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Although it may seem to be just for show, that distinctive pinch in the crown of the national park ranger's iconic hat actually originated as a practical solution to a significant problem. The broad-brimmed, high-crowned hat that national park rangers wear with their class A uniform was first specified as National Park Service apparel in the agency's 1920 uniform regulations. Since this was only four years after Congress created the National Park Service, the hat that rangers call the "flat hat" is one of the agency's longest-standing traditions. It is instantly recognized, though many people will tell you that it's a "Smokey Bear hat" and some will say it's a Stetson. The Montana Peak The crown of the ranger hat is not just high, it is also pinched into symmetrical quadrants. The pinch, which is formally known as a Montana Peak (aka Montana Crease), has a shape that prompts some people to call the hat a "lemon squeezer." Whatever you may call it, the distinctive pinch in the ranger hat's crown was not a National Park Service innovation. This design characteristic actually came into use over a century ago after U.S. Army troopers learned that adding a symmetrical quadrant pinch to the crown of a standard issue campaign hat rendered it more useful. In 1898, American cavalrymen sent to fight in Cuba and the Philippines during the Spanish American War wore campaign hats very similar to modern ranger hats. These soldiers had to cope with torrential tropical rains, and they found that their hats would shed rain better if the crowns were pinched into symmetrical quadrants -- a Montana Peak -- instead of the fore-and-aft crease of the regulation M1883 or M1903 campaign hat. Whether this trick might have originated elsewhere, and sooner, is still debated. In any event, photographs and anecdotal evidence confirm that many Spanish American War veterans had this non-regulation "lemon squeezer" pinch in their campaign hats after the war ended and they were reassigned to stateside duty. The Cavalry Patrol Era in the Parks How this design feature came to be adopted by the National Park Service is well documented as a case of military influence. The first national parks were established in the 1870s, long before there was a National Park Service. In the early years (beginning in 1886), the U.S. Army patrolled the parks and enforced the law. Mounted troopers were trained and equipped to operate in rugged, remote areas, so this job went to the cavalry. Civilian park rangers did not officially replace troopers in the parks until 1914. The Buffalo Soldiers Legacy Buffalo Soldiers are credited with introducing the Montana Peak campaign hat to the national parks. Many of the black troopers assigned to patrol Yosemite National Park and several other California national parks during 1890-1905 were Spanish American War veterans who maintained the symmetrical quadrant pinch in the crown of their campaign hats when they returned from the war. Other troopers began using the pinch too, even though the Army's uniform regulations did not add the Montana Peak to the trooper's regulation campaign hat until September 1911. The First Official Park Uniform Had a Military Look In that same year of 1911, a time when troopers were still patrolling some national parks, the Department of the Interior approved the first official uniform for civilian park rangers. Not surprisingly, this uniform, which was meant to clearly identify its wearer as a park employee, had a very military look to it. In fact, if you ignored the ranger tunic, a quick glance at the breeches, puttees, and campaign hat might have led you to believe you were looking at a cavalry officer. The Lemon Squeezer is a True Classic In the ensuing decades, the park ranger's class A uniform evolved away from its copycat military origins. A few things have stayed pretty much the same though, and one of them is that flat hat with its distinctive Montana Peak.	<urn:uuid:53290382-08bb-47ae-b73b-67a7f0997831>	CC-MAIN-2016-44	http://www.nationalparkstraveler.com/2011/02/short-history-flat-hats-lemon-squeezer-pinch7583	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719646.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00412-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.971379	814	3.125	3
Snow White And The Seven Dwarfs Parent Guide More than 50 years have passed since Walt Disney created Snow White, yet the production's abundance of charm and artistic uniqueness still make it one of "the fairest in all the land." Parent Movie Review Walt Disney’s Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs has left a giant impression on film history. This first full-length, color animation ever to grace the silver screen, has captured the heart and imagination of generation after generation of movie watchers— even though critics warned Walt that making an 84 minute “cartoon” was pure folly. In his adaptation of the Brothers Grimm fairytale, the princess Snow White (voice of Adriana Caselotti) is forced to work as a servant in her own castle, because her wicked stepmother (voice of Lucille La Verne) does not want to lose her place as the Queen (or as “the fairest in the land”). When warned of the vain usurper’s desire to kill her, the pale-skinned girl runs away to the forest and takes refuge in the home of seven dwarfs. Unfortunately, the Queen’s magic mirror (voice of Moroni Olsen) reveals her hiding place, and the murderous monarch brews up a plan to be rid of Snow White forever. Although the animators thought it might be too shocking for the audience to see the naïve royal take a bitter bite of the poisonous apple that casts her into endless sleep, parents should be reminded that some young viewers may still be frightened by a few of the portrayals in this perilous plot. Yet when a movie manages to last through the toils of time like Snow White has, it is interesting to ask, “What has made it work so well, for so long?” Besides the amazing technical achievements, perhaps it is because the film is imbued with a gentleness that flows from the hand painted cells through to the simple musical numbers. Snow White also offers a glimpse of the beauty of human kindness. Despite the oppression she has endured, the young woman expresses her caring by the acts of service she performs for her tiny hosts. The dwarfs, who melt under her warm affection, return her goodness with a desire to protect her. The patterns established here work so well that they can be seen in the many Disney movies that followed. Look for a similar wicked witch in Sleeping Beauty and an evil stepmother in Cinderella. The fair maiden and handsome-though-characterless prince are also stereotypical in several of Walt’s animated tales. While today’s consumers may point out that the needy protagonist presented here hardly represents an independent woman, or that the humorous depictions of the little men might be viewed as politically incorrect, it is hard to criticize the intentions of this good-overcomes-evil story. More than half of a century has passed since its conception and still the production’s abundance of charm and artistic uniqueness make it one of “the fairest in all the land.”Directed by William Cottrell, David Hand, Wilfred Jackson, Larry Morey, Perce Pearce, Ben Sharpsteen. Starring Adriana Caselotti, Lucille La Verne, Roy Atwell, Eddie Collins. Running time: 84 minutes. Theatrical release February 4, 1938. Updated July 17, 2017 Snow White And The Seven Dwarfs Parents' Guide Snow White offers an interesting time-capsule-like portrait of the ideal 1930s woman. How does she compare to some of Disney’s later female characters, such as Ariel in The Little Mermaid, or Jasmine in Aladdin. (Note in particular costumes and body sizes.) Click here to learn more about the historical significance of Walt Disney’s Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs. The most recent home video release of Snow White And The Seven Dwarfs movie is February 2, 2016. Here are some details…Home Video Notes: Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs: The Signature Edition Release Date: 2 February 2016 (Blu-ray/DVD/Digital Copy) Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs releases in a Signature Edition with the following extras: - In Walt’s Words: Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs – For the first time ever, hear Walt himself talk about Snow White. - Iconography – Explore how this film influences pop culture, art, and fashion. - @DisneyAnimation: Designing Disney’s First Princess – Modern day Disney artists discuss the design of Snow White and how it influenced the look of some of your favorite Disney characters. - The Fairest Facts of Them All: 7 Facts You May Now Know About Snow White – Disney Channel star Sofia Carson reveals seven intriguing facts about Snow White. - Snow White in Seventy Seconds – Rap along with this hip reimagining of the story. - Alternate Sequence: The Prince Meets Snow White – A never–before-seen story board sequence where the Prince meets Snow White. - And Much More! Home Video Notes: Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs: Diamond Edition Release Date: 6 October 2009 (Blu-ray and DVD Combo Pack), 24 November 2009 (Standard Definition DVD) Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs is being released in two different formats (Blu-ray and DVD) at two different times. (The Blu-ray and DVD Combo Pack is releasing first, perhaps as an incentive to any fence sitters considering switching to the new format.) Both versions will be on sale for a limited time only. Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs: Diamond Edition Blu-ray and DVD Combo Pack (releasing October 6, 2009) provides a copy of Walt Disney’s first full-length animation masterpiece in both presentations. Bonus materials include: - Full-length feature film on DVD disc with restored picture and soundtrack - Audio commentary by John Canemaker. - Music Video Some Day My Prince Will Come, by Tiffany Thornton. - Sneak Peak at Disney’s The Princess and the Frog. - Full-length feature film on Blu-ray Disc with audio tracks in DTS-HD Master Audio 7.1 (English). - DisneyView turns Snow White’s original aspect ratio into widescreen. - Music Video - Sneak Peak at Disney’s The Princess and the Frog Other bonus materials include: Backstage Disney Featurettes: - Hyperion Studios (take a digital tour of the original Walt Disney studio where Snow White was conceived). - Snow White Returns (newly discovered storyboards). - The One that Started It All (learn more about how the production impacted film history). - About Toby Bluth and his artistic work to create the widescreen version of the movie. - Disney Through the Decades. Interactive Features: Let the Magic Mirror act as your host for navigating the Blu-ray disc, and become one of the seven dwarfs in Scene Stealer. -Heigh-Ho Karaoke sing-along. Games: Mirror, Mirror on the Wall, Jewel Jumble, Dopey’s Wild Mine Ride and What Do You See?	<urn:uuid:6d12bf37-cae1-4fca-824b-cacb1d2fe94c>	CC-MAIN-2020-29	https://parentpreviews.com/movie-reviews/snow-white-and-the-seven-dwarfs	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593657169226.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20200716122414-20200716152414-00457.warc.gz	en	0.905301	1,485	2.59375	3
Most cases of plagiarism happen because the writer doesn't know how to give credit to the authors she draws from. If you know how to give credit to an author, you don't have to worry about unintentionally plagiarizing from your sources. Take careful notes, especially when you're working with Internet sources, and always record the author's name next to any notes on his text. If your notes are sloppy, it's easy to forget where you found the ideas, and you might even think they're your own ideas. This can result in your final paper containing some plagiarism. Place any words from a source in quotation marks, whether you're recording the words in your notes or in your finished piece of writing. Especially in this age of cutting and pasting from electronic texts, you can overlook placing passages in quotes, leading to plagiarism. Paraphrase and summarize sources accurately. Make sure your paraphrases and summaries are entirely in your own words and sentence structure to avoid plagiarism. Introduce authors in the body of your essay, using attributive phrases wherever appropriate. An attributive phrase makes it easy to give credit to authors and also makes it easier to refer back to their ideas. For example, including a brief phrase before a quote, such as "According to Bessie Smith," tells your reader who said the following, clearly giving credit. Discuss authors and their ideas in the body of your essay rather than viewing their ideas as absolutely authoritative. When you engage in a discussion, you can show where your authors' ideas end and yours begin, which then allows you to credit yourself for ideas while also giving the authors credit for theirs. Use the correct format for whatever citation style your instructor has asked you to use. Each citation style has a slightly different format to emphasize whatever information is important to the field that uses that style. Using correct format is an important aspect of giving credit because it allows your readers to easily locate the sources you used.	<urn:uuid:228a74cb-69eb-415b-8569-8dc11a78d63a>	CC-MAIN-2019-43	https://classroom.synonym.com/give-credit-rather-than-plagiarize-2221913.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570987836368.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20191023225038-20191024012538-00235.warc.gz	en	0.957499	399	3.078125	3
This is a great talk on the use of statistics. Mona Chalabi is a data journalist, and here she outlines three ways of questioning statistics, based on her assessment that “the one way to make numbers more accurate is to have as many people as possible be able to question them.” The three questions she provides were, I thought, generally quite obvious; as a teacher of information literacy they echo quite substantially the sorts of questions I encourage my students to ask. But there were two points that she made that I thought were really important and relevant to EDC, especially algorithmic cultures. The first was about overstating certainty and how statistics can be used in a way that makes them describe situations as either black or white, with little middle ground. Sometimes this is a result of how they’re collected in the first place, and sometimes it’s how the statistics are communicated, and sometimes it’s in how they’re interpreted. I think this is one of the reasons that I’m hesitant about learning analytics; its innate tendency towards what can be quantified might lead to an overestimation of certainty, either in the way data about students is collected, communicated or interpreted. And, as we’ve seen, that data can become predictive, or a self-fulfilling prophecy. The second point that I thought was really interesting was how Mona was responding to this situation of certainty. She takes real data sets, and turns them into hand-drawn visualisations so that the imprecision, the uncertainty, can be revealed. She says, “so that people can see that a human did this, a human found the data and visualised it”. A human did this, and so we anticipate uncertainty. Inherent here is a mistrust in the ability of technology to replicate nuance and complexity, which I think is misguided. But there’s also an underlying assumption about statistics – that a computer is able to hide the imprecision in a way that humans cannot. That computer data visualisations are sleek, while human data visualisations are shaky. This is a fascinating conceptualisation of the relationship between humans and technology, of the ways in which both humans and technology can be used instrumentally to make up for the weaknesses of the other.	<urn:uuid:3344b4ba-22ab-425c-8653-d587c7208272>	CC-MAIN-2021-04	http://edc17.education.ed.ac.uk/hmurphy/2017/04/01/how-to-spot-a-bad-statistic/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703520883.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20210120120242-20210120150242-00646.warc.gz	en	0.972956	470	2.6875	3
Norway spruce trees are susceptible to a variety of fungal infections that often cause defoliation and discoloration of foliage. Keeping your tree as vigorous as possible through proper maintenance ensures greater potential for fighting off disease. Determine which disease your Norway spruce is affected by through observation of symptoms and always treat biologically before turning to chemical control; chemicals may cause excess damage to plant tissue beyond damage caused by the disease. For preventive care in fighting the occurrence of Norway spruce diseases, keep your trees vigorous by growing them in full sun and moist, slightly acid, well-drained soil. Pay attention to the height expectancy of particular trees; though some Norway spruces come in dwarf varieties, standard trees may reach up to 60 feet tall with much more expansive root systems than small spruces. Allow enough room for proper growth. Plant Norway spruce trees in USDA Hardiness Zones 3 to 7, as recommended by the University of Illinois Extension HortAnswers. Different fungal strains are responsible for a variety of diseases affecting Norway spruce trees. The fungus called Inonotus tomentosus causes tomentosus root rot. Spores of this fungal infection enter trees through root wounds. Spruce needle rust also infects Norway spruce trees, but to a less prevalent extent. Spruce needle rust forms due to the presence of several varieties of the fungus Chrysomyxa. Chrysomyxa attack less established needles during periods of cool temperatures and high moisture. Symptoms and Damage Tomentosus root rot is a disease that infects roots and trunks; this disease causes decay and pits in heartwood, stunted growth, sparse tree canopies, breakage during violent weather and the presence of mushrooms. Since the root system of Norway spruces usually die from tomentosus root rot, the rest of the tree's health declines and the entire tree may die. Symptoms of spruce needle rust include yellowed needle tips, needle drop or tubular orange to white growths on needles. Rust generally creates cosmetic problems without severe damage, according to the University of Minnesota Extension. Always remove and destroy diseased plant parts and keep any type of cutting or pruning tools sanitized between cuts and from tree to tree to avoid transference of disease pathogens. Provide your tree with good circulation of air to prevent excess moisture that serves as a fungi breeding ground. Lay mulch around the Norway spruce's base to protect roots and trunk from wounds such as accidental incisions from mowing. For infected trees, completely remove the tree and replace with resistant trees. Certain diseases cause severe infection and may be treated with fungicides. In order to determine the proper fungicide, remember it must clear up the appropriate infection and must be safe for use on Norway spruce trees. If you have trouble identifying the particular disease, contact an arborist for a professional diagnosis and plan for professional chemical control. When trees reach tall heights, it is often difficult to apply fungicides as the trees are too large to cover without commercial equipment. Unfortunately, many diseases cannot be treated with chemicals and simply need replacement. Though the fungal infection called Rhizosphaera needle cast only seldom affects Norway spruce trees, chemical control includes two treatments of the fungicide chlorothalonil for prevention of infection in growing needles.	<urn:uuid:a66d2b4e-b8fb-405e-9484-f2260c4584a6>	CC-MAIN-2017-39	http://www.gardenguides.com/121457-norway-spruce-disease.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818686705.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20170920071017-20170920091017-00136.warc.gz	en	0.932325	677	3.296875	3
In A Crisis in Confederate Command, Jeffery S. Prushankin scrutinizes the antagonistic relationship between Confederate general Edmund Kirby Smith and his key subordinate, Richard Taylor. Prushankin offers a perspective on the events in the Trans-Mississippi through the eyes of these two high-strung men and analyzes how their clash in personalities and in notions of duty and glory shaped the course of the Civil War. Smith and Taylor, Prushankin explains, disagreed over how to thwart Federal incursions across Louisiana and Arkansas. Smith, a West Point graduate and disciple of Joseph E. Johnston, owed a debt to politicians in Arkansas and Missouri for helping him secure his appointment and so opted for a defensive policy that favored those states. Taylor, a Louisiana political general who had served his apprenticeship under Stonewall Jackson, argued for an offensive strike against the enemy. The friction between the two reached a climax at the Red River campaign in 1864 when Taylor blatantly disobeyed orders from Smith and attacked Federal troops. Prushankin shows that what began as a dispute over strategy degenerated into a battle of egos and a succession of caustic personal attacks that eventually led to Smith's relieving Taylor from command. Despite their discord, Prushankin argues, Smith and Taylor produced one of the Confederacy's greatest military accomplishments in the Red River campaign victory against a Yankee juggernaut. With his insightful portraits of Smith and Taylor, use of previously untapped primary sources, and new interpretations of correspondence from key figures, Prushankin imparts fresh understanding of the psychology of leadership in the Civil War as a whole. Found an Error? Tell us about it.	<urn:uuid:2bea87a8-0dd8-4b8d-a1b9-569087aac870>	CC-MAIN-2014-42	http://lsupress.org/books/detail/a-crisis-in-confederate-command/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414119652530.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20141024030052-00011-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.951998	341	2.5625	3
\|"An Economy of the 1%"\| The answer is simple: feed the poor, clothe the naked, and heal the sick. Where can we store our goods? Again the answer is simple: we can store our surplus food free of charge in the shriveled stomachs of the millions of God’s children who go to bed hungry at night. We can use our vast resources of wealth to wipe poverty from the earth. [Jesus said,] “Which of these three, do you think, was a neighbour to the man who fell into the hands of the robbers?” He said, “The one who showed him mercy.” Jesus said to him, “Go and do likewise” (Luke 10:36-37). Another image that reinforces the importance of helping others and the impermanence of material wealth is a painting by Hieronymus Bosch that I saw in the National Gallery in Washington, DC: Death and the Miser (ca. 1485-1490). It is a genre painting, but it also could be seen as an illustration of the Rich Fool parable in Luke:	<urn:uuid:dc1f23bc-27e4-4ff2-bc76-0cd881c7ae15>	CC-MAIN-2019-39	https://parablesreception.blogspot.com/2016/01/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514573385.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20190918234431-20190919020431-00307.warc.gz	en	0.952053	236	2.59375	3
Global warming has gone to the bogs Forget the melting glaciers. Global warming is revealing itself in subtler ways. Think methane. Swedish bogs are releasing more methane as climate warms and permafrost melts. Methane is a potent greenhouse gas with 25 times the heat-trapping power of carbon dioxide (CO2). With more methane in the air, climate warming could accelerate. Meanwhile, just as global warming theory predicts, the atmosphere's highest layers are getting colder and thinner. Contrary to expectations, high atmospheric cooling is the way greenhouse gases, such as CO2 and methane, interact with infrared (heat) radiation. At low altitudes, they absorb heat coming up from below and radiate some back downward. But where astronauts live, these gases release most of their heat out into space, which cools the higher altitudes. The outer atmosphere contracts as it cools, thinning out its density. Satellites orbiting a few hundred miles out would feel less drag as the air through which they travel becomes thinner. That's how John Emmert and colleagues with the Naval Research Laboratory in Washington found evidence that this long-expected global warming effect is under way. They report in the Journal of Geophysical Research that 30 years of tracking data for 27 satellites and space junk show a steady decline in outer atmospheric density. That's good news for satellite owners who can use less rocket fuel to keep their birds aloft. The news from Sweden is more troubling. Bacteria in wetlands release methane as they break down organic matter. It's the marsh gas that sometimes ignites to make spooky lights in the night. This activity slows down when bogs freeze. Northern peat bogs - especially in subarctic Eurasia - are major sources of methane, which spreads throughout the world. Scientists have wondered what will happen as permafrost continues to melt and bogs become even more biologically active. An international research team recently provided a window into that future. The group, led by Torben Christensen and colleagues at Lund University's GeoBiosphere Science Center in Sweden, studied 30 years of changes in Sweden's Abisko region. Their results, published in Geophysical Research Letters, show Sweden's sub-arctic bogs are losing permafrost rapidly. It's completely gone in some areas. And Dr. Christensen says that, at the Stordalen site, methane emission is up "at least 20 percent, but maybe as much as 60 percent, from 1970 to 2000." His team report warns that if its findings are typical of the northern subarctic, global warming could accelerate as bogs thaw. Laurence Smith at the University of California at Los Angeles and colleagues with a joint Russian-American research team expressed a similar concern last January in Nature. Their studies of vast peat lands in Siberia show the bogs currently absorb a lot of CO2 from the atmosphere while releasing methane. But this could change. If global warming continues, the researchers warn that chemical and biological activity in the bogs could break down organic matter that now stores CO2, releasing a major new source of the gas back into the atmosphere. The bottom line is that we have to pay attention to subtle effects. We're not going to be drowned by melting glaciers, but we might be bitten by what's sneaking up on us.	<urn:uuid:68699989-a71d-41bb-b1d3-42cf3bf8c71a>	CC-MAIN-2015-11	http://www.csmonitor.com/2004/0311/p17s01-sten.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936465456.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074105-00221-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.944397	686	4.03125	4
652 pages, colour photos, colour illustrations, colour maps, colour tables This comprehensive text introduces students to the aquaculture industry. Every aspect of this growing field is covered, from history of aquaculture, descriptions of aquatic plants and animals and feeding to in-depth coverage of economics, marketing, management and diseases of aquatic animals and plants. "Aquaculture Science", third edition, addresses the latest production methods, species types, advances in technology, trends and statistics. The science of aquaculture, chemistry, biology, and anatomy and physiology, is stressed throughout to ensure that students understand the fundamental principles. A complete chapter offers detailed information on career opportunities in the aquaculture industry. New to this edition: - Now full color with updated photos, drawings, charts, and tables. - Five new chapters: Recreational Fishing Industry; Raising Ornamental Fish; Aquariums; Recirculating Systems; and Sustainable Aquaculture and Aquaponics. - Updated to reflect the latest production methods, species types, disease treatments, advances in technology, trends and statistics. - End of chapter activities to reinforce learning. - URL's of many useful websites throughout the book and in the appendix. - National Agricultural Education Standards are integrated throughout. There are currently no reviews for this product. Be the first to review this product!	<urn:uuid:21d1b999-7e1a-48c1-8032-a3f9fca84233>	CC-MAIN-2017-22	http://www.nhbs.com/title/182443?title=aquaculture-science-international-edition	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463614615.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20170530070611-20170530090611-00447.warc.gz	en	0.851874	277	2.953125	3
Resne, Ottoman Empire (present-day Republic of Macedonia) 1913 (aged 39)\| \|Occupation\|\|Bey, Adjuntant Major (kolağası) and revolutionary\| Ahmed Niyazi Bey (1873 – 1913), (Turkish language: Resneli Niyazi Bey, Ahmet Niyazi Bey; Albanian language: Ahmet Njazi Bej Resnja; "Ahmet Niyazi Bey from Resen"), was the Ottoman bey of the Resne (now Resen, North Macedonia) area in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. An ethnic Albanian, Niyazi was one of the heroes of the 1908 Young Turk Revolution and of suppressing the 1909 Ottoman countercoup as he played leading roles in both events. Niyazi is also known for the Saraj, a French-style estate he built in Resne. - 1 Life - 1.1 Early years and education - 1.2 Young Turk membership and early military career - 1.3 Young Turk Revolution (1908) - 1.4 Post revolution - 1.5 Counterrevolution (1909) and retirement from army - 1.6 Sultan's Balkan tour (1911) - 1.7 Balkan Wars (1912-1913) and death - 2 Personal life and family - 3 Cultural references - 4 See also - 5 References - 6 Further reading Early years and education Ahmed Niyazi Bey was born to a Tosk Albanian landowning family from Resne in 1873. His father was Abdullah Aga. Niyazi was educated at the Ottoman Civil Service Academy, and later at the Military High School in Monastir (modern Bitola). Many years later, he stated that he transferred to the Monastir school out of a desire to be taught by some of its instructors, who "[advocated] love for humanity, patria, progress, and society." In his memoirs, Niyazi would recall that as a student in the 1880s he had heard Ottoman and French stories of patriotism, and been strongly influenced by them. He credited these stories, and the teachers who told them, with inculcating ideas of loyalty and love of country in him. He was particularly influenced by the Ottoman writer Namık Kemal; according to Niyazi, Kemal was frequently referred to when they discussed global issues. After completing his secondary schooling in Monastir, Niyazi studied at the Ottoman War Academy between 1894-1897. Like many other students who would eventually rise to hold officer ranks in the army, he received training from the German military, and developed a degree of respect for Germany. While studying in Istanbul, he was again exposed to the writing of Kemal, despite the fact that they were banned because they questioned the authoritarianism of Sultan Abdul Hamid II. Abdul Hamid had dissolved parliament and governed alone. According to Niyazi, Kemal's works inspired him; "an intoxicating patriotism prepared my heart, my innocent heart, for revolutions...", he later wrote. After reading Kemal's work, he told his friends that their education lacked patriotism. In 1896, Niyazi also renovated and upgraded the Haji Murat Mosque of Resne, built in 1612, with the rooms of the ground floor reserved for schooling and the remaining space for prayers. Young Turk membership and early military career During his time training at the Istanbul War Academy, a fellow Ottoman officer Ismail Enver Bey initiated Niyazi into the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) movement. He became a lieutenant (mülazım) and joined the Ottoman army at a young age in 1896. Niyazi fought with distinction during the Greco-Turkish War (1897), in particular at the Battle of Beşpınar in Epirus, and returned to Istanbul with prisoners of war. Sultan Abdul Hamid II proposed that Niyazi become his aide-de-camp at the palace. Niyazi refused the offer due to the government campaign launched against suppressing the CUP and decided to return home. Among the CUP of his time, Niyazi became disillusioned with exiled opposition figure Murad Bey after he reconciled with the sultan and took a government position following an amnesty for Young Turk members. Niyazi despised the despotism of the sultan and nepotism at the royal court, where ranks and other positions were given at times to people with close social connections. Between 1899-1903 Niyazi was stationed in Ohri as an officer in charge of the ammunition depot in a company of reservists. During his time there he monitored the preparations of the Macedo-Bulgarians for an uprising and noticed how various Russian and Bulgarian missionaries, teachers, officers and advisers contributed to the organisation of this revolt. Through the press and his correspondence with Mecduddin Efendi, a captain based in Izmir, Niyazi followed the activities of the Young Turks within Europe, in particular the decisions and split of the CUP First Congress in Paris (1902). In August 1903, the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organisation (IMRO) staged an uprising against the Ottomans in Macedonia and Niyazi was assigned to the third regiment of the Ottoman Third Army. During these events he had an active role in the Monastir branch of the CUP with his status raised to war hero and had gained great notoriety among the Muslim Albanian population of Macedonia. Beginning from 1904 and for five years prior to the revolution he served in an Ottoman chasseur battalion becoming renown for the effective pursuit of bandits in mountainous terrain. Niyazi became committed to the ideas of Ahmed Rıza, a CUP member who advocated for constitutional restoration through revolution and was against foreign intervention in the empire or reforms for a specific community based on preferential treatment. Military service and a deteriorating security situation in Macedonia affected individuals such as Niyazi who felt that the plight of local Muslims was little known and like other peoples in the region had experienced attacks due to guerilla activity. He was influenced by reforms implemented in the region by the empire under pressure from the Great Powers after the Ilinden revolt of 1903. Niyazi thought that European powers were pushing Ottoman Christians into uprisings against the state to defeat the empire and wanted to prevent the development of propaganda by the Russians and Austrians in Macedonia. He felt that Ottomans were viewed negatively in the West and that the Great Powers did not care about the majority Muslim population of Macedonia, as they wanted to partition the empire. Niyazi and his colleagues preferred to preserve the empire with all its multiethnic and multireligious population and denounced attacks by reactionary Muslims against Christians, yet they had limited knowledge of Ottoman politics. Coming from an area where the strongest supporters of the Young Turks among Albanians in the Balkans originated from central and southern Macedonia, those events motivated Niyazi to become part of the (CUP). He became an army captain (kolağası). The position was obtained for him by the CUP through its powerful underground influence in government and Niyazi was stationed in Resne where the committee thought he could be most useful toward the cause. At Resne he played an influential role in recruiting people into the CUP. In military operations against bands, Niyazi's actions were done on behalf of the CUP instead of the Ottoman government. Niyazi had a reputation of being an Albanian with close connections to other Albanians living in Macedonia, possessed strong authority among fellow Muslims in the area where he resided and could communicate with them as he spoke both Albanian (his mother tongue) and Turkish. Young Turk Revolution (1908) \|“\|\|I explained that our working for the goal of justice would assure absolute equality because we are all brothers, the Turk, Albanian, Bulgarian, Greek, Vlach, Serb.\|\|”\| — Ahmet Niyazi Bey, 1908, Planning for revolution Niyazi was an important member of the councils held by the Young Turks. Starting from March 1908 some soldiers initiated mutinies after the CUP organised meetings and encouraged them to demand better work conditions. Niyazi stated that troops who achieved redress attributed their success to the committee. CUP publications calling for action against the sultan and prevention of foreign occupation like Şura-yı Ümmet, Mechveret Supplement Français and Ahmed Rıza's pamphlet on the army influenced junior officers such as Niyazi who described their "extraordinary impact in illuminating minds". Following a meeting in Reval between Tsar Nicholas II and Edward VII (9-12 June 1908) rumors of a partition of Macedonia through imminent Russo-British intervention spread and were accelerated by the CUP, whereas Niyazi took it as a signal to act immediately. At the time Niyazi heard rumors regarding the Reval meeting and experienced three sleepless nights that left him "flushed with anxiety and excitement" which shaped his conviction that he "found salvation in sacrifice and death". He discussed matters with the local CUP membership and the CUP Monastir branch that followed on with a decision by Niyazi to form a band and head into the mountains. On 28 June 1908 Niyazi at his home advised Hoca Cemal Efendi, the mayor and Tahir Efendi, the police commissioner of Resne to form a band and on 29 June repeated those calls to a larger group of Muslims where he inscribed on his hat the words "Hürriyet ya da ölüm" (freedom or death). The group was placed under the direction of the CUP. Niyazi modeled his guerilla band on Bulgarian, Serb and Greek bands operating in Macedonia that had been formed in the preceding decade in the region. In his memoirs Niyazi wrote that he formed his CUP band on 28 June 1908, yet for some time before that he had been giving confiscated weapons from Macedo-Bulgarian villages to fellow members as CUP headquarters planned to mobilise bands from mid-June. Cemal Efendi, as the mayor of Resen, a spiritual leader (Sufi cleric) and a member of the Young Turks had traveled to Monastir for talks with its CUP branch about the details of action to be taken and had obtained approval. Start of revolution In July the CUP conspiracy involving Niyazi was uncovered by the military mufti of the Ottoman Third Army stationed in Monastir. The mufti, a palace spy and police agent was shot and wounded to stop him from reporting back to Istanbul. A military commission was sent from Istanbul to investigate subversion within the army in the area. Fearing discovery on July 3, 1908 Niyazi spread rumors of an approaching Bulgarian band and lured out most of the Resne garrison and its commanding officers from the town. In Resne, as some other officers were attending Friday prayers, Niyazi along with mayor Cemal Efendi, police commissioner Tahir Efendi, tax commissioner Tahsin Effendi and two hundred men raided the military depot. From the Resne depot they seized fifteen boxes of ammunition, seventy rifles that were given to volunteers and 600 Ottoman liras from the garrison safe that was divided among people within the band. All escaped from Resne into the nearby mountains from where Niyazi initiated the Young Turk Revolution and issued a proclamation that called for the restoration of the constitution of 1876 without specifically mentioning the CUP. On the night prior to his departure Niyazi entrusted the care of his family to his brother in law Ismail Hakki Bey, an Albanian national awakening figure. Initially composed of 160-240 volunteers (mostly of Albanian descent), Niyazi's band was named the CUP Resne National battalion. The group consisted of civilian supporters who were in the belief that they were in pursuit of a Bulgarian band and CUP members involved in plotting the revolution from 28 June. Nine soldiers from Niyazi's battalion participated and once in the mountains thirty more volunteers from the Prespa region joined. Later, the initial reason of pursuing a Macedo-Bulgarian band was discarded and Niyazi informed his troops and volunteers that there was no such band and four of his soldiers left and returned to the Resne barracks. Niyazi's band grew to 500 troops at the end of the first week and was joined by 800 armed civilians in the mountains. In short time the band was joined by two more officers, other officials and people from the Prespa region. Niyazi sought to build his support base among local Muslims as the uprising was mainly a Muslim movement. To gain the support of Muslim villagers, officers focused on local issues of discontent with government, lack of services such as schools and roads, heavy taxation and protection from roaming armed bands as opposed to invoking the constitution. Niyazi also undertook other measures such as forcing local clans into truces were blood feud was active among northern Geg and some southern Tosk Albanians. In Albanian villages officers induced locals to make a besa (oath) of support. The band grew as they visited surrounding Albanian Muslim villages adding local Albanian notables, Muslim bands, army deserters and other volunteers into its ranks. Niyazi presented his 'national battalion' as a patriotic Ottoman band and that made it recognisable for other similar bands, Albanian Tosk nationalists, deserters and criminals to join the group. The deserters and criminals referred to by Niyazi as "vile blackguards" due to their "past crimes" took oaths and joined his band after he granted them a pardon. The well developed imperial telegraph network was used by Niyazi and on behalf of his band he sent proclamations to provincial and local officials along with the palace that demanded injustices and inequality be combated and the constitution restored. Ottoman authorities that Niyazi addressed through appeals and ultimatums were a declaration to the Governor General in Monastir, Inspectorate General of Rumelia and Palace secretariat along with letters of accusation to the Gendarme Officer of Resne and Commandant of the Gendarmerie in Monastir. He also made appeals addressed to various social and ethnic groups in the empire. It is unclear whether the CUP had a fixed date for the revolution and in comments to a journalist following the event Niyazi said that they acted earlier than was planned, but did not give a date for the predetermined day. Niyazi also stated that documents with details giving information to executors about certain plans were according to strict CUP orders burned by branch executive committees. Spread of the revolution At the same time and following Niyazi's example, Enver Bey in Tikveş, Eyüp Sabri in Ohri and Bekir Fikri in Grebene were three of several officers who went into the mountains and formed guerilla bands (çetes). From the outset in July Sabri worked closely with Niyazi. No order had come from the Young Turk (CUP) committee in Salonica and instead the uprising developed spontaneously as news spread from one Ottoman army unit to another and among the various local CUP committees. For the revolt to get local support Niyazi and Enver played on fears of possible foreign intervention. Notables of Resne supported Niyazi's band as Muslims in much of the town and surrounding villages were CUP members. Niyazi's reasons for going against the sultan was to defend liberty, initiate reforms for both Muslims and Christians and was of the view that "Rather than live basely, i have preferred to die... either death or the salvation of the fatherland". To deal with Niyazi and other guerilla bands formed by deserting Ottoman soldiers, Abdul Hamid II sent general Shemsi Pasha with two battalions to Resne and while in Monastir he was assassinated on July 7 by an Ottoman officer and CUP revolutionary Atıf Kamçıl. For the revolution the murder was a turning point that demoralised the palace and it removed a dangerous opponent for the CUP that could have mobilised Albanians against their forces. Ahmet Tevfik Pasha, the Ottoman foreign minister sent letters to Ottoman ambassadors. He described the palace position on events and accused Niyazi of organising bands made up of deserters, subversives and other people influenced by such individuals and instructed them to inform foreign governments and the press. Overtures to the Macedo-Bulgarian population Niyazi made several overtures to the local Macedo-Bulgarian population of the Resne area to join the revolution. During the revolution, a sister of an IMRO voyvoda (chieftain) whose band Niyazi annihilated years earlier asked him to rescue her kidnapped son from a Serbian band. Viewing the appeal as a "blessing of God", Niyazi took a Serb teacher from Resne as hostage to force the Serbian band to release the child. The Serb teacher eventually became a CUP member translating Niyazi's appeals into Bulgarian and Serbian while also assisting him in establishing contacts with Serb villagers and forcing the Serb band to release the boy. Among local Macedo-Bulgarians the image of Niyazi was boosted with the release of the child. A local band leader who was his foe and badly beaten by Niyazi in 1906 joined the CUP band and told him that "now i will die for you". Amidst these events an appeal was issued by Niyazi to local Bulgarians that outsiders would not be allowed to rule the region and placed blame on the government and its "corrupt officials" for "causing bad things to happen". He promised justice and equality for Bulgarians while warning that people disobeying those "orders" would be hung, a punishment extended to notables of a settlement if a band entered a town or village and CUP authorities were not informed. Approving of Niyazi's actions the CUP Monastir branch cautioned against the recruitment by force of "Bulgarian or other Christian" people into his band. Recruitment of Albanians At first Albanian recruits into the CUP originating from the army and among other coreligionists that came from Ohri, Resne, and Monastir were accepted and those from the Albanian committee rejected. Niyazi placed his efforts on mobilizing and working with Albanians for the cause such as his comrades in the army and as circumstances changed during the revolution he also recruited prominent individuals like Çerçiz Topulli whom he regarded as "the Chief of the Tosk Committee of Albanians". During those attempts to secure Albanian support, Niyazi commented that Albanians complained about the Turks focusing on their own nationalist interests. In Albanian inhabited territories, Niyazi visited Elbasan, Korçë, Debre and Ohri whereas his revolutionary methods involved expelling Ottoman officials, tax collectors and creating Albanian militia to maintain order. Niyazi sent a letter to Topulli inviting him for a meeting to talk about conditions for a union. Representatives from Topulli met with Niyazi in Korçë. Albanian delegates accused the Turks of lacking commitment to Ottomanism resulting in their struggle to defend themselves from foreigners and Ottomans, whereas Niyazi replied that Turks made much effort toward promoting Ottomanism with the creation of the CUP being evidence of that endeavour. Revolutionary support from Korçë rested upon the condition for the establishment of Albanian autonomy and during negotiations with Albanian committee members Niyazi accepted their proposal for an autonomous Albania to be administered under a governor selected by the sultan. After the discussion Albanian delegates accepted the CUP invitation. All joined through an oath ceremony and were enrolled with promises to bring Topulli and other prominent Albanian committee members for a final meeting to talk about details of the agreement. Hyrsev Starova Bey, a local Albanian notable and friend of Niyazi's father was tasked with arranging the meeting that was scheduled to occur in Pogradec. Hyrsev also contacted Hysen Baba, an Albanian Bektashi sheikh from the Melçan tekke who acted as mediator between Niyazi and Topulli that influenced the latter along with other brigand leaders to support the CUP cause. Niyazi viewed the meeting as mainly unimportant due to local Albanians already pledging allegiance to the CUP. During negotiations with Albanian committee members the significance of Albanian participation made Niyazi remark that "most of the leaders and partisans of [the movement for] constitutional administration were not Turkish". The Korçë Albanian committee lent support to Niyazi and at the request of the CUP called upon guerillas based in the mountains around Korçë to join Ottoman insurgent bands with the Ohri Albanian committee heeding the directive. Topulli was hard pressed by fellow Albanians to meet with Niyazi to talk about joint action and he arrived in Pogradec with his band on 21 July 1908. Niyazi also worked to recruit other Muslim guerilla bands to the revolutionary cause. Throughout the revolution, guerilla bands of both Niyazi and Enver were Muslim (mostly Albanian) paramilitaries. Niyazi described that Albanian Tosk bands and Bulgarian bands had been united under Topulli in Ohri. Topulli's guerilla band gave important support to Niyazi and his forces during their capture of the Resne garrison and the event was a small military victory in the campaign to oust the Hamidian regime. Niyazi's band numbered 2000 men in the third week of the revolution and he along with Enver got like minded officials and civilian notables to send multiple petitions to the Ottoman place. Activists in Kosovo organised a large demonstration in support of Niyazi and the wider anti-Hamidian opposition. Many of the Muslim Albanians involved in the revolution like Niyazi saw themselves as CUP members first and not as Albanian activists. Unlike organisers such as Behaeddin Shakir and Talaat Pasha, Niyazi and other Albanians involved in revolutionary actions did not have decision making positions within the CUP, yet they felt that the revolution was an Albanian undertaking and expected in return special treatment. Declaration of constitutional government and end of revolution Niyazi's band adopted a deer that appeared to them while they were in a village near Monastir, as the animal was interpreted by the group as a spiritual guide sent by god directing them toward their objective. Tatar Osman Pasha, Shemsi's replacement was kidnapped after the Resne band of Niyazi, the Ohri band of Sabri and two Albanian bands conducted an attack on Monastir. On July 22 Monastir was captured on orders from the CUP with news of Niyazi's actions reaching Salonica early in the morning on July 23 and was spread all over Macedonia by the CUP controlled telegraph service. Niyazi proclaimed the constitution on July 23 in front of large crowds of Muslims and Christians, Ottoman officials, the town garrison and battalions from other areas gathered in Monastir, actions that were simultaneously replicated in several towns of Macedonia. On July 23 Niyazi returned to Resne and met with guerilla leaders Topulli and Mihal Grameno where he expressed his gratitude and viewed the declaration of the CUP constitution as advantageous for the Albanian nation. The worsening situation in the Ottoman Balkan provinces and lack of government control along with army desertions motivated the sultan to issue a imperial decree restoring the 1876 constitution on July 24, 1908. In the aftermath of the revolution Niyazi and Enver remained in the political background due to their youth and junior military ranks with both agreeing that photographs of them would not be disturbed to the general public, yet this decision was rarely observed. Instead Niyazi and Enver as leaders of the revolution elevated their positions into near legendary status with their images placed on postcards and distributed throughout the Ottoman state. During the revolution the Manakis brothers had photographed Niyazi and their pictures reconstructed him as an ordinary man of the people with his prominent dust covered mustache giving an appearance of a recent arrival from the hills commanding rebels. In one iconic photograph showing Niyazi and his famous deer they are portrayed as the materialisation of freedom with him and his rifle depicting a military figure of power represented by his surrounding soldiers and bandits. In other photographs taken by the Manakis brothers of the revolution, Niyazi is present alongside revolutionaries Topulli and Grameno. Niyazi also appeared on a prominent poster as a figure with a big mustache having freed Liberty personified by a women from her chains and surrounded by other figures from the revolution. Toward the latter part of 1908, photographs of Niyazi and Enver had reached Istanbul and among school children in the city immersed in fanfare, they played with masks that depicted the revolutionaries. In other images produced of the time the new sultan Mehmed V is presented in the centre flanked by Niyazi and Enver to either side. As the actions of both men carried the appearance of initiating the revolution, Niyazi, an Albanian and Enver, a Turk (with Albanian heritage on his mother's side) later got popular acclaim as "heroes of freedom" (hürriyet kahramanları) and symbolised Albanian-Turkish cooperation. Niyazi was also known by the sobriquets "Hero of the Revolution" and the "Turkish Garibaldi". Soon after the success of the revolution, Niyazi attempting to raise hopes for the new order condemned the former Hamidian regime in a speech delivered in Resne and it was published in a pamphlet during 1908. Niyazi warned his audience about the risks of Macedonia and Anatolia becoming colonies of other countries like other former Ottoman territories. In 1908 the CUP committee held its congress at the conclusion of the revolution and agreed to publish Niyazi's memoirs as a book which appeared toward the end of the year. The Committee wanted Niyazi to exaggerate the role the CUP played in the revolution and give the appearance that they directed all actions during those events. Later in 1910 they were published by the CUP Monastir Central Committee in Istanbul and the memoirs consist of detailed biographical information about Niyazi from 1887-1908 relating to his military action and politics in Macedonia. Niyazi felt the military and political hierarchy blamed him for his personal fame arising from the revolution and he was compelled to justify it in his memoirs. His memories of events also contain contradictions and in his introduction Niyazi warns the reader that the memoirs are not a complete account of the revolution and they should not rely on it having revelations about the history or way the CUP was founded. Niyazi's memoirs are full of information about the Lake Prespa region, the towns of Resne and Ohri and he highlighted the contributions of Albanians during the revolution for its success and his efforts to gain their support. As with documents he published that included letters and telegraphs which were sent or received, Niyazi kept insisting in his memoirs on the action he took and conducted personally along with his group while little attention was devoted toward Enver. In his memoirs Niyazi enriched them with photographs taken of him and his revolutionaries by the Manakis brothers. For a limited period the self glorifying memoirs of Niyazi were a prime text for the revolutionaries. In the aftermath of the revolution, CUP unity gave way to personal rivalries which by March 1909, rumor had it that Niyazi had fallen out with the main views of the Young Turks and began to have a liberal outlook regarding the situation in Macedonia. Niyazi was a delegate representing Resne at the Congress of Dibra (July 1909) organised by the CUP regarding Albanian ethno-linguistic rights. He refused to sign any resolutions due to disagreements with other delegates over its contents. Niyazi was a CUP member till his death and never managed to generate a considerable following among prominent and other rank CUP members apart from his involvement during the revolution. The Ottoman newspaper Volkan, a strong supporter of the constitution published adulatory pieces about Niyazi and Enver in 1909. Counterrevolution (1909) and retirement from army A group of mainly Albanian soldiers stationed in Istanbul mutinied after CUP authorities planned to replace them with other army units from Macedonia and they attempted an Ottoman countercoup in 1909 to undo the 1908 revolution. The Ottoman Third Army, stationed in Macedonia and led by Mahmud Shevket Pasha was joined by Niyazi who brought 1,800 men from Resne. Niyazi led volunteer units consisting mainly of Albanians that reinforced regular army units and he played a leading role in suppressing the counterrevolution. Together in military operations that were directed by a fellow Albanian Ali Pasha Kolonja they retook Istanbul (April 23) with little resistance from the mutineers and deposed sultan Abdul Hamid II. After those events he retired from the army and he devoted himself to the development of Resne where he built public buildings, schools and a palatial home, the Saraj. The construction of the Saraj began in 1905 after Niyazi received a postcard of Versailles that inspired his desire to have a French-style estate whose exterior was completed in 1909 after the CUP revolution. As he died years later in Albania, Niyazi never lived to see his estate completed. By 1911 Niyazi still remained in Resne and barely hid his exasperation at the deteriorating security situation in Macedonia related to fighting between guerilla bands and Ottoman forces. Sultan's Balkan tour (1911) The Albanian uprisings of 1910 and 1911 made the CUP send Mehmed V on a goodwill tour of Kosovo and Macedonia during June 1911 to recover loyalty from the Albanians, inspire patriotism and solidarity among local peoples and to counter nationalism. Niyazi arrived with 600 men from Resne and as a Mücahit-i Muhterem (honoured fighter) the sultan received him in Salonica on June 9. Due to his Albanian ethnicity, role as hero of the revolution and being a revered yet politically marginal CUP member Niyazi became a central figure in the royal tour of Macedonia. On June 11, the sultan proceeded to Üsküp on a slow seven hour train ride with many stopovers and Niyazi traveled on a separate pilot train in front of the imperial entourage with an announcement that anyone seen coming close to the tracks would be shot. Later after returning from Kosovo the sultan visited Monastir where Niyazi reenacted scenes from the revolution such as the entry into town by soldiers under his command in 1908. The reenactment by Niyazi also involved Eyüp Sabri where both men wore their old clothes, rode horses accompanied by a gun carriage with the event recorded on camera by the Manakis brothers. The film titled Sultan Rešad's Visit to Bitola is currently preserved in the Macedonian Archives. Balkan Wars (1912-1913) and death During the Balkan Wars (1912-1913), Niyazi and his Resne regiment remained until the end of the conflict and fought alongside Cavit Pasha. On April 1913 he arrived in Vlorë to board a ferry departing for Istanbul where he was shot by four men on the port docks. No one claimed responsibility for his death as rumors of the time speculated that either someone having a personal vendetta, an Albanian nationalist or a CUP rival ordered the assassination. Niyazi was killed by Albanian committee members who were the men of Ismail Toptani and Ismail Qemali. As the death of Niyazi was the result of people close to him and not of war or battles, the event is remembered in a Turkish proverb as "Ne şehittir ne gazi, hiç yoluna gitti Niyazi" (Niyazi is neither a martyr nor a fighter, he died for nothing). Personal life and family Niyazi was married to Feride Hanım (d. 1966), who originated from an old Istanbulite family in the Saraçhanebaşı (Saraçhane) neighbourhood of Fatih district of the city. He had two sons Mithat (b. 1911) and Saim (b. 1913) with Feride and during the Balkan Wars she went back to Istanbul. Niyazi has descendants from both sons in Istanbul and they carry the surname Resnelioğlu in honour of their ancestor. The Resnelioğlu family unsuccessfully lobbied the Turkish government in the 1980s-1990s for assistance to have the body of Niyazi exhumed from Vlorë, Albania and reburied in Turkey at the Hill of Eternal Freedom (Hürriyet-i Ebediye Tepesi). As a tribute to his role in the Young Turk Revolution that began the Second Constitutional Era of the Ottoman Empire, Niyazi is mentioned along with Enver in the March of the Deputies (Turkish language: Mebusan Marşı or Meclis-i Mebusan Marşı), the anthem of the Chamber of Deputies, the lower house of the Ottoman parliament. It was performed in 1909 upon the opening of the parliament. The fourth line of the anthem reads "Long live Niyazi, long live Enver" (Turkish: "Yaşasın Niyazi, yaşasın Enver"). In the 1910s Niyazi was mentioned other songs that reflected the Young Turks move toward a Turcocentric ideology. - Enver Pasha, his fellow revolutionary - Saraj (Resen), his residence - Aydin, Gülden. "Bir geyik hikáyesi". Hürriyet. http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/bir-geyik-hik-yesi-39246773. Retrieved 8 December 2018. - Gawrych 2006, p. 150. - Kedourie, Sylvia (2000). Seventy-five years of the Turkish Republic. Psychology Press. p. 32. ISBN 978-0-7146-5042-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=42jWqHghlQ4C&pg=PA32. Retrieved 18 February 2011. - Hanioglu, M. Sükrü (2011). Atatürk: An Intellectual Biography. Princeton University Press. p. 69. ISBN 978-0-691-15109-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=dNFhZzug6tMC&pg=PA69. Retrieved 23 April 2012. - Vahide, Şükran (2005). Islam in Modern Turkey: An Intellectual Biography of Bediuzzaman Said Nursi. State University of New York Press. pp. 101.. ISBN 9780791482971. https://books.google.com.au/books?id=fdX-iggjrxwC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Islam+in+Modern+Turkey:+An+Intellectual+Biography+of+Bediuzzaman+Said+Nursi&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwip4OyDq6veAhVZX30KHdXdA5kQ6AEIKDAA#v=snippet&q=Niyazi&f=false. - Zürcher 2013, p. 26. - Zürcher, Erik Jan (2017a). Turkey: A Modern History. I.B.Tauris. pp. 95, 102.. ISBN 9781786721839. https://books.google.com.au/books?id=eJZUDwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Turkey:+A+Modern+History&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiNicGIrqveAhXEgI8KHcxnCBMQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=Niyazi&f=false. - Zürcher 2014, p. 84. - Grčev 2002, pp. 42-43. - Kansu 1997, p. 89. - Clayer 2007, p. 570. - Blumi 2011, p. 21. - Bilici 2012, para. 11. - Alkan, Mehmet Ö. (2000). "Modernization from Empire to Republic and Education in the process of Nationalism". In Karpat, Kemal H.. Ottoman Past and Today's Turkey. Brill. pp. 92. ISBN 9789004115620. https://books.google.com.au/books?id=bArqJe8aabIC&pg=PA92&dq=Resneli+Ahmed+Niyazi&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj5z_qRuJ_eAhVFNo8KHXtOAP4Q6AEIOTAD#v=onepage&q=Resneli%20Ahmed%20Niyazi&f=false. - Nezir-Akmeşe 2005, pp. 37–38. - Nezir-Akmeşe 2005, p. 38. - Gingeras 2016, p. 31. - McMeekin, Sean (2012). The Berlin-Baghdad Express. Harvard University Press. pp. 70. ISBN 9780674058538. https://books.google.com.au/books?id=6k5HzkboGvcC&pg=PA70&dq=Ahmed+Niyazi&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj08_-You7aAhVKtJQKHX1HCbQ4FBDoAQgrMAE#v=onepage&q=Ahmed%20Niyazi&f=false. - Özkan, Behlül (2012). From the Abode of Islam to the Turkish Vatan: The Making of a National Homeland in Turkey. Yale University Press. pp. 47–48. ISBN 9780300183511. https://books.google.com.au/books?id=kCArlsRcHUMC&pg=PA47&dq=Resenli+Ahmet+Niyazi+hero&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjuxMTitJ_eAhUX5o8KHUIMBbgQ6AEINTAC#v=onepage&q=Resenli%20Ahmet%20Niyazi%20hero&f=false. - Jovanovski, Vlado (2005). Населбите во Преспа: Местоположба, историски развој и минато [Settlements in Prespa: Location, historical development and past]. Ǵurǵa. pp. 273. ISBN 9789989920554. https://books.google.com.au/books?id=7SasPgAACAAJ&dq=%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5+%D0%B2%D0%BE+%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjo0-Gw-r7gAhVKFHIKHV5GBSEQ6AEIKDAA. "Џамијата Хаџи Мурати (Горна Џамија), се наоѓа во северниот дел на градот, изградена во 1612 година на приземје, реновирана и надградена во 1896 година од Ахмет Нијази беј, со намена приземните простории да се користат ѕа училиште, а катот за молитви." - Kansu 1997, p. 90. - Zürcher 2014, p. 35. - Bilici 2012, para. 12. - Bilici 2012, para. 13. - Bilici 2012, para. 15. - Kansu 1997, pp. 89–90. - Bilici 2012, para. 14. - Gingeras 2016, pp. 31, 66–67. - Nezir-Akmeşe 2005, p. 52. - Gingeras 2016, pp. 31–32, 151. - Hanioğlu 2001, pp. 228, 446. - Clayer 2007, p. 382. - Gawrych 2006, p. 140. - Skendi 1967, pp. 340–341. - Hanioğlu 2001, pp. 239–240. - Hanioğlu 2001, p. 221. - Hanioğlu 2001, pp. 237, 262, 266. - Hanioğlu 2001, pp. 266–267. - Nezir-Akmeşe, Handan (2005). The Birth of Modern Turkey: The Ottoman Military and the March to WWI. I.B.Tauris. pp. 56. ISBN 9781850437970. https://books.google.com.au/books?id=kgXWpISjIWQC&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+Birth+of+Modern+Turkey:+The+Ottoman+Military+and+the+March+to+WWI&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjJ2eKSlaPeAhWKfysKHdwtCHAQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=Niyazi&f=false. - Macfie 1998, p. 26. - Hanioğlu 2001, p. 267. - Bilici 2012, para. 20. - Zürcher 2014, p. 31. - Macfie, Alexander Lyon (1998). The End of the Ottoman Empire, 1908-1923. Longman. pp. 20. ISBN 9780582287631. https://books.google.com.au/books?id=by9qAAAAMAAJ&dq=The+End+of+the+Ottoman+Empire%2C+1908-1923&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Niyazi. - Bilici 2012, para. 21. - Palmer, Alan Warwick (1994). The decline and fall of the Ottoman Empire. M. Evans. pp. 200. ISBN 9780871317544. https://books.google.com.au/books?id=9hkOAQAAMAAJ&q=Ahmed+Niyazi&dq=Ahmed+Niyazi&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwip2uz-p-7aAhXCk5QKHfKkB5A4KBDoAQg0MAM. - Macfie, Alexander Lyon (2014). Ataturk. Routledge. pp. 25. ISBN 9781317897354. https://books.google.com.au/books?id=8wKtAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA25&dq=Ahmed+Niyazi&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiG4q_1n-7aAhUMy7wKHeBMDDA4ChDoAQgsMAE#v=onepage&q=Ahmed%20Niyazi&f=false. - Zürcher 2014, pp. 31–32. - Hale 2013, p. 35. - Hanioğlu 2001, pp. 255, 267. - Kansu 1997, pp. 90–91. - Zürcher 2014, p. 32. - Gingeras 2016, p. 33. - Skendi 1967, pp. 355. - Mitrova, Makedonka (2014). "The Ottoman Macedonia between the politics of the Young Turks and the Kingdom of Serbia: Expectations and negotiations". pp. 123. https://pressto.amu.edu.pl/index.php/bp/article/view/1434. - Kansu 1997, p. 91. - Zürcher 2014, p. 38. - Zürcher 2014, p. 39. - Hanioğlu 2001, pp. 226, 451. - Hanioğlu 2001, p. 262. - Hanioğlu 2001, p. 468. - Başkan, Birol (2014). From Religious Empires to Secular States: State Secularization in Turkey, Iran, and Russia. Routledge. pp. 51. ISBN 9781317802044. https://books.google.com.au/books?id=t0MsAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA51&dq=Ahmet+Niyazi&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjf-O_yiaLeAhWXe30KHd5vBoQQ6AEIOjAD#v=onepage&q=Ahmet%20Niyazi&f=false. - Clayer 2007, p. 571. - Hanioğlu 2001, p. 228. - Gawrych 2006, p. 151. - Hanioğlu 2001, p. 270. - Hanioğlu 2001, p. 248. - Poulton 1995, p. 69. - Hanioğlu 2001, pp. 248, 254. - Gawrych 2006, p. 153. "A heavy presence of Albanians was noted in units claimed by the CUP as their own: "In the available photographs of 'national battalions' and the local bands that had joined them, Albanians with white fezes overwhelmingly outnumbered all others." (See for example, the book cover.)" - Hanioğlu 2001, p. 258. "In the available photographs of the "national battalions" and the local bands that had joined them, Albanians with white fezzes overwhelmingly outnumbered all others. These people, including Adjutant-Major Ahmed Niyazi" - Özen 2017, p. 26. - Clayer 2007, p. 572. - Gingeras 2016, p. 32. - Hanioğlu 2001, p. 257. - Poulton, Hugh (1995). Who are the Macedonians?. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 66. ISBN 9781850652380. https://books.google.com.au/books?id=ppbuavUZKEwC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Who+are+the+Macedonians?&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjwytOJh6HeAhWZdt4KHQ2dCwcQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=Niyazi&f=false. - Bartl, Peter (1968). Die Albanischen Muslime zur Zeit der nationalen Unabhängigkeitsbewegung, 1878-1912 [The Albanian Muslims at the Time of the National Independence Movement, 1878-1912]. Otto Harrassowitz. pp. 155. https://books.google.com.au/books?id=yOdrAAAAIAAJ&dq=Die+Albanischen+Muslime+zur+Zeit+der+nationalen+Unabha%CC%88ngigkeitsbewegung%2C+1878-1912&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Niyazi. - Hanioğlu 2001, pp. 257, 466. - Clayer 2007, pp. 572, 589. - Hanioğlu 2001, p. 258. - Gingeras, Ryan (2014). Heroin, Organized Crime, and the Making of Modern Turkey. Oxford University Press. pp. 28. ISBN 9780198716020. https://books.google.com.au/books?id=JOq-AwAAQBAJ&dq=Ahmet+Niyazi&q=Niyazi#v=snippet&q=Niyazi&f=false. - Hanioğlu 2001, p. 466. - Blumi 2011, p. 116. - Blumi 2011, p. 147. - Clayer 2007, p. 380. - Özen 2017, pp. 26–27. - Bilici 2012, para. 30. - Hanioğlu 2001, p. 274. - Kansu 1997, p. 98. - Kansu, Aykut (1997). The Revolution of 1908 in Turkey. Brill. pp. 97–98.. ISBN 9789004107915. https://books.google.com.au/books?id=9j71caZgTHQC&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+Revolution+of+1908+in+Turkey&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwii9fjomaPeAhXBTn0KHQS2Cd4Q6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=Resneli%20Ahmed%20Niyazi&f=false. - Bilici 2012, para. 23. - Gawrych 2006, p. 153. - Hanioğlu, M. Șükrü (2001). Preparation for a Revolution: The Young Turks, 1902-1908. Oxford University Press. pp. 274–275.. ISBN 9780199771110. https://books.google.com.au/books?id=nNdKQfEdyvgC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Preparation+for+a+Revolution:+The+Young+Turks,+1902-1908&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiTkbmk8evaAhVEyrwKHeE1BAQQ6AEIJzAA#v=onepage&q=Niyazi&f=false. - Zürcher 2014, p. 33. - Bilici 2012, para. 26. - Hale, William (2013). Turkish Politics and the Military. Routledge. pp. 38. ISBN 9781136101403. https://books.google.com.au/books?id=_Z3dAAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Turkish+Politics+and+the+Military&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjS8tHNyu7aAhVEkZQKHfX1Bi8Q6AEIJzAA#v=onepage&q=Ahmed%20Niyazi&f=false. - Gingeras 2016, p. 34. - Bilici 2012, para. 25. - Blumi, Isa (2011). Reinstating the Ottomans, Alternative Balkan Modernities: 1800–1912. New York: Palgrave MacMillan. pp. 4, 6.. ISBN 9780230119086. https://books.google.com.au/books?id=NatgAQAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Reinstating+the+Ottomans:+Alternative+Balkan+Modernities,+1800-1912&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiowv_A6-7aAhUBLpQKHcGVCC4Q6AEIJzAA#v=onepage&q=Resneli&f=false. - Özen 2017, p. 28. - Özen 2017, p. 31. - Mazaower, Mark "Salonica, City of Ghosts: Christians, Muslims and Jews 1430-1950." - Gawrych 2006, pp. 150, 169. - Gawrych 2006, p. 154. - Gawrych 2006, p. 155. - Bilici 2012, para. 31. - Zürcher 2014, p. 29. - Bilici 2012, para. 31, 33. - Bilici 2012, para. 34. - Özen 2017, p. 37. - Karpat, Kemal H. (2001). The Politicization of Islam: Reconstructing Identity, State, Faith, and Community in the Late Ottoman State. Oxford University Press. pp. 351. ISBN 9780195136180. https://books.google.com.au/books?id=PvVlS3ljx20C&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+Politicization+of+Islam:+Reconstructing+Identity,+State,+Faith,+and+Community+in+the+Late+Ottoman+State&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjn-aSRr6veAhWIOo8KHd2iARUQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=Niyazi&f=false. - Gingeras 2016, p. 44. - Clayer, Nathalie (2007). Aux origines du nationalisme albanais: La naissance d’une nation majoritairement musulmane en Europe [The origins of Albanian nationalism: The birth of a predominantly Muslim nation in Europe]. Paris: Karthala. pp. 624–625.. ISBN 9782845868168. https://books.google.com.au/books?id=umotBF3KFWgC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Aux+origines+du+nationalisme+albanais:+La+naissance+d%E2%80%99une+nation+majoritairement+musulmane+en+Europe&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiItp_-2qbeAhXKr48KHRnYAKkQ6AEIKjAA#v=snippet&q=Resneli&f=false. - Vahide 2005, p. 69. - Skendi, Stavro (1967). The Albanian national awakening. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 364–365.. ISBN 9781400847761. https://books.google.com.au/books?hl=en&lr=&id=8QPWCgAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR15&dq=The+Albanian+National+Awakening&ots=zGjQbVyql8&sig=xsmbL-yAAtc-ny3v0E4vN87JOBY&redir_esc=y#v=snippet&q=Ahmed%20Niyazi&f=false. - Zürcher 2017b, p. 201. - Gawrych, George (2006). The Crescent and the Eagle: Ottoman rule, Islam and the Albanians, 1874–1913. London: IB Tauris. pp. 167.. ISBN 9781845112875. https://books.google.com.au/books?id=wPOtzk-unJgC&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+crescent+and+the+eagle:+Ottoman+rule,+Islam+and+the+Albanians,+1874-1913+lexicon&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiT94zl8ebXAhWJT7wKHYRLADEQ6AEIJjAA#v=snippet&q=Niyazi&f=false. - Gingeras 2016, p. 37. - Zürcher 2014, p. 78. - Zürcher, Erik Jan (2017b). "31 Mart: A Fundamentalist Uprising in Istanbul in April 1909?". In Lévy-Aksu, Noémi; Georgeon, François. The Young Turk Revolution and the Ottoman Empire: The Aftermath of 1918. I.B.Tauris. pp. 202. ISBN 9781786720214. https://books.google.com.au/books?id=1OQzDwAAQBAJ&dq=The+Young+Turk+Revolution+and+the+Ottoman+Empire%3A+The+Aftermath+of+1918&q=Manakis+Niyazi#v=snippet&q=Niyazi%20Action%20Army&f=false. - Bilici 2012, para. 28. - Grčev, Kokan (2002). "Ресенскиот "Сарај" - Историски и стилски контекст ["The Resen Saray" - Historical and stylistic context]". pp. 43. https://books.google.com.au/books?id=HpuAAAAAMAAJ&dq=%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%98+%D0%9D%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8-%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B3&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82. - Gingeras 2016, p. 55. - Zürcher 2013, p. 32. - Zürcher 2014, p. 88. - Zürcher 2014, p. 89. - Zürcher, Erik Jan (2013). "Kosovo Revisited: Sultan Reşad's Macedonian Journey of June 1911". In Kedourie, Sylvia. Seventy-five Years of the Turkish Republic. Routledge. pp. 36. ISBN 9781135267056. https://books.google.com.au/books?id=Cf_ZAAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Seventy-five+Years+of+the+Turkish+Republic&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj2uqD-rKveAhWZXysKHfulCfEQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=Niyazi&f=false. - Zürcher, Erik Jan (2014). The Young Turk Legacy and Nation Building: From the Ottoman Empire to Atatürk's Turkey. I.B.Tauris. pp. 92. ISBN 9780857718075. https://books.google.com.au/books?id=54gAAwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+Young+Turk+Legacy+and+Nation+Building:+From+the+Ottoman+Empire+to+Atat%C3%BCrk%27s+Turkey&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwig-Z_Y-7XeAhWFpY8KHVsyBIYQ6AEIKDAA#v=snippet&q=Niyazi&f=false. - Özen, Saadet (2017). "The Heroes of Hürriyet: The images in Struggle". In Lévy-Aksu, Noémi; Georgeon, François. The Young Turk Revolution and the Ottoman Empire: The Aftermath of 1918. I.B.Tauris. pp. 36–37. ISBN 9781786720214. https://books.google.com.au/books?id=1OQzDwAAQBAJ&dq=The+Young+Turk+Revolution+and+the+Ottoman+Empire%3A+The+Aftermath+of+1918&q=Manakis+Niyazi#v=snippet&q=Manakis%20Niyazi&f=false. - Gingeras, Ryan (2016). Fall of the Sultanate: The Great War and the End of the Ottoman Empire 1908-1922. Oxford University Press. pp. 87. ISBN 9780191663581. https://books.google.com.au/books?id=sGyMCwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Fall+of+the+Sultanate:+The+Great+War+and+the+End+of+the+Ottoman+Empire+1908-1922&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjojsnSo7DXAhXImZQKHTZPAcUQ6AEIJjAA#v=snippet&q=Niyazi&f=false. - Bilici 2012, para. 29. - "Resneli Niyazi Bey & Niyazi Resnelioğlu". Hürriyet. http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/resneli-niyazi-bey-niyazi-resnelioglu-9499386. Retrieved 8 December 2018. - Güçlü, Yücel (2018). The Armenian Events Of Adana In 1909: Cemal Pasa And Beyond. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 121. ISBN 9780761869948. https://books.google.com.au/books?id=EDBZDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA121&dq=Ottoman+anthem+Niyazi&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjro5ev9-vaAhWDfLwKHRtkBL4Q6AEIUDAI#v=onepage&q=Ottoman%20anthem%20Niyazi&f=false. - Böke, Pelin; Tınç, Lütfü (2008). Son Osmanlı Meclisi'nin son günleri [The last days of the last Ottoman Assembly]. Doğan Kitap. pp. 22. ISBN 9789759918095. https://books.google.com.au/books?id=JCctAQAAIAAJ&dq=Mebusan+Mar%C5%9F%C4%B1+Niyazi&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Bando%2C+a%C3%A7%C4%B1l%C4%B1%C5%9F+merasiminde+g%C3%BCftesi+Samih+Bey%27in+%28Samih+Rifat+olmas%C4%B1+muhtemeldir%29%2C+bestesi+de+Zati+Bey%27e+ait+olan+%22Meclis-i+Mebusan+Mar%C5%9F%C4%B1%22n%C4%B1+%C3%A7alm%C4%B1%C5%9Ft%C4%B1.2+S%C3%B6zleri+aynen+%C5%9F%C3%B6yleydi+bu+mar%C5%9F%C4%B1n%3A+Osmanl%C4%B1lar+bug%C3%BCn+oldu+muzaffer+Fethetti+yeniden+vatan%C4%B1+asker+A%C3%A7t%C4%B1+mebuslara+yolu+s%C3%BCng%C3%BCler+Ya%C5%9Fas%C4%B1n+Niyazi%2C+ya%C5%9Fas%C4%B1n+Enver%21. - Bilici, Faruk (2012). "Le révolutionnaire qui alluma la mèche: Ahmed Niyazi Bey de Resne [Niyazi Bey from Resne: The Revolutionary who lit the Fuse]". https://journals.openedition.org/ceb/1052. para. 27. \|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Category:Ahmed Niyazi Bey.\| - Knight, Edward Frederick (1909). The Awakening of Turkey: A History of the Turkish Revolution. J.B. Lippincott Co.. https://archive.org/details/awakeningofturke008875mbp/page/n11. - Resneli, Ahmet Niyazi (2003). Hürriyet Kahramanı Resneli Niyazi hatıratı: hâtırat-ı Niyazi [Memoirs of the Hero of Freedom Resneli Niyazi: Niyazi's memoirs]. Örgün Yayınevi. ISBN 9789757651253. https://books.google.com.au/books?id=sSbotgAACAAJ&dq=H%C3%BCrriyet+Kahraman%C4%B1+Resneli+Niyazi+Hat%C4%B1rat%C4%B1&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwieu4TZmqneAhXLL48KHbcoBFcQ6AEIKDAA. - Resneli, Niyazi (1975). Balkanlarda bir gerillacı: Hürriyet Kahramanı Resneli Niyazi Beyʼin anıları [A guerrilla in the Balkans: Hero of Freedom Ahmed Niyazi Bey's memoirs]. Çağdaş Yayınları. https://books.google.com.au/books?id=adgbAAAAMAAJ&q=Balkanlarda+bir+Gerillac%C4%B1&dq=Balkanlarda+bir+Gerillac%C4%B1&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjo9uf-n6neAhVBMY8KHU8ZBVwQ6AEIKDAA. - Saracoğlu, Ahmet Cemaleddin (2006). Unutulan Meşhurlarımız: Resneli Niyazi [Our Forgotten Famous People: Resneli Niyazi]. Şema. ISBN 9789759158033. \|This page uses Creative Commons Licensed content from Wikipedia (view authors).\|	<urn:uuid:c7177b27-207d-4465-ac1b-6d53b54b1d8b>	CC-MAIN-2021-43	https://military.wikia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Niyazi_Bey	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323588341.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20211028131628-20211028161628-00217.warc.gz	en	0.905004	14,669	2.71875	3
The foodies have been arguing about organic versus conventional foods for years, but now the topic is hotter than ever. The traditionalists say that it's all the same, while the naturalists dig in their Birkenstocks and swear that organic reigns supreme. But what qualifies a food as organic? Strictly speaking, organic food is that which is grown without added pesticides, fertilizers, sprays or chemicals -- and the soil cannot contain them either (though organic versions of these additives are OK). For years, all government agencies and pretty much most of the scientific research have found little or no nutritional difference between organic and traditionally grown produce, meat, milk. Now comes a study in the Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry that finds otherwise. Organic tomatoes were found to have nearly twice the level of two compounds, quercetin and kaempferol, as traditionally grown tomatoes. These compounds, part of a group called flavonoids, which are just a subclass of antioxidants, have been linked to a reduction in heart disease risk, so higher levels in food would seem to be a good thing. Of course, fans of organic produce have always felt that it was healthier, but that's not the only reason that many of them eat organic foods. Often it's a green thing -- and I'm not talking about broccoli. They like the environmental concept of eating food that is grown without pesticides. They feel that fewer chemicals on the farm can mean less polluted groundwater, cleaner rivers, soil. So, given this new study, is organic food better for our health? Best you can say right now is, maybe. Is it better for the planet? Probably. But there's an interesting twist here, too. Say you're truly interested in saving the planet, and that you live in Massachusetts. You insist on buying only organic broccoli. The problem is that it may be grown in California and have to be trucked or shipped cross-country. Now you're talking about 3,000 "food miles." A lot of fossil fuel has to be used to get that organic broccoli to your neighborhood, when you could get broccoli that is grown conventionally and much closer to home, thereby saving a lot of transport fuel. In that sense, organic may not be much better for the environment than local food that's conventionally grown. If you're like most people, you're not eating much in the way of produce either way. We need about 4½ cups of produce daily, and we're only getting about half that much. Leave out the fries (the feds count them as a veggie, even if I don't) and our vegetable intake plummets. If you really want to go organic, great -- but understand what you're getting into. First, if you're a stickler for your fruit and vegetables having to look perfect -- symmetrical, apples and pears, evenly colored oranges -- let it go. Organic produce is imperfect looking. That's OK -- you're eating it, not bonding with it. Second, organic food may not last as long, so buy a little less at a time but buy a little more often. If you are the type to go to the store only once every 10 days to two weeks, you're probably better off with traditional produce.	<urn:uuid:969556eb-8ec7-491f-bc49-e21d312870b4>	CC-MAIN-2014-15	http://abcnews.go.com/Health/Diet/story?id=3353401&page=1	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609536300.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005216-00080-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.969875	678	3.109375	3
Women’s History Month, celebrated in March, was established by Congress to recognize and celebrate the contributions of women over the course of American history. Typically during this month, the Civil Rights Memorial Center (CRMC), where I am the director, produces a website feature and social media postings dedicated to honoring women who have shaped the civil rights movement. We do this because we firmly believe that women’s stories – which are often overlooked – must continue to be shared. Their contributions aren’t widely discussed in the historical context of the movement. That’s why I am launching this year’s monthlong celebration of women by sharing the stories of some of those who are currently impacting social justice activism. The CRMC is an interpretive center operated by the Southern Poverty Law Center that includes interactive exhibits about civil rights martyrs. Like many other museums, we’ve had to pivot away from in-person visits to virtual educational tours because of the COVID-19 pandemic. But even though these tours are not in person, much remains the same about how we engage audiences about the history of the movement. We continue to ask people online to reflect on key events and figures of the 1950s and ’60s. Almost immediately, we get responses about towering male figures such as Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., the Rev. Fred Shuttlesworth, John Lewis and Fred Gray. When you probe a little deeper and ask about the involvement of women in the movement, a few people mention Coretta Scott King or Rosa Parks. But very few can name other significant figures, like Fannie Lou Hamer, Ella Baker, Septima Clark, Jo Ann Robinson, the Rev. Dr. Pauli Murray or Daisy Bates. Today, Black women continue to make strides in the movement. With the influence of social media platforms, they are creating space to tell their stories. They’re women like Bree Newsome, the activist from Charlotte, North Carolina, who removed the Confederate flag from the South Carolina state house grounds in the aftermath of the shooting at a historically Black church in Charleston. Her actions resulted in the flag’s permanent removal. Before that, Newsome protested voter ID laws in North Carolina that disproportionately disenfranchise Black and Brown voters. Today, she continues to use her platform to speak on issues of racial justice. In 2017, she became an activist for fair housing rights, including ensuring the enforcement of the last piece of civil rights legislation passed after King’s assassination, the Fair Housing Act of 1968. Today, women’s voices and perspectives are critical to a broader struggle for civil and human rights. They are seen and heard in women like Chanelle Helm, a Black Lives Matter activist who is leading the way for racial justice in Louisville, Kentucky; Taylor Turnage, a Tougaloo College student and local organizer who was instrumental in having the Mississippi state flag bearing a Confederate emblem removed; and Ash-Lee Henderson, co-executive director of the Highlander Research and Education Center in Tennessee. Henderson is a long-time activist who works on issues of racial justice and environmental racism, and she is involved in the Southern Workers Assembly, organizing and transforming labor power throughout the South. And then there are women like Jotaka Eaddy, founder of Win With Black Women, a collective of intergenerational, intersectional Black women leaders across the nation. She’s been called the Harriet Tubman of Silicon Valley and is an extraordinary woman who was born and raised in South Carolina. She’s committed to social impact and social justice, and continues to use her platform to shape policy and build movements. Eaddy is the epitome of lifting up others as she climbs the social and economic ladders. I often reflect on the women who made my success possible, for all the ways in which their lives have inspired and influenced my path in the fight for social justice. I continue to draw strength, wisdom and knowledge from women of both historic and contemporary times. Words don’t even begin to describe the courage, bravery and conviction I feel when I see the rise of so many women who are leading movements, organizing communities and defending social justice across races and generations. It’s powerful. The women’s movement has experienced gains and losses, but overall it has led to a society that is moving toward acceptance and inclusivity, and that is comfortable with successful women leading and doing this work alongside others. As we celebrate women throughout this month, let us honor those who paved the way, even as we support and celebrate the living legends among us. Together, women are creating a level playing field that will benefit all of us. Image at top: Black Lives Matter founders Patrisse Cullors, Alicia Garza and Opal Tometi (pictured from left to right) pose in the green room at Glamour Women Of The Year 2016 at NeueHouse Hollywood on Nov. 14, 2016, in Los Angeles. (Photo by Jeff Vespa/Getty Images for Glamour)	<urn:uuid:fe8ccc37-749b-42c0-838d-9251237a1a3f>	CC-MAIN-2021-43	https://www.splcenter.org/news/2021/03/10/womens-history-month-just-civil-rights-movement-black-women-are-leading-way-todays-social	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323588284.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20211028100619-20211028130619-00626.warc.gz	en	0.948997	1,040	2.921875	3
Jaccard's Coefficient Comparator The Jaccard's Coefficient Comparator is a text mining tool that compares two texts using the well known Jaccard‘s Coefficient, a standard measure in information retrieval. It is defined as the size of the intersection divided by the size of the union of the representative sets of terms of both texts. The Jaccard's Coefficient Comparator is optimized to compare texts from taxonomies e.g. to compare technologies, scientific projects etc. Therefore texts can be inserted in XML format (see example Science Citation Index - Scope Notes). All inserted texts are compared among each other. Start Context based Internet Search	<urn:uuid:ecc89489-3525-4641-b6bf-ad58de3028a3>	CC-MAIN-2017-39	http://idea-miner.de/jaccard_eng.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818696653.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20170926160416-20170926180416-00424.warc.gz	en	0.838404	139	3.109375	3
A robotic vacuum cleaner is easy to trust. We really need a lot more confidence in a robot that might be performing vital surgery on our body. Medicine dispensing robots are already in use in home care. A robot sitting on the kitchen bench ensures that older people who live at home get the correct medicine dose every day. "The medicine robot gives the home care nurse more time to other tasks," says Trenton Schulz. Schulz has done research on how robots in our homes could perform even more tasks, for example in care of older people. "The healthcare system in Norway is investing a lot in this area. There is a possibility that we can use technology to help older, senior citizens to live independently at home longer," Schulz told Titan.uio.no. Schulz doesn't think that robots will end up taking over these health care jobs. "There are some things that robots can easily do, but there are many things that are difficult," he says. Schulz's first meeting with robots was on the farm he grew up on in northern Minnesota in the United States. His father invested in a robot that fed the cattle they had. A stand-alone medicine dispensing robot or a robot feeding cows is one thing. It's quite another when the robot will move around an apartment and communicate with a real human. "If you are going to start using a robot, you have to trust that the robot will do what you expect it to do. If something doesn't work, you will probably throw it out or leave it in a closet," says Schulz. Trust is something that we normally have—or don't have—to other people. But companies and products—even robots—are also dependent upon trust. "First and foremost, you have to have confidence in that the robot can do what it says it can do. And then you have to be able to trust what it says or does," Schulz says and compares it with trusting other people. "If someone opens the door for you, you trust that that person is not going to suddenly close it on you as you begin to walk through." At the same time, we need to keep our expectations in line with the robots' abilities. There's a big difference between our expectations of a robot vacuum cleaner and a robot that should perform advanced surgery. It must admit mistakes Schulz has himself been involved in experiments where robots and humans should work together in a home environment. The participants grew quickly skeptical if the robot didn't manage to do what it was asked to do. How can a robot rebuild trust? The first step is to admit it made a mistake. "The robot must tell you if it made a mistake and try to correct the mistake if it can. It should say "I'm sorry, I cannot do this. Something happened here, and it might be my fault,", says Schulz. The researcher also thinks that it is okay that we don't have as much trust in a robot as we do in other people. "You don't need to trust your home robot as much as a good friend or a spouse. If you have too much trust in a robot, it could give you bad advice," says Schulz. Orange juice in a potted plant Perhaps the robot is selling something in disguise: That the robot is more useful to the company that sold it to you than it is at taking care of your needs. Having too much trust in a robot also had strange effects in experiments. Schulz tells about an experiment where participants emptied orange juice on a potted plant because the robot told them to do it. Others gave their password to their computer without blinking. There is one thing to keep in mind, though: "It's difficult to study trust in robots in experiments," Schulz says. People in experiments often experience the situation as unrealistic. So when the robot gives a command, it might be interpreted as part of the experiment. They do what the robot says because they just assume that this is just an experiment with no personal risk. What can robots actually help us with? Schulz believes that it will take many years before moving robots do complex tasks and become part of a home care nursing or any other branch. "First, we need to find out more about which problems a robot actually can help out with. I think people will use a robot when they see that there is something they can use it for." He references his father back on his farm in Minnesota as an example. "Why did my father buy that robot? He wanted more control over the feed for each cow so they could get the best nutrition, live well, and produce the best possible milk," says Schulz. "The good tasks where robots will work best at home are something we still are researching." Provided by University of Oslo	<urn:uuid:6c08bf8a-0c8c-421d-8612-c653a8fdbcf6>	CC-MAIN-2022-27	https://techxplore.com/news/2020-06-robot.html?deviceType=mobile	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104690785.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20220707093848-20220707123848-00297.warc.gz	en	0.978215	1,002	2.703125	3
Live in booths for seven days: All native-born Israelites are to live in booths so your descendants will know that I had the Israelites live in booths when I brought them out of Egypt. Leviticus 23:43 Tabernacles ( or Booths ) is found in Deuteronomy 16 starting at v13, Celebrate the Feast of Tabernacles for seven days after you have gathered the produce of your threshing floor and your winepress. Be joyful at your Feast -- you, your sons and daughters, your menservants and maidservants, and the Levites, the aliens, the fatherless and the widows who live in your towns. For seven days celebrate the Feast to the LORD your God at the place the LORD will choose. For the LORD your God will bless you in all your harvest and in all the work of your hands, and your joy will be complete.Also, Leviticus 23 v39-43 says, " `So beginning with the fifteenth day of the seventh month, after you have gathered the crops of the land, celebrate the festival to the LORD for seven days; the first day is a day of rest, and the eighth day also is a day of rest. On the first day you are to take choice fruit from the trees, and palm fronds, leafy branches and poplars, and rejoice before the LORD your God for seven days. Celebrate this as a festival to the LORD for seven days each year. This is to be a lasting ordinance for the generations to come; celebrate it in the seventh month. Live in booths for seven days: All native-born Israelites are to live in booths so your descendants will know that I had the Israelites live in booths when I brought them out of Egypt. I am the LORD your God.' " (Sukkot is the plural form of Sukkah - adding "ot" in Hebrew is equivalent to adding an "s" in English ) - - (Sukkot is pronounced as "sue coat" - emphasis on the second syllable ) Sukkot is the seventh of the seven feasts in Torah (the five books of Teaching (Law) Remember seven is for completeness) Tabernacles is the only feast with specific instructions to Rejoice. This extract is the list of stuff that the people instructed to bring from the hills, proclaim this word and spread it throughout their towns and in Jerusalem: "Go out into the hill country and bring back branches from olive and wild olive trees, and from myrtles, palms and shade trees, to make booths"--as it is written. Literally translated it lists, " branches of zayith (wild olive), and branches of tree shemen (oil) (cultivated olive) and branches of hadas (Myrtle) and branches of Tamarim (palms) and branches of trees thickets. It is interesting to see wild olive branches included in the Feast of Ingathering right back in the times of the prophets. (Tabernacles is reckoned by scholars to be the time of Yeshua's birth. ) (see also Dates in the Christian Calendar) (Rejoicing in the Torah) is celebrated on 22nd Tishrei, the day after the end of Tabernacles, and marks the reading of the last portion of Torah and the reading of the first portion in the next year. (Torah is read right through every year) The Torah scrolls are carried around the synagogues with great joy, sometimes with dancing, and possibly spilling out onto the streets and throwing candies to the children. (Perhaps we could enthuse this much about our Bibles) 22nd Tishrei, The day after the end of Tabernacles is also celebrated as Shmini Atzeret; the eighth, extra, day of assembly. Someone said that it is like God saying, "Wasn't that good to celebrate together - lets have one more day." It culminates the celebration of renewal and thanksgiving and invokes anticipation of the Messianic Age. Memorial ( Yizkor ) services are said in synagogue in remembrance of family members and friends who have died. Sukkah would be better translated as shed or shack or shelter , and the nature of the sukkah in which Jews eat their meals at this time is a reminder of the transitory nature of this life and the need for humility before our God. The shelter could also be a reminder of the shelter which field labourers lived in during harvest time or even the shelters in Jerusalem that accommodated the masses of pilgrims for the feast. Tabernacle is a translation of Mishkan - which is the "Tent of Meeting" which preceded the Temple in Jerusalem. At Tabernacles Jews build booths outside, roofed with branches. They decorate them with fruit and foliage. They live in them or eat their meats in them. They must be able to see the stars through the roof as the meal starts once the third star can be seen. The meal includes all sorts of seasonal fruit and vegetables, salads, stuffed vegetables, apple strudel, plum dumplings. Living and eating in a Sukkah is a reminder that our "bricks and mortar" life is only temporary and that we should not cling too tightly to it. Just as the weather gets cooler and we feel satisfied and comfortable after the harvest, God tells us to go and live in shacks for a while. Think on this. The Jews have a pictorial ritual using a citron (or Etrog) and branches from three trees, bound together, representing four sorts of people, all bound together in one (Jewish) nation under GOD'S care . At various times during the celebrations, the four species ( Arba minim ) are waved in all six directions (North, South, East, West, up and down) to emphasise that God is everywhere. They are also carried in procession around the bimah in the synagogue. The processions, carrying the arba minim are called Hoshannas because a prayer including the refrain Hosha na is recited. Hosha na means "Save us". (Here we have the connection with palm branches and hosannas as Yeshua rode into Jerusalem) \|Etrog sweet taste & smell, ( Citron - a citrus fruit looking like a lemon) \|like people who read torah and do good\| \| Lulav Sweet taste no smell ( Date palm branches/ leaves) \|like people who read torah but don't do good\| \|Hadas no taste sweet smell \|like people who don't read torah but do good\| \|ARaVah no taste or smell \|like people who don't read torah or do good\| The waving of the lulav bundle to all four points of the compass, signifies the ministry is to the whole world through God's chosen people of priests (Israel). The booths and the special meals eaten in them celebrate GOD'S goodness in another harvest and rest from the labour of a year's agricultural cycle. The roofs of the booths are loosely made so that it is possible see through them to heaven and remember the temporary nature of our present life. The feast starts once the third star can be seen in the sky. Being a harvest festival, fruit and vegetables feature prominently in the celebrations. Dishes such as stuffed cabbage (Holishken), aubergine dishes and Apple Strudel are popular. The celebration also looks forward to the next year. Every morning of the feast there was a joyous procession to the Pool of Siloam, with music, headed by a priest with a golden pitcher (a little over 2 pints). At the same time there was a procession to the Kidron Valley to collect willow branches which were made into a canopy over the altar of burnt offerings. As the sacrifice proceeded, the priest returning with the water entered through the Water Gate (named for this event). With a threefold trumpet blast he poured the water into a silver receptacle on the altar.The actual Pool of Siloam has recently been discovered a little further down this water course. The rainy season begins after Tabernacles. Rain is needed to soften the ground ready for ploughing. This celebration became associated with looking to the Lord for the rains. It also reminded of the water out of the rock in the wilderness, and of messianic promises such as Isaiah 12 v3 about "joyfully drawing water from the springs of salvation". It is interesting that this offering of water is made at the end of the dry season when water is scarcer - thus it is an act of faith; trusting in the rains to come. See also Jewish New Testament Commentary page 178-179 In this seasonal celebrations the people remembered that as well as the rain, plenty of sunshine was needed and the people were thanking GOD for the sunshine and acknowledging him as the true light. ("The Lord is my light and my salvation" Ps 27 v1) who would give them spiritual life through Messiah.At the end of the first day of Tabernacles, the worshippers congregated in the Court of Women where a great illumination took place. Four huge golden lamps or candelabras, each with four golden bowls were filled with oil by four youths of priestly descent. They had to use four ladders for this task. According to the saying, "There was not a court in Jerusalem that was not lit up by it". Around the lamps a sacred dance was conducted by hassidim (saints) and prominent leaders with flaming torches in their hands. This was accompanied by Levites playing harps, lutes, cymbals, trumpets and "instruments without number" standing on the fifteen steps leading up from the Court of Women to the Court of Israel, according to the "songs of Degrees" in Psalms. The symbolism of this event looked back and forward In the past God led Israel in the wilderness with the pillar of fire and His Shekeinah had dwelt in the Tabernacle and the first Temple (but not in the second Temple) In the future Messiah would be the light of YHVH arising on the people See also Jewish New Testament Commentary page 181 On the last day of the feast ( 21st Tishrei. ) The day of the Great Hosanna was celebrated. It was the climax of the day that was the climax of the whole season of feasts / holy days. - ( Hosanna translates as "Save Now" ) The people prayed especially for GOD'S salvation through Meshiach / MESSIAH - (the anointed one ) A joyous crowd assembled, carrying palm branches a couple of metres in length. It was said to resemble a forest in motion if seen from a rooftop. There was silence in the crowd as the priest said the Hallel (praise) Psalm 118, to which the people responded at every line with Halleluyah. The people processed seven times around the altar. As they got to verses 25 - 29 they joined in with the words "Hossana, make thy salvation now manifest, o Lord" and "O Lord send now prosperity" and they would wave their palm branches. As they reached the words "Baruch haba bashem Adonai" "Blessed is he who comes in the name of the LORD", the godly would greet the coming Messiah in their hearts, knowing it applied to Him. ( see The significance of Names in the Bible) The joy of this celebration became proverbial. "He that has not seen Simchat bet ha Sho'ebhah has not seen joy in this life" It was on this "last great day of the feast", the day of messianic expectation, that Jesus said, "If anyone is thirsty let him come to me and drink" (John 7 v37). He offered living water to anyone who would believe and accept him. He was saying "Look to me and be saved - I AM the great Hosanna" (see also Threads on Water) Tabernacles is the only feast to have an extra day. It has been suggested that the LORD is saying to his people at the end of the Feast, "Hasn't this been good? Lets spend another day together." The people will have gone back into their homes but the rejoicing continues on this crowning day, which celebrates the completion of renewal and invokes anticipation of the Messianic age. The eighth day in scripture speaks of resurrection and new beginnings, so this day, coming at the end of the cycle which leads up to the Ingathering, speaks of the consummation of all things. It looks to the end of the earthly rest (The seventh Millennium) in the commencement of eternal heavenly glory. (See Revelation 21 and 22) John chapter eight tells us that it was on the day after the Hoshanna Rabbah that Jesus was back in the Temple, where he said, "I am the light of the world; whoever follows me will never walk in darkness but will have the light which gives life." (John 8 v12) Clearly the significance of the Lighting of the Temple would still have been fresh in the minds of those present on this day of great messianic hope. In spite of this most of the religious leaders rejected him, because ... a - they loved their rituals more than they loved their GOD. b - They wanted what GOD would do for them politically not spiritually. Thus the majority missed out on entering their rest in their hearts; but also as a nation. ( Remember, when Jesus/ Yeshua wept over Jerusalem he said "....if only you had known on this day what would bring you peace." ) (The Israelites that left in the Exodus were "saved" from Egypt but failed to enter into their rest in the promised land ) Tabernacles was the first feast to be rediscovered by Christians. Why is it relevant and how does it fit into God's plans? The bundle of the four species is waved to all four points of the compass, signifying that the ministry is to the whole world through God's chosen people of priests (Israel). Also, seventy bulls were sacrificed during Sukkot; seventy being the number of nations in the known world at that time. Thus Sukkot is a feast for the nations - not just Israel. Tabernacles figures prominently in the last chapters of Zechariah. The prophet talks of the nations coming to attack Jerusalem and then, after God has defeated them, of the nations coming up to Jerusalem at Tabernacles. Clearly this talks of representatives of the nations (the armies first, and then the nations' chosen representatives) Remember that Tabernacles is all about the culmination or completion of God's purposes, when Jerusalem is the metropolis of God's Kingdom on Earth - not just of Israel. Tabernacles is also about Ingathering. The Talmud and the Mishna single out Tabernacles as being prophetic of when, after Israel's national Day of Atonement, the nation will be the channel of blessing for the world - spreading the knowledge of their Messiah over the whole earth. This is certainly something to look forward to and many Christians are already, voluntarily representing their nations at this feast. (see Tabernacles snaps ) It is also well worth celebrating for all its teaching value, even at home. The lectionary reading for Sukkot, in addition to the Torah and Haftorah readings is Ecclesiastes - Kohelet. The skeptical tone of the book reminds us not to lose ourselves in the rich foods and good fun that fill the holiday. Kohelet, the teacher, focuses on life’s fleeting gifts, a pattern of time and seasons and calls us to look beyond the vanities of life that are as transient as the Sukkah. If we are correct in believing he was born at Tabernacles, this fulfils the point of Tabernacles as he left his home in Glory and came to dwell in a frail mortal body. He is GOD in our midst ( For where two or three come together in my name, there I am with them - Matt 18v20) The ultimate fulfilment will be his second coming to take us to our rest. Until then he is the rest for our souls (Come unto me and rest all you who are weary and heavy laden and I will give you rest Matt 11 v28 ) We should not be asking for things from Jesus - not for Jesus to give us life - he is our life; not to give us rest - he is our rest. Click the picture to hear the Shema blessing - "Hear o Israel, the Lord our God the Lord is One. Blessed be His name, whose glorious kingdom is forever" Scholars have pointed out that the clues in scripture tell us that Jesus / Yeshua was born around the Feast of Tabernacles. We are seeing that God likes to do things on significant dates. So, IF Yeshua was born on the first day of Sukkot, he would have been circumcised, entered into the covenant as a Jew, on the eighth day - Shimini Atzeret - the crowning day, that celebrates the completion of renewal and invokes anticipation of the Messianic age. The seventh step in our walk - spiritual maturity - rest in our souls. ( Not sinless perfection - not until Jesus comes for us. ) Paul spoke of having reached this point (Phil3v12-14 "Not that I have already obtained all this or have already been made perfect, ....." and Phil4 vll-13 ".... for I have learned to be content whatever the circumstances." Zechariah 14 v16 talks of the Nations coming up to Jerusalem to worship the King, the Lord of Hosts, and to keep the Feast of Tabernacles. Since 1980, the International Christian Embassy in Jerusalem has sponsored a feast for Christians from many nations around the World. These Christians delight to go and share with Israel and stand with Israel. It is a wonderful time of coming together for Christians and Jews, but merely a foretaste of what is to come. The 2000 (5761) feast coincided with the flare-up of conflict. The Jerusalem Post observed that, "The Jews are cancelling but the Christians are still coming." The Jewish families watching the parade through the streets of Jerusalem (it went ahead as usual) were even more welcoming than usual. They were so touched by the love and support of Christians from around the World. See Tabernacles snaps Ultimately, the fulfilment will be rest for planet Earth when Messiah has come and taken up his rule on Earth having bound Satan and banished evil. This will be the thousand year Shabbat, THE Millennium. Isaiah 51 v11 says, "The ransomed of the LORD will return. They will enter Zion with singing:...." (see Shabbat, The Sabbath ) also Rev 20 and 21 Then note the river of the water of life coming out from the throne of GOD and the Lamb in Rev 22 and the link back through scripture ( Ezekiel 47 and Genesis 2 v10) Some concluding thoughts Remember, the cycle of seven feasts starts with Pessach, the feast of deliverance, and ends with Sukkot, the feast of ingathering and rejoicing at God's keeping during our journey of faith. We can only celebrate the last feast if we started our journey at the first feast ! The ingathering/culmination of forty years wandering brought the childen of Israel into the land God promised them for ever! We are seeing Jews making Aliyah (being ingathered) from all the nations. Surely this is an end times sign. Romans 11 (the wildolive teaching) talks of "And so all Israel shall be saved" and of "until the full number of the gentiles have come in." Is not this the final ingathering of the cultivated and the wild branches together; finally united in Yeshua. Much of the material for this page comes from "The Visions and Prophecies of Zechariah" by David Baron ( see Books) Click the banner below to go to the site map and choose another page	<urn:uuid:d519920c-e135-40e8-8f3e-fa46eeb7187e>	CC-MAIN-2017-13	http://www.wildolive.co.uk/sukot.htm	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218205046.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322213005-00236-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.960791	4,212	2.84375	3
Today we have a couple of praying mantises which I photographed back in September. It is interesting because, they have very different colors, one is tan/orange, the other green, and yet, both look like leaves. The praying mantis is one of the most fascinating insects. There are many reasons for that. It is the only insect capable of turning its head. This ability coupled with an excellent vision makes it the only insect with which we can feel that we have eye contact. My fascination for this insect is nothing new. As a teenager growing up in the Alps mountains, I remember capturing some and keeping them in a big jar to observe their behavior. I would feed them crickets or grass hoppers. I eventually figured out that the one I had captured was a female. So, I decided to look for a male to see if they would mate. And this is exactly what happened. But, to my surprise, the next morning I found the female holding the male in its folded arms, and feeding on him. I was amazed by this behavior. Of course since then I learned that this is actually a common behavior among many other insects and arachnids. As I said above, the praying mantis has excellent vision. How excellent you might ask. Well for one, like us, they have stereo vision. And, also just like us, their eyes have a fovea, a small area which has a greater visual acuity. 10,000 photoreceptor cells and the wide spacing of their eyes result in both wide binocular vision and precise stereoscopic vision at close range. But an excellent vision really is only one of the many attributes which make the praying mantis such an effective hunter. And it is an ambitious one too. For instance, I once read that it also will catch and eat hummingbirds. I was skeptical, but a quick search revealed this to to be true and recorded on videos such as this one. Well this video only shows the praying mantis catching the hummingbird, but there are some which show you the bird partly eaten too. You can search for them if that interests you. A couple more interesting facts, the second praying mantis in my pictures has a curled up abdomen. I was wondering why. I found this article which explains that this is a male calling posture exhibited by virgin females who are ready for mating. Strangely enough, as indicated, only virgin females will do this. So, males will not be attracted to mated females. The praying mantis is able to do acrobatic jumps. This video shows and explains how they can achieve this feat. Great pictures, as always. well, you are too fast. There was a problem with my pics, because I messed with the colors workspace. Pictures looked too dark. It is now fixed. You might want to reload the page and check the pics again. Anyway, thank you so much for your faithful interest in my work.	<urn:uuid:b7068cdf-484c-4ef0-be16-cdb706e39c80>	CC-MAIN-2023-23	https://www.amazingwildlife.photo/2020-11-28-praying-mantis/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224656737.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20230609132648-20230609162648-00618.warc.gz	en	0.97874	610	2.59375	3
13 Apr EWG’s 2016 Dirty Dozen \| Clean Fifteen List Every year I look forward to the Environmental Working Group’s (EWG) Dirty Dozen/Clean Fifteen list. This handy guide helps you avoid non-organic fruits and vegetables that are highest in pesticide residues and choose non-organic items from the Clean Fifteen List. As someone who works with patients, I rely on it to assist them in making better choices during and after cancer treatment to reduce their toxic load. The 2016 edition of EWG’s Shopper’s Guide to Pesticides in Produce™ elevated strawberries to the top of the Dirty Dozen list. This is particularly disturbing when you take into account that organic strawberries represent less than 10% of the market nationwide. This year, EWG is putting extra focus on conventionally grown strawberries since Americans eat nearly eight pounds of fresh strawberries a year, most of which is contains dozens of pesticides, including chemicals that have been linked to cancer and reproductive damage or are banned in Europe. USDA tests found that strawberries even after they are picked, rinsed in the field and washed before eating, are most likely to be contaminated with pesticide residues. As disturbing as this is, you should note that this does not violate U.S. laws and regulations on pesticides on food. Many chemicals are linked to cancer, reproductive and developmental damage, hormone disruption and neurological problems. Here are the worst: - Bifenthrin, found on more than 40% of samples in 2014, is an insecticide that California regulators have designated a possible human carcinogen. - Malathion, found on more than 20% of samples in 2009 and 10% in 2014, is toxic to the nervous system and, according to the International Agency for Cancer Research, a probable human carcinogen. It is often sprayed to eradicate mosquitos and other insects. In addition, malaoxon, a particularly toxic chemical formed when malathion breaks down, showed up on more than 10% of the 2009 samples. - Carbendazim, a hormone-disrupting fungicide that damages the male reproductive system, was detected on 30% of 2014 samples. The European Union has banned it because of its intense toxicity. With avocados, pineapples and mangoes on the clean list, I can tell you it made this Caribbean girl incredibly happy. However, I am sorry to let you know your favorite smoothie blends including most berries and everyone’s sweetheart… kale, appeared on the dirty list. Sorry, folks… but this is place where you want to invest a few extra bucks.* Sweet corn, papaya and summer squash sold in the United States may be produced from GMO seeds. Buy organic varieties if you want to avoid GMO produce. To learn more, donate and to see the full list which includes 100 fruits and vegetables: http://www.ewg.org/	<urn:uuid:4d4625b7-55cc-44a3-ab7a-07b4b8fdc104>	CC-MAIN-2022-49	http://www.eileenzfuentes.com/2016/04/ewgs-2016-dirty-dozen-clean-fifteen-list/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711042.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20221205164659-20221205194659-00453.warc.gz	en	0.943904	599	2.6875	3
When a dog is diagnosed with cancer, the diet that he or she consumes can have a significant impact on the quality and length of the dog’s lifespan. Choosing which foods to supply for their pets, on the other hand, can be a challenging process for pet parents. Cancer, which can strike at any time and affect dogs at any stage of their lives, has an impact on their digestive functions at every stage. It is possible that the condition, as well as the numerous treatment alternatives, will lead to a shortage of saliva and the development of mouth ulcers as a result. It is conceivable that this medicine will cause adverse effects such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and a loss of appetite. To put it another way, the overall quality of a dog’s life can be greatly diminished in some circumstances. In their eagerness to comfort and show compassion to their cancer-stricken canine partner, some dog owners end up overfeeding their furry buddies. Others feed their dogs unhealthy commercial or home-cooked food, which is detrimental to their health and well-being. Both of these blunders have the potential to cause the dog to become ill or perhaps to encourage the development of cancer. Because of this, it is vital to consult with a veterinarian, oncologist, or animal nutrition specialist to ensure that you are feeding your dog the proper food. The internet, friends, and employees at big-box stores are all examples of unreliable resources when it comes to veterinary care. One of the most common mistakes I see owners make when it comes to veterinary care is relying on unreliable resources such as a veterinarian, oncologist, or veterinary nutritionist. To remain alive, dogs suffering from cancer go through a series of intricate physiological changes that demand maintaining a precise nutritional balance. Even though some broad guidelines can be followed, dog parents should contact their veterinarian or another canine health care specialist to determine the best dog food for cancer patients for their specific scenario. Metabolism Of Dogs With Cancer When cancer-stricken dogs are receiving cancer treatment, their metabolism progresses through four distinct stages: Phase 1: This is a preclinical study, which means that the dogs are not showing any visible signs of illness; nevertheless, there may be changes in some blood test markers as a result of the study. At this point in the development of cancer, there are no blood tests available that can be used to screen for and identify the disease at this point. Phase 2: Dogs begin to show clinical signs of cancer at a young age and progress to a more advanced stage. Among the possible implications of this illness are lower activity levels, decreased appetite, and probable weight loss. Certain symptoms and signs that manifest themselves during this phase are the results of secondary effects of treatment like radiation, surgery, or chemotherapy. Phase 3: A significant reduction in muscle mass and fat storage is thought to be caused by metabolic changes associated with cancer treatment and treatment side effects. Cancer cachexia is a term used to describe a considerable loss of body condition caused by cancer treatment that may be reversible if remission is achieved after treatment is completed. Phase 4: During remission, changes take place. Metabolic abnormalities may persist even after cancer has been cured, making a full recovery more difficult. It is impossible to overestimate the importance of nutrition in the control of these metabolic changes in the body. Cancer’s Impact on Dog Metabolism Dog cancer researchers have known for a long time that the disease has an impact on the dog’s metabolism. In comparison to his healthy counterparts, the cancer-afflicted dog will ingest carbohydrates, fats, and proteins in a completely different manner from those of his healthy counterparts. Cancer cachexia, which is described as an animal losing weight despite obtaining enough nutrition, is seen in the majority of canine cancer patients as well as in humans. Cancer cachexia is a common occurrence in cancer patients, especially in dogs. Cancer cachexia is thought to be at least as common among veterinary patients as it is among human patients because of the higher frequency of malignant disease among dogs than among humans. Cancer cachexia in dogs is associated with a decreased ability to respond to treatment as well as a shorter overall survival length in the case of cancer. The University of California-Davis School of Veterinary Medicine said that glucose metabolism is the metabolic process that has the most impact on the body’s metabolic processes and activities. A metabolic process known as anaerobic glycolysis is used by cancer cells to digest glucose from carbohydrates, resulting in the formation of lactate as a waste product. It will then take energy for the dog’s body to convert the lactate into a form that can be used by the body to maintain its metabolic functions. What were the ultimate ramifications of the circumstances? The dog, on the other hand, suffers a large loss of energy as a result of the tumor’s carbohydrate consumption, which is in contrast to the tumor’s carbohydrate consumption. A dog who has not yet been diagnosed with cancer may be in grave danger as a result of this. What is the normal dog owner’s first reaction when his or her dog begins to lose weight? According to his regular operating procedure, he increases a dog’s daily food allowance; but, if the dog’s food is a standard dry kibble that contains a high concentration of carbohydrate-dense cereal grains, he ends up only giving more gasoline to the fire, to put it another way. However, the increase in the carbohydrate-rich diet does not affect the dog’s health, but it has a beneficial effect on his cancer. When protein degradation outpaces protein synthesis in dogs suffering from cancer cachexia, a net loss of protein is noticed in the dog’s body, which adds significantly to his weight loss due to the loss of muscle mass. This is known as protein catabolism. Net protein loss leads to a decrease in cell-mediated and humoral immunity, as well as gastrointestinal function and wound healing, as well as a decrease in muscle mass. In the opinion of Dr. Ogilvie, cancer cachexia is characterized by a depletion of body fat, which is broken down at a greater rate in cancer patients (as is protein). The intake of dietary fat appears to have no favorable effect on canine cancer tumors when compared with the ingestion of carbohydrates and protein in higher amounts. Fortunately, the dog’s capacity to use lipids as an energy source has not been hampered in any way. One intriguing side effect of this metabolic shift appears to be that it appears to be permanent. The metabolic pathways of a dog with cancer continue to be altered even after the tumor has been removed from the body. What Is An Anti-Cancer Dog Diet? While there is disagreement among experts on the best approach to adopt when it comes to nutrition and cancer, all agree on one thing: you shouldn’t go at it alone. Your veterinarian and you must work together to establish a diet that is suited to your dog’s nutritional requirements, especially if your companion is undergoing any additional treatment, such as chemotherapy. Even nutritional supplementation is discouraged unless it has been approved by a medical specialist in advance of use. The following are some of the foods that your practitioner may recommend that you try if he or she proposes that you try an adjusted diet by preparing your meals: All of the components must be fresh and highly bioavailable in order to be effective. They must also be easily digestible and exceedingly tasty, having a good flavor and odor to attract the consumer’s attention. The fact that many cancer patients endure nausea and vomiting as a result of their treatments or condition necessitates the feeding of these dogs in huge volumes. Note: There are a variety of pharmacological appetite stimulants available to vets when it comes to keeping an inappetent dog eating. Anorexia and weight loss should be avoided at all costs, and every effort should be taken to do so. A veterinarian should consider “enteral” feeding for a cancer patient in a dog’s stomach, which can be accomplished through the use of a nasogastric tube (which passes through the dog’s nose and throat and into his stomach) or a gastrostomy tube (which is surgically placed in the dog’s stomach and emerges from the dog’s side). Although such measures are upsetting for the owner, they can be quite useful to the patient and are usually only transitory. The countless studies linking common chemical pesticides and fertilizers to cancer, as well as reproductive and neurological damage, are widely known to holistic practitioners of all kinds, even though conventional veterinarians may be of the opposite opinion. Dr. Anne Reed, an alternative veterinarian in Oakland, California, suggests that her clients consume organic meat as part of their anticancer diets, which she believes is a good idea. According to her, it is only useful to feed your dog with food that is as clean as it possibly can be. ‘I assume that a canine cancer patient’s body would prefer not to cope with the pesticides, antibiotics, and extra germs that are typically found in nonorganic meat,’ says the author. In addition to fighting cancer, you don’t want their bodies to be forced to work as hard as they already do to rid their bodies of pollutants. Fresh, Raw, or cooked organic meats. It is both aesthetically pleasant and nutritionally dense to consume meat that is fresh, clean, and of excellent quality. According to new research, fish oil, which is high in omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids and has been linked to tumor inhibition as well as immune system strengthening, maybe more quickly absorbed by a dog’s body than its close cousin, flaxseed oil. Fish oil is high in omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids and has been linked to tumor inhibition as well as immune system strengthening. This vitamin, which is well-known and widely used for its antioxidant properties, can be taken in pill form and is very easy to take in small doses. In order to neutralize free radicals, which are produced naturally as a result of normal cell activity, antioxidants must be present. As an additional precautionary measure, whenever omega-3 supplements are utilized, antioxidants must also be included in the supplementation. Carbohydrate-dense vegetables such as broccoli and dark-green, leafy greens such as spinach are healthy for dogs of any age, but they are especially useful to those who are suffering from cancer. On the subject of humans, research conducted by the National Institutes of Health and the American Institute for Cancer Research has discovered that eating a diet high in cruciferous vegetables – such as broccoli and cauliflower, but also cabbage and watercress, among other vegetables – may lower the risk of developing lung, stomach, and colorectal cancer. According to the American Cancer Society, broccoli, in particular, includes a high concentration of phytochemicals that stimulate the production of anti-cancer enzymes, which may help to prevent cancer. Also important for maintaining healthy bowel function is the fiber found in vegetables, which is necessary for overall health and well-being. Some dogs may prefer vegetables that have been pureed and blended into their diet, whilst others may prefer vegetables that have been lightly steamed or lightly cooked, depending on their temperament. As a digestive aid for dogs, they are regularly advised by holistic practitioners, especially when a dog is undergoing the process of transitioning to a new diet. Alternatively, it is possible that tiny amounts, such as one clove of garlic every day, maybe suggested instead. According to National Cancer Institute experts, garlic and its organic allyl sulfur components can operate as potent inhibitors of the cancer-causing process, based on the data they have identified. According to Lisa Barber, DVM, assistant professor at Tufts University School of Veterinary Medicine, it has been reported that this oil can aid in the attainment of remission in individuals suffering from epitheliotropic cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, which is a particularly difficult type of lymphoma to treat. “This is a very difficult type of lymphoma to treat,” she says. Consider looking into pre-formulated raw diets from companies such as Primal Pet Foods and Steve’s Real Food if your veterinarian has recommended that your pet consume a raw diet for health reasons. As a result of their pre-portioned frozen products, they are simple to store and portion out for meal preparation. Note: The costs connected with any of these feeding programs are not inconsequential in comparison. In comparison, the suggested retail price (which is subject to markup) for Hill’s Prescription Diet n/d for the same size animal is $1.50 – $2 each day, or $45 – $60 per month for a 20-pound dog. It is quite difficult to estimate the cost of a home-prepared diet because it is highly dependent on the size of the dog, the type of meat used, and the number of supplements included in the diet. What To Feed A Dog With Cancer The ideal food for dogs with cancer is as unique as the dogs themselves. Many veterinarians, on the other hand, follow a set of broad guidelines. One of the most critical aims of feeding a cancer-stricken dog, according to Sara Ochoa, DVM of Whitehouse Veterinary Hospital in Whitehouse, Texas, is to keep the dog’s body weight stable. To avoid this, pet owners should consult a veterinarian, oncologist, or another specialist before making major dietary changes. “One of the biggest mistakes business owners make is switching up their meals frequently,” Dr. Ochoa says. “This can cause diarrhea and vomiting,” the doctor warns. The researchers stated, “This is not something we want to see happen to our cancer patients.” This does not, however, indicate a lack of variety. She advocates mixing and matching foods to give canines a variety of flavors, especially if they are receiving chemotherapy. “ Because their taste buds differ from ours, providing a diverse range of foods without developing food aversion is a critical notion,” Dr. Ochoa notes. It is not suggested that you put your dog on a diet unless a veterinarian has prescribed it. To avoid gastrointestinal problems in dogs, Dr. Ochoa recommends feeding them different flavors of the same type of food. Cancer-Resistant Dog Foods Doctor Osborne suggests a diet high in easy-to-digest fats and proteins such as chicken, turkey, pig, fish, and eggs for dogs who have been diagnosed with cancer and do not have any other dietary or health problems. She recommends that pet parents look for these nutrients in store-bought dog foods–Primal is her go-to brand–or make homemade meals using these ingredients, as Osborne does, to give their dogs the best nutrition possible. Beef is a typical foodstuff to avoid, according to Osborne, because it is difficult to digest and should be avoided at all costs. If you are preparing meals for your dogs, Dr. Christman urges you to make sure that any poultry or pork, fish, or organ meats such as liver are properly cooked to ensure that bacteria on the inside as well as the outside of the meat are eliminated. Maintaining your dog’s present weight is also important, so keep that in mind when making changes. It is said by the host that “you are not looking for skinny cuts.” Specifically, “you’re looking for cuts that have fat on them,” Dr. Osborne explains. If you’re looking for vegetables, look for cruciferous ones.” When it comes to protein, broccoli is almost as good as a dish of steak. Furthermore, several cruciferous vegetables, such as cauliflower and turnips, are cancer-fighting food sources. Keep in mind, too, that dogs have a keen sense of smell, which should be considered. For dogs that are losing their appetite, Dr. Osborne suggests that you delicately season their food with dog-safe spices such as cumin, coriander, turmeric, and ginger in the same way that you would season your meal to revive their interest. A tiny bit of pepperoni or sausage can also be added to the food to entice a dog to consume more of the meal. Nutritional Supplements for Cancer-Affected Dogs It is also possible to use supplements to help ensure that your dog with cancer has a well-balanced diet, which is especially crucial if the dog’s parent makes his or her food. Her explanation: “CBD oils have recently gained popularity as a treatment for cancer as well as for appetite suppression.” Consider discussing CBD with your veterinarian to ensure that it will not conflict with any other therapies your pet is already experiencing for his or her health problems. The effects of CBD on cancer patients have so far only been the subject of a small number of studies, which are still being done. “ Dr. Christman recommends a variety of supplements, including probiotics, EPA, vitamin B complex, amino acids, and iron. The fact that both cancer and chemotherapy can result in anemia suggests that delivering an iron supplement to cancer and other chronic disease patients may be effective in the battle against anemia. In his subsequent remarks, he states that B vitamins are essential for the healthy functioning of the immune system and the digestive tract. Amino acids are the primary building blocks of proteins, which are important for the development of muscle and other bodily components. Additional studies have proven the presence of anti-cancer qualities as well as a powerful antioxidant combination that can aid in the mitigation of cellular damage in a variety of different body systems when consumed in large quantities. A Dog’s Favorite Superfood It is as different as the practices of veterinarians in terms of the human meals they propose for their patients. Natural cancer-fighting foods such as organic, high-protein, and cruciferous vegetables are typically included in cancer-fighting food lists because of their anti-cancer properties. The following are a some of the most well-known: ☐ Organ Meat ☐ Distilled water Foods to Avoid Again, there is no single diet that is appropriate for all cancer-stricken dogs. Based on the dog’s history, any other conditions the pet may be suffering from, as well as the stage and type of cancer, dietary suggestions are made for him or her. Grains, on the other hand, should be avoided as a general rule, or foods containing as few grains as possible should be chosen instead. The carbohydrate metabolism is the one that suffers the most amount of metabolic disturbance during pregnancy. Cancer cells use an anaerobic glycolysis pathway to break down glucose from carbohydrates, resulting in the production of lactate as a byproduct of the process. Following that, the dog’s body must expend energy to convert the lactate into a form that can be utilized. What was the outcome of the experiment? In contrast to the tumor, which derives energy from carbohydrates, the dog suffers a large loss of energy.” Grain granules are a typical filler in commercial dog foods because they are low in cost. You should make sure that the first ingredient listed on the label is protein and that any grains are put at the end of the list of ingredients if you must purchase one to feed your cancer-stricken dog. Veterinarians, on the other hand, caution that a high-protein diet will not be beneficial to all cancer-stricken dogs in all cases. Some dogs, particularly those with cancer or other medical conditions such as kidney illness, Dr. Christman warns, may suffer negative consequences from a high-protein diet, which he describes as “adverse consequences.” Pet owners should consult with their veterinarians to determine whether or not a high-protein food is acceptable for their dog’s nutritional requirements. Causes Of Weight Loss In Cancer-Afflicted Dogs It is believed that a multitude of causes contributes to the significant weight loss that is common in cancer-stricken dogs, including the following: Direct effects of the tumor: Some tumors, depending on where they are located in the mouth, throat, or digestive tract, make it difficult to chew or swallow, while others make digestion of food more challenging. The presence of tumors in the digestive tract can lead to additional weight loss, which can be exacerbated by vomiting, diarrhea, or decreased absorption of nutrients from the gut, which are all connected with weight loss. Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy medications have been shown to impair the senses of smell and taste, resulting in a diminished desire for food. Some people may have nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea as a result of taking them. There are some instances in which dogs can develop an aversion to specific foods. Even if they have recovered from their illness, they may come to associate a certain type of food with being unwell and refuse to eat it even after they have recovered from their illness. Radiation Therapy: Radiation has an effect not just on the tumor, but also on the normal tissue surrounding the tumor, and this is known as collateral damage. Radiation to the head or neck might, in certain situations, cause inappropriate salivation, which can make eating and swallowing more difficult. The inflammation of the mouth, tongue, and esophagus are only a few of the side effects of this condition. Radiation to the chest or belly can have the same effect on the esophagus, stomach, and intestinal tract as radiation to the head or neck. Changes In Metabolism: Cancer can interfere with the body’s metabolic processes, according to the National Cancer Institute. Cancer cells prefer to get their energy from simple carbs like glucose rather than from complex carbohydrates like fructose. Because cancer cells use a different metabolic pathway than normal cells, the body must expend far more calories than it would otherwise to digest the breakdown products created by the cancer cells. Additionally, cancer cells can use amino acids for energy, which might have an impact on the body’s protein balance, according to the American Cancer Society. Body’s Reaction To Cancer: When the body responds to cancer, it may produce substances that are poisonous to the cancer cells. In addition to possibly affecting hunger, these chemicals may also have the ability to affect fat burning and muscle loss. How to Increase Food Consumption in Cancer Dogs It is possible to select the best appropriate diet for a cancer-stricken dog, but this is only half of the battle against the disease. We also need to be certain that the dog will eat the food we provide. We can make an effort to increase the palatability of food by implementing the following strategies: ☐ Increasing The Moisture: You could want to explore switching to a portion of canned food or adding water to the dry kibble you’re already giving your dog if he prefers items that are moister in texture. (Please bear in mind that some dogs prefer dry kibble over wet kibble.) ☐ Increasing The Aroma: It is possible to assist in enhancing the flavor and fragrance of canned meals by bringing them up to body temperature. To avoid hot spots when heating it in the microwave, be extremely careful to fully mix it once it has finished heating. You should only cook the dish until it reaches body temperature (about 100° F), and not any hotter. Especially if your dog has an intolerance to certain foods, it may be advisable not to make the meal smell more appetizing for them. ☐ Assuring Freshness: It is recommended to offer multiple small meals throughout the day to ensure that the food is fresh. For commodities that are stored in cans, this is especially true. ☐ Trying A Novel Food: Food that has never been offered to them before, or food that is placed in a different position than where they are used to eating, may encourage some dogs to consume it. ☐ Addition of Flavorings To The Food: Canines are particularly drawn to a combination of sweetness and salt in their food. It is possible to add them to your dog’s diet in small amounts if necessary, according to your doctor’s recommendations. Artificial sweeteners should not be used since they can be harmful to dogs’ digestive systems. ☐ Preventing Medication-Food Interactions: When using prescription medications, it is best not to take them immediately before or immediately after a meal. It is much better not to take pills just before or immediately after eating. Some medications, on the other hand, must be administered with food to avoid stomach upset. You will need to experiment with your dog in order to figure out which strategy is the most beneficial. ☐ Making Eating Easy: Make certain that the food dishes are in an easily accessible position. You may need to set up more bowls around the house. Take care to ensure that your dog has easy access to the food supply. If your dog is compelled to wear an Elizabethan collar, make sure to take it off during mealtime and keep a close check on him. ☐ Dodging feeding if the dog is nauseated: The practice of hand feeding your dog is permissible to encourage her to swallow more food. When a dog (or a person) is sick, the thought of eating is the furthest thing from his or her mind. If your dog appears to be nauseated, do not try to coax her into eating anything else (drools at the sight of food, turns away, spits out food). As a result of this, it is possible to acquire food aversions in the future. Please call your veterinarian if you suspect your dog is suffering nausea. Your veterinarian may be able to prescribe medication to help alleviate the issue. ☐ Administering Appetite Stimulants: Different medications can be used to increase the appetite of dogs in different ways. In part due to their ineffectiveness and short duration of action, they are usually kept for usage as a last resort.	<urn:uuid:9a52852c-15cf-4d9a-a647-a1120b4f4929>	CC-MAIN-2022-49	https://erwinpale.com/?p=47	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710870.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20221201221914-20221202011914-00364.warc.gz	en	0.962239	5,465	2.796875	3
There have been rumblings in Iceland recently. But given its position in the North Atlantic, this is perhaps no surprise. The location makes the country a notorious volcanic hot spot, regularly hit by seismic activity. Two recent earthquakes in August 2016 have now led to international reports of imminent eruption risk of Katla volcano. They both occurred within the 9km by 14km central crater – or “caldera” – of the volcano in southern Iceland, and were the two largest earthquakes at the volcano since 1977. So how worried should we be? Will there be a repeat of the chaos in the skies after an ash cloud drifted over Europe in 2010 caused by an eruption at Eyjafjallajökull, Katla’s close neighbour? In historic terms, we’ve certainly been waiting for an explosive eruption of Katla, one of Iceland´s most active volcanoes, for quite some time. Lying beneath an icecap up to 700 metres thick, over the last 1,100 years explosive eruptions large enough to melt through the ice have occurred on average every 50 years. The last such eruption was in 1918, and the current pause of 98 years is the longest on record. In the past earthquakes were felt two to 10 hours before Katla erupted through the ice. Since June, earthquake activity in the caldera has been elevated. The large earthquakes on August 29 marked the peak of this seismicity, followed by a series of more than 100 smaller events, finishing early on August 30. Meanwhile, the rivers that drain from the ice-capped volcano have been smelling of rotten eggs. This smell comes from hydrogen sulphide (H2S), a volcanic gas found in fluids within the caldera beneath the ice. Unusually high H2S levels near Múlakvísl river have prompted official advice to avoid the immediate area. Changes in levels of volcanic gases around volcanoes and enhanced seismic activity can be signs of increased movement of magma and a future volcanic eruption. So does all of this physical evidence point to an imminent eruption? Well, probably not. This activity is not actually unusual. Since the 1950s, periods of enhanced seismicity and increased gas pollution have not been followed by explosive eruptions, and there is no sign of swelling of the volcano or harmonic tremor (continuous rhythmic earthquakes) suggesting magma movement. Earthquake activity at Katla also regularly increases in summer and autumn. As the summer progresses, more glacial ice melts, and small floods can occur. These larger volumes of melt water also increase pore pressure in the crustal rocks and can trigger earthquakes. Changes to water flow can also alter how much geothermal fluid is in the rivers, hence the smell. In winter the melting reduces and water exists only in small pockets at the base of the ice, which reduces pore pressure in the crust and reduces seismic activity. However, volcanoes can change rapidly and in unexpected ways. We can’t say for sure that Katla will not erupt in the near future. A 98-year repose period is long, and twice before eruptions of Katla have followed Eyjafjallajökull in the 1820s and in 1612. So what would happen if Katla did erupt? Eruptions from this volcano over the last 120,000 years have been varied, but the most likely eruption would be from the central caldera. A very small eruption wouldn’t melt through the ice, but a larger one could melt through explosively. Explosive Katla eruptions typically involve ash clouds and large floods (jökulhlaups) of meltwater, ice and sediment that flow across the surrounding lowlands. Lava is not usually seen since most eruptions are subglacial. A small explosive eruption from Katla is the most common eruption type and would last from days to a couple of weeks, produce a plume up to 14km high, ash fall in Iceland and a large flood, but would be unlikely to affect anywhere outside of Iceland. A larger-scale event could last weeks or even months. In this case the plume would be up to 25km in height and could impact air quality and air travel in the UK and Europe within two days if the wind blows ash in that direction. Iceland could expect heavy ashfall, with implications for travel, agriculture and air quality, and a large flood. Such floods can have peak discharges (water flow rates) greater than the Amazon, and cause major landscape change and local tsunamis. If there is an eruption, both Iceland and the UK should be well prepared. Evacuation plans exist for local communities and information is available in several languages. The UK Meteorological Office monitors ash in the atmosphere and is able to predict what areas could be affected. When I began studying Katla in 1999 I was told she could erupt any time. This remains true today and with every day that passes, we get closer to an eruption. But I wouldn’t bet on it happening right now. Icelandic and international scientists work hard to investigate Katla´s past and carry out 24-hour monitoring with sophisticated equipment to understand its present and future. We study volcanic ash, rocks, jökulhlaup deposits, river levels and gas emissions on the ground. Earthquakes and GPS records are analysed remotely and we use satellites and overflights to examine the ground and ice surfaces from the air. An eruption may not be imminent – but it is exciting that we can detect and interpret these clues to assess Katla’s next move.	<urn:uuid:ec10a40f-e0d5-43b4-99c7-d488afdd00fc>	CC-MAIN-2022-21	https://theconversation.com/is-katla-crying-wolf-icelandic-volcanos-rumblings-dont-mean-airspace-chaos-is-imminent-64920	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662522284.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20220518151003-20220518181003-00614.warc.gz	en	0.958742	1,162	3.78125	4
Software That Opens Worlds to the Disabled By JAMES FLANIGAN ONE computer program would allow vision-impaired shoppers to point their cellphones at supermarket shelves and hear descriptions of products and prices. Another would allow a physically disabled person to guide a computer mouse using brain waves and eye movements. The two programs were among those created by eight groups of volunteers at a two-day software-writing competition this fall. The goal of the competition, sponsored by a nonprofit corporation, is to encourage new computer programs that help disabled people expand their capabilities. The corporation, set up by computer science students and graduates at the University of Southern California, is named Project:Possibility... Computing Technologies Revolutionize Lives of People with Disabilities By Shelley Schlender The personal computer has transformed the way people communicate and get things done, but the technology has been nothing less than a revolution for people with disabilities. Training experts crowded around computers at a recent conference in Boulder, Colorado, as 50 featured speakers took turns explaining how high-tech machines can be even more useful when the person using them is deaf, blind or physically disabled... ..Dean Colby, an organizer of the assistive technology conference, knows the value of these technologies firsthand. "As a person who's in a wheelchair, such as myself, it's important to have these kinds of conferences and get-togethers so people who are providing people like me with the kinds of technologies they need to succeed in the workplace or go to school or whatever, these kind of people can hook up. 'Cause the technologies are always evolving," he says... >>> For the Full Article	<urn:uuid:443afcdb-4aa5-42fa-9887-de5995cd87a6>	CC-MAIN-2015-27	http://jfactivist.typepad.com/jfactivist/2008/12/index.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375098808.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031818-00221-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.958149	336	2.828125	3
Subsidized housing in the United States Subsidized housing in the United States is administered by federal, state and local agencies to provide subsidized rental assistance for low-income households. Public housing is priced much below the market rate, allowing people to live in more convenient locations rather than move away from the city in search of lower rents. In most federally-funded rental assistance programs, the tenants' monthly rent is set at 30% of their household income. Now increasingly provided in a variety of settings and formats, originally public housing in the U.S. consisted primarily of one or more concentrated blocks of low-rise and/or high-rise apartment buildings. These complexes are operated by state and local housing authorities which are authorized and funded by the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD). More than 1.2 million households currently live in public housing of some type.[vague] Subsidized apartment buildings, often referred to as housing projects, have a complicated and often notorious history in the United States. While the first decades of projects were built with higher construction standards and a broader range of incomes and same applicants, over time, public housing increasingly became the housing of last resort in many cities. Several reasons have been cited for this negative trend including the failure of Congress to provide sufficient funding, a lowering of standards for occupancy, and mismanagement at the local level. Furthermore, housing projects have also been seen to greatly increase concentrated poverty in a community, leading to several negative externalities. Crime, drug usage, and educational under-performance are all widely associated with housing projects, particularly in urban areas. As a result of their various problems and diminished political support, many of the traditional low-income public housing properties constructed in the earlier years of the program have been demolished. Beginning primarily in the 1970s the federal government turned to other approaches including the Project-Based Section 8 program, Section 8 certificates, and the Housing Choice Voucher Program. In the 1990s the federal government accelerated the transformation of traditional public housing through HUD's HOPE VI Program. Hope VI funds are used to tear down distressed public housing projects and replace them with mixed communities constructed in cooperation with private partners. In 2012, Congress and HUD initiated a new program called the Rental Assistance Demonstration (RAD) program. Under the demonstration program, eligible public housing properties are redeveloped in conjunction with private developers and investors. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, government involvement in housing for the poor was chiefly in the area of building code enforcement, requiring new buildings to meet certain standards for decent livability (e.g. proper ventilation), and forcing landlords to make some modifications to existing building stock. Photojournalist Jacob Riis' How the Other Half Lives (1890) brought considerable attention the conditions of the slums in New York City, sparking new attention to housing conditions around the country. Early tenement reform was primarily a philanthropic venture, with Model Tenements built as early as the 1870s which attempted to use new architectural and management models to address the physical and social problems of the slums. These attempts were limited by available resources, and early efforts were soon redirected towards building code reform. The New York Tenement Act of 1895 and Tenement Law of 1901 were early attempts to address building codes in New York City, which were then copied in Chicago, Philadelphia, and other American cities. In 1910, the National Housing Association (NHA) was created to improve housing conditions in urban and suburban neighborhoods through the enactment of better regulation and increased awareness. The NHA was founded by Lawrence Veiller, author of Model Tenement House Law (1910), and consisted of delegates from dozens of cities. Over time, the focus of the housing movement shifted from a focus on proper building typology to community development on a broader scale, and the NHA dissolved in 1936. The City of Milwaukee, under socialist mayor Daniel Hoan, implemented the country's first public housing project, known as Garden Homes, in 1923. This experiment with a municipally-sponsored housing cooperative saw initial success, but was plagued by development and land acquisition problems, and the board overseeing the project dissolved the Gardens Home Corporation just two years after construction on the homes was completed. Public Works Administration (PWA) Housing Division Permanent, federally funded housing came into being in the United States as a part of Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal. Title II, Section 202 of the National Industrial Recovery Act, passed June 16, 1933, directed the Public Works Administration (PWA) to develop a program for the "construction, reconstruction, alteration, or repair under public regulation or control of low-cost housing and slum clearance projects ...". Led by the Housing Division of the PWA and headed by architect Robert Kohn, the initial, Limited-Dividend Program aimed to provide low-interest loans to public or private groups to fund the construction of low-income housing. Too few qualified applicants stepped forward, and the Limited-Dividend Program funded only seven housing projects nationally. In the spring of 1934, PWA Administrator Harold Ickes directed the Housing Division to undertake the direct construction of public housing, a decisive step that would serve as a precedent for the 1937 Wagner-Steagall Housing Act, and the permanent public housing program in the United States. Kohn stepped down during the reorganization, and between 1934 and 1937 the Housing Division, now headed by Colonel Horatio B. Hackett, constructed fifty-two housing projects across the United States, as well as Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Atlanta's Techwood Homes opened on 1 September 1936 and was the first of the fifty-two opened. Based on the residential planning concepts of Clarence Stein and Henry Wright, these fifty-two projects are architecturally cohesive, with composed on one to four story row house and apartment buildings, arranged around open spaces, creating traffic-free play spaces that defined community lift. Many of these projects were built on slum land, but land acquisition proved difficult, so abandoned industrial sites and vacant land were also purchased. Lexington's two early projects were constructed on an abandoned horse racing track. At Ickes' direction, many of these projects were also segregated, designed and built for either whites or African-Americans. Race was largely determined by the neighborhood surrounding the site, as American residential patterns, in both the North and South, were highly segregated. Coming out of the housing movement at the turn of the century, the 1930s also saw the creation of the Home Owners' Loan Corporation (HOLC), which refinanced loans in order to keep the housing market afloat. The National Housing Act of 1934 created the Federal Housing Administration (FHA), which used only a small capital investment from the federal government to insure mortgages. Construction of public housing projects were therefore only one portion of the federal housing efforts during the Great Depression. Housing Act of 1937 In 1937, the Wagner-Steagall Housing Act replaced the temporary PWA Housing Division with a permanent, quasi-autonomous agency to administer housing. The new United States Housing Authority Housing Act of 1937 would operate with a strong bent towards local efforts in locating and constructing housing and would place caps on how much could be spent per housing unit. The cap of $5,000 was a hotly contested feature of the bill as it would be a considerable reduction of the money spent on PWA housing and was far less than advocates of the bill had lobbied to get. Construction of housing projects dramatically accelerated under the new structure. In 1939 alone, 50,000 housing units were constructed—more than twice as many as were built during the entire tenure of the PWA Housing Division. Building on the Housing Division's organizational and architectural precedent, the USHA built housing in the build-up to World War II, supported war-production efforts and battled the housing shortage that occurred after the end of the war. In the 1960s, across the nation, housing authorities became key partners in urban renewal efforts, constructing new homes for those displaced by highway, hospital and other public efforts. World War II Era As part of the war mobilization, entire communities sprang up around factories manufacturing military goods. In 1940, Congress therefore authorized the US Housing Authority to build twenty public housing developments around these private companies to sustain the war effort. There was considerable debate over whether these should be permanent dwellings, furthering reformer goals of establishing a broader public housing effort, or temporary dwellings in keeping with the timeliness of the need. The Defense Housing Division was founded in 1941 and would ultimately construct eight developments of temporary housing, though many ended up as long-term housing after the war. One of the most unusual US public housing initiatives was the development of subsidized middle-class housing during the late New Deal (1940–42) under the auspices of the Mutual Ownership Defense Housing Division of the Federal Works Agency under the direction of Colonel Lawrence Westbrook. These eight projects were purchased by the residents after the Second World War and as of 2009 seven of the projects continue to operate as mutual housing corporations owned by their residents. These projects are among the very few definitive success stories in the history of the US public housing effort. During World War II, construction of homes dramatically decreased as all efforts were directed towards the War. When the veterans returned from overseas, they came ready to start a new life, often with families, and did so with the funding resources of the G.I. Bill to start a new mortgage. However, there was not enough housing stock to accommodate the demand. As a result, President Truman created the office of Housing Expediter by executive order on January 26, 1946, to be headed by Wilson Wyatt. Through this office, government intervened in the housing market largely through price controls and supply chain restrictions, despite political pressure from some factions to directly construct housing. Efforts moved to focus exclusively on veterans housing, specifically a materials subsidy for housing construction. However, in the wake of the 1946 elections, President Truman believed there was insufficient public support to continue such materials restrictions and subsidies. The Veterans' Emergency Housing Program ended on January 1947 by an executive order from President Truman. Housing Act of 1949 With the Office of Housing Expediter ended, housing efforts moved to look at new, comprehensive approaches to address housing issues. The result was the Housing Act of 1949, which dramatically expanded the role of the federal government in both public and private housing. Part of Truman's Fair Deal, the Act covered three primary areas: (1) It expanded the Federal Housing Administration and federal involvement in mortgage insurance, (2) under Title I, it provided authority and funds for slum clearance and urban renewal, and (3) initiated construction of a significant public housing program. Title II of the legislation stated the goal of a "decent home in a decent environment for every American," and the legislation authorized $13 billion mortgage guarantees, $1.5 billion for slum redevelopment, and set a construction goal of 810,000 units of public housing. Upon its passage, Truman told the press: "[This legislation] opens up the prospect of decent homes in wholesome surroundings for low-income families now living in the squalor of the slums. It equips the Federal Government, for the first time, with effective means for aiding cities in the vital task of clearing slums and rebuilding blighted areas. This legislation permits us to take a long step toward increasing the well-being and happiness of millions of our fellow citizens. Let us not delay in fulfilling that high purpose. Housing in the 1960s Housing and Urban Development Act of 1965 Discontent with Urban Renewal came fairly swiftly on the heels of the passage of Title I and the Housing Act of 1949. Urban renewal had become, for many cities, a way to eliminate blight, but not a solid vehicle for constructing new housing. For example, in the ten years after the bill was passed, 425,000 units of housing were razed under its auspices, but only 125,000 units were constructed. Between Title I and the Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956, entire communities in poorer, urban neighborhoods were demolished to make way for modern developments and transportation needs, often in the 'towers in the park' style of Le Corbusier. Jane Jacobs would famously describe the new products as, "Low-income projects that become worse centers of delinquency, vandalism, and general social hopelessness than the slums they were supposed to replace. Middle-income housing projects which are truly marvels of dullness and regimentation, sealed against any buoyancy or vitality of city life. Luxury housing projects that mitigate their inanity, or try to, with vapid vulgarity ... This is not the rebuilding of cities. This is the sacking of cities." Several additional housing acts were passed after 1949, altering the program in small ways, such as shifting ratios for elderly housing, but no major legislation changed the mechanisms of public housing until the Housing and Urban Development Act of 1965. This act created the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), a cabinet-level agency to lead with housing. This act also introduced rent subsidies for the first time, the beginning of a shift towards encouraging privately constructed low-income housing. With this legislation, the FHA would insure mortgages for non-profits which would then construct homes for low-income families. HUD could then provide subsidies to bridge the gap between the cost of these units and a set percentage of a household's income. The 1961 Housing Act quietly introduced a program under Section 23 which allowed local housing authorities to house individuals on their waiting lists in privately leased units through the mechanism of a voucher which covered the gap between household ability to pay and the market rent. This mechanism was repeatedly expanded in later legislation. In response to many of the emerging concerns regarding new public housing developments, the Housing and Urban Development Act of 1968 attempt to shift the style of housing developments, looking to the Garden Cities model of Ebenezer Howard. The act prohibited the construction of high-rise developments for families with children. The role of high-rises had always been contentious, but with rising rates of vandalism and vacancy and considerable concerns about the concentration of poverty, some contended these developments were declared unsuitable for families. One of the most notorious of these developments was the Pruitt-Igoe development in St. Louis, Missouri, constructed in 1955 and 1956. This development posted 2,870 units in thirty-three high rises buildings. By the late 1960s, vacancy rates reached as high as 65%, and the project was demolished between 1972 and 1975. More recent scholarship about the story of Pruitt-Igoe, which has often been used as a parable for the failures of large-scale public housing in the United States, has elucidated that the unraveling of the complex had more to do with structural racism, disinvestment in the urban core, white flight, and the diminishing post-industrial incomes of the buildings' residents than with high rise architecture or the nature of publicly-owned and -operated housing. The Act also impacted the home ownership market through the expansion of the FHA. Ginnie Mae was initially established to purchase risky public housing projects and resell them at market rates. In addition, Section 235 originated mortgage subsidies by reducing the interest rate on mortgages for low-income families to a rate more comparable to that of the FHA mortgages. The program suffered from high foreclosure rates and administrative scandal, and was dramatically scaled down in 1974. The Section 236 program subsidized the debt service on private developments which would then be offered at a reduced rates to households below a certain income ceiling. Housing in the 1970s Experimental Housing Allowance Program The Housing Act of 1970 established the Experimental Housing Allowance Program (EHAP), a lengthy investigation in the potential market effects of housing vouchers. Vouchers, initially introduced in 1965, were an attempt to subsidize the demand side of the housing market rather than the supply side by supplementing a household's rent allowance until they were able to afford market rates. EHAP was designed to test three aspects of the impact of vouchers: - Demand: Investigated user dynamics, including mobility, participation rates, rent rates, and housing standards. - Supply: Monitored the market response to the subsidy, namely whether it changed the construction or rent rates for the community, writ large. - Administration: Examined several different approaches to structuring and managing the programs. Ultimately, new legislation on housing vouchers did not wait for the conclusion of the experiment. When the program concluded over a decade later, it was discovered that the program had minimal impact on surrounding rents, but did have the potential to tighten the market for low-income housing, and communities were in need of an infusion of additional units. Some therefore argued that public housing was the appropriate model for cost and supply-chain reasons, though vouchers did not appear to overly distort local housing markets. In 1973, President Richard Nixon halted funding for numerous housing projects in the wake of concerns regarding the housing projects constructed in the prior two decades. HUD Secretary George Romney declared that the moratorium would encompass all money for Urban Renewal and Model Cities programs, all subsidized housing, and Section 235 and 236 funding. An intensive report was commissioned from the National Housing Policy Review to analyze and assess the federal government's role in housing. This report, entitled Housing in the Seventies was instrumental in crafting new housing legislation the following year. In keeping with Nixon's market-based approach, as demonstrated by EHAP, Nixon also lifted the moratorium on the Section 23 voucher program late in September, allowing for 200,000 new households to be funded. The full moratorium was lifted in the summer of 1974, as Nixon faced impeachment in the wake of Watergate. Housing and Community Development Act of 1974 The Housing and Community Development Act of 1974 created the Section 8 Housing Program to encourage the private sector to construct affordable homes. This kind of housing assistance assists poor tenants by giving a monthly subsidy to their landlords. This assistance can be 'project based,' which applies to specific properties, or 'tenant based,' which provides tenants with a voucher they can use anywhere vouchers are accepted. Tenant based housing vouchers covered the gap between 25% of a household's income and established fair market rent. Virtually no new project based Section 8 housing has been produced since 1983, but tenant based vouchers are now the primary mechanism of assisted housing. The other main feature of the Act was the creation of the Community Development Block Grant (CDBG). While not directly tied to public housing, CDBGs were lump sums of money, the amount of which was determined by a formula focusing on population, given to state and local governments for housing and community development work. The sum could be used as determined by the community, though the legislation also required the development of Housing Assistance Plans (HAP) which required local communities to survey and catalog their available housing stock as well as determine the populations most in need of assistance. These were submitted as part of the CDBG application. Again in response to the growing discontent with public housing, urban developers began looking for alternate forms of affordable, low-income housing. From this concern sprang the creation of scattered-site housing programs designed to place smaller-scale, better-integrated public housing units in diverse neighborhoods. Scattered-site housing programs became popularized in the late 1970s and 1980s. Since that time, cities across the country have implemented such programs with varying levels of success. Housing in the 1980s-1990s Changes to public housing programs were minor during the 1980s. Under the Reagan administration, household contribution towards Section 8 rents was increased to 30% of household income and fair market rents were lowered. Public assistance for housing efforts was reduced as part of a package of across the board cuts. Additionally, emergency shelters for the homeless were expanded, and home ownership by low-income families was promoted to a greater degree. In 1990, President George H. W. Bush signed the Cranston-Gonzalez National Affordable Housing Act (NAHA), which furthered the use of HOME funds for rental assistance. In his address upon its passage, Bush said, "Although the Federal Government currently serves about 4.3 million low-income families, there are about 4 million additional families, most of them very low income, whose housing needs have not been met. We should not divert assistance from those who need it most." The next new era in public housing began in 1992 with the launch of the HOPE VI program. HOPE VI funds were devoted to demolishing poor-quality public housing projects and replacing them with lower-density developments, often of mixed-income. Funds included construction and demolition costs, tenant relocation costs, and subsidies for newly constructed units. HOPE VI has become the primary vehicle for the construction of new federally subsidized units, but it suffered considerable funding cuts in 2004 under President George W. Bush. In 1998, the Quality Housing and Work Responsibility Act (QHWRA) was passed and signed by President Bill Clinton. Following the frame of welfare reform, QHWRA developed new programs to transition families out of public housing, developed a home ownership model for Section 8, and expanded the HOPE VI program to replace traditional public housing units. According to HUD's Residential Characteristic Report, the average annual income in 2013 for a resident of a public housing unit is $13,730. The same report classifies 68% of residents as Extremely Low Income, with the largest annual income bracket being $5,000 to $10,000, containing 32% of public housing residents. Trends showing an increase in geographic concentration of poverty became evident by the 1970s as upper and middle-class residents vacated property in U.S. cities. Urban renewal programs led to widespread slum clearance, creating a need to house those displaced by the clearance (Massey and Kanaiaupuni 1993). However, those in city governments, political organizations, and suburban communities resisted the creation of public housing units in middle and working-class neighborhoods, leading to the construction of such units around ghetto neighborhoods which already exhibited signs of poverty. Massey and Kanaiaupuni (1993) describe three sources of concentrated poverty in relation to public housing: income-requirements structurally creating areas of poverty, the reinforcement of patterns of poverty via the location of the public housing units, and the migration of impoverished individuals towards the public housing, although this effect is relatively small in comparison to the other sources. A study of public housing in Columbus, Ohio, found that public housing has differing effects on the concentration of black poverty versus white poverty. Public housing's effect on concentrated poverty is doubled for blacks compared to whites. The study further found that public housing tends to concentrate those who struggle the most economically into a specific area, further raising poverty levels. A different study, conducted by Freeman (2003) on a national level, cast doubt onto the theory that public housing units have an independent effect on the concentration of poverty. The study found that while out-migration of the non-poor and in-migration of the poor were associated with the creation of public housing, such associations disappeared with the introduction of statistical controls, suggesting that migration levels were caused by characteristics of the neighborhood itself rather than the public housing unit. Concentrated poverty from public housing units has effects on the economy of the surrounding area, competing for space with middle class housing. Because of social pathologies incubated by public housing, Husock (2003) states that unit prices in surrounding buildings fall, reducing city revenue from property taxes and giving a disincentive to high-paying businesses to locate themselves in the area. He further argues that the pathologies caused by a concentration of poverty are likely to spread to surrounding neighborhoods, forcing local residents and businesses to relocate. Freeman and Botein (2002) are more skeptical of a reduction of property values following the building of public housing units. In a meta-analysis of empirical studies, they expected to find that when public housing lacks obtrusive architecture and its residents are similar to those already in the neighborhood, property values are not likely to fluctuate. However, a review of the literature yielded no definitive conclusions on the impact of public housing on property values, with only two studies lacking methodological flaws that had either mixed results or showed no impact. Others are skeptical of concentrated poverty from public housing being the cause of social pathologies, arguing that such a characterization is a simplification of a much more complex set of social phenomena. According to Crump (2002), the term "concentrated poverty" was originally a spatial concept that was part of a much broader and complex sociological description of poverty, but the spatial component then became the overarching metaphor for concentrated poverty and the cause of social pathologies surrounding it. Instead of spatial concentration simply being a part of the broad description of social pathologies, Crump (2002) argues that the concept replaced the broad description, mistakenly narrowing the focus to the physical concentration of poverty. The HUD's 2013 The Location and Racial Composition of Public Housing in the United States report found that the racial distribution of residents within individual public housing units tends to be rather homogeneous, with African Americans and white residents stratified to separate neighborhoods. One trend that is observed is that black neighborhoods tend to reflect a lower socioeconomic status and that white neighborhoods represent a more affluent demographic. More than 40% of public housing occupants live in predominantly black neighborhoods, according to the HUD report. Even though changes have been made to address unconstitutional housing segregation, stigma and prejudice around public housing projects are still prevalent. Segregation in public housing has roots in the early developments and activities of the Federal Housing Administration (FHA), created by the Housing Act of 1934. The FHA institutionalized a practice by which it would seek to maintain racially homogenous neighborhoods through racially restrictive covenants - an explicitly discriminatory policy written into the deed of a house. This practice was struck down by the Supreme Court in 1948 in Shelley v. Kraemer because it violates the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment. However, according to Gotham (2000), Section 235 of the Housing Act of 1968 encouraged white flight from the inner city, selling suburban properties to whites and inner-city properties to blacks, creating neighborhoods that were racially isolated from others. White flight - white people moving out of neighborhoods that have become more racially or ethnoculturally heterogeneous - is an example of how stigma and judgement around public housing and affordable housing resulted in a significant change in the racial demographics of urban housing. White flight is a sociological response to perceptions that racially diverse neighborhoods will decrease their home value and increase crime rates. McNulty and Holloway (2000) studied the intersection of public housing geography, race, and crime in order to determine if racial differences existed in crime rates when controlled for the proximity of public housing units. The study found that "the race-crime relationship is geographically contingent, varying as a function of the distribution of public housing". This suggests that a focus on institutional causes of crime in relation to race is more appropriate than a focus on cultural differences between races being the cause of differing crime rates. Public housing units were often built in predominantly poor and black areas, reinforcing racial and economic differences between neighborhoods. These social patterns are influenced by policies that constructed the narrative of racially segregated housing in the 20th Century. The rebellion in Detroit in 1967 was a symptom of racial tension that was in part due to unfair housing policies. In July 1967, President Lyndon Johnson issued a commission, led by Illinois Governor Otto Kerner to determine the causes of the riots. The Kerner Commission clearly articulated that housing inequality was solely determined by explicitly discriminatory policies. It stated that "White institutions created it, white institutions maintain it, and white society condones it". The Kerner Commission blatantly condemned white institutions for creating unequal housing opportunities, specifically highlighting restrictive covenants as a cause of the American apartheid residential pattern in the city. Martin Luther King Jr. made housing integration a key part of his civil rights campaign and one month after the publication of the Kerner Commission was published, King was assassinated. His murder instigated another wave of riots and in response, and no later than a week after the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr., Congress passed the Fair Housing Act which prohibited discrimination in housing. However, since the Fair Housing Act was passed, housing policies restricting minority housing to segregated neighborhoods are still heavily debated because of the vague language used in the Fair Housing Act. In the 2015 Supreme Court case Texas Department of Housing and Community Affairs v. The Inclusive Communities Project, Justice Kennedy clarified that the Fair Housing Act was intended to promote equity, not just eliminate explicit acts of discrimination. Changes in both public policy and social narrative are equally necessary for establishing equitable housing opportunities for all Americans. Health and safety Public housing units themselves offer very few amenities to occupants, providing the minimum necessary accommodations for living. The original wording of the 1937 Housing Act meant that units were built with minimal effort in order to give amenities only slightly better than slums. The units had poor insulation, roofing, electricity, and plumbing, were generally very small, and built to use as few resources as possible. Turner et al. (2005) documents more physical deterioration, with backlogged repairs, vandalism, cockroaches, mold, and other problems creating a generally unsafe environment for occupants. A Boston study showed that dampness and heating issues in public housing create concentrations of dust mites, mold, and fungi, which causes asthma at a rate much higher than the national average. Other studies have been less negative in their assessments of living conditions in public housing units, showing only marginal differences caused by public housing units. The study by Fertig and Reingold (2007) concluded that of a large list of possible health effects, public housing units only seemed to affect domestic violence levels, with only a mixed effect, a mother's overall health status, and the probability of mothers becoming overweight. Crime is also a major issue in public housing, with surveys showing high amounts of drug-related crime and shootings. Potential causes include inefficient management, which leads to problematic residents being able to stay in the unit, and inadequate policing and security. Public housing units are far more susceptible to homicides than comparable neighborhoods, which Griffiths and Tita (2009) argue is an effect of social isolation within the units. These homicides tend to be localized within the public housing unit rather than around it. Satisfaction with one's living environment is another variable affected by public housing. Residents of public housing units and voucher holders are more likely to express higher satisfaction with their current residency than low-income renters who are not receiving government assistance. However, the study also concluded that residents of public housings units and voucher holders are more likely to express lower satisfaction with the neighborhood in which they live compared to low-income renters. This suggests that while the accommodations of public housing are better than comparable options, the surrounding neighborhoods are less desirable and have not been improved by government assistance. Another concern about public housing is the availability of quality education for children living in public housing units in areas of concentrated poverty. In a study of student achievement in New York City, Schwartz et al. (2010) found that those children living in public housing units did worse on standardized tests than others who go to the same or comparable schools. Furthermore, the study found that the resources of the schools serving different populations of the city were roughly the same. Other studies refute this result, stating that public housing does not have a unique effect on student achievement. In a study for the National Bureau of Economic Research, Jacob (2003) found that children who had moved out of public housing due to demolition in Chicago fared no better and no worse in school and often continued to attend the same school as before demolition. However, among older children (14 years or older), dropout rates increased by 4.4% after demolition, though this effect was not seen in younger children. A separate study conducted by Newman and Harkness (2000) produced findings similar to Jacob (2003). It concluded that public housing did not have an independent effect on educational attainment levels. Instead, variation in educational attainment was associated with poor economic standing and characteristics of the family. Additionally, the study found very little difference between educational attainment in public versus subsidized private housing developments. More positive educational outcomes have been recorded in other analyses. A study by Currie and Yelowitz (1999) found that families living in public housing were less likely to experience overcrowding in their units. Children living in public housing were 11% less likely to be held back a grade, suggesting that public housing may help low-income students. A 2011 report from the Center for Housing Policy argued for the benefits of stable and affordable housing in regard to education. Reasons for such educational benefits included less sporadic moving, community support, reduction in stress from overcrowding, less health hazards, provision of after-school programs, and reduction of homelessness. Several negative stereotypes associated with public housing create difficulties in developing new units. Tighe (2010) reviewed a breadth of literature on perceptions of public housing and found five major public concerns: a lack of maintenance, expectation of crime, disapproval of housing as a handout, reduction of property values, and physical unattractiveness. While the reality of certain aspects may differ from the perceptions, such perceptions are strong enough to mount formidable opposition to public housing programs. In a separate study, Freeman and Botein (2002) found four major areas of public concern related to public housing: reduction in property values, racial transition, concentrated poverty, and increased crime. The study concludes that such concerns are only warranted in certain circumstances, and in varying degrees. While negative consequences have potential to occur with the building of public housing, there is an almost equal chance of the public housing having the opposite effect of creating positive impacts within the neighborhood. "Scattered-site" or "scatter site" refers to a form of housing in which publicly funded, affordable, low-density units are scattered throughout diverse, middle-class neighborhoods. It can take the form of single units spread throughout the city or clusters of family units. Scattered-site housing can also be managed by private not-for-profit organizations using a permanent, supportive housing model, where specific barriers to the housing of the low-income individual or family are addressed in regular visits with a case manager. In New York City, The Scatter Site Apartment Program provides city contracts to not-for-profits from the HIV/AIDS Services Administration under the New York City Human Resources Administration. Also, Scattered Site is one of two models, the other being Congregate, which are utilized in the New York/New York housing agreements between New York City and New York State. Scattered-site housing units were originally constructed as an alternative form of public housing designed to prevent the concentration of poverty associated with more traditional high-density units. The benchmark class-action case that led to the popularization of scattered-site models was Gautreaux v. Chicago Housing Authority in 1969. Much of motivation for this trial and lawsuit stemmed from concerns about residential segregation. It was believed that the placement of public housing facilities in primarily black neighborhoods perpetuated residential segregation. The lawsuit was finally resolved with a verdict mandating that the Chicago Housing Authority redistribute public housing into non-black neighborhoods. U.S. District Court Judge Richard B. Austin mandated that three public housing units be built in white areas (less than 30% black) for every one unit built in black areas (more than 30% black). These percentages have decreased since then and a wide array of programs have developed across the United States. While some programs have seen great successes, others have had difficulties in acquiring the land needed for construction and in maintaining new units. Eligibility requirements, generally based on household income and size, are common in these programs. In Dakota County, Minnesota, for example, eligibility ranges from a maximum of $51,550 for two people to $85,050 for 8-10 people. Eligibility requirements are designed to ensure that those most in need receive relief first and that concerns regarding housing discrimination do not extend into the public housing sector. Public policy and implications Scattered-site housing programs are generally run by the city housing authorities or local governments. They are intended to increase the availability of affordable housing and improve the quality of low-income housing, while avoiding problems associated with concentrated subsidized housing. Many scattered-site units are built to be similar in appearance to other homes in the neighborhood to somewhat mask the financial stature of tenants and reduce the stigma associated with public housing. An issue of great concern with regards to the implementation of scattered-site programs is where to construct these housing units and how to gain the support of the community. Frequent concerns of community members include potential decreases in the retail price of their home, a decline in neighborhood safety due to elevated levels of crime. Thus, one of the major concerns with the relocation of scattered-site tenants into white, middle-class neighborhoods is that residents will move elsewhere – a phenomenon known as white flight. To counter this phenomenon, some programs place tenants in private apartments that do not appear outwardly different. Despite these efforts, many members of middle-class, predominantly white neighborhoods have fought hard to keep public housing out of their communities. American sociologist William Julius Wilson has proposed that concentrating low-income housing in impoverished areas can limit tenants' access to social opportunity. Thus, some scattered-site programs now relocate tenants in middle-class suburban neighborhoods, hoping that immersion within social networks of greater financial stability will increase their social opportunities. However, this strategy has not necessarily proved effective, especially with regards to boosting employment. When placed in neighborhoods of similar economic means, studies indicate that low-income residents use neighbors as social resources less often when living scattered throughout a neighborhood than when living in small clusters within a neighborhood. There are also concerns associated with the financial burden that these programs have on the state. Scattered-site housing provides no better living conditions for its tenants than traditional concentrated housing if the units are not properly maintained. There are questions as to whether or not scattered-site public facilities are more expensive to manage because dispersal throughout the city makes maintenance more difficult. Inclusionary Affordable Housing Program Inclusionary zoning ordinances require housing developers to reserve a percentage between 10-30% of housing units from new or rehabilitated projects to be rented or sold at a below market rate for low and moderate-income households. According to United States Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD),market-rate projects help to develop diverse communities, and ensure access to similar community services and amenities regardless of socioeconomic status. Most inclusionary zoning is enacted at the municipal or county level. For example, San Francisco's Planning Code Section 415 (set forth the requirements and procedures for the Inclusionary Affordable Housing Program) "requires residential projects of 10 or more units to pay an Affordable Housing Fee, or to provide a percentage of units as affordable "on-site" within the project or "off-site" at another location in the City (Planning Code § 415, 419)." Housing vouchers, now one of the primary methods of subsidized housing delivery in the United States, became a robust program in the United States with passage of the 1974 Housing and Community Development Act. The program, colloquially known as Section 8, currently assists more than 1.4 million households. Through the voucher system, direct-to-landlord payments assist eligible households in covering the gap between market rents and 30% of the household's income. The Hope VI program, created in 1992, was initiated in response to the physical deterioration of public housing units. The program rebuilds housing projects with an emphasis on mixed-income developments rather than projects which concentrate poorer households in one area. The class-action lawsuit of Gautreaux v. CHA (1966) made Chicago the first city to mandate scattered-site housing as a way to desegregate neighborhoods. Dorothy Gautreaux argued that the Chicago Housing Authority discriminated based on race in its public housing policy. The case went to Supreme Court as Hills v. Gautreaux and the 1976 verdict mandated scattered-site housing for residents currently living in public housing in impoverished neighborhoods. Since that time, scattered-site housing has become a major part of public housing in Chicago. In 2000, the Chicago Housing Authority created the Plan for Transformation designed to not only improve the structural aspects of public housing but to also "build and strengthen communities by integrating public housing and its leaseholders into the larger social, economic, and physical fabric of Chicago". The goal is to have 25,000 new or remodeled units, and to have these units indistinguishable from surrounding housing. While properly run scattered-site public housing units greatly improve the quality of life of the tenants, abandoned and decrepit units foster crime and perpetuate poverty. The Chicago Housing Authority began demolishing units deemed unsafe, but the Plan for Transformation set aside $77 million to clean up sites not demolished in this process. The Houston Housing Authority has created the Scattered Sites Homeownership Program to promote home ownership amongst those who would otherwise not be able to afford it. The program delineates strict requirements based on 80% of the Houston area's median income. In 1987, the HHA received 336 properties throughout the city and it has worked to clean up these properties or sell them as low cost housing. As of 2009, the HHA had helped 172 families achieve home ownership through the scattered-site program and with the properties received in 1988. The Seattle Housing Authority created its Scattered Site program in 1978. The program to date has a total of 800 units that range from duplex to multi-family. The program is currently in the process of "portfolio realignment," which entails successive upgrading of over 200 units and a continued effort to distribute public housing in various neighborhoods throughout the city. In choosing site locations, proximity to public facilities such as schools, parks, and transportation, is considered. In 1938, the San Francisco Board of Supervisors established the San Francisco Housing Authority (SFHA), making it today one of the oldest housing authorities in California. The Housing Choice Voucher Program (formerly Section 8) was adopted in 1974 by the SFHA, and today it serves over 20,000 residents of San Francisco. Primary funding for the SFHA program comes from the U.S Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) and the rents paid by the housing choice voucher participants. Participants pay approximately 30 percent of their earned income for rent. - List of public housing developments in the United States - Public housing - Affordable housing - Subsidized housing - Section 8 - Housing estate - Harold Harby (1894–1978), Los Angeles, California, City Council member whose vote switch killed public housing in that city - "HUD.gov / U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD)". www.hud.gov. - Semuels, Alana. "New York City's Public-Housing Crisis". theatlantic.com. 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The Death and Life of Great American Cities. Vintage Books. - Hays, R. Allen (1995). The Federal Government and Urban Housing: Ideology and Change in Public Policy. State University of New York Press. ISBN 0-7914-2326-3. - S., J. (15 October 2011). "Why the Pruitt-Igoe housing project failed". The Economist. Retrieved 15 July 2019. - Bristol, Katharine. "The Pruitt-Igoe Myth" (PDF). RASMUS BRØNNUM – en Arkitektur Blog. Retrieved 15 July 2019. - "Community Development Block Grant Program - CDBG". HUD. Archived from the original on 2013-01-16. Retrieved 2013-01-11. - "Statement on Signing the Cranston-Gonzalez National Affordable Housing Act". The American Presidency Project. Archived from the original on 2013-07-20. - Erickson, David J. (2009), The Housing Policy Revolution: Networks and Neighbors, Washington, DC: Urban Institute Press, ISBN 978-0-87766-760-5. - HUD. "Resident Characteristic Report." Archived 2013-10-21 at the Wayback Machine PIC.HUD.gov. US Department of Housing and Urban Development, n.d. Web. 20 Oct. 2013. - Massey, Douglas S. Kanaiaupuni, Shawn M. "Public Housing And The Concentration Of Poverty." Social Science Quarterly (University Of Texas Press) 74.1 (1993): 109-122. Religion and Philosophy Collection. Web. 12 Sept. 2013. - Holloway, Steven R., Deborah Bryan, Robert Chabot, Donna M. Rogers, and James Rulli. "Exploring the Effect of Public Housing on the Concentration of Poverty in Columbus, Ohio." Urban Affairs Review 33.6 (1998): 767-89. Web. 5 Nov. 2013. - Freeman, Lance. "The Impact of Assisted Housing Developments on Concentrated Poverty." Housing Policy Debate 14.1 and 2 (2003): 103-41. Web. 5 Nov. 2013. - Husock, Howard. "How Public Housing Harms Cities." Archived 2013-10-21 at the Wayback Machine City Journal. City Journal, 2003. Web. 12 Sept. 2013. - Freeman, Lance, and Hillary Botein. "Subsidized Housing and Neighborhood Impacts: A Theoretical Discussion and Review of the Evidence." Journal of Planning Literature 16.3 (2002): 359-78. Web. 5 Nov. 2013. - Crump, Jeff. "Deconcentration by Demolition: Public Housing, Poverty, and Urban Policy." Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 20 (2002): 581-96. Web. - HUD. "Report Explores Race and Poverty in Public Housing." Archived 2013-10-21 at the Wayback Machine HUD.USER. US Department of Housing and Urban Development, n.d. Web. 20 Oct. 2013. - Gotham, Kevin Fox, "Separate and Unequal: The Housing Act of 1968 and the Section 235 Program." Sociological Forum , Vol. 15, No. 1 (Mar., 2000), pp. 13-37 - McNulty, Thomas L., and Steven R. Holloway. "Race, Crime, and Public Housing in Atlanta: Testing a Conditional Effect Hypothesis." Social Forces 79.2 (2000): 707-29. Web. 5 Nov. 2013. - "The Supreme Court's Challenge to Housing Segregation". - Farley, Reynolds (September 27, 2018). "Detroit Fifty Years After the Kerner Report: What Has Changed, What Has Not, and Why?". RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences. 4 (6): 206–241. doi:10.7758/rsf.2018.4.6.10 – via Project MUSE. - Boissoneault, Lorraine. "Martin Luther King Jr.'s Assassination Sparked Uprisings in Cities Across America". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 2020-04-24. - Schill, Michael H. "Distressed Public Housing: Where Do We Go from Here?" The University of Chicago Law Review 60.2 (1993): 497-554. Web. 20 Oct. 2013. - Austin Turner, Margery, Susan J. Popkin, G. Thomas Kingsley, and Deborah Kaye. "Distressed Public Housing- What It Costs to Do Nothing." The Urban Institute (2005): n. pag. Web. - Patricia Hynes, H., Doug Bruggie, Julie Watts, and Jody Lally. "Public Health and the Physical Environment in Boston Public Housing: A Community-based Survey and Action Agenda." Planning Practice & Research 15.1/2 (2000): 31-49. Web. - Fertig, Angela R., and David A. Reingold. "Public Housing, Health, and Health Behaviors: Is There a Connection?" Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 26.4 (2007): 831-59. Web. - Griffiths, Elizabeth and Tita, George, "Homicide In and Around Public Housing: Is Public Housing a Hotbed, a Magnet, or a Generator of Violence for the Surrounding Community?" Elizabeth Griffiths, George Tita Social Problems , Vol. 56, No. 3 (August 2009), pp. 474-493 - Ross, Lauren M., Anne B. Shay, and Mario G. Picon. "You Can't Always Get What You Want: The Role of Public Housing and Vouchers in Achieving Residential Satisfaction." Cityscape 14.1 (2012): 35-53. Web. 5 Nov. 2013. - Schwartz, Amy E., Brian J. McCabe, Ingrid G. Ellen, and Colin C. Chellman. "Public Schools, Public Housing: The Education of Children Living in Public Housing." Urban Affairs Review 20 (2010): 1-22. Web. - Jacob, Brian A. "Public Housing Vouchers, And Student Achievement: Evidence From Public Housing Demolitions In Chicago," American Economic Review, 2004, v94 (1,Mar), 233-258. - Newman, Sandra, and Joseph Harkness. "Assisted Housing and the Educational Attainment of Children." Journal of Housing Economics 9 (2000): 40-63. Web. 5 Nov. 2013. - Janet Currie, Aaron Yelowitz "Are public housing projects good for kids?" Journal of Public Economics, Volume 75, Issue 1, January 2000, Pages 99–124 - Brennan, Maya. "The Impacts of Affordable Housing on Education: A Research Summary." Archived 2017-07-30 at the Wayback Machine NHC.org. Center for Housing Policy, May 2011. Web. Nov. 2014, 16 pp.; (access). - Tighe, J. Rosie. "Public Opinion and Affordable Housing: A Review of the Literature." Journal of Planning Literature 25.1 (2010): 3-17. Web. 5 Nov. 2013. - Archived June 12, 2010, at the Wayback Machine - Oldweiler, Cory. "Scattered-Site Era Coming to an End." The Chicago Reporter. September 28, 2007. - Bass, Sharon L "Public Housing Entering New Era." The New York Times. February 5, 1989 - "Dakota County Community Development Agency - Scattered Site Public Housing Program". Dakotacda.org. Archived from the original on 2012-09-05. Retrieved 2012-11-29. - "Scattered-Site Housing: Characteristics and Consequences \| HUD USER". www.huduser.gov. Archived from the original on February 2, 2010. - Keep Barnes, Jai (Winter 2017). "Inclusionary Zoning as a Taking: A Critical Look at its Ability to Provide Affordable Housing". 49 Urb. Law. 67 (2017). 49 (1): 42 pages, 67 to 108 – via Academic Search Complete. - "San Francisco Planning Department". sf-planning.org/housing. December 2018. - David Erickson (2009). The Housing Policy Revolution: Networks and Neighborhoods. Urban Institute Press. ISBN 978-0-87766-760-5. - "Section 8 Rental Certificate Program". HUD. Archived from the original on 2012-10-18. - "Housing Choice Vouchers Fact Sheet". HUD. Archived from the original on 2012-10-25. - "About Hope VI". HUD. Archived from the original on 2012-04-14. - "Scattered Site Properties \| Chicago Housing Authority". Thecha.org. Archived from the original on 2012-10-28. Retrieved 2012-11-29. - "Houston Housing Authority Letter to Mr. Dolcefino" (PDF). Dig.abclocal.go.com. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2012-03-09. Retrieved 2012-11-29. - "Scattered Sites - Seattle Housing Authority". Seattlehousing.org. 2009-05-31. Archived from the original on 2012-07-22. Retrieved 2012-11-29. - "Pages -". sfha.org. - "The Final Report of the National Commission on Severely Distressed Public Housing: A Report to Congress and the Secretary of Housing and Urban Development" (PDF). Department of Housing and Urban Development. August 1992. - Dizikes, Peter, "Chicago hope: Ambitious attempt to help the city’s poor by moving them out of troubled housing projects is having mixed results, MIT study finds", MIT News, MIT News Office, March 3, 2011. - Howard, Amy L. More Than Shelter: Activism and Community in San Francisco Public Housing. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 2014. - HUD, "HUD History" (U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development website, 10 January 2012) - Hunt, Bradford D., “Was the 1937 U.S. Housing Act a Pyrrhic Victory?” Journal of Planning History, vol. 4, no. 3 (2005): 195–221. - Radford, Gail, "Modern Housing for America: Policy Struggles in the New Deal Era." Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996. - Shester, Katharine L. "The Local Economic Effects of Public Housing in the United States, 1940–1970," Journal of Economic History vol. 73 (Dec. 2013), 978–1016. - Vale, Lawrence J., "From the Puritans to the Projects: Public Housing and Public Neighbors." Cambridge, MA Harvard University Press, 2000. - Vale, Lawrence J., "Reclaiming Public Housing: A Half Century of Struggle in Three Public Neighborhoods." Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002. - Wurster, Catherine Bauer, "Modern Housing." 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We Are Choosing To Be Doomed By Climate Change “It may seem impossible to imagine that a technologically advanced society could choose, in essence, to destroy itself,” as Elizabeth Kolbert wrote way back in 2005 in a New Yorker series every bit as alarming as the NY Magazine piece, “but that is what we are now in the process of doing.” We have been choosing to destroy ourselves for quite some time now. Climate silence and climate ignorance are literally destroying us. Compounding the tragedy is that now a host of core climate solutions are affordable, practical, and scalable. If there is one critique of the NY Magazine piece that sticks, it is that Wallace-Wells fails to explain clearly that we are not doomed. We are simply choosing to be doomed. So, to be clear, we are not doomed. If the nation and the world were to adopt a WWII-scale effort, we could certainly keep total global warming “well below 2°C” (3.6°F), which scientists — and the nations of the world — recognize as the threshold beyond which climate change rapidly moves from dangerous to catastrophic. Imagine a severe megadrought lasting decades hitting both the California breadbasket and the Midwest breadbasket at the same time. That’s getting closer to a worst-case scenario in terms of drought for just this country. Also, much of the population of Mexico and Central America — likely over 100 million people (Mexico alone is projected to have a population of 150 million in 2050) — will be trying to find a place to live that isn’t anywhere near as hot and dry, that has enough fresh water and food to go around. They aren’t going to be looking south. In 2010, the Royal Society devoted a special issue of Philosophical Transactions A to look at this 4°C (7°F) scenario. It notes that “in such a 4°C world, the limits for human adaptation are likely to be exceeded in many parts of the world, while the limits for adaptation for natural systems would largely be exceeded throughout the world.” The UK’s Guardian notes “A 4°C rise in the planet’s temperature would see severe droughts across the world and millions of migrants seeking refuge as their food supplies collapse.” Again, this 4°C world is not the plausible worst-case, it is close to the expected outcome of our current emissions pathway. The very worst-case scenario for climate change is unimaginably horrific. The plausible worst-case scenario is imaginably horrific — and it’s not much different from the world we end up with if the climate policies of Trump and the GOP leadership continue to prevail in this country past 2020. Global warming of more than 6°C (11°F) eliminates all labor capacity in the hottest months in many areas, including the lower Mississippi Valley, and exposes most of the U.S. east of the Rockies to heat stress beyond anything experienced in the world today. In this scenario, heat stress in NYC exceeds present day Bahrain, and Bahrain heat stress would induce hyperthermia in even sleeping humans.	<urn:uuid:dbb60301-9252-476d-831f-0e6b12e3f1de>	CC-MAIN-2018-09	http://diaryofthelastage.blogspot.com/2017/07/we-are-choosing-to-be-doomed-by-climate.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891816083.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20180225011315-20180225031315-00614.warc.gz	en	0.947375	656	2.640625	3
Like a stunning chrysalis preserved in a drop of amber, Veliky Ustyug survives in northern Russia, little touched by the 850 years of history it marks this month. And, as William C. Brumfield reports, this is largely attributable to the city’s indomitable spirit. Veliky Ustyug, located in the northeastern corner of Vologda oblast, is one of those provincial Russian towns that seem in some ways miraculously untouched by time. That is an illusion, of course, and as the city (population about 36,000) prepares to celebrate its 850th anniversary this summer, problems of the present day are very much in evidence: budgetary crises, the cessation of passenger train service and most river transport, economic stagnation, unpaid wages. Yet, over its long history, Veliky Ustyug has learned to cope with adversity and rebound in a new affirmation of its independent spirit. In part, this resilience is due to the town’s strategic location at the confluence of two large rivers, the Sukhona and the Yug, which merge into a third — the Northern Dvina. Indeed, the name Ustyug means the “mouth of the Yug,” and the epithet Veliky, or “great,” was added at the end of the sixteenth century, to signify the city’s importance as a commercial center. This network of three navigable rivers spreads throughout northern Russia in a major transportation route that attracted the earliest Russian settlers here, apparently by the middle of the twelfth century. The mercantile city of Novgorod sent its pioneering traders to the region, and, until the middle of the fifteenth century, Novgorod lay claim to authority over the area. Veliky Ustyug ultimately cast its lot with Moscow, however, and became an important military post for the expanding Muscovite state. Don't have an account? signup Russian Life is a 29-year-young, award-winning publishing house that creates a bimonthly magazine, books, maps, and other products for Russophiles the world over. PO Box 567 Montpelier VT 05601-0567	<urn:uuid:76ae3a20-436b-46d7-9d3f-bb9dfe6cafc5>	CC-MAIN-2019-18	https://russianlife.com/magazine/july-1997/hidden-jewel-of-the-north/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578605510.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20190423134850-20190423160850-00401.warc.gz	en	0.947291	456	3	3
for "between the acts" (German: Zwischenspiel , Italian: Intermezzo ). It can mean a pause between two parts of a stage production, synonymous to an intermission , but it more often indicates an a piece of music (interlude ) performed between acts of a theatrical production. resulted from stage curtains being closed for set or costume changes: to fill time as not to halt the dramatic action, to make a transition from the mood of one act to the next, or to prevent the public from becoming restless. In front of the closed curtains, the action could be continued during these entr'actes , albeit involving only players with no scenery other than the curtain, and a minimum of props Like an interquel, an entr'acte can take the action from one part of a large-scale drama to the next by completing the missing links. An interquel, however, is a much later innovation. In contrast to an entr'acte, an interquel utilizes the same kind of resources and magnitude as the parts it joins. The role of music In traditional theatre, incidental music could also bridge the 'closed curtain' periods: Ballet each have a rich tradition of such musical interludes. The etymology of the German refers to its original function – literally, "change music". Eventually, entr'actes ) would develop into a separate genre of short theatrical realisations (often with a plot completely independent from the main piece), that could be produced with a minimum of requisites during intermissions of other elaborate theatre pieces. These later entr'actes were distinctly intended to break the action or mood with something different, such as comedy or dance. Such pieces also allowed the chief players of the main piece to have a break. Eventually the idea of being an insert into a greater whole became looser: interlude sometimes has no other connotation than a "short play". Other dramatic devices When the insert was intended only to shift the mood before returning to the main action, without a change of scene being necessary, authors could revert to a "[play within a play]]" technique, or have some accidental guests in a ballroom perform a dance, etc. In this case the insert is a divertimento (the term is Italian ; the French divertissement is also used) rather than an entr'acte . In the French opera tradition of the end of the 17th century and early 18th century (Jean-Philippe Rameau , for example) such divertissements would become compulsory in the form of an inserted ballet passage, a tradition that continued till well in the 19th century. This was eventually parodied by Jacques Offenbach : for example, the cancan ending Orphée aux enfers . By the middle of the 18th century a divertimento had become a separate genre of light music as well. These divertimenti could be used as interludes in stage works, many of the divertimenti composed in the last half of the 18th century appears to have lost the relation to the theatre, the music in character only having to be a "diversion" in one or another way. Some more or less elaborate and/or independent entr'actes became famous in their own right, in some cases eclipsing the theatre productions for which they were originally written: - La serva padrona, a two-act opera buffa by Pergolesi, was intended to break the seriousness of his opera seria Il prigioner superbo (1733). Eventually the intermezzo got more attention than the large-scale work to which it was added (see Querelle des Bouffons). - Mozart shows his mastery in the finale of the first act of Don Giovanni, where he mixes the divertimento-like dancing (accompanied by a small ensemble on the scene) with the actual singing. The characters mingle, performing light dances, while they're supposed to be chasing each other for murder and rape. The diversion and the drama become a single multi-layered item. - A comparable 'filmic' interlude was foreseen in the early 1930s by Alban Berg for his opera Lulu, between the two scenes of the central act. In this case Berg only composed the music and gave a short schematic scenario for a film, that was not yet realised when he died in 1935. The Lulu interlude film, in contrast to the previous example, was intended to chain the action between the first and second half of the opera. Because of the completely symmetrical structure of this opera, the filmic interlude of Lulu is, in a manner of speaking, the axis of the opera. - Interludes of the divertimento kind can be found in Leoš Janáček's last, sombre opera From the House of the Dead (1928): releasing the tension after Skuratov's disheartening tale at the centre of the second act, two an "opera" and a "pantomime" within the larger opera are executed consecutively by a cast of prisoners, both presentations farcical variations on the Don Juan theme, and mirroring the religious ceremony divertimento before the Skuratov tale. - Also, the first publicly performed furniture music composed by Erik Satie was premiered as entr'acte music (1920 - the play for which it was written fell into oblivion), with this variation that it was intended as background music to the sounds the public would usually produce at intermission, walking around and talking. Allegedly, the public did not obey Satie's intention: they kept silently in their places and listened, trained by a habit of incidental music, much to the frustration of the avant-garde musicians, who tried to save their idea by inciting the public to get up, talk, and walk around. - Most of the film adaptations of the Rodgers and Hammerstein musicals feature entr'actes during the intermission, which make use of music from the production.	<urn:uuid:2c330fd6-f044-4cca-bada-4a90bfbd02ac>	CC-MAIN-2013-48	http://www.reference.com/browse/entr	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386164040135/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204133400-00023-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.954168	1,272	3.546875	4
By Joe L. Frost Children’s play all through background has been loose, spontaneous, and intertwined with paintings, set within the playgrounds of the fields, streams, and barnyards. teenagers in towns loved comparable types of play yet their playgrounds have been the vacant lands and parks. this present day, young children became more and more inactive, forsaking conventional outdoors play for sedentary, indoor cyber play and bad diets. the results of play deprivation, the removing and diminution of recess, and the abandonment of outside play are basic matters in a becoming obstacle that threatens the health and wellbeing, improvement, and welfare of youngsters. This necessary booklet lines the historical past of children’s play and play environments from their roots in historical Greece and Rome to the current time within the excessive stakes checking out atmosphere. via this exploration, pupil Dr. Joe Frost exhibits how this heritage informs the place we're this day and why we have to re-establish play as a concern. eventually, the writer proposes lively strategies to play deprivation. This publication is a must-read for students, researchers, and scholars within the fields of early youth schooling and baby improvement. Read Online or Download A History of Children's Play and Play Environments: Toward a Contemporary Child-Saving Movement PDF Best children's studies books During this bright ethnography, Jessaca B. Leinaweaver explores “child circulation,” casual preparations within which indigenous Andean kids are despatched via their mom and dad to dwell in different families. firstly look, baby flow looks tantamount to baby abandonment. while noticeable in that gentle, the perform is a contravention of foreign norms relating to children’s rights, guidance that the Peruvian kingdom will depend on in regulating criminal adoptions. That includes unique study findings from a key chinese language nationwide examine centre, this publication offers researchers with state-of-the-art, trustworthy and complete information regarding young ones and early life in sleek China. The e-book employs a special method to research China's adolescence by way of human capital improvement in a transitional financial system. Inquiring into adolescence is without doubt one of the best suited how one can deal with the perennial and crucial query of what it's that makes humans – each one people – human. In early life in heritage: Perceptions of kids within the historic and Medieval Worlds, Aasgaard, Horn, and Cojocaru assemble the groundbreaking paintings of nineteen best students to be able to improve interdisciplinary ancient study into rules approximately youngsters and adolescence within the premodern historical past of ecu civilization. The area adolescence file is the flagship booklet on adolescence problems with the dept of financial and Social Affairs of the United countries Secretariat. This 2015 version intends to supply clean viewpoint and cutting edge rules on civic engagement and to function an impetus for discussion and motion. the target of the file is to supply a foundation for coverage discussions round adolescence civic engagement which will make sure that children may be able to take part absolutely and successfully in all features of the societies during which they reside. - Playing for Their Lives: The Global El Sistema Movement for Social Change Through Music - Forgetting Children Born of War: Setting the Human Rights Agenda in Bosnia and Beyond - Life Chances in Turkey (Directions in Development) - Labour Markets and Identity on the Post-Industrial Assembly Line - Culture and Identity (Skills-Based Sociology) Extra resources for A History of Children's Play and Play Environments: Toward a Contemporary Child-Saving Movement A History of Children's Play and Play Environments: Toward a Contemporary Child-Saving Movement by Joe L. Frost	<urn:uuid:f4a20dec-a2cc-4465-bede-7bac7ca16a67>	CC-MAIN-2019-04	http://thewateracademy.com/lib/a-history-of-childrens-play-and-play-environments-toward-a-contemporary	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583657151.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20190116093643-20190116115643-00103.warc.gz	en	0.908926	757	2.84375	3
It is always fun to travel. The opportunity to meet new cultures, and experience different customs is always a good way not only to learn new things, but also to rediscover the things we already know. Today we will go on a musical journey through some of the remotest regions of the world and see (or rather “hear”) the musical traditions of various cultures. Inuit Throat Singing Inuits are an indigenous peoples inhabiting some of the coldest places on Earth: the Arctic regions of Greenland, Canada, and the US. The gender roles are clearly separated with men doing the hunting (mainly seal and fish), and the women taking care of the young, sewing and cooking. Their music is based on a drum rhythm base and a vocal style known as katajjaq. It is interesting to note that early anthropologists noted that Inuits did not have a traditional concept of music, and the closest term, nipi, included music, but was also natural sounds and speech. Among Inuits, the form of throat singing seen in the video below is seen as a traditional form of competition, where two women stand facing each other and try to “ousting” the other. Although mainly associated with the didgeridoo (an eucalyptus branch which has been bored by termites to produce a sound when blown into), the native peoples of Australia have a small array of musical styles. The instruments at their disposal also include Clapsticks, sticks which are hit against each other to produce a rhythmic background to the music. Traditionally native Australians, relate ancient traditional stories and myths within their songs. The mountains of Scotland have produced some of the world’s most iconic music, mostly thanks to the sounds of the bagpipes – the country’s traditional instrument. There are a few other instruments which are key to Scottish music. These include the harp, the accordion and the fiddle. Thematically Scottish folk music is usually of a patriotic nature, with the country’s folklore, food and mythology playing an important role.	<urn:uuid:5404f676-3d98-487e-8a8b-48adf9452c42>	CC-MAIN-2019-13	http://www.emblog.pl/2014/08/29/travel-through-music/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912206677.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20190326220507-20190327002507-00445.warc.gz	en	0.970848	440	3.40625	3
Is organic agriculture the solution to our global food system challenges? That’s been the premise and promise of the organic movement since its origins in the 1920s: farming that’s healthy, ecological, and socially just. Many people – from consumers and farmers to scientists and international organisations – believe that organic agriculture can produce enough nutritious food to feed the world without destroying the environment, while being more resilient to climate change and improving the livelihoods of farmers. But as with many important issues of our time, there are more passionate opinions about organic agriculture than there is scientific evidence to support them. And there’s nothing black or white about organic agriculture. For a paper published today in the journal Science Advances, we systematically and rigorously evaluated the performance of organic versus conventional agriculture on three key fronts – environmental impact, producer and consumer benefits. As much as possible, we based our review on previous quantitative synthesis of the scientific literature – so-called meta-analyses. We also examined whether those studies agree or disagree in their verdicts. We discovered that organic farming does matter – just not in the way most people think. Compared to a neighbouring conventional farm, an organic farm at first appears to be better for the environment. But that’s not the whole story. Here’s how it breaks down. What’s good: Organic farms provide higher biodiversity, hosting more bees, birds and butterflies. They also have higher soil and water quality and emit fewer greenhouse gases. What’s not-so-good: Organic farming typically yields less product – about 19-25% less. Once we account for that efficiency difference and examine environmental performance per amount of food produced, the organic advantage becomes less certain (few studies have examined this question). Indeed, on some variables, such as water quality and greenhouse gas emissions, organic farms may perform worse than conventional farms, because lower yields per hectare can translate into more environmentally damaging land-clearing. The jury’s still out on whether the comsumer is better off, too. What’s good: For consumers in countries with weak pesticide regulations, like India, organic food reduces pesticide exposure. Organic ingredients also most likely have slightly higher levels of some vitamins and secondary metabolites. What’s not-so-good: Scientists can’t confirm whether these minor micronutrient differences actually matter for our health. Because the difference in the nutritional value of organic and conventional food is so small, you’d do better just eating an extra apple every day, whether it’s organic or not. Organic food is also more expensive than conventional food at present and therefore inaccessible to poor consumers. Organic methods bring certain benefits for farmers, some costs and many unknowns. What’s good: Organic agriculture is typically more profitable – up to 35% more, according to a meta-analysis of studies across North America, Europe and India – than conventional farming. Organic also provides more rural employment opportunities because organic management is more labour-intensive than conventional practices. For workers, though, the biggest advantage is that organic decreases their exposure to toxic agrochemicals. What’s not-so-good: We still don’t know whether organic farms pay higher wages or offer better working conditions than conventional farms. Organic farm workers are most likely exploited in similar ways as those tilling the fields on conventional farms. In short, we cannot determine yet whether organic agriculture could feed the world and reduce the environmental footprint of agriculture while providing decent jobs and giving consumers affordable, nutritious food. It’s a lot to ask of one industry, and there are still just too many unanswered questions. Some of these questions relate to agriculture, such as whether organic farms can eventually close the yield gap with conventional farms and whether there are enough organic fertilisers to produce all the world’s food organically. But some questions are also about humanity’s collective future. Can people in the rich world learn to change our diet and reduce food waste to avoid having to increase food production as the global population grows? And are enough people willing to work in agriculture to meet the needs of labour-intensive organic farms? A more useful question is whether we should continue to eat organic food and expand investment in organic farming. Here the answer is a definitive yes. Organic agriculture shows significant promises in many areas. We would be foolish not to consider it an important tool in developing more sustainable global agriculture. Only 1% of agricultural land is organically farmed worldwide. If organic land continues to expand at the same rate that it has over the past decade, it will take another century for all agriculture to be organic. But organic farming’s influence goes far beyond that 1% acreage. Over the past 50 years, organic farms have provided conventional agriculture with examples of new ways to farm and acted as a testing ground for a different set of management practices, from diversifying crop rotations and composting to using cover crops and conservation tillage. Conventional agriculture has neglected these sustainable practices for too long. So yes, you should identify and support those organic farms that are doing a great job of producing environmentally friendly, economically viable, and socially just food. Conscientious consumers can also push to improve organic farming where it is not doing so well – for example on yields and worker rights. As scientists, we must close some of the critical knowledge gaps about this farming system to better understand its achievements and help address its challenges. But in the meantime, everyone can learn from successful organic farms and help improve the other 99% of agriculture that’s feeding the world today.	<urn:uuid:2815fa5f-307c-46a5-9027-4b1d0cf2453f>	CC-MAIN-2017-17	https://crisbits.org/2017/03/organic-farming-matters-just-not-way-might-think/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917123046.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031203-00103-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.928328	1,161	3.03125	3
Confusion reigned during the battle for Kirovograd, a city located west of the Dnieper between Cherkassy and Krivoy Rog. At several points German and Soviet forces surrounded each other and battle lines ceased to exist. At the beginning of January 1944 Major General Nikolaus von Vormann, commander of 47 Panzer Corps was assigned to defend Kirovograd. North of the city General Vatutin’s First Ukrainian Front was making progress against the 4th Panzer Army west of Kiev. On 5 January, 1944, General Konev’s Second Ukrainian Front, to the south, launched its attack to liberate Kirvograd from the four German Divisions that held it. General Rotmistrov’s Fifth Guards Tank Army sped west, passing south of Kirovograd, supported by the Fifth Air Army which flew 1,100 sorties. Germany’s Second Parachute Division opposed the attack fiercely, claiming the destruction of 120 Russian tanks on this first day. The following day General Bayerlein counter attacked north of Letakova with the Third Panzer Division but the supporting divisional artillery and armor units experienced a shortage of munitions. Separated from their supporting Tenth Panzer Grenadiers, both units were isolated in separate pockets, incidentally also allowing the surrounding of Kirovograd by the Soviets. Midday, 7 January, the Germans scheduled a breakout of the Third Panzer Division to begin at 1600 hours that same day. By dawn of the 8th the Panzers succeeded in breaking out of the pocket, reaching Ivanivka. The Tenth Panzer Grenadiers remained surrounded. Fighting continued within the surrounded city of Kirovograd. The Second Parachute Division, holding the southern part of the city in 13 decree C weather, suffered 60 to 70% casualties. In spite of efforts by anti-tank Ju 87G Stukas commanded by Hans Ulrich Rudel, the Soviets took the airfield south of Mala Vyska. Field Marshal von Manstein ordered 3 SS Panzer Division “Totenkopf” and Grossdeutschland SS Panzer Division to attack south of Kirovograd to join up with 2nd Parachute Division while Third Panzer Division and Tenth Panzer Grenadier Division attacked north of Kirovograd in an attempt to encircle Soviet forces who now held most of the city. Third Panzer Division took Ossikowata north of Kirovograd which allowed the German Tenth Panzer Grenadier Division to escape their pocket at Letekovka. At first light on 10 January Grossdeutschland, supported by Stukas, attacked toward Karlivkha, providing relief for the 2nd Parachute Division and trapping Soviets in a pocket west of Kirovograd. The entrapped Soviets attacked west in the vicinity of Mala Vyska supported by another Soviet attack launched the next day north of Gruzkoye. This attack was confronted by Grossdeutschland and the 2nd Parachute Division, accompanied by the Third SS Panzer Division, inserted between them on 12 January. The unexpected appearance of the Third Panzer Division brought the Soviet assault to a stop, succeeded in driving them out of Maryanrovka, and temporarily stabilizing the front line. Fighting continued in the neighborhood of Kirovograd until the 16th. The Russians held Kirovograd, but they paid a high price. Soviet losses included 490 tanks, 100 artillery pieces, 15 anti-aircraft guns, dozens of anti-tank guns and 3,871 prisoners. The German losses were also severe. Regiments reported in at battalion strength and the panzers needed repairs. Meanwhile, to the north-east, a bulge had developed in the German line in the Korson-Cherkassy area. Generals Vatutin and Konev received orders to encircle those German units. Escape from Kirovograd, Pat McTaggart, WW II History Magazine, December 2015, Volume 15, Number 1 Crucible at Cherkassy, Pat McTaggart, WW II History Magazine, September 2005, Volume 4, Number 5 The Soviet Air Force in World War II, Translated by Leland Fetzer, Edited by Ray Wagner, Doubleday & Company, Inc., Garden City, NY, 1973	<urn:uuid:c9830207-f607-4279-be92-197ff4570db9>	CC-MAIN-2022-40	https://jackkrusewriter.net/2017/09/06/slugfest-at-kirovograd/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335396.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20220929225326-20220930015326-00131.warc.gz	en	0.945072	911	2.703125	3
Most mattresses are made from petrochemicals, synthetic materials and chemical additives. Kids spend nearly half their early lives in bed surrounded by these materials. Sleep is a time for their bodies to rejuvenate so they can be ready to learn and play the next day. Just like organic vegetables are free from harmful chemicals and pesticides, so too are mattresses that qualify for organic certification. This means less chemical exposure for your child, and a healthier planet for us all.	<urn:uuid:2702a6ef-29c3-4a84-81a2-b2154ba47582>	CC-MAIN-2015-35	http://www.naturepedic.com/our-products/kids	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440644059455.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827025419-00116-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.961173	94	2.78125	3
If you click on the each elements, the sum of the molecular weights is output as the atomic mass is added. For example, if you want to know the molecular weight of water (H 2O), double-click 'H' and then 'O' one-click. Molecular Weight Calculator Molecular weight refers to the relative mass of a molecule based on carbon-12 atoms (6 protons + 6 neutrons). If we add the mass unit (g) after the molecular weight number, it becomes the mass value of the material corresponding to 1 mole of the molecule. Mole - a unit that counts the number of particles Because atoms are so small, you can not count them by counting the number of atoms and molecules. For example, 1 mm diameter raindrops contain about 1,400,000,000,000,000,000,000 water molecules. In this case, it is easy to bundle several particles and calculate them easily in one unit. The most commonly used unit is mole. 1 mole is defined as the number of carbon-12 atoms in a mass of 12 g. This number is called Avogadro's number and is about 6.0221415 × 10 23.	<urn:uuid:b86f303d-541f-4a0d-8aa1-251c8d39082f>	CC-MAIN-2019-35	https://javalab.org/en/molecular_weight_calculator_en/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027313501.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20190817222907-20190818004907-00089.warc.gz	en	0.874757	254	3.953125	4
In the metaphysical or conceptual sense, balance is used to mean a point between two opposite forces that is desirable over purely one state or the other, such as a balance between the metaphysical Law and Chaos — law by itself being overly controlling, chaos being overly unmanageable, balance being the point that minimizes the negatives of both. More recently, the term "balance" has come to refer to a balance of power between multiple opposing forces. Lack of balance (of power) is generally considered to cause aggression by stronger forces towards weaker forces less capable of defending themselves. In the real world, unbalanced stronger forces tend to portray themselves as balanced, and use media controls to downplay this, as well as prevent weaker forces from coming together to achieve a new balance of power. In constructed worlds, such as in video gaming, where nearly all-powerful corporate interests strive to maintain a balance of power among players, players tend to be extremely vocal about what they see as unbalanced mechanics, providing the unbalance negatively affects them. And though the strong and unbalanced (or "overpowered") players commonly are vigorous in denial of any lack of balance, the comparative media equality among all player brings change quickly, to further a sense of balance. The twentieth century saw the development of both law and chaos in art (and art-music) to the point that the end product became unintelligible at an instinctive/emotional level. Many composers saw one or other of these controlling trends as superior to the other. The truth may lie in a fundamental acceptance of balance as the controlling force in art. In time, we may even come to accept balance between structural and emotional as the essence of beauty. In philosophy, the concept of moral balance exists in various forms, one of them is the golden mean, which has virtue being between the extreme and the lacking. Greek philosophers—such as Plato, Aristotle, and the Pythagoreans (who related moral excellence with mathematical perfection)—applied the principle to ethics as well as politics. "Nothing in excess" was one of the three phrases carved into the Temple of Apollo at Delphi. - "Golden Mean (phylosophy) -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2012-10-08. - "BALANCE - A Guide to Buddhism A-Z". Guide to Buddhism A-Z. Retrieved 2012-10-08. - "Key Passages in the Analects of Confucius". Retrieved 2012-10-08. \|This article about metaphysics is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.\|	<urn:uuid:9cf021b9-5c07-44fe-a3ff-906db5a33f64>	CC-MAIN-2015-48	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_(metaphysics)	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398471436.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205431-00030-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.941028	533	3.25	3
What are the regions of Patagonia? If you add up all the trips, I must have spent about a year in total in Patagonia and I don't think I've seen more than 10% of it. You don't ever get used to the scale of it. Every time, it takes your breath away because you'll be in a different part, or a different season. It's always new. Harriet Pike Trekking, Mountaineering & Cycling Specialist Regions and Geographical Landmarks of Patagonia The major regions for adventure travel, from North to South are: - The Chilean and Argentine Lake District - El Chalten, Mount Fitz Roy, Perito Moreno and the South Patagonian Ice Cap - Torres del Paine National Park - Tierra del Fuego Also, see our guide to where to go in Patagonia for more information on these places and other less visited destinations. The major geographical landmarks are: - The Patagonian Ice Cap (aka Hielo Continental, or Ice Sheet) - both North and the larger South can be seen when trekking in Patagonia. The Ice Cap feeds nearly 100 glaciers across the region - The volcanoes of northern Patagonia - The Magellan Straits and Cape Horn, which are visited on Patagonia Cruises - The Andes themselves - although they lose some of their altitude as they extend south into Patagonia - lose none of their drama or majesty. Trekking Fitz Roy and El Chalten allows you to behold the wonderful spectacle of Cerro Fitz Roy's 3,375m peak - The Patagonian Steppe - thousands of miles of semi-arid desert lie to the East of the Andes and in their rain shadow - The Carretera Austral - the 'Southern Highway' stretches through over 1200km of rugged Patagonian landscape What Our Customers Think We had an amazing time in Patagonia - thanks to Swoop for the help planning; you were easy to communicate with and reach, very friendly and knowledgeable, you planned a great trip for us with lots of exciting features and we felt very well taken care of. Sheila January 2016 Swoop's Interactive Google Maps Swoop has put together some Google Maps to help you understand Patagonia's Regions, Activities, Hotels & Airports.	<urn:uuid:dfed12bc-84b2-4fc8-b35e-be3e660e3b01>	CC-MAIN-2018-05	https://www.swoop-patagonia.com/visit/map	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084891886.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20180123091931-20180123111931-00372.warc.gz	en	0.925302	490	2.5625	3
Tidal Electric’s offshore project 1st July, 2003 Could the latest type of tidal-power generator be environmentally benign and deliver cheap, dependable and sustainable energy? Offshore tidal power The construction of a revolutionary new tidal power station, which promises to supply half the power needs for a city the size of Swansea, is due to begin early next year. Tidal Electric’s £35m project, the first of its kind in the world, is to be built in Swansea Bay, South Wales, and is scheduled to start production in late 2005. There are currently two commercial-scale tidal power stations in operation around the world: a 240-megawatt plant at La Rance near St Malo in Brittany, and a 16-megawatt facility at Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia, Canada. The development of further projects has been held back by a range of significant environmental and logistical problems, including: • tidal-power barrages confuse and kill migratory fish, which must pass through the turbines to access estuaries or seas – the mortality rate is around 6 per cent; • navigation channels become blocked – locks can be installed, as at St Malo in France, but access is slow and expensive; • barrages change the size and location of the inter-tidal zone; • barrages can alter the tidal cycle and change water levels – local wildlife is forced to adapt, move, or die; • barrages obstruct the natural ‘flushing’ of tidal basins; • and the St Malo barrage has been plagued by the silting up of the enclosure. Tidal Energy in numbers 200 miles – the longest tidal bore in the world runs up the Chientang River from the China Sea; • it reaches a height of 30 feet 60 the height in feet of the largest tidal range in the world, in the Bay of Fundy, Nova Scotia, Canada 10 feet an hour – the rate at which the water level in the Bay of Fundy rises; • as fast as the water in a bath tub with both taps opened full 0.25 pence per kilowatt-hour – the estimated cost of electricity from the Swansea Bay project once the development and construction costs have been repaid 12 knots (15 mph) – the speed of the fastest flowing tidal stream in the UK, in the Pentland Firth between Orkney and mainland Scotland 25 factor by which the volume of the Gulf Stream, the world’s best known tidal current, exceeds the combined flow of all the world’s rivers Tidal Energy France built the first and, with a 240-megawatt capacity, still the biggest tidal power station in 1966 at La Rance near St Malo in Brittany. Tidal energy is actually one of the oldest forms of energy used by humans. Tidal mills were common in Europe as far back as the Middle Ages, when water captured in millponds at high tide was used to drive water wheels as tides fell. Power was typically used for grinding grains into flour. The daily tidal cycle lasts for 24 hours and 50 minutes. During a 24-hour period, the moon travels about 12 degrees off its 360-degree orbit. The tidal cycle’s extra 50 minutes accounts for the time it takes the earth to ‘catch up’ with the moon’s new position. Tidal currents are vital to many forms of marine life. For example, sessile filter-feeders such as clams, sponges and seasquirts rely on plankton carried to them by tides. Offshore tidal power (OTP) involves minimal environmental impact; there are zero emissions, a limited affect on shoreline geomorphology, and migratory fish can simply swim around the structure. It could provide habitats for many species – from micro-organisms to birds. A small number of large OTP plants in the Severn Estuary could be a direct replacement for Somerset’s ageing Hinckley Point nuclear power station, which is due for closure in 2011. OTP plants produce cheap electricity: the projected initial cost of electricity from the Swansea Bay project is two pence per kilowatt-hour – that’s similar to the cost of conventional gas-fired power. None of the technology needed is new. An OTP generator uses conventional hydroelectric generation equipment, which has been in existence for more than 120 years. The structure that holds the water itself can be made from local waste materials. Tidal power is inherently predictable. This article first appeared in the Ecologist July 2003 Post a Comment Using this website means you agree to us using simple cookies.	<urn:uuid:2982a382-cffe-4de2-a098-856f723e59d3>	CC-MAIN-2015-32	http://www.theecologist.org/investigations/energy/comments/268664/tidal_electrics_offshore_project.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042987034.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002307-00191-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.933842	959	2.9375	3
Temporal range: Early Cretaceous, \|Holotype of Yixianornis grabaui, Paleozoological Museum of China\| Songlingornithidae is a family of basal euornitheans from the Early Cretaceous of China. All known specimens come from the Jiufotang Formation and the Yixian Formation, dating to the early Barremian and Aptian ages, 125–120 million years ago. The family Songlingornithidae was first named by Hou in 1997 to contain the type genus, Songlingornis. Clarke et al. (2006) was the first to find a close relationship between Songlingornis and the "yanornithids". The name was originally coined to reflect a close relationship between the two supposedly similar (but poorly preserved) genera Songlingornis and Chaoyangia. However, subsequent studies found that Chaoyangia was probably not closely related to Songlingornis. Instead, Songlingornis was found to be closely related to another group which had been given the name Yanornithidae—the name Songlingornithidae, having been named first, took precedence. Some later studies have also placed the hongshanornithids in this group. At least one study has found the Late Cretaceous Mongolian avialan Hollanda to be a member of the group as well. A 2020 study by Wang et al. failed to recover a monophyletic Songlingornithidae, instead finding Yanornis to form a clade with the newly described genera Abitusavis and Similiyanornis, for which the name Yanornithidae was used: - Hou, (1997). Mesozoic Birds of China. Taiwan Provincial Feng Huang Ku Bird Park. Taiwan: Nan Tou. 228 pp. - Clarke, Zhou and Zhang, (2006). "Insight into the evolution of avian flight from a new clade of Early Cretaceous ornithurines from China and the morphology of Yixianornis grabaui." Journal of Anatomy, 208: 287-308. - O'Connor, J.K. and Zhou Z. (2012). "A redescription of Chaoyangia beishanensis (Aves) and a comprehensive phylogeny of Mesozoic birds." Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, (advance online publication). doi:10.1080/14772019.2012.690455 - Zhou, S.; Zhou, Z.; O'Connor, J. (2013). "A new piscivorous ornithuromorph from the Jehol Biota". Historical Biology: 1. doi:10.1080/08912963.2013.819504. - O’Connor, J. K.; Zhang, Y.; Chiappe, L. M.; Meng, Q.; Quanguo, L.; Di, L. (2013). "A new enantiornithine from the Yixian Formation with the first recognized avian enamel specialization". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 33: 1. doi:10.1080/02724634.2012.719176. - Mayr, G. (2017). "Pectoral girdle morphology of Mesozoic birds and the evolution of the avian supracoracoideus muscle". Journal of Ornithology. 158 (3): 859–867. doi:10.1007/s10336-017-1451-x. - Wang, M.; Li, Z.; Liu, Q.; Zhou, Z. (2020). "Two new Early Cretaceous ornithuromorph birds provide insights into the taxonomy and divergence of Yanornithidae (Aves: Ornithothoraces)". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 18 (21): 1805–1827. doi:10.1080/14772019.2020.1836050.	<urn:uuid:34465a37-6914-4fa4-b551-0da6e27aa2e3>	CC-MAIN-2023-40	https://wiki.privacytools.io/wiki/Yanornithidae?lang=en	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233509023.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20230925151539-20230925181539-00173.warc.gz	en	0.731838	1,030	2.890625	3
Watering Instructions for Plants: The first two weeks after the installation of your plants is critical to their survival. Plan to be available to "baby" your new plants during this important time of establishment. Watering every 3-4 days is necessary for trees and shrubs. Perennials and groundcovers should be watered more often because their root balls are much smaller, approximately every 2-3 days. Ideally, water is best applied early in the day but it is more important to water thoroughly and deeply than to worry about the time of day. The thing to remember about plant establishment is WATER, WATER, and WATER. Watering for New Garden Installations: New installations should always be watered immediately after planting. It is important to keep new plantings and young plants well-watered as their root system has not fully developed. Make sure to check the soil right around the base of the plants as this soil may dry out faster than soil in. between plants. Too much water can encourage disease and cause plant death, so it’s important to pay attention to the climate and the location of the plants to determine when and how much to water. Always check soil moisture before watering by sticking your finger in the soil up to the second knuckle. If the soil is moist, don’t water. Spring Perennial Plantings Summer Perennial Plantings Fall Perennial Plantings Watering Your Trees: The best way to be sure that your newly planted or established trees are getting the right amount of water is to use slow-release watering bags. Watering bags deliver a high volume of water directly to the root system with no run-off or evaporation, helping to significantly reduce the effects of drought and transplant shock. Watering Bag Schedule:	<urn:uuid:9cb1052f-992c-46f7-8dcc-89567fc0991c>	CC-MAIN-2022-21	https://www.greenedens.com/watering-info.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662534669.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20220520191810-20220520221810-00630.warc.gz	en	0.953158	394	2.984375	3
Surviving cancer is a huge achievement and a relief. It opens up a future of possibilities, it changes your perspective to life and can be motivating. However, many people find themselves disoriented and confused after undergoing a successful cancer treatment. In fact, scientists from the University of New South Wales found that young cancer survivors are at greater risk of mental health disorders. Cancer itself is damaging mentally and it is a huge burden on mental health. However, even survivors struggle to imagine their future lives in detailed ways. This study involved 77 young cancer survivors and 62 young people who had never had cancer. Scientists analysed memories, ways these people imagine future and other aspects of autobiographical thinking. Then they linked this data with current distress and quality of life of these people. This data is very important – the way people think about themselves is strongly related with mental health. Scientists compared the results from the analysis of these two groups and found that cancer survivors remembered their past in a more negative way and thought about their future through the prism of illness. Because they are unable to imagine their future in a more optimistic way, they have an increased risk of developing a mental health issue. In fact, scientists say that ability to imagine one’s future is strongly linked to problem-solving skills. Researchers also found that female cancer survivors and those who identified more with the label of ‘cancer survivor and had worse depression also had more problems with autobiographical thinking processes. Scientists say that these results show that helping young cancer survivors to learn to imagine their future lives in detail-rich ways may be a good therapy strategy. Getting cancer at young age is extremely difficult, because coping skills of these people are still being developed. In fact, their identities are still being constructed, which is probably why survivors have problems with autobiographical thinking processes. Dr Ursula Sansom-Daly, lead author of the study, said: “It is important to try and understand which young people may be most ‘at risk’ for severe distress following cancer, so that intervention efforts can be most effectively targeted at those most in need”. Scientists are going to continue researching this problem. It is important to identify people who are at worse situation than others. New therapies are also needed to help improve mental health of young cancer survivors.	<urn:uuid:c52892cb-8e4a-41d1-8b7f-5871da523473>	CC-MAIN-2021-43	https://www.innovitaresearch.com/2018/10/05/young-cancer-survivors-struggle-to-imagine-their-life-in-the-future/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585186.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20211018000838-20211018030838-00325.warc.gz	en	0.97345	466	3.359375	3
Men play a key role in the family such as providing support in the upkeep of their partners’ reproductive health in Nigeria. Their involvement in reproductive, maternal, newborn, and child health (RMNCH) is crucial. Their involvement could better contribute to improved health outcomes when factors responsible for the undesirable outcomes are addressed viz: culture, religion, poor education, and other socio-economic factors. It has been observed that men’s involvement in RMNCH is a promising strategy for reducing maternal morbidity and mortality and should be greatly encouraged. Women (whose health concerns are central in the maternal and child health conversation) have some responsibility themselves to discharge. Availing themselves of proper health checks both during and post-pregnancy, and accessing other necessary health services are key to maintaining sound reproductive and overall health. On the part of their children, both parents have the role of ensuring that their children get the requisite immunisation at 1-2 years of age such as the Tuberculosis vaccine (BCG vaccine), Hepatitis B vaccine, Polio vaccine, and Measles vaccine (MCV1). This would ensure that children would develop and possess the necessary resistance to these diseases thereby improving their overall health. - Inside multi-billion Naira property that landed suspended AGF in EFCC net - Controversy rages over non-career ambassadors as statutory delegates Male involvement in maternal health care (MHC) has been described as a process of social and behavioral change that is needed for men to play more responsible roles to ensure women’s and children’s utmost wellbeing. Indeed, the value of direct male involvement in reducing maternal mortality cannot be overestimated. As it pertains to the global goals on healthcare, the Sustainable Development Goals 3 (SDG 3) stated the global commitment to promoting healthcare by ensuring healthy lives and promoting well-being at all ages. Actualizing the numerous targets under this goal requires the efforts of both men and women. It is perceived in some quarters that there is room for improvement on the part of men’s involvement in maternal and child health. Various socio-demographic factors are responsible for this including partner’s education, type of marriage, and the number of children. Others are enabling/disenabling factors such as distance to the health care facilities, attitude of health workers, prohibitive cultural norms, unfavorable health policies, and gender roles. These issues need addressing in improving health care in general. In conclusion, there is a need for urgent interventions to scale up the contribution to ensuring sound health care. Public health interventions should focus on designing messages bearing in mind the variety of sociodemographic and enabling/disenabling factors. Samuel Julius is of the Centre for Social Justice in Abuja	<urn:uuid:30839f82-afa7-4234-abf1-e547b5c08126>	CC-MAIN-2022-33	https://dailytrust.com/gender-roles-in-reproductive-maternal-newborn-and-child-health	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573630.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819070211-20220819100211-00112.warc.gz	en	0.949491	565	2.703125	3
"A Description of East India Conteyning th' Empire of the Great Mogol", Purchas, Samuel Subject: Pakistan, Afghanistan and Northern India Period: 1625 (published) Publication: Purchas His Pilgrims Color: Hand Color 14.5 x 10.8 inches 36.8 x 27.4 cm This early, influential map covers the region from modern-day Afghanistan through northern Indian and Nepal to Myanmar (Burma); then the great Mughul Empire. It is a re-engraved version of the first modern map of northern India that was prepared by William Baffin and Sir Thomas Roe. Baffin drafted the map from information collected by Roe while he was Britain's first ambassador to India (1615-19) and it was engraved by Renold Elstracke. The map was then re-engraved by Elstracke for publication in Samuel Purchas' great five-volume book of voyages and travels, in which it was widely distributed. In this version, Elstracke corrected several errors in the original plate and rearranged the decorative elements. The map provides a great amount of information on the provinces, towns, rivers and roads. One of the most prominent features which first appears on the Baffin-Roe map is the Longe Walke, the route lined with trees between the palaces at Agra and Lahore. This important map remained the standard for most European maps of the Mughul Empire well into the eighteenth century. A faint spot near cartouche, a short repaired tear that just enters the map at top, and a few minor creases, else very good.	<urn:uuid:ac447cbf-47c8-41ee-8fc7-524197d12c44>	CC-MAIN-2019-22	https://www.oldworldauctions.com/catalog/lot/130/732	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232258621.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20190526025014-20190526051014-00279.warc.gz	en	0.93923	347	2.875	3
“In moments like this, Americans like Will remind us of what our country can be at its best, a nation of citizens who look out for one another, who meet our obligations to one another not just when it’s easy, but also when it’s hard. Maybe, especially when it’s hard.” President Barak Obama spoke these words Tuesday at a ceremony to award Army Capt. William D. Swenson the Congressional Medal of Honor. Swenson’s receipt of the honor marks the first time in half a century that two service members have earned the Medal of Honor during the same battle. Marine Sgt. Dakota Meyer was previously recognized for his heroism at the Battle of the Ganjgal Valley in Afghanistan’s Kunar province. The conflict claimed the lives of four American soldiers, 10 Afghan soldiers and an Afghan interpreter. Obama’s remarks extend far beyond the bravery of individuals awarded the nation’s highest military honors. We are best when we look out for one another and when we meet our obligations. The idea of mutual obligation and interdependence is hardly new. Philosophers often speak of this as the “social contract” — the view that our moral and/or political obligations are dependent upon an implied contract or agreement among us to form the society in which we live. The first formal explications of a social contract concept goes back to Socrates. Condemned to death, Socrates provides a convincing argument as to why he must stay in prison and accept his penalty, rather than escaping to live in exile. To do so, he personifies the Laws of Athens; and speaking in their voice, explains that he has acquired an overwhelming obligation to obey the laws because they have made his entire way of life, and even the fact of his very existence, possible. Our modern understanding of the social contract owes to the work of the 17th century philosopher, Thomas Hobbes. Hobbes argued that the social contract binds us together and protects us from the “State of Nature” in which life is largely a free-for-all of unfettered appetites and egoistic desires. Hobbes argues that society is only possible because we assent to being mutually bound and obligated. According to Hobbes, the Social Contract is the most fundamental source of all that is good and that which we depend upon to live well. Hobbes outlines a choice: either we agree to abide by the terms of the contract; or return to the chaotic State of Nature. If we step back, we can see proof of Hobbes’ argument. The more we allow ourselves to act out of greed or self-interest, the more problems we have as a nation and a community. Sir Walter Scott’s famous lines about “the wretch, centered all in self” really come home to roost. As people — like the six recent Congressional Medal of Honor recipients (from Afghanistan and Iraq) — demonstrate, we have the capacity to act beyond ourselves. We are each imbued with the potential for charity, empathy and courage. Whether we act upon that potential determines the kind of person we become and the kind of society in which we live.	<urn:uuid:0455e921-1b16-4d3a-8859-ccf1328a6772>	CC-MAIN-2015-40	http://pbcommercial.com/opinion/editorials/selflessly-honoring-social-contract	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443737833893.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001221713-00141-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.950939	660	2.78125	3
People use their mouths for many things. They eat, talk, shout and sing. They smile and they kiss. In the English language, there are many expressions using the word mouth. But some of them are not so nice. For example, if you say bad things about a person, the person might protest and say “Do not bad mouth me.” Sometimes, people say something to a friend or family member that they later regret because it hurts that person’s feelings. Or they tell the person something they were not supposed to tell. The speaker might say: “I really put my foot in my mouth this time.” If this should happen, the speaker might feel down in the mouth. In other words, he might feel sad for saying the wrong thing. Another situation is when someone falsely claims another person said something. The other person might protest: “I did not say that. Do not put words in my mouth.” Information is often spread through word of mouth. This is general communication between people, like friends talking to each other. “How did you hear about that new movie?” someone might ask. “Oh, by word of mouth.” A more official way of getting information is through a company or government mouthpiece. This is an official spokesperson. Government-run media could also be called a mouthpiece. Sometimes when one person is speaking, he says the same thing that his friend was going to say. When this happens, the friend might say: “You took the words right out of my mouth!” Sometimes a person has a bad or unpleasant experience with another person. He might say that experience “left a bad taste in my mouth.” Or the person might have had a very frightening experience, like being chased by an angry dog. He might say: “I had my heart in my mouth.” Some people have lots of money because they were born into a very rich family. There is an expression for this, too. You might say such a person, “was born with a silver spoon in his mouth.” This rich person is the opposite of a person who lives from hand to mouth. This person is very poor and only has enough money for the most important things in life, like food. Parents might sometimes withhold sweet food from a child as a form of punishment for saying bad things. For example, if a child says things she should not say to her parents, she might be described as a mouthy child. The parents might even tell the child to stop mouthing off. But enough of all this talk. I have been running my mouth long enough.	<urn:uuid:7f35e39c-1cf8-4b64-8b54-b3d3cb0796fb>	CC-MAIN-2017-34	http://miltonfranca.blogspot.com/2011/06/mouth-expressions.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886133032.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20170824043524-20170824063524-00161.warc.gz	en	0.98582	557	3.375	3
History of St. Clair County, Michigan by A.T. Andreas History of Michigan Scientists have ascribed to the Mound Builders varied origins, and though their divergence of opinion may, for a time, seem incompatible with a thorough investigation of the subject, and tend to a confusion of ideas, no doubt whatever may exist as to the comparative accuracy of conclusions arrived at by a few of the investigators. Like the vexed questions of the Pillar Towers and Garden Beds, it has caused much speculation, and elicited opinions from so many antiquarians, ethnologists, and travelers, that little remains to be known of the prehistoric peoples of America. That this continent is co-existent with the world of the ancients can not be questioned. Every investigation, made under the auspices of modern civilization confirms the fact and leaves no channel open through which the skeptic can escape the thorough refutation of his opinions. China, with its numerous living testimonials of antiquity, with its ancient, though limited, literature and its Babelish superstitions, claims a continuous history from antediluvian times; but although its continuity may be denies with every just reason, there is nothing to prevent the transmission of a hieroglyphic record of its history prior to 1656 Anno Mundi, since many traces of its early settlement survived the Deluge, and became sacred objects of the first historical epoch. This very survival of a record, such as that of which the Chinese boast, is not at variance with the designs of a God who made and ruled the universe; but that an antediluvian people inhabited this continent, will not be claimed; because it is not probable, though it may be possible, that a settlement in a land which may be considered a portion of the Asiatic continent, was effected by the immediate followers of the first progenitors of the human race. Therefore, on entering the study of the ancient people who raised these tumulus monuments over large tracts of the country, it will be just sufficient to wander back to that time when the flood-gates of heaven were swung open to hurl destruction on a wicked world; and in doing so the inquiry must be based on legendary, or rather upon many circumstantial evidences; for, so far as written narrative extends, there is nothing to show that a movement of people too far east resulted in a western settlement. THE FIRST IMMIGRATION. The first and most probable sources in which the origin of the Builders must be sought, are those countries lying along the eastern coast of Asia, which doubtless at that time stretched far beyond its present limits, and presented a continuous shore from Lapatka to Point Cambodia, holding a population comparatively civilized, and all professing some elementary form of Boodhism of later days. Those people, like the Chinese of the present, were bound to live at home, and probably observed that law until after the confusion of languages and the dispersion of the builders of Babel, in 1757, A.M.; but subsequently, within the following century, the old Mongolians, like the new, crossed the great ocean in the very paths taken by the present representatives of the race, arrived on the same shores, which now extend a very questionable hospitality to them, and entered at once upon the colonization of the country south and east, while the Caucasian race engaged in a similar movement of exploration and colonization over what may be justly termed the western extension of Asia, and both peoples growing stalwart under the change, attained a moral and physical eminence to which they never could lay claim under the tropical sun which shed its beams upon the cradle of the human race. That mysterious people who, like the Brahmins of to-day, worshipped some transitory deity, and in after years, evidently embraced the idealization of Boodhism, as preached in Mongolia early in the thirty-fifth century of the world, together with acquiring the learning of the Confucian and Pythagorean schools of the same period, spread all over the land, and in their numerous settlements erected these raths, or mounds, and sacrificial altars whereon they received their periodical visiting gods, surrendered their bodies to natural absorption or annihilation, and watched for the return of some transmigrated soul, the while adoring the universe, which with beings they believed would be eternally existent. They possessed religious orders corresponding, in external show at least, with the Essenes or Theraputae of the pre-Christian and Christian epochs, and to the reformed Theraputae or monks of the present. Every memento of their coming and their stay which has descended to us is an evidence of their civilized condition. The free copper found within the tumuli; the open veins of the Superior and Iron Mountain copper mines, with all the modus operandi of ancient mining, such as ladders, levers, chisels and hammerheads, discovered by the French explorers of the Northwest and Mississippi, are conclusive proofs that those prehistoric people were highly civilized, and that many flourishing colonies were spread throughout the Mississippi Valley, while yet the mammoth, the mastodon, and a hundred other animals, now only known by their gigantic fossil remains, guarded the eastern shore of the continent, as it were, against supposed invasions of the Tower Builders who went west from Babel; while yet the beautiful isles of the Antilles formed an integral portion of this continent, long year before the European Northmen dreamed of setting forth to the discovery of Greenland and the northern isles, and certainly at a time when all that portion of America north of 45 deg. was an ice-incumbered waste. Within the last few years great advance have been made toward the discovery of antiquities whether pertaining to remains of organic or inorganic nature. Together with many small but telling relics of the early inhabitants of the country, the fossils of prehistoric animals have been unearthed from end to end of the land, and in districts, too, long pronounced by geologists of some repute to be without even a vestige of vertebrate fossils. Among the collected souvenirs of an age about which so very little is known, are twenty-five vertebrae averaging thirteen inches in diameter, and three vertabrae, ossified together measuring nine cubical feet; a thigh-bone five feet long by twenty-eight in diameter, and the shaft fourteen by eight inches think, the entire lot weighing 600 pounds. These fossils are presumed to belong to the cretaceous period when the Dinosaur roamed over the country from east to west, desolating the villages of the people. This animal is said to be sixty feet long, and when feeding in cypress and palm forests, to extend himself eighty-five feet, so that he may devour the budding tops of those great trees. Other efforts in this direction may lead to great results, and culminate probably in the discovery of a tablet engraven by some learned Mound Builder, describing, in the ancient hieroglyphics of China, all those men and beasts whose history excites so much speculation. The identity of the Mound Builders with the Mongolians might lead us to hope for such a consummation; nor is it beyond the range of probability, particularly in this practical age, to find the future of some industrious antiquarian requite by the upheaval of a tablet written in the Tartar characters of 1700 years ago, bearing on a subject which can now be treated only on a purely circumstantial basis. THE SECOND IMMIGRATION may have begun a few centuries prior to the Christian era, and unlike the former expedition or expedtions, to have traversed northeastern Asia, to its Arctic confines, and then east to the narrow channel now known as Behring's Straits, which they crossed, and sailing up the unchanging Yukon, settled under the shadow of Mount St. Elias for many years, and pushing south commingled with their countrymen, soon acquiring the characteristics of the descendants of the first colonists. Chinese chronicles tell of such a people, who went north, and were never heard of more. Circumstances conspire to render that particular colony the carrier of a new religious faith and of an alphabetic system of representative character to the old colonists, and they, doubtless, exercised a most beneficial influence in other respects; because the influx of immigrants of such culture as were the Chinese, even of that remote period, must necessarily bear very favorable results, not only in bringing in reports of their travels, but also accounts from the fatherland bearing on the latest events. With the idea of a second and important exodus there are many theorists united, one of whom say: "It is now the generally received opinion that the first inhabitant of America passed over from Asia through these straits." The Esquimaux North America, the Samoieds of Asia, and the Laplanders of Europe, are supposed to be of the same family; and this supposition is strengthened by the affinity which exists in their languages. The researches of Humboldt have traced the Mexicans to the vicinity of Behring's Straits; whence it is conjectured, that they, as well as the Peruvians and other tribes, came originally from Asia, and were the Hurignoos, who are, in the Chinese annals, said to have emigrated under Puno, and to have been lost in the north of Siberia." Since this theory is accepted by most antiquarians, there is every reason to believe that from the discovery of what may be called an overland route to what was then considered an eastern extension of that country which in now known as the "Celestial Empire," many caravans of emigrants passed to their new homes in the land of illimitable possibilities until the way became a well-marked trail over which the Asiatic might travel forward, and having once entered the Elysian fields never entertained an idea of returning. Thus from generation to generations the tide of immigration poured in until the slopes of the Pacific and the banks of the great inland rivers became hives of busy industry. Magnificent cities and monuments were raised at the bidding of the tribal leaders, and populous settlements centered with happy villages, sprung up everywhere in manifestation of the power and wealth and knowledge of the people. The colonizing Caucasian of the historic period walked over this great country on the very ruins of a civilization which a thousand years before eclipsed all that of which he could boast. He walked through the wilderness of the West over buried treasures hidden under the accumulated growth of nature, nor rested until he saw, with great surprise, the remains of ancient pyramids and temples and cities, larger and evidently more beautiful than ancient Egypt could bring forth after its long years of uninterrupted history. The pyramids resemble those of Egypt in exterior form, and in some instances are of larger dimensions. The pyramids of Cholula is square, having each side of its base 1,335 feet in length, and its height about 172 feet. Another pyramid, situated in the north of Vera Cruz, is formed of large blocks of highly polished porphyry, and bears upon its front hieroglyphic inscriptions and curious sculpture. Each side of its square base is eighty-two feet in length, and a flight of fifty-seven steps conducts to its summit, which is sixty-five feet in height. The ruins of Palenque are said to extend twenty miles along the ridge of a mountain, and the remains of an Aztec city near the banks of the river Gila, are spread over more than a square league. Their literature consisted of hieroglyphics; but their arithmetical knowledge did not extend further than their calculations by the aid of grains of corn. Yet, notwithstanding all their varied accomplishments, and they were evidently many, their notions of religious duty led to a most demoniac zeal, at once barbarously savage and ferociously cruel. Each visiting god, instead of bringing new life to the people, brought death to thousands; and their grotesque idols, exposed to drown the senses of the beholders in fear, wrought wretchedness rather than spiritual happiness, until, as some learned and humane Montezumian said, the people never approached these idols without fear, and this fear was the great animating principle, the great religious motive power which sustained the terrible religion. Their altars were sprinkled with blood drawn from their own bodies in large quantities, and on them thousands of human victims were sacrificed in honor of the demons whom they worshipped. The head and heart of every captive taken in war were offered up as a bloody sacrifice to the god of battles, while the victorious legions feasted on the remaining portions of the death bodies. It has been ascertained that, during the ceremonies attendant on the consecration of two of their temples, the number of prisoners offered up in sacrifice was 12,210; while their own legions contributed voluntary victims to the terrible belief in large numbers. Nor did this horrible custom cease immediately after 1521, when Cortez entered the imperial city of the Montezumas; for, on being driven from it, all his troops who fell into the hands of the native soldiers were subjected to the most terrible and prolonged suffering that could be experienced in this world, and when about to yield up that spirit which is indestructible, were offered in sacrifice, their hearts and heads consecrated, and the victors allowed to feast on yet warm flesh. A reference is made here to the period when the Montezumas ruled over Mexico, simply to gain a better idea of the hideous idolatry which took the place of the old Boodhism of the Mound Builders, and doubtless helped in a great measure to give victory to the new-comers, even as the tenets of Mahommetanism urged the ignorant followers of the prophet to the conquest of great nations. It was not the faith of the people who built the mounds and the pyramids and the temples, and who, two hundred years before the Christian era, built the great wall of jealous China. No; rather was it that terrible faith born of the Tartar victory, which carried the great defences of China at the point of the javelin and hatchet, who afterwards marched to the very walls of Rome, under Alaric, and spread over the islands of Polynesia to the Pacific slopes of South America. came there, and, like the pure Mongols of Mexico and the Mississippi valley, rose to a state of civilization bordering on that attained by them. Here for centuries the sons of the fierce Tartar race continued to dwell in comparative peace, until the all-ruling empire took in the whole country from the Pacific to the Atlantic, and peopled the vast territory watered by the Amazon, with a race that was destined to conquer all the peoples of the Orient, and only to fall before the march of the arch-civilizing Caucasian. In course of time these fierce Tartars pushed their settlements northward, and ultimately entered the territories of the Mound Builders, putting to death all who fell within their reach, and causing the survivors of the death-dealing invasion to seek a refuge from the hordes of this semi-barbarous people in the wilds and fastnesses of the North and Northwest. The beautiful country of the Mound Builders was now in the hands of savage invaders, the quiet, industrious people, who raised the temples and pyramids were gone; and the wealth of intelligence and industry accumulating for ages, passed into the possession of a rapacious horde, who could admire it only so far as it offered objects for plunder. Even in this the invaders were satisfied, and then, having arrived at the height of their ambition, rested on their swords and entered upon the luxury and ease, in the enjoyment of which they were found when the vanguard of European civilization appeared upon the scene. Meantime the southern countries which these adventurers abandoned after having completed their conquests in the North, were soon peopled by hundreds of people, always moving from island to island and ultimately halting amid the ruins of villages deserted by those who, as legends tell, had passed eastward but never returned; and it would scarcely be a matter for surprise if those emigrants were found to be the progenitors of that race found by the Spaniards in 1532, and identical with the Araucanians, Cuenches and Huiltiches of to-day.	<urn:uuid:3f247c89-15db-4d68-9b64-9b0b76fd9153>	CC-MAIN-2016-44	http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~mistcla2/Andreas_ch1.htm	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988720945.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183840-00542-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.968599	3,417	2.9375	3
Looking down on the Mir. Looks like it will still be flying for years to come. Click on image for full size Image courtesy of NASA Will the ISS Ever Be Done? News story originally written on January 25, 2000 The International Space Station continues to float around in space without its service module. A private investor has decided to fund the Mir space station. The company which owns the spacecraft says it has already received almost half of the necessary funds to keep Mir aloft. The Russian government has decided to use the rockets and boosters that were originally for the ISS, for the Mir. "There is no alternative to the ISS for Russia," said Yuri Koptev, head of the Russian space agency. "I would like once again to confirm Russia's adherence to this project." The government will have a difficult time replacing the equipment because of a lack of funding. They plan to launch a ship carrying cargo and the module in late July. The U.S. is still asking Russia to give up on the 14 year old station and concentrate on the ISS. But Russian officials are determined to keep their last piece of space history in orbit as long as possible. "There is no problem whatsoever to manufacture these rockets, the essential thing is financial resources," Koptev said. The Mir has not had any guests since August, 1999. Unless funding was found, the ship was going to slowly fall through Earth's atmosphere and crash into the ocean. MirCorp, a company owned by Jeffrey Manber, is providing the funding to keep it going. Manber plans to renovate the station and possibly charge millions to allow tourists to stay there. Shop Windows to the Universe Science Store! Our online store includes fun classroom activities for you and your students. Issues of NESTA's quarterly journal, The Earth Scientist are also full of classroom activities on different topics in Earth and space science! You might also be interested in: After 13 long years orbiting the Earth, the space station Mir has finally said good-bye to its last crew. The two cosmonauts along with one French astronaut landed on Earth, leaving the Mir uninhabitated...more Will Russia ever put the service module for the International Space Station in space? NASA officials are demanding an answer from the Russian government. The necessary service module is currently waiting...more Man has always been compelled to explore and inhabit previously unknown realms. As of this month, man is again inhabiting the daunting expanse we call space. Eight years after the initial agreement to...more After two long years of frustration, the day has finally come! Russia launched the important Zvezda module for the International Space Station (ISS). This module will house the main controls of the station...more It was another exciting and frustrating year for the space science program. It seemed that every step forward led to one backwards. Either way, NASA led the way to a great century of discovery. Unfortunately,...more The Space Shuttle Discovery lifted off from Kennedy Space Center at 2:19 p.m. EST, October 29th. The sky was clear and the weather was great as Discovery took 8 1/2 minutes to reach orbit for the Unitied...more A moon was discovered orbiting the asteroid, Eugenia. This is only the second time in history that a satellite has been seen circling an asteroid. A special mirror allowed scientists to find the moon...more	<urn:uuid:e2246e32-43fa-480e-9787-14c8d7fc379e>	CC-MAIN-2017-22	http://www.windows2universe.org/headline_universe/iss_problems.html&edu=high	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463605485.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20170522171016-20170522191016-00617.warc.gz	en	0.962256	696	2.515625	3
In this video, NCAT Sustainable Agriculture Specialist Felicia Bell discusses the role of cover crops in building soil health. She introduces managed grazing and varying cover crop options, and she discusses how they relate to water infiltration into the soil. This workshop is produced by the National Center for Appropriate Technology through the ATTRA Sustainable Agriculture program, under a cooperative agreement with USDA Rural Development. ATTRA.NCAT.ORG. This material is also based upon work that is supported by the National Institute of Food and Agriculture, U.S. Department of Agriculture, under award number 2019-38640-29878 through the Southern Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education program under subaward number LS20-325. USDA is an equal opportunity employer and service provider. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the view of the U.S. Department of Agriculture.	<urn:uuid:3284139b-fe65-47e5-80e4-bdc14da09bb4>	CC-MAIN-2023-40	https://attra.ncat.org/soil-health-101-cover-crops-and-water-infiltration/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506429.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20230922234442-20230923024442-00223.warc.gz	en	0.914227	191	2.65625	3
Have you heard of sungazing? It is actually like what its name suggests – you basically gaze at the sun. No, you don’t gaze it at midday; you’ll likely damage your eyesight that way. You do the practice during sunrise or sunsets when staring directly into the sun is not yet harmful to your eyes. Before you start to wonder who started this latest sun staring fad, the practice has been around since ancient time. It was even widely practiced in ancient Egypt as is believed that diligently doing the art can even trigger the development of superhuman abilities. After all, the sun is indeed the true source of energy in our solar system, the true life-giving force to all lifeforms found on earth. To learn more about the practice, read the full article. Sungazing is an ancient art that has been practiced by many different cultures. Even the Ancient Egyptians believed there was a great power within the Sun. While Sungazing is not considered common practice in current times we could spiritually benefit from it, if we do it correctly. You have to be careful though, as the Sun can damage your eyes if you are not being careful. With the right method and enough practice looking into the sun is not as crazy as it sounds. The best times to expose ourselves to the Sun is right after/during Sunrise and just before Sunset. Sunlight carries energy and this energy can be absorbed through Sungazing. The Sun is what gives life to just about everything on this planet. Without the Sun we would not survive for long. Through Sungazing, you can relieve stress and stimulate your pineal gland. Many believe the Sun can be used to heal the body, mind, and spirit. There is only one real method to Sungazing and it is something that can be critiqued to fit the needs of any and everyone. This is the HRM method. The HMR Method goes as follows: Begin by spending a maximum of 10 seconds on the first day by looking directly at the Sun during the safe hours. When doing this, it is important that you are standing barefoot on the Earth. This helps you to remain grounded. While looking at the Sun visualize the Sun’s energies coming into your body and filling you with their light. Each day increase your time gazing for 10 seconds but if you feel any discomfort at all during this time please remember to STOP. Do this daily over an extended period of time. After you do this each day, take a walk through nature. Remain centered and grounded while you walk. Really take in the world surrounding you. This will allow you to reap the benefits of the energies you have absorbed. You will notice the benefits quickly. This is known as the HMR method because it was coined by Hira Ratan Manekwho often goes by the title HMR. He has been researching and studying the practice of Sungazing for quite some time. He believes strongly in this method and Sungazes every single day. He claims to live mostly off of Sunlight and that he merely drinks coffee or tea on rare occasions. His website SolarHealing goes over Sungazing as follows: We have a supercomputer in our bodies given to us by nature, which is our brain. HRM (Hira Ratan Manek) calls it the “brainuator”. The brain is more powerful than the most advanced supercomputer. Each and every human being is gifted with innumerable talents, and infinite inherent powers by nature. Individuals should never underestimate themselves. Everyone is gifted. If we make use of these powers we can take ourselves to great levels. Unfortunately, these infinite inherent powers are programmed in that part of the brain that is largely dormant and goes unused. Even medical science agrees we hardly make use of the brain but about 5-7% – the most brilliant of humans like Albert Einstein is reported to have used only about 32% of their brains. If we can activate the human brain and awaken these infinite powers inherent in ourselves then we can raise ourselves to higher levels. We can achieve any results we want. In order to operate the brain effectively, it needs to be activated. Being a holistic entity it needs a holistic power supply. Sun energy is the source that powers the brain, which can enter and leave the human body or the brain only through one organ that is the human eye. Eyes are the Sun Energy’s entry door to the human brain. They are also known as the windows of the soul. Recent research has found out that the eye has many functions other than vision. And more information is continuing to be revealed about the functions of the eye. The eyes are complex organs and they have 5 billion parts much more than a spacecraft that has about 6-7 million parts. By this, you can see the immense capacity of the human eye. HRM asserts that the rainbow is in the eye not in the sky. The seven colors of the sun is only the reflection of what is in the eye. We can create a rainbow anytime we want – go to the garden, just observe below a source of flowing water as the sun moves above. There you will see the rainbow. The eye can receive the entire spectrum of the sunlight. It’s like having a glass window. The eye is the perfect instrument to receive all the colors of the rainbow. Since eyes are delicate parts of the body, we have to use them in such a way that they serve our purposes without getting damaged. Present day teachings and ideas such as don’t look at the sunlight at all –you will damage your eyesight; never go out in the sun as you will get cancer, are causing needless hysteria and paranoia. The more you are away from nature, the more there is a cause for illness and you will automatically support global corporations. There are definite foolproof ways of getting the benefits of nature without exposing ourselves to its adverse effects. It is also as intuitive as when the clouds gather we become gloomy. When we see the sun, we feel energetic. via Awareness Act She lets everyone become aware of what is happening to our beloved planet Earth and its inhabitants. She can take you beyond the space and find out how neighbor planets are doing. Moreover, she would open your eyes to the things what makes the Earth suffer including the living species and allow you to decide what you can do to help save the planet and the future generation.	<urn:uuid:313928bf-e667-44cb-8bc5-b79da5f8a7cf>	CC-MAIN-2019-18	https://homeplanetearth.org/ancient-technique-inner-healing-unleash-super-human-abilities/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578727587.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20190425154024-20190425180024-00116.warc.gz	en	0.963647	1,307	2.71875	3
The Dresden Files: Portland Ghosts are usually invisible; when they do appear, ghosts are typically transparent, insubstantial, and shaped like the original person they came from, though their ability to reshape their ectoplasmic form can lead to exaggerated or unnatural features. What We Know Mortals have everything inside them to make a ghost—all they need is the right set of circumstances. Ghosts are beings that live in the spirit world; they are the impression left by a personality at the moment of death. A strong imprint—due to either the strength of the personality or the situation around the person’s death—makes a strong ghost. While they appear to be self-aware and capable of feeling emotion, they are not. Ghosts’ home turf is the Nevernever, though they often skirt the borders of the mortal world. Shades tend to linger in graveyards more than anywhere else—especially in older cities. The boundary between the mortal world and the Nevernever is thinnest on Halloween; ghosts formed at this time of spiritual turbulence are often more impressive. Strong ghosts can have their own demesne or bailiwick in the Nevernever, where they make the rules and are more powerful. While ghosts don’t usually inhabit a construct or magical body, they can manifest one if desired. If they don’t acknowledge you, you can’t affect ghosts in the mortal world. Requirements for getting acknowledged: the speaker must possess some for of magic, now the ghost’s identity, and speak its name aloud. Exceptions to the magic requirement can do exists, usually via a personal connection with the deceased. Ghosts are strongest just after the sun goes down, at the witching hour, and just before the sun comes up. Spiritual turbulence between the mortal realm and the Nevernever not only gives rise to the formation of stronger ghosts, but also tends to increase the powers of existing ones. Common ghost abilities include: - Causing enchanted sleep - Reforming their ectoplasmic shape - Manifesting visually or materially through an ectoplasmic construct - Cold spots - Sound generations - Weather control Ghosts can also possess a mortal, though this takes a tremendous amount of power. Ghosts are usually limited to a certain time, place or event, most often related to their death. Ghosts are not people or sentient spirits; they do not change or grow, they simply exist, experiencing whatever feelings they had when they died. They are not terribly observant—indeed, ghosts barely notice the mortal world except in how it relates to their purpose or existence. That being said, old spirits are often attracted to objects related to their nature—this might be possessions they owned while living, their mortal remains, or items of great personal importance. They can usually only move thing in bursts—the average ghost doesn’t seem to have much of a magical “reserve tank”. Perhaps due to this, ghosts can only cross the weakest of thresholds without being invited.	<urn:uuid:58e8f079-3f2f-4903-80cc-8dc7885a5185>	CC-MAIN-2017-04	https://dfrpg-portland-weird-squared.obsidianportal.com/wiki_pages/ghosts	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560284405.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095124-00095-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.945571	630	2.53125	3
A Guide to Amino Acids It can be said that amino acids are a special group of molecules that have a basic form. No matter whether the amino acid is found in the cell of a bacteria, human being, or a plant, it will have the same structure and may even carry out the same functions within the cell. Even though there are well over 500 amino acids, most organisms make use of 22 standard amino acids, and a handful of others that may be useful based on certain conditions. For example, specialized amino acids may be produced to function based on PH levels within a cell, variable temperatures, or the presence of oxygen. Unfortunately, more research needs to be done in order to determine how many non-standard amino acids are used, as well as their role in any given organism under any given environmental condition. Standard Amino Acid Shape Amino acids are usually composed of a handful of atoms, (Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, and Oxygen) that are arranged into specific structures. This includes a side chain, a COOH (carboxylic acid) unit, and an NH2 (amine) unit. Visually, it is easiest to imagine the COOH unit at one end of the amino acid, a chain or ring of carbons down the center, and NH2 at the other end. The side chain is usually attached to the backbone. Depending on the amino acid in question, this side chain may form a chain of atoms, or form a carbon ring with other atoms attached to it. Basic Ways Organisms Use Peptides Regardless of whether you are studying a cell with a single strand of RNA for its genetic material or hundreds of strands of DNA, you can rest assured that coding information exists for hundreds, if not millions of peptides. Therefore, it should come as no surprise that peptides represent some of the most important molecules found within any given cell. In single cell organisms they can be used to signal the start and stop of cellular division, open RNA or DNA for replication or transcription, and determine which molecules are made at any given moment. Peptides may also be used to facilitate the conversion of glucose and other forms of fuel into energy. When it comes to multi-cellular organisms, peptides become even more important. For example, the vast majority of plants and animals would not be able to survive without insulin. This particular peptide bonds to glucose in the blood or sap of an animal or plant, and then encourages transport across cellular membranes. Without this particular peptide, it would be impossible for cells to take in glucose. In a similar way, peptides can act as hormones, neurotransmitters, and signaling molecules. You may even find that peptides play roles in immune responses, and just about any other process that requires a signaling cascade within cells or specific tissues. Click here for the next article For the rest of the series and the resources used click here *Our products are for scientific research purposes only. (Click here to read our disclaimer) Click here to view the homepage of our store. Click here to view our entire PDF research library Click here to view or download this article in PDF format	<urn:uuid:2df53f1b-440c-4ed6-9896-baf133e2c41a>	CC-MAIN-2023-14	https://blog.extremepeptides.com/peptides-manufactured-part-2/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945242.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20230324020038-20230324050038-00654.warc.gz	en	0.909535	657	3.984375	4
The claim made, which I don't consider to be definitive or authoritative, but is suggestive, is that some languages pack less information into each syllable than other, and that when they do, people talk faster, resulting in similar amounts of information conveyed per minute. To investigate this puzzle, researchers from the Université de Lyon recruited 59 male and female volunteers who were native speakers of one of seven common languages — English, French, German, Italian, Japanese, Mandarin and Spanish — and one not so common one: Vietnamese. All of them were instructed to read 20 different texts, including the one about the house cat and the locked door, into a recorder. All of the volunteers read all 20 passages in their native languages. Any silences that lasted longer than 150 milliseconds were edited out, but the recordings were left otherwise untouched.The investigators next counted all of the syllables in each of the recordings and further analyzed how much meaning was packed into each of those syllables. A single-syllable word like bliss, for example, is rich with meaning — signifying not ordinary happiness but a particularly serene and rapturous kind. The single-syllable word to is less information-dense. And a single syllable like the short i sound, as in the word jubilee, has no independent meaning at all.With this raw data in hand, the investigators crunched the numbers together to arrive at two critical values for each language: the average information density for each of its syllables and the average number of syllables spoken per second in ordinary speech. Vietnamese was used as a reference language for the other seven, with its syllables (which are considered by linguists to be very information-dense) given an arbitrary value of 1.For all of the other languages, the researchers discovered, the more data-dense the average syllable was, the fewer of those syllables had to be spoken per second — and thus the slower the speech. English, with a high information density of .91, was spoken at an average rate of 6.19 syllables per second. Mandarin, which topped the density list at .94, was the spoken slowpoke at 5.18 syllables per second. Spanish, with a low-density .63, ripped along at a syllable-per-second velocity of 7.82. The true speed demon of the group, however, was Japanese, which edged past Spanish at 7.84, thanks to its low density of .49. Despite those differences, at the end of, say, a minute of speech, all of the languages would have conveyed more or less identical amounts of information.“A tradeoff is operating between a syllable-based average information density and the rate of transmission of syllables,” the researchers wrote. “A dense language will make use of fewer speech chunks than a sparser language for a given amount of semantic information.” In other words, your ears aren’t deceiving you: Spaniards really do sprint and Chinese really do stroll, but they will tell you the same story in the same span of time. Language Log has a recent post on a similar theme recently, looking at large written corpuses of U.N. translations, which have more methodological and technical issues, but conclude that information density relative to syllables or word units have a bell curve distribution but do vary somewhat from language to language.	<urn:uuid:dff7575d-0639-4729-9328-3e72e3db0470>	CC-MAIN-2022-33	https://dispatchesfromturtleisland.blogspot.com/2022/06/information-per-minute-v-syllables-per.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572043.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814143522-20220814173522-00736.warc.gz	en	0.95671	701	2.984375	3
CardioPulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) is an effective procedure that helps blood flow through vital organs, even after you suffer a heart attack. This procedure allows the brain functions to remain fully intact. An automated external defibrillator (AED) is a device that can be used to help you if you experience sudden cardiac arrest. If an individual is non-responsive, unconscious, and not exhibiting normal breathing, then the following actions must be taken: - Call 911 immediately; - Summon the automated external defibrillator (AED) to be brought to the victim immediately; - Initiate CPR immediately; - Continue CPR until the paramedics arrive; and - Once the AED arrives, apply the AED. If you suffer cardiac arrest and CPR or an AED is performed in a timely fashion, your chances of having a full recovery increase significantly. It is important that businesses and public entities which have AED equipment on-site have the training and a plan in place to ensure that staff knows where the equipment is and how to use it because every second counts during a cardiac arrest event. Every Second Counts Arrhythmia prevents the heart from adequately pumping blood. As a result, the brain is put at risk along with other organs of the body. The brain is the most sensitive of all to the deprivation of oxygen. Chest compressions at 100-120 per minute serve to keep an artificial heartbeat going until the heart can be returned to a normal sinus rhythm with an electric shock. The compressions rhythmically squeeze the heart thereby keeping blood flowing through the aorta to protect the brain until the shock can be administered and the heart returned to normal. If you lose consciousness and stop breathing normally, it is critical that someone performs CPR on you right away. For every second without CPR, your chances of survival decrease. However, if you receive CPR immediately after suffering cardiac arrest, you have a much better chance of survival. We Can Help If you are the injured victim of another’s negligence, you may be owed compensation for your losses. Our team has handled cases involving the negligent failure to properly administer emergency response, including, but not limited to, failing or delaying a call to 911, failing or delaying CPR, and/or failing to use or delaying the use of an AED device. Don’t hesitate to reach out to our skilled team right away to learn more about how we can help with your case. We have helped many other people in similar situations and we will do everything we can to help you too.	<urn:uuid:e8333fc0-420a-4216-8885-43c1a53a1b42>	CC-MAIN-2024-10	https://divinechildren.org/hello-world	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474784.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20240229035411-20240229065411-00712.warc.gz	en	0.934819	532	2.765625	3
An incredible new nanotechnology could one day allow us to see in the dark. It works on mice, and nothing says that it would not be as effective on other mammals. The only drawback – how are you with the needles to the eyeball? Research conducted by the China University of Science and Technology has produced particles that adhere to light-detecting cells in the retina and help them respond to near-infrared (NIR) wavelengths. . The back of our eye, where the retina is located, acts as an inverted television screen. While the full spectrum of light falls on its cells, certain wavelengths trigger chemical reactions that we perceive either in color or in intensity. The rod-shaped cells tell our brain how bright it is. They react strongly to light waves with a size of about 500 nanometers, but struggle to react beyond 640 nanometers, well in the red part of the spectrum. We also have three types of conical photoreceptor cells cone-shaped, each sensitive to its own parts of the spectrum. Together, they provide our brain with the detail needed to distinguish colors. But these cones also do not detect light greater than 700 nanometers, which means that anything above the red part of the spectrum is totally invisible to us. It's a shame. For us, darkness is often washed in low-energy, low-wavelength portions of the spectrum. A number of animals, such as snakes and frogs, have come up with methods to exploit these wavelengths to track their prey or better see the night. Unfortunately, mammals have never managed to evolve what it takes to even see the edge of this infrared spectrum. We humans are relatively lucky. The mice only have rods and two types of conical cells, all of which end at slightly shorter wavelengths than ours. There are chemistry quirks that can help us glimpse a flash of NIR light, but in general, an infrared landscape is strictly forbidden to us, human beings. Large night vision goggles can capture this radiation and amplify it at visible wavelengths, but wearing this technology is bulky and can not be used in daylight. The nanoparticles developed by the researchers of this latest innovation behave like miniature night vision devices. Only these rely directly on light-sensitive cells. Called photoreceptor-binding up-converting nanoparticles, they are a protein designed to adhere to rod and cone photoreceptors and transform long wavelengths into shorter ones. The result is a nanoscale device that acts as a tiny antenna, absorbing invisible NIR radiation and transforming it into a color more likely to trigger stems and cones in action, painting the world in shades of green. . Injected to mice, the whole process seems to work brilliantly. Nanoantennae have been shown to not only stick to photoreceptors, but a weakly brilliant LED at 980 nanometers induces retinal responses that affect the visual cortex of the brain. In a more practical experiment, the treated mice were able to differentiate simple shapes such as triangles and circles illuminated by the LED under various conditions. Better still, they were still able to see very well under normal daylight conditions. The change of vision did not have any terrible side effects either. The only problem the team found was cloudiness in the eyes of the mice. The visual system of the mouse is sufficiently similar to that of humans so that we can expect that a version of this method will work for us as well. In fact, there is even some kind of strange precedent. A few years ago, biohackers developed a similar process using a light-sensitive substance called Chlorine e6 to make the retina generally more sensitive to light. Applied as eye drops, subjects may see longer distances in low light conditions. The question of whether this promises true technology or whether it is simply an overexcited experience is debatable. Eye drops would certainly be better than an injection into the eyeball, but this new nanotechnology relies on much more rigorous scientific basis. It is not difficult to find interesting uses for such technology. Military applications aside, who would not want to see better at night? Astronomers, for one. "We can have the ability to visualize all the hidden information of the NIR and IR rays in the Universe, which are invisible to our bare eyes," says biochemist Gang Han of the University of Medicine's Faculty of Medicine. Massachusetts. But there are also serious benefits for research in the form of experimental tools to study visual processes at new levels. "Through this research, we have broadened the applications of our nanoparticle technology, both in the lab and in translation," Han said. "These nanoantennae will allow scientists to explore a number of fascinating questions, ranging from how the brain interprets visual cues to the treatment of color blindness." This research was published in Cell.	<urn:uuid:f5859a59-4044-4721-9a26-dd9d02c71270>	CC-MAIN-2021-43	https://naaju.com/scientists-have-taken-a-big-step-forward-to-inject-eyes-with-night-vision/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323588526.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20211028193601-20211028223601-00536.warc.gz	en	0.949221	993	3.9375	4
\|I know this has nothing to do with fishing, but some fishermen actually have to resort to eating something other than fish...once in a while...and this article contains good information that may keep one of our readers on the water rather than in the bathroom.\| ”While the current salmonella outbreak may have people concerned about eating chicken, experts point out that raw meat products always carry risk. "There's pathogens on raw chicken regardless of where it comes from," he added. For Example: “Although some people have been taught to wash raw chicken, this practice really promotes cross-contamination, Chapman said. Washing poultry can spread juices around, and sometimes spread bacteria up to three feet away, according to the University of Wisconsin–Madison.” Read the full article at this link: News.Yahoo.com	<urn:uuid:ee158901-2ab9-46c3-b660-47828597bdf6>	CC-MAIN-2018-34	http://www.connecticutsaltwaterfishing.com/2013/10/salmonella-outbreak-5-tips-for-cooking.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221209755.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20180815004637-20180815024637-00206.warc.gz	en	0.959511	173	2.5625	3
Wait for Indian election is over. Election dates has been declared for the Lok Sabha election. By this election, people will choose Indian government. The party that will win in this election,will form government in the centre. Yhe election will take place from 11 April to 19th May 2019. There are 28 states in India. In each election whether it is India or state one, lot of Government is spent. Soldiers given the responsibility to give protection to polling booth.It require a large number of Indian soldier to gaurd any polling booth. India is very vast so after independence government has made Election Commission that takes care of India and state election. Each year new voter added in a voter list. This year will be special as more than 1.5 crore people will be added in voter list and they will first time give their vote.	<urn:uuid:9cd7d3de-b3df-46f0-af5a-28390b0fbd09>	CC-MAIN-2019-26	https://steemit.com/news/@gaurang/this-time-indian-elections-are-special	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627999838.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20190625132645-20190625154645-00349.warc.gz	en	0.964853	172	2.515625	3
COMPLETE GUIDE TO GOAL SETTING Converting an idea or a dream into a reality… What steps do you take in order to create actionable goals? How do you know if a goal is structured properly? Structuring a goal in a SMART way is a great start to know if you have a goal that has potential to evolve into a reality. SMART is an acronym for the following: S-Specific: Specific means that your goal is not just an idea, but it has a specific purpose. For example, you are not just saying, “I want to go to the gym more often”, you are being specific with your goal when you structure your goal in a specific way saying, “I will be going to the gym 4 days a week in order to have more energy and feel better.” You can get even more specific, but the basic purpose of being specific is changing the perspective from an idea and translating it into a statement where you bring in detailed concepts. M – Measurable: Measurable means that the goal has specific ways to measure its success. This is done by using numbers, dates or anything else that you can count. Basically, you want to use measurables that are part of your goal. For example, “I will be going to the gym 4 days a week, eat at least 1 salad a day in order to lose 10 pounds in 2 months.” This example tells you exactly the end result and allows you to measure if you are keeping up with your goal or if you are not… You can also structure your goal with people. For example, making 10 calls per day, speaking with 5 clients per day, etc. A-Actionable/Attainable: Actionable or attainable means that you are taking actions in order to reach your goal and attainable means that the goal is within your reach. Very similar concepts because both words focus on the movement of how to get things done. In order to be successful, you want to translate your dream into the action steps that you can take and start implementing so that the goal becomes a reality. This step is the beginning of the action plan that you will put in place. An example of an actionable goal is “I will go see my physical trainer in order to create a fitness plan. Then, I will build a calendar of events in order to stay on track on my weight loss. I will also schedule an appointment with a nutritionist”. If you notice, this part is taking into account resources and tools that you need in order to translate into actions – physical trainer, nutritionist, gym, etc. R-Relevant – Relevant is about how to make your life better by focusing on this goal. For example, how does this goal translate to your life and the primary reason why you are focusing on this goal in particular… An example is “Losing weight will allow me to have a better life and be more active participating in activities with my family. As a result, I will have more energy to do more things and improve my overall wellbeing”. The ultimate purpose, the ultimate reason why you want to reach your goal. T-Timely – When it comes to goal setting, establishing timed parameters is very important as it is the benchmark of when you will complete the desired goal. An example of using time based goals is breaking down the goal into a realistic timeline. “I will lose 1.5 pounds every week for the next 5 weeks in order to stay on track on my weight loss.” This timeline tells you where you should be after week 1. It also gives you a realistic viewpoint into where you should be after the first week and keeps you accountable. The SMART Goals approach is a great way to get started on setting goals so that you can learn the steps to how to make your life better. This process is a starting point and puts you in the right mindset to work on your self-development.	<urn:uuid:51acc95b-36d9-4448-88db-fd827b08a3d6>	CC-MAIN-2020-34	https://www.knownsuccess.com/setting-goals/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439738653.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20200810072511-20200810102511-00545.warc.gz	en	0.958351	820	2.640625	3
Li metal batteries (LMBs) are one of the most promising high-energy-density batteries. However, solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) and Li dendrite substantially form in LMBs. Due to low ionic conductivity, inhomogeneity, and poor mechanical and electrochemical stability of native SEI, dendritic Li nucleates and grows, which in turn induces the fracture of SEI and promotes the formation of new SEI, causing the loss of active materials and safety issues for LMBs. Understanding the SEI–dendrite interactions could play a critical role in developing LMBs. For instance, modified SEI has been demonstrated to suppress dendrite growth and improve battery performance. In this short review, we discuss the underlying mechanisms of SEI–dendrite interactions and strategies for improving battery cycling performance. Lithium (Li)-based batteries are widely used as energy storage devices with the merits of light weight and high energy density [1,2]. Among all kinds of Li batteries, Li metal batteries (LMBs) have been recognized as one of the most promising storage systems for the applications in energy, transportation, and industry. Li metal anode, possessing ultrahigh theoretical specific capacity (3860 mAh g−1) and extremely low electrochemical redox potential (−3.04 V versus standard hydrogen electrode), is considered as “Holy Grail” of negative electrodes [3–5]. Therefore, LMBs have attracted increasing attention, showing great potential in the next-generation rechargeable batteries. However, LMBs have safety issues because of dendritic Li, and its formation process includes Li nucleation and growth. In the beginning, Li ions transfer to the anode surface and thus obtain electrons, forming the initial nuclei. Then, the subsequent Li ions preferentially deposit on the initial nuclei due to higher electric field strength induced by the protuberance site of initial nuclei. As the amount of deposited Li increases, dendritic or mossy Li is gradually formed on the surface of Li metal electrode, which is defined as “Li dendrite” [6–8]. The existence of Li dendrite not only exposes fresh Li to electrolytes, resulting in persistent reactions between Li and electrolytes and irreversible capacity depletion, but also increases the cell impedance and leads to low Coulombic efficiency (CE) . In addition, the microstructural dendrite can easily transform into “dead Li” as a result of losing the electric connection with the Li metal anode. The formation of dead Li also causes severe capacity loss and thus influences the cycling performance of the battery during charge/discharge process . Furthermore, Li dendrites could uncontrollably puncture the separator inside the battery, leading to short circuits and even catastrophic battery failure involving fatal safety issues . Therefore, the safety issues produced by Li dendrite are critical factors in determining whether the LMBs have stable cycling performance. Among the roots affecting the formation of Li dendrite, solid electrolyte interphase (SEI), induced from chemical and electrochemical reactions between Li metal and electrolytes, plays a crucial role in influencing Li deposition behaviors. Natively formed SEI tends to exhibit extremely inhomogeneous properties in its structure and components, which brings about nonuniform Li nucleation on the anode surface, consequently resulting in uneven Li deposition . The formation of Li dendrite is inevitable, and SEI is prone to crack under the stress created by dendrite. Furthermore, Li dendrite beneath the SEI reacts with electrolytes instantly, and new SEI is thus generated . Native SEI is mechanically fragile and could not endure the large volume change of Li metal anode, resulting in cracks of SEI. Therefore, native SEI is unable to suppress the growth of Li dendrite due to its poor mechanical properties, and the repeated SEI fracture and regeneration cause unstable SEI and consumptions of active materials, which degrades the cycling performance in LMBs. In general, natively formed SEI film is heterogeneous. When Li ions transport through the native SEI, nonuniform Li nucleation and deposition occur on the anode surface, which promotes the formation of Li dendrite. Moreover, the mechanical strength of native SEI is not enough to inhibit the Li dendrite growth. Therefore, Li dendrite can break the SEI film and expose itself to the electrolyte, causing many disadvantages that are unfavorable to the LMBs. In order to suppress the growth of Li dendrite, many efforts have been made to modify the SEI film, and great success has been achieved in this field. In this review, we aim to discuss mechanistic insights into SEI–dendrite interactions and strategies related to dendrite suppression by regulating SEI for safe and stable performance of LMBs (Fig. 1). 2 Interactions Between Solid Electrolyte Interphase and Lithium Dendrite Growth An ideal SEI film should have high ionic conductivity, enough thickness, preferable uniformity, excellent mechanical strength, and good chemical stability. However, the spontaneously formed SEI layer has the inhomogeneity of structure and chemical composition. The SEI inhomogeneity significantly affects its intrinsic properties, such as ionic conductivity, mechanical properties, and electrochemical stability, which are the key factors influencing the growth of Li dendrite. In this section, we explore the underlying mechanisms of Li dendrite growth caused by the SEI film. 2.1 Ionic Conductivity. For charging, Li ions experience three steps to reach the Li anode surface and be reduced. First, the solvated Li ion sheds its solvent molecules and approaches the Schottky vacancy located on the upper surface of the SEI. Then, the Li ion diffuses through the solid SEI film. Finally, it reaches the anode surface and is immediately reduced after obtaining an electron from the current collector . Peled et al. found that the resistance to diffusion of Li ions via SEI grain boundaries (GB) is lower at room temperature. Newman et al. established a model to simulate the SEI growth and Li ion transport through the SEI layer at specific diffusion pathways, and they discovered that diffusion through grain boundaries is a vital diffusion form for Li ions. Borodin et al. developed a force field model by molecular dynamics (MD) method to simulate the dynamics of Li ions within the SEI film, which was modeled without vacancy or interstitial. Based on the density functional theory (DFT) calculations, Ramasubramanian et al. explored Li ion diffusion through the grain boundary of polycrystalline SEI containing three major inorganic components: Li2O, LiF, and Li2CO3, as shown in Fig. 2(a). They found that grain boundary possesses numerous open channels and Li ion diffusion in the channels of grain boundary is universally faster than in the neighboring crystalline regions within the grain interiors. In particular, they analyzed several different GB structures and revealed that the LiF/LiF, Li2O/Li2O, and LiF/Li2O GBs are the most stable configurations in all structures. In addition to grain boundary diffusion, Shi et al. built a double-layer SEI model consisting of porous (outer) organic and dense (inner) inorganic layers, based on which they proposed a new ion diffusion mechanism: pore diffusion in the outer layer and interstitial knock-off diffusion in the inner layer (Fig. 2(b)). Besides, Single et al. also concluded that there are many pathways for Li ions to migrate through the SEI layer, including porous diffusion, grain boundaries, interstitials, and vacancies. The transport mechanism of Li ions through SEI could be considered as a combination of migration and diffusion. Native SEI contains various components, and each component has its specific transport mechanism. For porous organics, Li ions tend to diffuse through loose spaces between the compositions. In contrast, Li ions migrate through vacancies or interstitials for the transport of Li ions in dense inorgaincs. For instance, previous studies show that Li ions prefer to migrate through vacancies rather than interstitial knock-off in LiF . And the direct exchange of adjacent Li ions is the mechanism of migration in Li2O . Table 1 summarizes the ionic conductivities and energy barriers of several common components of SEI. The ionic conductivity of LiF is approximately 10−31 S cm−1 at 25 °C, while the energy barrier is as high as 0.729 eV [24,25], which is adverse to the conduction of Li ions. LEDC and LMC, typical Alkyl Carbonates salts, have ionic conductivities less than 1 × 10−9 S cm−1 at room temperature [26,27]. In comparison, LEMC has ionic conductivity of 6.4 × 10−6 S cm−1 at 25 °C . The ionic conductivity of Li2O on pure artificial SEI is about 10−9 S cm−1 at room temperature, three magnitudes higher than that of sintered Li2O pellet (10−12 S cm−1) [29,30]. It is found that the ionic conductivity of amorphous Li2O can be three magnitudes higher than that of the crystalline Li2O , which demonstrates that the ionic conductivity is structurally dependent. The energy barrier of Li2O in artificial SEI is 0.58 eV. At room temperature, the ionic conductivity of Li2CO3 is in the range of 10−11 to 10−8 S cm−1 . Simultaneously, the energy barrier of Li2CO3 varies from 0.227 to 0.491 eV . Overall, the main components of native SEI have large energy barriers, resulting in low ionic conductivities. \|Components\|\|Ionic conductivity (S cm−1)\|\|Energy barrier（eV）\|\|Ref.\| \|Li alkyl carbonates\|\|<10−9\|\|0.76\|\|[26–28]\| Although the ionic conductivity of SEI can be obtained, it is not sufficient to understand the mechanism that SEI influences the behaviors of Li electrodeposition. Vu et al. performed phase field simulations of Li electrodeposition. First, the ionic conductivity of the native SEI was computed using DFT calculations: 5 × 10−7 S cm−1, which indicates that the ionic conductivity of SEI is low. They modeled Li metal anode covered by the SEI film with low ionic conductivity (Fig. 3(a)). Notably, since the surface of pristine lithium metal is uneven at the nanoscale, a tiny tip was simulated on the Li metal surface. In fact, the tip can be considered as the nuclei of Li metal, and subsequent Li ions preferentially deposit on the surface of the nuclei. In their study, the ionic conductivity of native SEI was set in the range of 5 × 10−7 to 5 × 10−5 S cm−1 under certain current densities, and the thickness of native SEI was set in the range of 100–500 nm. Based on the model, Li deposition morphology could be captured. Meanwhile, Vu et al. also gave a reference standard for dendrite growth: growth-rate ratio Δdtip/Δdvalley (Fig. 3(b)). If Δdtip/Δdvalley > 1, it represents dendrite formation; if Δdtip/Δdvalley < 1, it represents uniform deposition. Figure 3(c) depicts that Li tends to deposit at the tip when the growth-rate ratio is greater than 1, resulting in dendrite formation. The main reason for this phenomenon is the low ionic conductivity of SEI film, which leads to the uneven distribution of the internal electric field and concentration field, causing a huge difference in the number of deposited Li atoms between the tip and the valley. Figure 3(d) shows the distribution of potential. The low ionic conductivity of SEI film leads to a large potential gradient in the thickness direction, and the higher potential at the tip makes it easier to attract Li ions compared to the valley. As a result, Li is preferentially deposited at the tip. Vu et al. also provided a relationship of growth-rate ratio Δdtip/Δdvalley with SEI thickness and conductivity. The value of the growth-rate ratio reaches up to 8.8 for the SEI with an ionic conductivity of 5 × 10−7 S cm−1 and a thickness of 500 nm. As the thickness of SEI is reduced, the growth-rate ratio gradually decreases to 7.0 (dSEI = 400 nm) and 4.0 (dSEI = 200 nm), respectively. Therefore, the low ionic conductivity of SEI layer is more likely to cause the growth of dendrite. In addition, Vu et al. gave the criteria for the ionic conductivity of SEI film that would achieve uniform deposition: a high ionic conductivity greater than 5 × 10−5 S cm−1. For example, Fig. 3(f) shows that the high ionic conductivity of SEI (8 × 10−4 S cm−1) contributes to fully flat Li deposition morphology, distinct from the dendrite morphology induced by the low ionic conductivity of SEI layer. Hence, it can be concluded that high ionic conductivity facilitates uniform flat deposition, while low ionic conductivity promotes Li dendrite growth. Yoon et al. also conducted phase field simulations for the effect of ionic conductivity of 200 nm-thick SEI on the Li deposition morphology. They initially set an ionic conductivity 100 times lower than the electrolyte. Then, they observed an obvious concentration gradient inside the SEI film and Li deposition morphology with sharp tips, as shown in Fig. 4(a). Due to the low ionic conductivity of native SEI, the diffusion rate of Li ions through the SEI membrane is low, resulting in an insufficient supply of ions on the surface of the Li electrode and a significant concentration gradient within the SEI layer. Under such a concentration gradient, tips are formed on the surface of Li metal seed. Any small tip of Li metal results in a high local current density and then attracts more Li ions preferentially deposited on it, which initiates dendrite growth. If the ionic conductivity is increased to 10 times lower than that of the electrolyte, the concentration gradient in the SEI layer is substantially reduced and the surface of Li seed becomes smoother and flatter compared with the previous case (Fig. 4(b)). It further illustrates the importance of the SEI layer with high ionic conductivity for uniform deposition and dendrite-free morphology. 2.2.1 Structure Inhomogeneity. The thickness of SEI film is in the range of several nanometers to several hundred nanometers , depending on the operating conditions of the battery. In general, SEI is inhomogeneous in thickness, as shown in Fig. 5 . The total transport time of Li ions through SEI is less in the thin part than in the thick part, and thus, Li preferentially nucleates to form dendrite where the SEI is thin, resulting in uneven nucleation and deposition. Furthermore, the extremely thin part of SEI efficiently conducts electrons, although inorganic components of SEI are insulating, causing Li ions to be reduced to metallic Li before reaching the Li electrode, which accelerates the growth of dendrite. The thinner the SEI film is, the easier it is to conduct electrons. In short, the thickness of SEI layer is generally inhomogeneous, which leads to the rapid transfer and easy acquisition of electrons of Li ions at the thinner sites of SEI, forming dendritic or mossy lithium. It is worth noting that the thinner parts of SEI are easy to fracture under the stress of dendrite if the SEI does not have excellent mechanical strength. Therefore, in terms of the SEI thickness, a uniform and appropriate thickness can facilitate the transport of Li ions through the SEI and inhibit the contact of ions and electrons. This enables an electrochemically stable interface . In order to explore how the inhomogeneous thickness of SEI film affects its interior stress concentration, Shen et al. performed corresponding phase field simulations under different SEI thicknesses. They gave a dimensionless parameter to describe the inhomogeneity of the SEI structure: “defect depth ratio pd,” which was defined as the ratio of the depth of defect and overall thickness of SEI (hd/hSEI). The larger its value is, the more obvious the defect will be. They built the SEI model under three defect depth ratios pd (0.9, 0.5, 0.1) and simulated the influence on the SEI itself caused by defects or inhomogeneity of SEI thickness (Fig. 6). It can be seen from the simulation results that the Li metal protrusion presses the SEI during the cycle, resulting in the local stress and SEI deformation, and the maximum stress appears in the center of the SEI defect. The stress increases gradually over time, eventually reaching the yield strength. Most importantly, as the defect depth ratio increases, the phenomenon of stress concentration of the SEI is more prominent, and the failure is faster. That is, the thinner the SEI, the more fragile it is, because the thin site in the SEI is prone to stress concentration, where its mechanical properties are usually weak. Thus, dendrite can easily penetrate the thin part of SEI layer and grow vertically. Liu et al. developed a computationally concurrent coupled model to simulate the interactions between Li dendrite and the SEI film . In their model, the thickness in the central area of SEI is much thinner than other regions, and Li protrusion subsequently forms in the central region due to the fast deposition rate, indicating that SEI inhomogeneity could lead to the formation of Li dendrite. Moreover, they also explored the influence of dendrite on the SEI thickness. The thickness of SEI decreases rapidly at the dendritic tip due to its large curvature. The large SEI thickness not only makes Li dendrite easier to break from the substrate surface but also largely decreases Li electrodeposition kinetics. As the difference in the inhomogeneous distribution of SEI thickness between the dendritic tip and flat region becomes larger, more Li ions prefer to deposit at the tip, making SEI undergo repeated fracture and regeneration. To improve the stability of SEI, a uniform structure is indispensable. 2.2.2 Components Inhomogeneity. SEI, as a protective film on the surface of Li metal anode, has been the focus of attention, and its chemical compositions are complex and irregular. As early as 1970, Dey discovered that the electrolyte inside the battery reacted with Li to form a thin film . Later, Peled named this thin film as the solid electrolyte interphase in 1979 . Subsequently, Peled discovered that the chemical composition of SEI is mainly composed of Li-containing compounds and polymers, including LiF, Li2O, etc. . Therefore, he constructed a mosaic model to describe the microstructure and composition of SEI (Fig. 7(a)). The mosaic model perfectly reflects the inhomogeneity of SEI in chemical composition and lays a good foundation for future research on SEI. Furthermore, Aurbach et al. found that the SEI was a mixture of dense inorganics inside and porous organics outside, and they proposed a bilayer model showing that the SEI is composed of a wide variety of organic and inorganic species (Fig. 7(b)). Therefore, the complex variability of the native SEI confirms the inhomogeneity in terms of chemical composition. The SEI contains a variety of insoluble substances, which have different properties. For example, organic components in SEI, such as ROLi and ROCOLi, exhibit excellent electrochemical stability. Compared to inorganic components, organics have lower energy barriers and thus are more favorable for ion diffusion . Among the inorganics, Li2CO3 promotes the formation of Li dendrite, while LiF contributes to uniform Li deposition. It is more difficult for LiF to conduct electrons compared to Li2CO3, which helps suppress the growth of dendrites . Therefore, the chemical inhomogeneity will cause nonuniform ion conduction characteristics within the SEI layer, which leads to uneven nucleation and dendrite growth on Li metal anode. To confirm the effect of inhomogeneity on Li deposition, Ozhabes et al. calculated the surface energies and diffusion barriers of common components of the SEI and analyzed the surface diffusion properties of the components. It is worth mentioning that surface diffusion is one of the most important processes of electrodeposition. Moreover, surface energy and diffusion barrier are two important parameters to determine surface properties. Components with high surface energy possess a sufficiently large resistance to suppress dendrite growth. Ion diffusion rate depends on the diffusion barrier. The larger the diffusion rate, the easier it results in uniform deposition. Components with a low diffusion barrier are less likely to form dendrite. In Fig. 8, Li halides tend to have low diffusion barriers and high surface energies, which favor the formation of dendrite-free morphology. In contrast, Li2CO3 has a higher diffusion barrier and smaller surface energy, both of which are detrimental to uniform Li deposition. Even Li2O seems to be undesirable due to its high diffusion barrier. In general, due to the inhomogeneous composition of native SEI, each component has its unique surface energy and diffusion barrier. Thus, Li diffusion rate on the surface of different components is disparate. This results in nonuniform deposition and subsequent dendrite growth. In addition to surface diffusion, Li diffusion through the interior of the SEI is also an important process for electrodeposition. In this regard, Hao et al. simulated the effect of inhomogeneity within the SEI on Li electrodeposition. They set the diffusion coefficient in the central region of the SEI as Dc, different from that of D in the other parts, which was achieved by changing the diffusion barrier within the SEI film. Therefore, Dc/D represents the inhomogeneity of the SEI. For the three cases of Dc/D = 1, Dc/D = 3.2, Dc/D = 0.3, they observed different Li deposition morphologies. In Fig. 9(a), uniform deposition can be achieved if the diffusion coefficient of the central region is the same as that of the other regions, which means that uniform SEI results in the dendrite-free morphology. The larger diffusivity Dc in the central region, however, results in faster Li deposition and dendrite growth in the central region (Fig. 9(b)). Moreover, the Li concentration in the central region also has a clear increasing trend attributed to the larger diffusivity Dc (Fig. 9(d)). The trend becomes more obvious as the diffusivity Dc increases. In contrast, a lower diffusivity Dc in the central region causes a slower deposition rate and decreasing concentration gradient (Figs. 9(c) and 9(e)). It can also induce inhomogeneous deposition morphology. Actually, the inhomogeneity of SEI composition is much more complicated than that in the above simulations. SEI is composed of multiple components, and different components have different diffusion barriers or diffusion coefficients mentioned in Table 1, thus further confirming the complexity of its structure. In short, because of the SEI inhomogeneity, the sites where D is large are more favored to occur Li dendrite growth than that where D is small. Hence nonuniform Li-ion transport exists in the SEI and dendrites are prone to grow in the places with higher D. To sum up, the inhomogeneous compositions of SEI not only lead to uneven Li nucleation but also cause Li dendrite growth during Li plating. 2.3 Mechanical Properties. The mechanical properties of SEI are critical to maintaining LMBs' performance. The SEI with excellent mechanical properties can not only prevent the further reactions of Li metal with electrolytes but also suppress the growth of dendrite. Wang et al. proposed that the growth of Li dendrite originated from the compressive stress generated by the bottom of the anode. Figure 10 shows that compressive stress leads to the vertical growth of dendrite during charging. Moreover, the inhomogeneous SEI leads to stress concentration under the Li nuclei, resulting in the rapid growth of dendrite. In order to explore the effect of vertically grown dendrite on SEI film, Hao et al. simulated the stress distribution induced by dendrite growth using the finite element method. In the simulation, they set the Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio of SEI layer to 10 GPa and 0.3, respectively, both of which are important parameters to characterize the mechanical properties of SEI. The simulation results are shown in Fig. 11. Li dendrite grows in the x-axis direction, which compresses the SEI in the central region to a large extent, generating large compressive stresses within the SEI. Meanwhile, the two sides near the central area need to bear larger tensile stresses to balance the stress in the SEI. Large compressive stress is the main root leading to SEI fracture. In addition to the stress distribution in the x-axis direction, the stresses generated in the y-axis direction of the central region undergo a significant transition: from compressive stresses to tensile stresses. Therefore, Li dendrite growth can produce large stresses regardless of the x-direction or the y-direction, which could break the original SEI layer, thereby forming fast Li-ion transport channels and promoting Li dendrite growth. In addition, Hao et al. also analyzed the effect of SEI inhomogeneity on the shear stress generated by dendrite through the mechano-chemical coupling. They introduced an electrochemical Biot number, and quantified the inhomogeneity of SEI as γ=Dc/D, the ratio of ion diffusivity in the central SEI region to that of adjacent regions. In Fig. 12, the inhomogeneity of SEI is the main reason for the increase in its internal shear stress. The value of maximum shear stress is also related to the electrochemical Biot number for a specific SEI inhomogeneity. Therefore, the combined effect of electrochemistry and SEI inhomogeneity leads to larger shear stresses accompanied by Li dendrite growth. According to the above simulation results, stress generation induced by dendrite growth is the primary mechanism of SEI failure. Nevertheless, the phenomenon of SEI failure caused by dendrite can be avoided if the SEI has excellent mechanical stability. Yu et al. found that excellent mechanical stability included “strong” and “soft.” “Strong” means high shear modulus, which can suppress the growth of Li dendrite and reduce potential safety issues. “Soft” means high elastic modulus, which can ensure uniform and flat Li deposition. The native SEI layer is composed of various components with different mechanical moduli. For example, among the inorganic components of SEI, Li2CO3 has higher Young’s modulus than LiF, which suggests that Li2CO3 has better mechanical stability . Furthermore, Table 2 summarizes the Young’s modulus of several common components of SEI. It can be seen that the Young’s modulus of inorganic components is several orders of magnitude larger than that of the organic components, implying that the dense inorganic components have higher mechanical strength. Although the modulus of inorganic components of SEI is large enough to suppress the growth of dendrite, the overall mechanical strength of SEI is too weak to withstand the huge volume change of Li metal due to the inhomogeneity of SEI. When the stress generated by Li dendrite is greater than the one that the native SEI can endure, the SEI fails and breaks, resulting in irreversible consumption of fresh Li exposed to the electrolytes. Therefore, in addition to ensuring the uniformity of SEI, improving mechanical properties is also a key aspect to suppress dendrite. Theoretical studies show that robust SEI with a modulus larger than 1 GPa can effectively suppress the growth of dendrite [50,51]. In practice, native SEI tends to possess a low effective modulus. Measuring the modulus of SEI has been widely conducted to explore its mechanical properties. Gao et al. used atomic force microscopy (AFM) to measure the Young’s modulus of native SEI and correlated the mechanical properties of the SEI with battery performance by introducing maximum elastic strain energy U related with Young’s modulus E and elastic strain limit ɛY of the SEI. Gao et al. developed an AFM-based nanoindentation test to separately measure the Young’s modulus and elastic strain limit of SEI. In Fig. 13(a), the AFM probe exerts a force on the SEI sample in the elastic stage to the maximum load, and then lifts back to the original point 1. The Young’s modulus of the SEI is obtained by fitting the force–displacement unloading curve between points 2 and 3, and point 2 represents the point where the deformation of the sample begins. In the second step from Fig. 13(b), the AFM probe directly applies a large load to the sample to make it fail, aimed at acquiring the data related to its elastic strain limit. From the relevant force–displacement curve, we find that point a could be experimentally recognized as the first deviation point of the fitting curve of the Hertz contact model. The curve from point b to point c implies that the sample under the probe will appear plastic deformation and even break. Then, the probe continues to apply the load until the sample fails completely at point d and the resulting curve from point c deviates from the fitting curve of the Hertz contact model. It is worth noting that point b is a critical point to determine the elastic strain limit of the SEI since it is the first discontinuity point during the plastic yield stage. Through the two-step measurement by AFM, the Young’s modulus of the native SEI formed in various electrolytes ranges from 0.3 GPa to 1.2 GPa, which is summarized in Fig. 13(c). Gao et al. used the finite element method to simulate the deformation distribution of SEI under the external pressure applied by the probe. It is found that the deformed region extends to the anode beyond the SEI, showing the non-negligible influence of the anode on the SEI. Therefore, errors could exist in measuring the Young’s modulus of SEI if the effect of the anode is not considered. In Fig. 14, the average Coulombic efficiency (ACE) of the battery is basically proportional to the U of the SEI. Besides, the SEI with a relatively small U easily fractures during Li plating. This is mainly because the energy generated by Li metal cannot be completely absorbed by the SEI with a small U, which causes excess energy to be consumed only by the rupture of the SEI, resulting in the instability and low CE of the battery. Hence, the ability of SEI to withstand fracture increases with increasing U. The high U value will promise the strength of the SEI, thereby improving the ACE of the battery as displayed in the 1 M KFSI/DME system. In short, the proposal of U is quite helpful for how the mechanical properties of the SEI affect the performance of the battery. In addition to analyzing the influence of maximum elastic strain energy U on the battery performance, Gao et al. showed that the native SEI possesses poor mechanical properties. In general, the modulus of inorganic components in SEI is much larger than that of organic ones. Gao et al. simulated the effect of inorganic components on the mechanical parameters of the whole SEI through the finite element method. The simulation results showed that both the maximum elastic strain energy U and Young’s modulus E of the entire SEI are significantly small, caused by the large mismatch in the Young’s moduli between organic components and inorganic components, which makes the SEI be prone to yield. In addition, the complexity of SEI components results in unstable mechanical properties, and thus artificial SEI contains a single component or a combination of a few components. The AFM is a common tool for measuring the Young’s modulus of SEI. Liu et al. used AFM to measure the Young’s modulus of native SEI in conventional batteries and found it to be in the range of ~100 MPa. Zhang et al. also measured the Young’s modulus and thickness of SEI in the specific mixed electrolytes by ATM and analyzed their relationship. It is worth noting that the native SEI has a double-layer structure containing organic–inorganic components. The coexistence of the bilayer structure further confirms the inhomogeneity of the native SEI. Figure 15(a) illustrates that for the SEI with tens of nanometers, the Young’s modulus is mainly in the range of 100–1000 MPa, and there is a corresponding variation with the change of thickness. Figure 15(b) shows the distribution of Young’s modulus within the SEI, concentrated between 25 and 27 (10 MPa). Thus, the distribution of Young’s modulus with SEI thickness and composition is highly heterogeneous. The Young’s modulus of SEI could determine whether the SEI can suppress Li dendrite. The native SEI layer has Young’s modulus of 2.5 GPa in 1 M LiTFSI DOL: DME electrolyte and 1.7 GPa in carbonate electrolytes [55,56]. However, the modulus of SEI formed in electrolytes with different concentrations and species can be completely varied. For example, the moduli of SEI correspond to 1.3 GPa, 1.6 GPa, and 1.0 GPa in no-salt P14TFSI, 1 M LiTFSI in P14TFSI, and 1 M LiFSI in P14TFSI, respectively [57,58]. Therefore, the native SEI tends to have low Young’s modulus, and thus, it is not capable of suppressing the growth of Li dendrite. In addition, the porosity and structural variety of SEI decrease the overall Young’s modulus. Shen et al. found that SEI with low modulus can cause nonuniform deposition. It illustrates that the SEI with poor mechanical performance could not buffer the volume changes of Li metal anode, which promotes dendrite growth. Moreover, they also provided an ideal value of Young’s modulus, 3 GPa, to withstand the volume changes of Li metal anode and suppress Li dendrite growth. 3 Strategies of Regulating Solid Electrolyte Interphase to Suppress Lithium Dendrite As mentioned above, native SEI has disadvantages, among which low ionic conductivity, inhomogeneity, and poor mechanical properties are the main causes of promoting Li dendrite growth. In recent years, researchers have made a lot of efforts to improve the SEI stability, such as electrolyte additives and artificial SEI. The purpose is to obtain a stable and robust SEI to suppress the growth of dendrite and improve battery cycle life. In this section, we discuss some specific methods to achieve ideal SEI characters for uniform Li electrodeposition. 3.1 Electrolyte Additives. The properties of SEI mainly depend on the composition of electrolytes in LMBs. Therefore, modification of the electrolyte can improve SEI. Adding electrolyte additives is an effective method, among which organic electrolyte additive FEC is one of the most frequently used ones. Adding 5 vol% trace FEC additive into the 1.0 M LiPF6 in EC-DEC (1:1 by vol.) could promote the formation of LiF-rich SEI layer, leading to the uniform Li deposition . LiF film formed on the Li surface has many advantages, including high crystallinity, high surface energy, low diffusion barrier, and extraordinary mechanical properties (with a shear modulus of 58 GPa), which is beneficial to the dendrite suppression and stable battery cycling . In addition, SEI under FEC additive can possess a higher modulus, which effectively resists fracture. Yoon et al. measured the plane strain modulus of the SEIs formed in 1.2 M LiPF6 in ethylene carbonate (EC) electrolytes with and without 20 vol% FEC additive. The value of the plane strain modulus of SEIEC is 240 MPa, while the corresponding value for the SEIEC+FEC is as high as 430 MPa. The results demonstrate that the addition of FEC significantly improved the elastic modulus of SEI. For conventional EC electrolytes, cracks appear in SEI, which is difficult to restore to the original SEI morphology. After adding FEC, only a few cracks are observed even with the strain up to 6.2%, further illustrating that SEI in EC with FEC electrolyte has enhanced the mechanical resistance to break (Fig. 16). DMS can also act as a kind of additive . The SEI under DMS additive has large Young’s modulus, compact structure, and high ionic conductivity. Besides, it has an electrochemically stable impedance with a low value of 10 Ω. In Fig. 17, inhomogeneous and dense dendritic Li appear on the substrate surface in pure EC/DMC electrolyte after 3.0 h of deposition. At the deposition of 6.0 h, Li dendrites grow and extend continuously. With 1 wt % DMS additive, uniform deposition can be achieved even at 6.0 h. The deposited Li on the substrate surface appears entirely smooth, which can be attributed to the well-modified SEI layer. The Coulombic efficiency of the battery reaches 97% after 150 cycles. In addition to individual organic additives, mixed additives such as EC/PC can also promote the formation of stable SEI. Gofer et al. added mixed EC/PC additives into the DOL electrolytes and found that the uniformity of SEI was significantly improved to achieve homogeneous deposition and suppress Li dendrite growth. Li Salt LiN3 is a kind of new additive enriching SEI with Li3N species . The ionic conductivity of Li3N film is about 6 × 10−3 S cm−1 at 25 °C, showing that Li3N can be conductive to Li deposition and promise uniform transport of Li ions. Trace amounts of H2O could also be a useful electrolyte additive. In LiPF6 electrolyte, a tiny H2O additive electrochemically reacts with LiPF6 to produce a LiF-rich SEI layer for achieving dendrite-free deposition morphology . Grey et al. even considered O2 gas as an electrolyte additive inside the battery. The addition of O2 forms LiOH-containing SEI through specific mechanisms. And they found that LiOH film not only promotes uniform nucleation to eliminate dendrite but also improves the Coulombic efficiency of the cell. 3.2 Electrolyte Composition. It is possible to modify the SEI by appropriately changing the composition ratio of electrolytes. Fan et al. mixed three common electrolyte components in certain proportions to create a new all-fluorinated electrolyte. It contains 1 M LiPF6 with a mixture of fluoroethylene carbonate/2,2,2-trifluoroethyl methyl carbonate/1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl 2′,2′,2′-trifluoroethyl ether (FEC: FEMC: HFE, 2:6:2 by wt.), which has 22 M F and easily form SEI with rich LiF inorganize component (Fig. 18). By varying the electrolyte composition ratio, Fan et al. acquired the SEI having an extremely high LiF component proportion (about 45%), and the SEI could suppress the growth of Li dendrite. Wu et al. adjusted the ratio of the two electrolyte components (bis (trifluoromethanesulfonyl)-imide/TEGDME electrolyte and LiTFSI/lithium difluoro(oxalate)borate (LiODFB)) to 6:4 in Li–S battery. Subsequent SEI has excellent strength to protect the cell from undergoing Li dendrite. In addition to changing the electrolyte composition ratio, increasing the salt concentration in the electrolyte is also a common and effective method. The native SEI formed in 1 M LiTFSI in 1:1 DOL: DME has Young’s modulus of 0.3 GPa, while the modulus of the SEI formed under 7 M LiTFSI in 1:1 DOL: DME electrolyte increases to 2.8 GPa . Wang et al. found that the SEI formed under 1 M LiFSI in DME electrolyte has a modulus of 3.5 GPa. They increased the salt concentration of the electrolyte to 2 M and obtained a SEI with significantly increased modulus of 10.7 GPa. However, as the electrolyte salt concentration increased to 3 M, the modulus of the SEI decreased to 4.2 GPa. The cell showed better performance in the 2 M concentration electrolyte than those in 1 M and 3 M. Cui et al. employed Li\|Li symmetric cells with 1 M and 8 M LiTFSI-PC electrolytes to explore the effect of electrolyte concentration on cell performance. They found that the SEI layer fractured in 1 M electrolyte after only 10 cycles, resulting in severe structural damage during subsequent cycles. In contrast, the battery can be maintained with a much longer time in 8 M electrolyte, due to the excellent electrochemical stability of the SEI. Besides, Cui et al. also used Cu\|Li system with 1 M and 8 M LiTFSI-PC electrolytes to observe the variation in SEI morphology. In Fig. 19, the SEI layer formed in 1 M LiTFSI-PC electrolyte shows an agglomerated structure with severe cracks and loose morphology. It may be due to the incompatibility between Li metal and electrolyte. For the 8 M electrolyte, the SEI exhibits tough, compact, dense, and uninterrupted morphology, which confirms that increasing salt concentration helps suppress dendrite and prolong battery life. 3.3 Artificial Solid Electrolyte Interphase. Adding electrolyte additives and changing electrolyte composition are typical methods for modifying electrolytes to obtain stable SEI. Electrolyte additives can maintain short-term stable cycles because trace additives are easily consumed by reduction reactions during Li plating [72–74]. For high concentration electrolytes, the salt concentration is sufficient to maintain the battery for long-term cycling without failure. Furthermore, the high concentration of solvent molecules can effectively prevent further side reactions between Li metal and electrolyte. However, using high concentration electrolytes increases the cost. And the electrolyte becomes more viscous as the concentration increases, which is detrimental to the transport of Li ions [75–77]. Different from modifying electrolytes, artificial SEI could reduce the consumption of Li metal and electrolytes and eliminate the issues of Li dendrite. Guo et al. fabricated uniform Li3PO4 artificial SEI film by in situ reaction of polyphosphoric acid (PPA) and Li metal. In Fig. 20, the inhomogeneous and fragile pristine SEI can cause irregular Li deposition and repetitive fracture regeneration of the film, leading to the formation of dendrite. The performance of the cell containing Li with pristine SEI is greatly degraded as the number of cycles increases (Fig. 20(d)). Replacing the pristine SEI with the uniform Li3PO4 artificial SEI leads to dendrite-free Li morphology (Fig. 20(b)). Moreover, Li3PO4 artificial SEI has Young’s modulus of 10–11 GPa, which can be sufficient to inhibit the growth of dendrite and prevent side reactions between Li metal and electrolytes. The cell with this LiPPA-based SEI also exhibits superior cycling performance (Fig. 20(d)). Zhou et al. designed a novel organophosphorus hybrid LixPO4 artificial SEI layer for PO4− group-containing species to ensure dendrite-free Li morphology and high-performance cycling. In Figs. 21(a)–21(d), organophosphorus hybrid SEI (OPHS) film provides a compact and dense structure. The hybrid artificial SEI can offer uniform deposition channels for Li ions, ensuring dendrite-free morphology on the anode surface during electrodeposition. The Cu\|\|Li cells with OPHS-Li anode can maintain Coulombic efficiency up to 99% at the current density of 0.5 mA cm−2 even after 500 cycles, while the Coulombic efficiency of Cu\|\|Li cells without OPHS decreases to 80% after 150 cycles (Fig. 21(e)). As the current density increases to 4.0 mA cm−2, the cells containing OPHS can still maintain Coulombic efficiency of 97% after 100 cycles. In contrast, the ones with bare Li exhibit unstable cycling performance, and the Coulombic efficiency decreases to 70% after 40 cycles (Fig. 21(f)). Zhang et al. designed a bilayer hybrid artificial SEI film containing organic species PEO and Li alkylcarbonate and inorganic species Li salts such as LiF and Li3N. Unlike the single-component SEI, this artificial SEI possesses both the flexibility of organics and the robustness of inorganics. Moreover, it can combine the advantages of the two components to form a synergistic effect, which facilitates uniform ion transport and suppress Li dendrite growth (Fig. 22(a)). Xu et al. also designed a double-layer hybrid artificial SEI film, which is composed of the soft organics PVDF-HFP and robust inorganics LiF. In Fig. 22(b), the Li metal morphologies become extremely rough on the bare Li and single PVDF-HFP coated Li anode. In contrast, the constructed hybrid artificial SEI has high ionic conductivity, superior mechanical strength, and suitable uniformity. Thus, Li deposition morphology is uniform and smooth on the protective layer coated Li anode. Kwak et al. designed a Nafion-Al2O3 hybrid artificial SEI for Li-O2 cells. Notably, Nafion has high ionic conductivity and excellent electrochemical stability, which satisfy the characteristics of ideal SEI. However, the mechanical properties of Nafion are too weak to suppress the growth of dendrite. Kwak et al. proposed to add inorganic components with superior mechanical properties, such as AI2O3 added to the original Nafion to exert a synergistic effect. In Fig. 22(c), the cells with Nafion-Al2O3 hybrid film exhibit uniform morphology, while dendrites and dead Li are generated inside the ones with Nafion alone. Therefore, the hybrid film can effectively suppress dendritic Li growth and improve the cycling performance of batteries due to its superior synergistic properties. Kim et al. designed a PEDOT-co-PEG polymer artificial SEI to improve battery cycling performance. The copolymer has not only high ionic conductivity but also strong adhesion to Li metal anode, which effectively suppresses dendritic Li growth. Ma et al. prepared the PEDOT-co-PEG copolymer film for Li–S batteries to test cycling performance (Fig. 23(a)). The results show that the cells with copolymer film exhibit relatively high and stable capacity retention, and the Coulombic efficiency remains nearly unchanged after 300 cycles, while the ones with native SEI show an obvious decreasing trend (Fig. 23(b)). It is attributed to the PEDOT-co-PEG copolymer artificial SEI that can promote uniform Li deposition and suppress the growth of Li dendrite due to its high ionic conductivity and mechanically strong adhesion. The cycling performance of the batteries can thus be significantly improved. Dong et al. designed an 18-Crown-6 and PVDF composite polymeric artificial SEI coated on the anode through spin-coating method, with a thickness of 5.1 μm (Fig. 23(c)). The composite artificial SEI also has synergistic advantages, including high electrochemical stability of PVDF and high ionic conductivity of 18-Crown-6, which help achieve uniform deposition and suppress dendritic Li growth. Zheng et al. designed a monolayer nanostructured artificial SEI, which contains multiple amorphous hollow carbon nanospheres, as shown in Fig. 24. As novel nanomaterials, hollow carbon artificial SEI has an ultrahigh ionic conductivity of 7.5 S m−1 to facilitate the transport of Li ions and extremely high Young’s modulus of 200 GPa to suppress dendrite. Besides, the flexibility and compactness of carbon material accommodate the volume change of Li metal and eliminate the side reactions between the anode and electrolytes. Gao et al. designed a skin-grafting artificial SEI using the poly ((N-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolane-4-methyl)-5-norbornene-exo-2,3-dicarboximide). The grafted skin artificial SEI has a high volume fraction of polymer chains cyclic ether groups that can adhere tightly to the surface of Li metal and prevent detrimental reactions (Fig. 25). Furthermore, it can also regulate the Li+ plating/stripping behavior and eliminate dendrite formation, thereby improving battery performance with higher CE and better cycling stability. To sum up, most artificial SEIs have the characteristics of the ideal SEIs, such as high ionic conductivity, homogeneity, superior mechanical properties, and high electrochemical stability, all of which are crucial factors for suppressing dendrite growth and improving battery performance. In addition, copolymerization or composition with other organic/inorganic components is a common method to construct hybrid artificial SEIs to achieve improved mechanical properties and flexibility of SEIs and eliminate dendrites through the synergistic effect between components. The hybridization via polymerization exhibits unique advantages in improving battery properties. Moreover, some artificial SEI films provide preferential diffusion channels for Li ions and prevent electrons from transporting through the films, enabling fast Li plating/stripping to facilitate deposition. The interactions of artificial SEI films with Li metal surfaces, such as enhanced adhesion, not only alleviate side reactions between electrolyte and Li metal but also play an important role in suppressing dendrite growth. Although great progress has been made in fabricating artificial SEI films on Li metal anode, the majority of these techniques have not been used in practical applications. At present, a comprehensive understanding of ideal artificial SEIs, including their compositions and properties, is comparatively lacking. Therefore, the design concepts of artificial SEI are highly limited, and achieving long-term stable cycles of LMBs is desired . Currently, artificial SEIs could not completely exert the synergistic effect of various components such as organics and inorganics, which is attributed to the insufficient fundamental research . In high-energy-density LMBs, Li ions deposit during cycles, leading to the dendritic growth. However, artificial SEIs are not smart and adaptive to the Li metal anode. Therefore, the cracks caused by the volume change could also occur on the artificial SEI and accelerate the inhomogeneous Li deposition. The cells with artificial SEIs could exhibit worse cycling stability and increased polarization, resulting in the rapid deterioration of electrochemical performance [90,91]. In addition to the good properties of artificial SEI, its matching with ultrahigh-energy-capacity cells is also essential. Further studies on designing smart, adaptive, and stable artificial SEIs are necessary to protect Li anode in the next-generation commercial batteries. In this review, the underlying mechanisms of SEI–dendrite interactions are discussed, and the corresponding strategies toward suppressing Li dendrite growth and improving battery performance are summarized. Li electrodeposition morphology strongly depends on the SEI properties on the anode surface. However, the native SEI generated from spontaneous reactions between electrolytes and Li metal is electrochemically and mechanically unstable. Low ionic conductivity induces a large ion concentration gradient within the SEI film, and Li ions are preferentially deposited at the tip of Li nucleus, causing the deposited Li metal to grow vertically rather than horizontally. Homogeneous ion transport is also hindered by inhomogeneities in the structure and composition of the native SEI. The SEI structure largely determines the electric potential gradient within the film and Li deposition behavior, and the SEI composition determines ionic conductivity and mechanical robustness . Native SEI is composed of various organic and inorganic components, and its thickness is spatially varied. Those results in different deposition rates on the Li anode, promoting nonuniform deposition and dendrite formation. In addition, the mechanical properties of native SEI are weak. The effective Young’s modulus of SEI is several orders of magnitude lower than single inorganic component due to the large mismatch between organics and inorganics inside the SEI. Thus, the SEI could not withstand the infinite volume change of the anode during Li plating. If Li dendrite forms, native SEI subsequently undergoes repeated fracture and regeneration processes, resulting in the consumption of active materials and degraded battery performance. Fortunately, increasing efforts have been made to modify the SEI, such as modification of electrolytes and artificial SEI. The modified SEI can effectively suppress and even eliminate the growth of Li dendrite due to its ideal properties, i.e., high ionic conductivity, superior mechanics, and electrochemical stability. For high-energy-density batteries, Li metal and silicon are the next-generation anodes, which have the potential to replace the commercial graphite anode. The native SEI on Li metal anode possesses some common species with those on the graphite and Si anode, illustrating that SEIs on these anodes have similar structures and properties such as inhomogeneity and Young’s modulus. Similar to the Li metal anode, the large volume change of Si anode also causes SEI failure and poor cycle performance . Therefore, Li metal–SEI interactions mentioned above could be applicable to the Si system. However, the understanding and strategies for stable Li metal—SEI interactions are not completely applicable to other metal anodes, such as Na, K, Mg, and Ca. Among these metals, Na and K exhibit lower non-negativity, resulting in different properties of SEI components. And the hardness of Na/K is lower than that of Li, showing that it may be easier to modify SEI to suppress dendritic growth. In contrast, multivalent metals, such as Mg and Ca, have high moduli, and the growth of dendrites becomes more dangerous. Furthermore, the high charge density of multivalent ions leads to lower ionic conductivity of SEI, which increases the difficulties of regulating SEI . The information, data, or work presented herein were funded by the Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 12002192) and the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province, China (Grant No. ZR2020QA043). Conflict of Interest There are no conflicts of interest.	<urn:uuid:36441134-062e-4409-8b37-81aa11f0dc5b>	CC-MAIN-2022-40	https://appliedmechanicsreviews.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/electrochemical/article/19/4/040801/1140222/Interactions-Between-Solid-Electrolyte-Interphase	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337723.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20221006025949-20221006055949-00698.warc.gz	en	0.908529	12,059	2.640625	3
CDC Warns of Increased Respiratory Virus Among Children That Can Cause Polio-Like Paralysis Enterovirus EV-D68 cases typically have mild cold-like symptoms that can lead to severe neurologic complications. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has issued an official advisory warning of a recent rise in the number of children hospitalized with a respiratory illness that can cause a serious neurologic condition that weakens muscles and reflexes. According to reports to the CDC in August from healthcare providers and hospitals from around the United States, these pediatric patients tested positive for rhinovirus or enterovirus, including enterovirus D68 (EV-D68). Pediatric acute respiratory illness sentinel surveillance sites have also reported a higher proportion of children with EV-D68 positivity compared with previous years. Data analysis from NBC News found that there were 84 EV-D68 cases from March through August 4. By comparison, the CDC identified six such cases in 2019, 30 in 2020, and 16 in 2021. EV-D68 has been reported in 40 states and the District of Columbia. The CDC suggests that relative lower case counts in the past couple years may have been due to protective measures taken during the pandemic, such as mask-wearing. Typically, EV-D68 causes respiratory illness with mild cold-like symptoms — although sickness from the virus can sometimes be more severe. Common symptoms among hospitalized children with EV-D68 include cough, shortness of breath, and wheezing. Fever is reported in roughly half of known cases. In some instances, the infection can lead to acute flaccid myelitis (AFM), a rare but serious neurologic complication involving disabling limb weakness, per the CDC. The condition has similarities with polio, such as lesions in the area of the spinal cord called gray matter that create inflammation and sometimes produce permanent paralysis. As of September 2, researchers have confirmed 13 AFM cases in the United States so far this year out of 33 reports of patients under investigation. “Enterovirus D68 is much like the rhinovirus where it typically starts with common cold-type symptoms,” said Matthew Vogt, MD, assistant professor in the division of pediatric infectious diseases at the University of North Carolina School of Medicine in a press release. “Right when those symptoms start to get better, within five days or so, then weakness will begin to appear. It’s highly variable. The weakness can range from subtle to paralysis of every muscle in the body.” In addition to arm and leg weakness, symptoms that indicate a child needs immediate medical attention include pain in the neck, back, arms, or legs; difficulty swallowing or slurred speech; difficulty moving the eyes or drooping eyelids; and facial droop or weakness. In summer and fall of 2014, nearly 1,400 Americans, almost all of whom were children, were confirmed to have EV-D68. Many had asthma or a history of wheezing. The outbreak raised awareness of EV-D68-associated illness, and national surveillance expanded. The CDC is urging healthcare providers to consider EV-D68 as a possible cause of any acute, severe respiratory illness (with or without fever) in children, and make sure those cases are reported to the federal government. (The health agency notes that adults may also become infected with EV-D68, but it is thought to be more commonly detected in adults with underlying conditions.) EV-D68 can only be diagnosed by doing specific lab tests on specimens from a person’s nose and throat, or blood. No vaccines or specific treatments are available for rhinovirus or enterovirus, including EV-D68. A doctor can recommend supportive care to alleviate symptoms, such as taking over-the-counter medication to reduce pain and fever. Intensive care is needed in more severe cases. As with the flu and most respiratory illnesses, good hand hygiene is one of the best defenses against getting infected with enterovirus. To prevent getting the disease in the first place, Connecticut health officials recommend: - Washing hands often with soap and water for 20 seconds, especially after changing diapers - Avoiding touching eyes, nose and mouth with unwashed hands - Avoiding kissing, hugging, and sharing cups or eating utensils with people who are sick - Disinfecting frequently touched surfaces, such as toys and doorknobs, especially if someone is sick	<urn:uuid:632dcd81-9b7a-4baa-b3a2-be7b4fd1b5cf>	CC-MAIN-2023-50	https://www.everydayhealth.com/enterovirus/cdc-warns-of-increased-respiratory-virus-among-children/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679099514.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20231128115347-20231128145347-00179.warc.gz	en	0.950899	920	2.78125	3
Dr Hugh Carey Trowell OBE MD FRCP A colleague said of Trowell: “It was Dr Hugh Trowell who first used the term ‘Western Disease’ to refer to a pattern of illnesses which he saw essentially as man-made, and caused above all by modem technology, creating a food supply in Britain and other Western countries heavy in fats and sugars, poor in fibre and many nutrients that are a natural part of whole food. Dr Trowell worked in East Africa for over thirty years, and his experience taught him that many of the most common causes of death and disability in Western countries are rare or even non-existent among country people in Africa, many of whom live to a ripe, healthy old age. Working in partnership with Dr Denis Burkitt, Dr Trowell identified a pattern of ‘Western Diseases’. The previous term was ‘diseases of civilisation’; but as he said ‘it proved obnoxious to teach African and Asian medical students that their communities had a low incidence of these diseases because they were uncivilised’.. This work alone is enough to establish Dr Trowell as a great nutritional scientist and a great thinker, at a time when almost all research workers know more and more about less and less. Another great achievement, is his original definition of ‘dietary fibre’, established in the first of three monumental books co-edited with Dr Burkitt, ‘Refined Carbohydrate Foods and Disease: Some Implications of Dietary Fibre’, published in 1975. In 1989 Dr Trowell died just before he celebrated his 85th birthday. He was justly proud of his pioneering work in the identification of kwashiorkor, now recognised as the most important deficiency disease in the world. In the 1980s he published original work on the cause and cure of adult-onset diabetes. He also identified early sexual maturity in Western children as unnatural. He believed there is a connection between premature sexual maturity, and diabetes, cancers and heart disease in later life. For good health, slow growth is best. The McCarrison Society is the British professional association committed to the promotion of good health and prevention of disease by sound nutrition. The Society is proud to publish this short account of the life and work of Dr Trowell by his colleague and friend, Dr Denis Burkitt.” Dr Hugh Trowell OBE MD FRCP McCarrison society booklet A time line of his career can be found on Mindus (Link) His New York TImes obituary (Link)	<urn:uuid:be403a3c-ef6a-4569-80c8-c21861775266>	CC-MAIN-2019-43	https://mccarrison.com/visionaries/trowell/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986664662.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20191016041344-20191016064844-00432.warc.gz	en	0.97126	539	2.59375	3
Motorists across California can expect to begin seeing signs urging them to conserve water in the face of the state’s ongoing severe drought, Caltrans announced Tuesday. The California Department of Transporation launched a “statewide educational campaign” Tuesday on state highways, with more than 700 electronic signs displaying messages about the drought. Drivers will be warned: “SERIOUS DROUGHT. HELP SAVE WATER.” “Caltrans has already taken action to sharply restrict water usage,” said Caltrans Director Malcolm Dougherty in a news release. “Using our highway message signs, we are asking California’s 24 million drivers to join us in this important effort.” The drought message will be used when there are no critical emergency, traffic safety or Amber Alert messages, Caltrans stated. A drought state of emergency was declared by Gov. Jerry Brown last month after many areas of the state saw their driest calendar on record. Brown urged the public to reduce water consumption by 20 percent. More information is at the state’s water conservation website, SaveOurH20.org.	<urn:uuid:9c26bba3-8e1c-4aad-b8db-4c3797d1cd78>	CC-MAIN-2014-23	http://ktla.com/2014/02/11/freeway-signs-ask-california-drivers-to-conserve-water-amid-drought/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510272940.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011752-00033-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.91562	237	2.65625	3
How to Get an Umlaut on a Word on Facebookby Melly Parker An umlaut is a symbol above a vowel that indicates a change in the sound of the vowel when it's pronounced. Umlauts are inserted as characters using ASCII codes and your keyboard. Including one on Facebook is simple -- it doesn't require any special plugins or software. You can include an umlaut in Facebook statuses, comments, photo captions, messages and anywhere else you type in text. Click the space where you want to insert the vowel with the umlaut so your cursor is in position. Hold down the "Alt" key. Key in the numeric indicator on the left keypad for the umlaut you want to appear (see Tips.) If you don't have a left keypad, press "fn" and use the blue lettered numbers to type the numeric indicator. - Press 132 for ä, 129 for ü, 148 for ö, 142 for Ä, 153 for Ö and 154 for Ü. - Make sure number lock is on before you attempt to use the right keypad.	<urn:uuid:b845e664-4f2f-4514-a80d-d8cff51b9b06>	CC-MAIN-2018-39	https://itstillworks.com/umlaut-word-facebook-19642.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267156252.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20180919141825-20180919161825-00043.warc.gz	en	0.814325	232	2.859375	3
Changing attitudes about service, economic uncertainty and new approaches to recruitment have altered the image of the modern U.S. military. But ongoing wars and shifts in the military's demographics pose new and difficult challenges for servicemen and women. KPCC's Patt Morrison sat down with several recruiters and military families to discuss today's warriors. Hard economic times, two foreign wars and a surge of patriotism have changed the way many young people see military service. According to recent studies, Americans are now eager to enlist, citing military pay, educational subsidies and honor. Recruiting through social media has also proved extremely successful. The shift in the military's image is matched by its shift in its ethnicity and gender demographics – with more Hispanics, Asians and women serving in Iraq and Afghanistan than ever before. A 2009 study by the RAND Corporation found that the representation of certain ethnic minorities within the military changed in response to the economic downturn. High national unemployment, diminished funding for education and deep uncertainty about America's economic prospects have combined to make military service more attractive. At the time of the study, the Army's ethnic composition was 20.9 percent African-American, 12 percent Hispanic, 61.1 percent Caucasian and 3.5 percent Asian Pacific Islander. Women accounted for about 16.7 percent of the active Army. Among "high quality" black recruits in the Army, RAND found enlistment fell dramatically between 2000 and 2004. The fall of 8 percent was attributed in part to the negative impression left from the Iraq War and the military's success in recruiting other ethnic groups. "High quality" recruits are defined as those who've graduated high school and scored above average of the Armed Forces Qualification Test. At the same time, the number of Hispanics in the military has seen a significant increase. Between 1999 and 2007, the rate of "high quality" Hispanics grew from 7 to 9.7 percent in the Army and from 9.6 to 15.4 percent in the Navy. The study found Hispanics were encouraged by military pay, and education benefits. RAND also found a record number of Asian-Americans have been signing up for Army service recently. The proportion of enlisted Asians is nearly double that of last year. Asian participation has been bolstered by military bonuses, including the government's promise to pay college tuition for those who serve in the Army. The prospect of expedited citizenship for permanent residents, as well as a "better life" from those who wish to escape from poor communities and difficult home lives has also contributed to the surge in enrollment in some communities. Servicewomen, too, cite economic pressures for their increased enrollment. Many report career progression is slower for females, who are underrepresented in the ranks of senior officials and often leave the service earlier because they want to have children or feel that there is little real chance for advancement. In a 2008 study, only 55 percent of female troops said that they would be promoted as highly as they deserved. Recruiters say they've stepped up efforts to absorb young and financially struggling people into their ranks. The military has offered increases in soldiers' pay, as well as bonuses for longer service periods and a guarantee of educational subsidies. The Army, for example, now promotes itself through modern social media sites like Facebook, Twitter, Youtube and Flickr. They're using these methods to connect potential recruits with real soldiers. Beth Asch, associate director, Forces and Resources Policy Center at the RAND National Defense Research Institute Teresa Bullock, national 3rd vice president, Blue Star Mothers of America, Inc.; 1st vice president, Inland Empire Gold Star Mothers Rossana and Arturo Cambron, whose son is currently deployed with the Army in Iraq Commander Michelle Carter, executive officer, Navy Recruiting District Los Angeles, which also covers Bakersfield, Orange County, Hawaii, Guam and Japan Jewell Faamaligi, whose brother has served in the Marines since 1991 and was deployed to Afghanistan Captain Ricky Hernandez, executive officer, Marine Corps Recruiting Station L.A. Marcelle Sloan, whose niece was deployed twice to Iraq	<urn:uuid:50f3eaf5-6b2d-4ddf-a92d-942b933e6c62>	CC-MAIN-2015-11	http://www.scpr.org/programs/patt-morrison/2011/09/08/20608/inside-todays-us-military-the-challenge-and-reward/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936459513.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074059-00293-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.969506	817	2.859375	3
April 23/Pharma Law Weekly -- Researchers from the Monell Center report that the red panda is the first non-primate mammal to display a liking for the artificial sweetener aspartame. This unexpected affinity for an artificial sweetener may reflect structural variation in the red panda's sweet taste receptor. The findings may shed light on how taste preferences and diet choice are shaped by molecular differences in taste receptors. "The red panda's unique taste receptor gives us a tool to broaden our understanding of how we detect sweet taste," said the paper's senior author, Joseph G. Brand, PhD, a biophysicist at Monell. "Greater insight into why we like artificial sweeteners could eventually lead to the development of more acceptable sugar substitutes, potentially benefiting diabetics and other individuals on sugar-restricted diets." Many species like sweet-tasting foods, but there are some exceptions. In an earlier study, Brand and Monell comparative geneticist Xia Li, PhD, reported that cats both domestic and wild can not taste sweets due to a defect in one of the genes that codes for the sweet taste receptor. The current research extended those findings by relating sweet preferences to genetic analyses of sweet receptor structure in six related species. Like the cat, each of the species tested -- red panda, ferret, genet, meerkat, mongoose and lion -- belongs to the Order Carnivora. The species, although closely related, vary widely with regard to the types of foods they eat. For example, lions, like other cats, are obligate carnivores, meaning that they eat almost exclusively meat. Meerkrats are mainly insectivores, while red pandas are primarily herbivores that almost exclusively eat bamboo leaves and shoots. By studying the structure and function of the sweet receptor gene across species and how this relates to differences in taste preferences and diet selection, the researchers seek to provide a framework to increase understanding of individual differences in human taste function, food choice and nutritional health. "The taste world of every species, and even every individual, is unique, defined in part by the structure of their taste receptors," said Li. "We need to know more about these differences and how they influence our diet." In the study, published online in the Journal of Heredity, preferences for six natural sugars and six artificial sweeteners were tested in a zoo setting. For each sweet molecule, the animal was given access to both the sweet solution and water for 24 hours. The animal was said to prefer the sweet solution when it drank much more sweet fluid than water. DNA samples from each species were used to examine the structure of the sweet receptor gene Tas1r2, which codes for the T1R2 sweet taste receptor. T1R2 is one of two taste receptors that join together to recognize sweetness. The sweet taste receptors contain binding sites for a variety of natural sugars and artificial sweeteners. However, species vary regarding which sites they possess, due to subtle differences in receptor structure. As expected from the previous findings, the lion did not prefer any of the sweet solutions. This could be explained by its defective Tas1r2 gene, which prevents the lion from expressing a functional sweet taste receptor. With no sweet receptor, the lion is unable to detect or prefer sweet-tasting compounds. Each of the remaining species preferred at least some of the natural sugars. Consistent with having a functional sweet receptor, Tas1r2 genes from these species did not show the defect found in lion and other cats. Because only primates were believed to be able to taste aspartame, the researchers predicted that none of the Carnivore species tested would show a preference for the artificial sweeteners. This indeed was the case for five of the species. However, the sixth species the red panda drank large amounts of the artificial sweeteners aspartame, neotame and sucralose. Seeking to explain this unexpected behavior, the researchers compared Tas1r2 genes from various species that can and cannot taste aspartame. They were surprised to find no consistent differences between aspartame tasters and nontasters. However, the genetic analysis did reveal that the red panda's sweet receptor has a unique structure that is different from any of the other species examined. "This may explain why the red panda is able to taste artificial sweeteners," said Li, who is the paper's lead author. "What we don't know is why this particular animal has this unusual ability. Perhaps the red panda's unique sweet receptor evolved to allow this animal to detect some compound in its natural food that has a similar structure to these sweeteners." The findings suggest that the receptor mechanisms for sweet taste are more complex than previously suspected. "This is the essence of molecular science," remarked Brand, "Asking a behavioral question and getting a molecular answer." Future studies will explore how protein structure of taste receptor genes predicts stimulus binding and ultimately provide insight into how variations in taste receptor genes affect taste perception, food choice and nutritional status. Taste tests for the red panda and other animals in the study were conducted at two zoos in Switzerland by Dieter Glaser, PhD, from the University of Zurich. Also contributing to the study were Monell scientists Gary Beauchamp and Weihua Li, along with Warren Johnson and Stephen O'Brien from the National Cancer Institute. From the April 27, 2009, Prepared Foods E-dition	<urn:uuid:61a186da-ef42-4903-8631-54b94a69dee2>	CC-MAIN-2021-04	https://www.preparedfoods.com/articles/107034-panda-sweet-tooth	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610704795033.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20210126011645-20210126041645-00779.warc.gz	en	0.934133	1,127	2.546875	3
You have probably noticed that your grocery stores have started offering a variety of gluten-free options in the last several years. There are gluten-free cereals, pastas, salad dressings, desserts, and more. However, only 1% of Americans have celiac disease, which is an inability to properly break down the gluten that is present in grain products. People with celiac disease can be at risk for small intestine damage. What is Gluten? Like many health conditions, celiac disease is our body’s abnormal reaction to a normal item (in this case, gluten). Gluten is a protein found in rye, triticale, barley, and wheat, which is the grain most commonly used in our food. It helps give food its shape and texture, and is a binding agent. Simply, gluten is one of many elements found in grain products that a minority of the population react to, or cannot digest. Should You Eat Gluten-Free? For those who have a confirmed diagnosis of celiac disease, it’s a simple answer that a gluten-free diet is the best way to avoid symptoms such as abdominal pain, nausea, chronic diarrhea, bloating, gas and constipation. Even so, it is always different from one person to the next. Some people’s reactions to gluten can be severe, while others can still consume lesser amounts of gluten without suffering noticeable symptoms. It is of utmost importance that you partner with your doctor to find out whether you are reacting to gluten because of celiac disease, a wheat allergy, or a non-celiac gluten sensitivity. Check back for our following article about the difference between these different gluten-related conditions. Whatever type of gluten sensitivity you have, a limited to strict gluten-free diet can help avoid digestion and health complications. However, it is important to ensure the vitamins and nutrients from gluten products are being consumed elsewhere. You still need the healthy fiber, minerals and vitamins that are found in the gluten products you will be eliminating. For the final category, which is those of you who definitely do not have celiac disease or a gluten allergy or sensitivity, eating gluten-free very simply means you are avoiding foods that your body can break down. It would be more helpful for you to shift the categories and lens you view food through. Gluten-free does not mean “more healthy” since our bodies need healthy grains, and you do not have a gluten intolerance that negatively affects your health. You would be making a healthier choice by choosing 100% whole grain pasta over white pasta or gluten-free pasta. Choose to eat a quinoa salad because it provides nutritious protein and not because it is gluten-free. Focus on adding more vegetables, fruit and lean meats while minimizing simple carbs because that is what benefits our bodies, not because of a qualifier like gluten. Why Are People Without Celiac Disease Eating Gluten-Free? Gluten-free food has become culturally synonymous with healthy eating, instead of what it actually means: food that is free from an ingredient that a small number of the population is intolerant to. There are both subtle and overt messages all around you implying or outright saying that gluten is bad for you. We see gluten-free option on our restaurant menus and perhaps get the message that it is a healthier option. It is a mixture of new information, partial information, marketing of products, food trends and cultural fixation. We tend to go through cultural trends and phases where there is a “bad” food to avoid. Carbs and fat, for example, have both had their turn being the thing to avoid. As we continue to become more informed about food and health, however, we know that simple statements such as “carbs are bad” are not helpful food rules to live by. There is a big difference between simple carbs, which we can still have in moderation, and complex carbs such as beans and leafy greens that we need for a well-balanced diet. It is important to become educated with the right information from the right sources. If you have questions about how your food is affecting your digestive system, health conditions, or weight management, do speak directly to your doctor. Continue to learn while keeping in conversation with health professionals who can best speak to your specific condition and health goals.	<urn:uuid:de4d73c6-3cdb-4969-99ef-ffe3ebb10717>	CC-MAIN-2023-06	https://canadianpharmacy-meds.com/blog/should-you-eat-gluten-free-if-you-dont-have-celiac-disease/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500215.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20230205032040-20230205062040-00487.warc.gz	en	0.960345	886	3.046875	3
Lacotid (faked name) is a white crystalline powder used in medicine. The synthesis of Lacotid is a two stage process: 1) synthesis 2) crystallization. The synthesis of the raw products is performed in a methanol solution (MeOH). A slurry of the raw product is then pumped into a new container where crystallization takes place. Crystallization is performed by gradually adding isopropanol (C3H7OH) to the slurry. The producers of Lacotid wanted to increase the yield and make the production more optimal and stable, as there was a yield of only 50% and large variations in quality. After some initial experiments the factory concluded that the main variations occurred in the crystallization stage. They therefore planned to improve the monitoring of the crystallization process to ensure stable and optimal production of Lacotid with respect to yield and quality. To achieve this they first needed to find which process parameters have significant effects on the yield. It was decided to study the crystallization process using a factorial experimental design to determine the main effects. Some parameters were assumed to have little or no effect on yield and quality, and were thus not investigated. In factorial designs all X-variables take only two values (high or low), because the goal is to investigate if Y is affected by a change in each X-variable. Because of problems in keeping some of the variables at their planned levels, the data couldn't be analyzed by the traditional methods used to analyze experimental designs. They therefore had to work with the real x-values and use a PLS model instead to interpret the variable relationships. Explained variance as a function of the number of PLS-components. The first component describes 75% of the variance of the Yield (the rest of Methanol at start and the proportion of Methanol in the solution), see figure above. The loading plot suggests variable X1 and X2 as the most important for the Yield in the first PLS component. X6, the lowest crystallization temperature has some contribution in PC2. The loading plot shows important variables and correlations From the loading plot it is clear that variable X1 and X2 covary. We can't say if they also interact, unless we add the variable X1*X2 in the X-matrix. The high degree of explained Y-variance (80% at 2 PCs) without the interaction term suggests that this is not a significant effect. X4 stirring speed, X5 feed velocity and X7 the duration of the temperature has little effect on the crystallization, and do not need to be better controlled.	<urn:uuid:717a20be-911c-4749-bf12-cc4f93ef3364>	CC-MAIN-2018-17	http://www.camo.com/resources/application/app_wpharm.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125937193.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20180420081400-20180420101400-00081.warc.gz	en	0.941493	546	3.109375	3
Although the idea of building malls and hotels to boost Belgrade’s economy seems very contemporary, however it has a long pre-history. A bit more than fifty years after Belgrade was conquered by Suleiman the Magnificent, between 1572 and 1578, the Grand Vizier Sokollu Mehmed Pasha (known in Serbia as Mehmed-paša Sokolović), who was immortalised in Ivo Andrić’s “the Bridge over Drina” decided to boost Belgrade’s economic appeal by building a large caravanserai for travelling caravans to stay in as well as a major covered market or bedesten (here called bezistan) next to it to show the wares from all over the world. The impressive buildings were made of stone, which, according to a contemporary nobleman and traveller from Vicenza, Marc’Antiono Pigafetta, was taken from two churches and a synagogue which Sokollu Mehmed Pasha ordered to be torn down. Sadly this was a common practice in the Ottoman empire and similar fate befell medieval Serbia’s grandest monastery, Holy Archangel’s, by Prizren a century before, while Belgrade’s pre-conquest population were mostly sent into slavery in Istanbul after 1521. The complex was located just outside of the slopes of Belgrade’s fortress and the medieval old town (located in present-day lower Kalemegdan park), on one of the city’s main streets which, centuries later became Dušanova street. According to Željko Škalemara, this complex was one of the largest structures in the city and was located around the space now occupied by houses in Strahinjića Bana (more precisely between houses at numbers 1-7) and Dušanova (2-6), but also extending towards Tadeuša Košćuška. These two were not the only structures he bequeathed to Belgrade during his rule: he also constructed a large hammam (Turkish bath) as well as a (recently restored) large fountain inside Belgrade fortress, next to Sultan Suleiman the Great mosque which dominated the city’s silhouette. The caravenserai and bezistan accepted merchants for more than a century and were operation until 1688 Habsburg conquest of Belgrade. During the longest period of Habsburg rule in 17th century, although both structures were planned for demolition to make way for new baroque town they both more or less persisted. The covered market was slowly degrading, apparently damaged from 1691, while the caravanserai was used by the new authorities. Both structures seem to have stagnated after Ottomans recaptured the city in 1739, but they suffered great damage during Austrian conquest of the city in 1789 as this part of the city was heavily bombarded. After that time, the ruins of these once grand structured, were used by merchants of used wares and sunk into further decay. Thankfully, it was around this time that the only drawings of Belgrade’s “first mall” were made, which depict it as a structure very similar to Sarajevo’s Gazi Husrev Bey bezistan. Eventually, through 19th century, both buildings were destroyed. Belgrade got new inns and hotels for merchants and visitors to stay in and merchants opened European-style shops and even department stores closer to Knez Mihailova. Interestingly, however, the location of the old bezistan maintained some of its commercial role, as it was there that Jovičić merchant family set up their wine shop and built the city’s largest wine cellar (taken over by NAVIP company after WWII). It took around two centuries for Belgrade to get another fancy covered merchant area Nikola Spasić’s passage (constructed in 1913) in Knez Mihailova, but it was modelled more after grand European Belle Epoque galleries, than Ottoman bazaars. Finally, Bezistan also remained as a toponym in Belgrade, however much further away. It now refers to the always messy modernist covered square next to the old Kozara cinema, rather than Grand Vizier’s ambitious construction which was to make Belgrade rich.	<urn:uuid:243cc26e-77a9-4cbb-a41b-348e7d5bb32f>	CC-MAIN-2021-04	https://thenutshelltimes.com/2020/11/03/hidden-belgrade-58-boosting-belgrades-economy-ottoman-style/?shared=email&msg=fail	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703506697.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20210116135004-20210116165004-00795.warc.gz	en	0.982127	924	2.953125	3
February/March 1983 \| Volume 34, Issue 2 One of America s truly great men—scientist, philosopher, and literary genius—forged his character in the throes of adversity “What you really mean,” says James, “is that he is present-minded somewhere else.” As usual, the Jamesian observation inspires silent thought, and at the next corner he leaves them to turn left. He has remembered that young What’s-His-Name, an uncommonly original undergraduate, lives in one of the dormitories nearby and is reported sick. The young fellow probably hasn’t bothered about a doctor, and his ailment may be something that should not be neglected. The resolve to pay this visit is not prompted solely by professional feeling—that of a teacher who is also an M. D. True, the atmosphere of Harvard College is still family-like; the place is as yet a largely local institution, not the Olympus among universities to which academic demigods aspire. But the fact is that, at any time or place, William James behaves by nature and habit like no one else. He differs even from people who are out of the ordinary by not remembering that he is one of them. Spontaneous, unaffected, his character is to act on any full-fledged emotion, provided others’ feelings are not hurt. His conscience will approve, and conventions will not stop him. So independent a personality did not please everybody. George Santayana recalled in his memoirs of Harvard that although James’s “position was established,” it had seemed at first “questionable and irregular.” James “had had to be swallowed. ” Once this was done, he was seen as “a marvellous human being”—tolerant, generous, tender to others’ difficulties, and yet strongly affirmative, combative even. His spirit seemed all-embracing, though too secular to be called saintly. There is a name for such a character: it is that of the Magnanimous Man. Such comments sufficiently suggest James’s continued importance to us today. He speaks in a voice we can understand and he addresses us on topics that still perplex us. For he is one of the makers of what may be called the formative period of this century—from 1890 to 1914—and his career was the elaboration of what he himself struggled with, intellectually and spiritually, in his youth. What is man? How does he form his views of reality? What is his place in the universe? What, in fact, is the universe—a grand rational unity or a chaotic diversity? What is the role of science in answering such questions and particularly those having to do with moral and religious issues? Is it possible that the modern worship of science destroys the will to live, turns civilization into a mindless machine, just like the universe that science pictures? To know James’s proposed answers, one must read him, which is a pleasure, and re-create for oneself his vision, which is more difficult, for he makes war, though magnanimously, on our favorite superstitions, dragging out of us our unspoken assumptions. He helps us only if we reshape our minds. But all this is to anticipate. It was thanks to physical mischance suffered at the right time by a pair of brothers that this country can now boast of the achievements of two of her greatest sons. William and Henry James had turned twenty by the height of the Civil War and in the normal course would no doubt have enlisted on the Union side like their two brothers, their cousins, and their friends. But Henry was disabled after an injury to his back and William was prey to a recurrent nervous ailment. The younger brothers, Wilky and Bob, who came back shattered from Fort Wagner and other places, serve as a “control” in this small test of the effect of war on the culture of nations. Such accidents of chronology are seldom made enough of. Likewise, the main facts of William’s upbringing are given in all the books, but what they suggest has not been sufficiently insisted on. To say that as a child William was moved from school to school too often for good results conveys no special image, nor does it define the sort of mind that emerged from his globe-trotting and broken schooling. There have been, after all, many hotel-bred children of no more than ordinary capacity. But genius, especially genius in which intellect is fused with imagination, cannot be well understood without recapturing the quality of its earliest experience. For experience is an instinct of life, as Wilde said, and what matters is the way life is “taken” by the experiencer. We know St. Augustine, Rousseau, and Berlioz as we do not know Aristotle, St. Thomas, and Bacon, because the first three wrote autobiographies whose opening chapters give us a direct view of the “taking” in childhood. To know William James, we go to his early letters and find there not only the quality of his power to experience but also the germs of almost all his original ideas. Young James’s nervous instability or neurasthenia, as it was then called, was no temporary trouble of late adolescence. It was a deep-rooted depression which held up his choice of career till his mid-twenties, which he overcame in part by an heroic effort of will, and which periodically returned, though less crippling, throughout his life. Whatever the cause, it cannot have been lack of parental love. The Jameses were an uncommonly united and affectionate family. As the letters show, every member of it took enormous pleasure in the person and the company of the others. The father, Henry James, Sr., was a genial, unworldly man with a humorous eye and an extraordinary way with words. He also had a cork leg, the consequence of an accident in boyhood. Having independent means, he divided his time between domesticity and writing works of theology and social reform. He had a wide circle of friends among intellectuals, in particular Ralph Waldo Emerson. But his family was his paradise. This father was what we should call a permissive parent in an age when fathers knew their rights. Like a man of the twentieth century, he wanted not to repeat the mistakes his father had made in rearing him; so he indulged his children with a sublime confidence that their characters were indestructible. Regular schooling was fitful, the slackness of tutors was tolerated, freedom of speech and movement at home and outside was pushed to the limit, and extravagant, paradoxical opinions were bandied about to stimulate thought. The system—or absence of system—would either ruin or make strong original minds. Judging by William, Henry, and their sister, Alice, it succeeded, though at a cost. Willy, the eldest, was an active, talkative, willful little boy, whose lust for exploring, trying out, and uttering his discoveries soon shattered the household calm that his studious father had once enjoyed, even though his restlessness was also an obsessive trait. The Jameses were originally from New York and soon from everywhere. The grandfather (the first William), who had come from Ireland “to see a revolutionary battlefield,” settled in Albany in 1789. He became one of the builders of that city, a promoter of the Erie Canal, and the possessor not only of wealth but of cultivation. His son, Henry, Sr., born in Albany in 1811 and a graduate of the new Union College in Schenectady, was in New York with his wife when his first son was born, at the old Astor House, on January 11, 1842. When Willy was about a year and a half, the paternal wanderlust asserted itself and the family was whisked off to Europe—Paris, England, Paris again—for a visit that lasted two-and-a-half years. Abroad, Henry, Sr., met Carlyle, Tennyson, Lewes, Mill, Thackeray, and others, and he also experienced a severe mental crisis—almost a total breakdown—that resisted medical treatment. The chance discovery of Swedenborg’s works began to effect a cure and also redirected his thought and writings. After some two years he regained his composure permanently, but for those months the tension and anxiety of both parents doubtless affected the two uncommonly perceptive boys. Back in this country, the family lived first in Albany; then, for an unexampled stretch of seven years, in New York, on West Fourteenth Street, where Alice was born in 1848. But the cosmopolitan ideal still ruled the father’s mind, and Willy was sent for his first schooling to a French institution in New York where he learned nothing but the art of dodging the books hurled by perpetually angry masters. Shifted after a while to another school, he enjoyed being taught to draw. His brother Henry remembered Willy on Fourteenth Street “drawing and drawing, always drawing, not as with a plodding patience … but easily, freely, and, as who should say, infallibly.” Both had begun to “write”—that is to say, compose original “works”—spurred no doubt by the abundant conversation of interesting visitors in the parlor and of the family at table, where a free-for-all was encouraged among their own and “father’s ideas.” A dinner guest has recorded a somewhat later scene of the children’s vehement disputes at mealtimes drowning out the voice of the father-moderator and accompanied by alarming gesticulations, knife or fork in hand. Mrs. James would reassure the visitor: “Don’t be disturbed; they won’t stab each other. This is usual when the boys come home.” By June 1855 Europe beckoned again, and the family trooped over. By then it included the last two children, Garth Wilkinson (Wilky) and Robertson (Bob), equally cherished and appreciated by the rest, and not less mentally alert, but soon to be overtaken by ill chance before their time. From this trip forward—with Willy now in his teens—the story of the Jameses, and especially of the oldest boy, is an account of perpetual motion. It has to be summarized quickly, if only to avoid protracted dizziness: Geneva, Paris, London; tutors and governesses. A year at Boulogne-sur-Mer (1857–58) where Willy, at the excellent lycée , earned praise for work in science and bought a microscope. Back in the States (for no more than a year), a new setting and new friends, at Newport, Rhode Island. It was there that the beautiful child cousin Minny Temple became for William and Henry a beloved emblem of the beauty of life and, by her early death, the very figure of tragedy. At Newport the leading American painter William Morris Hunt had his studio, in which a young man of French origin, John La Farge, was a pupil with a future. From him William took fire and decided he too must be a painter. There ensued a disagreement between Willy and his father that must be unique in the annals of fathers and sons quarreling over careers. The father’s strenuous opposition to Willy’s desire was not because being an artist was “unpractical”—unlikely to bring in the livelihood that was now needed, owing to family losses and the prospective division of the estate among five children; nor was it because the father doubted his son’s talent and chances of success. What he feared was that the profession of artist would not bring Willy the intellectual and spiritual satisfactions his son craved and deserved. Henry, Sr., as an advanced thinker, did believe that “the artist or producer is the only regenerate image of God in nature,” but the artist’s career was still questionable. By 1859, the time of Darwin’s Origin of Species , of Wagner’s Tristan , and of the birth of Freud, Willy still needed some general education. Hence Europe again—Geneva, this time—where he entered the university and distinguished himself in anatomy (including dissection), a discipline in which his good draftsmanship served him well. Then he traveled to Germany for the summer, to learn the language. Willy “soaked it up” while living with a family in Bonn. (Geneva had afforded him a reading knowledge of Italian, in addition to perfecting his French.) But the urge to paint still throbbed inside him, and his arguments virtually forced a return to Newport, where, in 1860, he joined Hunt and La Farge “as an apprentice.” At the same time, it will not do to forget that William never lost touch with his native land. Its ways and speech were deep in him, fused with those that came from the whole civilization to which he had been bred. I mean by this not only that his home situation had made ideas as concrete as tables and chairs; I mean also that even lacking the valuable lesson of American public school life as it was then, James picked up the true spirit of democracy in the unsupervised rambles in downtown New York that his father encouraged. The zest for being in the rough and tumble of life and not just a moralizing spectator was a temperamental trait, an element of the young boy’s energy and love of action. It may be read into the episode of his brother Henry’s wanting to share in some boyish expedition. As the older and less shy, Willy had naturally fallen into the role of rhodel and guardian, and he turned down the request with the final rebuff: “ I play with boys who curse and swear.” Later on, William’s impatience with conventional goodness and propriety affords the rare spectacle of a philosopher who was gifted, Lincoln-like, with the common touch. Santayana is again a good witness, for he never really liked or understood James and, like a good critic, objected to what others also find present but not objectionable: “He was so extremely natural that there was no knowing what his nature was, or what to expect next; … I found no foothold, I was soon fatigued.” James’s childhood hide-and-seek with schoolmasters here and abroad had certainly developed a critical judgment that gave short shrift to received opinion and professional routines. When William in his twenty-fifth year encountered German academic ways in philosophy and science, he wrote home: “You never saw such a mania for going deep into the bowels of truth, with such an absolute lack of intuition and perception of the skin thereof.” The “skin” is the plain concrete feel of things, and James gives to the Germans’ uniformly abstract and verbal ways of explaining things a revealing series of epithets: “disgusting and disheartening … corrupt and immodest.” Father Henry’s transatlantic shuttle had provoked or facilitated or reinforced all these attitudes. If they led in some fashion to the coming breakdown of the young mind called upon to organize and assess them, they were at the same time the best preparation for a genius who was not, after all, going to be another Delacroix, William’s favorite painter in Paris. When the elder James’s sons were little, they were sometimes embarrassed at being asked what their father did. He, when consulted for the right answer, gave one that did not help at all: “Say I’m a philosopher, say I’m a seeker for truth, say I’m a lover of my kind, say I’m an author of books, if you like; or best of all, just say I’m a Student. ” When William gave up painting, he was already halfway to a career that could be described in identical terms. The second part of James’s odyssey occupied less than a decade, from 1861 to 1869, and though full of drama and adventure, it set off almost at once on the right course. Painting with Hunt took up just one year; giving it up expressed the pupil’s sound judgment that talent is not enough: “Nothing is more contemptible than a mediocre artist.” William turned to his other interests and abilities; he enrolled in the Lawrence Scientific School of Harvard and, after three years there, entered the Medical School in 1864. Then came a providential interruption: the famous naturalist Louis Agassiz, subsidized by a Boston patron and the Emperor of Brazil, outfitted an expedition to study the fauna of the Amazon. By invitation William joined as one of the seven volunteer aides making up the exploring party of seventeen. We get a glimpse of him from a letter Mrs. Agassiz wrote to her younger children in Cambridge: “He is a delightful traveling companion. You know how bright, intelligent, cultivated he is—a fellow of vivid, keen intellect. He works hard and is ready to turn his hand to anything for your father.” The fifteen months spanning 1865 and 1866—three in Rio and the rest up-country—were a test of endurance, punctuated for William by smallpox, eye trouble, and the hardships of life in the wilds. Before the end, though, he concluded that he was indeed profiting from the disciplining of his natural quickness and speculative power: “No one,” he wrote home, “sees farther into a generalization than his own knowledge of details extends.” The statement prefigures one of the seminal principles of his later philosophy—the passion for concreteness and the ridding not merely of false but of misused abstraction. One finds also in these letters from Brazil the early-matured style, strong in the picturesque exaggeration that was a family trait. In William the tone varies easily from reflectiveness (as above) to irony (“I speak Portuguese like a book and am ready to converse for hours on any subject. To be sure, the natives seem to have a slight difficulty in understanding me, but that is their lookout.”) and to extravagance (“I am writing to you in a room 120 ft. long—just about big enough for one man”). Then it may go on to self-searching tenderness about one or another member of the family or even a public figure: “I can’t tell why, but albeit unused to the melting mood, I can hardly think of Abraham Lincoln without feeling on the point of blubber. Is it that he seems the representation of pure simple human nature against all conventional additions?” And looking at the devastation, moral and physical, of the war at home and hoping nobody still wants to hang Jefferson Davis, he concludes: “Can anyone think of revenge now?” His medical training, James thought, had taught him only one thing—how society molds and directs an apparently independent and scientific profession. He nevertheless hoped to use his technical knowledge to get rid of his crippling back pains and general anxiety. For James did not take to being an invalid. He hated the “tedious egotism” of sickness and solitude, and his natural bent was toward activity—and not simply the normal kind, but exuberant activity. For some years, too, he had struggled with strong sexual impulses, which in his social and ethical view must lead to marriage, a step he could not take if he were to continue ailing and morbid. He experimented with drugs, exercise, and rest, including less study. From his New Year’s Day reflection for 1870, the measure of this reduced effort appears dubious: if during the year he finished reading his father’s works in thirteen volumes, plus Schopenhauer, Fechner, Fichte, Spencer’s biology, and half a dozen lesser lights, he thought he would have done enough. Yet there was a point to all this philosophizing, as the event proved. He suspected that regaining health might have some connection with the problem of free will which he had been pondering and arguing with friends. The scientific dogma of the day was mechanistic materialism—the great push-pull system of the physical universe by which every event was deemed to be completely determined in an endless chain of previous events, with “not a wiggle of our will” taking part. Soon the great Huxley, “Darwin’s Watchdog,” was to assert that man was an automaton. His consciousness of choosing, of having a purpose, of thinking before acting, was an illusion, an “epiphenomenon,” so to say—the flame of burning brandy on the plum pudding; it plays lightly over the lump beneath but has no control over it. To this day, this is the scheme of things that is taken for granted by the majority of unreflective minds—by thousands of scientists, journalists, and their docile listeners. It seems to fit what we see, feel, and (especially) hear. For William James this issue of material causation was urgent and inescapable: if reason meant anything, the automaton theory was wrong; and if it meant nothing, then an “effort to get well” was also a meaningless phrase. Yet despising self-pity and sensing within him energies that were being mysteriously dammed up, James considered it a duty to save himself and thus release them. Since he no longer had the help of traditional religion—“seeing into the purposes of God”—he could only cling to “the thought of my having a will and of my belonging to the brotherhood of men.” With these two convictions he might overcome the melancholia and the “evil of restlessness” that he hid so carefully. The reality of the will he found confirmed by an argument in the works of the French philosopher Renouvier, whom James had discovered a couple of years before: to will was to sustain a particular thought when one had other thoughts equally sustainable. In short, to choose a goal and hold on to it by attending. As for the significance of mankind—as against the contention of current science that all but matter is illusion—James found it demonstrated by the evidence of history: every thought and act “owes its complexion to the acts of your dead and living brothers. ” The importance of history for James grew with his expanding thought. In a letter to a friend, James wrote: “Man is the best we know; and your loathing for what you probably call the vulgarity of human life is furnished by your manhood; your ideal is made up of traits suggested by past men’s words and actions.” In other words, the quality of life was determined not by matter but by man. It followed that the justification of life was “by hook or by crook, to make my nick , however small a one, in the raw stuff the race has got to shape, and so assert my reality.” James’s starting point and his philosophical method would in our century class him as an existentialist thinker: that is, one who philosophizes from the need to survive intellectually and emotionally in a universe that the collapse of traditional religion and the tyranny of science have laid waste. James had defined the task as early as his twenty-third year, in a letter to his father: “Men’s activities are occupied in two ways—in grappling with external circumstances, and in striving to set things at one in their own topsy-turvy mind.” And three years later, by the time of the impending crisis, he knew the full extent of mankind’s dependence on itself: “ Everything we know and are is through men. We have no revelation but through men.” “Whilst in this state of philosophic pessimism and general depression of spirits about my prospects, I went one evening in a dressing-room in the twilight to procure some article that was there; when suddenly there fell upon me without warning, just as if it came out of the darkness, a horrible fear of my own existence. Simultaneously there arose in my mind the image of an epileptic patient whom I had seen in the asylum, a black-haired youth with greenish skin, entirely idiotic, who used to sit all day on one of the benches, or rather shelves against the wall, with his knees drawn up against his chin, and the coarse grey undershirt, which was his only garment, drawn over them inclosing his entire figure. … This image and my fear entered into a species of combination with each other. That shape am I , I felt, potentially. Nothing that I possess can defend me against that fate, if the hour for it should strike for me as it struck for him. There was such a horror of him, and such a perception of my own merely momentary discrepancy from him, that it was as if something hitherto solid within my breast gave way entirely, and I became a mass of quivering fear. After this the universe was changed for me altogether. I awoke morning after morning with a horrible dread at the pit of my stomach, and with a sense of the insecurity of life that I never knew before, and that I have never felt since. It was like a revelation; and although the immediate feelings passed away, the experience has made me sympathetic with the morbid feelings of others ever since. It gradually faded, but for months I was unable to go into the dark alone.” No such vision could be counted on to recede by degrees, like the storybook cat, without long intellectual analysis and a heroic “sustaining of the idea” of himself as an active and rational being. It was during this effort that the news came of cousin Minny Temple’s death. For him, as for Henry, the fact was a devastation. It struck at their tenderest feelings of love, of course, but also at their imagination of love, at the poetry of human excellence, at any trust they might have in life itself. William’s renewed struggle to will his recovery seems to be linked with that loss, turning it into a source of energy through the recognition of the tragic and the resolve to accept himself. A diary entry dated two weeks after Minny’s death gives the contents of this emotional upturn: “By that big part of me that’s in the tomb with you, may I realize and believe in the immediacy of death! May I feel that every torment suffered here passes and is a breath of wind—every pleasure too. Acts and examples stay. … Is our patience so short-winded, our curiosity so dead or our grit so loose that that one instant snatched out of the endless age should not be cheerfully sat out? Minny, your death makes me feel the nothingness of all our egotistic fury. The inevitable release is sure; wherefore take our turn kindly whatever it contain. Ascend to some sort of partnership with fate and since tragedy is at the heart of us, go to meet it, work it in to our ends, instead of dodging it all our days. … Use your death (or your life, it’s all one meaning)…” To outward view that young wastrel nearing thirty was not the wretched, impulse-torn creature that he knew himself to be. He finally found a use for his knowledge of many subjects in his first consecutive, recognized, official occupation. James had attended a course of lectures on optical phenomena and the eye, which led him to some experiments of his own in a lab he used at the medical school. This initiative attracted notice. In 1872 James was offered and accepted an instructorship in anatomy and physiology at Harvard; his colleagues included Henry Adams, John Fiske, and Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. The odyssey was over: James had found his vocation. But apart from his existential need to come to terms with life, how did James conceive the task of philosophy at large? He tells us in a book review of 1875: “All philosophic reflection is essentially skeptical at the start. To common sense, and in fact to all living thought, matters actually thought of are held to be absolutely and objectively as we think them. Every representation becomes relative, flickering, insecure, only when reduced, only in the light of further consideration which we may confront it with. This may be called its reductive . Now the reductive of most of our confident beliefs is that they are our beliefs; that we are turbid media; and that a form of being may exist uncontaminated by the touch of the fallacious knowing subject. The motive of most philosophies has been to find a position from which one could exorcise the reductive , and remain securely in possession of a secure belief.” It is perhaps worth noting about these words that James, when he wrote them, had just begun teaching his first course in psychology; it must have brought home to him more strongly than ever that the relation of the mind to objects is not a simple one and that any contribution of psychology to philosophy must be made as definite as possible by experiment. Now, of the current “reductives,” scientific materialism was favored by James’s closest friends; to James it was not good enough. As he had told Wendell Holmes more than once: “I’m blest if I’m a Materialist: the materialist posits an X for his ultimate principle. Were he satisfied to inhabit this vacuous X, I should not at present try to disturb him. But that atmosphere is too rare; so he spends all his time on the road between it and sensible realities, engaged in the laudable pursuit of degrading every (sensibly) higher thing into a (sensibly) lower. … It availeth little that he should at the end put in his little caveat that, after all, the low denomination is as unreal as the unreduced higher ones were. … What balm is it, when instead of my High you have given me a Low, to tell me that the Low is good for nothing?” This allusive critique of reductionism needs a word of explanation, and deserves it, for it is central to James’s thought: reality is not found by replacing some full experience with a list of its smaller components. The reduction distorts. In other words, James affirmed the main insight of Gestalt psychology and philosophy long before its birth. But what is X and what are the “sensible realities” that Holmes or Wright kept pushing one grade lower, “laudably” says James with irony? X is matter, which no one has ever seen, heard, or touched, for it is an assumption made by the materialist as a backstop for his actual sensations—what is seen, heard, touched, and so on—the “sensible” (sensed) elements of all experience, behind which no one can go. The unsatisfactoriness of “matter” as the ultimate reality is Berkeley’s great demonstration, which cannot be got around. Dr. Johnson missed the point when he kicked a large stone, as Boswell relates, and thought he had refuted Berkeley. No one has ever denied that a stone is hard and real. But the question remains, is there behind or below the hardness an “invisible pincushion” that holds together all the sensible “pins” (hard, rough, round, grayish, brown, etc.) of ordinary experience? If so, what is it? Matter, answers the materialist. Mind (or God’s mind), says the idealist, each a man of faith unable to bring his hypothesis to the proof. In the Psychology and later, we shall see James at war with both those hitherto prevalent views of the century he was born in. Meanwhile he is unwilling to see any part of experience “lowered” by any kind of analysis, as if it thereby became “more real” or “ultimate.” This Jamesian resistance to reductionism, like the role of psychology in his thought, is the mark of his contribution to the intellectual revolution of the 1880s and ’90s.	<urn:uuid:70338f59-2807-4ba1-b310-a9c9dbf10124>	CC-MAIN-2015-18	http://www.americanheritage.com/print/54687?page=3	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246651471.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045731-00021-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.981035	6,776	3.046875	3
The church was built in Victorian times when one third of the population went to church. Hawley Church had proposed building a church on land granted by the Royal Military College, Sandhurst as it was found that ‘three hundred persons were living more than two miles from the parish to which they belonged’. Originally known as Newtown, Yorktown was the first part of what is now Camberley to be built. Cambridge Town came later, but as this caused postal confusion, the name of Camberley was adopted for both areas. The building was designed by Henry Woodyer, and built of local Frimley stone in Victorian Gothic style. It originally consisted of a nave and chancel only, with a small bell tower, later removed. It was consecrated on 6 May 1851 by Dr Sumner, Bishop of Winchester, in whose diocese the parish remained until the formation of Guildford diocese in 1927. The church was added to by Mr C Buckridge, and in 1891 the tower and spire were built in memory of Freda Middleton, daughter of the Revd and Mrs Middleton. The carvings above the aisle are circular in design and depict biblical scenes. The artist was Henry Gomme who also carved the roses around the chancel arch. Most of the important features of the building were gifts to St Michael's in the latter half of the 19th century, including the pulpit, reredos (screen behind the holy table), the stained glass in the east and west windows. The original lectern was stolen in 1996: the replacement was crafted by the late Dennis Wagner. The west window was probably in the main wall of the original nave, and was moved to its present position when the tower and spire were built. The font was given in memory of Frederick Middleton, who was vicar of the parish for 27 years. The Middleton graves can be seen in the churchyard near to the gate to the vicarage. Three other vicars of St Michael's are buried in the churchyard. A list of vicars may be seen on the south wall of the church and their photographs are in the clergy vestry. Near the font is a wooden cross made by prisoners of war held in Camberley during the 1939-45 war. Another interesting grave, Grave 1, near the gate to the vicarage, holds the remains of John Stallwood, Cordwainer. Near to the south (main) door of the church you will find the grave of Sergeant Fineghan who fought in the Crimea and was an orderly to Florence Nightingale. There are also two holders of the Victoria Cross buried in the churchyard. Parish records date back to 1851, the first entry being the baptisms of Stephen and Maria Ellis. The first wedding was in June 1852. The early entries show many infant deaths and few deaths of anyone over 70 years old. More on the history of Yorktown, Camberley and the wider Surrey Heath area can be found at Surrey Heath Museum, Knoll Road, Camberley, Surrey GU15 3HD 01276 707284.	<urn:uuid:067e6b67-8dc0-431f-b31a-077d6d532c26>	CC-MAIN-2021-49	https://www.stmichaelscamberley.com/history.htm	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964361064.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20211202024322-20211202054322-00183.warc.gz	en	0.985445	650	2.59375	3
Wednesday, 26 October 2016 A landlocked country, Nepal is sandwiched between two giant neighbors–China and India. To the north, the Himalayas constituted a natural and mostly impassible frontier, and beyond that was the border with China. Nepal is landlocked by India on three sides and China’s Tibet Autonomous Region to the north. West Bengal’s narrow Siliguri Corridor or Chicken’s Neck separate Nepal and Bangladesh. To the east are India and Bhutan. Nepal depends on India for goods transport facilities and access to the sea, even for most goods imported from China. During the British Raj (1858-1947), Nepal sought geostrategic isolation. This traditional isolationism partially was the product of the relative freedom the country enjoyed from external intervention and domination. From the mid-nineteenth century, when Britain emerged as the unchallenged power in India and the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911) in China was in decline, Nepal made accommodations with Britain on the best possible terms. Without surrendering autonomy on internal matters, Nepal received guarantees of protection from Britain against external aggression and interference. London also considered a steady flow of Gurkha recruits from Nepal as vital to support Britain’s security in India and its other colonial territories. In the 1950s, Nepal began a gradual opening up and a commitment to a policy of neutrality and nonalignment. At the 1973 summit of the Nonaligned Movement in Algiers, Late King Birendra proposed that “Nepal, situated between two of the most populous countries of the world, wishes her frontiers to be declared a zone of peace.” In 1975, during the coronation address of Late King Birendra, he formally asked other countries to endorse his proposal. Since then, the concept of Nepal as a zone of peace has become a main theme of Kathmandu’s foreign policy. As of mid-1991, Nepal had been endorsed as a zone of peace by more than 110 nations. Many of these countries also recommended a regional approach to peace as the goal. Without the endorsement of India and the former Soviet Union, however, the prospect of broader international acceptance was dim. At the beginning of the 1990s, Nepal had established diplomatic relations with approximately 100 countries. Nepal was an active member of the United Nations (UN) and participated in a number of its specialized agencies. Nepal also was a founding member of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) and had successfully negotiated several bilateral and multilateral economic, cultural, and technical assistance programs. Because of its geographical proximity to and historical links with China and India, Nepal’s foreign policy was focused mainly on maintaining close and friendly relations with these two countries and on safeguarding its national security and independence. Nepal’s relations with the United States, Europe, and the Soviet Union showed new signs of vitality in 1991. Traveling gives us the opportunity to disconnect from our regular life. You get to forget your problems/issues for a few weeks, it can also help you figure things out that you would not have understood without the distance traveling can give you. We all have crazy schedules, work and a family to take care of, going away alone or with some friends can give you distance and perhaps even make you realize how important these people are for you. Like the saying says: we never know what we have until we lose it. Another great benefit is the relaxation you get to do. It’s nice to live life to its fullest and enjoy a stress free time with yourself. Going on vacation lets us recharge our “batteries” by disconnecting us from our regular life. When we come back we feel invigorated and we are happy to be back in our day to day routine. It’s a very good stress remover that has a lot more to give than most people are willing to accept. Traveling increases our knowledge and widens our perspective. To view new customs, different ways of living is fantastic for the mind. It gives us a new perspective about life and especially our life, it can help us change some of our habits or even create new ones. When I travel I usually make it a point to try new food, some cultures don’t have fries in their diet and they are all skinny, others use spices to give taste and not oils or fats. Discovering different values and ways to get by in life is really interesting. You also need to visit exotic new places and discover what this wonderful world has to offer.	<urn:uuid:e8930347-9d4d-4988-af34-c35904a558a7>	CC-MAIN-2017-17	http://www.ecanadanepal.com/2016/10/janapriya-king-birendra-queen-aishwarya.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917122933.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031202-00099-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.96596	932	3.390625	3
The Redwing is 20-24 cm long with a wingspan of 33-34.5 cm and a weight of 50-75 g. The sexes are similar, with plain brown backs and with dark brown spots on the white underparts. The most striking identification features are the red flanks and underwing, and the creamy white stripe above the eye. Habitat and Distribution It breeds in northern Europe and Asia, from Iceland to northernmost Scotland, and east through Scandinavia, the Baltic States, northern Poland and Belarus, and through most of Russia to about 165?E in Chukotka Autonomous Okrug. It is also found in eastern Europe and breeds in northern Ukraine,and southern Greenland. The bird is migratory, wintering in western, central and southern Europe, northwest Africa, and southwest Asia east to northern Iran. They breed in conifer and birch forest and tundra. It is omnivorous, eating a wide range of insects and earthworms all year, supplemented by berries in autumn and winter, particularly of rowan and hawthorn. Redwings nest in shrubs or on the ground, laying four to six eggs in a neat nest. The eggs hatch after 12-13 days. Calls and Songs The male has a varied short song, and a whistling flight call.	<urn:uuid:ed5c455f-49f5-4c2c-8a6b-0364612fce94>	CC-MAIN-2019-13	http://www.twigle.co/bird-guide/?bird=Redwing+-+Turdus+iliacus	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202474.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20190320230554-20190321012554-00062.warc.gz	en	0.944974	275	3.0625	3
\|The Promise of Increased Unemployment\| Fiscal contractions raise both short-term and long-term unemployment, as shown in Chart 3, but the impact is much greater on the latter. Long-term unemployment refers to spells of unemployment lasting more than six months. Moreover, within three years the rise in short-term unemployment due to fiscal consolidation comes to an end, but long-term unemployment remains higher even after five years. Fiscal consolidations thus add to the pain of those who are likely to be already suffering the most—the long-term unemployed. This is a particular worry today since the share of long-term unemployed increased in most Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development countries during the Great Recession. And even in countries where it did not increase—such as France, Germany, Italy, and Japan—the share had already been very high even before the recession. Job loss is associated with persistent earnings loss, adverse impacts on health, and declines in the academic performance and earnings potential of the children of displaced workers (see “The Tragedy of Unemployment,” in F&D, December 2011). These adverse effects are exacerbated the longer a person is unemployed.	<urn:uuid:24cb6f47-9dba-4faf-8d0f-a6993df81e64>	CC-MAIN-2017-34	http://titanicsailsatdawn.blogspot.com/2011_09_14_archive.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886105086.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20170818175604-20170818195604-00128.warc.gz	en	0.96114	240	3	3
The Ilha do Caju is the result of five generations of ecological spirit, which makes it unique throughout the Brazilian coast. In this immensity, where mangrove forests mix the restinga and gigantic dunes, they permeate water courses and several specimens of flora and fauna threatened with extinction. First inhabited by the Tremembe Indians - who, the story goes, were brave warriors, feared throughout the Delta - the Island was called Pará-mirim and Punaré. The Tremembe were catechized by the Jesuit priests, in the form of villages, and in 1660, the Island was visited by Fr. Antônio Vieira, who had the Tupi name of Pahy-assú - the Big Foot. On April 21, 1727, the cacique Manoel Miguel receives possession of the Island. In 1758, Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, the Marquis of Pombal, expelled the Jesuits from Brazil, confiscated all their property and caused the disappearance of the indigenous villages of the Delta. In 1776, the Island of Cashew was auctioned off by cattle breeder João Paulo Diniz, who introduced livestock there. The beef was salted and exported to Brazil, to other parts of Brazil and to Portugal. Later, on August 18, 1847, the impoverishment of the heirs of João Paulo Diniz, caused the sale of the island to the lieutenant-coroner Domingos José Gonçalves and his wife, Mrs. Torquata da Cunha e Silva Castello Branco Gonçalves, for two short stories of kings, the equivalent of 250 head of cattle. After the death of Lieutenant Colonel Domingos José Gonçalves and his wife, the Island belonged to his children, Dr. Malaquias Antônio Gonçalves and Dr. Sigismundo Antônio Gonçalves. With the death of both, the daughter of Dr. Malaquias, Eugênia Mendes Gonçalves D'amorim becomes the new owner of the Island. Eugenia was also the granddaughter of Barão João José de Rodrigues Mendes, married to Alberto de Loyo Amorim, son of the baron of the strong house. On July 21, 1919, Alberto de Loyo Amorim, sells the Island to a British citizen married to the niece of Drs. Malaquias and Sigismundo Antônio Gonçalves. Ilha do Caju assumes its ecological vocation due to the efforts of its owners, who have been keeping the Island in its primitive state and cultivating the harmony between man and nature since 1847. There is prohibited predatory fishing, hunting, harassment of animals and deforestation. Declared State Environmental Protection Area (APA Delta Do Parnaíba) - Decree No. 11,899 / 91 of June 11, 1991 and Federal Environmental Protection Area (APA Delta do Parnaíba) - Decree no., Of August 1996. The fauna is varied, it includes armadillos, coyotes, maracajá cats, anteaters, toucans, yellow caiman alligators, raccoons, deer, foxes, woodpeckers, jacus, monkeys of various species, guarás, spoonbills, herons, jacus , mallards, sea turtles (loggerhead turtle), porpoises and many others. After all, everyone in the delta knows, that Ilha do Caju is the refuge of these animals, because it is the natural protection of their habitat. Aiming to halt the devastation of this rich and fragile ecosystem, respect for the nature and habits of the local community is disseminated through programs of environmental education and sustainable socio-economic development that aim to safeguard this paradise for its present rational use and for future generations.	<urn:uuid:008d784d-d503-4d4f-80f0-537e672da3ec>	CC-MAIN-2022-21	http://www.ilhadocaju.com.br/index.php/en/the-island/history	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662520817.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20220517194243-20220517224243-00525.warc.gz	en	0.941776	821	2.640625	3
A critical point of a continuous function is a point at which the derivative is zero or undefined. Critical points are the points on the graph where the function's rate of change is altered—either a change from increasing to decreasing, in concavity, or in some unpredictable fashion. Critical points are useful for determining extrema and solving optimization problems. A continuous function with in its domain has a critical point at that point if it satisfies either of the following conditions: - is undefined. A critical point of a differentiable function is a point at which the derivative is 0. Find all critical points of . The derivative of is so the derivative is zero at and . Since is defined on all real numbers, the only critical points of the function are and A local extremum is a maximum or minimum of the function in some interval of -values. An inflection point is a point on the function where the concavity changes (the sign of the second derivative changes). While any point that is a local minimum or maximum must be a critical point, a point may be an inflection point and not a critical point. - A critical point is a local maximum if the function changes from increasing to decreasing at that point and is a local minimum if the function changes from decreasing to increasing at that point. - A critical point is an inflection point if the function changes concavity at that point. - A critical point may be neither. This could signify a vertical tangent or a "jag" in the graph of the function. The first derivative test provides a method for determining whether a point is a local minimum or maximum. If the function is twice-differentiable, the second derivative test could also help determine the nature of a critical point. However, if the second derivative has value at the point, then the critical point could be either an extremum or an inflection point. Classify the critical points of the following function: The derivative of is Note that the derivative has value at points and . At , the derivative is undefined, and therefore is a critical point. At , the derivative is when approaching from the left and when approaching from the right, so since the derivative is defined and equal to is not a critical point. The critical point is a local maximum. The critical point is a local minimum. The critical point is an inflection point.	<urn:uuid:a0364e5b-35f4-4bc6-a0d3-5ed6afea0981>	CC-MAIN-2020-50	https://brilliant.org/wiki/critical-point/?subtopic=applications-of-differentiation&chapter=extrema	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141181482.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20201125071137-20201125101137-00636.warc.gz	en	0.881966	491	3.96875	4
The Indian Classical Music has three built in pillars called elements of music, they are: Raag, in the Sanskrit dictionary, is defined as "the act of coloring or dyeing" (the mind in this context) and "any feeling or passion especially love, affection, sympathy, vehement desire, interest, joy, or delight". In music, these descriptions apply to the impressions of melodic sounds on both the artist(s) and listener(s). A raag consists of required and optional rules governing the melodic movements of notes within a performance. Indian classical music is based on raga system, which has continuously evolved over the millenniums, from pre Aryan period until today. The music and ragas also have their roots in the Hindu mythology e.g., Shiv's tandav dance, and Narad's and Saraswati's playing of divine musical instruments are legendary evidences of the existence of music in the world of gods. The definition and meaning of raga has changed many a times over the long period of history and mythology. The root word for the term 'Raga' is the Sanskrit word 'Ranja' meaning to please, to colour or to tinge. The meaning of the raga revolves around three basic elements: - passion, and The melodic performer utilizes a raag as the foundation for improvisation. A recital explores a raag in an non-metered form and/or within the confines of a cyclical rhythmic structure, using intricate ornamentation of notes. First the raag is introduced with a note or group of notes, and then the improvisation progresses to a more melodically and rhythmically complex form. The manner in which raags originate is a fascinating subject. Many raags are polished forms of a family of regional folk melodies while others have been created through the imagination of musicians. Some of the latter are raags with their own distinct characteristics whereas other creations are a combination of one or more existing raags. The names of some established raags have changed with time and the characteristics/ definitions of raags also are not as rigid as claimed in theory. History of ragas: - Bharata is considered to be the earliest authority on Indian Music. In his work 'Natya Shastra' written in the third century A.D.. he has explained the meaning of ragas but has not given any coherent definition of the word. Later works of this period were produced by Kayshap and Matanga - Pandit Somnath's work titled 'Rag - Vobodh' was produced in the medieval period. He said that a raga was an arrangement of sounds, consisting of musical notes, which possess Varna. Varna here means manner and order in which Svaras (notes) are applied. - The modern writers have given the following definitions of a raga: i. Fox Strangeway defines a raga as: "An arbitrary series of notes characterised as far as possible as individuals, by proximity to or remoteness from the note which marks the general level of melody, by a special order in which they are usually reinforced by a drone". 1 Music of Hindustan, Oxford University, 1914, pp. 107 ii. Herbert A. Popley defines a raga as: "Different series of notes within the octave, which form each other by the prominence of certain fixed notes and by the sequence of particular notes". 2 Mood is the frame of mind or state of feelings. It is the comprehensive term for any state of mind in which one emotion or desire or a set of them is ascendant. It is primarily an act or process of representation. It deals with the role of expression in a musical performance, the means of expression and the factors responsible for expression while presenting any raga. The literal meaning of the word Ragmala is: a chain/necklace (mala) of ragas i.e., a list of ragas. This list differs according to the author and the music school it is based upon. Thus there exists a number of such lists in the music text books. The Ragamala listed in Guru Granth Sahib belongs to Hanumant school of music. According to Bhai Vir Singh, a Sikh scholar, the ragamala included in Guru Granth Sahib was prepared by Guru Nanak Dev and it contains a list of popular ragas of that period of time. This ragamala must not be read as an index of ragas of Guru Granth Sahib, for it is only a list of popular ragas sung at the time period of Sikh Gurus. Moreover there are ragas mentioned in the Ragamala which are not included in Guru Granth Sahib, and there are ragas used in Guru Granth Sahib which are not mentioned in the Ragamala. In fact the Ragamala included in Guru Granth Sahib is no way related to the ragas used by the Sikh Gurus to compose their hymns. It is just an independent list of ragas based on Hanumant School of music. It is also important to note that unlike various Schools of Music, there is no mention of raginis (consort of ragas) or their sons in Guru Granth Sahib. There is a mention of 37 ragas. Thirty one ragas refer to 31 chapters in the musical section of Guru Granth Sahib (pages 14 - 1353), and six other ragas mentioned therein have been mixed with the 31 major names used in Guru Granth Sahib. The following ragas names, which are used as chapter headings, have been used by the Sikh Gurus to compose their hymns: Other six raga names mentioned/used in Guru Granth Sahib are: The ragas marked with asterix (*) sign mentioned above are listed in Guru Granth Sahib's ragamala, which has a mention of a total of 64 raga names, including 6 major ragas, 30 raginis and 48 sons of ragas. Thus out of a total of 64 ragas mentioned in the ragamala, the Sikh Gurus have used only 20 (17 major names, and 3 other raga names) ragas and have used 17 (14 major names and 3 other names) other ragas which are not mentioned in the Guru Granth Sahib's ragamala. Specialist Terminology to understand musical terms used in the following pages. 1. Thaat- The tune of seven ascending and descending notes is called 'Thath oio' , - A Thaat must have seven notes out of the twelve notes [Seven Shuddha, Four komal (Re, Ga, Dha , Ni), one teevra (Ma) ], placed in an ascending order. Both the forms of the notes can be used. - Thaat has only an Aaroha. - Thaats are not sung but the raags produced from the Thaats are sung. - Thaats are named after the popular raag of that Thaat. For example Bhairavi is a popular raag and the thaat of the raag Bhairavi is named after the raag. The music books record ten basic thaats: 2. Arohi - The ascending scale (sa re ga ma pa dha ni sa) .This is the pattern of notes in which a Raag ascends the scale. 3. Avrohi - The descending scale (sa ni dha pa ma ga re sa) This is the pattern of notes in which a Raag decends the scale. 4. Vadi- The most popular note ,This is a note which is strongly emphasised within a particular Raag. 5. Samvadi- The second most popular note,This is a note which is emphasised within a particular Raag, but not as much as the Vadi. 6. Aurav- A raga of five notes 7. Khaurav- A raga of six notes 8. Sampooran- A raga of seven notes 9. Aurav-Khaurav- Where arohi has five notes, but avrohi has six notes. 10. Khaurav-Aurav- Where arohi has six notes, but avrohi has five notes. 11. Aurav-Sampooran- Where arohi has five notes, but avrohi has seven notes 12. Khaurav-Sampooran- Where arohi has six notes, but avrohi has seven notes. 13. Sampooran-Aurav- Where arohi has seven notes, but avrohi has five notes. 14. Sampooran-Khaurav- Where arohi has seven notes, but avrohi has six notes. 15. Saptaks - This refers to three divisions of a harmonium - Mandar - first (top) part of seven notes - Middle - central part of seven notes - Tar - last part of seven notes. 16. The notes can be soft (komal) or sharp (teever) Musical terms regarding a presentation of a raag in vocal style 1.Sthayee : The first part of the composition. Mainly develops in the the lower and the middle octave. 2.Antaraa : Second part of the composition. Develops in the middle or higher note. 3.Mukhadaa : The first line of the composition. Common Themes of Shabads placed under Raags of Guru Granth Sahib - Soohi - Being away from home. The soul being away from the House of Lord and the joy of meeting the true husband. - Bilaaval - beautification of soul, happiness. - Gaund - Separation, union, surprise. - Sri - Maya and detachment - Maajh - yearning to merge with Lord, giving up of negative values. - Gauri - Principles, serious, thoughtfulness, composed - Aasa - Hope - Gujri - Prayer (Pooja) - Devgandhari - Merging with spouse, self - realization - Bihaagra - Yearning due to separation of soul and happiness due to meeting the Lord. - Sorath - Merits of God - Dhanasari - Mixed theme - Jaitsree - Stability - Todi - Maya, separation - Bairagi - motivation to sing praises of Lord - Tilang - many words from the vocabulary of Islamic origins are used, sadness, beautification. - Raamkali - to give up the life of a wandering Jogi. - Nat Narayan - Joy of meeting the Lord - Maali Gaura - Happiness - Maaru - Bravery - Tukhari - Separation and union with Lord - Kedara - Love - Bhairav - Man's state of hell - Basant - Happiness - Sarang - Thirst to meet God - Malaar - State of separated and united soul - Jaijawanti - Vairaag (Detachment) - Kalyaan - Bhakti (Prayer) Ras - Vadhans - Vairaag (Detachment) - Parbhati - Bhakti (Prayer) - Kaanra - Bhakti (Prayer) Feelings communicated by the music of Raags - Soohi - joy and separation - Bilaaval - happiness - Gaund - strangeness, surprise, beauty - Sri - satisfaction and balance - Maajh - loss, beautification - Gauri - seriousness - Aasa - making effort - Gujri - satisfaction, softness of heart, sadness - Devgandhari - no specific feeling but the Raag has a softness - Bihaagra - beautification - Sorath - motivation - Dhanasari - inspiration, motivation - Jaitsree - softness, satisfaction, sadness - Todi - this being a flexible Raag it is apt for communicating many feelings - Bhairaagi - sadness, (Gurus have, however, used it for the message of Bhakti) - Tilang - this is a favourite Raag of Muslims. It denotes feeling of beautification and yearning. - Raamkali - calmness - Nat Narayan - happiness - Maali Gaura - happiness - Maaru - giving up of cowardice - Tukhari - beautification - Kedara - love and beautification - Bhairav - seriousness, brings stability of mind - Basant - happiness - Sarang - sadness - Malaar - separation - Jaijawanti - viraag - Kalyaan - Bhakti Ras - Vadhans - vairaag, loss (that is why Alahniya is sung in this Raag when someone passes away) - Parbhati - Bhakti and seriousness - Kaanra - Bhakti and seriousness Excerpts taken from: Guru Granth Sahib: An Advance Study Dr Sukhbir Singh Kapoor and other sources	<urn:uuid:e0622586-fc96-4e7e-b20d-e53bd2df8dc0>	CC-MAIN-2017-04	https://www.searchgurbani.com/raags	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282631.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00005-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.917958	2,788	3.625	4
View of Yellowknife Bay Formation, with Drilling Sites (Unannotated) This mosaic of images from Curiosity's Mast Camera (Mastcam) shows geological members of the Yellowknife Bay formation, and the sites where Curiosity drilled into the lowest-lying member, called Sheepbed, at targets "John Klein" and "Cumberland." The scene has the Sheepbed mudstone in the foreground and rises up through Gillespie Lake member to the Point Lake outcrop. These rocks record superimposed ancient lake and stream deposits that offered past environmental conditions favorable for microbial life. Rocks here were exposed about 70 million years ago by removal of overlying layers due to erosion by the wind. The 50-centimeter scale bars at different locations in the image are about 20 inches long. The lower scale bar is about 26 feet (8 meters) away from where Curiosity was positioned when the view was recorded. The upper scale bar is about 98 feet (30 meters) from the rover's location. The scene is a portion of a 111-image mosaic acquired during the 137th Martian day, or sol, of Curiosity's work on Mars (Dec. 24, 2012). The foothills of Mount Sharp are visible in the distance, upper left, southwest of camera position.	<urn:uuid:d18cf487-657a-40d0-bf91-696533401954>	CC-MAIN-2015-35	http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/multimedia/images/?ImageID=5773	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440645208021.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827031328-00285-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.955332	254	3.328125	3
November 8, 2020 Mankind has advanced in the footsteps of men and women of unshakable faith. Many of the great ones … have set stars in the heavens to light others through the night.–Olga Rosmanith The festival of Martinmas comes this next week, on November 11. Martinmas is the feast day of Saint Martin of Tours from France. A kind and humble fellow, Saint Martin led a vigorous life of faith and service to others. His most prominent legend tells of when he served in the Roman Army and cut his winter cloak in half to clothe a half-naked beggar at the city walls of Amiens and was then visited by Jesus in a dream and his cloak was restored. This is but one example of his charity. It is recorded that he would make perilous journeys, miles long, to bring help to those in need for his entire life. Though dedicated to his church, he was more dedicated to people, even eschewing traditions to better serve them. In common celebration, people light lanterns in his remembrance, symbolizing how he brought warmth and light to those who were struggling. For me, honoring the spirit of Saint Martin is just the beginning of celebrating Martinmas. Our global history is filled with examples of people like Martin, driven by their own belief in the goodness of people, who spend their whole lives in service of others. I recently discovered that November 3 is the feast day for another Saint Martin, Martin de Porres born in Lima, Peru. Ironically, he was a social justice reformer of his time. Martin de Porres was the son of a Spanish adventurer and the freed daughter of slaves from Panama. Persecuted for his mixed-race background, he worked tirelessly to care for the sick and educate people regardless of their class, gender, or racial background. What an incredibly appropriate layer of history Saint Martin de Porres adds to the idea of Martinmas. We cannot hold a torch to light another’s path without brightening our own.–Ben Sweetland Yet, there are more. There are scores of stories about the lives of people who have quietly served, and those who shouted from the mountaintops, a voice for the masses. There are stories of people who patiently but relentlessly stood for peace, and those who brazenly fought for justice. These are stories of people unafraid to face the darkness, whether it be acutely dangerous or quietly pervasive, and shine brightly for others. And there are (thankfully!) more festivals of light to come. As the darkness becomes prevalent day by day, and we move into the long nights of the Winter, people around the world will celebrate Diwali, Hanukkah, Christmas, Winter Solstice, Iemanja, Kwanzaa, Chinese New Year, and more. At such an extraordinary moment in time, we need all the stories of light that we can find. We need not just a single lantern carried by one man to light our way, but a giant, blazing torch carried by thousands of people throughout the world in history and today. May this season be a celebration of every man, woman and child who has been a beacon of light for the greater Good. And may it be a rallying moment for many more. What stories of light are you telling this coming season? Discipline with Loving Awareness begins Wednesday. Won’t you join Cynthia in filling your tool box with plenty of discipline tools?	<urn:uuid:87acc7c6-5cf9-47aa-98c0-068094f06a59>	CC-MAIN-2023-50	https://lifewaysnorthamerica.org/living-arts-weekly-festivals-of-light/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100535.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204214708-20231205004708-00014.warc.gz	en	0.968774	702	2.796875	3
The Expedition - Overview Overview \| Objectives \| Science Crew \| The Ship This cruise is our third year of oceanographic field work as part of the Western Arctic Shelf Basin Interactions (SBI) Experiment. To read dispatches from previous cruises, check the 2002 Dispatches and the 2003 is a multi-year, multi-disciplinary program sponsored jointly by the National Science Foundations Office of Polar Programs and the High-latitude branch of the Office of Naval Research. The overall goal is to understand how the Arctic shelves communicate with the interior basin from a coupled physical--biogeochemical standpoint. The premise is that this system is in a delicate balance that could be upset by global change, which in turn could have important ramifications. These include possible melting of portions of the polar ice cover, changes in export of water to the global ocean, and alteration of the food web with significant consequences for native populations. From the physical oceanographic perspective the goal is straightforward: understand how shelf water is transferred, at the continental shelfbreak, to the interior basin in order to help maintain the cold halocline of the Arctic Ocean. This is the salty layer at mid-depth which shields the surface ice cover from the warm deep water. If this shield is weakened, there is more than enough heat contained in the underlying Atlantic-origin water to start melting the ice from below. SBI is divided into three phases: Phase 1 (1999-2002) - Retrospective data analysis and modeling to help define a new measurement program. Phase 2 (2002-2004) - Data collection in the Chukchi and Beaufort Seas, with continued regional modeling. Phase 3 (2004) - Data/model synthesis to develop realistic descriptions and predictions of Arctic climate change. Specific questions that SBI will focus on include: Answering these questions will help create a more general picture of Arctic - How is the inflowing water from Bering Strait transformed as it flows across the Chukchi shelf? How is this water subsequently transferred into the interior Arctic upon reaching the shelf edge? - What are the major biological and chemical processes linking the outer shelf to the deep basin, and to what extent are they governed by the physical exchange - How do exchange mechanisms differ between the wide Chukchi and narrow Beaufort shelves and adjacent slopes? - What are the variations in this system from season to season and year to year?	<urn:uuid:e84d1c51-8a2b-4927-a935-0ab88a6ec484>	CC-MAIN-2018-34	http://www.whoi.edu/science/PO/arcticedge/arctic_west04/expedition/index.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221216333.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20180820101554-20180820121554-00311.warc.gz	en	0.889313	532	2.734375	3
Fidelio, Vol. V, No, 1. Winter 1996 \|This article is reprinted from the Winter 1996 issue of FIDELIO Magazine. For related articles, scroll down or click here. Lessons of Universal History Chinas Confucian Legacy In Todays World by Helga Zepp LaRouche What separates Chinese from European culture is that, in a certain sense, except for the very recent developments, the medieval period was prolonged for centuries in China. China did not make the leap which Europe did in the Fifteenth century. And thus, for the last five hundred years, since the Golden Renaissance, China has been falling behind the West. I am going to tell you a little bit about Confucius, who lived from 551 to 479 B.C.E. He was part of a waning nobility. As we do today, he travelled widely from one kingdom to another, trying to find people who would listen to his ideas. He did so for over ten years, but he was not able to carry out his political ideas anywhere (unlike us!). He lived in the period of the great upheavals, at the end of what is called the Spring and Autumn period, when the House of Zhou fell into the hands of the princes of the various states. And therefore, the highest political goal Confucius had, was the reconstruction of society out of a condition of chaos. The world with which Confucius was confronted had, according to him, left the Right way, (wu Tao). Confucius therefore said, The most important step is to bring the notions, the words, the categories, into order, so that they again fit the meaning. The Teachings of Confucius In the philosophy of Confucius, the idea of Renlove, benevolence, but more love in the sense of agape¯is the central concept. Love of the people: that is, that people should love each other.[See endnote on the spelling and pronunciation of Chinese chareacters] Confucius says, My teaching contains an all-pervading principle: Ren and its realization. Ren is the desire to develop oneself to develop others. Do not do to others, what you do not like yourself. Confucius described Ren, love, as something purely subjective, as a kind of internal cultivation of yourself. Love has its source in oneself. It is a mental cultivation on the part of the inner self. Therefore, its realization is very easy. As soon as I desire benevolence and love, love is there. Confucius asked all people to cultivate love: The people are in need of love more urgently than of water and fire. The principle of love should be applied to the governing, as well as to the governed. When the gentlemen are earnest to their kinsman, the people will be inspired with love. Not only to have love, but to practice it. Im talking about universal love for mankind. Now, Maoism obviously made this impossible, because a society divided into classes, in permanent class struggle, makes love impossible. In the period of Mao Zedong, the Chinese leadership declared that Confucius was only preaching deception, that this was all a trick to maintain the power of the feudal class. Confucius said, There are gentlemen who are not loving, not benevolent. But there is no small-minded man who is ever benevolent. It was the idea of loving people, caring for other people. Ren is an idea which subsumes a whole spectrum of moral values. And Confucius, who spent long years in teaching, therefore also reached a series of conclusions, in terms of the methodology of teaching and learning. You learn new knowledge by reviewing the old. Never be opinionated, never be prejudiced, never be stubborn, and never assume self-infallibility. He stressed, like all humanist thinkers, the importance of learning from predecessors, because it is only by following in their footsteps that one can hope to make progress. You cannot be let into the house of the master, unless you follow his steps. This is the humanist method, while the modernists throw out everything and start something arbitrary. Confucius wanted his pupils to arrive at their conclusions independently, not through rote learning, but by thinking it out for themselves, so they would be able to reflect upon the three others, when one is hinted. Now, thats exactly the hypothesis, the three axioms; always keeping in mind the three other possibilities. Confucius, therefore, has unquestionably the most important place in the history of education in China. He introduced the idea of teaching all people, without regard for rank or social status. He insisted on the study of the ancient Classics, and he selected five Classic books: The Book of Odes, The Book of History, The Book of Rites, The Book of Changes, and The Spring and Autumn Annuals, and established another key notion, the notion of Liwhich is the idea that each person must fulfill his place in society. This was Nicolaus of Cusas idea, too: only if all microcosms develop, can there then be concordancia. Li also means, no break between the past and the present; and, for Confucius, as for the later Confucians, Li was the expression of a cultivated humanity. Since many of the elite violated the old Li order in Confucius time, he gave the answer, that the position or rank of a person should not be dependent on his birth or family, but instead, upon his moral perfection. The more moral a person is, the higher should be his rank. This is exactly what Nicolaus of Cusa said later, in Fifteenth-century Europe. To my knowledge, this was the first time that any thinker had the idea, that development of the person should determine leadership, and not oligarchical considerations. And, even though it was not yet implemented at that point, it is important to see when that idea occurred for the first time. Now, Confucius says, each individual can realize himself in his life, through knowledgechiand through the practical application of that knowledge, called qi. Doesnt learning, and exercising this knowledge, give you satisfaction? asks Confucius. Education must be accessible, irrespective of ones social rank. That whole complex of Confucian ideas was the foundation of the Chinese examination system developed in the Han period. From the Seventh century A.C.E. on, it was fully developed, and anybody who had any functiona bureaucrat or government officialhad to go through that examination system. For Confucius, sheng ren, the person of the highest moral perfection, had also a religious component, because such a person must base his rule on the mandate of heaven. The ruler must be the most noble example of this. One day, his pupil, Zi Lu, asked Confucius, What does ruling mean? And he answered, To go ahead of the poeple, to give an example and inspire them, and have moral excellence. Later, this was somewhat misused to glorify power; but, nevertheless, these ideas shaped Chinese history for centuries. An important role was also played by faithfulness, zhong. The written character, or ideogram, for zhong is middle, or heart: to be directed to the middle of your heart. In the Lun Yu, the famous talks of Confucius, there are many references to the importance of the connection between Li and Yue, music. Music and Li Confucius says, songs elevate man: Li, the rites, give him strength, music makes him complete. As for Plato, so for Confucius, music had a function for the state. Confucius said, [m]usic rises from the heart when it is touched by the external world. Therefore, if sorrow gives you the sound, then the sounds of the music are somber. Satisfaction: the sounds of the music are langorous and slow. Joy: the sounds are glorious. Anger: the sounds are harsh and strong. Piety: the sounds are simple and pure. Love: the sounds are gentle and sweet.In a very beautiful treatise on music, Confucius writes, When the likes and dislikes are not properly controlled, and our conscious minds are distracted by the material world, we lose our true selves in the principle of reason, and nature is destroyed. When man is constantly exposed to the things of the material world which affect him, and does not control his likes and dislikes, then he becomes overwhelmed by the material reality, and becomes dehumanized or materialistic. When a man becomes dehumanized or materialistic, then the principle of reason in nature is destroyed, and man is submerged in his own desires. From this arise rebellion, disobedience, cunning, and deceit, and general immorality. We have, then, a picture of the strong bullying the weak, the majority persecuting the minority, the clever ones deceiving the simple-minded, the physically strong going for violence, the sick and crippled not being taken care of, and the aged and the young helpless and not cared for. This is the way of chaos. Mencius: Exponent of Confucianism Mencius also launched a very harsh critique of the rulers of his time, for their selfishness, for having no sense of responsibility for society as a whole. He accused the rulers of having destroyed ancient texts, out of fear that people would read these old texts as guidance. Later, in 213 B.C.E. , the Emperor Qin Shihuang (221-207 B.C.E. ), the famous one revered by Mao Zedong, burned all books, and he also burned four hundred sixty philosophers. Mencius developed a program for a humanist government, which included the consensus of the governed, because he said, without this, unity of the state is not thinkable. He also pronounced the need for the government to have the Mandate of Heaven: If the ruler is immoral, the mandate of Heaven is withdrawn. Mencius also spoke about the right of resistance, if the ruler is bad. Man must live according to his internal moral laws, no matter what the external conditions are. He said, you have to take martyrdom, rather than betray your convictions. I love life, he said, but there is something I love more than life. Mencius was an incredibly culturally optimistic thinker. He was convinced that not far in the future, the realization of Confucian ideas would come, because the basic nature of man is good, and therefore the world one day would become good. Each person could become like the mythical emperors of Yao and Shun, who were regarded to be the incarnation of the highest moral development. Mencius said, Each person has the same potentiality in him. So, there was clearly a humanist conception in the early Confucianism, as well as the idea, that things do not depend only on Heaven, but it is your own efforts which determine your life and how far you develop morally. That there is, in human-kind, the ability for self-perfection. Mencius said, The ten thousand natures of all things are all complete in us. Therefore, let us follow our inner nature, and be truthful: there is no greater joy. There is a correspondence between the inner and the outer world, between Heaven and Man, between the laws of morality and the universe. These are the same ideas you find in Nicolaus of Cusa and in Leibniz. Mencius said, There is the nobility of the Heaven, and there is nobility of man. Love for mankind, faithfulness, duty, reliability, and limitless joy about the good: That is heavenly nobility. From that standpoint, he criticized the rulers of his time. Mencius influence was the main reason why Confucianism became the foundation of the state during the Han period; but, the real Mencius renaissance developed in the Eleventh to the Twelfth century, in the Sung period, which Michael Billington has pointed to many times.1 The Book of Meng Zi became one of the four books of Confucius, which were mandatory reading for all bureaucrats. Legalism and Taoism But, before we come to this renaissance period, lets quickly look at Xun Zi (298-338 B.C.E. ), who was the dean of the Academy of the Chi-hsia University, and the mayor of Lan-lin in Shandong. He very consciously placed himself in opposition to both Confucius and Mencius, developing a materialistic notion of Heaven. For him, Heaven was just a collective noun for all natural phenomena. Xun Zi developed the theory that human nature was evil, thus creating the theoretical foundation for a political doctrine which went explicitly against Mencius conception of the basic goodness of human nature. Xun Zi said, Human nature is evil. Its goodness is artificial. Human nature is evil a priori. Man is born with a desire to seek profit, to prefer enjoyment before hard work. [There must have been a Generation X there already!HZL] Since human nature is inherently evil, social disorder will be the result, and chaos; therefore, you need the rule of rites. There is a striking similarity between the social contract theories of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth centuries, of Hobbes and Lockeand Gingrich, for that matterand those of Xun Zi. Chinese Legalism had already developed, nearly word for word, what these later writers, including Malthus, Adam Smith, Mill, and Bentham, would say; namely, that man is a mere beast, motivated by pleasure and the fear of pain. In fact, my suspicion is that all these British empiricists were plagiarists, who didnt even develop that garbage which they wrote. For example, Xun Zi said that, Learning is only the accumulation of sense-perception, a reacting of man to rewards and punishment. Xun Zi had an even worse student, by the name of Han Fei (280-233 B.C.E. ), who advised that king who later became the first Emperor of the Qin dynasty (the one who burned all the books). Fortunately, Han Fei was framed up by false accusations, and committed suicide in prison; unfortunately, he left a political doctrine, according to which all speeches and actions that do not observe the law, have to be prohibited. Education should only consist of learning the laws, and the tutors should consist only of the officials. Now, the doctrine of Xun Zi and Han Fei became the model for despotic rule throughout Chinas history, and Mao referred to it very explicitly. Statecraft was called the art of punishment. The two vehicles of power were called the two handles: to handle people through life, and death. Power is the means for maintaining supremacy over the masses, and obviously, this completely ignored all the noble aspects of man. Soon after the Emperor Qin Shihuang had unified China based on this doctrine, there was a great peasant uprising, and they overthrew the short-lived Qin Dynasty. Another of Han Feis ideas was, that the growth of the population would cause a scarcity of material wealth, and therefore lead to chaos. His argument was, In trying to persuade rulers, callers do not advocate the use of power which is sure to win, but say that if one is devoted to the practice of humanity and righteousness, one will become a true king. This is to expect that every ruler must be equal to Confucius, and that all the people in the world be equal to this seventy followers. This is absolutely impossible! Obviously, this is exactly contrary to what Schillers famous drama Don Carlos says: Be a king among a million kings! Everyone can be a Confucius. This has always been the issue in all cultures. The Legalists declared scholarship illegal, just like Mao, who said that all intellectuals were counterrevolutionaries. It was in this spirit, that the Emperor Qin Shihuang burned four hundred sixty people to death. So much for the Legalists. Then, you had the Taoist school, whose founder, Lao Zi, lived at approximately the same time as Confucius. Lao Zi said, The reason why people are hard to govern, is only that they know too much. The Ancients, who were good in practicing the Way [Tao], did not teach the people with intelligence, but kept them in ignorance. Being ignorant, the people would be kept void of knowledge and desire, and therefore it would be easy for the rulers to govern. This is the clearest statement of the oligarchical principle in my experience. Later, it would be covered up more, and other arguments added. But, this is the essence: Keep the people stupid, and you can govern them. Attain the ultimate emptiness; maintain absolute tranquility. All things move and grow, I observe their return, the ultimate return to the non-being, said Lao Zi. He was radically opposed to any kind of studying, because, he said, the pursuit of learning increases daily, while the pursuit of Tao decreases daily. The more one learns, the more Tao suffers. So, therefore, stop doing anything. A contemporary of Mencius, Shuang Shi (369-286 B.C.E. ), was even worse. He went a step farther than Lao Zibackwards. He strongly recommended never intervening in the natural course of the worldthat is, return to primordial chaos! He was against any kind of social progress and social reform. People should lead their lives in the most ignorant way, because everything else would violate the Tao. Shuang Shi taught that there should be a denial of the existence of the objective world, and even began to doubt his own existence as a consequence. One day, he said: Was I dreaming I was a butterfly, or am I a butterfly? That shows how far you can take this! He said, I have abandoned my body and discarded my knowledge, and so I have become one with the infinite. This is what I mean by sitting in forgetfulness. The Tang dynasty, unfortunately, and most of its emperors, were very much dedicated to Taoism and Buddhism. In the Seventh to Tenth centuries A.C.E. there was sometimes a conflict between those two, but most of the time, they merged into a syncretic mixture. The Neo-Confucian Renaissance The Sung dynasty emerged out of the collapse of the Tang dynasty in A.C.E. 960, and with it, the very important neo-Confucian school, the so-called Cheng/Zhu school, as it is called in China, of whom the most important scholar was Chu Hsi (A.C.E. 1130-1200), who launched a devastating attack on the immoral and fraudulent theories of Taoism and Buddhism. He further developed the ideas of both Confucius and Mencius, and produced a beautiful neo-Confucian renaissance. There are clear parallels between the Confucian and neo-Confucian tradition, and Christianity, as was pointed out by Leibniz in his Natural Theology of the Chinese. Leibniz praised the highly cultured civilization of China, saying that the relatively high population-density for that time, was proof that the Chinese had a high degree of understanding of the laws of the universe. Chu Hsi, in his treatise on Ren, said: Ren is the principle of love. When one realizes Ren is the source of love, and that love can never exhaust Ren, one has gained a definite comprehension of Ren. It is not for the sake of anything that Ren comes into existence. Ren is the principle of love and the way of life. Ren is the essence of creation of itself. Chu Hsi said that Li is the most important concept. Li is exactly what Platos ideas are, or Leibnizs monads. It is coherent with the hypothesis leading to valid scientific discoveries concerning the fundamental lawfulness of the universe. The first principle of the Chinese is called Li, that is, Reason, or the foundation of all nature, the most universal reason and substance; there is nothing greater nor better than the Li. ... It is not that all are capable of divinity as regards its being, and it is the principal basis of all essences which are and which can exist in the world, but it is also the aggregation of the most perfect multiplicity, because the being of this principle contains the essence of things as they are in their germinal state.Now, Chu Hsi says Li is the all-encompassing wholeness which contains everything, and which is contained in everything. This is what Nicolaus of Cusa calls quadliebert in quo liebertthat you have a germ of the entire universe in every little microcosm. All created things reflect the lawfulness of the microcosm. This is obviously a complete refutation in Chinese culture of the materialistic view of the world. Chu says, The mind is always in danger of responding to the appearance of material things rather than their essence, their principle. In this way, the mind becomes cloudy, dragged down by selfish desires and fixations on things in themselves, and the purity of the God-given original nature is obscured. That is what Nicolaus of Cusa speaks about. Man receives the material force, called qi, in the clearest form, while animals receive it in a turbid state. Both whose mind is clouded and not far away from the animals, says Chu. Nicolaus of Cusa calls such a person, homo animalisbestial man. Chu also introduced the great learning for adultsthe idea that adults should learn all their life, that they should never stop learning. Continuous perfectionlearning the principle of hypothesis, not facts. This beautiful, neo-Confucian period ended temporarily in 1211, with the Mongol invasion and establishment of the Mongol dynasty in 1279. A hundred years later, in 1368, the Mongol dynasty collapsed. There was a Confucian revival in 1435, under the Ming dynasty, which brought about the building of great projects, such as canals. There was also a flowering of the Cheng/Zhu neo-Confucian school, which almost entirely dominated the court, the educational system, and the civil service examination system, especially in the second Ming dynasty (1402-24), under the Emperor Yongle. It was Yongle who moved the capital from Nanjing to Beijing, and built the palace in Beijing that is today known as the Forbidden City. The same neo-Confucian tradition continued under the Emperor Xuan De from 1425 to 1435. Unfortunately, under Wang Yang-ming (1472-1529), there was a subversion of the Cheng/Zhu school, and Taoism dominated. There was a watering-down of Confucianism, especially by Wang Yang-ming. When the Jesuits arrived in China in the late Sixteenth century, the Confucian tradition was seriously damaged. But the Emperor Shun Zhi revived the Cheng/Zhu school. It was this emperor who caused Leibnizs excitement, saying that the mathematics of Kangxi was such that if an emperor on the other side of the earth could have the same ideas as himself, then that was the proof that there was only one God. The Vision of Dr. Sun Yat-sen Later, Dr. Sun Yat-sen, the founder of modern China, would again emphasize the similarity of the Christian religion and Confucian classical thought, and he had the same idea as Leibniz of integrating the Eurasian Land Bridge. But, at the same time, there was a massive British campaign to influence Chinese thought, utilizing the British empiricists. And, the affinity you find between the old Chinese Legalists, Taoists, and Buddhists, and the British empiricists, is, in my view, the reason why the Twentieth century went the way it did.2 For example, there was in particular Yan Fu, a scholar who translated all the British empiricists. He was very hostile to Judeo-Christian ideas, and to Confucianism. He praised Taoism, Buddhism, Montesquieu, and Darwin. His translations of these people formed the main material for Maos studies, outside of Karl Marx and Lenin. Mao openly embraced Legalism. Sun Yat-sen, on the other hand, like Leibniz, emphasized the truth underlying both Christianity and Confucianism. In 1912, he led the republican revolution, but unfortunately, he could not consolidate a unified government; only in a small portion of southern China, could he establish government, while the rest of the country remained under various warlords. Dr. Sun denounced the famous Fourth of May movement in 1919 as being inflicted on China from outside, and as a great danger to Chinas survival, because it drew upon Rousseau and Mill. At the same time, between 1919 and 1921, Bertrand Russell and John Dewey were teaching classes in both Beijing and Shanghai. These were the influences leading to the early development of the Maoist movement, and Chen Duxiu, the founder of the Communist Party, was very much influenced by these translations by Yan Fu. In 1919, Sun Yat-sen called for the international development of China, and he had very detailed proposals for rail, water, agriculture, and industry. But, these plans could not be realized, because of the May 1919 Versailles Treaty. Today, the Eurasian Land Bridge is back on the agenda, and the Chinese government is the main force driving it. The Chinese are moving ahead economically very forcefully, and they have formulated a policy very consciously, not only thinking about China, but about the whole world. And, I must say, in my discussions with representatives of the Chinese elite in Beijing, I was really positively shocked. Because they said, What will be the meaning of civilization in the next century? The worst catastrophe which could hit the world, is if everybody just goes after material values. If Western materialism as we see it now in the United States, in Europe, in Russia, in other places, were to spread all over the globe, we would lose control over civilization. This would be the worst catastrophe. If everyone were guided only by the idea of how to maximize their own personal profit, then the meaning of life would be lost. The challenge confronting us right now, is: how, in the face of a collapse in both the West and the East, can we find a solution? Science and technology cannot remain the privilege of one country only. It must become the possession of the whole world. Western science and technology has increased wealth, but the West has become lazy. Western culture has no motivation, no goals. The Chinese say, We need a new civilization, which should be neither East nor West. China has a culture which lasted thousands of years. Some of it was good, some of it was bad. So also in the West. We need to have a new world culture, we need to integrate it. We need to do something which influences and changes the course of history. In China, people think, Be good to yourself, then you have the ability to govern the country. This is exactly what Schiller said in the Aesthetical Letters, about the aesthetical conception of man. Schiller and Confucius actually have very much in common, because both of them have a goal of lifting man up to a higher level of humanity, to have a harmonic development of all mans moral and intellectual abilitiesto bring mankind to the highest humanity, to have him in self-determination for total freedom, so that man can reach in himself, through the coincidence of all contradictory forces, that creative tension which eliminates any kind of force, and which makes man really, truly free. And thus, Confucius says, Only if the personality is developed, then the house is in order. When the house is in order, only then can the state function. Only if the state functions, can peace come into the world. Dear friends, let us build such a world! 1. See, for example, Michael Billington, Toward the Ecumenical Unity of East and West: The Renaissances of Confucian China and Christian Europe, Fidelio, Vol. II, No. 2, Summer 1993; and The EuropeanEnlightenment and the Middle Kingdom, Fidelio, Vol. IV, No. 2, Summer 1995 2. Cf. Michael Billington, The Taoist Perversion of Twentieth-Century Science, Fidelio, Vol. III, No. 3, Fall 1994. The Schiller Institute Thank you for supporting the Schiller Institute. Your membership and contributions enable us to publish FIDELIO Magazine, and to sponsor concerts, conferences, and other activities which represent critical interventions into the policy making and cultural life of the nation and the world. Contributions and memberships are not tax-deductible. 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The flag of Flintshire / Sir Y Fflint was registered on February 25th 2015. The design, a traditional county emblem, was proposed as the county flag by the Grŵp Cefnogwyr Baner Sir Fflint / Flintshire Flag Supporters Group and enjoyed extensive local support. The arms from which the flag is formed are attributed to the local 11th century ruler, Edwin of Tegeingl, a Welsh “cantref” and sometime kingdom, that covered much of the territory of Flintshire. They feature a black engrailed, flory cross on a white field, between four choughs, a bird once likely to have been widespread in the vicinity, in black and red. The bird occupied a symbolic place in Welsh cultural tradition and according to the 18th century Welsh naturalist Thomas Pennant once flourished on the limestone range which runs along part of Flintshire’s coast, M.P. Siddons, in his 1993 work The Development of Welsh Heraldry, Vol. II reports that the arms first appear in the 14th century, on a seal used in 1389 by one ‘Le Grand Ithel’, a Flintshire soldier and probable descendant of Edwin who captained a body of Welshmen in the service of the French king during the Hundred Years War. One of the earliest known appearances of the arms of Edwin of Tegeingl is in a window at Llanrhos church, just along the coast in Caernarfonshire, probably erected by, or commemorating Richard ap Hywel of Mostyn (c.1468-1540) who fought for Henry Tudor at Bosworth. They are also seen on this plaque over the parlour fireplace at Gloddaith Hall, the family’s Caernarfonshire residence dated c.1550 bearing Thomas Mostyn’s initials. Whilst the Mostyns did not claim Edwin Tegeingl as a patrilineal ancestor they consciously displayed his arms in celebration of their Flintshire heritage and landholdings. Considering the prevalence of the Mostyns in Flintshire’s administration and Parliamentary representation over the centuries, such usage underlines the status of the arms as a county emblem of long standing. The arms can be found above the entrance to the great hall at Mostyn in Flintshire, dated 1623. The arms are also carved into a 16th century oak draw-leaf table at the hall. Another early version appears in a late-16th century Welsh pedigree roll, probably by the poet Simwnt Fychan In subsequent years Edwin Tegeingl’s arms embellished a number of properties across the county, including St. Mary’s church, Mold (first canton) ;St. James’ church, Holywell (mid-17th century): ;Pentrehobyn Hall, near Mold 17th century) and over the entrance to Fferm, near Leeswood , an c.18th century example (replacing an earlier version) The arms also appear in Thomas Pennant’s 1781 ‘A Tour In Wales’, in his account of Flintshire and the role of Edwin Tegeingl The Tegeingl arms have also been used by the Flintshire county scouts as their badge as proudly sported by this St Asaph troupe in 1947 The Flintshire Guides’ County Standard (made by Mrs. A.G. Edwards, wife to the Bishop of St. Asaph and Archbishop of Wales) was dedicated at a special ceremony held at St. Asaph cathedral on 30th May 1926: A later version of the Flintshire county scouts badge. In the 1920s, before receiving a formal award of arms, Flintshire County Council, created in 1889, adopted a rather grand depiction of the Edwin of Tegeingl arms as its seal, incorporating both the name Tegeingl and the year of its inception, between two Welsh dragons as recounted by Henry Taylor in his 1925 article “The Arms of Flintshire” (Flintshire Historical Society publications page 64) . This seal appeared on a certificate awarded to every Flintshire man who served in World War One and the families of those who died. Efforts were then made by Flintshire County Council to register Edwin Tegeingl’s coat of arms as their own. The design was formally granted to the council on May 12th 1938 but was lightly augmented with the addition of four silver plates (discs) on the arms of the cross and a silver mascle ( a voided diamond) at its centre. The council’s augmented version of the arms appears on the front cover of the ‘Guide to the Flintshire Record Office’, published by the county’s first archivist M. Bevan-Evans in 1955 and can be seen on the sign outside Rhyl High School (pre 1974) and on the side of a vehicle used by Flintshire County Council Ambulance Service (c.1972), based at Queensferry The council’s version of the arms were also used by the County of Flint Fire Service on the cap badges of the uniforms. They are also seen on this 1960 fire engine The arms have also been used by the county’s sporting bodies as seen on this county golf union plaque and on the prize awarded to the winners of the “Flintshire Knockout Shield” a county cricket competition, held here by the Mold team as well as being used by the Flintshire Historical Society The council arms are also seen in this 1958 image in quasi flag form hoisted by representatives from the county at the Festival of Wales Pageant in Cardiff. Following the adoption of flags by the nearby counties of Caernarfonshire, Anglesey and Meirionnydd, several individuals in Flintshire were keen to see their county also register a flag. Accordingly, Shaun Evans, John Wiltshire and Stephen Rule promoted the Tegeingl arms as the most appropriate basis for a Flintshire county flag and established a campaign to see this registered, based on a “Flintshire Flag Supporters Group” Facebook page, which quickly established a following of over 200 people. The group rapidly acquired support for their aim from a comprehensive range of local community groups, historical societies, youth organisations, sports clubs, businesses and elected representatives – listed below. In light of the extensive historical and countywide usage of the Tegeingl arms to represent the county and the great degree of in county support for the proposal, it was duly registered by the Flag Institute as the county flag of Flintshire. The flag began to be seen around the county shortly afterwards. It was especially embraced by the local Cambria Band and a spectacular 3d version of the flag in the form of a hat was seen at the Urdd Eisteddfod! - 3rd Prestatyn Scout Group - Bagillt Heritage Society / Cymdeithas Treftadaeth Bagillt - Buckley Society - Caerwys Historical Society - Cambria Band - Carmel Women’s Institute - Cymdeithas Thomas Pennant - Delyn Heritage Group - Five Villages Chronicle Association - Flintshire Falcons Rugby League - Flintshire Federation of Tenants and Residents Associations - Flintshire Historical Society / Cymdeithas Hanes Sir y Fflint - Flintshire Tourism Association / Cymdeithas Ymwelwyr Sir y Fflint - Flintshire War Memorials Group - Gladstone’s Library, Hawarden - Holywell & District Society - Love my Wales / Caru fy Nghymru - Llanasa Brownies, Rainbows and Rangers - Meliden Historical Society - Menter Iaith Sir y Fflint - Mold Food and Drink Festival / Gŵyl Bwyd a Diod yr Wyddgrug - Mostyn History Preservation Society - Rotary Club of Flint and Holywell - Saltney Ferry (Mold Junction) Tenants and Residents Association - St. Asaph Archaeological Society Flintshire Representatives who supported the campaign. - Rt. Hon. David Hanson, MP – Member of Parliament for Delyn (1992-present). - Mark Tami, MP – Member of Parliament for Alyn and Deeside (2001-present). - Mark Isherwood, AM – Assembly Member for North Wales (2003-present). - Rt. Hon. Lord Barry Jones, PC – Member of Parliament for East Flintshire (1970-83) and Alyn and Deeside (1983-2001); under-secretary of state for Wales (1974-79); made life peer in 2001; appointed to the Privy Council in 1999; President of numerous Flintshire clubs, societies and charities. - Cllr. Chris Dolphin – Flintshire County Councillor (Whitford Ward); Whitford Community Councillor. - Cllr. Joe Johnson – Flintshire County Councillor (Holywell East Ward); Holywell Town Councillor. The county flag flew over Parliament Square, Westminster along with other county flags on July 23rd 2019, Historic County Flags Day #countyflagsday With many thanks to Dr Shaun Evans for his extensive research on the history of the Flintshire emblem.	<urn:uuid:bfa1e7e8-dc17-4490-89e8-1ebfe0a4d9f9>	CC-MAIN-2020-34	https://britishcountyflags.com/2015/03/08/flintshire-flag/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439739370.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20200814190500-20200814220500-00266.warc.gz	en	0.932258	1,980	2.578125	3
H20 is the main part of the body. As a matter of fact, the body is made up of between 55 as well water coolers rental as 78 percent water, relying on body dimension. Appropriate and also normal water usage has many wellness benefits. As an added plus, it has no calories, fat, carbs or sugar. The amount of water you eat day-to-day plays a crucial function in keeping a healthy body. Professionals recommend alcohol consumption eight to 10 glasses of water every day to maintain health. Moreover, the Institute of Medication has identified the adequate consumption of total beverage daily (AI) to be regarding 3 liters or 13 cups for guys and 2.2 litres or 9 cups for females. Water assists keep the body well moistened, which is vital because almost every cell in the body needs water to operate effectively. Here are the top 10 health benefits of alcohol consumption water. If you commonly feel tired, there is a high possibility that maybe due to inadequate intake of water makings the body feature less efficiently. As a matter of fact, tiredness is just one of the very first indicators of dehydration. When there is less water in the body, there is a decline of blood quantity which causes the heart to function more difficult to pump oxygenated blood out in the blood stream, as well as various other significant organs also work much less efficiently. Hence, alcohol consumption sufficient water could help your body function better as well as decrease fatigue. Study indicates that light dehydration (also 1 or 2 percent reduced hydration degree of hydration compared to optimal) could adversely affect your state of mind and also ability to assume. A little study performed on 25 ladies as well as released in the Journal of Nutrition found that being dehydrated can take a toll on your state of mind and also cognitiive function. The color of your urine is a great indication of your degree of hydration. The lighter the color the better the degree of hydration and also vice versa. Treats Migraines and Migraine headaches If you have a migraine or migraine headache, the very first thing that you could do to obtain some relief is drink lots of water. Migraines and migraine headaches are typically brought on by dehydration. In a research study released in the European Journal of Neurology, scientists located that increasing water consumption helped reduce the total number of hours and also intensity of frustrations in the research individuals. Helps in Digestion as well as Bowel irregularity Water additionally improves the functioning of the gastrointestinal tract. This assists in digestion and prevents constipation. Poor water in the body commonly leads to irregularity as the colon pulls water from the feces to keep hydration, consequently making them more challenging as well as challenging to pass. Consuming alcohol adequate water increases your metabolism as well as assists the body correctly break down food. This assists your gastrointestinal system work well and advertises normal bowel movements. Warm water, particularly, benefits digestion health. Helps Fat burning In a medical trial, researchers found that consuming 2 eight-ounce glasses of water prior to dishes can help reduce hunger and therefore support your weight reduction initiatives. When you consume alcohol water, it loads your belly and decreases the tendency to eat a lot more. And also, it assists raise the rate at which the body burns fat, and promotes the failure and removal of fat cells. Calorie-free water is also a fantastic replacement for high-calorie beverages like alcohol, sweet carbonated drinks as well as soft drinks that commonly contribute to weight gain. Water is an outstanding detoxifier as it helps flush out toxic substances from your body as well as eliminate waste largely with sweat and also urine. It likewise promotes kidney feature as well as decreases kidney stones by watering down the salts and minerals in pee that create kidney stones. Though you need to drink ample amount of water throughout the day, professionals alert versus alcohol consumption too much water (although uncommon still, it is feasible) as it might reduce your kidneys' ability to remove waste. Hence, it is recommended to consume alcohol the quantity of water your body calls for. As the amount of water required by the body tends to vary from someone to another, it is typically recommended to consume alcohol to your thirst, and consist of various other liquids and foods with high water web content in your diet regimen.	<urn:uuid:4bb91d58-9357-417c-a0a2-449921544b24>	CC-MAIN-2018-13	http://artisanmane4fu.wallarticles.com/industrial-drinking-water-fountains	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257648226.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20180323122312-20180323142312-00708.warc.gz	en	0.963562	890	2.734375	3
eLearning Design: How to Create Online Content That Gets Attention Using Human Psychology elearning Design: Posted by Dr. Marina Kostina, Monday, April 30, 2012 Writing for web-based courses is DIFFERENT than writing for traditional courses. Therefore, in order to get your students’ and trainees’ attention online, you need to forget everything you have learned about how to be an effective writer. You need to understand the psychology of online readers and adjust your writing accordingly. This post provides you with practical strategies on how to create online content that gets read. It is based on eye movement and other research in psychology and distance learning. In order to create content that “sticks,” you need to utilize these 7 strategies: 1. Make it positive This statement seems counter-intuitive since we’re used to seeing negative news everywhere. Negativity does attract attention. However, research shows that it does not sustain attention as long as positive messages. So, make your content uplifting. 2. Make it emotional Content that arouses strong emotions (positive or negative) gets more attention that content without emotions. When you write a post, think of how you can provoke fascination, anger, anxiety, awe, etc. in your readers and you will get their attention! 3. Break it into small chunks How much do people read online? They don’t! Or they almost don’t… Research shows that people read less than 20% (!) of all written materials online. I know, this sounds harsh. So how can you ensure that the most important information gets noticed? Start with the most important things first. Break your longer paragraphs into smaller chunks. (I know this goes against your academic upbringing, but wouldn’t you rather your content be remembered?) 4. Use your titles and subtitles wisely Research shows that readers pay attention to the first 11 characters of your title and make a decision whether to continue reading your post or not. Make sure your titles contain the most important information, allowing readers to predict what the article/content is going to provide… and of course, make these titles and headlines intriguing so they read it. 5. Create an illusion of simplicity Research shows that readers believe that it takes them longer to read wide lines of text. In reality, however, they read wide lines of text faster than the short ones. In order to create the illusion of simplicity while accounting for the actual reading speed, start your articles with narrow lines (you can include a picture either on the right or the left of your text, or insert a drop cap). After 4-5 short lines, make your text gradually wider. Just as in this example. 6. Create content that is practical and useful. Make sure that you can identify the goals of your article or your post in simple sentences. Provide your readers with the outcomes of your content right away so they can look forward to reading the entire story and so they feel that it is worth their time. 7. Utilize lists and bulleted items for main points of your article. Research shows that compared to the rest of the content, lists are almost always read in full. Use this knowledge to highlight most crucial information that you want your students and trainees to remember. If you use just these 7 strategies your content will get much more attention online! What TO DO NOW: In the comments below list 1 strategy that you use for developing content that gets attention of your students and trainees online: If you liked this discussion, please subscribe to my blog http://www.wiredatheart.com/ to receive timely updates and to get a free Attention Grabber: If you would like to learn more about Dr. Marina Kostina feel free to follow her at: To Discuss how these Solutions will add value for you, your organization and/or your clients, Affinity/Resale Opportunities, and/or Collaborative Efforts, Please Contact:	<urn:uuid:253d305e-a3dd-4c1b-b377-f63ee52cf0aa>	CC-MAIN-2023-50	https://mcdonaldsalesandmarketing.biz/tag/elearning-design/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100551.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20231205140836-20231205170836-00511.warc.gz	en	0.908609	822	2.71875	3
The Hydrogen Generator is a machine that generates electricity from hydrogen. It is fueled by hydrogen produced in a electrolytic separator: 160 kJ of power will be produced from 1600 units of hydrogen (a full storage tank). The generator also has an internal storage capacity of 400 kJ, though once this is reached, it can still store 18000 units of hydrogen to be processed into energy later. N̶o̶t̶e̶ ̶t̶h̶a̶t̶ ̶P̶u̶m̶p̶s̶ ̶h̶a̶v̶e̶ ̶b̶e̶e̶n̶ ̶r̶e̶m̶o̶v̶e̶d̶. Pumps are in the game as of the newest version. (8 March 2013) Build a 3x3x1 pool of water. Place an Electrolytic Separator as shown. Place a Hydrogen Generator as shown. Place some form of wire as shown (Insulated Copper shown here). Place a Battery Box as shown. Put some form of electricity into the Battery Box so that it will give some electricity to the Electrolytic Separator. Now check to make sure that the Electrolytic Separator is filled with energy. Attach a "Water Pipe" to the edge, by Shift+Right Clicking. Attach a Pump to the pipe in that orientation. Attach more wire to the Hydrogen Generator as shown, and connect it to an Advanced Battery Box. Set the dump button to 'O' for oxygen so you can keep creating hydrogen. Note: To get rid of the annoying "Stopping and Starting" sound of the Hydrogen Generator, click the button next to "Output" in the Electrolytic Separator GUI, so the Hydrogen Generator will reject the new gas (Oxygen) coming out. This will allow the internal Hydrogen tank of the Electrolytic separator to fill, and when it is full, change the output back to Hydrogen and the generator will run for a long time before stopping and making that noise again. Repeat as many times as you like.	<urn:uuid:2b1779bd-4c02-46eb-adb2-e322ef192e1b>	CC-MAIN-2016-18	http://voltzwiki.com/wiki/Hydrogen_Generator	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860114285.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161514-00069-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.875653	449	2.703125	3
Caring for children is probably the most important function of society. Some people suggest that all mothers and fathers should have to take childcare training courses. Do you agree or disagree? How to take care of children is a frequent topic of discussion in most countries. In China, young parents have little experience of caring children because most of these young adults have no brother or sister so they have no chance to care for children. Consequently, many mothers and fathers tend to take parenting training courses. In this essay, this trend will be identified as a positive development in most cases, although it could inevitably cause some problems. Receiving parenting courses will benefit not only young children and individual families but also society as a whole. Firstly，childhood is the significant stage of a human being. In this stage, children develop their personality, character and talents. Without proper guidance, they cannot fully fulfil their potential, or even worse — they may go astray. Parents are children's first and the most important teachers so that they need to be equipped with proper knowledge and skills of childcare in order to be qualified to instruct children. Furthermore, a country's brighter and better future depends on children. Therefore, young parents should be well prepared to nurture their sons or daughters. However, some people argue that many young parents, especially those living in developing countries are too busy to attend childcare training courses. Another concern is that some parents cannot afford such courses. Nevertheless, they fail to take into consideration the fact that some measures can be taken to solve these problems effectively. Initially, rather than attend parenting courses in class, mothers and fathers can receive schooling through the Internet at home. In addition, the government should allocate a sum of budget to support those parents who cannot afford these training courses because this is no longer a problem for individual families but for society as a whole. To conclude, taking the childcare training courses has a positive effect on individual families as well as countries. In order to create a bright future, parents should participate in childcare courses which could be funded by the government.	<urn:uuid:0bb6d749-a4b8-4eae-a0a4-b6c28e6f54f5>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://writefix.com/?page_id=2722/about-this-forum/should-mothers-and-fathers-be-required-to-take-the-childcare-training-courses	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250604849.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121162615-20200121191615-00541.warc.gz	en	0.973083	416	2.75	3
The pain of Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD) usually goes away when you stop exercising, although this may take a few minutes. When muscles are being used, they need more blood flow. That means if there’s a blockage due to plaque buildup, the muscles won’t get enough blood during exercise to meet their needs. That’s what causes the pain, which is called “intermittent claudication”. The term comes from the Latin word meaning “to limp.” Symptoms of severe PAD include: - Leg pain that doesn't go away when you stop exercising - Foot or toe wounds that won't heal or heal very slowly - A marked decrease in the temperature of your lower leg or foot particularly compared to the other leg or to the rest of your body Understanding leg pain Many people dismiss leg pain as a normal sign of aging. You may think it’s arthritis or sciatica or just “stiffness” from getting older. PAD leg pain occurs in the muscles, not the joints. Those with diabetes might confuse PAD pain with a neuropathy, a common diabetic symptom that is a burning or painful discomfort of the feet or thighs. If you're having any kind of recurring pain, talk to your healthcare professional and describe the pain as accurately as you can. If you have any of the risk factors for PAD, you should ask your healthcare professional about PAD even if you aren't having symptoms. PAD diagnosis begins with a physical examination. Your doctor will check for weak pulses in the legs. The ankle-brachial index (ABI) test is also usually done. It’s a painless exam that compares the blood pressure in your feet to the blood pressure in your arms to determine how well your blood is flowing. This inexpensive test takes only a few minutes and can be performed by your healthcare professional as part of a routine exam. Normally, the ankle pressure is at least 90 percent of the arm pressure, but with severe narrowing it may be less than 50 percent. If an ABI reveals an abnormal ratio between the blood pressure of the ankle and arm, you may need more testing. Your doctor may recommend one of these other tests: - Doppler and Ultrasound (Duplex) imaging: a non-invasive method that visualizes the artery with sound waves and measures the blood flow in an artery to indicate the presence of a blockage. - Computed Tomographic Angiography (CT): a non-invasive test that can show the arteries in your abdomen, pelvis and legs. This test is particularly useful in patients with pacemakers or stents. - Magnetic Resonance Angiography (MRA): a non-invasive test that gives information similar to that of a CT without using X-rays. - Angiography can also be used, but it's usually reserved for use in conjunction with treatment. During this test a contrast agent is injected into the artery and X-rays are taken to show arteries in the legs and any blockages that may be present. As stated earlier, PAD often goes undiagnosed. This can be dangerous because PAD can lead to painful symptoms, loss of a leg and/or increased risk of coronary artery disease and carotid atherosclerosis. Because people with PAD have this increased risk for heart attack and stroke, the American Heart Association encourages people at risk to discuss PAD with their healthcare professional to ensure early diagnosis and treatment.	<urn:uuid:a57d9408-f649-4231-b0b9-abdb88cce566>	CC-MAIN-2018-22	https://www.sjo.org/our-services/heart-and-vascular-center/heart-and-vascular-diseases/claudication/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794868248.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20180527111631-20180527131631-00539.warc.gz	en	0.950009	735	2.921875	3
This post originally appeared on the blog Teach Outside the Box. Are you interested in starting a classroom or school Makerspace OR maybe you want to learn more about how Makerspaces work? You’ve come to the right place! I have to admit that this blog post is lonnnnnng overdue because my Makerspace has been ever changing and evolving over the past three years. The “Makers Movement” is gaining more and more traction in elementary schools each year, and the positive impacts on our students are truly immeasurable! I’ll start with some Makerspace basics and then give you an up close look at all of my current Makerspace components and how they work! Watch the full video tour below: What is a Makerspace? A Makerspace is an area of the classroom or common media space that is reserved for creative exploration, engineering, tinkering, and inventing. Makerspaces incorporate engineering materials, crafting materials, technology, robotics, and more. The area can be used during whole class STEM challenges, incorporated as a center or small group rotation, or accessed during unstructured creative time with STEM Bins or Maker Mats. You may choose to limit materials or assign specific tasks to students. You may also choose to allow time for more free range exploration and inventing. The possibilities are endless! A Makerspace can be located in an entire section of classroom, a bookcase, or even a mobile rolling cart. Supplies should be clearly labeled on containers and baskets, and materials should be safe and developmentally appropriate for the age of students that you teach. Supplies can be rotated in and out as you see they are needed. Although it might take time to achieve a well-stocked Makerspace, many of the supplies you will acquire can be used over and over again. Most teachers, myself included, are “hoarders” of creative supplies. The first place you should search for possible Makerspace supplies are your own cabinets, supply closets, and pantries. Retiring teachers are usually willing to give up years of collected supplies. Garage sales, thrift stores, Dollar stores, craft stores, and hardware stores have many inexpensive supplies. For pricier materials such as robotics, I would highly recommend seeking out grant opportunities through organizations such as DonorsChoose. Parents are usually great resources for the donation of inexpensive materials. The purpose of a Makerspace is to tap into as many different interests, passions, and strengths in our students as possible. As educators, we are tasked with the most important job in the world: creating the next generation of problem solvers, innovators, and earth-shakers. In a Makerspace, children have opportunities to discover, assemble, construct, test, and explore using divergent, “outside the box” thinking. Through creative exploration and purposeful play, students become critical thinkers and inventors while collaborating with their peers. Welcome to My Makerspace My Makerspace is located in the corner of my classroom, with the majority of my materials stored in these three large shelves. I also have some materials stored above my cabinets and on a rolling cart as needed. I have a separate LEGO wall, which is pictured below. The rug below the table was purchased from At Home. My favorite brand new addition to my Makerspace are these giant paper mache letters from Hobby Lobby. My daughter and I grabbed these at 50% off, painted them black with black acrylic paint, and hot glued everything we could find in the back of my cabinets at home and school. Items starting from the top going right: straws, PVC pipes, popsicle sticks, dried out markers, feathers. Second row: buttons, pom pom balls, toilet paper rolls, wooden spools, Target building bricks. They are extremely lightweight, so I used clear thumbtacks to hang them on the wall. This shelf primarily contains paper goods and arts and crafts supplies, which you can see labeled on each tub. I purchased the boxes with lids and purple/orange baskets on top from Walmart a few years ago. The ones without lids are from Target Dollar Spot. Editable labels and supply checklists are available in my Makerspace Starter Kit. Almost all of the items pictured above were purchased through grant awards or yearly allocations. Snap Circuits Junior are a big favorite among my kids, allowing students to experiment with basic electrical engineering. We also love creating with Keva Planks Brain Builders and our new Keva Maker Bot Mazes. The STEM kits on the bottom shelf were purchased at Lakeshore Learning Store. My STEM Bins area is also included in my Makerspace, with everything students need for simple engineering. STEM Bins are ideal for early finishers, morning work, centers, and so much more! Check out my post below to read all about STEM Bins: The rainbow organizer on the top of the shelf contains photo task cards to inspire students’ creations, with STEM Bins on the first shelf and Outdoor Discovery STEM Bins on the second shelf. Foldable recording booklets are also provided as well as Quick Writes in the pocket chart on the wall. Here are three of my favorite engineering materials for any Makerspace or STEM Bins area: Goldiblox, KEVA Planks, and Magformers. These materials are favorites among my kiddos and extremely versatile, so we use them for STEM Challenges as well as STEM Bins or Makerspace time. Our monthly Maker Mats provide students with just the right amount of guidance and inspiration as they create in the Makerspace. Tasks are simple and open-ended, appealing to a wide range of student interests and multiple intelligences. I hang my Maker Mats on a tabletop chart stand so that I can easily rotate monthly tasks. Maker Mats can also be sent home with students for a more meaningful and creative homework option. Our iPads and technology are located in a separate area of my classroom so that they can be charged easily. After I introduce apps to my students, I encourage them to incorporate those apps into Makerspace tasks. Each month, we focus on a new creative app as the “App of the Month.” The app cards pictured above are found HERE. I moved my LEGO wall to a separate area near my Makerspace so that it is more easily accessible to students. I leave this area fairly open ended, although the Basic Engineering posters pictured above are a wonderful way to encourage students to use more engineering vocabular y as they create. Students love to use the LEGO wall to create birds-eye view creations, letters, and basic structures and scenes. The rainbow baseplates can be found on Amazon. I am so thankful for my handy husband who hot glued the base plates to plywood and framed it for easy hanging on the wall. If you’re wanting an easy and quick way to create a LEGO wall, peel-and-stick baseplates are the way to go, but they are quite a bit more expensive than the regular baseplates. 365 Things to do with LEGO Bricks is also an awesome source of inspiration for your kids in any LEGO area. My Makerspace Quote Posters feature famous quotes by scientists, inventors and scholars that promote the engineering design process and a growth mindset. They’re ideal to display in a Makerspace or any classroom. Finally, my STEM bulletin board is the perfect visual for students to remind them of our steps for the Engineering Design Process. Thank you so much for letting my share my Makerspace with you! Brooke Brown is a National Board Certified Gifted and Talented teacher who specializes in all things STEM and Makerspaces. She has been creating resources for Teachers Pay Teachers for the past five years and is the creator of STEM Bins®. Brooke is a national presenter and loves to bring hands-on engagement and memorable learning experiences to all subject areas. She is married to Andy with two children, Ellie and Beau, and blogs on her website, Teach Outside the Box.	<urn:uuid:12e54a2e-290e-4710-8cc4-71194c864fce>	CC-MAIN-2021-10	https://blog.teacherspayteachers.com/welcome-to-my-makerspace/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178357929.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20210226145416-20210226175416-00259.warc.gz	en	0.943681	1,669	3.359375	3
The Making of Homo Honoratus: From Omission to Commission NBER Working Paper No. 21210 Framing remains one of the pillars of behavioral economics. While framing effects have been found to be quite important in the lab, what is less clear is how well evidence drawn from naturally-occurring settings conforms to received laboratory insights. We use debt obligation to the UK government as a case study to explore the ‘omission bias’ present in decision making with large stakes. Using a natural field experiment that generates nearly 40,000 observations, we find that repayment rates are roughly doubled when the act is reframed as one of commission rather than omission. We estimate that this reframing of the perceived nature of the action generated over $1.3 million of new yield. We find evidence that this behavior may result from a deliberate ‘omission strategy’, rather than a behavioral bias, as is often assumed in the literature. Our natural field experiment highlights that behavioral economics is much more than a series of empirical exercises to quench the intellectual curiosity of academics. Document Object Identifier (DOI): 10.3386/w21210 Users who downloaded this paper also downloaded* these:	<urn:uuid:97db8cd3-1fa7-4af4-a65f-d486a108a14d>	CC-MAIN-2020-24	https://www.nber.org/papers/w21210	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590348513230.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20200606093706-20200606123706-00490.warc.gz	en	0.94643	247	2.515625	3
The National Institutes of Health, a bastion of basic research, is making a foray into developing drugs. NIH leaders today announced a $120 million, 5-year plan to set up a drug development service center at the agency. The center's chemists and toxicologists will modify promising compounds until they're ready to be tested in people. The focus will be on rare and neglected diseases. "This initiative really is new," said acting NIH Director Raynard Kington in a press conference today. NIH has "never tried to directly develop medications for rare and neglected diseases"—or done much drug development, period. The Therapeutics for Rare and Neglected Diseases (TRND) program builds on NIH's $100-million-a-year Molecular Libraries Program, a small-molecule screening program that some say is replicating work by drug companies. But NIH officials say they will target diseases that industry is ignoring. "It is not TRND's intention to compete with pharmaceutical and biotech companies," said Stephen Groft, director of the NIH Office of Rare Diseases Research. The program will have space somewhere near NIH’s main campus in Bethesda, Maryland, and will be staffed with scientists recruited from industry. They will take potential drugs discovered at NIH and at universities and tweak their chemistry so the compounds work well in humans without causing toxic side effects—a slow, hard process. Then either NIH or a company will apply to the Food and Drug Administration to test the compounds in clinical trials. NIH could profit from licensing the drugs, but "that's not our goal," said Alan Guttmacher, acting director of the National Human Genome Research Institute. NHGRI will oversee the center, which will get its $24-million-a-year budget from each of NIH's 27 institutes and centers. One challenge will be choosing the diseases. NIH says there are 6800 rare diseases and others that are considered neglected, mostly infectious diseases that plague the developing world. A panel of scientists and patient advocates will help pick diseases based on scientific opportunity, Groft said.	<urn:uuid:bfade2a4-4127-44d6-a752-e57cca9df897>	CC-MAIN-2014-49	http://news.sciencemag.org/2009/05/nihs-new-drug-pipeline-neglected-diseases	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416931010938.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20141125155650-00195-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.955949	421	2.6875	3
PCTE Menu MAIN CONSIDERATIONS WHILE PERFORMING CONCRETE COMPRESSION TEST Each building and structure have its durability and strength requirements, which are fulfilled by the proper concrete mixtures. One of the most common and useful performance-related attributes of concrete is its compressive strength. The concrete compression test for determining the compressive strength of concrete may be carried out using cubes and cylinders, where known and pre-measured force is applied. Some of the important considerations to be followed while carrying out a concrete compression test are outlined below.	<urn:uuid:3f7938d8-a9e3-433e-b896-ab4c1cdaf518>	CC-MAIN-2023-23	https://eyonaa.com/Pcteau/?mode=night	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224654031.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20230608003500-20230608033500-00159.warc.gz	en	0.908054	152	2.8125	3
A paper originally delivered at the Socialist Scholars Conference 1968. Published in International Socialist Review, November-December 1968. Downloaded with thanks from the Mandel Archive at www.angelfire.com/pr/red/mandel/ Marked up by Einde O’Callaghan for the Marxists’ Internet Archive. In the history of class society, the situation of each social class is a unique combination of stability and change. The structure remains the same; conjunctural features are often profoundly modified. There is a tremendous difference both in standard of living and in social environment between the slave on the patriarchal Greek farms of the sixth century BC, the slave on Sicilian plantations in the first century BC, and a clerical or handicraft slave in Rome or the south of France in the fourth century AD Nonetheless all three of these were slaves, and the identity of their social status is undeniable. A nobleman living at the court of Louis XV did not have very much in common with a lord of the manor in Normandy or Burgundy seven centuries earlier – except that both lived on surplus labor extracted from the peasantry through feudal or semi-feudal institutions. When we look at the history of the modern proletariat, whose direct ancestors were the unattached and uprooted wage earners in the medieval towns and the vagabonds of the 16th century – so strikingly described by that great novel from my country Till Eulenspiegel – we notice the same combination of structural stability and conjunctural change. The proletarian condition is, in a nutshell, the lack of access to means of production or means of subsistence which, in a society of generalised commodity production, forces the proletarian to sell his labor-power. In exchange for this labor-power he receives a wage which then enables him to acquire the means of consumption necessary for satisfying his own needs and those of his family. This is the structural definition of the wage earner, the proletarian. From it necessarily flows a certain relationship to his work, to the products of his work, and to his overall situation in society, which can be summarised by the catchword “alienation.” But there does not follow from this structural definition any necessary conclusions as to the level of his consumption, the price he receives for his labor-power, the extent of his needs or the degree to which he can satisfy them. The only basic interrelationship between structural stability of status and conjunctural fluctuations of income and consumption is a very simple one: Does the wage, whether high or low, whether in miserable Calcutta slums or in the much publicised comfortable suburbs of the American megalopolis, enable the proletarian to free himself from the social and economic obligation to sell his labor-power? Does it enable him to go into business on his own account? Occupational statistics testify that this is no more open to him today than a hundred years ago. Nay, they confirm that the part of the active population in today’s United States which is forced to sell its labor-power is much higher than it was in Britain when Karl Marx wrote Das Kapital, not to speak of the United States on the eve of the American Civil War. Nobody will deny that the picture of the working class under neo-capitalism would be highly oversimplified if it were limited to featuring only this basic structural stability of the proletarian condition. In general, though, Marxists who continue to stress the basic revolutionary role of today’s proletariat in Western imperialist society avoid that pitfall. It is rather their critics who are in error, who commit the opposite error in fact of concentrating exclusively on conjunctural changes in the situation of the working class, thereby forgetting those fundamental structural elements which have not changed. I do not care very much for the term “neo-capitalism” which is ambiguous, to say the least. When one speaks about the “neo-reformism” of the Communist parties in the West, one means, of course, that they are basically reformist; but when the term “neo-socialists” was used in the thirties and early forties to define such dubious figures as Marcel Deat or Henri de Man, one meant rather that they had stopped being socialists. Some European politicians and sociologists speak about “neo-capitalism” in the sense that society has shed some of the basic characteristics of capitalism. I deny this most categorically, and therefore attach to the term “neo-capitalism” the opposite connotation: a society which has all the basic elements of classical capitalism. Nevertheless I am quite convinced that starting either with the great depression of 1929-32 or with the second world war, capitalism entered into a third stage in its development, which is as different from monopoly capitalism or imperialism described by Lenin, Hilferding and others as monopoly capitalism was different from classical 19th century laissez-faire capitalism. We have to give this child a name; all other names proposed seem even less acceptable than “neo-capitalism.” “State monopoly capitalism,” the term used in the Soviet Union and the “official” Communist parties, is very misleading because it implies a degree of independence of the state which, to my mind, does not at all correspond to present-day reality. On the contrary, I would say that today the state is a much more direct instrument for guaranteeing monopoly surplus profits to the strongest private monopolies than it ever was in the past. The German term Spätkapitalismus seems interesting, but simply indicates a time sequence and is difficult to translate into several languages. So until somebody comes up with a better name – and this is a challenge to you, friends! – we will stick for the time being to “neo-capitalism.” We shall define neo-capitalism as this latest stage in the development of monopoly capitalism in which a combination of factors – accelerated technological innovation, permanent war economy, expanding colonial revolution – have transferred the main source of monopoly surplus profits from the colonial countries to the imperialist countries themselves and made the giant corporations both more independent and more vulnerable. More independent, because the enormous accumulation of monopoly surplus profits enables these corporations, through the mechanisms of price investment and self-financing, and with the help of a constant build-up of sales costs, distribution costs and research and development expenses, to free themselves from that strict control by banks and finance capital which characterised the trusts and monopolies of Hilferding’s and Lenin’s epoch. More vulnerable, because of shortening of the life cycle of fixed capital, the growing phenomenon of surplus capacity, the relative decline of customers in non-capitalist milieus and, last but not least, the growing challenge of the non-capitalist forces in the world (the so-called socialist countries, the colonial revolution and, potentially at least, the working class in the metropolis) has implanted even in minor fluctuations and crises the seeds of dangerous explosions and total collapse. For these reasons, neo-capitalism is compelled to embark upon all those well-known techniques of economic programming, of deficit financing and pump-priming, of incomes policies and wage freezing, of state subsidising of big business and state guaranteeing of monopoly surplus profit, which have become permanent features of most Western economies over the last 20 years. What has emerged is a society which appears both as more prosperous and more explosive than the situation of imperialist countries 30 years ago. It is a society in which the basic contradictions of capitalism have not been overcome, in which some of them reach unheard-of dimensions, in which powerful long-term forces are at work to blow up the system. I will mention here in passing only some of these forces: The growing crisis of the international monetary system; the trend towards a generalised economic recession in the whole capitalist world; the trend to restrict or suppress the basic democratic freedoms of the working class, in the first place, free play of wage bargaining; the trend toward deep and growing dissatisfaction of producers and consumers with a system which forces them to lose more and more time producing and consuming more and more commodities which give less and less satisfaction and stifle more and more basic human needs, emotions and aspirations; the contradictions between the accumulation of wasteful “wealth” in the West and the hunger and misery of the colonial peoples; the contradictions between the immense creative and productive potentialities of science and automation and the destructive horror of nuclear war in the shadow of which we are forced to live permanently – these epitomise the basic contradictions of today’s capitalism. The question has been posed: Hasn’t the role of the working class been fundamentally changed in this changed environment? Hasn’t the long-term high level of employment and the rising real wage undercut any revolutionary potential of the working class? Isn’t it changing in composition, and more and more divorced from the productive process, as a result of growing automation? Don’t its relations with other social layers, such as white-collar workers, technicians, intellectuals, students, undergo basic modifications? Affirmative answers to these questions lead to political conclusions of far-reaching consequence. For some, the stability of the capitalist system in the West cannot be shaken any more, a theory which is nicely fitted to nourish a more material interest and psychological urge of adaptation to that system. For others, that stability could be shaken only from outside: first of all, from the non-industrialised regions of the world – the so-called villages, to repeat Lin Piao’s formula – which will have to be revolutionised before revolts could again be envisaged in the imperialist countries themselves (Lin Piao’s cities). Others, while not questioning the basic instability of neo-capitalism, see no positive outcome at all because they believe that the system is able to drug and paralyse its victims. Finally, there are those who believe that neo-capitalism raises its gravediggers from within its bosom but see these gravediggers coming from the groups of outcasts: national and racial minorities, superexploited sections of the population, revolutionary students, the new youth vanguard. All these conclusions share in common the elimination of the proletariat of metropolitan countries from the central role in the worldwide struggle against imperialism and capitalism. It would be easy to limit oneself to stating an obvious fact: All these theories spring from a premature rationalisation of a given situation, the fact that the Western proletariat has receded into the background of the world revolutionary struggle for the past 20 years, between 1948 and 1968. Now that the French May 1968 revolution has shown this phenomenon and period to be a temporary one, we should rather put at the top of the agenda a discussion of revolutionary perspectives in the West from now on. Such an answer, valid though it may be, would remain insufficient and incomplete. For some of the theories we have just mentioned, while being obvious rationalisations of the fait accompli, have enough sophistication and candor not to limit themselves to description pure and simple. They try to draw conclusions about the declining revolutionary role of the proletariat in the West from changes introduced into the very fabric of neo-capitalist society by technological, economic, social and cultural transformations of historic proportions and importance. So we have to meet these arguments on their own ground, and critically re-examine the dynamics of working class struggles, consciousness and revolutionary potential against the background of the changes which neo-capitalism has effected in the classical modus operandi of the capitalist system. Our starting point must be the same as that adopted not only by Karl Marx but also by the classical school of political economy: the study of the place human labor occupies in the economic life of contemporary monopoly capitalism. Three basic facts immediately demand our attention in that respect. First, contemporary production and distribution of material wealth is more than ever based upon modern industry and the factory. Indeed, one could say that the third industrial revolution at one and the same time both reduces industrial labor in the factory as a result of growing automation and increases industrial labor on a vast scale in agriculture, distribution, the service industries and administration. For the automation revolution must be seen as a vast movement of industrialisation of these different sectors of economic activity, both economically and socially. We shall have to draw important conclusions from this trend. But what stands out is the fact that industrial labor in the broadest sense of the word – men forced to sell their labor-power to the manufacturing, cotton-growing, data-processing or dream-producing factory! – more than ever occupies the central place in the economy’s structure. Second, whatever the increase in consumption of the working class may have been, neo-capitalism hasn’t modified in any sense whatsoever the basic nature of work in a capitalist society as alienated labor. One could even say that in the same way as automation extends the industrialisation process into every single corner of economic life, it likewise universalises alienation to an extent Marx and Engels could only have dimly imagined a hundred years ago. Many passages on alienation in the Economic-Philosophical Manuscripts, in The German Ideology and in the Grundrisse have only been truly realised in the last decades. And one could make the point that Marx’s economic analysis of “pure capitalism” is much more a presentiment of what was going to happen during the 20th century than a description of what was happening under his eyes in the 19th century. In any case, labor under neo-capitalism is more than ever alienated labor, forced labor, labor under command of a hierarchy which dictates to the worker what he has to produce and how he has to produce it. And this same hierarchy imposes upon him what to consume and when to consume it, what to think and when to think it, what to dream and when to dream it, giving alienation new and dreadful dimensions. It tries to alienate the worker even from his consciousness of being alienated, of being exploited. Third, living labor remains more than ever the sole source of surplus value, the only source of profit, which is what makes the system tick. One can easily reveal the striking contradiction of a productive process heavily pregnant with unlimited potentials of making use-values abundant, but incapable of functioning smoothly and developing steadily because these use-values must first of all slip into the clothes of exchange-values, be sold and meet “effective demand” before they can be consumed. One can note the absurdity of a system in which science, technological progress, humanity’s huge accumulated wealth of equipment, are the main basis for material production, but in which the “miserly appropriation of surplus labor” to use Marx’s Grundrisse phrase, continues to be the only goal of economic growth: “Profit is our business, and business after all only means profit.” But all these contradictions and absurdities are real, living contradictions and absurdities of capitalism. These would attain their absolute limit in universal and total automation which, however, lies completely beyond its reach because living labor is indispensable for the further accumulation of capital. One has only to observe how the billion-dollar corporations haggle and shout like fishwives over a 50-cent wage increase here and two hours off the workweek there to see that, whatever ideologues and sociologists might argue, the hard facts of life confirm what Marx taught us: Capital’s unlimited appetite for profit is an unlimited appetite for human surplus labor, for hours and minutes of unpaid labor. The shorter the workweek becomes, the higher the actual productivity of labor, the closer and more strictly do capitalists calculate surplus labor and haggle ever more furiously over seconds and fractions of seconds, as in time and motion studies. Now precisely these three characteristics of modern labor – its key role in the productive process, its basic alienation, its economic exploitation – are the objective roots of its potential role as the main force to overthrow capitalism, the objective roots of its indicated revolutionary mission. Any attempt to transfer that role to other social layers who are unable to paralyse production at a stroke, who do not play a key role in the productive process, who are not the main source of profit and capital accumulation, takes us a decisive step backwards from scientific to utopian socialism, from socialism which grows out of the inner contradictions of capitalism to that immature view of socialism which was to be born from the moral indignation of men regardless of their place in social production. Here we have to meet an objection often voiced both by so-called dogmatic Marxists and by avowed revisionists or opponents of Marxist theory. Haven’t we given too general a definition of the working class under neo-capitalism? Shouldn’t we restrict this category to the same group which came under this definition in the classical period of the socialist labor movement, to wit the manual workers actually engaged in production? Isn’t it true that this category tends to decline, first relatively and then even in absolute figures, in the most advanced industrial countries of the West? Are not the mass of wage and salary earners to which we have constantly referred too vague and heterogeneous a grouping to be considered a social class in the Marxist sense of the word? And isn’t the fading of the revolutionary potential of the working class in the Western metropolitan countries causally linked to this diminution of the manual production workers in the gainfully employed population? The debate which inevitably arises from an answer to these questions could easily degenerate into a semantic squabble if the qualitative, structural nature of the proletariat is forgotten. Authors like Serge Mallet have correctly argued that the very nature of the productive process, under conditions of semi-automation or automation, tends to incorporate whole new layers into the working class. We do not accept Mallet’s political conclusions, which have not at all been confirmed by the May revolt in France. In the forefront of that revolt we did not find only the “new” working class of highly skilled workers and technicians in semi-automated factories like those of the CSF [General Electric] factory in Brest. Equally present were the classical conveyor-belt workers of Renault and Sud-Aviation and even the workers of some declining industrial branches like the shipyard workers of Nantes and Saint-Nazaire. The categories of the “old’ and “new” working class created by Mallet do not correspond to the realities of the process. But what is valid is the fact that the distinctions between the “purely” productive manual production worker, the “purely’ unproductive clerical white-collar worker, and the “semi-productive” repairman become more and more effaced as a result of technological change and innovation itself, and that the productive process of today tends more and more to integrate manual and non-manual workers, conveyor-belt semi-skilled and data-processing semi-skilled, highly skilled repair and maintenance squads and highly skilled electronics experts. Both in the laboratories and research departments, before “actual” production starts, and in the dispatching and inventory departments, when “actual” production is over, productive labor is created if one accepts the definition of such labor given in Marx’s Capital. For all this labor is indispensable for final consumption and is not simply waste induced by the special social structure of the economy (as for instance sales costs). We can return to a point made before and state that just as the third industrial revolution, just as automation, tends to industrialise agriculture, distribution, the service industries and administration, just as it tends to universalise industry, so it tends to integrate a constantly growing part of the mass of wage and salary earners into an increasingly homogeneous proletariat. This conclusion needs further elucidation. What are the indicators of the enhanced proletarian character of these “new” layers of workers which become progressively integrated into the working class? We could cite offhand a series of striking facts: reduced wage differentials between white-collar and manual workers, which is a universal trend in the West; increased unionisation and union militancy of these “new” layers, which is equally universal (in Brussels as in New York, schoolteachers, electricians, telephone and telegraph workers have been among the militant trade unionists in the last five years); rising similarities of consumption, of social status and environment of these layers; growing similarity of working conditions, i.e., growing similarity of monotonous, mechanised, uncreative, nerve-racking and stultifying work in factory, bank, bus, public administration, department stores and airplanes. If we examine the long-term trend, there is no doubt that the basic process is one of growing homogeneity and not of growing heterogeneity of the proletariat. The difference in income, consumption and status between an unskilled laborer and a bank clerk or highschool teacher is today incommensurably smaller than it was fifty or a hundred years ago. But there is an additional and striking feature of this process of integration of new layers into the working class under neo-capitalism: That is the equalisation of the conditions of reproduction of labor-power, especially of skilled and semiskilled labor-power. In the days of 19th century capitalism, there was elementary education for the manual worker, lower-middle-school education for the white-collar worker, highschool education for the technician; the reproduction of agricultural labor-power often didn’t need any education whatsoever. Universities were strictly institutions for the capitalist class. The very technological transformation, of which neo-capitalism is both a result and a motive force, has completely modified the levels of education. Today, outside of completely unskilled laborers for whom there are very few jobs any more in industry, strictly speaking, and for whom tomorrow there might be no jobs available in the whole economy, conditions of reproduction of skill for industrial workers, technicians, white-collar employees, service workers and clerks are completely identical in generalised highschool education. In fact, in several countries, radicals are fighting for compulsory education up to 18 years in a single type of school, with growing success. Uniform conditions of reproduction of labor-power entail at one and the same time a growing homogeneity of wages and salaries (value and price of labor-power), and a growing homogeneity of labor itself. In other words, the third industrial revolution is repeating in the whole society what the first industrial revolution achieved inside the factory system: a growing indifference towards the particular skill of labor, the emergence of generalised human labor, transferable from one factory to another, as a concrete social category (corresponding historically to the abstract general human labor which classical political economy found as the only source of exchange-value.) Let it be said in passing that it would be hard to understand the dimensions and importance of the universal student revolt in the imperialist countries without taking into account the tendencies which we have sketched here: growing integration of intellectual labor into the productive process; growing standardisation, uniformity and mechanisation of intellectual labor; growing transformation of university graduates from independent professionals and capitalist entrepreneurs into salary earners appearing in a specialised labor market – the market for skilled intellectual labor where supply and demand make salaries fluctuate as they did on the manual labor market before unionisation but fluctuate around an axis which is the reproduction cost of skilled intellectual labor. What do these trends mean but the growing proletarianisation of intellectual labor, its tendency to become part and parcel of the working class? Of course students are not yet workers. But it would be as wrong to define them by their social origin as it would be to define them by their social future. They are a social layer in transition. Contemporary universities are a huge melting pot into which flow youth of different social classes, to become for a certain time a new homogeneous social layer. Out of this interim layer there arises on the one hand an important part of the future capitalist class and its main agents among the higher middle classes, and on the other hand a growing proportion of the future working class. But since the second category is numerically much more important than the first; and since the student milieu (precisely because of its transitional severance of basic bonds with a specific social class and because of its specific access to knowledge not yet excessively specialised) can gain a much sharper and much quicker consciousness than the individual worker of the basic ills of capitalist society; and since intellectual labor is increasingly a victim of the same basic alienation which characterises all labor under capitalism, the student revolt can become a real vanguard revolt of the working class as a whole, triggering a powerful revolutionary upsurge as it did this May in France. Let us restate the first conclusion we have arrived at. Neo-capitalism in the long run strengthens the working class much as did laissez-faire capitalism or monopoly capitalism in its first stage. Historically, it makes the working class grow both numerically and in respect to its vital role in the economy. It thereby strengthens the latent power of the working class and underlines its potential capacity to overthrow capitalism and to reconstruct society on the basis of its own socialist ideal. Immediately new questions arise. If this be so, will not the increased stability of the neo-capitalist system, its wide use of neo-Keynesian and macroeconomic techniques, its avoidance of catastrophic economic depressions of the 1929-33 type, its capacity to shape the workers’ consciousness through manipulation and the use of mass media, permanently repress these revolutionary potentialities? These questions boil down to two basic arguments which we shall deal with successively. One is the system’s capacity to reduce economic fluctuations and contradictions sufficiently to assure enough reforms to guarantee a gradual easing of social tensions between capital and labor. The other is the system’s capacity of integrating and engulfing the industrial proletariat as consumers and ideologically conditioned members of the society, to quote Baran and Sweezy’s Monopoly Capital. On the economic plane, we can briefly sketch the trends which make long-term “stability in growth” impossible for neo-capitalism. When the growth rate increases, as it did in Western Europe for 15 years from 1950 to 1965, then conditions of near-full employment enable the workers to rapidly increase real wages which, together with the rapidly increasing organic composition of capital, tend to push down the rate of profit. The system must react, and its reactions usually take two forms, or a combination of both. One is rationalisation, automation, that is, increased competition between men and machines through reconstitution of the reserve army of labor to keep down the rate of increase of real wages. The other is voluntary or compulsory wage restraints, income policies, anti-strike and anti-union legislation, that is, attempts to prevent labor from utilising relatively favorable conditions in the labor market in order to increase its share of the new value it creates. Increased growth rates under neo-capitalist conditions of “administered prices,” “investment through prices,” state-guaranteed monopoly surplus profits and a permanent arms economy, also mean inflation. Every attempt to stop inflation strangles the boom and precipitates a recession. Investment fluctuations and monetary disorders combine to increase economic instability, further abetted by stepped-up capital concentration both nationally and internationally, so that the system tends towards a marginal increase in unemployment and a generalised recession in the whole Western world. Both trends push down the rate of growth, as does the system’s inability to constantly increase the rate of growth of armaments, that is, their share of the gross national product, without endangering enlarged reproduction, consequently economic growth itself. The accumulation of huge masses of surplus capital and of increasing surplus capacity in the capitalist world industry acts in the same sense of dampening the long-term rate of growth. What emerges in the end is less the picture of a new type of capitalism successfully reducing overproduction than the picture of a temporary delay in the appearance of overproduction – “zurückstauen,” as one says in German – by means of huge debt stockpiling and monetary inflation, which lead towards the crisis and collapse of the world monetary system. Are these basic economic trends compatible with a secular decrease in social tensions between capital and labor? There is very little reason to believe this. Granted that the phases of rapid economic growth – more rapid in the last 20 years than in any comparable past period in the history of capitalism – create the material possibilities for increasing real wages and expanding mass consumption. But the attempts to base pessimistic predictions about the revolutionary potential of the working class on this trend of rising real wages overlooks the dual effect of the economic booms under capitalism on the working class. On the one hand, a combination of near-full employment and a rapid rise of productive forces, especially under conditions of rapid technological change, likewise leads to an increase in the needs of the working class. That portion of the value of labor-power which Marx calls historically determined and is attributable to the given level of culture tends to increase most rapidly under such conditions, generally much more rapidly than wages. Paradoxically, it is precisely when wages rise that the gap between the value and the price of labor-power tends to grow, that the socially determined needs of the working class grow more rapidly than its purchasing power. The debate of the past decade in the United States and other imperialist countries on the growing gap between individual consumption and unsatisfied needs of social consumption, publicised by Galbraith as the contrast between private affluence and public squalor, illustrates this point. Furthermore, rising real wages are constantly threatened by erosion. They are threatened by inflation. They are threatened by structural unemployment generated through technological change and automation. They are threatened by wage restraint and wage-freeze policies. They are threatened by recessions. The more the workers are accustomed to relatively high wages, the more they react against even marginal reductions in their accustomed level of consumption, the more all the just-named threats are potential starting points of real social explosion. It is no accident that the working class youth is quicker to react and move to the forefront of these revolts. The older generations of workers tend to compare their miseries in the depression and during the war with the conditions of the last 15 years and can even view them as a state of bliss. Younger workers don’t make these comparisons. They take for granted what the system has established as a social minimum standard of living, without being at all satisfied, either by the quantity or quality of what they get, and react sharply against any deterioration of conditions. That’s why they have been in the front ranks of very militant strikes over the last two years in countries as widely different as Italy, West Germany, Britain and France. That’s why they played a key role in the May revolution in France. Even more important than the basic instability and insecurity of the proletarian condition which neo-capitalism hasn’t overcome and cannot overcome is the inherent trend under neo-capitalism to push the class struggle to a higher plane. As long as the workers were hungry and their most immediate needs were unattended to, wage increases inevitably stood in the center of working class aspirations. As long as they were threatened by mass unemployment, reductions in the work-week were essentially seen as means of reducing the dangers of redundancy. But when employment is relatively high and wages are constantly rising, attention becomes gradually transferred to more basic aspects of capitalist exploitation. The “wage drift” notwithstanding, industry-wide wage bargaining and attempts of neo-capitalist governments to impose incomes policies tend to focus attention more on the division of national income, on the great aggregates of wages, profits and taxes, than on the division of the newly created value at the factory level. Permanent inflation, constant debates around government fiscal and economic policies, sudden disturbances of the labor market through technological innovation and relocation of whole industries, draw the workers’ attention in the same direction. Classical capitalism educated the worker to struggle for higher wages and shorter working hours in his factory. Neo-capitalism educates the worker to challenge the division of national income and orientation of investment at the superior level of the economy as a whole. Growing dissatisfaction with labor organisation in the plant stimulates this very tendency. The higher the level of skill and education of the working class – and the third industrial revolution leaves no room for an uneducated and unskilled working class! – the more do workers suffer under the hierarchical and despotic work organisation at the factory. The stronger the contradiction between the potential wealth which productive forces can create today and the immeasurable waste and absurdity which capitalist production and consumption implies, the more do workers tend to question not only the way a capitalist factory is organised but also what a capitalist factory produces. Recently, these trends found striking expression not only during the May revolution in France, but also at the Fiat plant in Italy where the workers succeeded in preventing an increasing number of different types of high-priced cars from being manufactured. The logic of all these trends puts the problem of workers’ control in the center of the class struggle. Capitalists, bourgeois politicians and ideologues, and reformist Social Democrats understand this in their own way. That is why different schemes for “reform of the enterprises,” for “co-management,” “co-determination” and “participation” occupy the center of the stage in practically all Western European countries. When de Gaulle launched his “participation” demagogy, even the bonapartist dictatorship of Franco in Spain proclaimed that it was likewise in favor of working class participation in the management of plants. As for Mr. Wilson, he didn’t wait a month to jump on the same bandwagon. But parallel to these various schemes of mystification and deception is the growing awareness in working class circles that the problem of workers’ control is the key “social question” under neo-capitalism. Questions of wages and shorter working hours are important; but what is much more important than problems of the distribution of income is to decide who should command the machines and who should determine investments, who should decide what to produce and how to produce it. British and Belgian trade unions have started to agitate these questions on a large scale; they have been debated in Italy at the factory level and by many left groupings. In West Germany, Sweden, Norway and Denmark they are increasingly subjects of debates in radical working class circles. And the May revolution in France was a clarion call for these ideas emanating from 10 million workers. There remains the last objection. Have the monopolists and their agents unlimited powers of manipulating the ideology and consciousness of the working class, and can they not succeed in preventing revolt, especially successful revolt, notwithstanding growing socio-economic contradictions? Marxists have recognised the possibility of “manipulation” for a long time. Marx wrote about the artificially induced needs and consumption of the workers a hundred and twenty-five years ago. Marxists have many times reiterated that the “ruling ideology of each society is the ideology of the ruling class.” One of the key ideas of Lenin’s What Is to be Done? is the recognition of the fact that, through their own individual effort and even through elementary class struggle on a purely economic and trade-union level, workers cannot free themselves from the influence of bourgeois and petty-bourgeois ideology. The classical socialist labor movement tried to achieve such an ideological emancipation through a constant process of organisation, education and self-action. But even during its heyday it didn’t rally more than a minority fraction of the working class. And if one looks at the extremely modest proportions that Marxist education assumed in mass socialist parties like the German or Austrian Social Democracy before World War I (not to speak of the French CP before World War II), if one looks at the figures of subscribers to the theoretical magazines or students at study camps or workers’ universities in those organisations, one can easily understand that even then they merely scratched the surface. Of course things have become worse since the classical labor movement started to degenerate and stopped inoculating the working class vanguard in any consistent manner against the poison of bourgeois ideas. The dikes collapsed, and aided by modern mass media, bourgeois and petty-bourgeois ideology have penetrated deeply into broad layers of the working class, including those organised in mass Social-Democratic and Communist parties. But one should guard against losing a sense of proportion in respect to this problem. After all, the working class movement arose in the 19th century under conditions where the mass of workers were far more dominated by the ideas of the ruling class than they are today. One has only to compare the hold of religion on workers in large parts of Europe, or the grip of nationalism on the French working class after the experience of the great French revolution, to understand that what looks like a new problem today is in reality as old as the working class itself. In the last analysis the question boils down to this: Which force will turn out to be stronger in determining the worker’s attitude to the society he lives in, the mystifying ideas he receives, yesterday in the church and today through TV, or the social reality he confronts and assimilates day after day through practical experience? For historical materialists, to pose the question this way is to answer it, although the struggle itself will say the last word. Finally, one should add that, while “manipulation” of the workers’ consciousness and dreams is apparently constant, so after all is the apparent stability of bourgeois society. It goes on living under “business as usual.” But a social revolution is not a continuous or gradual process; it is certainly not “business as usual.” It is precisely a sudden disruption of social continuity, a break with customs, habits and a traditional way of life. The problems of the revolutionary potential of the working class cannot be answered by references to what goes on every day or even every year; revolutions do not erupt every day. The revolutionary potential of the working class can be denied only if one argues that the sparks of revolt which have been kindled in the working class mass through the experience of social injustice and social irrationality are smothered forever; if one argues that the patient and obstinate propaganda and education by revolutionary vanguard organisations cannot have a massive effect among the workers anywhere, anytime, whatever may be the turn of objective events. After all, it is enough that the flame is there to ignite a combustible mass once every 15 or 20 years for the system ultimately to collapse. That’s what happened in Russia. That’s what the May revolution in France has shown can happen in Western Europe too. These epoch-making May events allow us to draw a balance sheet of long-term trends which confirm every proposition I have tried to defend here today. After 20 years of neo-capitalism, functioning under classical conditions, with a “planning board” which is cited as a model for all imperialist countries, with a state television system which has perfected a system of mass manipulation to uphold the ruling class and party, with a foreign policy accepted by a large majority of the masses, in May 1968 there were in France twice as many strikers as ever before in the history of the working class of that country; they used much more radical forms of struggle than in 1936, in 1944-46 or in 1955; they not only raised the slogan of workers’ control, workers’ management and workers’ power more sharply than ever before, but started to put it in practice in a dozen big factories and several large towns. In the face of this experience it is hard to question the revolutionary potential of the working class under neo-capitalism any more. In the face of this experience it is hard to question the prediction that France, which is the politically classical country of bourgeois society, in the same way as Britain and the United States are its economically classical countries, is showing the whole Western world and not least the United States a preview of its own future. De te fabula narratur! [The story being told is about you!] We have no time here to examine the interconnection between the workers’ struggle for socialism in the Western metropolises and the liberation struggle of the colonial and semi-colonial countries as well as the struggle for socialist democracy in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe. These interconnections are manifold and obvious. There are also direct causal links between the upsurge of an independent revolutionary leadership in the Cuban and Latin American revolution, the heroic struggle of the Vietnamese people against US imperialist aggression, and the emergence of a new youth vanguard in the West, which, at least in Western Europe, through the transmission belt of working class youth, has started to influence directly the development of the class struggle. The main striking feature here has a more general and abstract character: the reemergence of active internationalism in the vanguard of the working class. The international concentration and centralisation of capital, especially through the creation of the “multinational corporation,” gave capital an initial advantage over a working class movement hopelessly divided between national and sectional unions and parties. But now, in France, at one blow, the advanced workers have cleaned the field of the rot accumulated over decades of confusion and defeat. They have cut through the underbrush of bourgeois nationalism and bourgeois Europeanism and have come out into the wide open space of international brotherhood. The fraternal unity in strikes and demonstrations of Jewish and Arab, Portuguese and Spanish, Greek and Turkish, French and foreign workers, in a country which has probably been more plagued by xenophobia over the last 20 years than any other in Europe, triumphantly culminated in 60,000 demonstrators shouting before the Gare de Lyon: “We are all German Jews.” Already a first echo has come from Jerusalem itself where Jewish students demonstrated with the slogan: “We are all Palestinian Arabs!” Never have we seen anything like this, on such a scale, and these initial manifestations warrant the greatest confidence in the world which will emerge when the working class, rejuvenated after two decades of slumber, will move to take power. Most of you know that, both through political conviction and as a result of objective analysis of present world reality, I firmly believe that we are living in the age of permanent revolution. This revolution is inevitable because there is such a tremendous gap between what man could make of our world, with the power which science and technology have placed in his hands, and what he is making of it within the framework of a decaying, irrational social system. This revolution is imperative in order to close that gap and make this world a place in which all human beings, without distinction as to race, color or nationality, will receive the same care as the rulers today devote to space rockets and nuclear submarines. What the socialist revolution is all about, in the last analysis, is faith in the unconquerable spirit of revolt against injustice and oppression and confidence in the ability of mankind to build a future for the human race. Coming from a continent which went through the nightmares of Hitler and Stalin, and emerged hardly a generation later holding high the banner of social revolution, of emancipation of labor, of workers’ democracy, of proletarian internationalism, and witnessing in France more youth rallying around that banner than at any time since socialist ideas were born, I believe that faith is fully justified. Last updated on 17.2.2005	<urn:uuid:12038e6a-3457-49c0-b881-b570d52fcb5f>	CC-MAIN-2016-30	https://www.marxists.org/archive/mandel/19xx/xx/neocap.htm	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257824995.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071024-00035-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.950169	8,993	2.625	3
Meanings and associations of city names The history of Russian place names reflects the country’s turbulent history. There are cities that have been renamed two or even three times as a result of changing political regimes. Volgograd is one of them. Since 1990, the question of once again calling this city Stalingrad – the name it held between 1925-1961 – has appeared from time to time. As Russian President Vladimir Putin recently explained: "In accordance with our law, this case comes under the jurisdiction of regions and municipalities. In this case, residents of the city should hold a referendum to decide." The initiative has both fierce supporters and no less fierce opponents. The supporters believe that restoring the city’s former name would preserve the memory of the heroism of the people who fought in the Battle of Stalingrad in World War II; while the opponents consider this an unacceptable move, since this would in effect serve as a rehabilitation of Stalin, whom many believe to have been a bloody tyrant and dictator. Interestingly, the option of returning the city's original name of Tsaritsyn, which it bore for more than three centuries, is not even being considered. And yet the former capital of the Russian empire has had its original name reinstated. Since its founding and up till World War II, it was called St. Petersburg (not, as many believe, after the emperor Peter the Great, who founded the city in the early 18th century, but after St. Peter). With the start of World War I, the city's name was "Russified" to make it sound less "German": Petersburg was changed into Petrograd. However, 10 years later, after the leader of the Bolshevik Revolution, Vladimir Lenin, died, the city was renamed Leningrad in his honor. In the early 1990s, its original name of St. Petersburg was restored. The tradition of renaming cities to commemorate various Communist leaders remained practically throughout most of the 20th century: Practically right up until the breakup of the Soviet Union, the country's map had names like Ordzhonikidze, Kuybyshev, Brezhnev, and Andropov on it. Some of those names survive still: Kirov, Kaliningrad (the former Königsberg) and even Tolyatti (named after Italian Communist leader Palmiro Togliatti), the city where Soviet Lada cars were made, the first of which were based on a Fiat model. The city of Moscow has given rise to the popular saying: "Moscow does not believe in tears", meaning that in order to succeed in Moscow, one has to be strong and not give up in the face of troubles. A Soviet film of the same name, telling the story of three young girls from the provinces who come to Moscow in the 1950s, won an Oscar as the best foreign-language film in 1980. As for Kiev, its contribution to the world of Russian proverbs and sayings is the phrase: "The tongue will get you all the way to Kiev", meaning that although Kiev may be far away, as long you as know how to ask the way, you will get there. An even farther goal and a nearly unreachable "ideal" was Paris, hence the phrase (and another Russian film of the same name): "See Paris and die". Although now Paris has become far more attainable and nobody has any intention of dying after having seen it. Another foreign city whose name is rich in associations for Russians is Rio de Janeiro. In the popular satirical Soviet novel "Twelve Chairs", its protagonist, a romantic con artist, Ostap Bender, whenever he found himself in a drab little provincial town, used to say: "No, this is no Rio de Janeiro." Thanks to this year's World Cup, the number of Russians who will at last visit that Brazilian city is likely to increase dramatically. The name of the Chinese city of Shanghai is often used in Russian, with a small “sh”, to denote areas of unauthorized spontaneous and chaotic construction. Meanwhile, the Danish capital Copenhagen has entered Russian slang because it sounds like the Russian word for competent. The Russian phrase: "I am no Copenhagen in this" is used jokingly to mean "I am not competent in this" and to make fun of pretentious but not very well-educated people, who sometimes use clever words without really knowing them. Some Russian cities have close relatives abroad, e.g. Belgorod and Belgrade (both meaning "white city"), or Lipetsk and Leipzig ("city of linden trees"). And some have complete namesakes, like the U.S. towns of Moscow and St. Petersburg. Meanwhile, within Russia itself there are a couple of cities whose names mean the same thing but are different: Oryol (meaning "eagle" in Russian) and Adler (which is the German for "eagle"). After the breakup of the USSR, there has been controversy around the Russian names of some of the capitals of the former Soviet republics, for example Estonia. In Soviet times, it was called Tallin, however after independence, in Estonia the authentic spelling of Tallinn was restored. Moreover, Estonians insisted that in Russian too the name should be spelled with a double “–nn” at the end. That was done for several years, after which it was decided to return to the traditional Russian spelling of Tallin. Thus, the question of a single letter developed into a matter of principle, and not so much linguistic as political. A similar situation arose in 2008, when after the Russian-Georgian armed conflict, Georgia's breakaway regions of Abkhazia and South Ossetia declared independence. After that both regions changed the names of their capital cities from Sukhumi to Sukhum and from Tskhinvali to Tskhinval accordingly. They believed that the “-i" at the end made the names "Georgian". For its part, Georgia continues to use the previous names, and the difference between the two versions has become a political issue too. Another instance of linguistic and political controversy has become very relevant recently, although it concerns not so much the names of cities as the names of whole countries. In the Russian language, the usual preposition used to speak of events in another country is "v" (в), meaning “in”, e.g. in America, in Germany, in China. However, with Ukraine, the standard form has always been to use the preposition "na" (на) which, although it usually translates as “on”, in this case has the same meaning as "in". The tricky thing is that the same preposition is used to speak of events in regions that are part of Russia (e.g. the Kuban, the Urals). No consensus has yet been reached as to which preposition – "v" or "na" – should be used in relation to Ukraine. The majority of Russians (including many professional linguists) still prefer the latter, while Ukrainians consider it politically incorrect.	<urn:uuid:0fdc0b60-f999-4e8e-bac5-7db9bc317ffc>	CC-MAIN-2017-26	https://in.rbth.com/arts/2014/06/20/meanings_and_associations_of_city_names_36111	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128321306.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20170627083142-20170627103142-00329.warc.gz	en	0.970789	1,477	3.46875	3
Q. What are Constitution Day and Citizenship Day? A. Constitution Day is celebrated on September 17, because the Constitution of the United States was signed on September 17, 1787. Constitution Day is also Citizenship Day, a day that recognizes all who have become U.S. citizens, whether by birth or immigration. Originally, U.S. citizenship was celebrated on the third Sunday of every May, on a day known as "I Am An American Day." In 1952, this day was moved to September 17, to celebrate citizens and the Constitution. Until 2004, the official name of this holiday was Citizenship Day. It is now known as "Constitution Day and Citizenship Day." Q. Why should we celebrate our Constitution and Citizenship? A. The Constitution is the framework for our democracy. It was adopted by the Constitutional Convention 223 years ago, ratified by the original 13 states, and it continues to guide us today. In the United States, the Constitution is the supreme law of the land. The Constitution embodies the enduring philosophical principles in the Declaration of Independence; that the limited government created by the Constitution only exercise power by the consent of the governed. That philosophy is clearly stated in the Declaration's second paragraph: "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. - That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed" The Constitution is a statement of this philosophical belief in limited government. All power rests with the people, and the Constitution is a compact where the American people delegate certain enumerated powers to the government in order to "secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity." September 17 is also a day to celebrate the honor, and reflect on the responsibilities, of U.S. citizenship.	<urn:uuid:a77283c3-47bb-41c3-be24-9a96036f1852>	CC-MAIN-2016-50	http://www.dysartreporter.com/page/content.detail/id/501788/Grassley-Q---A.html?nav=5002	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698541317.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170901-00240-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.967776	398	3.8125	4
Crossing a small brook along a wooden bridge at the southern edge of the Wildflower Loop Trail, one may observe a fine collection of several types of ferns. A few of the ferns on both sides of the bridge were planted at various times since 1996 to increase the abundance and diversity of fern species in the area, but most are naturally occurring. Four fern species are dominant in the damp soils surrounding the brook, which provide the preferred habitat for cinnamon fern (Osmunda cinnamomea) and the closely related interrupted fern (O. claytoniana), as well as suitable options for the highly adaptable sensitive fern (Onoclea sensibilis) and lady fern (Athyrium filix-foemina). Far more demanding of wetland habitat, royal fern (Osmunda regalis) and marsh fern (Thelypteris palustris) are present on a small scale near the edges of the brook, along with a few wildflowers. To the east of the brook and slightly uphill from the wet zone, a few clumps of common woodfern (Dryopteris spinulosa), Christmas fern (Polystichum acrostichoides), and maidenhair fern (Adiantum pedatum) enhance the area with their distinctive fronds. These last two species have a further presence along the nearby wooded sections of the trail, where many more types of ferns including a few uncommon species may be observed among extensive wildflower plantings. One of those, ostrich fern (Matteuccia pensylvanica), produces edible fiddleheads.	<urn:uuid:84d4c9e4-3a49-4861-b71d-719bb2ba23e9>	CC-MAIN-2014-10	http://actonarboretum.org/gardens/fern_garden.php	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394011250185/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305092050-00068-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.922886	349	3.453125	3
In this lecture, we're going to review central nervous system tumors in children. So, in children, CNS tumors are the second most common pediatric malignancy. About 20% of all cases of childhood cancer are CNS masses and younger children are more likely to have embrional tumors such as medulloblastoma compared to older patients. This is generally a sporadic problem. It's without real risk factors or causes. It's just extraordinary bad luck, although certain genetic syndromes may predispose patients to development of CNS tumors. So, to diagnose it as a CNS tumor, we have to take a good history, do a physical exam, and do some diagnostic imaging. Let's start with the history. So, the historical findings of CNS tumors in general depend on the location of the tumor in the brain. Symptoms may result from an increased intracranial pressure. I would say the exception being pituitary adenomas which generally don't do that. However, most other tumors can cause an increase in ICP which will present with the classic finding of morning headache and morning emesis. If you think about it, the child's been lying down all night and there's increased pressure because they've been in a resplendent pose and once they get up and move around, the pressure may reduce slightly. These patients may also be lethargic or sleepy, or feel out of it. We may see other signs indirectly such as poor school performance, fatigue, behavioral changes, weight gain or weight loss, increased clumsiness, or walking difficulty. So all of these can be signs of a problem in the intracranial vault. Also, patients with focal seizures or with prolonged postictal paralysis, that may be a sign of increased ICP. So, then we have to do a good physical exam and in particular, the cranial nerves are very important to evaluate. As cranial nerve palsies are fairly common with brainstem lesions. You may also see papilledema, you may see ataxia, you may see a facial droop or weakness which is really a cranial nerve palsy, you may see hearing loss, and you may see diplopia, especially diplopia in patients with a pituitary lesion. You can also find focal symptoms if it's a little bit higher up such as hemiparesis or a hemisensory loss. You may notice hyperreflexia or visual defects or seizures, especially focal seizures are concerning, and any hypothalamic tumor can present with a diencephalic syndrome. The diencephalic syndrome is euphoria, hyperphagia, and anorexia. Okay. Let's talk about pineal lesions and optic chiasm lesions very briefly. These can cause defects in pupillary constriction and patients may have an inability to look upward. This is called the Parinaud syndrome. Also, we will do some diagnostic testing to rule out CNS tumors. So the MRI with gadolinium is the imaging of choice. It does require sedation in younger children. Generally, we will also get an MRI of the spine because generally there may be metastasis to the spine or this might not be a tumor, it could be something like acute disseminated encephalomyelitis for example which presents with diffuse disease. You may early, if you're worried, get a CAT scan. You might want to do a CAT scan, for example, before you do a lumbar puncture if you are thinking this patient might have meningitis because you don't want to cause an increased ICP to be depressurized after the foramen magnum and result in a herniation. So, we usually will do a CSF though once we've made the diagnosis of brain tumor to try and get cytology or cells. So, there are a multiple ways, you can sit patients for a lumbar puncture. Generally, for older patients we prefer the sitting position. For younger patients or babies, you might do a lying down position. Doesn't really matter except remember, if you're looking for an increased ICP, you're gonna wanna use your manometer in the lying down position. We will send this CSF for beta-hCG and AFP which may be positive in teratomas which can present in the brain.	<urn:uuid:f51eb8e5-3577-44eb-ba41-5610ba79460a>	CC-MAIN-2020-34	https://www.lecturio.com/medical-courses/central-nervous-system-tumors-in-children.lecture	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439738674.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20200810102345-20200810132345-00278.warc.gz	en	0.9094	955	3.40625	3
wrote Aristotle, “consists in giving the thing a name that belongs to something else.” Intrinsic to our thoughts and how we organize the perceptions that compose the stories of our lives, we describe the people, places, and subjects in our world through metaphor and analogy, simile and symbol. these images accurate portrayals of the world around us? Do we sometimes embellish, like the artist, and create subjective paintings instead of documentary photographs? What is the interplay between reality and imagination? how we tell stories, in addition to the story itself, is a recurring feature of our modern times. For example, writers like Susan Sontag investigates the lens through which we experience disease and terminal illness, and how such language can victimize those afflicted. In Ways of Seeing, John Berger highlights some of the contextual frameworks informing our perception of visual art, revealing hidden ideologies. Critics like Camille Paglia, Michel Foucault, and Eve Sedgwick rigorously re-examine many of our seemingly familiar literary texts, cultural icons, and social phenomenon–from Madonna and Robert Mapplethorpe to the literature of Hawthorne, Melville, and Oscar Wilde. Such insights reveal just as much about us, as it does about the thing itself. artist and the writer, metaphors are one of the defining characteristics of their work, regardless of genre. Some set out to create worlds which are obviously fictitious, some attempt to be rigorous in their realism. A few purposefully create imaginary places resembling their “real” counterparts, challenging our ability to distinguish fact from fabrication. William Faulkner ́s “little postage stamp” of Yoknapatawpha County evokes rural Mississippi, and Garrison Keillor ́s Lake Wobegon resembles a certain kind of Minnesota; but neither will ever be found in North America. While not real, this artistic geography sometimes can affect us in more compelling ways than “reality” of a place does not matter, or is not of sole importance. Maybe imaginary places can have tangible and valuable benefits in “real life”. Italo Calvino ́s famous book Invisible Cities, while describing imaginary places visited by Marco Polo, also inspires architects with fresh approaches to contemporary urban theory. Separate from its actual geographic location in Turkey, the events depicted in Homer ́s Iliad occupy a firm and distinct place within our collective imagination. sense, the Republic of Belarus occupies an unusual territory. While geographically landlocked by Russia, Poland, Latvia, Lithuania, and the Ukraine, many Europeans fail to locate Belarus on a map. Yet, as “the last dictatorship of Europe,” its presence is distinctly known across international borders. It has the strange distinction of being both widely known in terms of metaphor, yet elusive in terms of its reality through direct knowledge. For most of the world, is a kind of Troy–existing both as fact as well as metaphor. journalism is highly restricted in Lukashenko ́s Belarus today. When reports do emerge to international news outlets, the stories can often be baffling, even surreal in their narrative. Didn ́t the KGB end with the collapse of the Soviet Union? An invasion by 800 teddy-bears with parachutes? Police in Minsk tear-gassing protesters for clapping? News writing about Belarus depicts a strange world, challenging our assumptions about contemporary Europe. We crave a harmonious story which depicts a continent unified in freedom and democracy, and grow uneasy with the dark and complex metaphors Belarus screams at us. Too often, people simply stop listening; the truth is too painful, and too inconvenient. “dictator novels” of Latin America which challenged the established (dis)order, the plays and performances by the Belarus Free Theatre resist their government ́s attempts at censorsing and sanitizing contemporary art. Lead by Nicolai Khalezin and Natalya Koliada, their Theatre aims to depict a more “real” Belarus through dramatic storytelling and metaphor–a counterpoint to the peaceful narratives told by Lukashenko authoritarian regime. The actors and the audiences who watch them perform have frequently been arrested, and Belarus Free Theatre have been in exile since 2011. They continue to write and perform their work around the world, oftentimes inspiring international audiences into greater awareness about the restrictions on freedom in today ́s Belarus. Belarusian Dream Theater project hopes to stand in solidarity with artists like Nicolai and Natalya, using the tools of metaphor and story to support freedom of expression in Belarus much like journalists who use the veracity of concrete facts. On 25 March 2014, seventeen partner-theatres across Europe, the United States, and Australia will present–simultaneously –new plays about Belarus by writers from Austria, Germany, the United Kingdom, the United States, Australia, New Zealand, and Belarus itself. Playwrights are donating their works free of any royalty, and staged by actors and directors working for free. Seeking to place Belarus and its metaphors centerstage, the participating international artists of Belarusian Dream Theater consciously planned the project to occur on 25 March–Belarus ́ Freedom Day. short plays comprising the project run the gamut of style, subject matter, tone, and aesthetic. There are political dramas, like “Under Protest” by David L. Williams and Aurin Squire ́s “Article 119-1”; as well as intimate family dramas such as Vivienne Glance ́s “Draniki” and “In The Belarusian Kitchen” by Nikolay Rudkovski. The humor in Rex McGregor ́s “Welcome to Belarus” is absurdist, while “No One Gives a Clap” by Jake Rosenberg is straight-up comedy. There ́s the abstract movement-theater of Laura Lynn MacDonald ́s “en dangerous (part I and part II)”; “Battle in Babruysk” by Diane Rao Harman is a fable; and “The Puppet of White Farm” is described as an ́impossible musical, ́ by its author Richard Pettifer. Some of the plays in Belarusian Dream Theater stretch the bounds of imagination, portraying private hopes and dreams, or enacting innermost fears too terrible to contemplate. These stories push, poke, jab, and jolt. While in some cases a dramatization of known facts within or about Belarus, these stories are not bound by place or time, by the topography of facts. Entering a theater is traveling within the realm of metaphor, where 2 + 2 does not always equal 4. Sometimes we hunger more for Homer ́s poetry about the Trojan War, instead of the historical account of the fall of Troy, as believeable characters move us more often than statistical facts. Sometimes our imagination is the only way we can comprehend a place so contradictory, so complicated, and so uncompromisingly real as Belarus. McCall, an American theater artist, conceived and produced the Belarusian Dream Theater project. He is the Manager of the Cummins Theatre (Western Australia), and the Artistic Director of Ensemble Free Theater Norway.	<urn:uuid:5bc57526-f8b5-42c7-ac28-3a40d1b7576f>	CC-MAIN-2019-43	http://www.tnp.no/norway/global/4209-belarus-and-its-metaphors	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570987829458.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20191023043257-20191023070757-00486.warc.gz	en	0.911436	1,624	3.453125	3
Beware a new bug. I recently found out about the Japanese Cedar Longhorn Beetle, a.k.a. the cedar longhorn beetle, equally destructive to trees and shrubs as the infamous Asian Longhorn Beetle. Although it was thought to be a dead-wood eater in Japan, it seems it has taken to tastier digs here: pines, false cypresses, cryptomerias, arborvitae, to mention a few. Emerging in early spring at the point where two branches meet, the females lay yellow eggs in the crevices of the bark, and the larvae eventually feast on the wood, creating serpentine roadwaylike lines. The cycle starts again the following year. Montgomery County is affected, and according to horticultural consultants Keystone Tree Experts, the bugs have been spotted in Bucks County, too. You can help by reporting any sightings to your local Cooperative Extension Agency. For more information, go to http://massnrc.org/pests/pestFAQsheets/japanesecedarlonghorn.html. Add to your plant palette.Oenothera fruticosa (narrowleaf evening primrose or sundrops), in bloom now along roadways and in meadows, can provide a tall vertical visual in the garden while attracting all sorts of pollinators and birds. Finches and siskins love the seed and warblers love the insects it attracts. If that's not enough, the root can be used for flavoring wine. It even has healing powers, used as a curative for everything from female problems to whooping cough. The plant, which likes poor soil, is a biennial (its full life cycle is two years, flowering in the second year). Sprinkling the ripened seed in several weeks will provide green plants for next year and tall verticals the following year. To learn more, go to http://pss.uvm.edu/pss123/peroenot.html and http://tinyurl.com/bqezh7c.	<urn:uuid:58812228-4411-44f2-ba66-26929b653279>	CC-MAIN-2015-40	http://articles.philly.com/2012-08-24/news/33367854_1_plant-bulbs-bloom	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443736675218.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001215755-00116-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.93582	422	2.671875	3
Ten Things Lesbian and Bisexual Women Should Discuss with Their Healthcare Provider 1. Breast Cancer Lesbians and bisexual women are more likely to have risk factors for breast cancer (including fewer full-term pregnancies, fewer mammograms, and being overweight) yet less likely to get screening exams. This combination means that lesbians may not be diagnosed early when the disease is most curable. Lesbians may experience chronic stress from discrimination. This stress is worse for women who need to hide their orientation as well as for those who have lost important emotional support because of their orientation. Living with this stress can cause depression and anxiety. 3. Heart Health Heart disease is the leading cause of death for women. Smoking and obesity are the biggest risk factors for heart disease among lesbians and bisexual women. All women need yearly medical exams for high blood pressure, cholesterol problems, and diabetes. Health care providers can also offer tips on quitting smoking, increasing physical activity, and controlling weight. 4. Gynecological Cancer The fact that women who have sex with women are less likely to take birth control (which has been shown to decrease risk of cancer), get pregnant or breastfeed, and have a higher Body Mass Index place them at higher risk for certain types of gynecological cancers compared to straight women. Having regular pelvic exams and pap tests can find cancers early and offer the best chance of cure. Research shows that lesbians and bisexual women are more likely to be overweight or obese compared to heterosexual women. Obesity is associated with higher rates of heart disease, cancers, and premature death. Research also shows that lesbians and bisexul women use tobacco more often than heterosexual women do. Smoking has been associated with higher rates of cancers, heart disease, and emphysema — three major causes of death among women. Heavy drinking and binge drinking are more common among lesbians and bisexual women compared to their heterosexual counterparts. While one drink a day may be good for the heart, more than that can be raise your risk of cancer, liver disease and other health problems. 8. Substance Use Lesbians and bisexual women may use drugs more often than heterosexual women. This can be due to stress from homophobia, sexism, and/or discrimination. Lesbians need support to find healthy ways to cope and reduce stress. 9. Intimate Partner Violence Contrary to stereotypes, some women in same-sex relationships experience violence. However, health care providers do not ask lesbians and bisexual women about intimate partner violence as often as they ask heterosexual women. 10. Sexual Health Lesbians and bisexual women can get the same sexually transmitted infections (STDs) as heterosexual women. It is important for sexually active women of every sexuality to be screened for STDs by a healthcare provider. Informed by statistics from the Gay and Lesbian Medical Association (now known as Health Professionals Advancing LGBT Equality), PRIDE Institute of Minneapolis, and Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration *It should be noted that these health organizations neglected to include coming out to your doctor as a concern for women as they did for gay and bisexual men. Be sure to check out these other Health features: Rainbow Health Initiative: On the Way to Health Equality Ten Things Gay and Bisexual Men Should Discuss with Their Healthcare Provider Ten Things Transgender Persons Should Discuss with Their Healthcare Provider	<urn:uuid:fd8f8a3a-6d34-411e-aba1-34ff29fcdc9a>	CC-MAIN-2023-23	https://lavendermagazine.com/featured-home-page/ten-things-lesbian-and-bisexual-women-should-discuss-with-their-healthcare-provider/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224646181.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20230530230622-20230531020622-00543.warc.gz	en	0.949296	696	2.828125	3
In 2016, “the longest floating structure in world history” will be placed in the ocean. It’s called The Ocean Cleanup, and it’s a 1.2-mile-long system designed to collect and remove plastic from the ocean. It is a stationary array of barriers that uses the ocean’s natural currents to collect the plastic at a central location. The Ocean Cleanup will be deployed near Tsushima, an island between Japan and South Korea, and will collect plastic trash for two years and then all of the plastic that it collects will be used as an alternate energy source. Every year 8 million tons of plastic end up in the ocean. Right now, about 5.25 trillion pieces of plastic are floating around the ocean. This plastic pollution causes many environmental, economic, and health problems. For example, plastic kills over 1 million seabirds and 100,000 marine mammals every year. And animals that aren’t killed are often left deformed. It is estimated that The Ocean Cleanup could remove half the plastic from the Great Pacific Garbage Patch in just 10 years. The person behind The Ocean Cleanup is 20-year-old Dutchman Boyan Slat. After diving in Greece in 2011, frustrated by coming across more plastic bags than fish, he wondered; ‘why can’t we clean this up?’ This ultimately led to the passive cleanup concept, which he presented in 2012. Instead of going after the plastic, Boyan devised a system though which, driven by the ocean currents, the plastic would concentrate itself, reducing the theoretical cleanup time from millennia to mere years. In 2013, he dropped out of his Aerospace Engineering study to found The Ocean Cleanup.	<urn:uuid:4e582b94-e9d6-4a8f-a273-526ecf32cccb>	CC-MAIN-2021-39	http://upriser.com/posts/the-longest-floating-structure-in-world-history-to-be-deployed-in-the-ocean	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057158.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20210921041059-20210921071059-00340.warc.gz	en	0.933348	360	3.46875	3
Bonding with their new children is a common concern among adoptive parents. Will he love us? Will he attach to us? Will he trust us to take care of him and keep him safe? Adoption professionals define bonding as “the process that a child goes through in developing lasting emotional ties with his or her immediate caregivers.” Sadly, due to the chaos and lack of stability in their very early childhoods, some adopted children suffer from a form of a condition called attachment disorder. And while all parents worry about bonding with their children, the sometimes-long lapse of time from birth to adoption can present a special challenge for adoptive families. My own adopted daughter, Rosie, was ten months old when our family flew to China to bring her home. I worried about all of the same things as I did when I delivered my biological son: Is she physically healthy? Ten fingers? Ten toes? However, with my son, it never occurred to me to worry about attachment, too. From birth I was able to hold him to my heart, sing to him, and give him unconditional love. With my daughter, it was different: She was born ten months before she met me. I remember that long, miserable wait. What is she doing right this minute? Who is taking care of her? Is she warm, safe, and dry? Is she being well fed? Is anybody playing and singing with her? Does she laugh? It was agonizing. And so I planned. What types of activities should I incorporate into our daily schedule to help us get to know each other? Parents of both domestic and foreign adoptees often wonder what they can do to strengthen bonds with their children. As a musician, I instinctively knew that it was essential to bring music into her life right away. Since my own childhood, I had been told “music is a universal language.” This statement has been argued by researchers on philosophical, technical, and semantic levels for many years. For me personally, the adage had proven itself true over and over again, and our final connection proved to be no exception. My beautiful little girl had spent her first ten months exposed only to Chinese, while I came into her life speaking English, with sounds and inflections that she couldn’t understand. I smiled at her, she tentatively smiled back. She let me hold her and soothe her but was very hesitant to snuggle. Then I sang to her, and our life together began. According to research by the National Association for Music Education (MENC), “We know that music is among the first and most important modes of communication experienced by infants. The youngest children lack the gift of speech, but they are deeply responsive to the emotional ethos created by music. The lullabies sung by parents help children to accomplish the fundamental developmental task of learning—to trust their environment as a secure one. Songs communicate adult love and the experiences of joy and delight; they teach children that the world is a pleasurable and exciting place to be. Music is essential to the depth and strength of this early foundation for learning and for connecting to life itself.” From the moment we entered the room at the Music Together demonstration class, I knew we were in the right place. My daughter lit up. She was still tentative and scared, but she was also smiling. There were many adults and children dancing around the room joyfully and my Rosie was overwhelmed. As I held her, she wrapped her legs around my hips, her arms around my neck—and she wasn’t getting down any time soon. But she was happy. We ran around the room, playing, laughing, singing, experiencing, and I showed her—by my own disposition—that this was what made me tick. I knew that at Music Together, I would be able to share my musical outlet with her and help her learn how to use music for self-expression. We also met other families who valued music in their lives. After the first few weeks, a dad approached us. Although it is visually obvious that my daughter is Asian and I am not, it wasn’t as evident that Mike and his daughter were just beginning to form their bonds, too. He shared with me that he and his wife adopted Lily from Siberia at about the same time we were adopting. A friendship bloomed between the girls, and it was nice for me to have another parent in class who was sensitive to our situation. As the semesters rolled by and I opened my own Music Together center, I met many other parents of foreign and domestic adoptees. When asked how Music Together class helped facilitate her bonding experience, another adoptive mother wrote the following: “My daughter was thirteen months old when we adopted and brought her home from China. We got home in February last year and enrolled in the spring Music Together class. Josie immediately took to the music and I strongly felt it was helping her language acquisition. We loved spending our time together as mother and daughter in a fun environment. Singing and dancing are great things for mommy and baby to do together to enhance their bonding relationship.” This experience with my daughter taught me plenty. I have come to realize that we are not alone. Bonding is not an issue unique to adoptive families. Every family in every class is moving through its own bonding experience. Adoptive families, biological families, and blended families are all alike. There are phases and stages, ups and downs, happiness and sadness. As I raise my own family, I have learned to be sensitive to the needs of others. We recently celebrated our 10th “Gotcha Day” anniversary. It’s so hard to believe that a decade has now passed since our life-changing trip to China, and that Rosie is now eleven years old! Her musical activities include playing the clarinet in the elementary school band and singing in the girls’ ensemble and chorus. Gymnastics is her sport of choice—and it’s amazing to watch her fly! We still sing Music Together songs in the car, but now we alternate them with the Beatles. Her favorite is “Here Comes the Sun.” She misses her big brother who is off in college now. Our family has a very strong bond and I am so thankful to have left the fear of attachment disorder long in the past. Historically, the Chinese have many strong beliefs. For me, this author-unknown quote rings the bell of truth: “An invisible red thread connects those who are destined to meet, regardless of time, place, or circumstance. The thread may stretch or tangle, but never break.” —Ancient Chinese Belief A “red thread” brought our family of four together: husband, wife, son, and daughter. It also brought us to Music Together, which in a sense, is like my children. It brings me work, play, laughter, joy, and the gift of music. Music Together continues to provide our whole family a wealth of daily bonding experiences that will be a legacy for us to pass down to future generations. November is National Adoption Month, a time set aside to celebrate adoptive families and raise awareness about adoption, which began as a week-long celebration in 1976. Each year, the President of the United States issues a proclamation announcing National Adoption Month. Read this year’s Presidential Proclamation. Along with the month-long celebration, November 20, 2010, is the 11th Annual National Adoption Day. Janet Billings is the director of Music Together of Blackstone Valley in Milford, MA. Janet holds a BA in Psychology with a minor in Music Education from Hofstra University. Janet is an accomplished classical pianist and experienced music teacher of both children and adults. She has sung in amateur and professional choruses, including competitive a cappella quartets. She is committed to enhancing her teaching skills and has achieved the highest level of certification offered by the Center for Music and Young Children (CMYC)of Princeton, NJ. “Music education supports all learning.” says Janet. “Many young children who are exposed to quality music experiences naturally learn to use their creative skills to solve educational challenges in other areas.”	<urn:uuid:f9691ae1-5a4e-4cc6-943a-5c7166119303>	CC-MAIN-2018-05	https://www.musictogether.com/blog/bonding-with-my-daughter-through-music-in-honor-of-national-adoption-month-november/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084887065.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20180118032119-20180118052119-00455.warc.gz	en	0.981289	1,690	2.75	3
International Conventions and Legal Agreements Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) The NPT aims to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons and weapons technology, to foster the peaceful uses of nuclear energy, and to further the goal of disarmament. The Treaty establishes a safeguards system under the responsibility of the IAEA, which also plays a central role under the Treaty in areas of technology transfer for peaceful purposes. For additional information, see document INFCIRC/140. For more information, see In Focus: IAEA and NPT Date of adoption: 12 June 1968 Place of adoption: United Nations, New York Date of entry into force: 5 March 1970 Depositary Governments: Russian Federation, United Kingdom, United States	<urn:uuid:5662daed-7916-4521-8ccf-e7c114a12f9b>	CC-MAIN-2014-42	http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Documents/Treaties/npt.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1413507450097.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20141017005730-00070-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.891981	162	2.921875	3
SIBEN GREASE is a special high-melting grease that is applied at high temperatures. The normal melting point of greases is about 200°C; after this temperature, if no special additives (lubricant copper, aluminum sulfide, etc.), we obtain the melting of the lubricant, and the futility of its lubricating properties. SIBEN GREASE has a thermal resistance in the range from -20 ° C to +350 ° C, no dew point, hence no melting, no dripping, not diluted and does not lose cosistency, even near the fire. SIBEN GREASE insoluble in water and free of silicone. The use of SIBEN GREASE is recommended in various cases: bearings ball and roller bearings, which are subjected to high-temperature and pressure; the electronic and mechanical tools (including plastic parts) subject to humidity; truck, valves, dryers, stoves for cooking, etc.; ceramic pistons high-pressure pumps; in the rubber industry presses for vulcanization; in textile, ceramic, paper factories, molding plastics and metals; in the hot processing of meat and dairy products;	<urn:uuid:191b5d20-7620-4297-9e92-590dfb95a9b2>	CC-MAIN-2018-17	http://blog.ukrhlib.com/refractory-lubricant-siben-grease-ak-275/.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125944848.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20180420233255-20180421013255-00526.warc.gz	en	0.89298	250	2.578125	3
Yes, think that humans tend to think with more than just their brain at times. Emotions and other things come into play when some decisions are made. Pain is another issue that may alter someone's thinking. So in the end it takes more than just the brain for a person to think. We may like to believe that we "think" with our stomachs when we are hungry, or our hearts when we feel love. But the truth is that it is the brain and the brain only that analyzes situations and makes decisions. Hunger, for example, is merely a message from the stomach to the brain that it needs nourishment, but it is the brain, in this case and all other cases, that makes the decisions to act (or not act) based on those signals. I definitely think that humans think with their entire bodies. While of course its silly to not realize the brain is the part of the body responsible for all our thoughts and actions, I think that the whole body is a living organism that the brain cannot live without. It is important that they all work together to process a thought. What would define "thinking" in this situation? Receiving information or processing it? In order for a brain to properly work, it needs access to information. This information can be obtained from sight, sound, touch, smell, or taste (maybe a third eye if you believe in that sort of thing). That is all RECEIVING information though. The brain is what does the actual processing. It is what takes the sight of a stop sign and alerts the rest of the body to stop. The rest of the body is replaceable as far as information input is concerned. If you don't have sight, your hearing and smell gets better. If you don't have hearing, you pick up on more visual cues. On the opposite side, if you don't have a brain, you are unable to function. It is only the brain in the human body that can think. If you need proof of this look at any person who is brain dead, the rest of their body stops working. The brain is the only part of the human body that is capable of thinking in any capacity. The body is just connected to the brain and that is why it feels like some body parts have a mind of their own. The brain can sometimes send strong signals to other body parts. The body also can put off certain chemicals and it makes you brain react differently.	<urn:uuid:4dac5dba-15e7-4dc6-bb13-17d147daf946>	CC-MAIN-2017-09	http://www.debate.org/opinions/do-humans-think-with-their-entire-body-yes-or-just-their-brain-no	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501171933.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104611-00023-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.97123	501	2.953125	3
As the volumes of data used in businesses grows, getting data suitably annotated and tagged to train machine learning models is an enormous challenge. Businesses that want to increase profits using machine learning and artificial intelligence must pay attention to the accuracy of the data labeling process. While many are conscious of how the convenience and speed that machine learning offers can help make their business operations more efficient, less attention has been given to the losses that could be incurred if their data sets have been labeled with poor accuracy. See also: Data Annotation Feeds the AI Beast Machine learning is not magic. It’s a technical process that involves developing a model through pattern recognition, and the phrase “garbage in, garbage out” has never been more relevant than in the case of machine learning. Simply put, poorly labeled data results in a model that makes a higher number of mistakes, resulting in losses. One of the most crucial potential losses is, of course, monetary loss. For example, if a model that has been trained to detect ripe apples in an orchard does not meet the acceptable accuracy levels, it is much more likely to miss ripe apples that should be picked. In the United Kingdom, there have already been losses of roughly 16 million apples in 2019 due to a lack of harvesting capabilities. These are apples that could have been sold for profit. For smallholder farmers, losses like these could make or break their operations, especially if their ability to provide a constant supply to supermarkets comes into question. Farmers who are at risk of losing their contracts with buyers would likely decide to switch to a different computer vision company that would be able to provide machines with higher accuracy levels. They would need a service provider who can guarantee a high level of accuracy of at least 85% to 95%. In order to achieve this, it’s vital for a service provider to obtain high accuracy training data sets. Having access to this will allow the company to establish its reputation as one that can provide highly accurate algorithms for highly accurate machines. Companies that fail to do this would likely lose out on business that goes to their competitors with more accurately trained models. It’s an opportunity cost that would very easily be avoided by simply having high quality labeled data. Common Reasons for Low Accuracy Labelled Data To understand what constitutes high-quality data, one must first grasp how data annotation is conducted and the issues that lead to inaccurately labeled data sets. At this early stage of machine learning, the initial processing of data is manual and may involve actions like data annotation, data transcription, and sentiment tagging. This is work that is conducted by humans and is a laborious task that requires immense attention to detail. Besides putting a strain on the labeler’s cognitive load, the process also leaves room for prejudicial bias that occurs due to stereotype influences or cultural contexts. As data volume grows, the difficulties in catching mistakes only increases. Therefore, it’s important to have data labeling standard operating procedures that are compliant with quality control best practices. Obtaining High Accuracy Training Data Sets Some businesses may consider having their in-house team working on data labeling as an effective quality assurance measure, especially because the team is more likely to be familiar with the materials being labeled. But high-quality data labeling is not always correlated to familiarity. More often, it’s about the ability to set up stringent workflows and rigorous quality control methods. Setting these up is not always cost-efficient and may not be the best use of human resources that could be better spent on the actual development of algorithms. The more efficient solution is to look for a dedicated data labeling partner that provides high quality, accurate training data sets to use for training AI and machine learning models. A suitable partner should have a team comprising individuals that have been hand-picked and trained to deliver high precision. They should also have a workflow that takes into consideration issues such as the quality of collected data, prejudicial bias, and a review system that is rigorous enough to attain high levels of accuracy. Companies that specialize in data labeling would have quality assurance measures already in place to do this and would be able to set up ground truth and consensus scoring processes to ensure that their data annotators perform at the highest levels. For a business to succeed with machine learning, high-quality data is crucial. But if it wants to scale, if it wants to get to the next level, having a strong partner is imperative.	<urn:uuid:89e0e4d9-b0dd-4781-9eb5-58edd7850a63>	CC-MAIN-2021-21	https://www.rtinsights.com/how-the-right-data-labeling-partner-can-prevent-business-losses/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243991693.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20210512004850-20210512034850-00582.warc.gz	en	0.96392	914	2.859375	3
Definition - What does Emergency Fund mean? An emergency fund, in the context of insurance, would refer to the feature in permanent life insurance policies that allow the insured to withdraw cash for the purposes of paying unexpected expenses or fulfilling other monetary needs. Moreover, a life insurance policy generally can serve as a last resort emergency fund. Insuranceopedia explains Emergency Fund There are types of life insurance policies that allow the insured to get immediate cash when needed, even if the insured person is still alive. For instance, permanent life insurance allows the insured to borrow against the cash value of the policy. Another option for getting emergency cash through life insurance is cancelling the policy by withdrawing its cash value. In addition, the insured can sell their permanent life insurance policy to receive money to use it as emergency fund. Some unexpected life events wherein an emergency fund would be helpful include abrupt unemployment, house or car repair, and medical expenses.	<urn:uuid:d569d3ea-2e36-4b89-b80c-2d3eac9be7c4>	CC-MAIN-2016-50	https://www.insuranceopedia.com/definition/1688/emergency-fund	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698542655.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170902-00192-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.948213	186	2.625	3
Monarchy derives from a Greek term that refers literally to rule by one person (as distinct from oligarchy, rule by the few, or democracy, rule by the people). Among political systems of a post-tribal nature, monarchy is certainly the most common form of human governance globally throughout human history. While the modern Western world tends to venerate nonmonarchic constitutions of the past—such as the city empires of Athens and early Rome, and, to a lesser extent, Babylonia—this elides the near-ubiquity of one-man rule. And while modern authoritarian or despotic regimes are not usually considered to be monarchies, they nevertheless contain elements associated with monarchic rule. The persisting appeal of monarchic governments may stem largely from the perception that, in contrast to populist and self-governing systems, they are more stable and more successful at maintaining peace and order. (This is perhaps encapsulated in Benito Mussolini's [1883–1945] famous declaration that in fascist Italy, under his quasi-monarchic leadership, the trains run on time.) Regardless of whether such a position is empirically true, it has been central to the ideology of monarchy. The nearly universal acceptance of monarchic rule, at least until recent times, obscures important differences in the ways in which such regimes have been classified and legitimated. Monarchies are by no means of a piece in either their theory or their practice. Important questions remain open to dispute, including: whether the king should be dynastic or elected, and if the latter, by whom; whether in dynastic systems, women should be admitted to succession or men only, or indeed whether succession may even pass through a female line; and whether (and under what circumstances) a king may be removed from power, and if so, in what way. When viewed from this perspective, monarchy ought hardly to be treated as a singular phenomenon at all. Rather, examination of the diverging conceptions of the foundation and source of monarchic power yields recognition of the highly diverse principles upon which ideas about the nature of monarchy have rested over time and across cultural and geographical divides. Assessed from a global perspective, perhaps the most common justification given for the rule of a single person is religious. Even in this category, however, many different approaches are available. The ancient Egyptians regarded their kings to be deities, albeit lesser gods in the pantheon. By virtue of his divinity, the Egyptian monarch was qualitatively superior to and at a remove from those over whom he reigned, and his powers were "absolutely absolute," to use Samuel Finer's phrase. Consequently, the king of Egypt was the undisputed owner of all the territories under his control and the master of his subjects, who were all equally inferior to him. The surviving cultural artifacts from three millennia of Egyptian monarchy, such as architecture, paintings, and written treatises, all reinforce this absolutistic image of royal divinity. The Romans also deified their emperors in the later stages of their empire, proclaiming them to be dominus et deus ("lord and god"). This has sometimes been considered to be a result of the influence of so-called oriental or Eastern monarchic ideas. But it is difficult to gauge how seriously this deification (and attendant absolutist language) ought to be taken, given the persistence of earlier Roman ideas of citizenship and legality. The ideological structure supporting the Chinese dynasties of antiquity, by contrast, approached the Egyptian model more closely. Confucius (c. 551–479? b.c.e.) lent philosophical credence to the long-standing doctrine that while emperors were not themselves deities, they enjoyed the "Mandate of Heaven" in their occupation of the imperial throne. Of course, this mandate did not ensure that the emperors would not be overthrown in a palace coup (any more than the divinity of Egyptian kings protected them against dynastic replacement). Rather, the mandate was an ever-shifting imprimatur that depended upon the emperor's conformity with the fundamental dictates of virtue and equity, in particular the practice of benevolence, according to Confucius. The monotheistic Abrahamic religions all subscribed to the notion of the divine ordination of kings to some extent. Although the earliest government of the Israelites was a sort of proto-republican federated constitution, the shift to a monarchic regime described in Jewish scripture arose from God's assent to a popular plea for a king so that Israel might resemble the other nations of the region. Israelite monarchy thus emerged as a divine appointment, and kings remained subject to the judgment of God. Once Christianity reached an accommodation with the Roman Empire in the early fourth century, the emperor came to be viewed as a divine agent—free to sin, of course, but a servant of the Heavenly Lord even when he went astray. Christian authors often deployed a microcosmic argument to bolster monarchy: just as God was the king of His creation, so the monarch resembled the supreme master of the universe. Islam also involved religion in the defense of monarchy. In the early history of Islam, the caliph was held to be the agent of God insofar as his conquests facilitated the spread of the Muslim religion and he enforced adherence to the rites of the faith. During a later era, the caliphate was charged in theory, if not in practice, with the imposition of the punishments for violations of shari'a (the vast body of Islamic law). More mundane explanations of a monarch's authority emerge out of images and analogies drawn from nature. In many cultural traditions, the ruling position of the head (or sometimes the heart) in the human body is regarded as an analogue of the monarch. Royal dominion is thus licensed by or in accordance with the observable natural world. One finds this position evinced in East and South Asian writings, such as the Arthashastra of Kautilya (fl. late 300s b.c.e.), as well as in Western thought from antiquity through modern times. Alternatively, the supposed dominance of a single leader in the nonhuman organic world (such as among bees or other social creatures) has often been taken as a sign of a natural order subordinate to monarchy. Even the arrangement of the cosmos and the movements of the stars and planets are found to support the monarchic principle. Perhaps the most widespread naturalistic justification for monarchy, however, is its supposed imitation of the organization of the family. Monarchic government is directly authorized by the presence in the typical family of a father or other male head whose responsibility is to care and provide for all the other members of the household. The rest of the family is expected in turn to submit without question to the superior authority of the father. Confucius insisted that filial piety constituted the quintessential basis of all forms of social relationships, extending as far as the people's obedience to the king. This view enjoyed considerable currency through East Asia well into modern times. Likewise, European authors such as Jean Bodin (1530?–1596) and Sir Robert Filmer (d. 1653) advanced one or another form of the patriarchal thesis. Modes of Virtue An alternative to a naturalistic justification of royal rule derives from the view that the monarch should be obeyed on account of the personal qualities that inhere in him, whether these characteristics are physical or psychological or both. Hence many cultures accepted the principle that, in effect, might makes right, in the sense that the warrior who demonstrates the greatest prowess and courage in battle deserves to be revered and obeyed in matters of government. The Greek concept of aretē ("excellence" or "virtue"), as espoused in the Homeric epics, epitomized this martial conception of rulership; those who fought gloriously were accorded the greatest deference concerning all political decisions. Similar views can be found in many societies with strong chivalric traditions, such as Japan during the era of the Shogunate or feudal Western Europe during the Middle Ages. Monarchy might also be justified by the intellectual or moral qualities acquired and refined by a leader. The Republic of Plato (427?–347 b.c.e.) speaks of a "philosopher-king" whose competence to govern a city (and even over other philosophers) stems from his preeminence in the exercise of his speculative reason as well as the fully just ordering of his soul. Likewise, Aristotle (384–322 b.c.e.) believed that kingship, as that species of monarchy in which a superlatively virtuous man rules, constituted the ideally best political system, even if he was skeptical that it could be attained in practice. The Roman Marcus Tullius Cicero (106–43 b.c.e.) also believed that among "simple" constitutions, kingship was optimal, as long as the occupant of the royal office remained morally upstanding. Cicero also identified kingship as the chronologically earliest form of human government, since it involves power without a formalized system of laws. But Cicero believed (as did Aristotle) that kingship could readily degenerate into a form of arbitrary rule in the interest of the incumbent, and so he preferred a law-based republican regime. Niccolò Machiavelli (1469–1527) combined the martial and the psychological elements of monarchy in his Prince (written c. 1513–1514 but not published until 1532). Machiavelli stated explicitly that he was addressing a particular sort of monarch: one who came to power not as the result of heredity or divinity but solely on the basis of his own ability (which Machiavelli called, somewhat perversely, virtù ). On the one hand Machiavelli claimed that military prowess constituted the salient quality of an effective prince; good "arms" must precede good laws. Yet Machiavelli also held that virtù had a psychological dimension, insofar as the prince who succeeds in gaining and retaining his state must shun conventional personal morality and adjust to the circumstances of his position in whatever way is required. Hence, while the "self-made" monarch should try to adhere to the precepts of everyday virtue when he can, he must be prepared to contradict the moral teachings of religion and philosophy at those times when following them would lead to political ruin. Most ideas of monarchy assumed or even pronounced the absolute power of the ruler, so that despotism was readily licensed. Yet some attempts were made, especially in Western thought, to constrain the reach of royal office. Religion provided one source of limitation. A monarch who engaged in tyrannical actions could be threatened with divine judgment unless he mended his ways. In its most extreme form, as in the Polycraticus (completed 1159) by John of Salisbury (c. 1115/20–1180), God's hand might even reach out to an earthly source (human or otherwise) to punish the evil ruler, permitting tyrannicide as a remedy. Alternatively, thinkers looked to election or other mechanisms of consent to hold the monarch in check. During the Latin Middle Ages, scholastic authors widely debated whether monarchy should be elective or inherited, and in a later era, liberals such as John Locke (1632–1704) sought to confine the authority of monarchs by basing their powers on a preexisting social contract. The attempt to balance constitutional and absolutist dimensions of monarchy produced some interesting, if not always entirely convincing, theories. In his Six Books of the Commonwealth (1576), Bodin insisted upon the unfettered power of the monarch but also claimed that the ruler was strictly limited by natural law in the extent to which he could exercise his royal office. G. W. F. Hegel (1770–1831), in the Philosophy of Right (1821), posited a system of constitutional government in which the king possessed a single yet still indispensable function: placing the final stamp of his unique, indivisible will on all legislation and thus rendering a bill into statutory force. Hegel believed that short of such an ultimate declaration of will, members of civil society and their legislative representatives would continue to debate the validity of laws and thus undermine the respect due to legal structures. One might imagine that monarchy is an outmoded idea in the modern world, given the widespread ideology of democracy. In fact, however, numerous countries are still ruled by monarchic regimes, even in Europe. Allegiance to a monarch in countries such as the members of the Commonwealth, comprising former colonies of the British Empire, remains popular. In the same vein, the public and ongoing expression of grief following the death of Princess Diana of the United Kingdom suggests that royal identity, even if only by marriage, remains a very compelling reason for public attention. It seems unlikely that the monarchic principle is likely to disappear entirely any time soon. See also Democracy ; Republicanism: Republic ; State, The . Boesche, Roger. Theories of Tyranny, from Plato to Arendt. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1996. Eisenstadt, S. N. The Political Systems of Empires. New York: Free Press, 1963. Finer, S. E. The History of Government from the Earliest Times. 3 vols. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1997. Loewe, Michael. Divination, Mythology and Monarchy in Han China. Cambridge, U.K., and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994. Mastnak, Tomaz. Crusading Peace: Christendom, the Muslim World, and Western Political Order. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002. Cary J. Nederman "Monarchy: Overview." New Dictionary of the History of Ideas. . Encyclopedia.com. (November 17, 2018). https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/monarchy-overview "Monarchy: Overview." New Dictionary of the History of Ideas. . Retrieved November 17, 2018 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/monarchy-overview Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). Within the “Cite this article” tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. 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