigong sparks our natural energy — qi. Practitioners of qigong report feeling warmer, more flexible and energetic. This translates in Western medical terms as improvements in blood circulation and lymphatic drainage.
Qigong is a wonderful form of exercise because depending on the style and its intensity, it can help settle a restless heart and mind, or, it can increase our heart rates leading to a mild sweat. Studies have shown that qigong often helps improve blood pressure by increasing stamina, strengthening the heart, boosting circulation and reducing stress. Some experts have gone as far as to say that qigong is safe and effective for heart patients who have experienced some form of heart disease, heart failure or bypass surgery.
- Lowers Our Risk Of Falling And Becoming Injured
Studies have shown that adults over the age of 70 who practice qigong regularly for a significant period of time have reported a decreased number of falls and are therefore less afraid of falling. This is a direct result of qigong’s focus on overall balance and inner concentration. It provides those susceptible to falling with an opportunity to build their confidence and improve their physical functionality.
- Reduces Negative Effects Of Stress In Our Lives
Because of the linking body movements, breath, and focus, many forms of qigong and yoga are very similar, and many times qigong is incorporated in yoga sessions. Yoga has a long-established reputation for helping us reduce stress in our lives, so the likelihood that qigong can have the same effect is only a natural assumption.
Qigong helps us make a body, mind and soul connection. In many ways this surpasses what other types of exercises do for our stress levels because it influences us on a much deeper emotional and spiritual level. Practitioners have reported benefits such as deeper spiritual development; ability to concentrate for longer periods of time; increased confidence and self-esteem, and stronger and more authentic personal relationships.
In medical terms, qigong helps improve functions of our parasympathetic nervous system. This helps calm us down, reduce nervousness and anxiety, allows us to breathe more deeply, and promotes relaxation and deep sleep.
- Helps Ward Off Disease And Improves Our Immunity
One of the soul principles of TCM is to keep our bodies free of disease and illness. Traditional Chinese Medicine holds steadfastly to the theory that our bodies contain meridians to which energy flows freely. Ideally, these meridians should be unblocked, allowing for this qi (energy) to flow through our bodies uninterrupted. It is when meridians become blocked, like a dam in a river, that our bodies become more prone to disease and illness. Qigong — along with other TCM practices (acupuncture, yoga, herbs etc. — seeks to keep these meridians free from any obstacles that may poorly influence our health. Studies have shown that qigong helps reduce fatigue, improve immune function and lower cortisol levels, all things that decrease the likelihood of us becoming ill. Whether it is cancer or the common cold.
- Reduces Chronic Pain
For those of us who are experiencing some type of chronic pain, it’s likely that we will be less motivated to perform any type of exercise that may exacerbate this pain. Not only can qigong be an accessible alternative for exercise, but studies have also shown that it can be an affective way to reduce pain. For the same reasons that qigong can reduce our chances of becoming sick, so too can it reduce muscle aches and pains. The key to alleviating any kind of pain or disease is again, allowing the energy in our bodies to flow freely.
Who Benefits from Qigong?
Due to the fact that there are so many varieties of qigong that we can put into practice, it’s safe to say that really anyone can benefit from incorporating it into their wellness routine. However, as qigong gains momentum in the mainstream, we see it becoming widely popular among middle-aged and elderly adults. Practitioners have found that it improves flexibility and helps them to remain strong and calm as they progress into old age. In addition, qigong is known for increasing recovery time from illness or traumatic life events. Based on these ideas about the practice of qigong, people who experience the following symptoms can benefit the most:
- Abnormal or high levels of anxiety and stress
- Heart disease, high blood pressure or high cholesterol
- Muscle and joint pain (osteoarthritis or tendonitis)
- Fatigue, low energy or forms of insomnia
- Difficulty concentrating (ADHD and other learning disabilities)
- Prone to illness and infection (low immune system function)
- Circulatory, lymphatic and digestive problems (intestines/kidneys)
- Poor flexibility and balance (susceptible to falling)
Regardless of the style of qigong, all types are rooted in the same soil: they feature specific body poses (fluid and stationary); movements are synchronized with the breath; involve mindfulness meditation and concentrated focus.
Deadman, P. (2014). A Brief History of Qigong. Journal Of Chinese Medicine, (105), 5-17.
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The most important physics with respect to cloud formation happens in what is called the Atmospheric Boundary Layer (ABL). A lot of research is done in this field, since the effects of clouds is the major source of incertainty in all climate prediction models.
To get some sort of cloud formation, in my opinion you would need to have some kind of ABL inside of your dome. The typical height of this ABL is ~800m (in the morning) up till 2km (in the evening). So if your dome is that large, you will be able to form clouds. But it is not that easy: heat fluxes (representing radiation), temperature gradient, humidity, pressure, condensation, everything should be controlled in the dome to spontaneously form these clouds.
Another aspect to be aware of is the size of the base of the dome. This has to be larger than the largest turbulent structures in this domain, so to be sure to let these structures develop, it should be at least a few times the height of the dome.
If this dome is too large for you, it is probably possible to make clouds in a smaller dome, but then you still need to capture the ABL. To achieve this, you need to change the conditions: increase temperatures and temperature gradients, replace the air by some other fluid, etc etc. It will in no case be pleasant for people. Actually, some experimental physicists have been able to model this ABL in a water tank (~1m³). However, cloud formation was off course impossible to achieve in such a experimental set-up.
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A prisoner in Plato’s cave, man sat by the fire watching the shadowplay of distant objects on the wall, while listening to the echo of the world passing by.
According to the Greek philosopher Plato (424-348 BC), only the philosopher was able to see through the false layer of the particular to grasp the idea behind; the truth, which reality could only imitate. In other words, even in ancient Greece, there was an idea that human beings did not know reality, understood as the the truth about the world. This train of thought can be compared with the more contemporary idea that we live in a kind of matrix of simulated reality.
Plato’s philosophical method had abstract, universal forms as ideal. Plato’s student Aristotle also aimed at the universal, but believed that a greater understanding of universals had to come through particular phenomena. According to Aristotle all art was mimetic, and the urge to imitate was an essential human quality. The base of art was the joy of recognition one felt upon seeing a clever imitation:
“To imitate is instinctive in man from his infancy. By this he is distinguished from other animals, that he is, of all, the most imitative, and through this instinct receives his earliest education. All men, likewise, naturally receive pleasure from imitation. (…) Hence the pleasure they receive from a picture: in viewing it they learn, that they infer, they discover, what every object is.”
Imitation could improve, worsen or be accurate. Imitation did not necessarily have to be through image or poetry; it could be through rhythm, melody, word, colour, shape, action and dance:
“with respect to the arts above mentioned, rhythm, words and melody, are the different means by which, either single, or variously combined, they all produce their imitation. (…) In those of dance, rhythm alone, without melody; for there are dancers who, by rhythm applied to gesture, express manners, passions, and actions.”
According to Aristotle, the poet could imitate the same objects either by narrating through a different character or using his own voice, or he could imitate by dramatizing, using actors who stood forth in his place. Performing mimetically meant placing action in a narrative. A narrator (using both speech and gesture) could have an audience of both listeners and viewers, and preferably a combination. Aristotle’s mimesis was not a realist imitation as later times came to understand it, but rather an interpretation of the world – the outer world as well as the inner world – feelings, actions, ideas, religion etc, expressed and enjoyed by humans.
To these ancient Greek philosophers, art was an imitation of the human experience, and an interpretation of divine ideas. Since reality was considered a kind of flawed reflexion of divine ideas, it follows that art would be as true and real as reality, if not more so.
During the Renaissance the Greek art ideals were readdressed in Europe, albeit in a Christian version as a realism full of signs and symbols. Mimesis was now understood as an artistic copy of nature. Perspective was rediscovered as a scientific method, where the eye was thought of as the receiver of light waves, and the artists canvas was compared to a window. The first description of a camera obscura (literally “dark room,”) as an aid to a draftsman was made in the book Natural Magic from 1553. In the camera obscura light travels through a hole and onto the back wall, appearing as a moving image, a reflection of the scenery outside, but up-side-down and mirror reversed. By the 17th-century the camera obscura system had become advanced enough to be a common piece of equipment amongst painters.
Albeit a century before the industrial revolution, it was the time of the invention of the first robots (automatons) like Vaucanson’s Canard Digérateur, from 1738. The bourgeoisie had a strong wish for a device which could help them create good portraits, and several of this type of devices saw the light of day. One of them was the Camera Lucida invented in 1807 by W.H. Wollaston. Placed above a piece of paper the Camera Lucida made it possible to see both the paper and the thing you were drawing simultaneously.
In the beginning of the 18th century the French inventor Nicéphore Niépce (1765-1833) was experimenting with fixing the image of a camera obscura, using different combinations of substances and mechanical techniques. In 1827, Niépce met the painter Louis-Jacques- Mandé Daguerre (1787–1851), who specialized in scenic paintings for theatre sets, and who also experimented with capturing the camera image. Niépce and Daguerre formed a partnership and received financial support from the French government. The earliest surviving photograph (daguerreotype) is from 1837.
If Aristotle was right in claiming that humans are mimetic beings and that our noblest sense is sight, then the camera and the photograph had to be the fulfillment of a highly important ideal. However, the official reason for the investment in photography by the French government was for copying ancient inscriptions. The first use of photography was thus officially for print-making and copying: not for the production of images, but for the spreading of words. It seems there was a conflict between the official wish for copying and spreading books and information and the unofficial public desire for mimesis and magic. This conflict is echoed today in much of the literary criticism of photography.
The invention of photography was a result of the search of an accurate mimicking of nature, as well as the result of a mixture of scientific and artistic endeavors, which was part of the age of mechanical reproduction and the industrial revolution. Right from the beginning, the photographic process was used for artistic means, which to a varying of degrees showed something very far removed from reality; for instance painterly staged situations featuring transparent, ghostlike characters, as seen in the photograph below.
In spite of much post-digital photography theory claiming so, the relationship between photography and the real was never a simple, innocent one. Photography was invented because of an unofficial desire for mimesis, magic and pictures, as much as for a scientific search for truth, or spreading of information. In my opinion this shows how, from the very beginning, photography managed to combine reality and imagination.
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Month-long Summer Solstice Celebration at National Lakeshore
Contact: Bruce Rowe, 219-395-1609
INDIANA DUNES NATIONAL LAKESHORE: A new, nearly month-long celebration of the longest days of the year will debut this June at Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore. A series of five programs, culminating in a Solstice Traditions special event at the national lakeshore's Bailly Homestead and Chellberg Farm on June 23, will explore how Duneland residents have celebrated the peak of the summer throughout the last several thousand years.
Kick off the celebration with Planting Under the Honey Moon on Sunday, June 3. Join a ranger to learn how early farmers used the solar calendar to plan their farming activities while you help plant the garden at the historic Chellberg Farm and learn about beekeeping. This program will be held from 1:00 p.m. - 4:00 p.m.; meet at Chellberg Farm.
Enjoy an evening hike with a ranger and learn about the full moon that occurs near the summer solstice. Hike Under the Honey Moon takes place on Sunday, June 3, from 8:00 p.m. - 9:30 p.m. Meet at the Bailly/Chellberg parking lot and bring a flashlight and insect repellant.
Learn about studies being conducted at the national lakeshore by archeologists from both the National Park Service and the University of Notre Dame. Observe a demonstration archeological dig and learn about some of the 10,000 years of human habitation in the dunes. Children can earn a Junior Archeology Badge by participating in some fun learning activities during the programs. These Archeology Demonstration Open Houses will be held on June 14, 16, 19, and 21 from 11:00 am to 4:00 pm at the Bailly Homestead.
Archeologists have made some amazing discoveries about early peoples in the dunes, from hunting camps that are over 5,000 years old to shoreline shipwrecks. Join us on Thursday, June 14 from 7:00 p.m. - 8:30 p.m. at the Indiana Dunes Visitor Center for Looking Back 10,000 Years: Archeology at Indiana Dunes.
The month-long celebration culminates on Saturday, June 23 with the Solstice Celebration from 1:00 p.m. - 4:00 p.m. at the historic Bailly Homestead and Chellberg Farm. Join park rangers and volunteers to learn how the summer solstice was celebrated by Swedes at the Chellberg Farm, and French and Native Americans at the Bailly Homestead. Enjoy music, dance, food, kid's activities, and other traditions related to this much anticipated time of the year. There will be a free shuttle available to take visitors between the Chellberg Farm and Bailly Homestead.
This new month-long celebration reflects a shift of emphasis in interpretive programs resulting from the goals identified in the park's Long Range Interpretive Plan, published in 2011. While the park will continue to offer some of the more familiar programs from years past, other activities such as the Duneland Heritage Days will not occur this year. This and several other discontinued events have had declining attendance for several years, in part due to competition from an increase in regional and community events.
For more information about programs at Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore, visit the park website at www.nps.gov/indu/planyourvisit or contact the park's information desk at 219-395-1882.
Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore is part of the National Park Service. More than 20,000 National Park Service employees care for America's 397 national parks and work with communities across the nation to help preserve local history and create close-to-home recreational opportunities. Learn more at www.nps.gov.
Did You Know?
Chellberg Farm is the site of Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore's annual Maple Sugar Time Festival held the first two weekends of March. More...
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Want Perfect Pitch? You Might Be Able To Pop A Pill For That
Listen to the audio:
In the world of music, there is no more remarkable gift than having perfect pitch. As the story goes, Ella Fitzgerald's band would use her perfect pitch to tune their instruments.
Although it has a genetic component, most believe that perfect pitch — or absolute pitch — is a primarily a function of early life exposure and training in music, says Takao Hensch, professor of molecular and cellular biology at Harvard.
Hensch is studying a drug which might allow adults to learn perfect pitch by recreating this critical period in brain development. Hensch says the drug, valprioc acid, allows the brain to absorb new information as easily as it did before age 7.
"It's a mood-stabilizing drug, but we found that it also restores the plasticity of the brain to a juvenile state," Hensch tells NPR's Linda Wertheimer.
Hensch gave the drug to a group of healthy young men who had no musical training as children. They were asked to perform tasks online to train their ears, and at the end of a two-week period, tested on their ability to discriminate tone, to see if the training had more effect than it normally would at their age.
In other words, he gave people a pill and then taught them to have perfect pitch. The findings are significant: "It's quite remarkable since there are no known reports of adults acquiring absolute pitch," he says.
On whether the drug could be used to teach other skills
There are a number of examples of critical-period type development, language being one of the most obvious ones. So the idea here was, could we come up with a way that would reopen plasticity, [and] paired with the appropriate training, allow adult brains to become young again?
On the likelihood of the drug becoming common for learning new languages
I think we are getting closer to this day, because we are able to understand at greater cellular detail how the brain changes throughout development. But I should caution that critical periods have evolved for a reason, and it is a process that one probably would not want to tamper with carelessly.
If we've shaped our identities through development, through a critical period, and have matched our brain to the environment in which we were raised, acquiring language, culture, identity, then if we were to erase that by reopening the critical period, we run quite a risk as well.
Source: NPR [http://www.npr.org/2014/01/04/259552442/want-perfect-pitch-you-could-pop-a-pill-for-that?ft=3&f=1003,1004,1007,1013,1014,1017,1019,1128]
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- Rebuilding and Reform
- Prisoners and the Making of the Modern Prison
- Borough Compter, Southwark
- Clink, Southwark
- Cold Bath Fields
- Fleet Prison
- Gatehouse Prison, Westminster
- Giltspur Street Compter
- Horsemonger Lane Gaol
- King’s Bench
- New Prison
- Poultry Compter
- Surrey Gaol
- Wellclose Square
- Whitechapel Debtors' Prison
- Wood Street Compter
- Introductory Reading
When Daniel Defoe published his Tour thro' the Whole Island of Great Britain (1724-26), he reported that there were twenty two "public gaols" and many more "tolerated prisons" in London.1 The city was awash with places for confining prisoners, whether they were arrested for debt, petty crime, or serious crime. Most were run along commercial lines, though the fees charged were regulated by Justices of the Peace and others. Throughout the eighteenth century there were repeated scandals concerning the treatment of prisoners, and as penal principles changed and expectations increased towards the end of the century substantial efforts were made to rebuild prisons and reform conditions.
Following a section on the reform and rebuilding of prisons, this page describes, in alphabetical order, the most important individual prisons and lockups in London. For more general information about the role of imprisonment in eighteenth-century penal policy, and the growing use of imprisonment for the punishment of felons in the late eighteenth century, see the Punishment page.
While the late eighteenth century is widely recognised as a period in which a substantial amount of prison rebuilding took place, London prisons experienced change throughout the century as a consequence of a series of parliamentary statutes and local government decisions which sought to regulate existing prisons and facilitate their repair or rebuilding. As early as 1698, the Gaol Act gave Justices of the Peace the responsibility for repairing and building county gaols and dictated that those accused of murder and other felonies should be held in those gaols (rather than in private lockups).2 Occasional parliamentary investigations, such as the ones conducted into the Fleet and Newgate prisons in 1729, led to prohibitions of the sale of prison offices and other reforms.
The pace of reform quickened, however, in the 1770s. Following the publication of an English translation of Cesare Beccaria's Of Crimes and Punishments in 1767, which argued that punishments should attempt to reform the mind and not the body of the criminal and be proportionate to the severity of the crime, there was renewed interest in the reformative potential of imprisonment. In the 1770s Jonas Hanway argued that, if prisoners could be put to hard labour, kept in solitary confinement and subject to religious instruction, imprisonment had the potential to reform offenders. At the same time prison investigators called attention to the poor conditions in many existing prisons. John Howard's published account of his prison visits (The State of the Prisons, 1777) called attention to the insanitary and crowded conditions of many prisons, and in 1774 the Health of Prisoners Act mandated the appointment of a surgeon or apothecary for each prison, and the creation of separate prison infirmaries for men and women.3
In response to all these concerns, and to the interruption to transportation in 1776 which placed extreme pressure on the prisons, the Penitentiary Act was passed in 1779.4 This act authorised the building of one or more national penitentiaries and increased the length of sentences at hard labour. Although these prisons were never built, the Act stimulated further interest in prison reform and influenced the design of new prisons built in the 1790s, as explained below.
In 1780, perhaps reflecting widespread popular anger about prison conditions, the Gordon Riots resulted in the destruction of at least eight London prisons and houses of correction: Newgate, the Fleet, Clerkenwell House of Correction, New Prison, Surrey House of Correction, the Clink, King's Bench Prison, and the Borough Compter. All but the Clink were immediately rebuilt. Reflecting both the urgency with which the rebuilding took place and the fundamentally pragmatic approach of most magistrates, however, there were few changes to the design of these buildings.
But further reforms came in 1784, with the passage of an act which required regular inspections of county gaols, the segregation of prisoners by category, and the creation of separate infirmaries, chapels, and baths. Gaolers were to be paid salaries and not live off the fees charged to prisoners, and liquor and gambling were prohibited.5
A series of prisons built in London in the 1790s according to the plans set out in the Penitentiary Act demonstrates just how much had changed over the course of the century. Coldbath Fields, the Giltspur Street Compter, and the Horsemonger Lane Gaol all segregated prisoners according to sex and category of offence, put prisoners to hard labour, provided separate cells for felons and included high levels of surveillance by prison officers.
As the above narrative suggests, accounts of prison reform can easily be told from the top down, ascribing the impetus for change to reform ideologies, heroic prison visitors, parliamentary statutes, and the decisions of magistrates. But this is only part of the story. Given the reluctance of many of those in government to spend money, it took the actions of the prisoners themselves to force the pace of change.
The simple fact of the growth in the number of prisoners, even before the interruption to transportation in 1776, and the consequent overcrowding, frequent escapes, and disease made some kind of rebuilding inevitable. While a number of political factors contributed to the passage of the 1779 Penitentiary Act, for example, the most pressing reason for its passage was clearly stated by William Eden: "the fact is, our prisons are full".6 Given its potential to spread beyond the prison walls, as occurred when the judges in the Old Bailey courtroom were struck down in 1750, fear of the spread of contagious disease was a particularly strong motivation for reform. Prisoners' persistent demands for medical care thereby acquired a new force.
The fact that prisoners largely ran their own affairs inside prisons added to the pressure for change, both because prisoners knew how to make complaints which would excite the attention of the government (complaints of extortion and mistreatment by prison keepers were particularly effective) and because the alternative political culture of the prisons came to be seen as a challenge to the authorities. At the same time, improvements were often effectively resisted by prisoners as well as prison officers, both of whom sought to protect their traditional privileges, identities and customs.7
Prisoners were thus not merely the passive recipients of prison reform; in their numbers and by their actions they forced the pace of change and shaped its direction.
Located on the Borough High Street until 1717, and then on Tooley Street, this prison was used to hold debtors and accused criminals who were arrested in Southwark, south of the river. The prison catered primarily for debtors: in 1776 it held fifteen debtors and only one felon, and when it was rebuilt in 1787 it had accommodation for twelve felons and fifty debtors. There were complaints early in the century that the keeper extorted fees from the prisoners, and later that male and female debtors were not separated.
Originally used principally for religious prisoners sentenced from the court of the Bishop of Winchester, in the eighteenth century the Clink acted as the local gaol for Southwark, holding a small number of debtors and minor offenders. Following its destruction in the Gordon Riots in 1780 it was not rebuilt.
Built in 1794 according to the designs provided in the 1779 Penitentiary Act, this house of correction held 384 prisoners of both sexes. It had 232 single cells and radial wings consisting of two stories of sleeping cells above a vaulted ground floor. The prisoners were provided with an infirmary, religious instruction and employment. The use of solitary confinement in order to force prisoners to reflect on their sins proved controversial, however, and there were complaints that inmates suffered from cold, hunger and abuse.
Located next to the Fleet River in the City of London, the Fleet was a debtors' prison, not just for those arrested in London but also for those imprisoned elsewhere in the country who were transferred there under a warrant from the high courts. Like most debtors' prisons, within the walls it was a relatively free community of more than 300 prisoners, run by a prisoners' committee. The small number of officers who ran the prison had little power to regulate internal conditions, and most did not even have access to the prison at night. Wealthier prisoners stayed on the master's side, where they had their own rooms and lived in relative luxury, while the poor prisoners lived in squalid conditions on the common side, and depended on prison charities for survival.
In 1729 complaints about oppressive practices by the keeper, Thomas Bambridge, led to the formation of a Parliamentary inquiry into his government of the prison. The committee's report found him guilty of extorting money from prisoners, and blamed the abuses on the system of making keepers purchase their office, which required them to charge substantial fees to the prisoners. Bambridge was also accused of torturing prisoners and was tried for murder and acquitted. He was subsequently also tried for the theft of a prisoner's goods and acquitted. Nonetheless, Bambridge was dismissed from his office and new rules for future keepers were drawn up which included a prohibition on the sale of prison offices.
The Fleet was rebuilt between 1770 and 1774, but when the prison reformer John Howard visited it in 1778 he found it crowded and dirty. The prison was destroyed in the Gordon riots in 1780, though the prisoners were warned in advance so they could remove their goods before the rioters set fire to the prison. Rapidly rebuilt, in the early 1790s there were once again complaints about the prison being in poor repair and escapes. Because the prisoners were debtors rather than criminals, this was not one of the prisons affected by the late eighteenth-century reform movement, and in 1814 the Fleet was described as "the largest brothel in the metropolis".8
It was not only the keeper who was accused of abuses. Indeed, there were complaints that some of the wealthier prisoners exploited the debt laws by moving into the prison, where they could live in comfort, in order to escape their creditors. Fraudulent tradesmen allegedly entered the prison and then took advantage of the periodic insolvency acts to gain their release with their debts cleared. Some debtors imprisoned elsewhere deliberately obtained writs which allowed them to be committed to the Fleet, a more salubrious prison compared to provincial prisons. Similarly, it was alleged that some prisoners used writs of habeas corpus to move between prisons so that they could spend their winters in the warmer Fleet, and their summers in more airy King's Bench prison south of the river. For the resourceful debtor, the Fleet provided a valuable route to survival.
The Gatehouse held those accused of felonies and petty offences who were awaiting trial in Westminster, as well as, owing to the presence of the royal palace and Parliament nearby, state prisoners. The prison was vulnerable to escapes, and in 1749 was stormed by twenty-four armed Irishmen who released a member of the gang who had been accused of pickpocketing.9 It was pulled down in 1776 and the prisoners transferred to Tothill Fields.
Located close to Newgate Prison in the City of London, this prison was built on reformed principles in 1791 in order to replace the Poultry Compter and the Wood Street Compter. Intended to hold 136 prisoners, the prisoners were divided into four classes: debtors, felons, petty offenders, and those charged with assault. There were rows of cells for felons, separate buildings for male and female debtors, and separate rooms for those apprehended by the night watch. Despite the aspiration to keep prisoners divided by classification, in practice inmates were moved around the prison regardless of their class according to the space available.10 In this sense, the prison "marked a perpetuation of the existing regime".11
This was the county gaol for Surrey, located near St George's Fields outside Southwark. Built in 1792-99, it was a model prison, with 177 cells in three wings for petty criminals, and a fourth wing for debtors. A control keeper's house oversaw eight separate courtyards, allowing the prisoners to be both separated by sex and offence (felons, petty criminals, debtors) and constantly watched. Two surgeons attended.
Created following the 1776 statute which ordered that male prisoners sentenced to transportation should be put to hard labour improving the navigation of the Thames,12 the hulks were an emergency measure to cope with prison overcrowding following the interruption to transportation caused by the outbreak of war with America. The London focus of the act is evident in the fact the work took place on the Thames, and the influence of reformist principles can be seen in the fact that prisoners were put to hard labour and subjected to restrictive discipline. The first ships, the Justicia and the Censor, took on their first convicts in August 1776. The hulks were run by contractors, overseen by the Middlesex Justices of the Peace.
There were difficulties from the start. Crowded and insanitary conditions led to a high mortality rate (from August 1776 to April 1778 176 of 632 prisoners on board died), largely due to gaol fever (typhus).13 Belatedly medical treatment was provided, from 1779 in a separate hospital ship. There were mutinies, and many prisoners escaped from the work parties on shore. Problems with prisoner morale led the authorities to offer pardons to well-behaved prisoners; this practice also addressed the problem of overcrowding.
Despite attempts to address these problems, the hulks remained crowded and expensive, and in a sense contributed to the very phenomenon of criminal intransigence they were meant to solve. Their presence led to pressure for the resumption of transportation, but even after transportation was resumed the hulks remained, to be used as a place for confining and punishing prisoners prior to the departure of the transport ships. During the first twenty years, 8,000 prisoners spent time in the hulks.
As a debtors' prison, King's Bench was largely run by the prisoners themselves, with conditions for individual prisoners depending largely on how much they were able to pay. There were persistent complaints of overcrowding and extortion by prison officers. In 1754, a Parliamentary inquiry prompted by a petition from the prisoners found mistreatment, misbehaviour and overcrowding, and led to an act authorising the building of a new prison. In 1758 the new building in St George's Fields, Southwark, opened (the site was chosen for the fresh air), with 224 rooms and an open courtyard. Despite its size, the prison was soon overcrowded. The open ground outside the prison provided a place for protesters to gather, as occurred when John Wilkes was imprisoned there in 1768 for libel. Radicalism spread inside the prison in 1770-71 when the prisoners campaigned for the abolition of imprisonment for debt and against the prison governors. In 1773 the Marshall petitioned the House of Commons for additional space, noting that there were no rooms for sick prisoners, nor to keep separate the small number of prisoners committed for "capital or high crimes and offences" (who therefore found it easy to escape). The prison was finally enlarged in 1780, shortly before it was entirely destroyed in the Gordon riots, after which it was rebuilt in the same form. In 1792 the Keeper demanded further repairs, in order to prevent escapes and "keep off the mob in case of riots".14 By the end of the century prison officers were apparently governing the prison more closely, but the prison was still known in the early nineteenth century for the laxity of its rules.
Originally one of the gates in the Roman wall of the City of London, this was used mainly for debtors, but also for petty offenders who were freemen of the City, clergy or attorneys. Prisoners elected the warden and essentially ran the prison. In 1760 when the City walls and gates were demolished, the prisoners were moved to a section of the London Workhouse in Bishopsgate Street.
A debtors' prison, the Marshalsea was also used for smugglers and those who owed customs and excise fines. Like other debtors' prisons, there were complaints about mistreatment of the prisoners, and the fact that, although required by law, coroners' inquests were not held when prisoners died in the prison. Essentially in competition with the Fleet and King's Bench prisons for the business of wealthier debtors, the Marshalsea lost out in the late eighteenth century owing to its poor state of repair.
The principal prison for holding those accused of serious crimes in the metropolis, Newgate was part of the city wall on the western side of the City of London, next door to the Old Bailey courthouse. In addition to male and female felons, who were generally kept in irons and whose numbers swelled before each meeting of the court, there were separate wards for male and female debtors, both master's side (for those able to pay for their accommodation) and common side. As with most debtors' prisons, the master's side could be very comfortable, but the common side was "hell".15 Despite the separate wards, prisoners could mix freely with other prisoners and visitors.
Rebuilt after the great fire of 1666, the prison was five stories high. In 1726-28, when the prison was extended and the total capacity increased to 150 prisoners, fifteen cells for condemned prisoners were added in order to allow them a period of solitary reflection before their executions. The remaining prisoners were held in large wards; in the mid eighteenth century there were thirteen common wards and four master's wards.
Like most eighteenth-century prisons, prisoners' fees paid for running the prison, and much of the day to day government, following the practice at Ludgate, was performed by the prisoners themselves. At the start of the century the prison was run by four partners, prisoners appointed by the keeper, but in 1730 these were replaced by elected officers, who were responsible for enforcing discipline. Garnish, a fee paid by each prisoner on their arrival, continued throughout the century despite the fact it was a source of frequent complaints. Those who could not afford to pay garnish had to surrender their clothes.
Newgate was frequently overcrowded, particularly just before meetings of the Old Bailey court, and poor sanitary conditions meant that disease was rife, with mortality rates particularly high in winter. In 1726 gaol fever killed eighty-three prisoners, and in 1750 the prisoners brought the fever into the Old Bailey courtoom, leading to sixty deaths, including the Lord Mayor. This disaster led to immediate consideration of plans for rebuilding the prison, though that would not be achieved for almost thirty years. Although ventilators were added in 1752, between 1755 and 1765 132 prisoners died. Overcrowding also contributed to frequent escapes, most notably that of Jack Sheppard in 1724.
The first stones of a new prison were finally laid in 1770. Opened fully in 1778, the new building had separate quadrangles for debtors, male felons, and women felons. (The use of courtyards to provide fresh air for inmates can also be found in eighteenth-century hospitals such as St Thomas's.) The building held 300 male felons, 60 female felons, and 100 debtors, and included an infirmary. The lack of individual cells for prisoners demonstrates the limited impact around 1770 of contemporary reformist discourses which would radically shape prison building in the 1790s. Shortly after the building was finished it was completely destroyed by the Gordon Riots in 1780. The rioters' support for the prisoners is evident in the fact that they struck off the irons of the felons who were liberated and prevented the authorities from recapturing them. Popular hostility to the prison can also be seen in the fact that chains from the prison were paraded in triumph the next day. This triumph, however, was short-lived, and the prison was rebuilt to the same design and completed in 1783.
Attempts to reform conditions in Newgate met with little success. In the 1750 a ban on the sale of spirits in the prison was circumvented by visitors who smuggled them in. A 1774 Act which specified rules for cleanliness and ventilation in response to problems with gaol fever was "almost a dead letter".16 Similarly ineffective were the 1784 Act requiring the classification of prisoners and a 1791 act requiring regular visitations of the prison. In the 1780s the sheriffs sought to introduce new regulations concerning prisoners' clothing but these were rejected by the inmates. When the taproom was closed, prisoners simply purchased beer from passers-by on the street through the grates.
The tradition of prisoner self-management clearly led to a strong culture of prisoner initiative and collaboration. Prisoners knew how to elicit sympathy from those who visited the prison, extracting food, money, and drink from visitors. They also collaborated in developing methods of obtaining the most favourable sentences and verdicts when they appeared in court. From the 1780s, those convicted of forgery helped each other write petitions to the Bank of England soliciting financial support, a plea bargain, or a reduction of their sentence, many of which were successful.17 In 1789, groups of prisoners anxious about the prospect of transportation to Australia conspired together in agreeing to refuse the royal pardon. In addition, the open nature of the prison allowed radical prisoners, such as John Wilkes, to coordinate their political campaigns from inside the prison. In the 1790s, partly stimulated by the presence of Lord George Gordon, a heterodox republican and Jacobin culture developed in the prison, which formed networks and even published radical literature.18
Located in Clerkenwell, New Prison held those accused of petty and serious crimes in Middlesex while they awaited trial. Owing to overcrowding at Newgate, those who were to be tried at the Old Bailey were not transferred to Newgate until just before the start of the sessions. The original prison was extended in 1773-75 in order to accommodate more felons, but there were nonetheless escape attempts in the 1780s.
This was a sheriff's prison in the City, used primarily for prisoners committed by the Lord Mayor. Although primarily used for debtors, it also held those arrested by the night watch and accused criminals awaiting trial. The prisoners were not segregated and conditions were described as poor. In 1776 William Smith described this prison as a place where "riot, drunkenness, blasphemy and debauchery, echo from the walls, sickness and misery are confined within them".19 In 1791 it was replaced by the Giltspur Street Compter.
Built in 1695 as a military prison, the Savoy held deserters and military offenders.
This prison held those accused of crimes and awaiting their trials from Surrey, as well as convicts awaiting transportation. In 1770 it was the subject of a grand jury presentment which described it as "too small, unhealthy, inconvenient and unsafe".20 Although enlarged in 1771, it was replaced with the Horsemonger Lane Gaol in 1791.
Every parish had a watchhouse, where those apprehended by the night watch could be kept overnight before they were examined by a Justice of the Peace in the morning. While facilities varied, watchhouses typically had a public room, where the keeper profited from the sale of drinks, and holding cells. The watchhouse was known by the poor as a place where emergency relief could be obtained, but conditions in the cells could be horrific, particularly when overcrowded.21 In 1742 four women suffocated to death in the St Martin's Roundhouse and the keeper, William Bird, was put on trial for murder at the Old Bailey.
This small prison, essentially just an ordinary house, served the Tower Liberty. In 1792 it was described as being in "ruinous" condition.
This prison held debtors sentenced by courts serving the manors of Stepney and Hackney. An attempt by the constables and other officers of the Tower Hamlets to obtain permission to use it also for petty criminal offenders, to save them the trouble of carrying prisoners all the way to the Middlesex house of correction or New Prison in Clerkenwell, was rejected by the Middlesex Justices in 1707, but it is possible that in spite of this ruling such prisoners were held here.
Like the Poultry Compter, the Wood Street Compter was a sheriff's prison. Primarily used for debtors, it also held those arrested by the night watch and accused criminals awaiting trial. Prisoners were segregated according to their wealth, and tradesmen debtors were able to continue practising their trades. Poor prisoners could beg for cash or food from passers-by. The male and female felons were each confined to two rooms. This was clearly an unreformed prison: in 1776 William Smith described the prison as "dark, confined, ill-aired, and full of filth and vermin. There are no proper divisions for men and women, debtors and felons".22 It burned down in 1780 and was rebuilt, only to be closed in 1797, when the prisoners were moved to the Giltspur Street Compter.
- Brown, Roger Lee. A History of the Fleet Prison, London: The Anatomy of the Fleet. Studies in British History, 42. Lampeter, 1996.
- Byrne, Richard. Prisons and Punishments of London. 1929.
- Chalklin, C. W., The Reconstruction of London's Prisons 1770-99: An Aspect of the Growth of Georgian London. London Journal 9 (1983), pp. 21-34.
- Evans, R. The Fabrication of Virtue: Prison Architecture, 1750-1840. Cambridge, 1982.
- Sheehan, W. H. Finding Solace in Eighteenth-Century Newgate. In Cockburn, J. S., ed., Crime in England 1550-1800. 1977, pp. 229-45.
For further reading on this subject see the London Lives Bibliography
1 Daniel Defoe, A Tour thro' the Whole Island of Great Britain , p. 155. ⇑
2 11 William III c. 19. ⇑
3 14 George III c. 59. ⇑
4 19 George III c. 74. ⇑
5 24 George III c. 54. ⇑
6 Simon Devereaux, The Making of the Penitentiary Act, 1775-1779, Historical Journal, 42 (1999), p. 416. ⇑
7 S. E. Brown, Policing and Privilege: The Resistance to Penal Reform in Eighteenth-Century London, in Anne Goldgar and Robert Frost, eds, Institutional Culture in Early Modern Society, Cultures, Beliefs, and Traditions, 20 (Leiden and Boston, Mass., 2004). ⇑
8 Joseph Crook and Michael Port, The History of the King's Works, Vol. 6: 1782-1851 (1973), p. 628. ⇑
9 Ruth Paley, Thief-Takers in London in the Age of the McDaniel Gang, c. 1745-1754, in D. Hay and F. Snyder, eds, Policing and Prosecution in Britain 1750-1850 (Oxford, 1989), p. 326. ⇑
10 Richard Byrne, Prisons and Punishments of London (1929), pp. 47-50. ⇑
11 Bruce Watson, The Compter Prisons of London, London Archaeologist, 7 (1993), p. 120. ⇑
12 16 George III c. 43. ⇑
13 Charles Campbell, The Intolerable Hulks (Bowie, 1993), pp. 34-35. ⇑
14 Cited in Crook and Port, The History of the King's Works, p. 628. ⇑
15 Batty Langley, An Accurate Description of Newgate (1724), p. 35. ⇑
16 Arthur Griffiths, The Chronicles of Newgate, 2 vols (1884), p. 388. ⇑
17 Deirdre Palk, (ed.), Prisoners' Letters to the Bank of England, 1781-1827 (London Record Society vol. 42, 2007). ⇑
18 Iain McCalman, Newgate in Revolution: Radical Enthusiasm and Romantic Counterculture, Eighteenth Century Life, 22:1 (1998), pp. 95-110. ⇑
19 William Smith, State of the Gaols in London, Westminster, and the Borough of Southwark (1776), p. 33. ⇑
20 Cited by C. W. Chalklin, The Reconstruction of London's Prisons 1770-99: An Aspect of the Growth of Georgian London, London Journal 9 (1983), p. 27. ⇑
21 Tim Hitchcock, Down and Out in Eighteenth-Century London (London, 2004), p. 153. ⇑
22 Smith, State of the Gaols, p. 31. ⇑
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Pregnant Women & Influenza (Flu)
Flu is more likely to cause severe illness in pregnant women than in women who are not pregnant. Changes in the immune system, heart, and lungs during pregnancy make pregnant women (and women up to two weeks postpartum) more prone to severe illness from flu, as well as to hospitalizations and even death. Pregnant women with flu also have a greater chance for serious problems for their developing baby, including premature labor and delivery.
The Flu Shot is the Best Protection Against Flu
Getting a flu shot is the first and most important step in protecting against flu. The flu shot given during pregnancy has been shown to protect both the mother and her baby for several months after birth from flu. The nasal spray vaccine should not be given to women who are pregnant. Learn more about the flu vaccine.
The Flu Shot is Safe for Pregnant Women
The risk of premature labor and delivery increases when pregnant women get the flu, and there is a greater chance of their babies having birth defects. Flu shots are a safe way to protect the mother and her developing baby from serious illness and complications from flu. The flu shot has been given to millions of pregnant women over many years. Flu shots have not been shown to cause harm to pregnant women or their babies. It is very important for pregnant women to get the flu shot. See Seasonal Flu Vaccine Safety and Pregnant Women for more information.
Other Preventive Actions
In addition to getting the flu shot, pregnant women should take additional everyday preventive actions.
Early Treatment is Important for Pregnant Women
If you get sick with flu symptoms call your doctor right away. There are prescription antiviral drugs that can treat flu illness and prevent serious flu complications. CDC recommends that pregnant women with flu symptoms be treated with these drugs.
Having a fever caused by flu infection or other infections early in pregnancy can lead to birth defects in a baby. Pregnant women who get a fever should treat their fever with Tylenol® (or store brand equivalent) and contact their doctor as soon as possible.
When to Seek Emergency Medical Care
If you are pregnant and have any of these signs, call 911 right away:
- Difficulty breathing or shortness of breath
- Pain or pressure in the chest or abdomen
- Sudden dizziness
- Severe or persistent vomiting
- High fever that is not responding to Tylenol® (or store brand equivalent)
- Decreased or no movement of your baby
Note: There is no recommendation for pregnant women or people with pre-existing medical conditions to seek special permission or secure written consent from their doctor for influenza vaccination if they get vaccinated at a worksite clinic, pharmacy or other location outside of their physician's office. For more information, visit Misconceptions about Seasonal Flu and Flu Vaccines.
Additional Resources for Pregnant Women
- Pregnant Women: Answers to Common Questions about the Flu Vaccine [Streaming, 5 min 43 sec]
- Preventing Flu During Pregnancy, A Cup of Health with CDC (3 MB, 3 min 38 sec)
- Preventing Flu During Pregnancy, A Minute of Health with CDC (1 MB, 59 sec)
- Flu Vaccination Videos for Kids, Parents and Pregnant Women
- Letter to Providers: Influenza Vaccination of Pregnant Women (October 9, 2014)[324 KB, 2 pages]
- New England Journal of Medicine Perspective, “2009 H1N1 Influenza and Pregnancy — 5 Years Later”
- ACIP Recommendations: Influenza Vaccination for Pregnant Women*
*Information included in the 2013-2014 ACIP seasonal influenza recommendations regarding the use of influenza vaccines in pregnant women should be considered current for the 2015-2016 influenza season.
- Page last reviewed: July 26, 2016
- Page last updated: July 26, 2016
- Content source:
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases (NCIRD)
- Page maintained by: Office of the Associate Director for Communication, Digital Media Branch, Division of Public Affairs
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An ependymoma is a tumor that arises in the cells lining the ventricular system of the brain or spinal cord. The ventricles contain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Ependymomas can form in any of the ventricles in the brain or spinal cord, but most ependymomas arise in the fourth ventricle and affect the cerebellum and the brain stem.
Ependymomas account for 5 to 10 percent of pediatric brain tumors and occur equally in boys and girls. These types of tumors are the third most common brain tumor in children. Though ependymomas rarely occur in the spinal cord, they do account for about 25 percent of all spinal cord tumors. Most patients with tumors of the spinal cord are older than 12.
Ependymoma Treatment at Dana-Farber/Boston Children's
Children with ependymomas are treated at Dana-Farber/Boston Children's through the Brain Tumor Center, a world-renowned destination for children with malignant and non-malignant brain and spinal cord tumors. Our brain tumor specialists have extensive expertise in treating all types of brain tumors, including ependymomas.
Find in-depth information on ependymoma on the Dana-Farber/Boston Children's website, including ependymoma causes, diagnosis, treatment and latest research.
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Tanks were widely used by the Allies and Axis powers during World War II. In this short video clip, destroyed tanks are visibly in flames.
HistoryNet.com is brought to you by World History Group, the world's largest publisher of history magazines. HistoryNet.com contains daily features, photo galleries and over 5,000 articles originally published in our various magazines.
© 2018 HistoryNet
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This post contains affiliate links. Please view my disclosure.
We start the Fall theme pretty much right on October 1st and keep it going until Thanksgiving. Pumpkins are just way too much fun to explore! This counting practice and number recognition activity is a great preschool activity, and I have an adaptation that made it toddler friendly as well.
I have to think on my feet a lot to keep my twin toddlers feel like they are learning like their big sister while still making the version of their activity safe and appropriate for toddlers. You will find I add simple adaptations a lot with the activities that I share.
I have a weakness for pumpkins and gourds! Every Fall when I walk into Target, I immediately get the ideas flowing for how I can use a bag of gourds or mini pumpkins to create some fun learning activities for the kids. All you need to do this counting practice and number recognition activity with pumpkin seeds at home are a few simple supplies you probably already have!
2 pieces of construction paper (or any blank paper you have)
Counting Practice and Number Recognition Activity
Start by numbering along the left edge of a piece of construction paper. You will need 2 pieces of paper in order to fit numbers from 1-12. You can certainly go higher if your preschooler is ready! I drew lines to give each number its own row. This made the separation of each number obvious for my preschooler and makes the gluing part of this activity neat.
Next, place a bunch of pumpkin seeds in a small bowl and set it aside.
Count down the list of numbers with your child, pointing to each number as you say it. Count all the numbers, and then explain to your child that they will read the number, place dots of glue to show how many pumpkin seeds match, and then stick one pumpkin seed to each dot of glue.
This activity really is fine motor intensive, but it is such an effective way to teach one-to-one correspondence, counting practice and number recognition.
Back when I was teaching preschool, all of the children needed practice using glue. It is so tempting for 3 and 4 year olds to squeeze too hard. This pumpkin seed activity not only explores counting and number recognition, but also is a fine motor exercise and gluing practice.
This activity does take quite a bit of focus for 3 year olds or 4 year olds. and you may find that it may be a little too intense for some 3 year olds. It is ok to break up the activity over the day, or only work on completing a smaller range of numbers. Use your child’s skill level to determine how long you can spend on this.
My 4 1/2 year old started to get a little impatient right near the end. She wanted to stop after completing the row of pumpkin seeds for 11. As a compromise, I offered to dot the glue on the row for 12. This would be a great way to adapt for younger children or those with shorter attention spans-even if you have to do the gluing much earlier than row 11.
I told you I have a version of this activity that can be done as a toddler activity-here is the simple way to make this activity work if you have toddlers at home.
Using packing tape, cut a strip-or a few-and place them sticky-side up on your table or floor. Take two pieces of masking tape, and tape down the packing tape strips. The sticky side is exposed so your toddler can practice picking up pumpkin seeds and sticking them onto the tape. No messy glue to get into their hands yet, and the pumpkin seeds (mostly) stay on the table or stuck to the tape.
As she was sticking pumpkin seeds onto the tape, I counted how many she had on the tape. This is simple exposure to counting and numbers for a toddler, but it is still learning!
My twin toddlers always want to work on an activity when they see their big sister getting to work on her homeschool preschool activities. It is hard to adapt every preschool activity we do to make it safe and appropriate for the toddlers, but this one worked out well.
Next time you run into Target for their Daily Deals, or your favorite store, grab a baking pumpkin, and use the seeds for some counting practice and number recognition. Did you try the other pumpkin activity where we made REAL pumpkins into puzzles? That is another easy way to to explore pumpkins this Fall.
9 Halloween Activities and Crafts for Toddlers and Up
Infant Activities for Autumn
What is your child’s favorite pumpkin themed activity?
Enjoy your time at home!
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Do you have a slow-flowing or flushing toilet? Here are some things to try if the weak flush is caused by an obstruction in the bowl's rim, where water is discharged. Toilets with this problem may quickly accumulate unwanted deposits because the flush leaves portions of the bowl unwashed.
1Figure out where the problem is. Fill a bucket or plastic trash can with a gallon or two of water and pour it quickly into the bowl. If it flushes slowly, you probably have a drain clog and the procedures on this page will not solve your problem. See How to Unclog a Toilet.
- If your toilet flushes more slowly over time (without "backing-up"), it is likely due to mineral deposits in the holes under the rim or, if you have one, the jet hole is clogged too.
- Most toilets drain into the same waste line, so if all of them flush slowly at the same time, there is probably an obstruction in the main line, not an individual branch line. You may have a talk with the family about flushing feminine hygiene products, stuffed animals, or dirty dishrags down the pipe.
2For slow water delivery and/or if water does not evenly "wash" the bowl the usual method is to use a toilet brush and a pumice stone to clean the bowl, paying particular attention to the area up under the rim. There are small holes there which dispense water into the bowl and these plus the surrounding area must be cleaned of mineral deposits. If necessary, use a pick such as the bent end of a wire coat hanger to clear the holes. Try not to scratch the porcelain, however, as this encourages deposits to quickly form again. A small mirror will help you see what you are doing under the rim. Brush the bowl and rim again and check if it worked. If it did, you're done. Otherwise, read further.
- Also check the jet hole, which is the small hole near the bottom of the bowl. Its purpose is to establish the siphon that provides the suction to empty the bowl. In a complete flush, just as the bowl fully empties you hear a "glurp!", which is the sound of the siphon sucking an air bubble because there is no more water to suck out. The jet hole is below the water line and checking it is, shall we say, unaesthetic! But it's very easy to do. First attack the bowl with a plunger to force out water to allow easier access to the jet hole. Now insert a finger into the jet hole and feel around for an obstruction. Use caution because there could be sharp edges. You may find a small object there that gets pushed up against the jet hole (partially blocking it) every time the toilet is flushed. You might be able to use a pair of miniature long nose pliers to fish it out.
3Try lime, calcium, or hard water deposit removers. If you need a septic-safe acid or are uncomfortable using a powerful but dangerous acid (discussed below), you can try one of the numerous lime, calcium, or hard-water deposit removers such as CLR or even white vinegar (acetic acid). These products will need a longer "soak" period (perhaps overnight) and follow-up with the mechanical action of a pick such as a coat-hanger. Several cleaning cycles may be necessary. Follow the instructions that come with the product.
Muriatic Acid Method
If your toilet is extremely affected by mineral deposits and/or you're hoping to skip the manual cleaning steps above, there is another way. However, there are serious safety issues to consider before utilizing this approach. Study the following steps, tips and warnings and decide if you are capable of safely using muriatic acid (known chemically as hydrochloric acid). Do not buy muriatic acid until you have read, understand, and are prepared to follow all the bottle's directions and cautions. This stuff is extremely strong! Keep it well away from children and pets. Muriatic acid is not an option if you are connected to a septic system as it will kill the bacteria which make the system work, so you must use only "septic safe" methods and cleaners unless the toilet is removed to be acid cleaned.
1Turn off the water to the toilet and flush. Use a plunger and/or a sponge and remove the water left in bowl so that the acid will clean the bowl to the bottom (including the critical jet-hole).
2Use a clear piece of poly-film (or a clear trash bag) and tape to cover the top portion of the bowl while retaining a view of the bowl's internal rim. The tighter the seal the better. Just cover the bowl portion, do not include the seat.
3Maximize ventilation by placing a running fan in the bathroom window to exhaust air. Also open all other windows in the home. If you have a bathroom exhaust fan, turn that on too.
4Take off the tank cover and insert a plastic (not metal!) funnel into the overflow tube. See the "Things You'll Need" section below about the correct size of the funnel. If there is a fill tube on top of the overflow tube, carefully take that off first.
5Wear gloves, mask and eye protection. You should also wear an apron and rubber boots to protect yourself. Also, you should have an equally protected assistant firmly hold the funnel in the overflow tube so it cannot fall out. The acid can splatter and one drip can hurt you!
6Carefully pour acid through the funnel, fast enough that it begins to flow out of the holes in the toilet bowl rim but not so fast that the funnel overflows or falls out, as this would splash acid and be extremely dangerous. You will only need about 0.5 to 1 gallon (1.9 to 3.8 L) of acid. After pouring, cover the overflow tube with a sandwich bag and rubber band, then leave the bathroom and close the door behind you. Lock the door if children are in the house and make absolutely certain they stay away.
7After 1 hour, remove the sandwich bag and replace the fill tube to the overflow tube. (If you've chosen a weaker acid this needs to be prolonged to at least overnight.) Turn on the water and flush a few times. Extra flushes are advisable in older homes with iron drain pipes, as prolonged contact with concentrated acid will damage them. Check the rim holes for proper flow. Repeat the procedure if necessary or if there is leftover muriatic acid, because it is not safe to store this stuff around the house. This acid is so strong that it often eats through the plastic container if it is stored for a long period, and it is simply not safe to have it lying around.
- Never mix household chemicals! This could create violent reactions that spray chemicals unexpectedly and uncontrollably, causing blindness or burns, release large quantities of toxic gases, and release heat that could crack the toilet. If you have toilet-cleaning pellets in your toilet tank, use rubber gloves to remove them and place in a clean, sealed plastic container, then flush to clear the tank before using other chemicals. If you clean the toilet with toilet bowl chemicals, flush numerous times before adding any other chemical to the toilet. If you have used drain cleaners, flush them away numerous times and allow plenty of time before adding muriatic acid or any other toilet chemicals.
- Rinse the funnel well after use and do not reuse it for food.
- Muriatic acid could destroy the tank flapper, the tank to bowl rubber seal, and any metal parts on older toilets such as the overflow tube. If you don't have the skills to replace these parts yourself, consider using one of the weaker acids or buy a new toilet.
Things You'll Need
- Wire coat hanger
- Bowl brush
- Muriatic acid, 1 Gallon (Available at hardware stores, pool supplies, & Target/Walmart seasonally.)
- Clear plastic film or a clear trash Bag
- Sandwich bag
- Funnel (This must be plastic, as large as possible, and should fit snugly into the toilet tank overflow tube.)
- Rubber gloves (2 sets, for you and an assistant)
- Safety goggles (2 sets) & two OSHA approved masks designed for acid fumes
- Aprons (2)
- Rubber boots (2 sets)
- Rubber band
In other languages:
Deutsch: Eine langsame Toilette reparieren, Español: arreglar un sanitario obstruido, Português: Consertar um Vaso Sanitário Lento, Italiano: Aggiustare un Water con Scarico Lento, Русский: починить медленный слив унитаза
Thanks to all authors for creating a page that has been read 1,139,460 times.
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Nathan sent us his story:
Nathan did some research on Oblong turtles after a Green Lab workshop with Millennium Kids.
“Oblong turtles live in Perth and throughout the south-west of Western Australia. They are also known as western long necked turtles or snake necked turtles. They are different from most turtles as their shell is not round. Oblong turtles are dark brown to black, with a paler under shell. These carnivores feed on anything small enough to seize and swallow, such as fish, tadpole, crustaceans, insects and carrion. They hunt by ambush, using the long neck to strike in a snakelike manner while gaping the mouth to suck in prey.”
See reference below.
A lot of them live in Perth at Lake Douglas. Oblong turtles like to lay their eggs in sandy patches along the lake. One problem is there are No sandy patches at Lake Douglas!
Without sandy patches for breeding this endangered species cannot survive. There are a few sandy patches but not enough to support an entire population of these amazing creatures. We can help this by making more sandy patches. But for that we will need a lot of sand. This may cost a lot, but we can try getting it for free at a place such as Soils aint Soils, which is a big soil company. Then our school team and Millennium Kids could use the sand and make some sandy patches.
Maybe if we could do that then oblong turtles are saved!
Check out more Oblong turtle facts here Backyard Buddies
Nathan, Year 4
Editor’s Note: Nathan is taking part in a Green Lab workshop series at his school. He wrote to Millennium Kids to see if he could get help for his project idea. Millennium Kids will explore this issue with Nathan and we will see what we can do to help the local Oblong turtle population.
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Five in a Row Literature Unit Studies
These literature-based unit study curriculum guides are so named because you spend five days in a row (a full week; one day for each subject area) using a particular children's book as the theme for multiple academic subject areas. Five in a Row (FIAR) Volumes 1-3 cover social studies and character, language arts, math, science, and art through 15-21 children's books. The literature selections, primarily picture books, contain positive moral values reflecting Biblical values. Christian content is not incorporated in Volumes 1-3, but is available separately in a Christian Character & Bible Study Supplement. Five in a Row Vol. 4 is for slightly older students (Grades 2-4) and features fewer books, some of which are stretched to two weeks of lessons. Christian content is included in the Volume 4 guide.
Before Five in a Row takes the same concept, but simplifies it for ages 2-4, with multiple activities provided for each book, but not as structured between days of the week.
Beyond Five in a Row is the next step up (for Grades 3+), and these guides are structured around chapter books. Activities at this level incorporate history, geography, science, language arts and fine arts with Christian Character and Bible content available separately.
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Why use footnotes?
Hopefully Cookipedia does not use quote references as commonly as Wikipedia because its ethos is not strictly encyclopedic.
Footnotes1 help to add clarification to an article by adding a citation reference or additional information that may be external to Cookipedia or may not require a separate article. In the case of an external reference, please add the external link in the footnote itself.
How to add footnotes
Footnotes are simply a set of internal page links similar to internal page links to headings: (details and examples of heading links here)
<sup>[[#Foot1|1]]</sup> <sup>[[#Foot2|2]]</sup> ...links to: * <span id="Foot1"><sup>1</sup> * <span id="Foot2"><sup>2</sup>
The <sup></sup> pairs are an embellishment used to apply HTML superscript formatting to the text and links and are not mandatory for the footnote.
The link formatting is simple. The text following the hash symbol must exactly match the text enclosed in the footnote span ids. The text following the pipe symbol (|) is the text that is displayed. In this example, sequential numbers.
Ideally use bullet formatting1 for the footnotes.
A working example of footnotes can be seen in the poem section of Porra Antequerana
- 1 A footnote is a note of text placed at the bottom of a page in a book or document. The note comments on and/or may quote a reference for part of the main body of text. A footnote is normally flagged by a superscript number following that portion of the text which the note refers.
- 2 If asterisks are not used to create bullet points, then both footnotes would appear on the same line
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We provide dental health exams, prophylactic cleanings, dental radiographs, antibiotic gel implants, bonded sealants, and extractions.
We also provide products and recommendations to help prevent dental disease and maintain proper dental care.
For those pets with identified dental disease, gingivitis, or periodontal disease, dental cleanings and therapy are performed with anesthesia. Know that there are very few risks associated with age or anesthesia that outweigh the countless risks to your pet’s health when dental disease is left untreated. Dental cleanings include ultrasonic cleaning, polishing, and fluoride treatment.
Why you should care
- An astounding 80 percent of dogs and 70 percent of cats show signs of oral disease by age 3, according to the American Veterinary Dental Society (AVDS).
- Oral disease is the most frequently diagnosed health problem for pets.
- Periodontal disease is a common problem in dogs, particularly smaller breeds.
- Cats can develop painful resorptive lesions of the tooth. Studies show that about 28 percent of domestic cats develop at least one of these painful lesions during their lifetime.
Oral disease begins with a buildup of bacteria in the pet´s mouth
- Bacteria, combined with saliva and food debris between the tooth and gum, can cause plaque formulations that accumulate on the tooth. As bacteria grow in the plaque and as calcium salts are deposited, plaque turns to tartar.
- Bacterial plaque is the most important substrate in the development of periodontal disease. The inflammation and destruction that accompanies periodontal disease results from the direct action of bacteria and their by-products on periodontal tissues as well as the indirect activation of the host immune response.
- Tartar has a contributory role due to its roughened surface, which enhances bacterial attachment and further plaque development, and also irritates gingival tissues.
- Without proper preventive or therapeutic care, plaque and tartar buildup leads to periodontal disease, which affects the tissues and structures supporting the teeth. Left untreated, periodontal disease can cause oral pain, dysfunction, tooth loss and systemic complications.
Periodontitis may lead to other health problems
- Periodontal disease causes red, swollen and tender gums, receding gums, bleeding, pain and bad breath. If left untreated, periodontitis can lead to tooth loss.
- The inflammation and infection associated with periodontal disease may damage other organs such as the heart, liver, and kidneys, or lead to other serious health problems.
Pet owners should look for warning signs of oral disease
- Common indications of oral disease include bad breath, a change in eating or chewing habits, pawing at the face or mouth and depression.
- Broken teeth are a common problem, especially among outdoor dogs.
- If any of these signs are present, the pet should be taken to the Ark for a dental exam.
Reduce the risk of oral disease
- The first step in preventing oral disease is a routine physical examination including a dental exam.
- Take advantage of our dental products such as pet safe toothpaste, tartar control chews, and oral rinses added to your pet’s drinking water.
- Schedule regular follow-up care with the Ark and ask about specially formulated foods with proven benefits in plaque and tartar removal.
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Planets that lose their parent stars can stay warm enough to have water, raising the prospect that they also have life.
A new study shows that heat from the natural decay of radioactive elements could keep a world such as Earth relatively toasty — provided it has a layer of insulating ice.
"You just need a thick enough blanket on top," University of Chicago cosmologist Eric Switzer told Discovery News.
The study began after a chance remark by a colleague, an environmental scientist, who wondered what Earth would be like if the sun went out. That piqued Switzer's curiosity and he started to do some math.
It turns out that without the sun's heat, a planet such as Earth would need a sheet of ice 9.3 miles thick to hold heat generated by the decay of naturally occurring radioactive elements, such as Potassium-40, Uranium-238 and Thorium-232, as well as the primordial energy left over from the planet's formation.
The ice cap could be thinner and still protect water if it were topped with a layer of frozen atmospheric gas, such as dry ice, which is solid carbon dioxide.
Even without a sun, a planet could stay warm for what Switzer calls "a biologically significant" amount of time — enough time for life to evolve.
"You could get something like this set up and it could take one to 10 billion years until it freezes all the oceans out," said University of Chicago planetary scientist Dorian Abbot.
Switzer doesn't speculate on what type of life could exist on a sunless planet, but ice-shrouded moons of Jupiter and Saturn might hold some clues. Scientists believe liquid oceans exist beneath the frozen surfaces of Jupiter's Europa and Callisto, as well as Saturn's Enceladus.
"It's a possible habitat," Abbot told Discovery News. "There's energy sources and there's water and there are chemicals that life might need."
The idea of rogue planets wandering the galaxy is not as far-fetched as it may sound. Gravitational tugs-of-war with other planets or passing stars can boot a planet out of its solar system.
"The calculations about the formation of planetary systems suggest that a lot of planets are ejected like this — about one or two per system," Abbot said.
Even Earth may have some sister planets that left the solar system. "It's likely that that is the case, but we don't have any evidence for that, of course," Abbot said.
The study has been submitted to The Astrophysical Journal Letters and appears online at arvix.org.
© 2012 Discovery Channel
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Despite the numerous reports of the association of vitamin D with a spectrum of development, disease treatment and health maintenance, vitamin D deficiency is common. Originating in part from the diet but with a key source resulting from transformation by exposure to sunshine, a great deal of the population suffers from vitamin D deficiency especially during winter months. It is linked to the treatment and pathogenesis and/or progression of several disorders including cancer, hypertension, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoporosis, muscle weakness and diabetes. This widespread deficiency of Vitamin D merits consideration of widespread policies including increasing awareness among the public and healthcare professionals
To submit an update or takedown request for this paper, please submit an Update/Correction/Removal Request.
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Actually, social insects such as ants, bees, wasps, and termites would be better subjects for a sourcebook, as they are already organized in a manner superficially similar to an intelligent race's civilization.
The fact that somebody's putting out a book on the ooze-type monsters isn't surprising, given the vast interest they generate. I've always thought they were the most "absorbing" monsters of all (hahahahaha!).
Since DRAGON Magazine recently put out an article which comes close to being X-rated (if you read the mag regularly, you'll know which one I mean), dare I suggest an "Adults Only" sourcebook covering sirens, satyrs, lamiae (the plural of "lamia"), and other creatures that attack adventurers through their libidos? If we dared to put it out, I suspect it would be one of the best-selling supplements of all time. No, no, down boy! (Sound of slapping hand in background.)
Getting back on subject, try cracking the zoology and paleontology books. There are lots of animals out there, both modern and prehistoric, that deserve heavy coverage in their own sourcebooks. How about sabre-tooths, for example? Ever since the Age of Mammals began, sabre-toothed predators have evolved independently about ten times, including at least one marsupial. Not only that, but the beginnings of sabre teeth could be seen in the ancestral reptile Dimetrodon, and virtually all of the carnivorous mammallike reptiles had at least one pair of sabre teeth (some had two or three). In addition, sabre teeth were used as defensive weapons by herbivores as diverse as herbivorous mammallike reptiles---the jonkerids, for starters---and the uintatheres that appeared early in the age of mammals. In addition, the elephant Dinotherium had tusks shaped like sabre teeth, and even today, the Indian rhinoceros prefers using teeth instead of its horn against an enemy. Oh, and today's clouded leopard has the disproportionately largest canines of any carnivore today, making its descendants prime candidates for a futuristic sabre-tooth. Sabre teeth seem to be part of the basic mammalian heritage, and we ought to be able to do something with that in a book.
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THE REALITY OF OUR HEALTH
The United States is sicker than ever.
The U.S. spends more than any other country on healthcare yet has more chronic health issues than any other country. Half of all adults in the U.S. have a chronic illness, and nearly half will eventually die of cancer. We are exposed to a cocktail of synthetic chemicals from birth: polluted air and water and processed food laced with pesticides, to which we add pharmaceutical drugs, including vaccines, into the mix.
Pharmaceutical drugs and vaccines contain multiple synthetic chemicals that should NEVER be put into the body. They are part of the reason we have skyrocketing chronic health issues that have somehow become the new “normal” in our society. But this is not normal. And science is clear: Most, if not all, of these health issues, can be linked to pharmaceutical treatments and drugs. In fact, the health care system is now the leading cause of death in the U.S.
The U.S. healthcare system is a leading cause of death
A 2016 report from Johns Hopkins School of Medicine shows that medical errors in hospitals and other healthcare facilities are incredibly common, and may now be the third-leading cause of death in the United States — claiming 251,000 lives every year, more than respiratory disease, accidents, stroke and Alzheimer’s.
Moreover, a 2014 study found that prescription drugs are now the fourth leading cause of death in the US. The Harvard study reported 2.74 MILLION serious adverse drug reactions per year come from properly prescribed drugs. And about 106,000 people DIE EVERY YEAR from drugs prescribed to them.
In addition to pharmaceutical drugs and medical error, vaccines are put into the mix. Vaccines do not create immunity, they create customers. It’s the best business model in the world. It keeps people coming back for more – forever.
There are multiple toxic ingredients in vaccines — some known to cause cancer and autoimmune disorders. These toxins create health issues that in turn create customers.
The best defense against disease is a healthy, strong immune system, not overloaded with toxins from food, water, air, and pharmaceutical products.
WHAT WE DO
At Learn The Risk, we realize that nothing will change with the system until more people understand the harm it is doing to our health. We are dedicated to educating and empowering people to step outside the system that profits off keeping us sick, then change will follow. We believe action is more important than words. We focus on educating and motivating people to find REAL health, those who then take to the streets to educate others and save lives.
How do we do this? With the most active and powerful billboard and ad campaigns, as well as the most impactful outreach program in the health movement. We host dozens of outreach events, successful social media campaigns, health talks and our annual health summit.
So, how are we doing? Awesome!
— We reach MILLIONS on social media globally every month.
— We reach tens of THOUSANDS through the website monthly.
— We have 36 billboards reaching over 30 MILLION people.
— We host educational events and rallies, with more than FORTY events in three years.
— We produce popular videos and educational materials that reach MILLIONS.
— We do educational talks and events WORLDWIDE.
We are actively changing the conversation around vaccines and the pharmaceutical industry, which should never be trusted with our collective health. Please help us realize our mission: to create a healthier world.
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Developing new technologies, identifying novel sources of power, and achieving increases in energy efficiency, were already aims and ambitions before global warming gave them a new sense of urgency. In fact endeavours in these areas have contributed to global warming. Can more of the same help to reverse the trend towards unsustainability?
In his recently published book Conundrum, David Owen argues that current efforts to stop global warming and climate change will often have the opposite effect. The conundrum is that we can act with the best intentions but there is a high likelihood that the results of our actions will be at cross-purposes with what we intend. Our actions will have unintended consequences which will undermine the goals we are seeking to achieve.
For example, when increases in energy efficiency make a technology cheaper and more accessible, we are inclined to use the technology more extensively (as in the case of air-conditioning). Making a more ‘environmentally friendly’ car is likely to lead to higher car usage, when the need for reductions in consumption should prompt us to use cars less. High-speed rail, as an alternative to plane and car travel, will encourage us to use that mode of transport when we should be cutting down on our travel altogether. And so on.
If the problem lies in the consumption of resources, and technological advances are likely to increase rather than decrease our consumption (even when they are meant to have the opposite effect), we are driven to consider the question of discovering non-technological solutions, solutions that help us adjust to ways of living that are consistent with respect for available natural resources.
We cannot survive without technology, but technology alone will not enable us to survive. If we need to adjust our mental outlook in order to survive, how are we going to do that? The incentive is notionally there: if we do not adjust, we sacrifice our own survival and well-being. But human nature is perverse: we are often inclined (it seems) to do things that are not in our long-term best interests. On the basis of our present behaviour, for example, an observer may reasonably conclude that on the whole we would prefer to earn money from fossil fuels than to forgo the money for the sake of a habitable biosphere.
In this situation the relevance of philosophical reflection is obvious. Philosophising enables us to review our understanding and outlook in radical and if necessary counter-cultural ways. Philosophy forces us to examine our assumptions and the behaviour based on our assumptions. Philosophy enables us to draw links between our knowledge of the universe and the day-to-day questions of ethics that bear on our survival and well-being in the universe. No other sphere of human enquiry can do this as fully and effectively. Religion will not do it adequately because religions typically shy away from examining their own assumptions. Ethical enquiry alone will not work because ethics cannot be separated from philosophy: ethics needs an overall philosophical framework in which to operate.
Which philosophy will we choose? Epicurean philosophy offers a number of important propositions, including the following: (1) we need to adjust our desires to the natural limitations of our existence; (2) we need to be constantly weighing up the extent to which our decisions will produce pleasure or pain; (3) we need to set aside beliefs and attitudes that hinder the cause of human happiness.
A philosophy of life will not be effective unless we are prepared to engage in philosophical reflection, alone and in company with others. Epicureanism encourages a small-scale approach to large-scale issues: as we meet to philosophise in innumerable small groups and reflect on problems and solutions, we will be promoting not only our own happiness but the happiness of humanity. The proliferation of small, philosophically oriented groups, always open to wider discussion, is (I would argue) essential for solving global problems.
Cf. ‘David Owen on the Environment, Unintended Consequences, and The Conundrum’, EconTalk (Library of Economics and Liberty) (audio recording and partial transcript): Russ Roberts interviews David Owen, author of The Conundrum: How Scientific Innovation, Increased Efficiency, and Good Intentions Can Make Our Energy and Climate Problems Worse, New York, Riverhead, 2012. David Owen’s website.
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The accurate navigation of space probes depends on four factors: First is the measurement system for determining the position and speed of a probe. Second is the location from which the measurements are taken. Third is an accurate model of the solar system, and fourth, models of the motion of a probe.
For all U.S. interplanetary probes, the antennas of the Deep Space Network (DSN) act as the measurement system. These antennas transmit radio signals to a probe, which receives these signals and, with a slight frequency shift, returns them to the ground station. By computing the difference between the transmitted and received signals, a probe's distance and speed along the line from the antenna can be determined with great accuracy, thanks to the high frequency of the signals and a very accurate atomic clock by which to measure the small frequency changes. By combining these elements, navigators can measure a probe's instantaneous line-of-sight velocity and range to an accuracy of 0.05 millimeter-per-second and three meters respectively, relative to the antenna.
Many probes also carry cameras that are used to image the destination, whether it be a moon, planet or other body. During the final approach, these images are used when the distance becomes small. For example, the Cassini spacecraft's camera provides an angular measurement with an accuracy of three microradians (three kilometers) at a distance of one million kilometers. The images complement the radio data and provide a direct tie to the target.
Calculation of the trajectory of a space probe requires the use of an inertial coordinate system as well, wherein a grid is laid over the solar system and fixed relative to the star background. For interplanetary missions, an inertial coordinate system with an origin at the center of mass of the solar system is used. Because the measurements provide information on the position of a probe relative to the antenna, knowledge of the antenna's location relative to this inertial coordinate system is used to convert the measurements into elements in the system. Where the antenna is depends not only on its geographic location on Earth's surface, but on Earth's position relative to the solar system center of mass (known as the Earth ephemeris). Measurements of this ephemeris have an accuracy of about 0.5 kilometer and the location of the antenna is known to an accuracy of better than five centimeters.
The third component of interplanetary navigation is an accurate model of the solar system. Gravity is the most important force acting on a spacecraft. Determining these gravitational forces requires accurate knowledge of the locations of all of the major bodies, such as the sun and all the planets, over the course of time. This information is provided by the planetary ephemeris, which has been in continuous development since the beginning of the interplanetary space program. Thanks to this longstanding work, the location of Saturn was known to an accuracy of a few hundreds of kilometers previous to Cassini's final approach when it deployed its camera. After the probe entered Saturn orbit, the moons of the giant planet became important gravitational bodies. Their locations have been determined to an accuracy of a few kilometers relative to Saturn.
The final component of accurate navigation takes all of these other elements and, using models of the forces acting on a probe and orbital dynamics, estimates its location. By taking regular measurements over a period of time, a probe's position and velocity can be determined. For example, Cassini's location is typically determined to a kilometer or less relative to Saturn. Using a probe's known position and velocity, its future positions can be worked out. Navigators compare these positions to the predicted location of the target body--based on the ephemeris--to determine when a probe will reach its target. Then, all that's left to do is to collect the flyby data, take a deep breath, and go on to the next encounter.
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Drawing is an art that requires both talent and methodology in practice. So there are little tricks that can help you improve your drawings. So what are the tricks you can use to improve your drawing skills? Here are some tips to help you improve your drawing.
Putting your brain into drawing mode through regularity
In order to progress in drawing, it is important to respect the principle of brain plasticity. This essentially means getting your brain to remodel its various connections by taking into account its environment. To do this, this trick requires regularity in its productions. Thus, it is necessary to draw a lot and on a daily basis.
Indeed, the fact of drawing every day makes the brain improve over the days for better productions. Because repetition leads it to register the techniques and methods of drawing. And it also helps to correct any imperfections that are noticed.
Vary the media
Experience is the key to better and faster drawing. Therefore, it is important to experiment with different drawing media, varying them for each drawing. Thus, using either the pencil, the style, the brush, the pen… it is possible to draw on paper with or without grain. Moreover, it is necessary to vary the papers while starting from the general to the particular in its drawings.
It is necessary to start your drawing by creating a sketch. And once you have concentrated on it and realised it, it is then possible to consider starting the basic volume of the drawing. This is a way of not burning out the sketch, volume, shadow and light stages.
Becoming aware of the evolution of your drawings
In order to evolve in one’s artistic works, it is recommended to always draw conscientiously. If your mind is elsewhere or distracted, you will not learn anything from your drawings. So, you should have fun while drawing with the accompaniment of music, for example.
So, drawing is a personal learning process through the different drawings you make every day. Hence the need to pay attention to all the details of the drawing process. Because a drawer discovers from each drawing.
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In American English, maneuver is the standard spelling of the word referring to (among other things) a controlled change in movement or direction. Manoeuvre is the preferred spelling throughout the rest of the English-speaking world. Maneuver and manoeuvre are pronounced the same, and they share all their definitions.
A few scattered examples of maneuver can be found from as long ago as the 18th century, before the development of American English as we know it, but manoeuvre prevailed by a large margin until the early 20th century. The ngram below, which graphs the use of both spellings in American books published between 1800 and 2000, suggests that the transition to the simpler spelling gained steam through the 1910s and ’20s and was solidified by 1940.
A similar ngram for British English shows maneuver beginning to gain ground in recent decades, but manoeuvre still prevails. This is borne out in recent British news stories, where the ratio of manoeuvre to maneuver is about 30 to one.
The flag requires 50 adults—or very strong teenagers—to maneuver the poles of the flag and hold them steady for the parade. [Chicago Sun-Times]
Then he opened the door, nimbly maneuvered his 6-foot-5 frame over his belted-in son and settled into the bucket seat between his children. [Wall Street Journal]
Mr. Chiluba cycled through vice presidents and cabinet members he suspected of maneuvering to take his power. [Washington Post]
Outside the U.S.
Prince William will help perform the daring manoeuvre of landing a helicopter on water during the royal visit to Canada. [Evening Standard]
Collingwood coach Mick Malthouse said he manoeuvred to make sure no one player copped too prolonged a buffeting. [Sydney Morning Herald]
Certainly Clark must see that this is obviously political manoeuvring to get her elected. [Vancouver Sun]
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Back to Fluid Thinking
What are Motion Graphics?
The term motion graphics seems very self explanatory, graphical communication that incorporates movement over time, but it encompasses a multitude of different areas of design. Film, digital video, moving type, traditional cel and stop-motion animation and 3d elements can all be used individually or together by a designer to create motion graphics. The use of a time frame allows a designer to potentially convey a lot more than is in a single image, and can take a viewer on a visual journey using a narrative. It is difficult to turn on your television today without coming into contact with motion graphics in some form, be it advertisement spots or introductory program sequences.
Does this signal the death of print? Not just yet, however the boundaries of graphic design and communication are pulling away from the printed page and embracing new technologies and the moving image. No longer the domain of large companies with huge budgets and production teams making footage for the big screen and television, motion graphics are now a viable and affordable option for anyone wanting to promote their business in a different way and excite their clients using rich broadcast quality visuals and presentation. More accessible high quality DV cameras and applications such as Adobe’s After Effects, Premier, and Apple’s Final Cut allow designers to explore this area without the need for separate editing and post production departments, allowing work to be fully created in house, with special effects added and editing done on the desktop. Looking to slick television title sequences, opening film credits, dvd menus or music videos will give an idea of what is currently possible.
With this new media, high quality video can be shot and treated, edited and mixed with animated elements, 3d, typography and special effects to create engaging and visually resonant footage. With these techniques, a business can not only add narrative and energy to their promotional material, but place their message in a multitude of areas alongside their print or web campaign. Consider creating titles for a trade show, dvd menus, sending dvd video alongside existing brochures, or spicing up a corporate sales presentation. Why settle for a poor Powerpoint presentation or drab display boards when you can capture your clients imagination with well designed and slick motion graphics?
Technology is rapidly evolving and providing access to increasingly cheaper display devices, be it mobile or in the home. With internet bandwidth increasing exponentially, rich, high definition streaming video content will become a serious option for those who wish to add real impact to their web presence. With Macromedia’s Flash application already making streaming audio and animation possible over the internet, it can be safely assumed that designers will start to push the boundaries of multimedia web content with high resolution video and motion graphics.
Looking further to the future, with integrative technologies merging television, the internet and communication, well produced motion and video will be an unavoidable area for those who wish to be promoted and noticed.
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Still, they use it sometimes, and, now and then, one comes across it in popular newspapers.
In fact, the popular novel that the public calls healthy is always a thoroughly unhealthy production; and what the public call an unhealthy novel is always a beautiful and healthy work of art.
But there are other journalists, I feel certain, men of education and cultivation, who really dislike publishing these things, who know that it is wrong to do so, and only do it because the unhealthy conditions under which their occupation is carried on oblige them to supply the public with what the public wants, and to compete with other journalists in making that supply as full and satisfying to the gross popular appetite as possible.
However, let us leave what is really a very sordid side of the subject, and return to the question of popular control in the matter of Art, by which I mean Public Opinion dictating to the artist the form which he is to use, the mode in which he is to use it, and the materials with which he is to work.
Waldron, the famous popular lecturer, rose amid a general murmur of applause.
Popular lectures are the easiest to listen to, but Mr.
I do not speak upon this subject as an amateur, nor, I may add, as a popular lecturer, but I speak as one whose scientific conscience compels him to adhere closely to facts, when I say that Mr.
The general characteristics of popular masonry, on the contrary, are progress, originality, opulence, perpetual movement.
If the reader will sum up what we have hitherto briefly, very briefly, indicated, neglecting a thousand proofs and also a thousand objections of detail, be will be led to this: that architecture was, down to the fifteenth century, the chief register of humanity; that in that interval not a thought which is in any degree complicated made its appearance in the world, which has not been worked into an edifice; that every popular idea, and every religious law, has had its monumental records; that the human race has, in short, had no important thought which it has not written in stone.
In Egyptian Orient, poetry has like the edifices, grandeur and tranquillity of line; in antique Greece, beauty, serenity, calm; in Christian Europe, the Catholic majesty, the popular naivete, the rich and luxuriant vegetation of an epoch of renewal.
Should a popular
insurrection happen in one of the confederate states the others are able to quell it.
Still pagan in spirit are certain obscure but, ingenious and skillfully developed riddles in verse, representatives of one form of popular
literature only less early than the ballads and charms.
The crestfallen Mr Lenville made an expiring effort to obtain revenge by sending a boy into the gallery to hiss, but he fell a sacrifice to popular
indignation, and was promptly turned out without having his money back.
The victory of the queer beggar made him immensely popular.
And none so popular a man had come to Nottingham town in many a long day as this same Reynold Greenleaf.
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At the time, the Norwegian shipping industry was experiencing rapid growth and breaking out of its traditional local boundaries. An emerging, nationwide market for marine insurance was needed. Three years later in Germany, a group of 600 ship owners, shipbuilders and insurers gathered in the great hall of the Hamburg Stock Exchange. It was the founding convention of Germanischer Lloyd (GL), a new non-profit association based in Hamburg.
GL was formed out of a desire to achieve transparency. Merchants, ship owners and insurers often received little information about the state of a ship. As an independent classification society, GL was created to evaluate the quality of ships and deliver the results to stakeholders. GL’s first international ship classification register from 1868 reports 273 classed ships. By 1877, the number had grown tenfold. The surveyor network extended rapidly as a result.
The DNV fleet also grew rapidly. First agents, then permanent surveyors were appointed in a number of countries to serve Norwegian vessels abroad. Steamships were introduced in the 1870s, dramatically changing the classification business and the work and competence required of surveyors.
GL and DNV began collaborating from the very beginning. DNV Council records from September 1868 list plans to create a common class register for the two organisations. These discussions were ultimately unsuccessful, as were similar talks in 1891 over the mutual recognition of certificates and a common ship register.
Society became an increasingly demanding stakeholder in the predominantly private, liberal industry. Load lines developed by Samuel Plimsoll became compulsory on every British ship from 1891, saving the lives of seamen along the British coasts. Load lines became mandatory in Norway in 1907.
The Titanic disaster in 1912 brought safety at sea to the forefront of public concern. International classification societies played an important part in discussions on ship safety. Nevertheless, GL’s managing director Carl Pagel and Johannes Bruun from DNV were the only official classification industry delegates at the adoption of the first International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS).
The cost of war
For GL, the First World War was a severe setback. International relationships were severed and foreign-flagged ships changed class. The inter-war period represented improvement and new growth until the Second World War took its toll. Germany’s economic recovery following WWII led to rapid improvement and growth for GL.
After WWI, the transition from sailing ships to steamers brought a fundamental change in technology and skills needed for the classification industry. The outdated rules were no longer in harmony with the shipbuilding methods of the time. Between 1920 and 1940 DNV was technically independent, and established a new culture prioritizing engineering, construction and design. Then came the hardships of WWII, and DNV was almost split as an organization.
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Dr. Lawrence Steinman, a professor of pediatrics and neurological sciences at the Stanford University School of Medicine, said the finding suggested the vaccine selectively countered the errant immune response that causes type 1 diabetes.
The multicenter, randomized, double-blind trial found levels of a blood-borne proxy of insulin production was maintained -- and in some cases increased -- over the course of the 12-week dosing regimen.
This finding indicated those getting the vaccine might have suffered less ongoing destruction of beta cells, which produce and secrete the peptide -- short protein sequence -- hormone insulin after a meal, than those given placebo injections.
The blood levels of a specific group of immune cells that inappropriately homed in on and destroyed a protein found only on beta cells appeared to have been selectively depleted in patients receiving the vaccine. No adverse effects, serious or otherwise, that could be attributed to the vaccine were observed, Steinman said.
"We're very excited by these results, which suggest that the immunologist's dream of shutting down just a single subset of dysfunctional immune cells without wrecking the whole immune system may be attainable," Steinman said in a statement.
"This vaccine is a new concept. It's shutting off a specific immune response, rather than turning on specific immune responses as conventional vaccines for, say, influenza or polio aim to do."
The findings were published in the journal Science Translational Medicine.
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1600 - Italian traders bring coffee to Europe through the port of Venice, and also to Italy, from the Ottoman Empire, thus introducing coffee to the West.
At the time a variety of African goods were being traded between Venice and Muslims in North Africa as well as Egypt and the Orient.
Among the many African products was coffee, and when it arrived at the leading European port of Venice the Venetian merchants soon began charging high prices for it and providing it to those who were very wealthy and could afford such a luxury. These were the first Europeans to enjoy the coffee beverage.
1600 - In Italy, Pope Clement VIII was asked by his advisers to ban coffee as it was a favorite beverage of the Ottoman Empire, part of that infidel threat, and the “drink of the devil” condemned by the Roman clergy. Their request came in response to the selling of coffee by an Italian merchant.
The pope tasted the coffee beverage and found it to be delicious. Instead of banning coffee the Pope gave it Papal approval and declared that not only those who misbelieve should be allowed to enjoy coffee.
The Pope was considered to have “baptized” coffee, thus officially approving it as a beverage for Christians. After this event Catholics widely accepted the beverage and coffee consumption increased rather quickly.
1600 - Mortars and pestles are used to grind coffee. These items are made of either iron, brass, bronze, or wood. Roasting is done on iron spiders on legs that will stand over an open fire. Pewter coffee serving pots are also used.
1601 - G.W. Parry writes, “A certain Liquor which they call Coffee, ...which will soon intoxicate the brain.”
1607 - Captain John Smith brings coffee to the New World. Smith was one of the founders of the English settlement colony of Virginia at Jamestown.
Some historians say that coffee had already been brought to Canada by this time, and thus Smith was not the first to bring coffee to North America. In Smith's 1603 travel book Travels and Adventure he referred to the Turkish beverage as coffa and brings a new awareness of coffee in the Americas.
1615 - A coffee shipment arrives in Venice from the port of Mocha in Yemen. The popularity of the beverage in Europe began, and coffee was referred to as the wine of Arabia. Venice becomes Europe's primary coffee source. Venetians roast and brew the beverage also use it for various medicinal purposes.
1616 - The Dutch smuggle coffee plants into Europe but attempts to cultivate the plant fail.
1616 - Pieter Van Dan Broeck, a cloth trader and merchant working for the Dutch East India Company, tastes something “hot and black” while visiting Mocha in Yemen. Van Dan Broeck is said to be one of the first of the Dutch to drink coffee.
1637 - A Jewish immigrant named Jacob from Turkey opens a coffee house in Oxford. This is the first coffee house in England.
1645 - A coffee shop opens in Venice, becoming the first European coffee house aside from those in the Ottoman Empire.
This begins a marked increase of coffee's popularity throughout the region, and before long there are coffee houses in many Italian towns including Naples, Rome, Milan, Turin, Florence, and Genoa.
Next see Coffee History / 1650-1700
Espresso Coffee Guide - The Top Coffee Source
More great coffee information can be found in All About Coffee which covers all aspects of coffee from soil to sip.
This includes coffee plants and coffee cherry, and full descriptions of all of the world's top gourmet coffee beans including Organic Coffee, Fair Trade Coffee, Bird Friendly Coffee and Shade-Grown Coffee.
Coffee Makers and Espresso Machines
Also included are full details about Coffee Makers (Automatic Drip Coffee Makers, Single Serve Coffee Makers, Pod Coffee Makers, Coffee Pods, Coffee K-Cups, T-Discs, and French Press, (also see Best Coffee Makers), and Espresso Machines (including Pod Espresso Machines) as well as Instant Coffee and Decaffeinated Coffee.
Coffee From Soil to Sip
You can also learn about coffee harvesting and processing, coffee grading and roasting, coffee grinding and packaging, coffee storing, brewing, and all about the coffee beverage itself including Espresso.
Gourmet Coffee Lovers
Learn how to discern all of the fine nuances of coffee flavors and qualities including body, aroma, acidity, bitterness, sweetness, and finish or aftertaste). Also provided is a full description of coffee cupping (professional coffee tasting), and as a bonus you get a compendium of coffee quotes and even a coffee quiz.
Barista Guide For Perfect Espresso Drinks
Coffee Terms - History of Coffee
Thank You! for visiting Espresso Coffee Guide
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Odour, how to measure?
As Aerox we offer our clients sustainable solutions for industrial odour emissions. Together with our customers we solve the nuisance resulting from these emissions. We therefore also regularly get questions about odour, what exactly this is and how you can measure it.
Measuring of smell
The objective measuring of odour is not easy. Odour in itself is a very complex matter to quantify and qualify. In addition, the degree of odour that we experience is depending on the individual. The values we assign to the vast majority of odours are taught. However not every appreciation of odours is culturally determined: the primary purpose of odour is shedding or attracting. Our limbic system responds to questions like "Is this dangerous?" or "Is this edible?". Certain odors directly trigger a defensive response and that's a good thing. After all it can be an odour that is associated with something that is a direct danger. Other odours do just the opposite and evoke positive responses. The experience of the vast majority of all odors however depends on what one has learned and how something is labeled.
From biological, chemical and psychological point of view, odour and our perception of it is a very interesting field. Only fairly recently much research is done to the subject. Because of being a subjective topic, the hedonic value is the criterion most commonly used for odor measurements. This scale runs from-4 to + 4, in which -4 stands for unbearable and + 4 for very pleasant. A hedonic value of zero stands for neutral. This scale is used by governments and industries to determine the odour problem. It is also used to determine if the extent of the odour (the smell concentration) is still acceptable, where for an odour with a low hedonic value (more stench) a lower odor concentration is permissible.
In addition to the hedonic value of an odour, it is important to take the sensitivity to a odourous substance and its concentration into account. The sensitivity for an odour is expressed in a threshold value: 50% of that concentration at which a representative group of people perceive the odour. This concentration is usually expressed in the number of odour units per volume unit. The value of the odour concentration, expressed in odour units per m3 air (ouE/m3), is the number of times the odour in the air is to be diluted with odourless air to reach the threshold. 1 ouE/m3 is, by definition, the odour threshold as determined by a panel of 4-6 selected persons who statistically smell the same odour. The methodology for measuring odour concentrations is laid down in European standard EN 13725.
Odour nuisance is the cumulative result of repeated disruptions by odour concentrations. The peak concentrations usually determine the extent to which people experience discomfort, whether or not affected by odour habituation. This discomfort is often reflected in changed behavior. This modified behavior can manifest itself active (e.g. complain, close windows, less sitting in the garden, no more inviting acquaintances) or passively (e.g. through different negative signals in survey responses). Bad odors are usually only annoying, but can also affect: one can feel less pleasant, the other gets headaches or feels nauseated. Odour nuisance can hence lead to both physical and mental deterioration of the welfare (health effects and negative experience). The extent to which depends, among other things, on a person's sensitivity to smell, which for every human is unique.
Many factors contribute to the perception of odour nuisance: a low hedonic value, a high frequency of exposure, the local situation, a problem-oriented communication style, a negative attitude towards the source or the government or the fear of increase of the odor concentration and its effects for welfare and health. In fact the local nuisance can be actually greater than that could be calculated on the basis of the general relationship between odor concentration and odor nuisance. With this we often have very complex situations in which objectification and cooperation are often the only tools available.
As Aerox we always focus on this objectification and cooperation. The extra investment in time always delivers great benefits later in the process. The final result of the joint efforts is that the surrounding areas of our customers worldwide are ensured of fresh air and thus quality of life.
Erik C. Versteeg, Managing Director, Aerox B.V., 12 sept 2017
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The British and US systems of government have had substantial influence on the Australian system of government. In fact the Australian federal Parliament has been referred to as a "Wash-minster" model – a combination of the US "Washington" model and the British "Westminster" model.
Before 1901 the Australian continent had six partly self-governing colonies which were modelled on the British Parliamentary system. When developing the Australian federation model in the 1890s, the British Parliamentary model was very influential. This influence can be seen in many aspects of the appearance and function of the two chambers of the Australian Parliament. The idea of responsible government – a government elected by the people and accountable to the Parliament – is a significant British contribution to our system. Also, Australia's version of the separation of powers – the division of power between the Parliament, the executive and the judiciary - owes much to the British model.
The major influence of the US system can be seen in the overall model of Australian federation – particularly independently governed states working together under a central federal government structure. Also, the representative structure of the Australian Senate draws heavily on the US model of the Senate.
Need more information? Check out this Closer Look paper comparing the Australian Parliament and the US Congress.
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CC-MAIN-2018-26
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The folds of this jacket are handled so differently from picture to picture that it appears to be made of various kinds of fabric, although a side-by-side comparison of the shapes and the distribution of the spots on the fur trim of three paintings () assures us that it is one and the same article.
The fact that the painter would have so willfully distorted the garment's folds but so carefully attended to the positions and shapes of the spots, which perhaps even Vermeer's wife would never have noticed, is somewhat perplexing. Gabriel Metsu (1629–1667) painted them many times, sometimes green or blue, occasionally yellow, but most often red.
Historians of costume tell us that the spotted fur trim of Vermeer's jacks was probably not precious ermine but cat, squirrel or mouse decorated with faux spots.
In fact, even in the inventories of the wealthiest women, ermine is never mentioned.
The fact that some of his work was signed "painted by myself" ( may indicate that like other artists he differentiated between his own work and that produced by his studio, a difference that would have been reflected in the price By definition, a journeyman was an artist who may have been employed by a mastercraftsman but could charge a fee for each day's work.
A journeyman could not employ others but could live apart from the master, unlike an apprentice who usually lived with the master and was employed for a period of several years.
, (obsolete Dutch: perceptibility) is a term used to describe pictorial space as perceived in relation to the surface qualities of a painting.
When the master-painter and guild were satisfied with an apprentice's progress, usually after two to four years, he became a journeyman.
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Friday 5th May
In todays session we tried to do some tree planting but unfortunately the ground was far too hard. So we went into the outdoor learning garden and weeded the planters which have broad beans and onions growing in them. We also weeded the empty planters in preparation for planting runner beans, carrots and tomatoes.
Friday 21st April
In todays session we covered some science. We looked at the effect of adding warm water to compact discs of dried compost, how it expanded to create compost to be used for planting. we discussed what it felt like and what compost actually is. Once the compost was ready the children used it to plant carrot and tomato seeds.
To finish off the session the children looked at the runner beans they planted a few weeks ago and talked about the changes that have occurred and how much they have grown. They are now 11 cm tall. Then they added an entry into their Bean Diaries.
Friday 24th March
During the session today the children worked in the nature area to tidy up the flower bed on the bug hotel and did some weaving of the willow dome.
Friday 17th March
Today during our topic team session the children did some weeding of the planters outside the main entrance into school. We added fresh compost to boost the growth, then planted a range of colourful flowers. When we had finished planting we watered our beans and wrote in our bean diaries.
Our topic team this half term is gardening.
In our first session the children have looked at and discussed how to plant Runner beans. They have also begun to write a bean diary and each fortnight they will record the progress of the beans and how they are developing ready to be planted outside. Eventually they will be used in school for cooking sessions.
Over the next few sessions we will be planting a range of vegetables such as carrots, peas, tomatoes and maybe some lettuce and strawberries.
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CC-MAIN-2019-22
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Summertime for many kids and adolescents means the excitement of water activities, fun in the sun and outdoor sports! Yet summer is also known as “trauma season” among pediatric experts like Dr. James Pierog, emergency medicine specialist, CHOC Children’s emergency department. According to Safe Kids Worldwide, a leading children’s safety organization, summer season represents millions of emergency room visits by children 14 and younger due to unintentional injuries, many resulting in death.
To help avoid unintentional injuries, Dr. Pierog recommends that parents and caregivers be on high alert and supervise children extra closely. The following are the top injuries Dr. Pierog and his team see in the CHOC Children’s emergency room (ER) during the summer season:
The risk of head injury is high in adolescents and especially common in the spring and summer months with popular outdoor activities such as bicycle riding, in-line skating and skateboarding. The injury can be as mild as a bump, bruise or laceration, or can be moderate to severe due to a concussion, deep cut or open wound, fractured skull bone(s), or from internal bleeding and damage to the brain. Dr. Pierog sees many head injuries resulting from soccer balls, baseballs and softballs directly hitting the head. In addition, head injuries are common among toddlers due to their uncoordinated muscle mass. Dr. Pierog advises a child receive immediate medical attention should the following occur:
• Vomiting more than a few times
• Alteration in mental state
• Increased irritability, fussiness
• A seizure
• Weakness in parts of the body, such as in an arm or leg
Wearing a helmet whenever riding a bicycle, in-line skates, or a skateboard should be an automatic habit. Helmets should fit properly on your child’s head and also be fastened correctly – a properly-fastened and fitting helmet does not move around on the head. Worn properly, helmets are effective in preventing severe head injuries. For tips on preventing brain injury and how to properly fit a helmet, check out this video.
Children may get minor cuts, wounds, and lacerations to the face while engaging in play or sports activities. Most of these injuries can be handled at home with simple first-aid treatment. Seek immediate medical attention for cuts and wounds of the face if:
• Bleeding heavily and do not stop after 5 to 10 minutes of direct pressure.
• If the injury is on the eyelids or involve the eyes.
• Wound is deep or longer than 1/2 inch.
• Injury is caused by a puncture wound, or dirty or rusty object or embedded with debris such as dirt, stones or gravel.
• Caused by an animal or human bite.
• Excessively painful, or if there’s a possibility of a fracture or head or bone injury.
• Showing signs of infection such as increased warmth, redness, swelling or drainage.
Prevent facial injuries by teaching your child the following:
• Not to poke or place objects in the ears or nose
• Not to walk or run while holding an object in his/her mouth
• Not to suck or chew on hard, sharp or pointed objects
• Wear protective eye, ear, or face guards for sports activities that could cause injury
Wrist and Elbow Fractures
A fracture is a partial or complete break in the bone and can result from falls, trauma, or a direct blow or kick to the body. Wrists, forearms and elbows are vulnerable to these injuries, especially common among children ages 2 and older. Many occur with popular summer activities such as basketball, bicycle riding and skateboarding. The following symptoms in the injured area might indicate a fracture that requires immediate medical attention:
• Obvious deformity
• Difficulty using or moving the injured area in a normal manner
• Warmth, bruising or redness
Although fractures are a common part of childhood, prevent them by taking simple safety precautions, such as making sure kids always wear safety gear such as helmets and wrist guards, when participating in sports.
Although it’s impossible to keep kids out of harm’s way all the time, following safety guidelines can help avoid a visit to the emergency room.
- CHOC Children’s Hospital has once again been named a “Top Hospital” by The Leapfrog Group for providing the safest and highest quality health care services to patients. CHOC is one ...
- By Justin Pick, pediatric resident at CHOC Children’s Living in Southern California affords us some of the best weather in the world, with year-round access to beaches, pools, and hot ...
- Parents and families can join the team of community education experts from CHOC Children’s at Festival of Children, to be held every weekend in September at South Coast Plaza, Costa ...
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Manual Handling Awareness
Online self-paced course | 3-5 hours to complete
Manual tasks (or manual handling) are activities involving the use of muscular force (or effort) to lift, move, push, pull, carry, hold or restrain any object, including a person or animal. Manual tasks are also those that involve repetitive actions, sustained work postures and exposure to vibrations.
This professional development (non-accredited) short course allows you and your staff to refresh your understanding of manual handing practices.
What you’ll learn
- Manual tasks
- Manual tasks and the law
- Identifying manual task hazards and controlling risks
- Safe lifting and moving
This course is ideal for
Anyone who may be required to perform basic manual handling tasks in a workplace setting.
This is a non-accredited short course designed to improve the learner's awareness of manual handling practices.
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It’s not that I am advocating the use of oil as fuel, but knowing that oil is a renewable resource brings humanity closer to abundance mentality that is less apt to fight for limited resources. Of course, knowing that oil is limited and still not prepared to fight for it would be even better. And, knowing that water has 26 times more energy than oil and that the energy is obtainable by today’s technology would be ideal, but I am digressing… This fact about oil I had known for some time, but the material I read was not in a neat, publishable format. This one is.
What would happen if it were proven that "fossil fuels" weren’t the
result of decaying plant and animal matter, were actually created within
the Earth due to simple chemistry and you could not be scared into
believing that we were "running out" of oil and natural gas?
Estimates of how much crude oil we have extracted from the planet vary
wildly. As late as May of 2009 a report published in the International
Journal of Oil, Gas and Coal Technology suggested that we may have used
more than we think.
The idea that we are running out of oil is not a new one. Scientists
have told us that oil is a limited resource which was formed millions of
years ago by the decaying vegetation and biomass of extinct species of
plants and animals. With an estimated 1- trillion barrels of oil already
extracted from deep wells since commercial drilling began around 1870,
many predict that we are nearing the mid-point of remaining oil on the
But there have always been those who claim that oil is a natural
substance that forms automatically in the Earth’s mantle. They say that
it is virtually everywhere, if you can drill deep enough to tap it.
Proponents of so-called "abiotic oil" claim that the proof is found in
the fact that many capped wells, which were formerly dry of oil, are
found to be plentiful again after many years, They claim that the
replenished oil is manufactured by natural forces in the Earth’s mantle.
Critics of the abiotic theory disagree. They claim that capped wells may
appear to refill after a few years, but they are not regenerating. It
is simply an effect of oil slowly migrating through pore spaces from
areas of high pressure to the low-pressure area of the drill hole. If
this oil is drawn out, it will take even longer for the hole to refill
again. They hold that oil is a non-renewable resource generated and
deposited under special biological and geological conditions.
Until now these believers in "abiotic oil" have been dismissed as professing "bad science" but — alas — a new study has proven them correct!
Reported in ScienceDaily, researchers at the Royal Institute of
Technology (KTH) in Stockholm have managed to prove that fossils from
animals and plants are not necessary for crude oil and natural gas to be
generated. The findings are revolutionary since this means, on the one
hand, that it will be much easier to find these sources of energy and,
on the other hand, that they can be found all over the globe.
Together with two research colleagues, Vladimir Kutcherov has simulated
the process involving pressure and heat that occurs naturally in the
inner layers of the earth, the process that generates hydrocarbon, the
primary component in oil and natural gas.
According to Vladimir Kutcherov, the findings are a clear indication
that the oil supply is not about to end, which researchers and experts
in the field have long feared.
In its simplest form, the theory is that carbon present in the magma
Experiments have shown that under extreme conditions of heat and
Vladimir Kutcherov adds that there is no way that fossil oil, with the
help of gravity or other forces, could have seeped down to a depth of
10.5 kilometers in the state of Texas, for example, which is rich in oil
deposits. As Vladimir Kutcherov sees it, this is further proof,
alongside his own research findings, of the genesis of these energy
sources — that they can be created in other ways than via fossils. This
has long been a matter of lively discussion among scientists.
"There is no doubt that our research proves that crude oil and natural
gas are generated without the involvement of fossils. All types of
bedrock can serve as reservoirs of oil," says Vladimir Kutcherov, who
adds that this is true of land areas that have not yet been prospected
for these energy sources.
But the discovery has more benefits. The degree of accuracy in finding
oil is enhanced dramatically — from 20 to 70 percent. Since drilling
for oil and natural gas is a very expensive process, the cost picture
will be radically altered for petroleum companies, and in the end
probably for consumers as well.
"The savings will be in the many billions," says Vladimir Kutcherov.
To identify where it is worthwhile to drill for natural gas and oil,
Vladimir Kutcherov has used his research to arrive at a new method. It
involves dividing the globe into a finely meshed grid. The grid
corresponds to fissures, so-called ‘migration channels,’ through
underlying layers under the surface of the earth. Wherever these
fissures meet, it is suitable to drill.
According to Vladimir Kutcherov, these research findings are extremely
important, not least as 61 percent of the world’s energy consumption
derives from crude oil and natural gas.
The next step in this research work will involve more experiments, but
above all refining the method will make it easier to find places where
it is suitable to drill for oil and natural gas.
Vladimir Kutcherov, Anton Kolesnikov, and Alexander Goncharov’s research
work was recently published in the scientific journal Nature
|
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The key to having a successful career lies in how well you’re prepared to face all the hurdles that may come your way. These include arming yourself with the skills and necessary knowledge to take on—and thrive in—your target job. This preparation starts in the four corners of your classroom. Hence, the lessons and career advice for high school students play a critical role in getting ready for the real world.
While in school, it’s advantageous when students have plans on how they want to go about with their career paths. However, not everyone has already decided what course and job to take. Whether you’re the one whose future has already been planned out or someone who’s struggling to put the puzzle pieces together, we have some career advice for high school students to guide you in your walk toward success.
Why is Career Planning Important?
Planning is important in order to turn goals into reality. This is essentially true when it comes to career exploration. Career planning helps you get ready for what’s to come. It’s a way to put together strategies to define goals and the road to take to meet them. This includes going through a process that includes learning the fundamental lessons of your chosen industry, equipping yourself with 21st century skills, and molding your character.
All these are needed to live a life of success. The importance of career planning can’t be overemphasized because it helps you grow as an individual. Moreover, it enables you to make your path to professional life clearer and more attainable. To paint a picture, here are some reasons career planning is vital to success.
First on the list is that it helps you choose the career that suits you best. Career planning includes an analysis of what you’re good at along with your passion. A good balance of both could open up career fields that won’t just interest you, but also allow you to showcase your strengths and thrive.
Aside from identifying your abilities and interests, you’re also asked to analyze opportunities in your career choice. Ask yourself these questions: Is this profession aligned with my goals? Is there a demand in the job market? Will there be promotion opportunities for me? What’s the annual pay range? Can this job sustain my needs?
Knowing your strengths, weaknesses, and interests can help you trim down your choices for what career to take. Once you’re able to identify what profession and industry you want to be part of, career planning lets you prepare for financial uncertainties.
Career planning isn’t just about going through the process of choosing a career; it also centers around ensuring job safety and stability and preparing for the worst—unemployment. Thus, wisely planning out your career allows you to avoid missing opportunities and financial hardships.
Career Planning Tips for High School Students
Now that you know how vital career planning is, it’s time for you to start listing your goals and creating plans to reach them. If you don’t know how, worry no more. In this section, we’ll discuss some practical tips and steps to planning out your dream job.
Not all students have figured out what they want to do when they finish studying. That’s acceptable because even some adults are in limbo when it comes to their careers. That’s why it’s important to begin your career plan by reflecting and analyzing your wants.
You can start with the things you love doing. Join clubs and explore your talents. Doing so will give you an idea of whether there’s a career path related to that. Also, when you join groups, you’ll meet other people with the same passion as you. This could lead to a better network, and those people can help you narrow down your choices.
Question to Ponder: What do you most enjoy doing in your spare time?
Apart from the things you love doing, you have to identify your strengths and skills that you still need to improve. When you know what you can bring to the table, it’ll be easier for you to look for professions that require those skills.
Question to Ponder: What are you good at?
There are online career tests you can take to know what job suits you best based on your intelligence and aptitude.
After identifying your passion and skills, search for industries that are related to your interests. Don’t forget that they’re as important as your capabilities in choosing what door to answer when opportunities knock.
Not only that, as you research for possible jobs, you might as well consider the lifestyle you want. This means, looking for a career that can sustain your way of life.
For example, let’s say you love traveling. Given this, try embarking on a career that provides travel opportunities, such as pilot, stewardess, diplomat, and nature photographer, to name a few.
Finding a career that lets you work on your interests and is aligned with your lifestyle could be challenging. However, it’s attainable when you make sure to prepare for it through a well-crafted career plan.
Credible Sources for Career Research
Check out these websites to help you in your career planning:
- BLS K-12
- Illinois Career Information System
- U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
There’s no better way to prepare for the working world than by having to experience it. There are several ways to do that; you can explore working, job shadowing, and volunteering.
You can apply for part-time jobs as a high school student in retail shops and fast-food chains. You could also look for opportunities in entry-level jobs such as customer support. Some companies offer shadowing or externship programs for students. This kind of work experience doesn’t just prepare you for your future long-term career; it also gives your resume the boost it needs.
Aside from work experience, you can look for volunteer opportunities. This is more common for high school students. Though you don’t get paid for your work, it helps you hone your skills. Plus, you can add your volunteer experience to your job search tools.
Planning your career out could be challenging and frustrating if you don’t have guidance from people such as your parents, teachers, and counselors. That said; make sure to talk to them and ask for career advice. Their experience and knowledge in different fields could help you map your career plans. Furthermore, they can advise you on your choices and lead you through every step of your career path.
Pieces of Career Advice for High School Students
As mentioned earlier, achieving success is possible when you have a plan and you’re prepared to work on it. This includes your future career—your desired full-time job. It doesn’t matter what field of work you want to be part of, having a career plan allows you to lay down approaches and steps to make your dream job a reality.
To make your career plan more solid, let’s dive into some helpful career advice for high school students.
Finding a career coach can help you boost your chances of getting the career you want to pursue. You can ask people who genuinely care about you and your future to guide you in your career path.
Take your time to think about what you really like. Achieving your career goals isn’t a marathon, so stay at your own pace and be patient with yourself. Give yourself time and explore different career ideas. Try to imagine yourself working in different industries and weigh which one you like best.
Make an effort to equip yourself and be competitive in the field you want to pursue. Stay focused on your goal and work your way up. Do this by taking on challenges such as being part of a volunteer group, taking elective classes, and attending training programs.
However, always remember to be kind to yourself. Pushing yourself to the limits will do you no good. Instead, be wise in choosing what battles to take while focusing on self-improvement and not burnout.
Choose a career that you want and not based on others’ opinions. Listen to people’s advice but don’t let them dictate what course to take. You’re the one who’ll be working on that job for years, so you be the pilot of your career.
Don’t box yourself in with the career plan you made years back. Instead, be open to change. This might be applicable if you’re already in the field. Therefore, if you’re at that crossroad where you feel like trying another line of work, try making a new career plan.
- You’re going to work day in and day out, so it should be something you enjoy.
- It’s better to keep your plans organized.
- Don’t forget to maintain a work-life balance regardless of your job.
- Every career has its downside, and sometimes that’s something you can’t control.
- Use all your experience and education to spice up your resume.
Secure Success with Career Advice for High School Students
Landing your target job is within reach when you’re qualified and could impress hiring managers. This is simple if you’re equipped and competent in the industry, and this can be achieved when you’re able to prepare for it. That said; as stated earlier, career planning can’t be overemphasized as it’s a must to secure career success.
To effectively plan out your career path, you can ask for help from career development professionals. You can also search for reliable sources from experts to prepare you for your journey to achieve your career goals. In addition, if you want to seal the deal, you need a job-winning resume.
Start your career planning and get ready to conquer every step of your career ladder with Resume Professional Writers.
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SMOKE ON WATER
need to conserve and restore peatlands while CITES and the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS Bonn Convention) encourages signatories to protect the habitat of endangered or migratory species, for example the Bornean orangutan or the aquatic warbler Acrocephalus paludicola, a migratory passerine bird living mainly in Belarusian peatlands (Stoneman et al., 2016). Central to current action on peatlands is the UNFCCC which focusses on action to mitigate climate impacts from anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and specific commitments under the Kyoto Protocol to reduce emissions and account for land use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF) activities. Current agreement texts include the need to account for all significant carbon stores, andmitigation activities that include wetland drainage and rewetting. The REDD+ framework also helps reduce peatland emissions. These international agreements reinforce one important message – to ensure peatlands, their biodiversity and ecosystem services are conserved and restored to a functioning state. They send a clear message to individual governments that strong action is required. To deliver on their commitments, governments must develop or strengthen their own policies to encourage peatland restoration and responsible management. An FAO report (FAO & Wetlands International, 2012) recommended these policies include strategic planning to protect peatlands from damaging activities, the removal of perverse incentives that fuel further damage, increased government and private sector investment, and ongoing support for implementing projects, monitoring, research and knowledge exchange. In addition, coordination and cooperation across government sectors is necessary to secure the ecosystem benefits, with healthy, functioning peatlands as a shared goal rather than maximizing the delivery of individual services (Bain et al., 2011). More work and analysis is needed to understand the different global agreements and processes to identify the most effective pathways to stimulating and enabling governments to act. Effective processes that provide guidance and offer funding to support peatland restoration, management and land use planning would lead to a greater impact and successful uptake. Legal and fiscal environment Effective funding mechanisms are essential to achieving large-scale peatland conservation. Historically, peatlands have been undervalued because there is a disconnect between the ecosystem services they provide, their accounted value and the support given for their management. For this reason, peatlands can be viewed as a repository of largely un-priced public goods of international value (Hubacek et al., 2009).
The efforts of various countries, peatland specialists and NGOs led to the adoption of a new “rewetting of drained organic soils” activity under the UNFCCC Kyoto Protocol. Following a request by the UNFCCC, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change developed practical guidance how to account for these activities. This led to a voluntary compensation scheme for peatland restoration activities under the Kyoto Protocol. The latest decision by the parties to the Ramsar Convention (Resolution XII.11) pragmatically summarizes the implications for the Convention on peatlands, climate change and wise use (Ramsar, 2015). It calls for a limit on activities that lead to drainage of peatlands that may cause subsidence, flooding and the emission of greenhouse gases. It urges greater international cooperation, technical assistance and capacity building to address this. Parties are called on to use their national inventories to map the distribution of peatlands to determine the extent to which they sequester carbon – a useful step in the context of identifying Nationally Determined Contributions to fulfill the Paris Climate Change Agreement. Further policy guidance is being prepared by the Ramsar panel to provide advice on practical methods for rewetting and restoring peatlands. It is also working on guidelines for inventories of peatlands at a national scale and their designation under the Ramsar Convention. This is a specific contribution to the implementation of Ramsar’s 2016- 2024 Strategic Plan and its contributions to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals.
A 2010 review into progress towards the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) objectives also reinforced the
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Reader Question: I noticed some yellow spots underneath my eyes. When I asked my doctor about them, he said it was cholesterol. Is this unusual?
On Call Response: What you're describing are fatty deposits called xanthomas. They can occur under the eyes, on the eyelids, or in any number of other places on the body (such as on palms, elbows, knees and buttocks). They are relatively common, and are often caused by an inherited cholesterol problem called familial hypercholesterolemia.
Disclaimer: Your seeking information on health related topics and/or Sandra Adamson Fryhofer, MD's providing such information herein constitutes neither the solicitation of nor the provision of medical advice, services, care or treatment. Communication with Dr. Fryhofer on this website does not create a doctor/patient relationship. For concerns about your own particular medical condition, you should consult your own medical professional, who can examine and evaluate you. Communication on a website is not a substitute for taking an active role in your own medical care and treatment and being personally seen by a physician of choice in your area.
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1. [syn: mean, intend, signify, stand for]
2. convey or express a meaning;
- Example: "These words mean nothing to me!"
- Example: "What does his strange behavior signify?"
3. make known with a word or signal;
- Example: "He signified his wish to pay the bill for our meal"
The Collaborative International Dictionary of English v.0.48:
Signify \Sig"ni*fy\, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Signified; p. pr. &
vb. n. Signifying.] [F. signifier, L. significare; signum a
sign + -ficare (in comp.) to make. See Sign, n., and
1. To show by a sign; to communicate by any conventional
token, as words, gestures, signals, or the like; to
announce; to make known; to declare; to express; as, a
signified his desire to be present.
I 'll to the king; and signify to him
That thus I have resign'd my charge to you. --Shak.
The government should signify to the Protestants of
Ireland that want of silver is not to be remedied.
2. To mean; to import; to denote; to betoken.
He bade her tell him what it signified. --Chaucer.
Told by an idiot, full of sound and fury,
Signifying nothing. --Shak.
Note: Signify is often used impersonally; as, it signifies
nothing, it does not signify, that is, it is of no
Syn: To express; manifest; declare; utter; intimate; betoken;
denote; imply; mean.
WordNet (r) 3.0 (2006):
v 1: denote or connote; "`maison' means `house' in French"; "An
example sentence would show what this word means" [syn:
mean, intend, signify, stand for]
2: convey or express a meaning; "These words mean nothing to
me!"; "What does his strange behavior signify?"
3: make known with a word or signal; "He signified his wish to
pay the bill for our meal"
Moby Thesaurus II by Grady Ward, 1.0:
115 Moby Thesaurus words for "signify":
add up to, amount to something, announce, approve, argue, assign,
attest, augur, be construed as, be featured, be indicative of,
be prominent, be significant of, be somebody, be something,
be symptomatic of, bear, bespeak, betoken, breathe, carry,
carry weight, characterize, communicate, connote, convey, count,
cut ice, cut some ice, declare, demonstrate, denominate, denote,
designate, determine, differentiate, disclose, display, divine,
entail, evidence, evince, exhibit, express, fix, foretoken,
furnish evidence, get top billing, give evidence,
give indication of, give token, go to show, highlight, hint,
identify, illustrate, impart, imply, import, impress, indicate,
intend, intimate, involve, make known, manifest, mark, matter,
mean, mention, name, note, pick out, pin down, point out, point to,
prefigure, preindicate, presign, presignal, presignify, pretypify,
purport, refer to, represent, reveal, say, select, set, set forth,
show, show signs of, sign, signal, signalize, speak for itself,
speak volumes, specialize, specify, spell, stand for, stand out,
star, state, stipulate, suggest, symbolize, symptomatize,
symptomize, tell, tend to show, testify, token, typify, weigh
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CMYK stands for Cyan, Magenta, Yellow and Black while RGB stands for Red, Green and Blue. CMYK is the standard colour mode to use when printing images, while RGB is the standard colour mode for on-screen images.
This means that if your project is designed using the RGB colour mode, it may look slightly different on screen compared to when it is printed on paper. To help avoid inconsistencies, you should convert your images to CMYK before sending them our way.
How can I convert my images?
If you are using Adobe Photoshop then you can easily change the images from RGB to CMYK. All you need to do is select image in the top menu, select ‘Mode’ and then choose ‘CMYK Color’. This will mean your images are in CMYK format when you send them our way.
Similar to Photoshop, you can change the format in just a few clicks. Select ‘File’ and then find the option called ‘Document Color Mode’. One you hover over this option, you will see ‘CMYK Color’ or ‘RGB Color’. Click on ‘CMYK Color’ and you’re ready to go.
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There are a few patches of Western European broadleaf forest ecosystems on the western fringes of the areas occupied by the Early Medieval Slavic-speaking communities, in Austria, Czech Republic (Bohemian Massif), western Germany (Central German Uplands, Bavarian Plateau) and adjacent areas. It is essentially composed of lowland and alti-montane beech and mixed beech forests It also includes small areas of sub-Mediterranean and meso-supra-Mediterranean downy oak forests and mixed oak hornbeam forests. This ecoregion hosts a good variety of animal species, birds in particular, and formerly a range of larger mammals.
|Beech forest, Vtáčnik, Slovakia (Wikipedia)|
|Broadleaf forest (naturepl.com)|
|Map of distribution of W. European Broadleaf Forest (Encyclopedia of the Earth)|
Globalspecies.org Google map of the western European Broadleaf forests
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Air Pollution is addition of harmful substances to the atmosphere resulting in damage to the environment, human health, and quality of life. One of many forms of pollution, air pollution occurs inside homes, schools, and offices; in cities; across continents; and even globally. Air pollution makes people sick, it causes breathing problems and promotes cancer, and it harms plants, animals, and the ecosystems in which they live. Some air pollutants return to earth in the form of acid rain and snow, which corrode statues and buildings, damage crops and forests, and make lakes and streams unsuitable for fish and other plant and animal life. Pollution is changing the earth's atmosphere so that it lets in more harmful radiation from the sun. At the same time, our polluted atmosphere is becoming a better insulator, preventing heat from escaping back into space and leading to a rise in global average temperatures. Scientists predict that the temperature increase, referred to as global warming, will affect world food supply, alter sea level, make weather more extreme, and increase the spread of tropical disease. Most air pollution comes from one human activity: burning fossil fuels, natural gas, coal, and oil to power industrial processes and motor vehicles. Among the harmful chemical compounds this burning puts into the atmosphere are carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, and tiny solid particles including lead from gasoline additives called particulates. Between 1900 and 1970, motor vehicle use rapidly expanded, and emissions of nitrogen oxides, some of the most damaging pollutants in vehicle exhaust, increased 690 percent. When fuels are incompletely burned, various chemicals called volatile organic chemicals also enter the air. Pollutants also come from other sources. For instance, decomposing garbage in landfills and solid waste disposal sites emits methane gas, and many household products give off Volatile organic chemicals.
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For Londoners and visitors alike navigating our great metropolis is likely to involve a descent into the earth, a tremendous gust of whistling wind and a warm, rattling rush beneath the familiar streets of this city. Our experiences of life in London are shaped by those journeys – by the trains, the passenger information systems and the design of the stations and interchanges.
This year sees the 150th anniversary of the London tube: the world’s very first underground train made its first passenger journey from Paddington to Farringdon on 9 January 1863. The anniversary will be marked by all sorts of celebrations, including heritage outings and events organised by the London Transport Museum (Tube150) and a conference at the Centre for Metropolitan History at London University (Going Underground, 17-18 January, Institute of Historical Research).
One name which will come up again and again during the anniversary year is that of the architect Charles Holden (1875-1960), who designed numerous tube stations during the 1920s and 30s, commissioned by Frank Pick, general manager of the Underground Electrical Railways Company of London. Holden was the architect of the remarkable London Underground headquarters at 55 Broadway, SW1 (the tallest steel framed office building in London when it opened in 1929, and later listed as one of “Pevsner’s Fifty”), as well as tube stations from Cockfosters to Morden, Sudbury Town to Wanstead. In addition to his stations he also designed equipment and furniture, and made a great contribution towards a coherent visual identity for the underground system.
While many of Holden’s stations have been completely remodelled in the intervening decades, most visitors to London will have passed through some of them. Who has been to London and not wandered around the underground booking hall and circulating area at Piccadilly Circus, designed by Charles Holden (completed in 1928 at a cost of over half a million pounds)?
Charles Holden and his partner Margaret Macdonald (who wrote books and articles on country life as Margaret Holden) lived at Harmer Green, Hertfordshire, from 1907 until the end of their lives, and attended Hertford Quaker Meeting, although neither were formal members of the Society of Friends. Margaret served with the Friends Emergency Committee for the Assistance of Germans, Austrians and Hungarians in Distress during World War One. Holden described himself as “nine-tenths Quaker”, and after his death in 1960, his ashes were scattered in the garden at Hertford Friends’ Meeting House
Apart from his work for the London Underground, Holden’s architectural legacy includes the former British Medical Association Headquarters on the Strand (now Zimbabwe House), notorious at the time for the sculptures of nude figures by Jacob Epstein representing the development of science and the ages of man (Epstein’s first major commission). The public uproar against nudity in Epstein’s sculptures did nothing to discourage Holden from commissioning him for the London Underground headquarters at 55 Broadway (besides sculptures by Eric Gill, Henry Moore and Samuel Rabinovitch, among others), and he wished he could have used his work again in the design of London University’s iconic and controversial Senate House.
Which leads one to wonder – how different might Friends House have looked, had the architect been Charles Holden instead of Hubert Lidbetter?
Charles Holden’s style changed over his career, but was distinguished by simplicity and modernity. Nikolas Pevsner credits his underground stations with helping to “pave the way for the twentieth-century style in England” (An outline of European architecture, 7th ed., Pelican, 1963). To quote himself, Holden had a “passion for building and for service … [and] an invincible belief in the power of the human soul, the God in man, to rise above and master ugliness and desolating conditions.” (Adams, Holden and Pearson archive, RIBA BAL, AHP/28/23/1)
In the Library:
Christian Barman, The man who built London Transport: a biography of Frank Pick. Newton Abbott: David & Charles, 1979
Eitan Karol, Charles Holden, architect. Donington: Shaun Tyas, 2007
David Lawrence, Bright underground spaces: the railway stations of Charles Holden. Harrow Weald: Capital Transport Publishing, 2008
Edward H. Milligan, Quakers and railways. York: Sessions, 1992
Charles Holden, Letter from Charles Holden, London, to Samuel Graveson (11 December 1932) Samuel Graveson Papers. Temp MSS 58/3/6 (“Dear Mr Graveson, You can ask me to design anything from a railway station to a university and I might be able to make somewhat of a charitable[?] job of it – but please oh! Please don’t make me talk about it!”)
Charles Hutton, ‘Holden, Charles Henry (1875-1960)’, revised by Alan Crawford. In Oxford Dictionary of national biography. Oxford: OUP, 2004. Online edition Oct. 2007. http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/33927 (accessed January 2013)
David Burnell, A Quaker and the underground. London Historians, 2011. Online document. http://www.londonhistorians.org/index.php?s=file_download&id=27 (accessed January 2013)
‘Charles Holden’. In Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Holden (accessed January 2013)
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People have countless ways to learn Japanese words available to them these days. There are online courses, smartphone apps, classes at the local university, online tutors, and many other options to choose from.
One fantastic method that you can do on your own is to learn new vocabulary through reading and listening to stories.
I’ve tried learning Japanese a lot of different ways myself and this is by far my favorite method to use. Here are the reasons why I think so, and why I recommend you give it a try.
There Is No Performance Anxiety
The activities for learning a language are often divided into two separate categories: input and output.
Input is when you read and listen to the language. The information gets “put in” to your eyes, ears, and mind.
Output is when you speak and write. It is the stuff that you “put out” to the world when you are communicating with others.
One of the best parts about learning the language through stories is that it is entirely input based which brings a couple of advantages to you as the learner.
One of the biggest ones is that it is a totally relaxed and stress-free way to learn. Since you are not trying to construct sentences yourself, there is no pressure to perform.
There are no tests to pass or homework to turn in and get corrected.
In other words, you don’t have to worry about messing up or looking silly in front of others!
Instead, when you learn through stories you get to have a fun experience by reading or listening to an interesting plot with likable characters whom you can cheer for and follow along with on their adventures.
You embark upon a process of discovery, both with the story itself and also with Japanese language as your tool for understanding what’s going on.
Since you have all the time in the world with this method, you can spend as much time (or as little) as that you need for looking up words or grammar rules that are new.
You get to decide how your time is spent and what activities you engage in. You get to pick the materials that you learn from. That keeps it interesting since you can select the things that naturally interest you.
Since you’re the one in charge, you get to make all the decisions on how you learn Japanese and at no part do you ever need to prove what you’ve learned by taking a test or role-playing a scenario with others.
Use A Natural Spaced Repetition System
One of the tried and true methods for learning Japanese is through the use of flashcards. In recent years, a specific type of flashcard system known as Spaced Repetition System (SRS) has become popular.
The basic explanation is that SRS is set up to show you the flashcards and information that you need to review the most based on your previous difficulties with the information and how long ago your last review was.
The advantage of this method is that you can have a deck of thousands of cards, and yet you only need spend a small amount of time each day on the one that you have the most trouble remembering.
What’s interesting about using stories as your primary learning method is that there is actually a natural spaced repetition system in place.
However, it’s a little different from how most SRS flashcards work.
Rather than focusing on showing you which words you have the hardest time remembering, the “story SRS” shows you the most common and important words most often by natives of the language itself.
That’s because, by their very nature, high frequency words are the most common ones that you encounter. They are the words used most often by Japanese people when they communicate.
When you read a Japanese story you will encounter words like 行く (iku) for “to go” and する (suru) for “to do” a lot because these words are both very common and important.
Other words may only appear once, which is a signal to you that they are less important to learn and remember than the ones you see more often.
Something else we can use to are advantage is the knowledge that certain words are more common in specific situations.
For example, if you were interested in learning lots of medical vocabulary because you work in the medical industry and are planning on moving to Japan, then you could read stories about a doctor or a surgeon.
That will bring up words like 鉗子 (kanshi) for “forceps” which are important to know for that particular field, but not so important in others such as business or programming.
You can apply this specialized vocabulary building strategy depending on your needs and level with Japanese by carefully selecting the right material.
Learning new words this way also helps a lot with picking up the meanings and readings of kanji which we will go over next.
Learn Kanji in Context
As I’m sure you are familiar with already, the Japanese written language has three parts.
The first two are hiragana and katakana and are fairly simple to pick up for most people.
It’s the third system kanji (literally “Chinese characters”) that causes the most trouble and frustration.
In addition to the 2,136 Jōyō Kanji which are mandatory for Japanese people to learn in school, there are many hundreds more that appear in novels, websites, and everywhere else that the language is written.
Add on top of that the fact that each kanji can have more than one meaning and reading (pronunciation) and you can see why a lot of people hate learning them.
Learning kanji through stories is actually a great and natural way to help solve these problems.
One of the reasons is because you get to see how each kanji is used within the context of the story which helps you to associate the correct meaning with it and learn when a separate meaning should be used in other situations.
Another reason is because each time you encounter the same kanji you get the opportunity to practice recalling how it is read.
At first, it is helpful if there is furigana associated with the new kanji.
These are small hiragana characters that appear above the kanji when reading left to right like we do in the West, or they appear to the right side of the kanji when reading top to bottom as in traditional Japanese (see picture above).
Re-encountering the same kanji throughout a story, and naturally recalling its correct reading is a great way of reinforcing the information until you’ve got it locked in.
Even when you try to remember but you can’t, by then looking up the way it is supposed to be read and saying it to yourself a few times the information becomes stored stronger in your memory.
Pick Up Natural Japanese
Japanese and English are worlds apart when it comes to their sentence structure and vocabulary usage.
The ways that Japanese people construct and then phrase certain ideas are so totally from English that many times it feels like they are the complete opposite of one another.
This can make it difficult to form your own sentences in Japanese that sound natural and correct when you use a bottom-up approach where you study grammar rules and vocabulary in isolation and then try to put them together and construct a sentence.
I think that spending some time learning and understanding how Japanese grammar works is a very important part of the process, but learning Japanese through stories can actually help quite a bit in this area.
Stories present words used in context correctly along with the right grammar patterns for the situation.
What this means is that when you read or listen to a lot of stories in Japanese and focus on understanding the meaning behind the words, you naturally begin to associate the correct patterns with those ideas.
Then when you go to express those same ideas yourself, you will fall back onto the ways that you’ve always heard or seen them used which increases the likelihood that what you say will be natural and correct.
Something else that is great about learning the language through stories is that you get exposure to both conversational and narrative dialog.
When the characters talk to one another, you learn the words and phrases that people use in everyday communication.
These are the things that you can start using yourself when you talk with people.
When you read the descriptions about what is happening and where, you learn how to construct longer and more complex sentences which can come in handy when you start to write or type in Japanese.
Understand The Culture Of Japan
Each culture has its own history, folklore, and common traditions.
People who grew up in a particular culture can make a reference that other people in their group will immediately understand, but might leave the language learner a bit confused.
I remember that I once heard a girl say that she felt like Urashima Taro when she came back to school.
At the time, I had no idea what she meant by that, but most Japanese people would immediately understand what she is saying because of the famous Japanese fairy tale.
It’s about a fisherman who came back to his village hundreds of years later after a magical journey beneath the sea and all the people he once knew were gone.
He felt like a total stranger in his own home town!
Many cultural values, traditions, and collective ideas are written in stories like this so that they can be preserved and passed down to following generations.
When you learn Japanese through stories, you understand what these collective ideas are in Japan’s society and this allows you to gain a deeper insight into their hearts and minds of the people and understand them better.
It’s An Enjoyable Process
People have different preferences in life, but one thing that most of us share is that we don’t like to be bored.
I remember when I started using SRS flashcards I was super excited about how efficient I was going to be learning and reviewing Japanese.
The problem was that after using it for many months, I began to dread using the application because I found it to be so boring.
It became too mechanical… Totally devoid of life and excitement!
This problem can be completely eliminated through stories when you pick the right ones.
The basic idea is to ask yourself, “would I read this book or story in my native language?” If the answer is yes, then you can read it in Japanese and not only learn the language better, but have a lot of fun at the same time.
This helps you to spend more time with the language since it feels more like play than work. This helps you to make Japanese a part of your daily life.
It also allows you to learn the language incidentally since your focus in more on the story behind the words, and less on the words themselves.
Try Using Stories Yourself
There are many ways to learn Japanese, but perhaps the best way to do it is through enjoying great stories.
People have been passing on information and learning new things through stories since they were invented, and its also a great way to pick up a new language as well.
I encourage you to give it a try and see how it works for your studies.
Further Resources for Learning Japanese:
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Teaching children about environmental issues is incredibly important, but it can also be pretty darn difficult. When some folks from Tennessee realized there weren't any good resources to educate kids about mountaintop-removal coal mining (which threatens the land and communities in the region), they decided to make their own. Here's a few excerpts from their story.
The story begins by introducing the narrator: Lone Mountain.
Lone Mountain discusses a typical day in its life. Birds chirp, children play in the streams, a father and daughter go hunting together, and a grandmother and grandson gather mushrooms to eat.
Then, the story takes a turn ...
But the people who loved and relied upon Lone Mountain are not quick to give in. They gather together to discuss how to save the mountain.
Want to read the rest? Check out the links below for how to get a copy of your very own.
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[CNI News thanks Bob Soetebier (bikebob@MO.NET) for forwarding this item, which was posted to Usenet by Bob Tarantino (email@example.com). The item originally appeared in a British journal called Aviation Report on December 9, 1955 and refers to the then-widespread discussion among aircraft designers and theorists on the possibilities of electrogravitics, or electromagnetic anti-gravity propulsion. Its references to AT&T (close affiliate of Bell Laboratories) and the newly invented transistor seem particularly relevant in light of the foregoing story from the American Computer Company.]
ELECTRO-GRAVITICS EFFORT WIDENING
Aviation Report, 9 December 1955
Companies studying the implications of gravitics are said in a new statement to include Glenn Martin, Convair, Sperry-Rand, Sikorsky, Bell, Lear Inc. and Clark Electronics. Other companies who have previously evinced interest include Lockheed Douglas and Hiller. The remainder are not disinterested, but have not given public support to the new science -- which is widening all the time.
The approach in the U.S. is in a sense more ambitious than might have been expected. The logical approach, which has been suggested by Aviation Studies, is to concentrate on improving the output of electrostatic rigs in existence that are known to be able to provide thrust. The aim would be to concentrate on electrostatics for propulsion first and widen the practical engineering to include establishment of local gravity forcelines, independent of those of the earth's, to provide unfettered vertical movement as and when the mathematics develops.
However, the U.S. approach is rather to put money into fundamental theoretical physics of gravitation in an effort first to create the local gravitation field. Working rigs would follow in the wake of the basic discoveries.
Probably the correct course would be to sponsor both approaches, and it is now time that the military stepped in with big funds.
The trouble about the idealistic approach to gravity is that the aircraft companies do not have the men to conduct such work. There is every expectation in any case that the companies likely to find the answers lie outside the aviation field. These would emerge as the masters of aviation in its broadest sense.
The feeling is therefore that a company like A.T.&T. is most likely to be first in this field. This giant company (unknown in the air and weapons field) has already revolutionized modern warfare with the development of the junction transistor and is expected to find the final answers to absolute vehicle levitation. This therefore is where the bulk of the sponsoring money should go.
[To date there is no direct evidence that AT&T or any similar company can claim the title of "master of aviation in the broadest sense." But from the late 1950s on, the previously public discussion of electrogravitic research suddenly fell silent, leading some researchers to speculate that breakthrough discoveries had been "taken black," or declared top secret. There are persistent rumors that the U.S. military has test-flown extremely exotic aircraft with some form of anti-gravity propulsion -- a notable example involves the mysterious Cash-Landrum incident of December, 1980 near Dayton, Texas.]
Original file name: CNI - AT&T.gravity.final
This file was converted with TextToHTML - (c) Logic n.v.
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The Arizona Republic
Illness causing paralysis in kids puzzles experts
Rare, polio-like illness can paralyze children
Scientists are studying whether a rare but paralyzing illness that has afflicted scores of children this year is linked to a respiratory virus that circulates in late summer and early fall.
Scientists are studying whether the rare but paralyzing illness that has afflicted scores of children this year is linked to a respiratory virus that circulates in late summer and early fall.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention this week reported 386 cases of acute flaccid myelitis since August 2014. The illness mainly strikes children.
Cases are exceedingly rare; less than 1 in a million children are affected. But for a small number of children, the results are devastating.
It can paralyze a child’s arms and legs. Some who are stricken need ventilators to breathe. It can also cause muscle weakness, slurred speech, and difficulty moving eyes and swallowing.
CDC officials have not identified what causes AFM.
It’s described as a polio-like illness, but each confirmed case has tested negative for polio virus.
A strain of a respiratory virus called enterovirus has been detected in several cases, but federal health officials say they don’t have enough evidence to conclude a single culprit is responsible for AFM. They also are investigating whether genetic or environmental factors are involved.
“This is a mystery so far, and we haven’t solved it yet,” said Nancy Messonnier, director of the CDC’s National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases.
The illness peaks every other year from late summer to early fall. Public health officials began tracking it in 2014 with 120 cases in 34 states. There were fewer than two dozen cases in 2015, but the illness surged again in 2016, with 149 cases in 39 states.
So far this year, 62 cases are confirmed in 22 states, and another 65 suspected cases are being investigated, according to the CDC.
Priya Duggal, a genetic researcher at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health in Baltimore, is studying the illness.
“It seems to be cyclical – it’s every two years,” she said. “It’s pretty tragic to see these families and to talk to these parents and realize how much their lives have been upended.”
Duggal’s study of about 60 families compares the genetic profile of children and adults in families stricken with the illness. In some families, parents and siblings recovered quickly from minor cold-like symptoms, while one child was paralyzed.
Duggal is looking for genetic clues to why some children are susceptible to the more severe effects of the disease.
Some researchers believe the illness may be linked to a strain of enterovirus called D68, which circulated widely in 2014 among children who went to hospitals with trouble breathing. The respiratory virus is spread through coughing, sneezing and unwashed hands.
Children’s Hospital Colorado noticed that a subset of children infected with D68 outbreak in 2014 developed muscle weakness.
Since then, the hospital has been tracking both the D68 virus and AFM.
“We have seen an every-other-year pattern in late summer to early fall of a surge in cases in acute flaccid myelitis,” said Kevin Messacar, a pediatric infectious disease specialist at the hospital in Aurora. “It directly correlates with the time D68 has been circulating at our institution and reported by colleagues in other parts of the country.”
Messacar suspects the number of cases is likely higher than the confirmed total. Health professionals are not required to notify authorities when they encounter a case; reporting is voluntary.
To be confirmed as AFM, cases must meet a strict definition: signs of a weak or flaccid limb confirmed by MRI images of a patient’s spine.
If D68 continues to circulate every other year, Messacar said, public health officials may need to develop a vaccine.
The worst cases “are unmistakable,” he said. “They are paralyzed children that are not moving, and they don’t get better.”
Several states have reported cases of AFM this year. The Maryland Department of Health has confirmed six cases; the Minnesota Department of Health has confirmed seven, all in children under 10.
Jayne Griffith, an epidemiologist at the Minnesota Department of Health, said the afflicted typically develop the disease following a respiratory or stomach illness.
Messonnier said other common cold viruses also have been detected in some cases.
“There’s sort of a long list of other agents that we have found in one or two,” Messonnier said. “But if you are having the peaks of disease every late summer and early fall, you would think we are finding a single agent. That is what we are not finding.”
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Brain Size Predicts the Time it Takes Mammals to Walk
Many animals test their legs and totter forth only hours after they are born, but humans need a year before they take their first, hesitant steps. Is something fundamentally different going on in human babies? Maybe not. A new study shows that the time it takes for humans and all other mammals to start walking fits closely with the size of their brains.
In past studies to develop a new animal model for the brain events that support motor development, neurophysiologist Martin Garwicz of Lund University in Sweden and his colleagues discovered that the schedules by which ferrets and rats acquire various motor skills, such as crawling and walking, are strikingly similar to each other; the progress simply happens faster for rats. That made them wonder how similar the timing of motor development might be among mammals in general.
They compared the time between conception and walking in 24 species and looked at how well this duration correlated with a range of variables, including gestation time, adult body mass, and adult brain mass. As they report in this week's issue of PNAS, brain mass accounts for the vast majority (94%) of the variance in walking time between species.
Species with larger brains, such as humans, tend to take longer to learn to walk. Strikingly, a model based on adult brain mass and walking time in the other 23 species almost perfectly predicts when humans begin to walk. "We've always considered humans the exception," Garwicz says, "But in fact, we start walking at exactly the time that would be expected from all other walking mammals."
Article continues: http://sciencenow.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/2009/1215/1
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Fill with Bucket Tool
You may use "Bucket Tool" often to fill with a color.
Once you select "Bucket Tool", the upper part of screen will change to the tool option. There are three options; "Reference", "AntiAliasing", and "Expand".
"Reference" option will let you choose "Canvas" or "Layer". It means which you want to reference to when filling with a color.
- "Canvas" lets you fill the entire image shown in canvas.
- "Layer" lets you fill the selected layer only.
An example image will help you understand the difference. "Linework" layer contains linework only, and there is nothing drawn on "Hair" layer. Select "Hair" layer and try to fill the hair portion.
"Canvas" option filled only the hair portion, but "Layer" filled the entire layer.
This is whether turning "AntiAliasing" ON or OFF.
It is recommended to turn ON normally (being checked).
It expands the specified area and fills it up.
You can choose the numbers of pixels from "0, 1, 2, 3". "0" indicates no expansion, "1, 2, 3" indicates the numbers of pixels to expand.
The typical usage of "Expand" is to place a color on linework. Filling with the expansion "0" may not fully fill with a color and may leave unfilled areas. But filling with "Expand" will fully fill with a color.
"Expand 1" was suitable to the above example image, but it depends on an illustration. So try Expand Fill and adjust the numbers of pixels to work best for illustration.
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A seasonal table or nature table serves as an indoor reminder of the changes of the seasons.
Many families and Waldorf schools add to the table as they find natural treasures like rocks, shells, twigs, small squashes at harvest time, new leaves in spring, and anything else that strikes the fancy of adults or children as they explore nature. The table often includes a setting created with play cloths, wool roving, figures from the toy box or the birthday ring, or even crafts. Whatever reminds us of the turning of the seasons is appropriate on a seasonal table.
Though we do have some figures and special items we add to my family’s nature table, we don’t create scenes so much as we display our found treasures of the season. The right way to create a seasonal table is whatever way you decide. Grow and adapt the tradition with your own family’s preferences.
If you would like to create a seasonal nature table with your family, start by choosing an area you can dedicate to the table. Make it high enough that dogs, cats, and curious toddlers can’t tear it apart, but make it visible even to the youngest members of the family.
Start with a walk in nature. Pick up what interests you and talk about it. For a very young child, try to follow their lead. My son filled his pockets on walks with golf balls and rubber bands, while my daughter was always finding stones. Try stick with natural objects, but don’t reject their personal choices. For older children, ask them specifically to look for natural objects that represent the season. Before you bring your objects indoors, brush off any dirt.
Prepare the table with a silk play cloth, piece of fabric, or other natural ground, then arrange your treasurers and talk about the seasons. Talk about how this season feels, but remind the child that the seasons will keep changing. It is cold now, and the pine cones have fallen off the trees, but in the spring new pine cones will grow on the trees. Those might be put on your spring table.
Avoid that nature deficit that seems so common in industrial childhood, and encourage your child to build an awareness of how nature works and how we as humans relate to nature and the seasons. A season table is a gentle way to help young children become aware of the way nature works.
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Rabbi Abraham Saba (אברהם סבע) was born in Castilla, Spain in1440. Like thousands of other Jews, at the time of the expulsion from Spain in 1492, he fled to Oporto, Portugal, hoping to live there under the noble King Joao the second. In 1496 the new King Manuel I (changing the Hebrew vocalization of his name, the Sephardim called this king "menuval", --מנואל--as per the famous qina which Moroccan Jews recite on Tish'a be-Ab: "yom me-ori hashakh begerush Castilla..."). King Manuel decreed that all Jews are considered di-facto Christians, therefore, from that momentany "new Christians" found practicing any jewish rite would be judged by the Inquisition (=tortured) and burned alive in an "auto de fe" to expiate for his or her sins. The worst part of these new edicts was that to assure that the parents will not teach Judaism in secret to their children, all Jewish children, especially infants, were taken by force from their homes and brought to convents to be raised as faithful Catholics. This tragedy was also recorded in yom me-ori ילדים האומרים בכל יום שמע ישראל אמרו לעץ הקיצה ולאבן עורי. Rabbi Abraham Saba's two sons were also taken from him....
It is said that looking for his sons and in an attempt to identify and try to save Jewish children, he disguised as a Christian peasant and visited numerous convents. In every convent he would recite out loud the Shema Israel. When hearing the voice of Rabbi Abraham, attracted by the familiar sweet melody of the Shema the Jewish children in the convent would come toward him and cry disconsolately. He never found his children.
From Oporto he fled to Lisbon. There, he was caught by the Inquisition's guards trying to hide his Tora books and Tefillin. He was sent to prison. After six months confinement he escape to Fez (Morocco) where he lived, in illness and suffering, for ten years.
In memory of Ezra ben Nizha - Rabbi Ezra Labaton z"l.
Most of Rabbi Saba books were lost or burned in Portugal. In Fez, however, he recommitted to paper from memory the following works
- Eshkol ha-Kofer , a commentary on Megilat ruth and Megilat Esther.
- Tseror haHayim a commentary on Shir haShirim.
- Tseror haMor , a commentary on the five books of the Tora. In it, one can also find many autobiographic insights.
- Tseror haKesef a book of rabbinic responsa and legal decisions
Click here to download the book TSEROR HAMOR, from hebrewbooks.org
Click here to read and listen to he piyut "yom me-ori"
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Thursday, April 23rd 2009
Discover the benefits of Essential Fatty Acids
The study of lipids is the most striking area of research today that can improve patient outcomes. Understanding the critical balance of omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids through supplementation is vital to restoring vibrant life into the lipid membrane and rejuvenating the patient. Click here to view the Omega 3 supplement we recommend for you.
Assessing the stability of the cell membrane through the examination of red cell lipids leads the clinician into a wide realm of metabolic strategies to influence the health of the patient. Lipids evolve into hormones called prostaglandins, immune components, and myelin as well as the bilipid membrane of every cell in the body. There is virtually no system of the body that does not require attenuation of specific fatty acid substrates and coenzymes to maintain health and repair of bodily tissues. The human cell membrane cannot be created nor its function controlled without respect to lipid substrate, yet fatty acid metabolism has been poorly delineated and often simply ignored in treatment protocols.
Exploration of lipid metabolism brings a striking new tool that unlocks some of the complexities of disease, as lipid imbalance and deficiency have an intimate link to the endocrine, hepatic, renal, CNS/Blood-Brain Barrier/Brain, gastrointestinal, pulmonary, musculoskeletal and cardiovascular systems as well as exquisite capacity to impact health.
The membrane of every cell and organelle is a lipid envelope that encases and protects the internal working cellular components. The bilipid layer is far more than isolation and protection, for linked and interlocked within the membrane are literally thousands of proteins (peptides) large and small that form the windows and doors of the cell.
These mucopolypeptides form the gates for ingress and egress but also provide the multitudinous array of receptors that trigger not only access but create the vast intercellular communication and information system through their prostaglandin regulatory activity. Prostaglandins may have evolved to be the basic control mechanism that permitted metazoa agglomeration (which is principally what we are, a vast agglomeration of cells) since emerging from the primordial sea millions of years ago.
Thus the mere thought of multicellular activity, and especially the evolution of humankind is, at our present level of knowledge, not possible without essential fatty acids, which are the precursors to the regulatory prostaglandins, which provide the communication and control absolutely necessary for a group of cells to stay together. Before one can advance beyond unizoa or single cell organisms into multi-cell metazoa there must be both communication and eventually a means of regulation. This is the marvelous, magical world of the prostaglandins (PGs), the "local hormones" that control all cell-to-cell interactions without which there is no complex life form.
The explosion of fatty acid studies appearing in medical research have led us into a new era in our approach to resolving disease, however, the focus of medical lipid manipulation has led to a great deal of confusion as pharmaceutical companies often dictate individual fatty acids as drugs rather than essential nutrients. As we begin to unfold the incredible complexity of lipid metabolism in the human body we are forced to acknowledge that lipid individuality must be respected if we are to achieve positive medical outcomes as we approach illness.
To begin we must first understand the importance of maintaining a balance between omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids, which has only recently been brought into clearer focus. Shlomo Yehuda reported in 1986 that the optimum ratio of base lipids linoleic-omega-6 to alphalinolenic-omega-3 fatty acids was 4:1. [NOTE: Dr. Mercola recommends a 1:1 ratio]
Arachidonic (AA), the lead eicosanoid, must be stabilized first along with the other w6 EFAs before w3 fatty acids are introduced and balanced in the patient's supplementation regime. There exists a crucial balance between omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids in human lipid metabolism, which has only recently been brought into clearer focus as Yehuda's SR-3 (specific ratio of omega-6-LA to omega-3-ALA as 4:1).
This ratio of base lipids has been successfully utilized by clinicians for the past three years in the United States, Canada, South America, Europe and Australia in patients with a myriad of health problems. Most profound is the stabilization of health status in patients with MS, ALS, Autism, Epilepsy, Bipolar, Schizophrenia, Alzheimer's Disease, Parkinson's, Pervasive Developmental Delay, Fibromyalgia and CFIDS.
Conversely, clinicians are often met with poor patient outcomes when merely administering omega-3 lipids without first introducing omega-6 fatty acids, balancing the lower order of essential fatty acids (linoleic and alpha linolenic acid in a 4:1 ratio), stabilizing the structural lipids, increasing the fat content of the diet, stimulating the ß-oxidation of renegade fatty acids, flushing of the gall bladder/biliary tree, and supporting digestion of fats with bile salts/lipase.
To view the brain beyond its architecture as a biological orchestration of the physical and chemical constituents necessary for performance, we cannot begin to conceptualize without considering the importance of fatty acids, as the human brain is 60 percent lipid. Dendrites and synapses are up to 80 percent in lipid content. Although AA has been given a negative association, it is the most prominent essential fatty acid in the red cell and comprises 12 percent of the total brain and 15.5 percent of the body lipid content.
If AA is depleted by overdosing with marine or flax oil, establishing the balance of the essential fatty acids (EFAs) is profoundly impaired. Often both prostaglandin one and two series relating to omega-6 metabolism are compromised when flax and marine oils are overdosed or lipid intake is insufficient. When AA is suppressed due to overdosing of marine oil the control circuitry of the body is impaired as is clearly viewed in the patient's presentation.
Increases in Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activity result in premature uncoupling of the EFAs from phospholipids in the cell membrane. Accelerated loss of EFA places the patient in a severely compromised position of inflammation, which results from the promiscuous release of AA in the presence of an over-expression of PLA2. Carbohydrate consumption must be restricted to control the insulin response and the subsequent loss of EFAs.
The phospholipids and their essential fatty acid components provide second messengers and signal mediators. In essence, phospholipids and their essential fatty acid components play a vital role in the cell signaling systems in the neuron. The functional behavior of neuronal membranes largely depends upon the ways in which individual phospholipids are aligned, interspersed with cholesterol, and associated with proteins. All neurotransmitters are wrapped up in phospholipid vesicles.
The release and uptake of the neurotransmitters depends upon the realignment of the phospholipid molecules. The nature of the phospholipid is a factor in determining how much neurotransmitter or metal ion will pass out of a vesicle or be taken back in. Phospholipid remodeling may be accomplished by supplying generous amounts of balanced lipids and catalysts via nutritional intervention and the use of intravenous Phospholipid Exchange.
Research focused on individual fatty acids, as the current interest in Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA), erupted due to the availability of an algae-based (non-fishy) DHA available for infant formula. However, not revealed to the public were studies (Susan Carlson) of premature infants given algae-based DHA who developed necrotizing enterocolitis. Infant formula is now augmented with DHA and AA, however, other essential higher-order supplements are still missing as omega-6 gamma linolenic acid (GLA from primrose oil) and EPA (omega-3).
Supplementing one fatty acid, DHA, has failed even in its application to children with ADHD/ ADD, often negatively affecting their immune response and overstimulating the CNS. Children with hyperactivity are deficient in all essential fats, not exclusively DHA, and the administration of one fatty acid without a balance of EFAs is inappropriate for any medical disorder.
We have a new understanding of cellular organelle and microtubule function in regard to the role of fatty acids. Tremendous attention has been directed to the mitochondria with its bilipid cell layer membrane (energy-producing organelles), yet the most important organelle in regard to lipid synthesis is the peroxisome, a monolipid layer organelle. Peroxisomes, present in virtually all cells, but most prevalent in the liver and kidney, play a critical role in cellular lipid metabolism in the biosynthesis of fatty acids via ß-oxidation involving physiologically important substrates for VLCFAs, dicarboxylic fatty acids, prostaglandins, thromboxanes, leukotrienes, pristanic acid, DHCA, THCA, and xenobiotics.
Individuals with aging difficulties and immune, CNS and endocrine disorders often present with complex xenobiotics involving disturbances in the cytochrome P450 superfamily (hepatic detoxification), which parallels disturbances in peroxisomal function. The cytochrome P450s are responsible for the biotransformation of endogenous compounds including fatty acids, steroids, prostaglandins, leukotrienes and vitamins as well as the detoxification of exogenous compounds resulting in substantial alterations of P450s, as xenobiotics may turn off or greatly reduce the expression of constitutive isoenzymes.
Inappropriate use of antioxidants such as mega-dosing with Vitamin E (> 800 IU) will inhibit tumor shrinkage as beta oxidation is suppressed, thus potent antioxidants would be contraindicated in the buildup of very long chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) and therefore reduced cellular metabolism as in states of aging and toxicity. The administration of DHEA, pregnenolone, or thyroid hormones stimulates the ß-oxidation of VLCFAs, as would nutrients (riboflavin, pyruvate, manganese) as well as oxidative therapies that stimulate oxidation, prostaglandin synthesis and detoxification.
Patients presenting with low serum cholesterol often do not have a positive response with the administration of DHEA or growth hormone as their metabolism is diminished due to catabolism and/or dietary regimes that have failed to meet their basic nutritional requirements. The arbitrary use of DHEA or growth hormone will beta oxidize or burn not just VLCFAs but all the essential fatty acids as well. Antioxidants slow cellular metabolism and must remain in the proper balance with all the essential nutrients and substrates (lipids, protein) to maintain metabolic equilibrium.
Renegade fats such as VLCFAs that are over expressed, disrupt the membrane structure. There is a beautiful geometry to the membrane that is highly sensitive to the size of the lipid chains. The overall width of the fatty acid portion of the membrane is ~3 ½ nm, which must be maintained for stability. Saturated or monounsaturated fatty acids with a length of 16 or 18 carbons are preferred to permit the structure to maintain optimal horizontal fluidity. VLCFAs that range from 20 to 26 carbons force the parallel dimensions vertically.
There simply is not enough room. The distortion weakens the phosphate bonds that derive their strong attraction only as long as the phospholipids are parallel to each other on both sides of the membrane. The cell weakness is then expressed in leaky attraction to ion channels and receptors, which marginalize cell cytosol fluids and electrolytes with the only option as early cell death.
Genetic expression is the preferential individual propensity to code and produce certain proteins enzymes, hormones and peptides. How this expression degrades over time is in part individually determined, but also strongly influenced by lifestyle of which diet plays a crucial role. An optimum balance of fatty acids make up the dynamic membrane. The membrane of every living cell and organelle, including the nucleus that holds the DNA, is composed of two fatty acid tails facing each other.
This bilipid layer is so minute (3 nanometers) that it would take 10,000 membranes layered on top of each other to make up the thickness of a piece of paper. Yet the dynamics that occur within this tiny envelope with organelles prancing up and down the cytoskeleton microtubules is a microcosm that is a challenge for the human mind to envision. All cells must synthesize molecules and expel waste.
All cells must create, through gene expression, the proteins needed for cellular gates embedded in the membrane as ion channels and receptors. The ultimate control of how those peptides behave rests with the character of the membrane while the integrity of the membrane rests with the structural (oleic, stearic, palmitic) and essential lipids. In essence, the life of the cell is intimately tied to membrane health and the health of the entire organism. The membrane is everything.
Newly documented research delineates that targeted lipid manipulation can dramatically influence the human body. Medicine has been slow to acknowledge the crucial lipid requirements to address neurological degeneration often accompanying states of disease, yet now that data is emerging from the medical literature it is difficult to extrapolate and organize the data into meaningful therapeutic applications for use in a clinical setting.
Our database holds 10,000 red cell lipid analyses from 1997 to the present from Johns Hopkins Peroxisomal Diseases Laboratory, the gold standard laboratory in the United States. By organizing the research data and isolating individual fatty acids in red cells we can now examine the cellular integrity/structure, fluidity, the formation of renegade fats that impair membrane function, myelination status, and the intricate circuitry of the prostaglandins and for the first time lipid treatment protocols may be established due to a clearer view into red cell membrane dynamics.
Our clinical protocol at the Haverford Wellness Center in Havertown, PA and the Center for Wellness in Charlotte, NC is to initiate treatment with changing the patient's overall diet, addressing the lipid balance and especially the outer lipid leaflet of the cell membrane through fatty acid therapy and the addition of supplementation targeted toward healing the cell membrane.
By stabilizing lipid status with intravenous Phospholipid Exchange and oral EFA supplementation we have remarkable tools toward healing a myriad of disorders in both pediatric and adult populations, without side effects. Through isolating individual fatty acids and dimethyl acetyls in red cells we can now examine the cellular integrity/structure, fluidity, the formation of renegade fats that impair membrane function, myelination status, and the intricate circuitry of the prostaglandins. The systemic health of the individual patient may be reached and targeted nourishment utilized through evidence based intervention, which may yield positive patient outcome.
Healing the membrane is virtually healing the body, and healing the brain.
By Patricia Kane, Ph.D.
References available on request.
Footnote from Ideal Health:
Below are some of the Omega 3 Supplements that we stock:
Flax Boost Oil
Waihi Bush Flax Original
Fish Oil 1500mg - Odourless
Reflux Free Omega 3 Fish Oil
Reflux Free Salmon Oil
Essential Omega 3-6-9 Blend
Hi Strength Liquid Fish Oil
Coromega - Omega 3 fish oil
Efamol Evening Primrose Oil
Efamol Mother and Baby
Related health information can be found here:
Related articles can be found here:
Evening Primrose: "Cure-all" For the Skin
Efalex Studies Produce Overwhelming Evidence
Good News for Sufferers of Osteoarthritis
Essential Fatty Acids & Learning Disorders
Research Proven for the Heart
If you need help or advice, you are welcome to email our naturopathic team with your health question.
Disclaimer: The health information presented here has been written for the New Zealand health consumer. It is of a general nature and is only intended to provide a summary of the subjects covered. The information is not intended to be comprehensive or to provide medical advice to you. While all care has been taken to ensure the accuracy of the information, no responsibility or liability is accepted, and no person should act in reliance on any statement contained in the information provided. All health ailments should be treated by a qualified health professional.
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By Sheikh Abd Al-Wahhab Al-Turayri
When the call for the sunset prayer, Maghrib, was made the Prophet sallAllahu `alayhi wa sallam tarried little before heading for the mosque. He entered to find some of his companions already engaged in voluntary prayer. This was something he encouraged, saying:
“Offer two units of prayer before Maghrib. Offer two units of prayer before Maghrib.”
Though he repeated it twice, he made sure to add, “This is optional.”
These two extra units of prayer were offered very quickly, since the time between the call for Maghrib and the commencement of prayer is very short.
When the Prophet salAllahu ‘alayhi wa sallam arrived, congregational prayer commenced. He always led Maghrib at the earliest part of its time. There was still a good amount of light in the sky when the prayer was over. It was bright enough that a marksman would still be able to engage in…
View original post 1,127 more words
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Sixteen glasses a day. Eight cups a day. Forty percent of your body weight in ounces. Drink when you’re thirsty. Drink when you’re hungry. Drink when you’re sweating. Don’t drink coffee or soda. Don’t drink tap water. Don’t drink bottled water. Don’t drink carbonated water.
Does anyone else feel like there is no right way to drink the right amount and right kind of water? How much is enough? How much is too much? With summer quickly approaching (well, hopefully by the time you read this), hydration and dehydration will again be a hot topic (get it? Summer = hot? Sorry, I’ll stop). I had questions about my own water intake, so I did the hard work for you on what and when you should drink.
Our bodies are made up of about 60 percent water. This water is in our blood, muscles, connective tissue, organs and interstitial space (I’ll buy you a glass of something other than water if you can tell me what that is). Our bodies have also developed over time an amazing mechanism to tell our brains when we are thirsty and need to drink more water. However, with everyone’s busy lives, many of us have ignored that trigger too many times and become dehydrated, meaning our bodies do not contain enough water to function optimally.
When we are dehydrated, several things can happen. Mood and concentration can become impaired, headaches become more common and severe, physical performance can suffer, whether at the gym or on the jobsite, and endurance is reduced; meaning we cannot sustain physical or mental activities for extended periods of time. Dehydration happens when fluid intake is less than fluid output. This can happen during intense workouts, in hot weather, in dry climates, during illness, while breastfeeding or after drinking substantial amounts of alcohol. Concrete cutting professionals working in hot, dry weather need to be especially vigilant. Water loss of as little as one percent of your body weight can cause mild dehydration.
We’ve covered the negatives, so let’s focus on the positives! Water serves many vital functions and provides our bodies with a great deal of benefits. Besides keeping us alive, studies have shown the benefits of water include increased metabolism, weight loss, prevention of illness, maximizing physical performance, increased energy and brain function, headache prevention and the ever-popular hangover cure. These are covered in detail below:
Some studies have shown that drinking 500mL (17 oz.) of water can temporarily (up to 90 minutes) boost metabolism by 24-30 percent and drinking 2 liters (68 oz.) in one day can increase energy expenditure by about 96 calories a day. So just by drinking enough water, theoretically you could lose an extra pound a month or 12 pounds a year! Cold water is best for this, because the body then has to burn calories to warm the cold water to body temperature.
Drinking water 30 minutes before a meal has also been shown to reduce the number of calories consumed during a meal, because your stomach has less room for food. One study showed that dieters who drank 500mL (17 oz.) of water before meals lost 44 percent more weight over a period of 12 weeks compared to those who didn’t.
Prevention of Illness
Increased water intake has been shown in some studies to lower risk of developing bladder and colorectal cancer, kidney stones and constipation.
Maximizing Physical Performance
Athletes and those working in the construction field can lose up to 6-10 percent of their water weight via sweat during workouts or on the jobsite. This can lead to altered body temperature control, reduced motivation, increased fatigue and make physical activity feel more difficult, both physically and mentally. Optimal hydration can prevent this from happening and may even reduce the oxidative stress that occurs during intense physical activity.
Increased Energy and Brain Function
Even mild dehydration of 1-3 percent of body weight can impair many aspects of brain function. Studies have shown that in young men a fluid loss of 1.6 percent was detrimental to working memory and increased feelings of anxiety and fatigue. This is about 1.5-4.5 pounds on a 150-pound person. This fluid loss can easily occur through normal daily activities and is intensified during exercise or working in high heat.
Headache Prevention and Treatment
In some people, dehydration can trigger headaches and migraines. Water can relieve these headaches or make them less severe and shorter. So, your headache could be caused by not drinking enough water! No Advil needed.
Most of us have dealt with a hangover or twenty-six. Maybe those are behind you now, but if they are not, water is your new best friend. It’s no secret that many of the symptoms of hangovers, like thirst, fatigue, headache and dry mouth, are caused by dehydration. While dehydration is not the main cause of hangovers, it is one factor that is easily controlled. A good way to reduce hangovers is to alternate a glass of water with each alcoholic beverage you consume, and drink at least one really big glass of water before you go to bed.
Water, however, is not the only way to stay hydrated. One myth is that caffeinated drinks like coffee or tea don’t count towards staying hydrated because caffeine is a diuretic. While caffeine is indeed a diuretic, the effect of these beverages is very weak and fairly insignificant in causing your body to dehydrate (This does not apply to energy drinks like Monster, Rockstar, Red Bull, etc. These drinks contain a much higher amount of caffeine, along with additional stimulants. See the March 2013 issue of Concrete Openings for more info on “The Dangers of Energy Drinks”). Additionally, most foods are loaded with water, especially fruits, vegetables and even meat, fish and eggs. So, in normal conditions, your daily diet is likely providing you with enough water to stay hydrated. Of course, an extra glass or two is never a bad idea.
Another water alternative, and one that has been getting a lot of traction recently is carbonated water. Also known as sparkling water, club soda, seltzer water and fizzy water, this is water that has been infused with carbon dioxide gas under pressure. With the exception of seltzer water, they usually have salt added to improve the taste and sometimes other minerals are included. Natural sparkling mineral waters like Perrier and San Pellegrino are different because these waters are captured naturally from a mineral spring and tend to contain minerals and sulfur compounds. These waters are often carbonated as well. Tonic water is a form of carbonated water that contains a bitter compound called quinine, along with sugar or high-fructose corn syrup (we’ve discussed high-fructose corn syrup before – stay away)
Concerns about carbonated water in the past are that it is acidic and could wear away the enamel on your teeth and decrease bone density. Studies have shown those to be myths, but there are actually a few benefits of drinking carbonated water.
Some people are addicted to sugary sodas – but maybe it’s just the fizzy taste they like? Sugary beverages, whether carbonated or not, can destroy tooth enamel and reduce bone density. So, an alternative without the sugar is a better option. Carbonated water may also increase feelings of fullness, because the carbonation may help food to remain in the first part of your stomach longer, which triggers a sensation of being full and can reduce the number of calories you consume.
Author’s note – I recently invested in a Soda Stream and it’s one of the best purchases I’ve ever made. I save money on buying expensive carbonated water and I cut down on all those aluminum cans used. I recommend it to anyone who likes carbonation. (This note was in no way sponsored by Soda Stream – but call me guys, I’m happy to endorse).
So, how much water is best? There is no one size fits all recommendation. Everyone is different, and your climate, diet, activity level, age and what you drink are all factors. The solution is simple. When you are thirsty, drink. When not thirsty anymore, stop. During high heat and exercise, drink enough to compensate for the lost fluids. That’s really about it! Older adults and children should drink a little more. Listen to your body, and don’t ignore your thirst mechanism.
Erin O’Brien, MS, ATC is a Certified Athletic Trainer and Marketing Director for O’Brien International, the association management company that manages the Concrete Sawing & Drilling Association. O’Brien received her Bachelor of Science degree in Athletic Training from Ohio University and her Master of Science degree in Applied Physiology and Kinesiology from the University of Florida. She is also a Certified Level 2 CrossFit Instructor and member of CrossFit9 in St. Petersburg, FL. She is a regular contributor to Concrete Openings magazine. She can be reached at email@example.com or 727-577-5002.
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The following first appeared in The Capital last weekend.
If you live in Anne Arundel County there is a good chance your neighborhood will soon benefit from the county stormwater fee. By the same account, you will continue to endure flooded basements, closed swimming areas, and other problems if some state legislators get their way and block the county from collecting the fee.
Construction is pending on $76 million worth of projects that will benefit dozens of communities around the county. All the projects—special landscaping and upgraded retention ponds and outfalls—will slow down, and treat, polluted runoff. All were funded by the stormwater fee.
It's about time. Polluted runoff is the biggest, or one of the biggest, sources of water pollution in the county's many creeks and rivers. Communities throughout the county suffer as a result.
Manhattan Beach in Severna Park is an example. It's a quiet, family community on the Magothy River. Two tidal creeks surround Manhattan Beach: Dividing Creek and Cypress Creek. Like so many communities in Anne Arundel, Manhattan owes much of its identity, not to mention its real estate values, to its waterfront location. It has a boat ramp, two community beaches, and a clubhouse that looks out to the river.
But as with so many Anne Arundel neighborhoods, the water running through Manhattan Beach is often unhealthy. Of the 14 times Dividing Creek was tested for bacteria last summer, readings exceeded safe bacteria limits 12 times, with some readings 40 to 50 times above health limits, according to water monitoring completed through the Operation Clearwater program. The water at such times is more like toilet water than a natural creek.
What's the source of this problem?
A comprehensive 2010 study by the Department of Public Works found virtually all of the bacteria pollution in the Magothy River was the result of polluted runoff.
Rainwater flushes bacteria from dog waste, septic systems and other sources into local creeks. And bacteria is only one type of pollution discharged into the Magothy River and county creeks during rainstorms and snow melts. The water picks up chemicals, trash, lawn fertilizer, weed killer, and lots and lots of dirt. About 32 percent of the nitrogen pollution in the Severn River, for instance, comes from polluted runoff, 44 percent of the phosphorus pollution, and 82 percent of the sediment pollution.
This fast-moving urban runoff also increases local flooding. More pavement means less chance for rain to soak in. That means more volume and speed of discharge.
Polluted runoff isn't a new problem in Anne Arundel. It's been around for decades. The public works department has made significant progress attacking it, but not nearly enough. The problem: no reliable source of funding for improvement projects.
Finally with the stormwater fee, the county this year was able to begin the improvements projects that will reduce polluted runoff in the Magothy River and in other county creeks and rivers. Manhattan Beach and numerous other neighborhoods will benefit.
These projects aren't cheap, partly because we've ignored this problem so long. Some state legislators have suggested that cheaper alternatives exist, such as reducing pollution at a dam on the Susquehanna River, encouraging citizen involvement with tax credits, and heavier fines for sewage spills. Some of these suggested actions already are underway, and others may have merit. But they aren't substitutes for local improvement projects in Anne Arundel.
Put off the "rain tax," and we put off direct benefits to the health and well-being of county residents in Manhattan Beach and numerous other neighborhoods. That's not good government. That's not leadership.
—Alison Prost, CBF's Maryland Executive Director
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a space is T1 if and only if every subset A is the intersection of all open sets containing A
Say we have , a -space, and , a subset of . We aim to show that the intersection of all open sets containing equals . By de Morgan’s laws, that would be true if the complement of , , equalled the union of all closed sets in . Let’s call this union of closed sets .
Each set that makes up is contained by , so . If we could show , we’d be done.
Since is , each singleton in is closed (http://planetmath.org/ASpaceIsT1IfAndOnlyIfEverySingletonIsClosed). Their union, a subset of , contains , so we’re through.
Now suppose we know that in some topological space , any subset of is the intersection of all open sets containing . Given , we’re looking for an open set containing but not , to show that is .
by hypothesis. If all open sets containing contained , would be in the intersection; since isn’t in the intersection, must be .
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Radicchio, endive, chicory & escarole.
General. Chicory is a perennial, but usually grown as an annual. Radicchio are a type of chicory. Endives are annuals. Both are closely related and one is often called the other. Escarole is a type of endive. Most chicory forms some sort of head and most endives are loose leaf, but not always.
All grow best in cool weather and are normally grown in spring (from transplants) or fall (direct seed or transplants). Like lettuce, color deepens as it becomes cooler. The beautiful brilliant red/white radicchio like Treviso, Palla Rossa, or Rossa di Verona are often ‘forced’. Forcing means in the fall you dig up the plant, cut off the head, cut the root back to 10-12 inches and replant it in a pot, usually filled with peat moss. Cover it with a pail, black plastic, etc. to keep out light and let it regrow at 50-60 degrees (a basement works well). In two weeks or so, you will have new growth which is bitter/sweet and has that beautiful contrasting color of white stems and red leaves. Of course, you do not have to force your chicory. Just grow it and enjoy it. Or you can have your cake and eat it too; dig it up, cut off the head and eat it, then bring it inside and force it.
Endives, including escarole, are often ‘blanched’ to lighten color and change the taste somewhat. It is fairly simple to do. Seven to 14 days before harvest, withhold light from the plant. You can do this by putting a pail or pot or plastic bag over the plant or you can tie up the leaves with string. If you do this, make sure the leaves are dry and you untie it if the leaves get wet.
Culture. All prefer soil conditions similar to lettuce: loose, well-drained soil with a higher than average fertility, especially nitrogen. In the north, spring crops can usually be grown with 4-6 week transplants set out four weeks or so before the last frost date. For fall crops, direct seed or set out transplants in July or very early August. Escarole and endive can go out a bit later. Direct seed 3-4 seeds every 12-16 inches in rows 16” apart. Set transplants at same depth they were growing. Provide a constant source of water. All of these will take very low temperatures and survive temperatures in the low 20s. Looseleaf varieties will survive the winter if given some protection or grown in an unheated greenhouse. In warmer areas (parts of zone 6, 7, 8, etc.), you can leave them in the ground all winter. If your climate is warm enough, you can even ‘force’ them outside. Since chicory is a perennial, they will regrow the following spring. However, quality is not as good as those grown as annuals.
Diseases and pests. Nothing much bothers these. You might have some problems with wire worms or root maggots in the early spring, but these can be controlled by using paper collars.
Harvest, storage and use. Force or blanch as described above if you want. Cut, rinse & store in the crisper, preferably in a plastic bag. Don’t just use them in salads. You can quarter them (leave the stem so they don’t fall apart), dip in egg and breadcrumbs, and fry in olive oil. Escarole with beans is an excellent winter meal.
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1. The problem statement, all variables and given/known data A 23 g bullet traveling 235 m/s penetrates a 3.8 kg block of wood and emerges cleanly at 195 m/s. If the block is stationary on a frictionless surface when hit, how fast does it move after the bullet emerges? 2. Relevant equations (1) mv= (m+M)v' momentum before= momentum after (2) 1/2(m+M)v'^2 = (m+M)gh 3. The attempt at a solution I attempted to solvethis using these two equations and I received an answer for 1.14 m/s and 230 m/s. I am having a lot of trouble even determining how to start this problem. I dont want a quick easy answer but I would like help working through it! Thank You!
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Dyslexia is a condition where the brain is unable to process the symbol of language. It does not stem from intellect as individuals with average to above average intelligence can be dyslexic. Reading, writing, spelling and organizational skills are most likely impacted. The causes of Dyslexia are theorized to be genetic in nature. Dyslexia does not however, result from emotional, socio-economic, cultural or physical deprivation. However, children from these types of situations may be Dyslexic.
Reading requires the coordination of three systems: Visual processing to see the word (impacts orthography skills), auditory processing to hear the word (impacts phonology skills), and semantic processing to understand the word (Sousa, 2001).
Strong orthographic skills are required to recognize the visual shape and "form" of the letters and order of letters in words. This then allows for your child to understand the word's meaning automatically.
For example, if you read reign and rain side-by-side, your child would recognize two words that "sound" the same. Phonological approaches won't help much in this case. Your child must rely on visual and orthographic approach to be able to correctly read and understand the meaning of the words.
Good phonological skills are needed so the reader is able to sound out unfamiliar words based on sound-code (letter) conversion rules (Stein, 2001). Your child, with good decoding phonological skills, can sound out the following word pretty easily. electroencephalograph http://www.merriam-webster.com/cgi-bin/audio.pl?electr38=electroencephalograph
According to the International Dyslexia Association (IDA), Dyslexia is a disorder that includes poor word reading, word decoding, oral reading fluency, and spelling. Children with dyslexia may have impaired orthographic and phonological coding and rapid automatic naming and switching.
Some characteristics of Dyslexia may present in the following categories:
Reading is not fluent and the reader with dyslexia may often substitute or guess at the words that look alike. The reader may leave out little words like "of" "the"; syllables may be reversed so the word pancake is read “cakepan”; the reader may not be able to "decode" even the easiest decodable words such as "hat."
Spelling is poor where you see the alphabet being written in improper sequence, words are written with missing letters, unable to copy prewritten text easily, difficulty spelling correctly due to poor phonological skills (letter-code associations).
Sometimes you will see a child with outstanding spelling grades per spelling tests. However, when the same child is asked to write a paper, their spelling is very poor. Reversals show up in spelling frequently. For example, “Brain” for “Brian” where the middle vowels are switched.
Some theories point vision issues are to blame for letter reversals and transposing of letters. Specifically, theories point to where the child with dyslexia in unable to keep their vision "still.” Developmental Optometrists refer to this as Binocular Fixation. Where a child with Dyslexia has weak Binocular Fixation, their eyes will not remain steady during the filtering of the data from a printed source. As a result, they pick up on the letters before and after the letter being read causing overlap and at times transposing them altogether.
Language difficulty when speaking and trying to "find" the right word. Often, you will see children's eyes looking upward as if they are "searching" for the correct word in sky. They know exactly what the correct answer/explanation is but struggle greatly in finding and recalling the appropriate word/language to speak or write about it appropriately.
Directionality is often poor to the point that children confuse left/right and need prompting to remind them which is which. This comes into play sometimes with directionality of letter creation and you can see the mix up of the written letters with "b" as "d".
Poor Coordination is seen when a child with dyslexia can be lost in a familiar setting, has no sense of time, may have difficulty going down stairs, may misstep and bump into things frequently, cannot seem to organize items and may be hyperactive to compensate.
If your child presents with some of the above symptoms, it does not mean they have Dyslexia. Dyslexia does not go away per se with instructional assistance. Meaning, if your child has a reading difficulty, instruction is provided in their area of weakness and your child shows improvement, then most likely your child does not have Dyslexia. Your child may, however, have weak reading skills that need to be strengthened.
Dyslexia is neurological in nature and is a distinct way of processing language in the brain (Sousa, 2001). Your child would need to have a neuropsychological evaluation to officially determine diagnosis. Children with Dyslexia can learn to read, write and spell with intensive approaches. Research supporting the brain's ability to change has determined success using both computer based and 1-1 in person approaches providing for improvement in brain dysfunction in Dyslexia (Cornell University, 2009).
The good news is that Enhanced Learning Skills for Kids can help your child by first assessing cognitive abilities required for learning and reading. Next, any weaknesses are strengthened including auditory, visual and phonological processing. Your child’s foundational cognitive skills are strengthened allowing for success in reading and learning. Take advantage of our back-to-school special and assess your child online for only $19.97.
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Harvard boffins build cyborg skin of flesh and nanowires
Man and machine become one
Humanity has taken another step down the path of the Borg with the invention of the first flesh containing a functional nanowire sensor network that's biocompatible with the human body.
"With this technology, for the first time, we can work at the same scale as the unit of biological system without interrupting it," team leader Charles Lieber, the Mark Hyman Jr. Professor of Chemistry at Harvard, told the Harvard Gazette. "Ultimately, this is about merging tissue with electronics in a way that it becomes difficult to determine where the tissue ends and the electronics begin."
A team from Harvard University has built the cyborg flesh by laying out a 3D grid of nanowires and small sensors and then growing tissue around them. The group has got as far as building blood vessels with the technique that can measure pH levels, as well as a chunk of rat neurons, heart cells, and muscle that can be used to test drugs.
"Previous efforts to create bioengineered sensing networks have focused on two-dimensional layouts, where culture cells grow on top of electronic components, or on conformal layouts, where probes are placed on tissue surfaces,” said team member Bozhi Tian.
"It is desirable to have an accurate picture of cellular behavior within the 3-D structure of a tissue, and it is also important to have nanoscale probes to avoid disruption of either cellular or tissue architecture."
The next step is to build these nanowire systems so that they can not only monitor, but also control the tissue they are built into. The field has possibilities for building prosthetic devices that can link up with human nerve tissue, or even organs that could be implanted and controlled by the recipient.
It might also lead to the creation of an army of cyborg warriors to destroy mankind, although the researchers left that last part out. El Reg suspects that Reading University's Captain Cyborg is already frothing at the mouth with eagerness. ®
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Learning can be grueling and the methods that you use may not be effective. There also comes a time when you will need to have the concept grasped in a short time. At that point, you are going to need methods that can help you speed learn.
Speed learning occurs when someone can learn at a fast pace while grasping the content without really lagging behind. Most people have their own ways that they learn but they are not that different from others and here, you will get the so called hacks that will get you there.
How We Do It
Repetition and the Timeline
Let’s say that you studied for like four hours straight. In that period, you had time to check the phone for any new mail and all those other distractions that constantly hound us. You will have covered so much during those four hours.
However, what you retain could be very little which means that no matter how hard you study, you will be doing little in those hours. This means that there has to be the need to get the content. The key to doing that effectively would be to repeat what you have learnt until the memory is stored.
The Chunk Theory
When you want to learn in a short time and get what you are learning, there is the need to make sure that you are not doing marathons. Marathons are when you read widely over the hours of study and cover so much but retain so little.
Chunk theory states that when you break down the content of what you are reading and concentrate on grasping those little chunks, you will enable the effectiveness of learning to be highest. So, when you learn, do it in short sprints that will focus on the grasping of content piece by piece.
In the chunk theory, you perfect each chunk and then make them into a chain of chunks that you are proficient at.
Rewards and Goals Technique
When I was in high school, I would focus on the topics that I had broken down and then when I had finished each, I would take tests and quizzes then when I passed the goals that I had set, I would have one day set apart for binge watching all my favourite shows in 24 hours. That was like the best time of my life.
Because I anticipated rewards that my mother wouldn’t give, I had a system that I stuck to.
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|Short Facts about Switzerland:
- Location: Central Europe, east of France, north of Italy
- National capital: Bern
Languages: German 63.7%, French 19.2%, Italian 7.6%, Romansch 0.6%, other 8.9%
note: figures for Swiss nationals only: German 74%, French 20%, Italian 4%,
Romansch 1%, other 1%
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Authors: Tanaya Thakur and Amit Kumar*
The issue of violence against Rohingya muslims in the Rakhine state of Myanmar has been a cause for global as well as regional concern for the past many years. Rohingya Muslims have been allegedly facing violence and discriminatory practice in the Buddhist dominated state since 1970s; on the grounds of ethnicity, language, and religion. The matter has however gained global prominence only in 2015; when mass exodus of the Rohingya muslim population happened from Myanmar to nearby South-Asian states. The migration was a result of clash between Arakan Rohingya Salvation Army (ARSA) and the Myanmar army. Post the clash, Myanmar military launched a clearance campaign against them which resulted in burning down of several Rohingya villages and forcing around seven hundred thousand to flee and settle in other states. The Rohingya crisis has been dubbed by the international community and academic commentators as border lining the heinous offence of genocide. The matter has been debated in the United Nations, regional forums, within domestic jurisdictions of south Asian states, and also in international courts, namely the International Court of Justice (ICJ) and the International Criminal Court (ICC).
On 23rd January 2020, the ICJ pronounced certain provisional measures to be adopted with respect to the Rohingya refugees; holding that Myanmar should take all possible measures to prevent the commission of acts falling within the scope of the definition of genocide (Article II of the Genocide Convention); ensure that its military and any organizations or persons subject to its control, direction or influence do not commit acts of genocide and any ancillary offence, take effective measures to preserve any evidence related to allegations of genocidal acts; and submit a report to the Court on all measures taken to give effect to the Order within four months and thereafter every six months until a final decision on the case is rendered. The order was then communicated to the Security Council by the Secretary General; who also expressed hope that Myanmar would ensure compliance of the ICJ’s order.
Due to the difference in their structure from domestic judicial bodies, international courts such as ICJ do not have the means to ensure the enforcement of their judgments. For this purpose they have to rely on state machineries themselves or on organizations such as the United Nations (Articles 94, 98, 99 of the UN Charter). In most cases the Security Council (UNSC) is vested with the responsibility to enforce ICJ judgments, even though the General Assembly has the power to work towards enforcement. Pursuant to this, a meeting of the UNSC members was called for to work out a method to ensure compliance of the ICJ provisional measures. The meeting was however vetoed by China and Russia and hence a conclusive plan of action could not be achieved.
China and Russia have time and again expressed that it is a bilateral issue between Myanmar and Bangladesh and should not be discussed at international forums. This view was also previously expressed at a meeting between UN and ASEAN to discuss provisional measures’ compliance and role of UN-ASEAN co-operation for the same. In another instance, China and Russia along with Equatorial Guinea voiced opposition when Marzuki Darusman, Chairperson of the United Nations Independent International Fact-Finding Mission on Myanmar was supposed to address the council as to its finding on the refugee crisis. They stated that the mission’s mandate was not to brief the Security Council. It was also asserted that the UNSC’s duty was limited to protect international peace and security it should not get involved in country-specific human rights violations. It was the UN General Assembly which then on the basis of findings of the same commission adopted a resolution that condemned the violence and discrimination towards Rohingyas and called on Myanmar’s government to combat provocation of hatred against the Rohingya and other minorities in the states of Rakhine, Kachin, and Shan.
This is not the first time that the Security Council is failing to take any action in a crisis situation due to usage of veto power. In the case of Rohingya refugee crisis, the veto has been used by China and Russia; in other matters of UNSC interest it has been some other nation to use the power. The veto power vested with the Security Council to ensure maintenance of world peace through co-operation and coordination has in fact played a counter-effective role with overuse and misuse to achieve the five permanent nations’ own agendas.
The Rohingya crisis has been acknowledged as an international concern by majority states. The independent fact-finding mission by United Nations in its report presented evidence of gross human rights violations driven by the Myanmar military against the Rohingya population. Evidence of systematic cleansing through killings, violence, rampage, sexual assault and rapes were discovered by the mission and presented in its detailed report. The mission confirmed ‘genocidal intent’ on part of higher official’s in the Myanmar army and recommended prosecution. The government of Myanmar has however continued to deny any form of genocide and has maintained that at most it is a war crime that would be dealt domestically by the state. Apart from denying any form of systematic cleansing, the Myanmar government has also, with its passive approach in the issue, failed to ensure safe return of Rohingyas from other states. Most of the Rohingya population has been rendered stateless and is reduced to a situation of abject poverty. They lack basic amenities like food, water and education and have been refused refugee status in states like India, Thailand and Indonesia where they are considered illegal immigrants. When evidence of state supported violations of human rights are available in Myanmar; gruesome enough to create heavy displacement in the region – it can no longer be said to be internal matter of the state.
The United Nations was established with the primary purpose of maintaining world peace and security (Preamble and Article 1(1)). It has the obligation to take effective collective measures for the prevention and removal of threats to the peace, and for the suppression of acts of aggression or other breaches of the peace. The Preamble to the Charter also mentions that the Charter reaffirms faith in fundamental human rights, and in the dignity and worth of the human person. The UN Security Council has been conferred with the primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security in accordance with the principles and purposes of the UN Charter. Thus, an issue of the magnitude of Rohingya crisis falls into the ambit of the United Nation’s goals. The UNSC taking action on the matter in no way oversteps boundaries and in fact would be a step forward in realizing its objectives.
Considering the facts, question arises as to why permanent members such as China and Russia have been using their veto powers to stop the UNSC from discussing the issue. There are a number of reasons that explain China’s position. First, China has several multi-million dollars economic projects lined up in Myanmar as part of the China-Myanmar Economic Corridor (CMEC) under China’s Belt and Road Initiative. Myanmar has already been cautious about China’s investment plans and has treaded with more caution than any other developing nation regarding the project. If China speaks up against the Chinese government in an international forum or becomes party to any debate on the matter – it would lose Myanmar’s faith which has taken years to develop. Second, with USA receding from the international economic market; China has found an opportunity to position itself as the new global power-center.
Establishing itself as the regional power-center is a stepping stone in achieving that objective. Securing Myanmar’s trust by using it powers in the UNSC could be one way to protect this objective. Third, China has maintained that its general international policy is one of non-intervention and non-alignment. It has stated that it shall work in the international forums only on issues of extremism, terrorism and separatism. It also maintains that ‘westernized’ ideas of human rights should not be imposed on states and they should be allowed to develop their own rights. It further argues in favour of internal safety and security. Intervening in the Rohingya crisis would go counter to China’s international relation policies (for further understanding reference can be made to Shanghai Cooperation Organization). This is also one reason why it speaks in favour of an internal arrangement in Myanmar on the Rohingya issue. Fourth, discussion on the Rohingya crisis in the UNSC could act as a catalyst in opening the floodgates to similar problems of violence been discussed. This could potentially lead to trouble for China which itself is accused of behaving similar to Myanmar in the case of Uyghur muslims. Last, Russia has been a close ally to China for some time and has similar international policies; which would explain its veto in the Rohingya case. Russia also has a history of alleged genocidal acts and persecution against its muslim population.
In the Rohingya issue there were several steps that the Security Council could have otherwise taken to ensure that the situation was brought under control and the human rights violations were stopped. It was not necessary that the persecutors of Rohingya’s were prosecuted internationally. The UNSC could have over the period pressurized the government into conducting a fairer domestic trial of those involved. Rohingya muslim’s safe return to Myanmar and a domestic settlement between the parties could have been ensured through a threat of sanction from the UNSC. Had personal interests been kept aside by UNSC members, the UN Charter could have been used to find means of settlement between the Rohingya muslims, Myanmar and Bangladesh – which has borne the maximum burnt of the crisis. Though, individual efforts have been taken by certain countries, like the USA which has imposed sanctions upon certain military officials from Myanmar for the extrajudicial killings of Rohingya Muslims – barring them from entry to the United States; a collective action from the UNSC has been missing.
The Myanmar army which is being accused of perpetrating the alleged genocide of Rohingya muslims, is vastly funded from the revenues generated by two companies owned by it, apart from funding from the state. These military owned firms were found to be a “risk contributing to, or being linked to, violations of international human rights and humanitarian law” by the UN fact finding mission. The UNSC could have imposed an embargo upon those companies which have trade relations with military owned companies in Myanmar.
Apart from these options, the council could have either set up a criminal tribunal or referred the matter to the International Criminal Court (ICC). The council has previously resorted to the mechanism of setting up tribunals to try and punish those individuals who were accused of committing grave breaches of Geneva Convention, genocide or crimes against humanity in case of conflict in Rwanda and Yugoslavia. In case of South Sudan (Darfur), the UNSC had referred the situation to ICC. The Rome Statute gives power to the UNSC to refer any situation to the ICC for investigation of war crimes, genocide, crimes against humanity and crimes of aggression. The UN mission had identified involvement of military and police officials in the commission of these crimes in Myanmar. Even though the matter reached ICC; it came as a reference not from the Security Council but from Bangladesh. The Court relied on an expansive interpretation of the Statute to establish its jurisdiction on the issue, as Myanmar was not a party to it. Had a UNSC reference been made, it would have been easier for the Court to answer the question of jurisdiction.
It goes on to demonstrate how the Security Council has been unsuccessful in performing its responsibilities because two of the permanent members used their veto power to further their interests. Veto power has been used by the permanent five as a tool for manipulation, rather than as the shield it was meant to be. If the Security Council is to work towards its goal, the veto power needs to be re-imagined. With the sword of veto hanging over, important decisions which require the Security Council’s intervention will fail to get due attention. However, due appreciation should here be meted out to other international organs – the UNGA and ICC, which stepped up when the UNSC failed and worked towards restoring faith in international law.
*Authors are Research Scholars at, IIT Kharagpur (RGSOIPL). They have completed their masters in international law from South Asian University, New Delhi.
COVID-19: UN Security Council should urgently take a Lead
Authors: Tan Sri Hasmy Agam and Prof. Anis H. Bajrektarevic
The COVID-19 situation is very worrying, indeed, alarming matter, not just as a global health and biosafety issue, but potentially as a global security challenge, too.
While the pandemic is being dealt with by the World Health Organisation (WHO), along with other relevant United Nation Specialised Agencies (UN SA), the situation is deteriorating rapidly and could easily get out of control. This of course, if it is not effectively contained. In such a (more and more likely) scenario, it would be engulfing the entire world, virtually akin to as the Third world war, though initially of a different kind.
We are amazed as to why the Security Council has not stepped in. It should have done so as to address the Covid-19 and surrounding scenery in the way it clearly deserves to be dealt with, given its devastating impact on the entire international community on almost every dimension, including international peace and security, which indisputably falls under its mandate under the UN Charter.
As the Council has often dealt with issues which are sometimes not ostensibly related to international or regional security, we are puzzled, indeed alarmed, as to why it has chosen not to come to grips with the pandemic as a matter of the utmost urgency.
If the members of the Council, for their own internal reasons, have not felt compelled to do so, shouldn’t the other members of the world body, individually or collectively as international or regional groupings, such as the European Union (EU), the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) – G-77,African Union (AU), or ASEAN, take the much-desired initiative to call on the Security Council to imperatively address this global pandemic, even as the WHO and other concerned UN agencies, much to their credit, are dealing with the issue from their own (narrow) perspectives – and yet rather limited mandate and resources.
In this regard, especially the EU, would be well-positioned to exert the much-need pressure on the UNSC, given the devastation that the Virus has wreaked on a number of its members, notably Italy and Spain, among others.
Such an urgent Meeting of the UN Security Council at this point in time would be greatly applauded by the entire international community as it would accord the world body the leadership role that its members expect it to play.
Gens una sumus. Concordia patria firmat
In this dire situation, the big powers should put aside their ideological and policy differences, or power play, and focus instead on galvanizing concerted international actions of ensuring the safety and wellbeing of the entire human race.
By decisively and urgently acting, the UN Secretary-General and the UN SC would be sending a bold and clear yet tranquilising signal to the entire humanity. More importantly, such a unison voice would be also welcomed and well understood as a referential (not to say a norm setting) note by other crucial agencies, such as the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights (UNHCHR), International Labour Organisation (ILO), International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO), World Tourism Organisation (WTO), as well as by the Red Cross (IFRC), Bretton Woods institutions, Organisation of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), Federation of Trade Unions, including other specialised or non-UN FORAs, most notably developmental entities such as the Inter-American Development Bank (IADB), Islamic Development Bank (IsDB), Asia Development Bank (ADB), Africa Development Bank (AfDB), etc.
In the following period – while witnessing indeed a true historical conjuncture, we need a global observance and protection of human rights, of jobs, for the benefit of economy and overall security. Recovery – which from now on require a formidable biosafety, too – will be impossible without social consensus. Clearly, it will be unsustainable if on expenses of labour or done through erosion of basic human rights – embedded in the UN Charter and accepted as essential to the very success of SDGs (Sustainable Development Goals).
Indeed, countries are not just economies, but most of all societies.
(The truth is plain to see: Planet has stopped, although the Capital remains intact. We came to a global halt because the Labour has been sent home. Hence, the recovery comes with labour. Historically, labour has never betrayed, while capital has failed us many times. By the same token, human rights never betrayed the state and its social cohesion, but the states – and much glorified markets – far too many times in history have failed humans. Therefore, there is no true exit from the crisis without strengthening the labour and human rights.)
For a grave planetary problem, our rapidly articulated global accord is badly needed. Therefore, multilateralism – as the most effective planetary tool at our disposal – is not our policy choice. It is the only way for human race to (socio-economically and politically) survive.
Covid-19 is a challenge that comes from the world of biology. Yet, biology and international relations share one basic rule: Comply or die. To remind us; it is not the big that eat the small, rather it is a fast which eats the slow.
It is night time to switch off the autopilot. Leadership and vision now!!
World Governments Need Cooperation of Every Section of Society to Defeat COVID-19
COVID-19 has wrapped the whole world in its trap because of multiple reasons in which irresponsible behaviour at the hands of states remains at the top. There were some nations such as Italy and America which were not taking the threat of coronavirus serious resultantly both the countries are now the most affected nations of the world. Even at the extent that the president of America Donald Trump was showing passive behaviour concerning the outbreak of devastating virus resultantly the US has surpassed China and reached the top by highest patients in the world which have crossed two lacs including almost five thousand deaths. In this regard, President Trump has signed the $2 trillion Coronavirus relief bill. Besides, other nations such as Italy, Spain, China, Germany, France, and Iran come respectively after the US about the patients of COVID-19. As for as Pakistan is concerned, Prime Minister Imran Khan also urged for the international as well as national cooperation to control and eliminate the threat of COVID-19. While people in Pakistan are not still taking it seriously or fully cooperating with government via looking over their immature and unserious behaviour concerning the restrictions imposed by the government through violating them. In this regard, the government has sealed various shops and other public places that were open even after lockdown. Therefore the government has taken serious steps through lodging FIR against them. Besides, various madrassas/masjids were also offering Friday congregation prayers via side-lining the guidelines given by the government therefore many people were arrested and put behind the bars by security forces of the country. While looking over the staggering and worsening condition of Pakistan which shows a fast increase in the patients of coronavirus government requires the seriousness and cooperation of people to control over fatal disease otherwise it will wipe out most of the population of the country.
Consequently, it is not only the responsibility of people within states to cooperate with the government to defeat first this global pandemic disease but it is also high time for states to cooperate even having multiple differences over numerous issues. In this regard, for defeating Coronavirus states require global cooperation via setting their enmities and differences aside for the common good. Besides, China continues international cooperation to beat COVID-19. Beijing is determined to cooperate and help other nations, therefore, it has sent aid towards 18 countries over the past month in which it has sent its team as well as tons of medical supply to various countries such as Italy, Cambodia, Pakistan, and United Kingdom. Along with this Chinese government said that those countries which are not provided aid by it were helping them through an online website. Via looking over the commitment and relentless struggle of the Chinese government as well as people particularly medical staff, they have become successful in controlling the spread of COVID-19. In the same manner, China also emphasized the global stakeholders that global cooperation is the only way to beat the coronavirus. The governments need acts with speed, scale and clear-minded determination to conquer the fast-spreading virus. Because “viruses do not respect border: neither do they distinguish between races or nations, therefore, responsible governments worldwide should stand firmly against hatred and racism and join hands to promote disease prevention and clinical treatment as well as vaccine development”.
World Health Organisation (WHO) Chief in his recent media briefing said that “This is not just a threat for individual people or individual countries. We are all in this together, and we can only save lives together”. Though preventive measures suggested by the countries which have minimized and controlled the fast spread of COVID-19 such as China, South Korea, and Sudan are social distancing, contact tracing, widespread testing, and early preparation. In the DW documentary, Dr. Alexander Edward, an Immunologist, emphasized on the usage of face masks, he also entertained that the world is running out of face mask because of its massive usage. Besides, Nature is a weekly international journal that published an article on March 9 in which emphasized over three things to eliminate coronavirus namely follow WHO advice, end secrecy in decision-making and cooperate globally which is the only way to defeat one of the worst infectious-diseases spread throughout the world. COVID-19 has left severe effects on the social, political, economic, and financial structures of the world. So, it is very difficult only for the governments of states to control and defeat this pandemic virus. In this regard, governments need the seriousness of behaviour as well as the cooperation of each section of society may it be doctor, social workers, government and private employs, common people, armed forces, businessmen, farmers along with each person who can contribute in any way to help the government to defeat the Coronavirus. This is the easiest and fast way to fight against coronavirus otherwise whole nations including governments are going to bear the brunt of this one of the most dangerous viruses of the 21st Century.
Satya N. Nandan: End of an era for Law of the Sea
The passing away of Amb. Satya N. Nandan of Fijion February 25, 2020 comes as a decisive loss to law of the sea as both a field of academic inquiry and a branch of applied public international law. As a crusader for a global rules based order for the world’s oceans, there are few who have contributed to the practical development and evolution of this field as the iconic Fijian lawyer-diplomat who would hold top positions in the United Nations and man the International Seabed Authority for the better part of its existence. His seminal contribution to Law of the Sea marks him out as a world-renowned practioner in a field that was marked by Westphalian struggles to establish control over the world oceans and the vast resources that lie beneath in the years leading to the adoption of United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1982 (UNCLOS). His death marks the end of an era for the discipline that continues to evolve based on the provisions of UNCLOS and the untiring efforts of States to strive for a world order based on equity and justice.
Born in 1936 in what was then known as the British Crown Colony of Fiji as the youngest of ten children to Shiu Nandan and Raj Kaur, Satya Nandan after completing his early education in his home country moved to New Zealand to complete his high school education. Pursuant to a law degree from the University of London in 1965, Nandan became a barrister at Lincoln’s Inn before returning to Fiji to start private practice. The newly independent nation would seek his assistance in establishing the country’s mission to the United Nations in 1970 eventually leading to his absorption as a career diplomat in Fiji. From here on Satya Nandan would be the moral and intellectual voice of the Pacific Island States seeking to assert their legitimate claims on ocean resources and championing the codification of what was then regarded as one of the last unregulated frontiers of the global commons. This association with law of the sea and ocean affairs would become a lifetime preoccupation for the rising young lawyer-diplomat.
Amb. Nandan’s most remarkable contribution to law of the sea would be his work as the Rapporteur of the Second Committee of the Conference that dealt with the major issues of law of the sea. The inability of the First and Second Geneva Conventions to iron out contentious issues failed to result in a global ocean convention acceptable to all States. The mistakes where sought to be corrected by the time the Third Conference on the Law of the Sea convened in New York in 1973. The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1982 was the result of this Conference and has been the major treaty body regulating the use of oceans for the international community since its coming into force on November 16, 1994. Amb. Satya Nandan is widely recognized as the principal architect of this exercise who ironed out differences existing between various countries on diverse contentious issues. In the process, the Pacific States and Asian-African States were able to secure maritime jurisdictional claims of 200 NM from their baselines through the creation of Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs), a unique output of the Convention first articulated in the Colombo Session of the Asian African Legal Consultative Organization (AALCO) in 1971 by Kenya. In addition, Amb. Nandan negotiated the rights for archipelagic States and the passage through straits for international navigation. In all cases, his determination to safeguard the interest of Pacific States and by doing so the interests of the broader community of Asian-African States stood out with conviction that continues to find resonance in global treaty negotiations till this date.
The provisions pertaining to deep-sea bed mining continued to remain contentious even after the adoption of the 1982 Law of the Sea Convention. This lead to the delay in the coming into force of the Convention. Urged by the then Secretary-General of the United Nations, Javier Perez de Cueller, Amb. Nandan joined the Organization as the Under Secretary- General for Ocean Affairs and Law of the Sea and the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Law of the Sea. Most of the concerns pertaining to the issue were resolved through the intervention of Amb. Nandan as Chairman of the ‘Boat Paper Group’ resulting in the 1994 Implementing Agreement on Part XI, which created the International Seabed Authority to regulate the conservation and use of non-living resources on the deep-sea bed in areas beyond national jurisdiction.
Elected as the Secretary-General of the International Seabed Authority in 1996, Amb. Nandan in his three-term tenure that lasted till December 2008 was instrumental in moulding the ISA from its inception as an international organization with a specific mandate including establishing its main organs- the Assembly, Council, Legal and Technical Commission and the Finance Committee. It was during his tenure that the Regulations on Prospecting and Exploration of Polymetallic Nodules in the Area also known as the ‘Nodules Regulations’ were promulgated that would regulate the actual conduct of deep-sea mining in the ‘Area’ . The establishment of an Endowment Fund in 2006 by the Authority for the advancement for marine scientific research (MSR) activities was also a significant feature of the work of the Authority and was widely welcomed as advancing the mandate of UNCLOS, 1982. Incorporating the ‘Precautionary Approach’ to the work of the Authority was a legacy of Amb. Nandan, which was validated by the Seabed Disputes Chamber in February 2011 in an advisory opinion that mandated the application of this principle as originally laid down in the 1992 Rio Declaration.
Amb. Nandan’s role in creating a global legal framework for fishery conservation was yet another shining aspect of his legacy. As Chairman of the Conference on Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks, the global community would witness theadoption of the 1995 United Nations Fish Stocks Agreement under his leadership and the subsequent setting up of the Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission. His lifelong commitment to sustainable use of marine living resources continues to inspire sustainability debates in the sector and remains highly valuable in the context of ‘blue economy’ debates.
The Virginia Commentary, which remains the most significant and reliable elucidation on the law of the seawas spearheaded by Amb. Nandan. It gives a masterly account of the treaty negotiation process leading to the adoption of the convention and forms a crucial corpus of the Law of the Sea. While it involved the effort of numerous individuals, Nandan is credited with providing intellectual leadership of the project as the series general editor of the work along with Shabtai Rosenne. The seven-volume book, which took 26 years to prepare, remains an indispensable account for any serious scholar or practioner of the subject.
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Last Updated on
You can use a proxy server for loads of different reasons. Many uses are focussed on security but they are also used for load balancing, caching data, controlling bandwidth requirements and censorship. Many proxies just are used to filter out nasty objects contained in web sites – perhaps cookies, advertisements and dodgy Active X controls and Java applets.
Here’s some of the more well known form of proxies –
Web Proxy Servers – are normally powered by som software which is run on a server. You may have heard of some of them like Glype and CGIProxy. They function primarily through a web browser and require no software to be installed on the client. The problem is that many of these are not that great at working with complicated web pages containing varied content. There’s better information to be found here – web proxy servers.
Open proxies are normally HTTP or SOCKS proxies which are literally all over the internet. These work very well with almost all clients and web pages because they do not need to modify pages to work. Unfortunately the majority of these open proxies are either hacked or misconfigured servers left open to be used. they represent a huge security risk for the users as many will store and forward personal details, install viruses or just leave your information logged.
Proxy networks are designed to offer a higher level of security by using something called onion routing. There are quite a few of these networks such as TOR, JAP or Freenet. They operate on a Peer to Peer basis and utilise members servers and PCs to create and operate the network. Again there can be a security risk with these because of malicious individuals operating rogue nodes in these networks designed to steal data and details.
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How leading lines guide the eye.
Draw attention to the subject of your photos in a unique way with leading lines photography. Explore this technique and try it for yourself at your next shoot.
Lead the way with leading lines.
“Leading lines are a compositional technique where human-made or natural lines lead the viewer’s eyes through a photograph to the subject or the heart of the image,” explains photographer Lukas Kosslow. “They can be very noticeable or they can be quite subtle.” This compositional tool helps photographers direct the focus of the photo, create balance, and tell a story with the image.
Like the rule of thirds, leading lines are a compositional element that can be used across all kinds of photography, from portraits to landscape shots. “Leading lines can be anything. They can be a road or a line of trees leading you somewhere. They can be people and repetitive objects, like railroad tracks,” says photographer Felipe Silva.
And while many photos may unintentionally contain lines that highlight a specific point of interest, intentional lines and compositions make for the strongest images. Whether you use bold straight lines or graceful curving ones, leading lines can elevate your composition and add a unique aesthetic to your photos.
Different kinds of leading lines.
When you think of horizontal lines, the horizon immediately comes to mind. “Horizontal leading lines are mostly used in landscape photography. You can have a path or a dirt road leading to a straight river or a fallen tree. They convey a sense of stability. They’re ongoing, and you can rely on them,” explains Silva. But be careful about horizontal lines leading the viewer’s attention completely off the page, unless that’s your intention.
Images by Felipe Silva
Vertical lines draw the viewer’s eye to the top or bottom of the image. “Vertical lines convey power and confidence, so you see a lot of vertical leading lines in fashion photography, portraiture, and street photography,” says Silva. You’ll find many vertical lines, like lamp posts and window panes, in human-made settings.
If you want a sweeping composition, consider diagonal lines. “They give a sense of movement and change, but they’re less common to see in photos. Diagonal lines often emphasize distance from the foreground to the background,” notes Silva.
When lines meet and intersect, they can halt the viewer’s eye. They can also be used to create tension and conflict or to redirect the focus of the photo. When lines from the foreground and background meet, they create a sense of depth or distance. The vanishing point, or the spot where a road meets the horizon line, is one example of a converging point.
Natural, meandering lines are most common in landscape photos. “I think the best type of leading lines are ones that curve because they can bring the viewer’s eye through the entire image,” says Kosslow. Whether it’s bending flower stalks or rolling hills, curved lines can create compelling landscape photography.
How to find your lines.
If you want to use lines in your photoshoot, choose your location wisely. Plan your shoot to incorporate bridges, roads, boardwalks, or railroad tracks to add strong straight lines to your composition. Bodies of water, hiking trails, tree lines, and snowbanks can create more natural, curving lines. If you have trouble getting started, just look at your setting and examine the textures and patterns you see.
Focus on your subject.
Leading lines should always point to the main subject of your photo and direct the viewer’s attention. To use this compositional technique effectively, you’ll want to place your subject where the lines point or converge. If you’re conducting a fashion photography shoot, the clothing and the model will be the focus of the photo. With architecture photography, “you find the building, your subject, and then you work backward. You walk around it and you look for lines that lead to that building. You want to show your viewer what you see, but you also want to direct their eyes,” explains Silva.
While leading lines are something you can often plan for and scout out, sometimes you run across them accidentally. Keep an eye on your surroundings, try different photo compositions, and approach your subject from unique angles. When you try something new, you may find unexpected lines.
Composition tips for stunning photos.
Start with your phone.
Leading lines photography often requires some uncommon camera positions and obscure angles to get the shot you want. Use your phone to take a quick snapshot of your image and adjust and tweak your location and positioning. This lets you move around freely to get the exact composition you want, without adjusting a bulky camera and tripod every time. “You can get an idea of what the photo will look like on your phone before investing the time to set up the full shot,” says Silva. When you have the right position, it’s time to swap in your camera.
Consider your camera settings.
Keep your camera aperture, ISO, and shutter speed in mind when you set up the shot. With a wider aperture, you can add a sense of perspective to your photo by showing off a shallower depth of field. This can help you draw attention to the main subject or focal point of the image. Be careful your depth of field isn’t too shallow though; otherwise, it can throw off your overall composition, and you could lose the strength of the leading lines in your image.
Try different lenses to vary your photos in distinctive ways. If you have a wide-angle lens, you may be able to fit more lines into the shot, for example.
Images by Lukas Kosslow
Think about the lighting.
As always, the time of day that you shoot photos is important. This is especially true when you go out and find natural leading lines, rather than creating them in the studio. The natural lighting on the lines can impact their strength and mood, and varying shadows can give your images a totally new look.
“I had the opportunity to go into a helicopter and take pictures of Pittsburgh. It was right at sunrise, and we were circling the city. And as the sun was coming up, it cast long, long shadows behind the buildings that led your eye right to the city,” says Kosslow. Natural lighting is unique, and with the changing weather and time of day, you’ll never take the same photo twice.
Leading lines can help you craft interesting, compelling photos. So keep your eyes peeled for lines in the clouds, trees, buildings, and rivers, and you may be on your way to a masterpiece.
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You might also be interested in…
Crafting narratives with street photography.
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Introduction to black and white photography.
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Bring creative storytelling into your photography with forced perspective.
Convey a specific point of view by changing the proportions of your image.
Find your truth in fine art photography.
Follow your passions and explore the conceptual layers of creating artistic photos.
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Here are weekly spellings we are beginning to learn in school. You can complete with your Reception child at home, if you wish. It is important to look at the spelling patterns so your child understands why these words are being taught together. It helps to support your child by doing practical activities before and alongside completing the sheets.
You sounding out the words and your child saying the word.
You saying the word and your child saying the sounds.
You can encourage your child to write the words in paint, shaving foam, on a steamed up window, outside in the mud with a stick, using water outside with a paintbrush, using magnetic letters, with a wax crayon and paint over with coloured water or with chalks.
Cut out squares of paper and write a letter on each one and your child can rearrange the letters to spell the words, this works well with milk bottle tops too.
Thank you for your support,
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Join one of our tortoise trackers in Galapagos who is trying to find out where the tortoises are. In this section we will learn more about tortoise tracking, about migration patterns and how we can track where they go using advanced GPS tagging methods.
How to tag a Galapagos giant tortoise
- Find the right tortoise for your study.
- Give the shell a good scrub with soapy water and use acetone to remove further dirt.
- Dry well and using sandpaper, scrub the site of the tag to improve adhesion.
- Fix the tag in place with high grade plumbers’ glue – this needs to be done very firmly to ensure that the tag is not scraped off by the dense vegetation that tortoises encounter.
No adverse effects have been recorded for the tortoises that have been tagged. Each tag lasts 2 years, giving a long dataset for each individual. Data is collected via a GPS reading every hour that enables a detailed map of each tortoise’s movements to be recorded.
What have we learnt from tracking tortoises?
There is a seasonal pattern to the weather in Galapagos as you can see from the diagram below. There is a warm season from January to May and a dry season from June to December.
The changes in temperature and weather patterns have an impact on the movements of giant tortoises.
In the dry season, slopes of Santa Cruz are covered with a dense fog which enables plants to grow, even if there is less rain. Sometimes if there is a lack of food in the lowlands (because fewer plants have been able to grow) most tortoises (especially male tortoises) migrate up to 10 km to the highlands. In the highlands, temperatures are 2-2.5°C lower than lowland temperatures.
It is usually just full grown tortoises that migrate, the young tortoises stay in the lowlands until they are big enough. The female tortoises stay in the lowlands until they lay their eggs, then they migrate to the highlands.
As soon as the wet season begins, tortoises move back to the lowlands for the rich vegetation that can be found there.
Tortoise Trackers – The Game!
Please note: This game is currently not playable when using the Google Chrome browser. While we find a solution, we recommend using the Mozilla Firefox browser to play this game.
Previous: Tortoise Trackers – Science in the Field
Next: Tortoise Trackers – Tortoise Trackers Quiz
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The researchers, from the University of Cambridge, used machine learning to develop ‘HotGestures’ – analogous to the hot keys used in many desktop applications.
HotGestures give users the ability to build figures and shapes in virtual reality without ever having to interact with a menu, helping them stay focused on a task without breaking their train of thought.
The idea of being able to open and control tools in virtual reality has been a movie trope for decades, but the researchers say that this is the first time such a ‘superhuman’ ability has been made possible. The results are reported in the journal IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics.
Virtual reality (VR) and related applications have been touted as game-changers for years, but outside of gaming, their promise has not fully materialised. “Users gain some qualities when using VR, but very few people want to use it for an extended period of time,” said Professor Per Ola Kristensson from Cambridge’s Department of Engineering, who led the research. “Beyond the visual fatigue and ergonomic issues, VR isn’t really offering anything you can’t get in the real world.”
Most users of desktop software will be familiar with the concept of hot keys – command shortcuts such as ctrl-c to copy and ctrl-v to paste. While these shortcuts omit the need to open a menu to find the right tool or command, they rely on the user having the correct command memorised.
“We wanted to take the concept of hot keys and turn it into something more meaningful for virtual reality – something that wouldn’t rely on the user having a shortcut in their head already,” said Kristensson, who is also co-Director of the Centre for Human-Inspired Artificial Intelligence.
Instead of hot keys, Kristensson and his colleagues developed ‘HotGestures’, where users perform a gesture with their hand to open and control the tool they need in 3D virtual reality environments.
For example, performing a cutting motion opens the scissor tool, and the spray motion opens the spray can tool. There is no need for the user to open a menu to find the tool they need, or to remember a specific shortcut. Users can seamlessly switch between different tools by performing different gestures during a task, without having to pause their work to browse a menu or to press a button on a controller or keyboard.
“We all communicate using our hands in the real world, so it made sense to extend this form of communication to the virtual world,” said Kristensson.
For the study, the researchers built a neural network gesture recognition system that can recognise gestures by performing predictions on an incoming hand joint data stream. The system was built to recognise ten different gestures associated with building 3D models: pen, cube, cylinder, sphere, palette, spray, cut, scale, duplicate and delete.
The team carried out two small studies where participants used HotGestures, menu commands or a combination. The gesture-based technique provided fast and effective shortcuts for tool selection and usage. Participants found HotGestures to be distinctive, fast, and easy to use while also complementing conventional menu-based interaction. The researchers designed the system so that there were no false activations – the gesture-based system was able to correctly recognise what was a command and what was normal hand movement. Overall, the gesture-based system was faster than a menu-based system.
“There is no VR system currently available that can do this,” said Kristensson. “If using VR is just like using a keyboard and a mouse, then what’s the point of using it? It needs to give you almost superhuman powers that you can’t get elsewhere.”
The researchers have made the source code and dataset publicly available so that designers of VR applications can incorporate it into their products.
“We want this to be a standard way of interacting with VR,” said Kristensson. “We’ve had the tired old metaphor of the filing cabinet for decades. We need new ways of interacting with technology, and we think this is a step in that direction. When done right, VR can be like magic.”
The research was supported in part by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC), part of UK Research and Innovation (UKRI).
Zhaomou Song; John J. Dudley; Per Ola Kristensson. ‘HotGestures: Complementing Command Selection and Use with Delimiter-Free Gesture-Based Shortcuts in Virtual Reality.’ IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics (2023). DOI: 10.1109/TVCG.2023.3320257
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No matter what we do that involves other people, we must be able to communicate if we are to succeed. Those who communicate the best, no matter what their goal, usually succeed the most.
Speech communication, whether speaking to one other person, in a small group, or to an audience of hundreds, is an art form involving creativity and imagination. It is also a skill involving critical thinking and theoretical application.
Speech communication focuses on two areas: the presentational and the relational. The presentational area involves designing, delivering, and critiquing speeches while the relational area involves learning how to communicate successfully with others in a one-on-one or small group setting. We believe a solid grounding in both areas prepares students for successful careers and supports the ideal of a liberal education.
As a speech major you will learn to
be confident in speaking in all types of communication settings,
be competent in communicating in various informal settings (such as one-on-one encounters, a small group meeting, and intercultural exchange, and so on)
be competent in the design, delivery, and evaluation of speeches.
Notable Speech Communications Graduates
Ben Cline (’14)
General Assignment Reporter KNWA
Alyse Eady Lemmond (’10) News Anchor THV11 Little Rock, Ark.
Devan Malone (’13) Marketing Coordinator Arkansas Publishing Group Little Rock, Ark.
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The Gambler's Daughter: A Personal and Social History
In this brief memoir the author attempts to come to terms with the psychological scarring she experienced as a child during the 1950s and 1960s while living in Pittsburgh and then suburban Washington. Her father was a compulsive gambler who used his daughter to help hide his gambling losses from his wife, and her mother became a shrew because her social and occupational ambitions were thwarted by her family responsibilities and her husband’s gambling disease. The most vivid memories of Dunlap’s early years concern the constant bickering and fighting between her parents. It was not until she witnessed her mother’s grief at her father's funeral that she realized that they had, despite everything else, loved each other, and this explained why they had not chosen the easy path of divorce. Both she and her mother, Dunlap writes, were “victims of our times.”
As was true of many post-World War II Jewish families, Dunlap’s family was socially and culturally Jewish, although it was somewhat estranged from religion, a not uncommon phenomenon. When her father died in 2004, a rabbi had to be hired to perform the funeral since the family did not belong to a synagogue.
In an attempt to put her family’s troubles into context, Dunlap briefly chronicles the story of East European immigration to America, the history of Pittsburgh and of its Jews, the significance that gambling has had in the Jewish past, and the psychology of the compulsive gambler. The most important part of her account focuses on her frayed bonds with her father and mother, but the book’s brevity and its digression into other topics prevented her from fully examining them. That said, she has an interesting tale to tell.
Have You Read...
Eat the City: A Tale of the Fishers, Foragers, Butchers, Farmers, Poultry Minders, Sugar Refiners, Cane Cutters, Beekeepers, Winemakers, and Brewers Who Built New York
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IOTA Foundation, a non-profit organization, aims to build a standard for industries. IOTA is a protocol for machines and it basically enables two things — firstly, micropayments, where one machine can pay another machine; and secondly, data security — with IOTA data can be put in IOTA tangle which can never be changed, making it immutable giving rise to many interesting security applications.
Beyond the Blockchain
IOTA is ‘beyond the blockchain’ as put by one IOTA Foundation co-founder Dominik Schiener. It is based on Tangle and can be applied to various industries like mobility. The team, Schiener explains, is working on a carry wallet so that the car will have an IOTA wallet where it can make payments to an infrastructure or other vehicles.
IOTA technology also has applications in agriculture. A weather station set up on the field can securely collect weather data and more importantly, the farmer can sell the data, creating a business model for him.
How IOTA (MIOTA) plans to revolutionize the Internet of Things
The IOTA Foundation aims to enable a permission-less ecosystem. The crypto company aims to enable almost fee-less instant micropayments. IOTA’s cryptocurrency MIOTA is considerably different from other coins in the market, especially when it comes to transaction fees. IOTA ensures that you can fulfil even the smallest of tasks in the unified network. For example, you could turn off the tap in the bathroom, stick on a tag, or even blow away a speck of dust.
And because of these incredible features, IOTA can be integrated into the Internet of Things by performing transactions between points. Unlike Bitcoin, Ethereum and other cryptocurrencies, IOTA is not based on Blockchain Technology. It is based on Distributed Ledger technology, uses a special Tangle log, based on the DAG-directed acyclic graph.
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kidzsearch.com > wiki Explore:web images videos games
A boycott is a protest where the protesters do not buy a product or give money to a company. Instead of buying a certain product, they might also buy another, very similar product from a different company.
The word was made during the Irish Land War'. It comes from the name of Captain Charles Boycott. Boycott was in charge of looking after the land of a landlord in County Mayo, Ireland. In 1880, the tenants (those who rented) wanted their rent lowered. Boycott refused, and threw them out of the land they had rented. The Irish Land League then proposed that instead of becoming violent, everyone in the community should stop doing business with Captain Boycott. The captain was soon isolated. No one helped him with the harvest, no one worked in his stables or his house. Local businessmen no longer traded with him, the postman no longer delivered his post.
To get his harvest done, he had to hire 50 people from other counties, the counties Cavan and Monaghan. They were escorted to and from their work by 1000 policemen. Of course, this cost far more than what the harvest was worth.
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Lesson 1- Databases and Why We Need Them
Who can benefit from a database? Anyone who needs to store data and later retrieve meaning from that data. In this lesson, you'll see where databases came from, explore the major types, and see how the various parts fit together.
Lesson 2- Developing a Database System
In this lesson, we'll define and describe the major components of a database system. You'll learn about the System Development Life Cycle, which practically guarantees the success of any database system you produce.
Lesson 3- Building a Database Model
Today, you will learn how important the non-technical portions of a development project are. You'll see why it's not enough to build a system that meets design goals--it also needs to satisfy the people who will use it. You'll learn how to build an Entity-Relationship model that is based on a consensus of what all the stakeholders need.
Lesson 4- Practical Considerations
This lesson will teach you how to find out what the client organization really needs from the development project--it may be very different from what they originally asked for! We'll discuss the pros and cons of either upgrading an existing system or building a new one from scratch
Lesson 5- The Relational Model
Relational databases are by far the most commonly used database type today. They're the most likely type of database that you will find yourself designing and using. In this lesson, you'll learn the relational model: how to create relational databases that have the right combination of performance and reliability to meet your needs.
Lesson 6- Using the E-R Model to Design a Database
This lesson is the pivot point of our course: Today, you will learn how to translate the Entity-Relationship model into a relational model that you can implement directly as a database. A model that accurately describes the system you are modeling is your best guarantee that the system you deliver will perform as you need it to.
Lesson 7- Implementing a Database Design with Access
Today, we move to the hands-on portion of the course. You will take what you have learned so far to build an actual database, using the popular Microsoft Access database management system. The database will track important information for a fictitious nonprofit organization.
Lesson 8- Implementing a Database Design with SQL
In this lesson, you will learn how to build a database with the SQL language--a language that is supported by all relational database management systems. You'll also learn how to protect it from accidental or intentional harm.
Lesson 9- Building a Database Application Using Access
Databases store data. That's important, but it's not worth much if you can't pick and choose the information you want to retrieve from the database. Today you will learn how to create a database application that will give users a turnkey tool for retrieving exactly the information they want with a minimum of hassle.
Lesson 10- Database Security and Integrity
It's more important than ever to ensure that your company's organizational data does not fall into the wrong hands. This lesson teaches you how to control who accesses your data. We'll also cover how to protect your data if your hardware fails or if some other unexpected disaster occurs.
Lesson 11- Building a More Sophisticated Database Application
This lesson takes you to the next level--creating sophisticated database applications by combining code written with procedural languages such as Visual Basic, or C with SQL statements. We'll go on to discuss how to make databases and database applications available on an organization's network and on the World Wide Web.
Lesson 12- Database Development Essentials
This lesson emphasizes the critically important (but often overlooked) human aspect of a database development project. Your client may not have a clear idea of what they want at the outset of your database project. That means your communication and interpersonal skills are going to be just as important as your technical expertise. After we complete this final piece of the database puzzle, you'll be ready to create database systems that truly meet the needs of your client organization.
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Honor Your Feelings: Intuitive Eating for the Holidays and Life
Another hard principle is Honoring Your Feelings without using food.
As humans, food is very intertwined with our emotions. You connect with someone over a cup of coffee, celebrate with a nice dinner, birthday cake, it’s all around us. But when we start using food instead of handling our emotions, we can interfere with our coping abilities. How many of us have felt guilty about eating something? Guilt is an emotion. Guilt has no place when it comes to your emotions around food. We can eat because of any number of emotions such as to comfort, to distract, to punish. We eat out of boredom, procrastination, as a bribe or reward (you can get dessert if you eat your veggies), excitement, to sooth, out of frustration, anger, stress, anxiety, depression, or to feel connected with others.
To overcome this, ask yourself are you biologically hungry? If yes, eat!
What are you feeling? Take some time to identify the emotions you are feeling. Write, call a friend, sit and experience your feelings, talk with a counselor, or record yourself talking. Understand the emotion behind the drive to eat.
What do I need? We eat to fill an unmet need, is it connection, is it control, do you need rest? What need is not being met.
If you can’t figure that out, what would you ask someone if you asked the question “would you please…?” maybe you need help cleaning the house, maybe you need some “me-time”, maybe you need a hug.
Find other ways to meet your needs. This can include any number of things such as taking a nap, talking to feel understood or heard, talking to a friend, taking a bath, ”me-time”, getting a haircut, writing about your feelings, letting yourself cry, take your anger out on your pillow, read a good book, go to the movies, drive around, clean your closet, do a jigsaw puzzle.
When you use food emotionally, it is not serving you. It is doing you a disservice. It is not letting you feel your feelings fully, some people after finding new ways to cope notice stronger feelings because they aren’t using food to numb themselves. Food no longer has that power over their emotions, it is no longer important.
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16 February 2019
The Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras is a festival celebrating the LGBTQI community in Sydney, promoting a statement of pride, diversity and acceptance, and holding a wide variety of community events, cultural and social activities, and more, for local residents and visitors to the city to enjoy. This year’s theme, ‘Fearless’, will explore the ides of living life courageously despite your fears, recognising how the brave actions of LGBTQI advocates, activists and groups have paved the way for equality and inclusion.
On the 24 June 1978 the Gay Solidarity Group marched through the city in the first ever Mardi Gras street festival with the intention of raising awareness of the issues faced by LGBTQI residents in Sydney, starting with the decriminalisation of homosexuality. The protest was also held to mark the anniversary of the Stonewall Riots that spontaneously broke out in New York in 1969. Although the first festival ended in violence with 53 arrests noted, the community did not give up in their efforts to be treated equally in their home country. 1979 saw the event expand from a one-day march to a week-long festival, incorporating a new artistic direction with a Gay Alternative Fair Day, film screenings and the first dance party fundraiser held at Balmain Town Hall.
As Mardi Gras entered the 80s there were some disagreements within the group as to what the purpose of the event really was. With homosexuality still outlawed and no real pressure to change the law, many questioned the political motivations of the event. A victory was celebrated in 1982 however when changes to the Anti-Discrimination Act meant that it became illegal to discriminate against people because of their sexual orientation. The years that followed saw more businesses and government factions show support to the Mardi Gras campaign, with Sydney City Council placing rainbow flag decorations along the Oxford Street parade route in 1983 and 1984 finally saw the legalisation of homosexuality in NSW, an offence that had previously carried a penalty of up to 14 years in prison.
Although legalised in NSW, as the 80s went on homosexuality was still illegal in more than half of Australia’s states and there was a lot of negative press about HIV/AIDS. This in turn meant that Mardi Gras became a place where LGBTQI members could feel safe, supported and show off their pride in who they were. Mardi Gras’s biggest event The Party, continued to grow in popularity and moved to a new home at the Hordern Pavillion.
Moving into the 90s the popularity of the event saw people flocking to enjoy the colourful parade, fair day and parties across the city. The parade drove millions into the local community, raised awareness and money for HIV/AIDS charities and helped to change views of local MPs, who lifted a ban on gay and lesbians seving in the Australian Armed Forces in 1992. The parade was broadcast on TV for the first time in 1994, and superstar Kylie Minogue performed the 3am slot at the Royal Hall of Industries. The festival has seen many big-name acts perform over the years, including Boy George, Dannii Minogue, Tom Jones, Tina Arena, Calvin Harris, David Guetta, The Freemasons, Cyndi Lauper, Olivia Newton John and many more.
Now in its 41st year, this year’s Mardi Gras is set to be huge, as many come together to celebrate once again over 17 days packed with parties, performances, community events and more from 16 February. This year will also see iconic star Cher headline the Mardi Gras Party. Fresh off the back of the success of 2017’s referendum on marriage equality, there will be cause to celebrate across Sydney as same sex couples and those within the LGBTQI community toast to their beautiful selves and what makes them unique, party hard and honour those who fought for the rights they waited so long to hold.
Mardi Gras has always been a space to explore and celebrate who you are and a forum to exchange ideas, interact with and show support for the LGBTQI community. There have been ups and downs, from the first riots of the 78ers to the unveiling of the first floats. Through adversity, the spirit of self-expression and the passion for equality has kept people campaigning for what they believe is right.
Read on to explore some of the most important moments in the festival’s strong history.
1978 The Mardi Gras Parade takes to the streets for the first time as a political protest for the rights of Australian members of the LGBTQI community.
1982 Narrandera man Roger McKay marched alone with the Aboriginal flag, the first time the flag representing the First People of Australia was used in the parade. This year, the First Nations of People will lead the Mardi Gras parade, showcasing their proud history.
1988 The famous Dykes on Bikes made their first appearance at the front of the parade.
1994 The first televised showing of the Mardi Gras parade hits screens across Australia, showing 50 minutes of highlights from the festival.
1997 The Lemonheads famous all-female float debuted at the parade. Their iconic lemon outfits were recreated in 2013.
2003 Mardi Gras returns as a grassroots movement.
2010 saw 5,200 people strip down on the steps of the Sydney Opera House for photographer Spencer Tunick’s nude installation.
2016 12,500 people take part in the Mardi Gras parade watched by 300,000 onlookers, making it one of the biggest years in the event’s history.
This year, Mardi Gras will be held from 15 February to 3 March, with a carnival of immersive events at a range of locations across Sydney! Kicking off the festivities will be The Queer Screen’s 26th Mardi Gras Film Festival hosted by Event Cinemas in the city centre. The annual event will showcase a number of new films and well-loved classics from around the world, including Giant Little Ones, Rafiki and the coming-of-age thriller Boys. The iconic Laneway event will close out the festival, featuring live music, DJs and more. Head to the Mardi Gras site to find out more information and explore the full programme of events.
Mardi Gras is back with a bang this year with an awesome programme of events set to wow revelers as they descend on the City of Sydney for the famous festival. Check out some of the hottest Mardi Gras events below and start planning your Mardi Gras schedule!
The only place to be after the famous parade, the official Mardi Gras Party kicks off at 10:00 pm with a plethora of spectacular performance acts, DJs and more! Headlined by legendary artist Cher, the biggest LGBTQI party of the year is sure to wow with awe-inspiring light installations, theatrics and some fun surprises in store for revellers!
Celebrate where it all began and show your support, pride and passion to the community as part of the iconic Mardi Gras Parade. Expect to see the legendary Lemonheads, Dykes on Bikes, beautiful drag queens, community heroes and more people from all walks of life come together in solidarity, peace and stunning colour. Whether you’re watching from the sidelines, marching as one, or responsible for creating one of the brilliantly vibrant floats on display, there’s so many ways you can join in the festival of love!
Mardi Gras will come to a glittering crescendo with the Mardi Gras Laneway party – the perfect place to recover from a jam-packed festival of events. Returning to its traditional home the event will be joint hosted by The Beresford and The Filnders Hotel in the city and feature a number of surprise performances, unique DJ sets, installations and much more. Celebrate another successful festival in style at a spectacular street party not to be missed!
Grab yourself a pool noodle and your best swimsuit as city centre venue The Ivy plays host to the hottest pool party of the summer – all in the name of Mardi Gras. Expect cool, poolside glamour, tasty cocktails and exciting local DJs spinning a range of new tunes, club classics and gay anthems.
Head to the Carriageworks for a one-night-only trip back in time as the Eveleigh venue is transformed into a New York underground ballroom. The Sissy Ball will be a safe space allowing freedom of expression and an evening of iconic Vogue extravagance. Expect a mesmerising soundtrack of disco, house, pop and more curated by local artist and club icon Bhenji Ra and listen out for the full line-up which will be announced soon!
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The link between mathematics and music has always been there - our ears hear in frequencies and even before those frequencies were known in physics terms, ancient philosopher-scientists had determined that the language of math linked areas as remote as planetary motion and harmony. "There is music in the spacing of the spheres," wrote Pythagoras. The Pythagoreans didn't have irrational numbers, negative numbers or even a zero but they didn't need those for their kind of symbolism.
The beauty of music led lots of people to understand math. Every guitar player learns the circle of fifths, even if the knowledge about frequencies and numbers is high order. For Mark Bowden, Director of Composition at Royal Holloway, University of London, it went the other way around; the math inspired the music. He was reading "The Music of the Primes", by mathematician Marcus du Sautoy, about the history of prime numbers and the Riemann hypothesis exploring how prime numbers relate to music, patterns in nature and our lives and, coupled with inspiration from Dante Gabriel Rossetti’s poem, he came up with his composition "sudden light" which is going to be performed by the BBC National Orchestra of Wales, at Hoddinott Hall, Cardiff on Friday, October 26th.
“I made use of many sequences of prime numbers to construct rhythms, form and some of the smaller musical details,” Bowden explained. “It is a very common observation that music and mathematics share many properties. The philosopher Leibniz once commented that 'music is the pleasure the human mind experiences from counting without being aware that it is counting'. However, merely representing numerical patterns in sound is not enough to create a work of art. In sudden light I have sought to embed many patterns based upon prime numbers into the fabric of the score, both horizontally, in terms of melody, rhythm and form and, perhaps more crucially, vertically, in terms of harmony and texture.
“These patterns develop and interconnect as the music progresses but are not consciously audible to the listener. It is my intention for the audience to experience the music, as Liebniz described, 'as a secret and unconscious mathematical problem of the soul'.”
Bowden was awarded the Royal Philharmonic Society Composition Prize for 'sudden light' in 2006. He was appointed Resident Composer at the BBC National Orchestra of Wales in June 2011 and will be in post for four years.
The concert, conducted by Andrew Gourlay, will take place at BBC Hoddinott Hall, Wales Millennium Centre, on Friday October 26th at 7pm. In Wales and want to listen? Tickets are priced at £7.50-£9.50 by visiting www.wmc.org.uk
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Plant Invaders on BBC Radio 4 at 13:45 British Summer Time on 31 July 2014
The Victorians’ pride at the effortless movement of plants around the world during the late 19th century was having an unwelcome side effect. Invasive species were beginning to wipe out native populations of plants. With no natural predators to control them, one man’s flower was turning into another man’s weed.
Prof Kathy Willis hears how during the late 1800s, many invasive species from Japanese knot weed to Himalayan balsam to water hyacinth came from deliberate introductions and asks if today, trying to control them is ultimately futile?
As historian Jim Endersby explains both Charles Darwin and Kew’s director Joseph Hooker were the first to examine the impact of invasives, having noticed on the island of St Helena and Ascension Island the effect on native plants.
One of the…
View original post 117 more words
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CASES OF USE OF THE ANTHROPOLOGICAL APPROACH IN CIVIC, CULTURAL or INTERCULTURAL EDUCATION
Here, below partners share their successfully implemented project. Moreover a document was prepared with the definition of working words in french (pdf) by the Ethnologues en herbe.
Please note, that the following cases were developed and implemented in the framework of other projects and activities and not in the context of “Inside Views”:
• Integration of artwork in to the project “Museum of cross-border life”.
Goal of the project is to integrate art and architecture developing the concept of the Museum building in Wallonia
Description of Musées et Société en Wallonie project: Ethno et archi (French and English), pdf
• Theatrical creations from living heritage.
The methods of ethnology (surveys, historic searches, social enviroment) ground lead to scenic creations addressing highly targeted themes of regional intangible cultural heritage. Mediation is based on rehearsals of theater then offering a very relevant oral communication to the public.
Description of Musées et Société en Wallonie project: Ethno et théâtre (French and English), pdf
• “Learn the language, learn the city” – urban ethnography workshop.
Through the method of participative cartography, the participants are led to materialize their daily journeys in their neighborhood as the workshor goes along. During the outings, they record each other in turns about their journeys, Along the survey, they take pictures and write short essays.
• “Treasures of everyday life” – an ethnography workshop on the cultural heritages of a neighborhood.
The workhsop offers the youth an opportunity to explore their neighborhood, looking for the diversity in cultural customs, and in artistic traditions in the course of a field survey. Collected elements are organised so that participants can create exhibition boards, online exhibition of the Ethnogues en Herbe Assosiation’s website: http://www.ethnoclick.net
• “Jobs in the city” – an ethnography workshop.
This workshop seeks to trigger the pupils curiosity about the jobs in their district, teach them about the methods of field survey; and reinforce the learning processes and transverse abilities.
• “Gender in everyday life” – – an ethnography workshop.
Six two-hours session in junior-schools aim to introduce the notion of gender and raise the youths awareness on how this notion expresses itself in everyday life. They are acquainted with the method of field survey.
Description of Ethnologues en herbe project: Description of Ethnologues en Herbe 2013-2014 projects [English, all profiles in one, pdf]
Here you could find different methods used by Zeitpfeil e.V. and one project of the association, which in our view have a lot of elements inspired by the anthropological approach and in particular from the fieldwork methods of ethnography.
• “Marathon in the big city” Method of civic education used in particular during study-visits of groups in Berlin.
The learners are invited to visit different areas of the city to make their own observation about the area, its particularities and its inhabitants and to come in contact with local people. In order to achieve that, they receive a sheet with different tasks: questions for the inhabitants, visit of specific areas/buildings/institutions, photographs of the nice and not nice areas etc.
Description of Zeitpfeil project: Inside Views – Cases Zeitpfeil, Marathon in the big city
• Subjective map. Methods of analysis of the social space (Sozialraumanalyse) for children and youngsters.
A professional ask to each participant to draw a map of the area that they live, pla1y, go to school, live their family. After drawing their own map the kids present it to the professional. It is important to take notes of the presentation of children.
Description of Zeitpfeil project: Inside Views Cases-Zeitpfeil, Subjective map
• “Team message in the bottle” A group of children from a small city of Brandenburg get in touch with a group from a small city in Ecuador. The children send to each other letter and photos describing their life, their school and their city. In order to do that they have photo sessions and writing sessions. Some in Spanish. The letters, the pictures and other handcrafts are given personally to the group in Ecuador and vice versa by volunteers participating in workcamps in Ecuador.
Description of Zeitpfeil project: Inside Views- Cases Zeitpfeil – Team Flaschenpost
• “Inspection of the neighbourhood” Methods of analysis of the social space (Sozialraumanalyse) for children and youngsters. A professional goes together with a group of children or youngster for a walk in the neighborhood. The children guide him/her and they talk with him about the places they like or not, how do they use the space, what they are missing.
Description of Zeitpfeil project: Inside Views – Cases Zeitpfeil, Inspection of the neighbourhood
• “Street lucky catch”: a series of photo-interviews with passers-by, made in Vilnius and other Lithuanian and European cities. The goal was to create a cultural map a changing city of Vilnius (and other cities) through the everyday routes and cultural preferences of the passers-by. By focusing attention to the favourite city places, music, films, internet sites, travel destinations, books and hobbies of passers-by it was also sought to bring public interest to the everyday life of citizens, who usually do not get attention of media as experts in cinema, literature, fashion, urban places, etc. Implemented: 2oo7, spring.
Description of Laimikis.lt project: Street Lucky Catch, miesto kartografavimas / Gatvės Laimikiai, city mapping [in English and Lithuanian, pdf]
• “Street Blog” (Web_0): bringing online communication tools to the streets. A mobile interactive installation, which serve as a communication tool and a community development method. The object was installed in various city spaces for to initiate written and verbal discussions on burning urban topics (for example, the reconstruction of the public spaces) or just for exchanging messages, pictures and small items. Urban spaces, where the Street Blog was installed were activated by attracting people, and the temporal communities of active users of the Street Blog emerge. Implemented: 2009, spring.
Description of Laimikis.lt project: Street Blog, a platfrom for discussions / Gatvės Blogas, mobili diskusijų platforma [in English and Lithuanian, pdf]
• “Street Mosaic Workshop”.
A community art format, developed by Laimikis.lt for the revitalization of the wooden neighbourhood of Šnipiškės, which used to be famous for its ceramic workshops in 16-18th centuries. A community art is not only a form of participatory research [see publication], but also an effective networking and placemaking tool. A workshop takes place in the streets of the neighbourhood each week. The format is open and everyone is invited to join. There are different forms of participating in creating starting from decorating electric pole the participants were invited to decorate facades of local bicycle shop. Implemented: 2o13, spring.
Description of Laimikis.lt project: Street Mosaic Workshop / Gatvės mozaikos dirbtuvės Šnipiškėse [in English and Lithuanian, upcoming].
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This blog is part of a weekly series that we hope will provide some food for thought on the critical questions outlined in the forthcoming MENA Flagship Report on Jobs.
There is more to unemployment than the simple fact of not having a job. It brings with it a whole set of additional difficulties, and on a large scale can have far reaching social consequences. This is especially true for young people struggling with a lack of stable employment and weak prospects for landing any permanent work. Jobs are an important source of social identity, and without one, young people can be cast adrift. This can lead them to feeling alienated and marginalized, which can in turn make them susceptible to radical ideas – either political, religious or otherwise.
The experience with economic crises over the past 100 years has suggested that an increase in joblessness and insecurity tends to be accompanied with the rising influence of more radical forms of ideology, politics and religion. In a more fragile environment, low employment can fuel a vicious cycle whereby frustration over the lack of prospects can produce social disturbances, such as riots, which erode business confidence and cause investment to evaporate, which leads to more frustration and more riots, and so forth.
The recent upsurge in social instability in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) can be tied to the region’s enormous jobs challenge, with the social impact of malfunctioning labor markets contributing indirectly to the current disturbances.
Queuing for jobs
Compared to other regions, relatively few people in MENA countries have stable employment. Less than one fifth of the working age population work in the formal, private or public sector. The demand for the available formal jobs is huge , especially those in the public sector, as they tend to offer a good wage and generous benefits. Such jobs are, however, not open to fair competition and tend to be filled through processes that rely on connections rather than skills match and competencies. Queing and waiting for jobs in the public sector is also common, drawing significant talent and energy away from the private sector.
The fact that more than 80% of the working age population does not have formal employment makes the MENA region unique. Nearly one half of the working age population is neither working nor actively looking for work and thus remain outside the labor force. About one in fifteen is officially looking for work and considered formally unemployed. Among these, a high percentage belong to the younger generation. The remaining, about one quarter of the working age population, is engaged in informal jobs without a contract or any form of social protection.
There is little peace without employment
Economists have observed that employment is not only critical for economic development, poverty reduction and improvements in living standards, but also for social cohesion and stability. This has, in fact, become one of the themes of the upcoming 2013 World Development Report. Employment therefore plays a vital social role beyond its direct benefits for both employers and employees. While free market forces do not directly support this critical social role, there is a vivid and ongoing discussion about the function of the state in promoting employment. Unfortunately, subsidies for energy and labor saving capital, strict labor market regulations and poorly designed employment protection, as in the case throughout the MENA region, tend to be counterproductive.
In search of solutions
To enhance prosperity and stability, MENA countries need to expand employment. In the private sector, new jobs can emerge when laws and regulations and their enforcement practices make it easier to start new enterprises, obtain financing, compete in the marketplace, and hire and manage the workforce. National resources spent on excessive benefits for the public sector workforce – and on energy price subsidies – could instead be directed toward targeted social protection schemes, including needs-based social safety nets and programs for skills development, as well as actively matching candidates with specific skills to appropriate available jobs. This would benefit a much wider population, and align with each individual country economic development strategy, social objectives and market needs.
An effective system for social protection and employment would in turn allow for the reform of labor laws and regulations, to make them less burdensome. Instead of reinforcing the privileges of those few fortunate to have formal employment, as current labor laws inevitably do, the legal and regulatory framework could offer greater flexibility to employers and employees alike; making it easier for employers to create jobs and for the government to protect workers‘ income in the event of temporary job losses.
As part of the effort of many MENA countries to create a new social contract, stakeholders should acknowledge the wider social benefits associated with employment. In this spirit, for instance, labor unions would seek not only to guard the conditions of those with jobs but also to fight for the rights and aspirations of those who seek jobs, including young women and school graduates, among the groups that are now overwhelmingly excluded from the job opportunities. Employers could work with schools and other institutes of learning to train not only better employees, but also entrepreneurs, and students and parents could demand better, more relevant education.
A better jobs eco-system in MENA countries would brighten the prospects of the many job seekers, and contribute to a more stable future for their entire societies.
This blog is part of a weekly series that we hope will provide some food for thought on the critical questions outlined in the forthcoming MENA Flagship Report on Jobs. The common thread and objective of these blogs are to spur a conversation on “what to tell your Finance Minister .” This is in preparation for the World Bank Annual Meetings in October 2012, where the report's main messages and the results of the live chat will be presented to MENA policy makers. We want to know what YOU think is holding people back, and what can be done to create more and better jobs in MENA.
Read the previous weeks' blogs in the series:
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- Start date: 1 June 2018
- End date: 31 May 2021
- Funder: NERC
- Partners and collaborators: University of St Andrews, Bangor University, University of York, the Centre for Ecology and Hydrology
- Primary investigator: Dr Natasha Barlow
Salt marshes are under threat; an estimated 25% of global saltmarsh habitat has been lost since the 1800’s, with assessments predicting that a further 50% of the world’s salt marshes may permanently disappear by the end of this century from erosion and coastal squeeze. The quantity of the salt marsh carbon stocks lost due to this widespread habitat disturbance is unknown but global carbon sequestration has undoubtedly been diminished with the loss of salt marsh habitat. Restoration of salt marshes may therefore offer relatively cost-effective mechanisms to halt the loss of, or increase carbon sequestration and long-term carbon storage. Salt marshes can be resilient sea-level rise, because their potential to trap particles (which includes carbon) increases with the deepening of the water column. However, the role of sea-level rise as a driver of carbon storage in saltmarshes, and its interactive effects with e.g. sediment supply and tidal range, has never been quantitatively assessed.
The NERC funded C-SIDE project is striving to produce the first large-scale empirical study of saltmarsh carbon accretion rate, its drivers and the long-term stability/resilience of these carbon stores. The outcomes of the work will provide practical guidance for coastal managers and inform shoreline policy to safeguard carbon storage in the intertidal zone. This work is being done by Natasha Barlow at Leeds with colleagues from the Universities of St Andrews, Bangor, York and the Centre for Ecology and Hydrology.
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With all the newest technologies and gadgets that are meant to entertain us and make our lives easier, here are a few things you might want to make sure your kid is doing everyday:
1) Let them RUN - When you run, you increase your stride length. That means you open your hips to a degree that is not done with walking. Tight hips are one of the top reasons adults have pain and poor posture. Don't let them sit at the TV or iPad (see #4) for hours and lose mobility that they will need to keep a healthy flexibility in their bodies as they grow up.
2) Go Barefoot - Running barefoot was a big craze for good reason. It builds strength in the intrinsic muscles in the feet. Having weak feet and ankles means back and knee pain in early adulthood and balance problems as you get old. The best time to build that strength is when you are a child, when you haven't developed any bad walking habits or foot abnormalities (e.g. fallen arch, turned out foot, etc.)
3) Backless chairs - This takes us back to another early craze, sitting on Swiss balls. Having backs on chairs further increased the damage excessive sitting does on the body. If you have something to lean back on, most likely you will depend on it. Most people that sit on chairs with backs tend to slump in them, causing kyphosis or curvature of the spine as well as weakened abdominals. Teach your kids to have good posture early (or limit the amount of prolonged sitting out of school altogether) and prevent poor posture.
4) Power down the iPad - There is a reason that some of the top CEOs in the country don't let their own children play with smart phones and iPads. While their is a big need to have our children become more tech savy than we were, this doesn't mean they can neglect some of the more fundamental skills that children need for healthy neuromuscular growth. Sports and play develop a child's gross motor skills and coordination. Get your kids outside and back to the basics to build a healthy neuromuscular system. They can learn technology in school.
5a) Get them checked out (Part 1)- Many orthopedic dysfunctions that cause us pain when we are adults start to develop when we are kids. Currently, the main things pediatricians check with your children are for congenital hip abnormalities (See Ortolani's Test)and a rib hump (See Adams Test) to check for spinal curvature or "scoliosis". If your child has a rib hump when bending over, chances are he or she already has advanced scoliosis and might need to wear a brace or even have surgery. Most of the time, children develop small postural abnormalities that these tests won't pick up. So basically, we are waiting for things to get really bad before we do something about it. All it takes is a simple exam (find a good orthopedic physical therapist that has experience with children) to detect some of these small asymmetries of the body and keep them from snow balling into bigger problems in adulthood.
5b) Get them checked out (Part 2) - If you child has ever had any injury that you noticed them limping or moving gingerly, don't just "let it heal". Many orthopedic dysfunctions I find in clinic with adults, stem from injuries that never fully "healed" with childhood and adolescent injuries. Most of the time, these injuries are written off because the pain goes away. What we do know is the body has an amazing capability of self preservation. If there is something wrong, your body will usually break out its arsenal of compensations to avoid having to feel pain. So while you might think the body is just healing itself, it is actually starting to form new and pathological movement patterns that only get more ingrained as time goes on.
Dr. Joshua Mazalian, DPT, OCS, CSCS is the owner of JAM Sports and Spine in Los Angeles and specializes in sports and orthopedic physical therapy. You can reach him on Twitter @jamsportsPT and Facebook as well as email at firstname.lastname@example.org.
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Drug-Resistant Gonorrhea Spreading
Drug-resistant gonorrhea is spreading across the world, the United Nations warned on Wednesday. Unless doctors catch and treat cases sooner, millions of patients may be stuck with an untreatable STD.
"Gonorrhoea is becoming a major public health challenge," Manjula Lusti-Narasimhan, from the WHO's department of reproductive health and research, told Reuters. "The organism is what we term a superbug - it has developed resistance to virtually every class of antibiotics that exists. If gonococcal infections become untreatable, the health implications are significant."
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The World Health Organization called for greater vigilance in the use of antibiotics. The emergence of drug-resistant bacteria stems from unregulated use of the drugs, which helps fuel mutations in the bacteria and makes them resistant.
Antibiotic resistant gonorrhea isn't a new problem. During World War II, gonorrhea became resistant to the drug sulfanilamide. In the 1980s, it became resistant to penicillin and tetracyclin. In 2007, the antibiotic fluoroquinolone stopped working. Now researchers worry that they are running out of effective drugs.
People with gonorrhea often do not exhibit symptoms, but possible symptoms are vaginal discharge, lower abdominal pain or pain during intercourse. Men can also experience a burning sensation during urination. If left untreated, serious health issues can develop, including pelvic inflammatory disease, which can lead to infertility in women and is one reason the antibiotic resistant strain can be a huge problem.
Gonorrhea is spread through vaginal, anal or oral intercourse and can be transmitted during childbirth. Contrary to popular belief, you cannot catch gonorrhea from a toilet seat.
But how do the bacteria that cause gonorrhea become resistant to antibiotics?
Antibiotics work by killing susceptible bacteria, but some microbes can survive because of an ability to neutralize or avoid an antibiotic. Resistant strains, either naturally or through mutations, survive, multiply and replace bacteria destroyed by antibiotics.
"Bacteria that were at one time susceptible to an antibiotic can acquire resistance through mutation of their genetic material or by acquiring pieces of DNA that code for the resistance properties from other bacteria," according to the CDC website. "The DNA that codes for resistance can be grouped in a single easily transferable package. This means that bacteria can become resistant to many antimicrobial agents because of the transfer of one piece of DNA."
The biggest contributor to bacteria drug resistance is the over-prescription of antibiotics, according to the CDC. Antibiotics are frequently prescribed for viruses, simply because healthcare providers think patients expect them. The common cold is the most common reason antibiotics are prescribed, despite the fact that antibiotics do not affect viruses.
It's unclear how widespread the drug resistance is because many countries lack reliable data, the WHO said.
"Without adequate surveillance we won't know the extent of resistance...and without research into new antimicrobial agents there could soon be no effective treatment for patients."
Researchers said the evolution of the gonorrhea is fascinating , saying that if an untreatable form wasn't so scary, it's be fun to study.
"They used to say that if you have urethral gonorrhoea you go to the toilet to pass urine, it would be like passing razor blades. It was that painful," Francis Ndowa, the WHO's former lead specialist for sexually transmitted infections, told Reuters.
"Now people with gonorrhoea sometimes...only notice the discharge if they look when they pass urine, it's not that painful anymore. So the organism has readjusted itself to provide fewer symptoms so that it can survive longer. It's an amazing interaction between man and pathogen."
The only 100 percent effective method of preventing gonorrhea, according to the CDC, is sexual abstinence, but proper usage of a latex condom and monogamous intercourse with a person known to be uninfected can dramatically reduce the risk.
"We're not going to be able to get rid of it completely," Lusti-Narasimhan told CBS News. "But we can limit the spread."
© 2012 iScience Times All rights reserved. Do not reproduce without permission.
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Our Level 3s and 4s will experience two days at Jungai Camp. Camp Jungai- which means ‘meeting place’ in the Taungurung language – was established in 1972 in order to promote race reconciliation, teach indigenous culture and offer a meeting and teaching place for indigenous and non-indigenous groups.
Camp Jungai is an Accredited Tourism Business (ATAP) and has been operated by The Outdoor Education Group since 1999 and has developed into an ideal venue for school camps or gatherings. They offer a great range of educational, fun and engaging on-site activities, and a unique opportunity to learn more about indigenous culture. Camp Jungai is set in 120 hectares of open and lightly wooded land bordered by State Forest. The natural bush surrounds and peaceful setting make Camp Jungai a perfect base from which to explore the many attractions of the Rubicon Valley and the Murrindindi Shire.
Camp Jungai has a unique focus on Aboriginal culture and their specialist cultural officers bring this to life for students through interactive and fun sessions which can include:
- Traditional dance and music
- Bush tucker walks
- Indigenous food and medicinal plant garden
- Weapons and artefacts – including boomerang throwing (you may purchase your own boomerangs to paint and take home)
- Cultural evenings – indigenous stories, games and didgeridoo
- Lake and Water Activities
- High and low rope courses
- Possum Pull / Flying Possum
- Orienteering course
- Flexipave courts for tennis and basketball
- Walking and cycling tracks
- Environmental Games
- Banner Painting
Camp Jungai also have a huge range of adventure activities on site, from ropes courses to canoeing and much much more.
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March 13th 2021
Bismuth is a hard, brittle lustrous, and coarsely crystalline metal, it is the element 83 on the periodic table of elements with the atomic symbol Bi. It has a gray-white color with a slight pink or reddish tinge and occurs both native and in compounds. The Bismuth pieces you'll find at the Village Rock Shop were melted by one of our local collaborators.
In the native state, it is found in veins associated with lead, tin, zinc, and silver ores in China, Germany, England, Bolivia, Mexico, Japan, Canada. Bismuth's naturally occurring compounds are bismite, bismuthinite, bismutite.
Commercial Bismuth is produced as a by-product in the smelting and refining of lead, tin, copper, silver, and gold ores. In the 15th-century the German monk Basil Valentine mentions this metal in his writing as "weissmuth", an old German term that probably means "white mass", later the term was Latinized to bisemutum by the mineralogist Georgius Agricola. Bismuth was accepted as a specific metal by the middle of the 18th century.
Bismuth has a variety of uses due to its properties, for example, its melting point of 520F, and its boiling point of 2,480F make it useful for industrial and military uses.
If you are looking for crystals, gemstones, or unique metals like Bismuth, feel free to contact us. According to energy healers, Bismuth can help in relieving emotional and spiritual isolation or loneliness. Bismuth can be used to support transformation, it will boost your vitality, focus the mind, enabling you to overcome any obstacles and achieve your goals. It can help you calm your mind during stressful times. We invite you to visit our shop and choose the Bismuth pieces you like from our collection.
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Radiators are a common form of residential heating that make use of hot water or steam to provide heat to specific rooms throughout a house. However, over time air can become trapped in the pipes of your radiator, which prevents the radiator from providing heat to the room. Thankfully, if this does occur, all you have to do is bleed the radiator of the excess air to get it working again, a fairly simple process that only requires a few basic tools.
What You'll Need
Before you get started, you should assemble all the tools and materials that you'll need in a single place to speed up the process. You'll need protective gloves (made out of fabric, not rubber or plastic, which can melt), a screwdriver or radiator key, a dry cloth, and a small bowl that can fit under your radiator. All of these items can be found at most hardware stores if you don't already have them lying around your home.
Bleeding a Radiator
Firstly, ensure that the radiator is turned off – if it's turned on, you may injure yourself during the process.
Next, locate where the bleed valve is on your radiator. It's usually fairly obvious, located on the top of one side of the radiator, though it is located on the bottom on some models. Put the small bowl underneath the valve to protect against any spills that may occur.
Insert the screwdriver or radiator key into the valve, and turn it counterclockwise (to the left) half a turn. Some radiators have valves which are too small for a screwdriver, but needle nosed pliers will work in a pinch. A soft hissing sound will tell you that you've begun to release air from the radiator.
Keep an eye on the valve – it may take a few minutes for all of the air to bleed out of your radiator's pipes. Once the valve begins to bubble, or a steady stream of water begins to flow out of it, your radiator's pipes have been completely drained. You can now use the screwdriver or radiator key to close the valve again, turning clockwise (to the right) until the water stops flowing out of it.
Use the rag to clean up any water that may have spilled out. You're now able to use the radiator as you see fit. For future reference, it's a good idea to bleed all of your radiators before the winter season starts to ensure that they are working properly. For more tips, contact a home heating repair company.Share
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Let's Know the Types of ChocolateThere is different kind of chocolate for hot chocolate beverages. It helps us also to know the types of chocolate, as follows;
Type is the original chocolate couverture which usually contain fat chocolate, chocolate mass and tend bitter taste and the price is more expensive. couverture chocolate is a type of so-called "real chocolate" by the true chocolate lover. This type of chocolate apart quickly melted in the mouth, also have a sense of "fruity" is somewhat bitter.
Broadly speaking, the content in the couverture chocolate is cocoa mass and cocoa butter and sugar (for the type of dark chocolate, milk and white while for regular use of milk solids in it to replace cocoa powder) for the bitterness and sweetness depends on the balance between the amount of real chocolate with sugar. Besides it feels good, is good for health but had a weakness in the storage and handling (particularly for pralines and somewhat sensitive to heat).
Couverture chocolate in addition to requiring special equipment, processing process is also more difficult. This chocolate processing is the way in "tempering" or melted.
Compound Chocolate composition is almost the same as couverture chocolate but cocoa butter is replaced by other vegetable fats such as coconut oil is cheap or soya. Cocoa butter is also edible but actually including fat butter probably why so-called because it has the same yellow color and are expensive like butter.
In flavor compound chocolate rather sweet may be because many people think that white chocolate is not chocolate, but the handling is easier. Compound chocolate is more widely used for decoration and sometimes chocolate to make ganache, praline and others. Due to price considerations are much cheaper than couverture.
There are 3 types of compound coholate namely:
- Dark chocolate compound: that is colored dark chocolate bars, chocolate flavor is more pronounced and does not contain milk. This type of chocolate used for baking, cake, and various other snacks.
- Milk chocolate compound: that is a chocolate bar that is a mixture of brown sugar, cocoa, melted chocolate, milk, and vanilla. This is the best chocolate for your homemade chocolate beverage
- White chocolate compound: that is white chocolate bars, chocolate bars contain white, brown and caco containing butter.
Chocolate powder is chocolate that has a strong scent, not rancid, not moldy, and not moldy. There are several types of cocoa powder cocoa powder is dark colored and flavored bitter very useful because have a drying properties of cookie dough.
This kind of chocolate is the best for your hot chocolate recipes.
Other types namely cocoa powder which has a density medium, or brown powders that are easily found in supermarkets or markets. Cocoa powder or cocoa powder is made from cake / chocolate slag that had separated fat chocolate. This cake is dried and finely ground to form cocoa powder manufacture of flour chocolate. There are 2 ways process:
1 Through a natural processNatural cocoa is slightly acidic. Most cocoa powder is sold in the market is a kind of natural cocoa. Natural cocoa powder is made from pureed chocolate or dark chocolate blocks, by removing most of the fat down to 18-23%.
This type of chocolate in the form of flour, contains less fat, and it tastes bitter. Many who use this type of cocoa powder as an ingredient to make the cake.
2 Through the process of Dutch
Dutch cocoa is used as a material for making hot chocolate with a softer scent.
Thank you for reading the article Lets Know the Types of Chocolate, Hopefully useful
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As part of the process for the scientific exploration of other planets,aircraft to survey large areas of the planet.Instruments on the airplane from varied regions of the atmosphere and they will perform remote planet ’s surface.To gain a greater understanding of Mars,an airplane to meet the needs of such an unmanned scientific expedition.
Since the atmosphere of Mars is distinctly different from that of Earth,to be given to a fixed wing aircraft design that will fly in such an atmosphere,carry and use a scientific payload.
Design a fixed wing airplane that is capable of sustained,powered,controlled atmosphere of Mars carrying a scientific payload with a mass of at least
You will work in teams of _____in roles assigned by your teacher functioning as aeronauti- cal researcher,aeronautical engineer,designer,fabricator and evaluator.
You will use a computer connected to the Internet,a resource library and other aeronautical engineers and researchers in the field to research the aeronautical information,to assist in the design process and to test your model.
You will use the research information found on this web site and other links to assist you in your decisions prior to virtually constructing and testing your model in the section “Design Your Mars Airplane ”. Energy You may use the energy generated by your group ’s collective brain power to develop this design and the “virtual engines ” found on the web site to provide the thrust for your model..
Your team will have enough of a research budget to complete the work as assigned.
You have ___class sessions as assigned by your teacher to devote to research,design,virtual model construction,model evaluation,design revision and final evaluation.Be prepared to present your report to your colleagues upon project completion.
Use the format provided by your teacher.Note the best working model and drawings of successful and unsuccessful designs.Explain why some models were more successful than others.
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| 0.916037
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