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What is a vortex generator?
If you've ever opened up the stopper in a sink full of water and watched the water swirl down the drain, you know
what a vortex is. Simply put, it is an energetic swirling mass of fluid. Vortices are quite common in
aerodynamics. Probably the most well-known and significant of these are the trailing
vortices that are seen coming off the tips of wings in flight. These vortices are not desirable because they
create a type of drag known as induced drag, or that drag induced by a surface generating lift (like a wing).
Aerodynamicists often spend considerable effort trying to reduce the adverse effects of such vortices. However,
vortices very similar to trailing vortices can also be used to produce beneficial effects, and one of the methods
used to create beneficial vortices is the vortex generator.
- question from name withheld
In previous questions, we have discussed the concept of flow separation. When an aircraft flies at high
angles of attack, the airflow over the wing can become detached, or it
stops following the shape of the wing. When this happens, the lift produced by the wing will suddenly and rapidly
decrease, and the wing is said to be stalled. When the flow separates from the wing, it usually means the
air is moving too slowly, or there isn't enough energy in the flow to keep it moving. Since vortices are
energetic, they can be used to put energy back into the flow to keep it moving in the desired direction. This is
what vortex generators are designed to do.
Vortex generators are simply small rectangular plates that jut above the wing surface. They look like tiny little
wings jutting up perpendicular to the wing itself. As air moves past them, vortices are created off the tips
of the generators just like the trailing vortices mentioned earlier. These vortices interact with the rest of the
air moving over the wing to speed it up and help reduce the possibility of separation. Vortex generators are
typically used in the following applications:
Vortex generators are not the only method used to delay wing stall. Wing fences, thick trailing edges, dogtooths
or sawtooths, drooped leading edges or slats, and leading-edge notches
produce similar effects. Each method has its drawbacks, most notably increased drag, and they are typically only
used as a last resort when re-designing the entire wing is not practical. For these reasons, they are sometimes
referred to as the "vacuum cleaners of the aerodynamicist" since they are used to clean up after previous mistakes.
- Swept wings at transonic speed: Many early swept wings were found to suffer from
separation at transonic speeds because shocks formed on the
wing create an increasing pressure that slows the air suddenly and causes flow separation. The
Buccaneer attack plane and
Javelin fighter are good examples of such aircraft.
A Buccanner folding its wings, note the vortex generators near the leading edge
The Buccanner utilizes one set of generators along the leading edge of the outer portion of the
A Gloster Javelin showing the three sets of vortex generators located along the outer portion of the wing
Three sets of vortex generators are used along the Javelin's outer wing with one set located near
the leading edge, another just before the ailerons, and a third set in between. The generators on
both planes serve to break up the shocks formed at transonic speeds thereby delaying the effects of
separation. The generators located just ahead of the ailerons on the Javelin wing also help
improve the effectiveness of these control surfaces at low speed or high angle of attack, as
discussed in the next example.
- Ineffective control surfaces: The separation problem becomes even more significant since
control surfaces like flaps and ailerons are usually located along the trailing edge of a wing.
When the flow seperates from the wing, these control surfaces have little or no air flowing over
them and they become ineffective. Thus, not only will the aircraft lose lift when the wing stalls,
but the pilot may not be able to control the orientation of the aircraft. To correct this problem,
vortex generators are often placed just ahead of the control surfaces to create a faster flow of
air over the surfaces and increase their effectiveness. The following example shows vortex
generators placed ahead of the ailerons on an EMB-120 commuter airliner.
Vortex generators on the wing of an EMBRAER EMB-120
- Short-takeoff and landing aircraft: These aircraft generally must operate at low speeds
during takeoff and landing, so the flow speed over the wings tends to be low as well. Aircraft
like the C-17 Globemaster III transport use vortex
generators to create a higher-speed flow over the wings and control surfaces at these conditions
to improve performance and controllability. In the case of the C-17, the vortex generators are
located on the sides of the engine nacelles rather than on the wings but they still produce the
same beneficial effects.
Large vortex generator plates visible on the engine cowlings of a C-17
- answer by Jeff Scott, 14 January 2001
Read More Articles:
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Dear Readers. I think you’ll agree when I say that this world doesn’t need more current events. What this world needs is more current events coloring pages. To that end, this blog has taken it upon itself to provide coloring pages for today’s true news stories gleaned from around the world.
Computer Scientist Valery Spiridonov is set to become the first man in history to undergo a head transplant.
The 30-year-old suffers from Werdnig-Hoffman disease, a genetic muscle wasting disorder that has left him confined to a wheelchair.
Dr. Sergio Canavero thinks that he can successfully perform the head transplant and has announced that he will attempt the procedure within the next two years. But medical professionals have branded Dr. Sergio Canavero’s idea as completely nuts.
First Man in History to Undergo Head Transplant Coloring Page
A Robot named Kirobo kept astronauts company during its 18-month stay aboard the space station.
In 2013, a robot named Kirobo spent 18 months in space before returning to Earth in February of this year.
During its stay, the robot was involved in numerous experiments and spent hours conversing with the astronauts. Yorichika Nishijima said, “It’s sort of a symbolic project so people can understand how people interact with robots.
Kirobo Conversing With Astronauts For 18 Months Coloring Page
A peculiar animal so strange Charles Darwin was baffled by it was unearthed in Uruguay 180 years ago.
With the body of a horse, the legs of a camel and the nose of an elephant, this creature roamed the earth about 10,000 years ago. The bizarre species called a Macrauchenia Patachonica was a complete mystery to scientists at the time.
Now scientists, including specialists from the University of York and the Natural History Museum in London, have been able to use a technique called protein sequencing to determine that this bizarre species was actually a close relative of the horse.
The Scientifically Exact Rendering of What Scientists Believe the Marcrauchenia Patachonica Looked Like Coloring Page
And that concludes the current affairs coloring pages for today, Dear Readers.
Until next time. . . Happy Coloring
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Pupil mental health and wellbeing: guidance for staff
With further funding cuts to external services, the duty falls to schools to provide timely and appropriate support to pupils with mental health issues.
Given that these issues can encompass anything from anxiety and depression to self-harm and eating disorders, staff need a varied skillset if they are to support each child effectively.
Grief and trauma
Coping with the loss of a loved one or a public tragedy can be especially traumatic for children and young people. While school staff might be able to identify those pupils whose behaviour becomes challenging in response to grief, there are other emotional changes that can be more easily missed.
Our advice for senior leaders, middle leaders and teachers will help you offer timely and appropriate support for pupils who experience grief. Compassion is key, and the most important you can do is be emotionally present.
Traumatic events can trigger a range of emotional responses, ranging from acute fear to a profound sense of anger and hopelessness. In the wake of a public tragedy, schools must be ready to offer a measured response. Learn more about responding to trauma in public life.
Healthy body, healthy mind
Schools have a duty to promote a healthy and balanced relationship with food. This is particularly important for those young people whose habits may suggest the onset of an eating disorder.
By addressing the emotional needs of these pupils, you will:
- help them to regain some control of their feelings
- reduce the risk of them starving, bingeing or purging.
If you are concerned about the prevalence of eating disorders or unsure how to intervene effectively, read our article on the warning signs and appropriate responses.
Encouraging young people to make healthier lifestyle choices is easier than you might think. Check out our blog post on how you can teach value- and health-promoting behaviour.
Break the cycle
A school's response to self-harm should aim to break the cycle and support a positive path towards recovery. This means:
- addressing the underlying thoughts and feelings
- replacing the self-harm with a healthier means of coping.
Our Managing Self-Harm training course will help you raise awareness of self-harm throughout your school, and make sure that you and your colleagues can identify, understand and respond to the early warning signs.
It's vital that school staff can take steps to reduce stress and create a culture of resilience to anxiety, particularly during exam times.
Our webinar on using therapeutic techniques will develop your ability to help pupils build the skills they need to manage their anxiety.
Positive psychology is a means of instilling the hope and optimism we need to overcome setbacks in life. It can be a powerful tool for boosting your pupils' mental health. Our guide to using positive psychology will help you get started.
What teachers need to do is to encourage pupils to pay attention to what they did well and what they got right particularly when struggling with new challenges.
In addition to meeting the immediate mental health needs of your pupils, developing their resilience will enable them to overcome setbacks and manage pressure. In our guide to creating a resilient environment for learners, you'll find advice for developing long-term resilience as well as helping pupils thrive in the short term.
For further thoughts on what schools can do to promote resilience and emotional regulation, head over to our blog.
A pupil with identified social, emotional and mental health (SEMH) needs may meet with a designated member of staff at least once per week, to discuss their overall wellbeing and any problems they are facing in or outside of school.
Keeping a record of these interactions will help you build a coherent picture of how you differentiate the day for that pupil, and what changes you could make to improve the quality of provision.
Use our interaction record template to note:
- the details of an interaction
- a summary of the discussion
- concerns to be addressed
- next steps or solutions identified
- any subsequent changes to practice you make.
Structure your communication
It is vital that you involve parents and carers in your provision for pupils' mental health. Use our template letter to keep them informed of the school's objectives, initiatives and key points of contact.
Looking to write or update your school's policy for mental health? You can also download and adapt our pupil mental health and wellbeing policy template.
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During the last few months the workshop has been very busy servicing wings in anticipation of the new season. A small proportion of those gliders have needed repair work when the pilot was unaware that there was any damage. So what kind of damage can easily go unnoticed?
We can see from the jobs we get in that it’s easy to miss broken or pulled stitching. Most stitching is internal to the wing, but there are three areas where external stitching is often used: the trailing edge itself, mini ribs near the trailing edge, and along the leading edge next to the air intake. It’s the exposed threads near the back of the glider that are the ones most likely to get caught on vegetation when ground handling. A missing stitch here or there may not represent a significant danger, but a stitch in time saves nine, they say.
Abrasion can be difficult to spot unless you look quite closely. Mostly it appears to be caused by contact with something solid like a hard surface, rock or post. Occasionally we see fabric with friction burns from lines that have become tangled around a wing and then come under tension. It only takes a fraction of a second to wear through fabric if there is a combination of significant pressure and rapid movement.
Nylon rods can concentrate pressure onto a small area of fabric, increasing vulnerability to abrasion damage. The first generation of wings to use wires, designed between 2010 and 2012, have a particular problem as their nylon rods often terminate at the surface of the wing: many subsequent designs set the end of the wire a little inside the cell. For all wings, the tight curves of the top surface at the leading edge, and the fabric over any wires towards the rear of the wing are both places that you should examine carefully if you’ve had any exciting moments ground handling recently.
Our suspension lines are very strong, so if one of them gets caught causing the tension on the wing becomes concentrated on just a few points, the line tab may separate from the wing, or the glider fabric may tear at the seam next to the line tab. Again, that’s something to look out for carefully after a tangle.
You may not be familiar with the term “gravel rash”, but it refers to the peppering of a section of fabric with small holes typically 1 – 5mm long caused by treading on a wing. It may not have been apparent that there were stones or gravel just under the surface of a grassy field. Although each hole or groups of holes can safely be patched, that could leave the panel looking badly pock‑marked, and replacement of the affected fabric is the better option.
It’s rare for us to find significant tears in the canopy when the pilot thinks his wing is intact, but it does happen. More often we find damage that is more extensive than was thought. It’s understandable that we hope the damage isn’t so bad, and maybe we can be reluctant to look carefully for every last rip. It’s quite common for the owner to direct our attention towards one part of the wing, only for us to discover after a full examination that another area of the wing has also sustained damage. We had one fairly new wing in recently which a pilot had bought as seen after a mate’s accident, thinking the damage was significant, but limited. It turned out that 12 cells were badly ripped, nearly twice as many as he had thought, turning a bargain into a rather more expensive purchase.
Well executed repairs are every bit as strong as the original. There is usually a range of options to make a repair, but better serviceability is rarely a factor: rather, the difference between cheaper and expensive options is purely a matter of cosmetics. The most expensive option, replacing the entire damaged panel, can be indistinguishable from new if the fabric matches exactly. That may be worth doing for a newish wing, but for older wings, new fabric may well stand out from the existing canopy, undermining the benefit of selecting this approach.
Replacing only the damaged section of the panel will be less expensive, and is the most frequently chosen repair method. There will be at least one additional seam visible, perhaps across the cell or parallel to the existing cell walls, but with care, the visual impact can be minimised.
Patching damage without sewing is very simple and easy to do, but unlike a permanent sewn repair, should be regularly checked to confirm that the patch is still adhering properly and doing its job.
Patching small tears yourself
A small tear, well away from the seams can be simply patched with sticky repair tape. But what are the potential complications?
- Size – as a rule of thumb, if you can put your thumb through the hole, it’s not a small hole. You may still be able to tape it safely, but tape both sides, and leave at least 25mm around the tear for good adhesion and to spread the tension in flight.
- Seam – another rule of thumb: if it’s closer to the seam than the width of your thumb, then it’s close to the seam. As a temporary fix, make sure you put tape well across the seam, and regularly check before every flight to ensure that the movement of fabric at the seam is not causing the patch to detach.
- Square corners are best avoided. Round the corners of your patch to reduce their vulnerability to starting to peel off.
- Stickyness – the coating on some fabrics makes them more difficult for repair tape to adhere to, so try taping on the other side of the fabric. If neither side works well, an ugly-looking gaffer or duct tape repair could represent a better option if you really must have one immediately. Bear in mind other tapes use different adhesives that may damage the fabric over time and necessitate replacement of the panel when a permanent repair is made.
If you want to chat anything through, we’re always happy to offer help and advice over the phone (01433 627195) or by email (firstname.lastname@example.org).
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The unique technology of tooth canal filling using ultrasound and DENT-35 equipment which provides the highest quality of dental canal filling.
Filling of the main and lateral root canals of the tooth. Elimination of air bubbles from the filling material inside the channel. The physico-chemical properties of filling materials were improved with exposure of low-frequency ultrasonic waves. Penetration of the filling material into dential canals with a diametr of 2 microns or more, which contributes to better adhesion to dentin. Know-how is a flexible waveguide: its full penetration into the root canals of any shape and depth is ensured and, accordingly, the channel is filled with the filling material. Also it is possible to use any filling material (sealer).
A fundamentally new technology of the manufacturing of endodontic nozzles provides the formation of conical surfaces with small diameter (up to 0,2 mm) with maintaining of high acoustic and mechanical characteristics of the original workpiece.
- 3 sizes of the working length of the dental nozzle (14, 17, 21 mm)
- Diameter of the working part of the endodontic nozzles – 0,2 mm
- Exposure time in the root canal cavity is 15-30 s
- Corrosion resistant material
- Resistant to desinfection, pre-sterilization cleaning and sterilization
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Are television, movies and news broadcasts corrupting the youth of society? This paper examines the issues surrounding this question, and attempts to determine if violence depicted in the media influences the actions and behavior of its viewers. Evidence shows acts of violence are continually increasing in television, movies, and news broadcasts, impacting the youngest members of society.
TV shows and movies typically inform and entertain viewers, and try to persuade them to buy products. However, while entertaining viewers, they routinely depict violence, a common staple used in delivering media's message. The appalling fact is that these violent shows are impacting youth and endangering society.
Youth violence has increasingly become an apparent part of modern living. Today there are more juvenile homicides, youths carrying weapons, and youth gang members than any other time during our history. This increase in violence is originating from somewhere, and one possible source may be the Television industry (Barbour S).
Violence on TV and in the movies are inspiring people to set their wives on fire, lie down in the middle of the road, rape, steal, murder, and commit shootings. More than 1,000 studies have suggested that media violence can have a negative affect on adults and even children. (Mudore) When some teens watch these shows it makes them more aggressive and anti-social. After prolonged viewing of these shows, even for only several days, people can become less sensitive to violence, to its victims, and to its consequences. Once this occurs it may take more violence to satisfy their demand for what they believe to be entertainment and in real life.
Violence can be viewed in cartoons, soap operas and prime time shows. Statistics have proven that children have increased television viewing while television has increased in violence. The average child sees 8,000 murders and 10,000 acts of violence such as, rape, s...
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Big Garden Birdwatch is the world's largest garden wildlife survey.
The Big Garden Birdwatch takes place at the end of January each year (26-28th January 2019). It takes place over three days, so if you're busy over the weekend or perhaps the weather's bad, you have the option of a third day
Choose a good place to watch from for an hour between 26-28th January 2019. Which window gives you the best view? Make sure it's comfy and you have the essentials within easy reach – a nice, hot drink and your favourite biscuits – and somewhere to jot down what you see. On the RHS website they've got a nifty counting tool to help you keep track of what you've seen.
If you haven't got a garden that's no problem. Just pop down to your local park or green space and join in there.
Relax and watch the birds for an hour.
Count the maximum number of each species you see at any one time. For example, if you see a group of three house sparrows together and later another two, and after that another one, the number to submit is three. That way, it's less likely you'll double-count the same birds.
Go back to the Big Garden Birdwatch page and tell them what you've seen. Even if you didn't see anything, let them know, it's still really useful information.
The threats to our wildlife means that it's not just birds facing tough times... it's our badgers, snakes and other animals too. So to help them get a more complete picture of the state of our wildlife, in 2014 they started to ask you to tell them about some of the other animals in your gardens.
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Shinto (Kanji: 神道 Shintō) (sometimes called Shintoism) is a native religion of Japan and was once its state religion. It involves the worship of kami, which can be translated to mean "sacred spirits which take the form of things and concepts important to life, such as wind, rain, mountains, trees, rivers and fertility." Some kami are local and can be regarded as the spirit or genius of a particular place, but others represent major natural objects and processes, for example, Amaterasu, the Sun Goddess. The word Shinto was created by combining two kanji: "神" shin, meaning gods or spirits (the character can also be read as "kami" in Japanese), and "道" tō meaning “way” or “path” (the same character is used for the Chinese word Dao). As such, Shinto is commonly translated as "the Way of the Gods."
After World War II, Shinto lost its status of state religion; some Shinto practices and teachings, once given a great deal of prominence, are no longer taught nor practiced today, and others remain largely as everyday activities, like omikuji (a form of drawing lots), visitation to the shrine celebrating the New Year, and customary purification rituals.
Archeological evidences indicates that Stone Age people lived in the Japanese Archipelago between 33,000 and 21,000 years ago during the Paleolithic period. Japan was then connected to mainland Asia by land bridges, and nomadic hunter-gatherers crossed over from the Korean Peninsula and Siberia. They left flint tools, but no evidence of permanent settlements. On the Japanese islands there were various natural phenomena, such as volcanic activity, severe earthquakes, and major typhoons. These natural forces were named mono. Gradually it was conceived that there were spiritual beings, called kami, behind these natural forces. Some historians maintain that these beliefs in spiritual beings developed during the Yayoi (800 B.C.E. - 300 C.E.) period because immigrants from China and Korea brought agricultural rites (centered upon the cultivation of rice) and shamanic ceremonies from the continent. These took on Japanese forms in the new environment. The inhabitants of Japan started to be conscious of their ancestors’ spirits, named tama, as spiritual beings who could influence the prosperity and productivity of their communities. The mono was a being with no personality, expressed in mere natural forces, but tama and kami were beings with some kind of personality or human-like characteristics. Eventually tama and kami became enshrined for worship by people who expected them to control natural circumstances and protect their lives.
Gradually these enshrined tama and kami came to be regarded as “gods” or “deities” with stronger and clearer personalities. These religious forms can be called a primitive or early religion. Primitive religions can be classified in two groups. One is Animatism, religion worshiping the power of beings without personality. The other is Animism, a religion with spiritual beings that have human-like personalities. According to this classification, the worship of mono is Animatism and the worship of tama and kami is Animism. Many religious styles of Animatism and Animism can be observed all over the world.
In order to grasp the character of the indigenous religious beliefs and practices of Japan, we should first understand that there is a continuation of the concept of tama and kami, even though these terms changed to “gods” or “deities.” These mixed religious concepts are the original religion of Japan.
Shinto's kami are collectively called Yaoyorozu no Kami (八百万の神), a traditional expression literally meaning "eight million kami." The arcane name of eight million, Yaoyorozu, is not an exact number, but an expression indicating that there is a great variety of polytheistic forms. These gods were the figures that Animistic beings had been having stronger and clear personalities.
During the early Nara period, the Kojiki (712 C.E.) and the Nihonshoki (The Chronicles of Japan, 720 C.E.) were written by compiling existing myths and legends into unified accounts. Kojiki, the older text, focused on establishing the identity of the Imperial family as descendants of a divine being. Kojiki, together with Nihonshoki, became a primary sacred text of Shintoism. In Kojiki one can see the process of the creation of the nation and the genealogy of gods. There were descriptions of the god of the mountain and the god of the fields. The god of the mountain was named oyamatsumi no kami and the god of the fields was named kayanohime gami. This shows that the Animistic kami had evolved into gods with names who had clearer and stronger personalities. The period during which the kami emerged as “gods” coincided with the appearance of the first nation of Japan, ruled by an emperor.
Around this time, in each rice-cultivating agricultural community, agricultural rites were celebrated seasonally and communal religious activities were performed centered upon kami-nature. Gradually each kami was associated with local ruling clan (uji) and the kami was named ujigami (kami of clan). The leaders of the strongest clan in the Yamato region (near present-day Nara) came to be regarded as descendants of the chief kami, the Sun Goddess Amaterasu. She was born from the left eye of Izanagi as he purified himself in a river, and went on to become the ruler of the Higher Celestial Plane (Takamagahara). She was also considered to be directly linked in lineage to the Imperial Household of Japan and the Emperor, who were considered descendants of the Kami themselves. As a descendant of Amaterasu, Jimmu Tenno, became the first emperor.
After the emergence of Japan as a unified nation-state, centered on Yamato, Shinto festivals and ceremonies (matsuri) became a combination of religious celebrations with governmental functions. These combined religious rites and state functions were called matsuri-goto, meaning “affairs of religious festivals.” This term has maintained its meaning in the modern Japanese language as “the administration of government.”
In 538 C.E. Buddhism was introduced into Japan. Many Yamato courtiers accepted Buddhism, although in a Shintoistic way, worshipping the Buddha and the sutras as a kind of being like kami. Though clan rivalry led to friction and fighting during the introduction of Buddhism, the worship of kami and the teachings of the Buddha soon settled into coexistence. In fact, syncretism between Buddhism and Shinto (神仏集合, shinbutsushūgō, Shinto-Buddhism synthesis) was to become the dominant feature of Japanese religion as a whole. In 592 C.E. Prince Shotoku declared Buddhism the official religion of the Imperial Court. However, Shintoism and Buddhism continued to coexist among the general Japanese population. With Buddhism, which possessed highly logical and systematic doctrines, as a catalyst, Shinto began to clarify its own identity. Shinbutsu Shugo (神仏習合; the kanji stands for “Shinto, Buddhism, learn, join together”) is called the Japanese fusion of Buddhism and Shinto. Temples were attached to many shrines and became devoted to both Shinto deities and Buddha.
Hachiman (Japanese, 八幡神 –shin; also can be read as Yawata no kami) is the Shinto god of war, and divine protector of Japan and the Japanese people. The name means “god of eight banderoles.” His symbolic animal and messenger is the dove. From ancient times Hachiman had been worshipped by peasants as the god of agriculture and by fishermen who hoped he would fill their nets with fish. In the Shinto religion, he became identified by legend as the deified Emperor Ōjin, son of Empress Consort Jingū, from the third - fourth century C.E.. However, after the arrival of Buddhism in Japan, Hachiman became a syncretistic deity, a harmonization of the native Shinto religion with Buddhism. In the Buddhist pantheon during the eighth century C.E., he became associated with the great bodhisattva Daibosatsu.
During the eighth century C.E. (the beginning of the Heian era), the theory of “Honchi Suijyaku” emerged. This theory explained that the Shinto gods were merely manifestations (gongen) of Buddha and Bodhisattva. Conversely, during the Kamakura era (1192-1336 C.E.), a theory emerged that Buddha was merely a manifestation of Shinto’s kami.
One explanation saw the Japanese kami as supernatural beings still caught in the cycle of birth and rebirth. The kami are born, live, die, and are reborn like all other beings in the karmic cycle. However, the kami played a special role in protecting Buddhism and allowing its teachings of compassion to flourish. This explanation was later challenged by Kukai, who saw the kami as different embodiments of the Buddhas themselves. For example, he famously linked Amaterasu, Sun Goddess and ancestor of the Imperial family, with Dainichi Nyorai, a central manifestation of the Buddha, whose name is literally "Great Sun Buddha." In his view, the kami were just Buddhas by another name.
Buddhism and Shinto coexisted and were amalgamated in the Shinbutsu Shugo, and Kukai's syncretic view held wide sway up until the end of the Edo period. At that time, there was a renewed interest in "Japanese studies" (Kokugaku), perhaps as a result of the closed country policy. During the eighteenth century C.E., various Japanese scholars, in particular Motoori Norinaga (1730–1801), led a revival of interest in the Kojiki, the Nihonshoki and other ancient Shinto texts, and tried to separate the "real" Shinto from various foreign influences.
Hirata Atsutane (1776-1843 C.E.) was a follower of Motoori Norinaga. In many of his books, Hirata characterized Japan as the “Land of the Gods.” During the Tokugawa shogunate (1603-1867 C.E.), the government’s international policy was to deliberately close the country to foreign influences. However, Western ideas continued to trickle into Japan via Dejima (出島, literally 'protruding island'), a fan-shaped artificial island in the bay of Nagasaki that was a Dutch trading post during Japan's self-imposed isolation of the Edo period, from 1641 until 1853 C.E.. Drawing on his knowledge of Dutch and Chinese ideas, Hirata concluded that it was Shinto and its gods that set Japan apart from other nations. He asserted that the Japanese people were descended from the kami who populate the Kojiki and the Nihonshoki. Japan was the homeland of the gods and therefore especially blessed. Hirata’s writings inspired his followers and sympathizers to promote these ideas and the Shinto Revival (1770s-1870s C.E.) occurred. This revival helped to lay the foundation for the emergence of “State Shinto.”
Following the Meiji Restoration, Shinto was made the official religion of Japan, and in 1868 its combination with Buddhism was outlawed. During this period, numerous scholars of Kokugaku felt that Shinto was needed in order to unify the country around the emperor, as the process of modernization was undertaken with all possible speed. The psychological shock of the Western black ships and the subsequent collapse of the shogunate convinced many that the nation needed to band together if it was going to resist being colonized by outside forces. As a result, Shinto was used as a tool for promoting emperor (and empire) worship, and Shinto was exported into conquered territories like Hokkaido and Korea.
In 1871, a Ministry of Divinities was formed and Shinto shrines were divided into twelve levels with the Ise Shrine (dedicated to Amaterasu, and thus symbolic of the legitimacy of the Imperial family) at the peak and the small sanctuaries of humble towns at the base. The following year, the ministry was replaced with a new Ministry of Religion, charged with leading instruction in shushin (“moral courses”). This was a major reverse from the Edo period, in which families were registered with Buddhist temples, rather than Shinto shrines. Priests were officially nominated and organized by the state, and they instructed the youth in a form of Shinto theology based on the official history of the divinity of Japan's national origins and its Emperor. Children were taught in school that the Emperor was a direct descendant of Amaterasu, the Sun Goddess, and that that the nation’s history began in 660 B.C.E. with the legendary Emperor Jimmu Tenno.
As time went on, Shinto was increasingly used in the advertisement of nationalists' popular sentiments. The Imperial Rescript on Education (教育勅語 Kyôiku Chokugo) was signed by Emperor Meiji of Japan on October 30, 1890. It was distributed to every school in the Japanese Empire, along with a portrait of the emperor that was to be kept hidden from view. The Rescript pushed traditional ideals of Confucianism, and students were required to ritually recite its oath to "offer yourselves courageously to the State" as well as to protect the Imperial family. The practice of emperor warship was also further spread by distributing imperial portraits for esoteric veneration. All of these practices were used to fortify national solidarity through patriotic centralized observances at shrines. This use of Shinto gave Japanese patriotism a special tint of mysticism and cultural introversion, which became more pronounced as time went on. This process continued until the Showa Period, before coming to an abrupt halt in August 1945.
The era of State Shinto came to an abrupt close with the end of World War II. It appeared that the kami had failed to provide a Divine Wind (kamikaze) to turn back the foreign invaders. Soon after the war, the Emperor issued a statement renouncing his claims to the status of "living god." During the post-war period, numerous new religions cropped up, many of them ostensibly based on Shinto, but on the whole, Japanese religiosity may have declined. The concept of religion in Japan is a complex one. A survey conducted in the mid-1970s indicated that of those participants who claimed not to believe in religion, one-third had a Buddhist or Shinto altar in their home, and about one quarter carried an o-mamori (an amulet to gain protection by kami) on their person (o-mamori are sacred talismans used to contain prayers and invocations that ensure the wearer’s general good fortune).
Following World War II, Shinto has, for the most part, persisted with less importance placed on mythology and the divine mandate of the Imperial family. Instead, shrines tend to focus on helping ordinary people gain better fortune for themselves through maintaining good relations with their ancestors and other kami. Post-war, the number of Japanese citizens identifying their religious beliefs as Shinto has declined considerably, yet the general practice of Shinto rituals has not decreased. Many practices have persisted as general cultural beliefs (such as ancestor worship, which is still very popular), superstitions, and community festivals (祭, matsuri), focusing more on religious practices and items than principles. By far the important Shinto ritual is the annual local matsuri, held in almost every town and village centered on the local shrine to the Shinto kami. The explanation generally given for this anomaly is that, following the demise of State Shinto, Shinto has reverted to its more traditional position as a folk religion which is culturally ingrained, rather than enforced. In any case, Shinto and its values continue to be an important component of the Japanese cultural mindset.
In order to distinguish between the different points of emphasis within Shinto, many feel it is important to separate Shinto into four related types of Shinto expression.
One of the most important moral and ethical traditions propagated by Shinto is that group solidarity takes precedence over individual behavior. Many people are apt to think that the Japanese rely solely on Buddhist teachings for their ethical and moral codes, but rigorous examination shows that this is not true. An essential point of Shinto is the idea that wa (kind, benign and harmless harmony) is inherent in nature and social relationships. This value existed in Japan before the arrival of Buddhism. Some scholars believe that the Japanese belief that the individual is less important than the group is a result of the culture of rice cultivations that was brought from the continent during the Yayoi period (ca. 800 B.C.E.-300 C.E.). While agricultural societies were being established in the several locations, primitive religions became a primitive form of Shinto, center on the rites of agriculture and rice cultivation. Relationships of mutual assistance, harmony and good understanding were crucial for the cultivation of rice. The highest moral and ethical behaviors gave priority to the survival of the agricultural community.
There are many agricultural societies in Asia, but in the case of Japanese rice cultivators, society was deeply connected to religious rites. The concept of kami arose in the Japanese agricultural society from the need for protection and prosperity. Throughout Japanese history, until the present, Shinto rites are mostly connected with rice cultivation. The “Niname Rice Harvest Festival” was the most important Shinto festival. During the period of the ancient nation state, according to Nihonshoki, a Niname Festival was conducted by the first Emperor Jimmu, who performed a ceremony for the pacification of spirits on the previous night. Until the present time, the Emperor’s family has continued to conduct this annual ceremony.
Shinto is such an ancient tradition that its shrines (jinja) reflect the natural landscape. The earliest jinja were a simple carved rock or a tree. As time passed, the sacred areas were enclosed, and buildings resembling the store houses of the Yayoi culture (ca. 800 B.C.E.- 300 C.E.) were constructed. Many of the enclosed shrines were used for the veneration of rice deities. Two of the most ancient Shinto shrines are the shrines of Ise and Izumo. Ise Shrine is dedicated to the Sun Goddess Amaterasu. Izumo Shrine is for the worship of the “Great Lord of the Country,” Okuninushi.
Lafcadio Hearn, also known as Koizumi Yakumo, who lived in Japan during the Meiji Period (1868-1912), was the first Westerner to be granted the privilege of access to the inner sanctum of the Great Shrine of Izumo. Hearn explained the Shinto sense of the divine, and its recognition of gods in many natural phenomena: "The sense that there is something in the air itself, that some god-like presence can be faintly discerned in the mist-shrouded mountains or in the bright clear light that pours down on the uncannily blue surface of the lake - is this the way Shinto perceives the gods?" According to Hearn, the Shinto sense "some godlike presence" in the air, in the light of the sun, in the water, the sea, the mountains, the forest and the wind. Shinto is a tradition of prayer and celebrations that arose from a feeling of awe and reverence towards the natural entities that the Japanese feared and respected as "gods.”
Unlike many religions, one does not need to publicly profess belief in Shinto to be a Shintoist. Whenever a child is born in Japan, a local jinja adds the child's name to a list kept at the shrine and declares him or her ujiko, literally “named child.” After death, an ujiko becomes an ujigami; literally, “named kami.” One may choose to have one's name added to another list when moving and then be listed at both places. Names can be added to the list without consent and regardless of the beliefs of the person added to the list. However, this is not considered an imposition of belief, but a sign of the welcome of the area kami, with the promise of addition to the pantheon of kami in the afterlife.
Those children who die before addition to the list are called mizuko, literally “water child,” and believed to cause troubles and plagues. Mizuko are often worshiped in a Shinto shrine dedicated to stilling their anger and sadness. These shrines have become more popular with the growth of abortion in modern Japan.
Early ceremonies are thought to have been held outside before trees or sacred rocks (iwakura). There was no representation of the kami, for they were conceived as formless and pure. After the arrival of Buddhism in the sixth century, the idea of building 'houses' for the kami arose and shrines were built for the first time. The earliest examples are thought to have been at Izumo (659 C.E.) and Ise (690 C.E.).
The oldest Shinto shrine is thought to be Izumo Shrine. According to the Kojiki, Susanoo is the brother of Amaterasu, the goddess of the sun, and of Tsukuyomi, the god of the moon. All three were generated from Izanagi. There was a rivalry of long standing between Susanoo and Amaterasu, and eventually Amaterasu lost all patience with Susanoo. In fury she shut herself inside Amano-Iwato, the "heavenly rock cave," causing the sun to stop shining and darkness to settle over the world for a long period. She was finally persuaded to come out of the cave and Susanoo was punished. He fled to the Izumo province, where he slayed the eight-headed dragon Yamata no Orochi. He offered Amaterasu a sacred sword which came from its tail. He marriged Kushinada-hime, who had almost been devoured by Yamato no Orochi. Amaterasu is enshrined at Ise Shrine; Susanoo is enshrined in Izumo, where he descended when banished from heaven. In Izumo after his marriage, Susanoo is supposed to have composed a Japanese tanka poem, which was the first poem in Japanese history:
The number eight is a reference to the eight islands of Japan named in ancient chronicles. The Izumo Shrine is still enclosed by a fence beyond which mortals may not pass.
On the outside of every Shinto shrine are several classic Shinto gates called torii, which stand alone. These gates, found at every Shinto temple, are unconnected to any fence or wall, and symbolize the separation between the “inner” sanctuary and the “outer” secular world. Passing through them is a rite of purification. After passing under the gates, the worshipper usually enters a public worship hall and then an inner sanctuary where the priests make offerings to the gods. The kami are enshrined in a small cabinet in the sanctuary. Worshippers clap three times, pray and toss a donation into an offering box.
The principal worship of kami is performed at public shrines, although worship at small private shrines in the home (sometimes only a high shelf with a few ritual objects) is also common. It is also possible to worship objects or people while they exist. While a few public shrines are elaborate structures, most are small buildings in the characteristic Japanese architectural style. There are well over 100,000 of these shrines in operation today, each with its retinue of Shinto priests. The main sanctuary is called a honden. Some shrines, such as those that have a mountain or other large natural object for a center of worship, have no sanctuary at all, just a pavilion where the worshipper can stand and gaze at it.
Shinto priests often wear a ceremonial robe called a jo-e. Kami are invoked at such important ceremonies as weddings and entry into a university. The kami are commonly petitioned for earthly benefits, such as a child, a promotion, or a happier life. While one may wish ill fortune on others, this is believed to be possible only if the target has first committed a wrong, or if one is willing to offer one's life. Shinto is popular for the occasions of daily life, but when it comes to funerals most Japanese turn to Buddhist ceremonies, since the emphasis in Shinto is on this life and not the next.
Shinto teaches that certain deeds create a kind of ritual impurity that needs to cleansed, not because it is wrong, but for one's own peace of mind and good fortune. Wrong deeds are called kegare (literally, “dirtiness”), as opposed to kiyome (purity). Normal days are called ke (day), and festive days are called hare (sunny, or simply good). The killing of living beings should be done with reverence and the attitude of taking a life in order to continue one's own. Modern Japanese continue to place great emphasis on the importance of aisatsu, or ritual phrases and greetings. Before eating, most (though not all) Japanese say itadakimasu (“I will humbly receive this food”) in order to show proper thankfulness to the preparer of the meal in particular and more generally to all those living things that lost their lives to make the meal. Failure to show proper respect can be seen as a lack of concern for others, looked down on because it is believed to create problems for all. Those who fail to take into account the feelings of other people and kami will only bring ruin on them. The worst expression of such an attitude is the taking of another's life for personal advancement or enjoyment. Those killed without being shown gratitude for their sacrifice will hold urami (a grudge) and become aragami, a powerful and evil kami that seeks revenge. This same emphasis on the need for cooperation and collaboration can be seen throughout Japanese culture today.
Purification rites are a vital part of Shinto. These may serve to placate any restive kami, for instance when their shrine had to be relocated. Such ceremonies have also been adapted to modern life. For example, a ceremony was held in 1969 to hallow the Apollo 11 mission to the moon, new buildings made in Japan are frequently blessed by a Shinto priest during the groundbreaking ceremony, and many cars made in Japan have been blessed as part of the assembly process. A more personal purification rite is the purification by water. This may involve standing beneath a waterfall or performing ritual ablutions in a river-mouth or in the sea. These two forms of purification are often referred to as harae (祓). A third form of purification is avoidance, that is, the taboo placed on certain persons or acts. For example, women were not allowed to climb Mount Fuji until 1868, in the era of the Meiji Restoration. Although this aspect has decreased in recent years, religious Japanese will not use an inauspicious word like “cut” at a wedding, nor will they attend a wedding if they have recently been bereaved.
In medieval times, wealthy people would donate horses to shrines, especially when making a request of the god of the shrine (for example, when praying for victory in battle). For smaller favors, giving a picture of a horse became customary, and these ema (絵馬, “picture horse”) are popular today. The visitor to a shrine purchases a wooden tablet with a likeness of a horse, or nowadays, something else (a snake, an arrow, even a portrait of Thomas Edison), writes a wish or prayer on the tablet, and hangs it at the shrine. In some cases, if the wish comes true, the person hangs another ema at the shrine in gratitude.
Many Japanese practices have origins either directly or indirectly rooted in Shinto. For example, it is clear that the Shinto ideal of harmony with nature underlies such typically Japanese arts as flower arranging (ikebana), paper-folding (origami), and traditional Japanese architecture and garden design. A link to Shinto is seen in sumo wrestling, where, even in the modern version of the sport, many Shinto-inspired ceremonies are performed before a bout, such as purifying the wrestling arena by sprinkling it with salt. The Japanese emphasis on proper greetings and respectful phrasings can be seen as a continuation of the ancient Shinto belief in kotodama (“words spirit,” words with a magical effect on the world).
All links retrieved September 14, 2015.
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Rosetta’s missing Philae lander has finally been found – less than a month before the end of the spacecraft’s historic mission to Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. The tiny lander went missing during its touchdown on the surface of the five kilometre wide comet back in November 2014.
New Trans Neptunian objects found in the search for Planet Nine
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Scientists predict the existence of a new force particle to explain dark matter
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Sentinel-1A Struck by Space Debris
The European Space Agency’s Sentinel-1A Earth Observation has been damaged by impacting space junk.
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Expedition 48 returns home
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The Soyuz TMA-20 M capsule parachuted down to an early morning landing of the windswept Kazakhstan Step three hours and 22 minutes after undocking from the orbiting outpost’sPoisk docking module.
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Jonathan Nally is the editor of Australian Sky and Telescope magazine joins us to check out the night skies of September on Skywatch.
NASA successfully test-fires its new rocket engine
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New rocket engine record set
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We have to modify / customize the Attiny44 Serial Echo Board.
The file I made is for the ATTINY2313, assembler, because ATTiny44 was not in the lab, you can find this avr project at the end of this blog.
This is my plan:
I see four free pins on PORTA: PA0, PA1, PA2, PA3
Two pins will be used “talking” to the board using buttons: INPUT. I’ll use not the tiny electronic buttons but the big artificial fur buttons I used earlier.
The two other pins will be OUTPUT and steer two sound speakers.
Sound is generated making the PIN HIGH and LOW in a certain (changing) frequency.
The user pushes the buttons and generates 2 BIT input. Two times 2BIT is a CHAR. This CHAR is stored in EEPROM.
After a while, with a bit of high beeps, the board transfers the stored user INPUT to the computer using Serial; starting the GOSSIP.
In the computer this can be made visual with for instance FLASH, using SerialProxy. Then FLASH will be modifying this input, making the 0 bits “wider” and send the modified DATA back, the computer also adds some DATA, looking if the so produced CHAR is nonsense, if it is nonsense, it will tell the board that the user in fact is talking nonsense. The computer and the board are “talking” about the user and modifying the DATA sent. The added DATA represent a comment on the user’s behavior, so creating real GOSSIP between two electronic devices about a human user!
Needed for subroutines:
- button activation and loop use.
- generating sound
- writing to EEPROM
- reading from EEPROM and sending to Serial
- FLASH receiving the data, visualizing and modifying, sending it back.
- somehow in the board visualizing the comment….
I have milled the board, I have to solder the components. I have to add the buttons and the speakers and to modify the ASSEMBLY code. The next step is to make the same script in C.
Milling the board was one thing. But the ATTINY44 was not in the lab. We have to buy new ones. So I switched my plan to use a ATTINY2313.
I had to read another datasheet, because the ATTINY2313 has a different set of PORTS and less EEPROM and other memory.
I installed the ATTINY2313 on a breadboard:
The idea I put in the script was: two buttons when pushed or released making a code, a sort of a CHAR. Put this CHAR in the EEPROM. When EEPROM is written 10 times we want to send these codes to the computer.
But first of all, using a relais a toy ventilator with LED’s is lighted.
This is the effect after the EEPROM is released:
Send the EEPROM to the serial PORT. Catch the serial port in Serial Proxy and send it to FLASH.
Do something in FLASH, I did a ripple effect.
FLASH sends, depending on the code a request to a dataBase on my server.
In Second Life an object is also checking this server, this object will rezz an umbrella or a counting clock when the dataBase is set in a certain way.
This going from one “environment” to the other seems to be language and talking. Gossip on the other hand is transforming the data, making it more nice or more bad.
Gossip is analog, what we do in going from one environment to the other is digital. There teh analogy with “Gossip” is broken.
Assembly went well eventually. But the copy in C was to big to fit into the ATTINY2313 (?).
To program the ATTINY2313 I used the AVRISSP mkII programmer. I have ordered the parts for making this programmer from http://www.fischl.de
The AVR project file I made in assembly
presentation situation in Amsterdam:
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Concept book (nonfiction), 24 words, Level aa (Grade K), Lexile 10L
In Colorful Eggs, readers follow a young boy as he seeks brightly colored eggs hidden around his home. Detailed, colorful illustrations, high-frequency words, and simple sentence patterns support students. Use this book to discuss the popular tradition of dying and hunting eggs while also teaching students about identifying main idea and details and using capital letters and periods.
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Visualize to understand text
Identify main idea and details
Discriminate initial consonant /p/ sound
Identify initial consonant Pp
Grammar and Mechanics
Capitalize sentence beginnings and punctuate sentence endings
Describe objects using color words
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We know much more about photosynthesis than about the flowering of the plant. This sometimes leads to surprises, especially with new crops. The grower has to take into account the juvenile phase, effect of temperature, light, size of the plant, day length, and the interaction between hormones, sugars and other compounds in the plant.
Before a plant can flower it first has to become an adult. Many plants have a juvenile phase. Even under optimal conditions they are unable to flower during this stage.
This is logical because a plant flowers in order to reproduce. Therefore the flowers must be of sufficient quality to actually achieve this. They have to be developed to the extent that they can be pollinated, for example by insects. And after pollination all kinds of processes need to start for the fertilisation and development of seeds and fruits. All of this costs a lot of energy. So from the plant’s point of view it’s considered ‘wise’ to postpone these processes until sufficient assimilates are available in the plant.
From juvenile to adult phase
The duration of the juvenile period varies enormously, from a few days to a few decades in trees. Of course, for the grower this can be very unprofitable if you have to wait a very long time for it to become productive. That’s why it’s good that a cutting or graft taken from a plant that is already in the adult phase also remains an adult.
The switch from juvenile to adult phase happens quite abruptly. The moment at which this occurs can depend on the size of the plant, age, number of leaves and growth factors.
From a wide range of research it’s clear that a hormonal factor plays a part in the transition from vegetative to generative. Suddenly the apical bud changes in shape as a forerunner to flowering. For a long time researchers looked for a hormone that stimulated flowering. The unknown flowering hormone was even given a name, namely florigen. But, it is now clear that florigen does not exist.
Although gibberellins play a role in many plants – this group of hormones was for a long time the leading candidate for the role of florigen – the situation is still ambiguous. In some plants gibberellins actually slow down flowering. Bearing this in mind, it’s also remarkable that growth inhibitors, such as daminozide, that slow the activity of gibberellin, do prevent the long and thin development of flowering plants, but not the flowering itself.
Another hormone group, the cytokinins, plays an important role in the induction of flowering. But again no general rules apply.
It seems that an interaction between hormones, such as gibberellins, cytokinins and ethylene, as well as sugars and other substances, such as polyamines, causes the induction of flowering. It’s different for every crop. The limited knowledge about the mechanism of flowering makes it difficult to effectively influence flowering. This is especially the case for new ornamental crops. Usually, the practical research focuses on achieving the most appropriate cultivation measures, without knowing exactly what happens inside the plant.
Leaves under first truss
Fortunately, a lot of research has already been done on the major horticultural crops. One of the many crops examined is tomato. A grower would like the plant to start producing quickly, and in terms of the tomato this means: the number of leaves under the first truss has to be limited.
In theory, a certain amount of assimilates must first be present in the tomato plant before it can start to flower. Indeed, research shows that any procedure taken to increase the amount of assimilates speeds up flowering. More light means fewer leaves under the first truss. A higher temperature at a low light intensity also leads to more leaves under the truss because the plant consumes more energy at a higher temperature.
As well as having a minimum quantity of assimilates, distribution is also important. At a lower temperature the top of the plant – the apex – has an advantage as it competes with the leaves.
This knowledge is difficult to translate into other crops. In fact the influence on flowering should be examined separately for each crop.
Short day = long night
A special phenomenon is the sensitivity of a flower to day length. In this respect, the origin of the plant makes a big difference. At the equator the length of day and night are the same and tropical plants are not day length sensitive. Plants from higher altitudes, that flower in the spring or even in the autumn, do tend to be sensitive to day length.
Sensitivity to day length exists as a result of natural selection. Therefore it’s also possible to remove this sensitivity by selection. By consistently selecting and further propagating the most insensitive plants it’s possible to solve this inconvenience. This doesn’t work sufficiently well with all crops, so we do encounter short day plants such as poinsettia, chrysanthemum and kalanchoe and long day plants such as gypsophilia, trachelium and carnation.
The naming is actually wrong. A short day plant is actually a long night plant because it’s all about the length of the dark period. And if this is broken – even for just a very short period – the whole effect of the dark period is lost.
Length of dark period
The plant registers the length of the dark period in its leaf but flowering takes place elsewhere. Therefore there has to be some communication between the leaf and the point where flowering occurs. This is carried out by a hormone that is produced in the leaf and then travels to the point of flowering.
How does the plant measure the length of the dark period? Previously researchers thought that the pigment phytochrome slowly broke down during the night into another form and that this was a signal to the plant to start flowering. But it’s more complicated than that. There is an interaction between the endogenous rhythms in the plant (‘the biological clock’). As a result the same length of darkness can sometimes produce different effects, whereby temperature can also play a role.
Some short day plants need just one long night. One of the most well known short day plants in horticulture is the chrysanthemum and it actually needs several weeks of long nights. If a grower stops the dark period prematurely, abnormalities occur. Just after a few short days the growth point becomes generative and stops producing leaves. Yet a grower has to continue with the long night regime for several weeks. It’s likely that multiple genes are involved in the flowering of chrysanthemum and it’s not simply a transition from vegetative to generative based on one gene that can be turned ‘on’ or ‘off’.
Once the plant has switched from vegetative to generative and then flower buds have actually formed, many things can still go wrong. The buds can dry out or fall off and the flower may not open properly. This is mostly a question of how well the flower bud and the flower have been supplied with water, minerals and assimilates.
The flower has to compete with other parts of the plant and sometimes loses the fight. Optimal climate conditions, providing enough light and water, reducing the competition with the young leaves (by picking leaves) are all ways to ensure that flowering is successfully achieved.
A plant can only flower when it is mature. In horticulture, we bypass the juvenile phase by using cuttings and grafting. The transition from vegetative to generative appears to be controlled by a hormones. Flowering is the result of an interaction between several substances, for example, gibberellins. We still know too little about flowering which is sometimes difficult when working with new crops. A lot of research has been carried out on the major horticultural crops such as tomato and chrysanthemum. The latter is the best-known short day plant, although we should call it a long night plant.
Text: Ep Heuvelink (Wageningen University) and Tijs Kierkels. Images: Theo Blom (University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada).
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Chemistry Workbook For Dummies is your ultimate companion for introductory chemistry at the high school or college level. Packed with hundreds of practice problems, this workbook gives you the practice you need to internalize the essential concepts that form the foundations of chemistry. From matter and molecules to moles and measurements, these problems cover the full spectrum of topics you'll see in class—and each section includes key concept review and full explanations for every problem to quickly get you on the right track. This new third edition includes access to an online test bank, where you'll find bonus chapter quizzes to help you test your understanding and pinpoint areas in need of review. Whether you're preparing for an exam or seeking a start-to-finish study aid, this workbook is your ticket to acing basic chemistry.
Chemistry problems can look intimidating; it's a whole new language, with different rules, new symbols, and complex concepts. The good news is that practice makes perfect, and this book provides plenty of it—with easy-to-understand coaching every step of the way.
- Delve deep into the parts of the periodic table
- Get comfortable with units, scientific notation, and chemical equations
- Work with states, phases, energy, and charges
- Master nomenclature, acids, bases, titrations, redox reactions, and more
Understanding introductory chemistry is critical for your success in all science classes to follow; keeping up with the material now makes life much easier down the education road. Chemistry Workbook For Dummies gives you the practice you need to succeed!
Keywords: chemistry practice; chemistry problems; stoichiometry; chemistry math; basic chemistry; introductory chemistry; high school chemistry; AP chemistry; chemistry test bank; online chemistry practice; chemistry coaching; chemistry help; chemistry guided practice; chemistry problems with explanations; Chemistry For Dummies; learning chemistry; chemistry study guide; chemistry study aid; chemistry learning resources; general chemistry problems; chemistry I practice; Chemistry Workbook For Dummies, 3rd Edition + Online Practice; Christopher Hren; Peter J. Mikulecky; chemistry workbook; Chem For Dummies; Chem Workbook For Dummies; Dummies guide to Chemistry, General Chemistry
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Only part of the variation that we observe among animals is due to genetic differences. The majority of the variation is generally due to non-genetic factors such as differences in environment and nutrition.
The degree to which genetic differences influence performance varies from trait to trait. This is explained by differences in the “heritability” of the traits.
Growth and carcase traits tend to have moderate to high heritabilities (i.e. 20 to 60%), whilst maternal traits have low heritabilities (10% or lower).
The TransTasman Angus Cattle Evaluation takes into account the different degrees of heritability of various traits, and the known genetic relationships between the traits.
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Lake Chad once was the sixth-largest lake in the world, but in 45 years it has shrunk to half the size of Rhode Island - only 10 percent of its earlier size.
The shallow body of water borders four countries: Cameroon, Chad, Niger and Nigeria - and provides water to 20 million people.
In Nigeria, the shrinking lake has a huge effect on human health - farmers find it more difficult to siphon water into irrigation and they have a harder time growing food, which means people become more vulnerable to diseases like malaria and yellow fever.
Scientists say water diversion (irrigation and new dams on nearby rivers) and drought are equally to blame for the shrinking lake levels.
U.S. Geological Service: Lake Chad U.N. World Water Assessment Program
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Genetically engineered (GE) foods are as safe for human health and the environment as their non-GE counterparts, according to a study released by US-based National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine.
“The (study) committee concluded that no differences have been found that implicate a higher risk to human health safety from these GE foods than from their non-GE counterparts,” the study said.
“The committee states this finding very carefully, acknowledging that any new food—GE or non-GE—may have some subtle favourable or adverse health effects that are not detected even with careful scrutiny and that health effects can develop over time,” it added.
However, the conclusions of the study have been questioned. Washington-based Food & Water Watch, a public interest organisation, alleged conflict of interest stating that the academies had ties with the biotech industry and other corporations.
The study also said that that there was no conclusive cause-and-effect evidence of environmental problems from GE crops. It said that insect or herbicide-resistant crops did not reduce the overall diversity of plants and insects on farms, and sometimes insect-resistant crops led to rise in insect diversity.
It, however, added that the complex nature of assessing long-term environmental changes often made it difficult to reach definitive conclusions.
Stating that the difference between genetic engineering and conventional plant breeding was becoming less clear, the report noted that all technologies for improving plant genetics, be it conventional or GE, can change foods in ways that could raise safety issues.
The report recommended that new crop varieties should be regulated on a plant’s characteristics rather than the process by which it was developed.
“New plant varieties having intended or unintended novel characteristics that may present potential hazards should undergo safety testing—regardless of whether they were developed using genetic engineering or conventional breeding techniques,” it said.
The report said that authorities should be inform the public how emerging genetic-engineering technologies or their products might be regulated. It also recommended proactive public participation on these issues.
The study committee further said, on the basis of its review of the evidence on health effects, it did not believe that mandatory labeling of foods with GE content is justified to protect public health. However, it noted that the issue involves social and economic choices that go beyond technical assessments of health or environmental safety.
The study committee examined close to 900 research and other publications on the development, use and effects of genetically engineered characteristics in maize, soybean and cotton, which account for almost all commercial GE crops to date, a press statement said. It also heard from 80 diverse speakers at three public meetings and 15 public webinars and read more than 700 comments from members of the public.
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Florida’s white sand beaches are a playground for millions of residents and visitors each year. Beaches also serve as important habitat for shorebirds, with many species laying their eggs and raising their young right on the sand. Beaches in and around Rookery Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve historically have hosted some of the largest beach-nesting seabird colonies in the state.
Audubon Florida and Audubon of the Western Everglades recently partnered with Rookery Bay Reserve to hire Adam DiNuovo in a new position as Shorebird Monitoring and Stewardship Project Manager.
DiNuovo is working with research and stewardship staff at the reserve to monitor seasonal beach-nesting bird colonies, over-wintering shorebird population trends, spring/fall migratory periods and habitat on mainland beaches, as well as on remote, offshore islands. He is also recruiting and training bird stewards as part of a wider education and outreachinitiative within Collier and Lee counties.
A native of Palmer, Massachusetts, DiNuovo received his bachelor’s degree in Conservation Biology from Franklin Pierce University. Before taking this position in April, he was Research Coordinator at the San Diego Zoo Institute for Conservation Research, managing field crews studying the California Least Tern and Western Snowy Plover at Camp Pendleton. He was previously part of the Audubon family, having worked for three years as Assistant Sanctuary Manager at the seven seabird islands that form Audubon’s Project Puffin focal islands in the Gulf of Maine. Before Project Puffin, DiNuovo worked with American oyster catchers in South Carolina, Delaware and Virginia; piping plovers in Mississippi and Massachusetts; and common and roseate tern colonies in Massachusetts.
“The fact that South Florida’s climate provides habitat for birds year-round, and the emphasis on field work focused on species with which Iam familiar, made this job very attractive to me,” said DiNuovo. “Also, this is such an important region for wintering and migrating shorebirds that the opportunity to educate others about the perils faced by nesting and migratory birds was a calling.”
DiNuovo’s efforts have already paid off. While on his monitoring route recently he spotted some crows that were fixated on something moving in the vegetation. He looked through his spotting scope and saw a tiny Wilson’s plover chick struggling. Knowing that crows are natural predators of baby birds, he took off running.
“I have never covered 40 yards faster in my life,” said DiNuovo.
He rescued the little fluffball, snapped a quick photo and then released the bird to the safety of its parents.
“Keen observation skills are a requirement for Audubon biologists who work with well-camouflaged beach-nesting birds on a daily basis,” saidDr. Marianne Korosy, Audubon Florida’s Important Bird Area Coordinator. “In this case, the crows’ behavior signaled Adam to look a bit more closely. He was able to save the life of a tiny chick that has a chance to become one in the next generation of Wilson’s plovers nesting on this beautiful island.”
Snowy and Wilson’s plovers are solitary nesters and their nests can be found on the beach above the high tide line or in open sandy areas with sparse vegetation. Least terns nest together in colonies consisting of several pairs or hundreds of individuals.
The eggs and chicks of beach-nesting birds are especially vulnerable to human disturbance. From early March to late August, least terns and Wilson’s plovers nest on Keewaydin Island and other area beaches. Nests are made in shallow depressions or “scrapes” on bare sand. Eggs and young areso well camouflaged they can be unintentionally stepped on by beachgoers. In addition, adult birds will quickly abandon their nests when disturbed by people or dogs.
Audubon engages citizens in shorebird monitoring programs around the country, and volunteers are needed to help monitor beaches within the Reserve and surrounding area.
“The only way for these conservation efforts to succeed is through community awareness,” says DiNuovo. “Most people are simply unaware of the importance of this habitat and the little things they can do to help while visiting these beaches.”
Anyone interested in volunteering for the Shorebird Stewardship Program can contact Adam DiNuovo at firstname.lastname@example.org.
Rookery Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve, managed by the Florida Department of Environmental Protection’s Florida Coastal Office in cooperation with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, protects 110,000 acres of coastal lands and waters between Naples and Everglades National Park. For more information visit www.rookerybay.org.
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Indian meal moths
This is probably the most common pest of food found in the home. The Indian Meal Moth is often confused with the Webbing Clothes Moth, a fabric pest. Indian Meal Moths affect food product and not fabric. Clothes Moths affect fabric only.
This pest in introduced into a building by being brought in with a food product which is already infested. Although manufacturers attempt to deliver food that is virtually pest free, they do not always succeed.
Another way that this pest may enter food is from a store that has an infestation of this insect. The immature stages of this insect may crawl into other food packages thereby introducing Indian Meal Moth into a home or business.
A question people frequently ask is what happens if they ingest infested food product. Since these insects do not contact disease containing surfaces and are thus do not transmit disease, there is no harm done to people or their pets if affected food is ingested.
Most insects are phototropic, they will fly toward light. Because Indian Meal Moths are most active at night, people often report finding them in rooms away from the source as they follow the lights that may be turned on in those rooms.
As a moth, Indian Meal Moths goes through complete metamorphosis including egg, larvae (crawling stage), pupae (cocoon) and adult (flying moth). Therefore, if the infested food product is discovered and removed, and no other food source exists, the life cycle of the moth may be interrupted.
If an infestation exists, sanitation i.e. removal of all infested food product, is key to managing this pest. Thus, the first step in managing an Indian Meal Moth problem is inspecting for and then removing infested food product.
The list of products to check includes milled foods such as flour, pasta, cereals, cornmeal, spices and most commonly, dry pet foods including (especially) bird seed. Other sources to check include dried fruits, dried flowers, nuts, rodenticide baits, food brought in by mice, rats or squirrels and even decorative wall hangings containing food products such as beans or spices. Be sure to check areas other than the kitchen or pantry where these items may be stored. Think about the nuts that have been left out in the living room in case company comes or some food product that you may have left up in the attic and forgotten about. Also, be sure to move appliances away from the wall to see if any food is hidden behind or underneath.
A caller helped to point out how important it is to locate the source of the problem. She cleaned and searched and searched but could not locate the source and thus continued to have a problem. Finally, one day, in her continuing effort to find the answer, she searched through a storage area that had a bag containing other shopping bags that she recycled and there, located a significant number of insects. After remove this source, the problem subsided.
The bottom line: keep looking for an infested food source somewhere - don't give up!
Once the suspect food or foods have been identified and removed, thoroughly vacuum the corners of all cabinet shelves or any area adjacent to the food storage area using the crevice tool attachment to remove any insects living in those areas. As a precaution, throw out the vacuum bag.
A Variety of Pest Management Tools
Once you've isolated and removed the source or sources of the infestation, a pin stream application of residual insecticide such as the product that we offer, Permacide P-1, may be applied to areas such as the corners of cabinets and other storage areas to help eliminate the larvae (crawling stage) of this pest in those areas.
To help control the moths, many of our customers like to use pheromone traps. These diamond-shaped glue traps are used along with a pheromone lure which utilizes a male sex attractant. Although sex specific, these may be used to monitor for the adult (moth) to determine if there is an ongoing infestation. It is possible to use these in place of traditional insecticide treatments, but control will be incomplete since the egg laying female moths may not enter the traps.
Room foggers such as Pro Control Plus, may be used to control large numbers of moths, but the insecticide will kill moths that are present at that time rather than those that may hatch out later.
Another control product to consider is Gentrol IGR Concentrate, an insect growth regulator (IGR). This product is an aid in controlling Indian Meal Moth infestations. This product may be applied into cracks or it may be applied as a surface application near affected areas.
The active ingredient in Gentrol, hydroprene, affects the larval stage of Indian Meal Moth and insects pests, by stopping the life cycle in the pupal (cocoon) stage. Affected insects do not hatch out of their pupal cases into flying adults ,thus effectively breaking the insect's life cycle. This type of treatment will not yield speedy results, but will assist in long term control. It may be especially helpful when the source of the infestation cannot be isolated. Gentrol may continue to be effective for up to four months so that frequent reapplication is not required. It may either be diluted in water in a sprayer separately or combined with the Permacide P-1 product that we offer to simplify the application, but once diluted it should be used within 48 hours. It is possible to dilute smaller amounts of Gentrol IGR separately to stretch out the use of the product over a longer period of time.
An important advantage of the use of Gentrol is that hydroprene has very low toxicity to mammals. It may be used even in food processing plants. It is important to note too, that exposure to IGRs does not affect people or their pets in any way similar to the affects on insects.
The use of pheromone traps along with applications of Gentrol, will enhance a pest management program significantly.
We're Here to Help
The Bug Clinic is committed to assisting people with their individual home pest control problems. We don't always make a sale, but we give free, friendly advice. We respect your concerns and will try to offer the least toxic or a non-toxic solution where possible. Feel free to call us toll free at 800-433-1128 or 845-356-2837 or send us a fax at 845-746-9018. Send E-Mail to email@example.com. Your comments are always welcome.
If you do not receive a reply to an E-Mail, please let us know by resubmitting your letter. We get a huge amount of unsolicited mail and we may unintentionally overlook your inquiry.
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Week Two- Journal Entry
Week Two- Journal Entry
I researched the history of Kenya and found out that it is the largest economy in east and central Africa, making it one of the largest business hubs in Africa. The country gained independence in the year 1963 after an armed rebellion against the British colonialists from the Mau Mau freedom fighters (Pateman, 2004). Despite the bitter history with the Western powers, Kenya is considered as one of the greatest western allies in Africa given the historical relations. Kenya is made up of 42 ethnic tribes spread out around the country, making it relatively diverse in terms of the culture. The Kenyan coast and the vast Northeastern province are predominantly Muslim. In addition, majority of the Kenyans are Christians.
I fund also that given that Kenya has 42 ethnic tribes, they all fall under various categories such as Bantu, Nilotes, Cushites, Semites, Asians and Whites. In addition, the population in Kenya is distributed into various tribes as Kikuyu 22%, Luhya 14%, Luo 13%, Kalenjin 12%, Kamba 11%, Kisii 6%, Meru 6%, other Africans 15%, and Asians, Europeans, and Arabs 1% (Pateman, 2004). The combination of all of the identified ethnic groups makes Kenya one of the most ethnically diverse countries in the African continent. This determines how they perceive products and how each community consumes various products within the market. Hence, culturally offensive products would accrue losses to any aspiring international entity such as Walmart.
However, the ethnic diversity has been a source of confrontation between the various tribes on claims of inequality. Kenya could be termed as a modern African country as people gave up on some aspects of their cultures and embraced modernism. This is vital for an entity, which relies on sale of modern products, as the populace will be able to make purchases from the entity. As a retail entity, it is essential for the Walmart to ensure that there is ample consideration of consumption patterns with respect to cultural values and norms in the country.
The legal framework within Kenya allows for the ease in setting up of business despite claims of corruption between entities and government agencies and officials seeking entry into m the country’s market in illegitimate ways. Furthermore, the legal frameworks have improved given the changes, which have enabled Kenya to increase its economy and increase competitiveness. Despite such challenges, Kenya offers a lucrative market given the embrace of the various cultures towards modernism in an effort to reap from the same. Social classes determine consumption patterns within any market. Hence, Wal-Mart would have to ensure to have a targeted niche market in the market.
In addition, the country is divided into social classes. The majority of the society is considered as poor given the blatant corruption and laws, which are rarely enforced by corrupt authorities. The second largest class is the middle-income class, which has rapidly grown for the past decade given the sound economic growth in the country. This social class is attributed for driving the rapid growth of the retail market making it one of the most targeted market niches in Kenya given the ability and need of this class to spend. The smallest social class is the rich who hold majority of the wealth in Kenya and are seen as having a role in the Kenyan politics (Pateman, 2004).
The political atmosphere in Kenya currently could be described as uncertain given the nearing general elections, which tend to polarize ethnic communities given the inequality among the various communities in terms of resources, infrastructure and opportunities in government. The political violence, which occurred after the 2008 elections, was detrimental to the economy as well as business, which underwent numerous losses from looting and theft of their commodities. Thus, it is essential to ensure that there is a relatively stable political environment before entry into the market. Political tensions tend to have a lot gravity and polarization along ethnic lines as they could erupt into violence or worse still, civil wars. Such alters investors’ thoughts such as Walmart of investing into any market given instability as no entity wants to make losses.
Pateman, R. (2004). Kenya. New York: Benchmark Books.
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Byline: Associated Press
CANBERRA, Australia (AP) — Australia has announced it plans to create the world’s largest marine reserve, in the Coral Sea.
The Environment Ministry said the area has shallow reefs that support tropical ecosystems with sharks, coral, sponges and many fish species. The proposal includes seas beyond the already-protected Great Barrier Reef Marine Park off northeast Australia.
The new reserve would cover almost 400,000 square miles.
Fishing would be allowed in parts of the reserve. However, some conservationists have raised concerns such exceptions would make management of the reserve more difficult.
The proposal, announced in a ministry statement Nov. 25, is now open for a 90-day comment period.
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The oldest fossilised bats ever discovered have given palaeontologists an unprecedented insight into the flying mammals' evolution. The find puts to rest a long-standing argument over which came first, flight or echolocation - the bats' exotic navigation system. The new species of bat could fly, but didn't use echolocation.
"When we first saw it, we knew it was special," said Dr Nancy Simmons at the American Museum of Natural History in New York, who was part of the team. "It's clearly a bat, but unlike any previously known. In many respects it is a missing link between bats and their non-flying ancestors."
Scientists have wrestled with three alternative theories for the evolution of bats: flight evolved before echolocation; echolocation came before flight; or both happened in parallel. The new pair of fossils - which date from around 52.5m years ago - resolve the issue.
"There has been much debate about how bats evolved, because there were no specimens to address this issue," said Dr Kevin Seymour at the Royal Ontario Museum in Toronto. "Now the combination of features seen in this species finally gives us an answer: that flying evolved first and echolocation must have evolved later."
Fluttering and gliding
The wing bones clearly show that the animal was capable of a combination of fluttering and gliding flight. But its ear bones are not enlarged like those of modern bats, which use them as part of their echolocation system.
The first fossil was discovered in August 2003 in a quarry in Lincoln County, Wyoming, but the full scientific description appears for the first time in tomorrow's issue of Nature. The species (dubbed Onychonycteris finneryi) is so odd that it has been placed in a new taxonomic family. Its name means "clawed bat" with a nod to the fossil's discoverer Bonnie Finney.
O. finneryi - which is around 12 centimetres from nose to tail - has claws on all five of its fingers. Modern bats have claws on only one or two digits of each hand. Its limb proportions are also unusual, with longer hind legs and shorter forearms than other bats. The researchers believe it was well adapted for climbing in the canopy.
One unanswered question is how O. finneryi could have flown without being able to echolocate. Also writing in Nature, physiologist Prof John Speakman of the University of Aberdeen speculates that the earliest bats were day-fliers who used their eyes to navigate.
"[They] were perhaps forced to become nocturnal by the appearance of avian predators, shortly after the dinosaurs became extinct around 65m years ago. Some then evolved echolocation, whereas others became nocturnal vision specialists."
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Parents who struggle with a chronic illness are at increased risk for mental health challenges, particularly depression. Adults with multiple sclerosis (MS), a degenerative neurological disorder, have statistically high rates of depression, upwards of 59%. Because the illness often first manifests in early adulthood, the debilitating effects can impair child-rearing abilities and have a negative impact on parenting. Kenneth I. Pakenham of the School of Psychology at the University of Queensland in Australia recently conducted a study to determine if aspects of child and family functioning, including responsibilities, role distribution, stress, and stigma, were influenced more by the illness itself or by the accompanying depression.
For his study, Pakenham evaluated 85 adults with MS and their children (127) two times over the course of one year. He assessed them for levels of coping, stress, role distribution and overall adjustment. Pakenham found that the MS had a direct impact on the psychological health of the child but not on overall family functioning. In contrast, the study revealed that the parental depression directly influenced the outcome of the child and family functioning. “As might be expected, the extra caregiving that youth assume when a parent has an illness is associated with stress because caregiving may compete with other activities and tax resources and coping mechanisms; the additional demands are appraised as stressful, and this in turn affects youth adjustment,” said Pakenham.
The study also examined youth stigma and revealed that many of the children in the study concealed their parents’ illness from others. Pakenham said, “The strain associated with managing concealment can be burdensome and lead to guardedness, shame, and impaired relationships.” The findings emphasize the importance for treatment that addresses not only the parent, but the child and family as well. Pakenham added, “Given the mediating roles of youth stigma and stress appraisals of the adverse effects of parental illness, interventions should target these cognitive processes with strategies such as psychoeducation about the illness, cognitive restructuring, and peer support.”
Pakenham, K. I., & Cox, S. (2011, December 12). Test of a Model of the Effects of Parental Illness on Youth and Family Functioning. Health Psychology. Advance online publication. doi: 10.1037/a0026530
© Copyright 2012 GoodTherapy.org. All rights reserved.
The preceding article was solely written by the author named above. Any views and opinions expressed are not necessarily shared by GoodTherapy.org. Questions or concerns about the preceding article can be directed to the author or posted as a comment below.
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Jump to:Page Content
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Parent, Family, and Community Engagement Framework: Promoting Family Engagement and School Readiness from Prenatal to Age 8
Office of Head Start
This framework was developed by the Office of Head Start with the assistance of the National Center on Parent, Family, and Community Engagement for the Office of Head Start. This Center is a partnership between Brazelton Touchpoints Center at Children’s Hospital Boston and Harvard Family Research Project (HFRP), with the Council of Chief State School Officers, National PTA, and Save the Children as active members of the leadership team.
The Parent, Family, and Community Engagement Framework: Promoting Family Engagement and School Readiness from Prenatal to Age 8 is a vital tool for early childhood education and care providers seeking to build effective engagement strategies. While the framework is intended for Head Start and Early Head Start programs, its lessons are useful and applicable to a much broader audience of early childhood programs.
When parent and family engagement activities are systemic and integrated across program foundations and program impact areas, families become empowered partners in learning and development, resulting in children who are healthy and ready for school. This framework outlines an approach to building solid foundations for successful parent and family engagement in three areas: Program Leadership, Continuous Improvement, and Professional Development. The framework also outlines the need to develop solid engagement strategies in four “Impact Areas”: Program Environment, Teaching and Learning, Family Partnerships, and Community Partnerships.
Building on this foundation, the framework highlights a set of desired family outcomes and examples of strategies to achieve them. These outcomes include:
While the framework recommends specific ways for programs to work towards these outcomes, the strategies are flexible and adaptable to local needs.
ABOUT THE NATIONAL CENTER ON PARENT, FAMILY, AND COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT
The Office of Head Start National Center on Parent, Family, and Community Engagement identifies and disseminates evidence-based best practices to Head Start programs across the country. HFRP is one of the partner organizations of the Center. Learn more about this project and HFRP's work with Head Start and Early Head Start programs here.
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“But horses can’t talk,” they say. “How can they be teachers?”
The reality is that so much of what we communicate is done without talking. In fact, many of our most profound moments are precipitated by an image, the tremble of a lip, the soulful deep gaze from the eyes of a loved one, and other forms of non-verbal communication.
One of the most significant researchers into the art of non-verbal communication was Dr. Albert Mehrabian, author of the book “Silent Messages.”
He calculated that 7 percent of any messages are conveyed through words, and the remaining 93 percent of communication are non-verbal elements, including vocal (that are not formed words), facial expressions, gestures, body postures, etc.
This statistic prompted our new book about HorseDream Canada and Horse Dream International titled "Leadership Canada", available on the market later this year.That leads us back to how horses communicate with us, and teach us things.
The growth and development of horses has always been linked closely to the growth and development of human beings and their civilization development.
Ever since the Stone Age, signs of people and horses are linked through evolutionary history as far back as 50 million years ago. For example, images prominently display humans and horses together in cave paintings.
Horses are no longer our primary source of transportation or essential for easing the burden of preparing fields for planting.Yet we relate to them anew for what they can teach us about how to survive with them in our increasingly complex world.
All animals of prey survive on their ability to sense both danger and nourishment from their environment. They use their well-honed senses of hearing, smell, vision, and body awareness to stay safe. They are ever vigilant.
We can relate to them and learn from them using non-verbal communication, which we share the capacity to do and they have become masters at. That is because horses are animals of prey, unlike humans.
A horse's existence could be said to be amazing examples of mindfulness. They live entirely in each moment, fully conscious of their surrounding area. They do not judge; they accept their world as it is. They do not seek revenge or fake sincerity. They do not kiss any corporate end, or weigh and measure their lives on scales of “to do” and “done” lists. A day is a day is a day and no more.
In the process, the horse’s brain is open and receptive to your communication with it. They will watch you with all senses primed and pick up their cues from you. The slate is clean when you approach them; if you do not communicate a clear and good intent, they will fill it up with other emotions they see hidden within you.
Their keenness to interpret your body language and the messages you do not express is astounding. All those things contribute to making them amazing prey animals and herd animals serves to give us feedback on how they are interpreting our message.
Horses do hear your words, but how they respond reflects very little their interpretation of your spoken words. Instead, it is their response to what they interpret of the non-verbal messages you send them.
Many of us are unaware that when we experience any emotion, whether it is fear or love or aggression, there is a physical symptom or sensation that accompanies it. We think we hide it well; how could this non-verbal beast in front of us know what we are really thinking?
Sometimes the horse picks up what you are hiding and it is to that that they respond. They sense your sharp intake of breath, your facial expression, your touch, and your non-verbal sounds, and they reflect these non-verbal ques back to you as their response.
HorseDream Canada, founded by Susan Wilson, provides high impact, quality leadership and team development experiences for individuals, teams, leaders and companies. It is part of an internationally renowned Horse Assisted Education Program provided transformative learning experiences around the world. HorseDream Canada is a division of I DO BUSINESS. Inc., a social purpose business. For more information, contact us at firstname.lastname@example.org. Watch for our new book, Leadership 93/7 coming soon!
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Rwanda has a doctor problem—there aren’t enough of them. For every 100,000 people in the small east African country, there are approximately seven doctors. Compare that with the U.S, which has 273 doctors for every 100,000 residents.
Yet Rwanda has achieved remarkable gains in public health; it’s the only country in the region on track to meet all the health-related Millennium Development Goals by 2015. How’s this possible given the dearth of docs? While it’s a complex answer worthy of a dissertation, it doesn’t take a Ph.D. to realize that nurses have played an instrumental role in the country’s turnaround.
But ensuring that thousands of nurses with varying levels of education and professional experience deliver consistent care is a logistical and pedagogical challenge. Fortunately a program pioneered by Partners In Health in close collaboration with the Rwandan Ministry of Health (MOH) provides an innovative and cost-effective solution that’s fundamentally changing the quality of care nurses provide.
Known as MESH—short for Mentoring and Enhanced Supervision at Health Centers—the program links experienced nurse mentors to staff nurses at rural health centers. It’s similar to the clinical mentoring that’s common in wealthier countries, just far more flexible.
“This is a simple solution that yields remarkable improvements in quality of care,” says Anatole Manzi, MESH-QI program director. “It’s simple in the sense that we use existing resources to address huge quality and systems gaps while boosting nurses’ confidence.”
Mentoring the Mentors
In many developing nations, formal continuing education for nurses isn’t standardized. To keep them abreast of best practices and new policies, countries often host massive weekend-long seminars in large cities. For those in rural clinics, travel to these events is costly and time consuming. And determining whether the participants actually apply what they learn in real-life clinical scenarios is impossible. This one-shot approach leads to inconsistent skill levels among nurses, which directly affects the health of the poor.
MESH alleviates these shortcomings through layered mentorships and continued follow-up meetings. Inshuti Mu Buzima (IMB), PIH’s Rwandan sister organization, works with nurse supervisors who are hired by the government and specialize in four clinical fields: child health, women’s health, HIV care, and adult acute care.
Before these nurse supervisors are deployed, IMB helps polish their mentoring skills so they can be effective educators once in the field.
“Educating nurses to be good mentors is important and rarely happens in any country,” Sheila Davis, PIH’s chief nursing officer, says. “Being a good clinical nurse doesn’t necessarily mean that someone can be an effective mentor.
A vital part of MESH is assuring that our mentors are experts clinically and that they have the skills to provide specialized support for nurses in the health centers.”
Over several days, the mentors are introduced to theories of adult learning and hone communication techniques for delivering feedback to the less-experienced nurses they’ll encounter. This initial training is reinforced through monthly follow-up meetings led by IMB.
After the training, mentors visit their assigned posts every four to six weeks to work alongside the nurses. These trips usually last between two and three days, during which the mentors guide the nurses’ decisions and review what worked and what didn’t.
Bridging the Gap
MESH first launched in November 2010, when PIH and the MOH implemented it at 21 health centers spread across two rural districts that serve approximately half a million people.
After a few months, mentors discovered that nurses across sites struggled to screen and treat children under 5 who had symptoms such as diarrhea, fever, and acute breathing and feeding difficulties.
The mentors reported this gap in care to the MOH, which responded by having its Child Health Unit organize trainings focused specifically on childhood illnesses. After the trainings, the nurses’ abilities to manage child illnesses improved significantly, according to a recent article in the peer-reviewed journal Nursing Outlook.
“Identifying a need and being able to implement a strategy that can improve patient care effectively and efficiently is exactly how health system strengthening should happen,” Davis says.
Other data showing the benefits of MESH have recently started to surface. A year into the program, participating nurses increased the accuracy of their clinical performance by nearly 20 percent for child and maternal health, and by 13 percent for adult health.
“We are thrilled to get these results within such a short time,” Manzi said. “MESH is not a magic secret; rather it’s a shift in thinking and strategic planning. I am excited to see fewer kids dying due to bad quality of care, fewer women dying while giving births, and more successes at IMB-supported sites and throughout Rwanda in general.”
Based on the initial success, the Rwandan government has decided to expand the HIV portion of MESH throughout the entire country. There’s little doubt that this will help the country sustain and build on its impressive health gains.comments powered by Disqus
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Empowering the Oppressed: Grassroots Advocacy Movements in India
Traditional approaches to development have not proved equal to the task of ensuring a just society, especially for the most socially, economically, and psychologically oppressed peoples. The unique individuals and groups introduced in this book recognize that a qualitative and sustainable improvement in the lives of the most downtrodden3⁄4those battling discrimination by gender, class, or caste3⁄4can be achieved only when the root causes of their oppression are addressed, not just its symptoms. Not only have these leaders and their organizations found strikingly effective and innovative ways by which people may secure their human and civil rights and realign power relations in society; they have also enabled the marginalized poor to pursue their own interests and their own struggles for justice and equality.
Empowering the Oppressed offers highly readable accounts, lessons learned, and analysis from India that should be applicable in many settings around the world where injustice prevails. The book also analyzes the implications for foreign donors, who are often chary of supporting empowerment activities, and shows by example both how such aid is effectively given and how critical it is to successful development outcomes.
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The Great Gobi Desert is one of the most inhospitable of all places. It covers 13 million square kilometers of Central Asia and is the land furthest removed from any sea or ocean. This results in a volatile climate, fierce winds and massive sandstorms. The few inhabitants of the place say that you can experience all four seasons in one day — from freezing winter to burning summer. And, as though to complete the devastation, this is where the Chinese located their nuclear testing ground.
All of this has discouraged would-be travelers and even explorers have thought twice before venturing into these wilds.
Not, however, John Hare,who has made a number of expeditions to the Gobi and to China’s remote Xinjiang Province.
He is the first foreigner to have crossed the Gobi from north to south. He founded the Wild Camel Protection Foundation, and mapped out the Lop Nur Wild Camel National Nature Reserve in China. The wild Bactrian camel is an animal more critically endangered than even the giant panda and it is the remaining numbers of these camelids that have inspired Hare in his desert adventures.
He is a man with a mission. Here he is on the beast: “This remarkable creature has sought refuge in the harshest, most hostile and hauntingly beautiful desert in China. Like one of Marco Polo’s lost souls, the enigmatic wild Bactrian camel has led our expedition into the very depths of the wilderness, into a Martian landscape that even in this age of satellite images is, in some places, unknown and undiscovered.”
Hare sights a number of the endangered animals but also encounters many others, including varieties that naturalists call “naive” because they have until now had no contact with man and are consequently unafraid. He also meets mummies thousands of years old and explores the remains of the lost cities of the Gobi.
Among these are the ruins of Loulan, fabled and abandoned city, a metropolis struck by drought, then covered by the sands of the desert. On his latest visit, Hare discovers, at the new ethnographic museum in Urumqi, that the origins of the local people dating back to 2000 B.C., the people living at Loulan and in the surrounding area for centuries, could be of Celtic stock.
Mummies examined show brown or red hair, aquiline noses and round eyes, bearing no resemblance to a Chinese person.
This evidence refutes the contemporary nationalist declarations of the Uighur people, who claim to be the indigenous people of Xinjiang, rather than the Chinese. At the same time the discovery has prompted new study of old documents who describe a people with deep-set blue eyes, long noses and red or blond hair.
DNA might answer the mystery but “Chinese scientists have been reluctant to give up the mummies for sampling because they are sensitive about nationalist Uighur claims on Xinjiang.” Consequently, the manner in which the Loulan folk got their blue eyes remains unknown.
All of this is told to the interested reader with an enthusiasm rare in scholarly writing. Matthew Parris, in his introduction, called it “story-telling, campfire tales of memorable characters, packed with thrills and spills.”
Also he advises, “don’t read this book because you want to help save the wild Bactrian camel from extinction. Read it because it is a great book. But by the time you’ve read it there will also be kindled within you a spark of enthusiasm for John Hare’s magnificent quest in a daunting but admirable cause.”
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In a triangle ABC, the altitudes from A, B, and C meet the circumcircle O at D, E, and F, respectively as shown in the figure below. Prove that the area of triangle ABC is equal to one-half the area of the hexagon AFBDCE.
George Polya's 1945 book "How to Solve It, A new aspect of Mathematical Method", is a book describing methods of problem solving. It suggests the following steps when solving a mathematical problem: (1) First, Understand the problem. (2) Make a plan. (3) Carry out the plan. (4) Look back on your solution.
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Japanese government $500 million ice wall is a precarious, temporary fix, not a permanent solution to the radioactive water leaking from stricken nuclear reactors.
JAISAL NOOR, TRNN PRODUCER: Welcome to The Real News Network. I'm Jaisal Noor in Baltimore.
In Japan, the crippled Fukushima Daiichi nuclear reactors are continuing to emit record levels of dangerous radiation. Now the Japanese government has stepped in and pledged nearly $500 million to help stop the leaks.
Now joining us to stop this discuss this ongoing environmental crisis is Arjun Makhijani. He's an engineer who specializes in nuclear fusion and the president of the Institute for Energy and Environmental Research. He's authored numerous reports in books on energy and environmental-related issues.
Thank you so much for joining us.
DR. ARJUN MAKHIJANI, PRESIDENT, INSTITUTE FOR ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH: Sure. You're welcome.
NOOR: So can you give us your reaction to these latest developments in Japan over this growing crisis, this continuing leaks of record levels of radiation?
MAKHIJANI: Well, this is a crisis that has been evolving for more than two years now, and the latest revelations are just one more thing, but one more very serious thing.
What has been happening is the fuel in the reactors melted and melted right through the reactors in three reactors. And that fuel still has to be cooled, even though it's molten. And so they have to add cooling water. But now the buildings are damaged and the groundwater is coming up and contacting the molten fuel in the buildings or in the basements of the buildings.
And they're collecting this groundwater and storing it in hastily build tanks. There are 1,000 of them, and some of them have begun to leak. And the radioactive water in these tanks is very, very radioactive. So near one of the tanks, the radioactivity is so high that you could get a lethal dose of radiation in a few hours. In other places it's much less, but it still--you could get an annual dose as a worker in 10, 12, 15, 20 minutes. So the working conditions on the site are very difficult. The site is contaminated. And 300 tons (that's about 80,000 gallons) a day of contaminated water are going from the site and pouring into the ocean underground.
NOOR: And so this has been happening for more than two years now. Now the government has a new plan to build what's been described by some as an unprecedented ice wall to help contain this leak. What are your thoughts about whether this can effectively contain this?
MAKHIJANI: Well, I think it can at best be a palliative. Ice walls are not a new thing. They are known. But they're usually a temporary construction expedient. This would not be a temporary construction expedient, because they're planning to remediate this site over a period of decades, not years. Moreover, the size of this project is huge, unprecedented. To build it on a highly radioactively contaminated site would be very difficult, 'cause have to dig up a lot of dirt, and that dirt is contaminated. Now you're putting--like there are coils in your freezer, you're putting coils like that in the soil to freeze the soil. If there is an earthquake, of course those coils could break, and then you have an ice wall that is no longer an ice wall. The ice will melt, and you have contaminated water that had been holding up, building up over a long period of time, and that would pour into the ocean. So I don't know that this thing--this is definitely not going to solve the problem. It's going to be difficult to build it. It will take time. And in the meantime, this contaminated water is simply building up, and they're going on building new tanks, even though they have more than 1,000 tanks already.
NOOR: And so there are some reports that by 2014 or maybe sooner this radiation will be hitting the United States and other parts of the world. Talk about the growing international concern about this crisis.
MAKHIJANI: Well, the initial release of radioactivity from Fukushima was very large. There was a release to the air because of the meltdowns and the explosions, hydrogen explosions. And then there were also releases to the ocean. There was fallout from the atmosphere into the ocean of quite a large amount of radioactivity. The French Radioprotection Institute called it the largest incident of radioactive pollution of the oceans in history. So of course the fish in the ocean are contaminated, and the ocean currents do disperse the radioactivity. It takes about three years, I think, for contaminated water discharged near Fukushima to reach the west coast of the United States. Of course, the fish migrate a lot faster than that.
NOOR: Is this a source of concern, growing concern in the U.S.? And can you also talk about the international response? What lessons have been taken from this disaster? And how do you evaluate whether countries and corporations have done enough to really address the seriousness of this problem?
MAKHIJANI: Yeah. Well, there are not alarming levels of radiation in the United States. I mean, the main problem is in Japan. But people are very concerned, and I think rightly so. And what I have said is the Food and Drug Administration should be regularly monitoring the seafood and publishing the results very publicly and doing a thorough job of it, and the Environmental Protection Agency should be monitoring the seawater and rainwater and so on--rainwater now not so important, but certainly sea water monitoring is important. And they should make these results public.
As for the second part of your question, different countries have drawn different results. So Germany already had decided after Chernobyl, the disaster in the Soviet Union in 1986, to phase out nuclear power, because they could not contemplate what would happen if they had a similar accident in Germany. After Fukushima, they decided to accelerate their nuclear phaseout. So they're going to shut down all their nuclear reactors by 2022, and essentially charting a path to a nearly completely renewable energy sector in Germany, or at least electricity sector.
The French rely 75 percent on nuclear energy. They did some serious assessments also, and they realize that if they have an accident, anything like Fukushima, it would be very, very difficult for France or a large part of France to recover from that--hundreds of billions of dollars of damage, besides, of course, the question of how you reoccupy contaminated areas.
In the United States, it hasn't seemed to have much impact. The Nuclear Regulatory Commission did a report and an assessment, and they are requiring reactor operators to make some changes to improve safety and emergency management, but overall they have gone on licensing reactors after the Fukushima Daiichi disaster. Recently they have stopped licensing, but not because of Fukushima. It's because the courts have said, you don't know what to do with the nuclear waste, and you've got to figure that out first. So, until then, they have stopped licensing decisions.
In other countries, in China they made a pause and went on. In India, I don't think they made even a pause.
In Japan, of course, essentially all the nuclear reactors are set. The public has largely gone against nuclear energy, but not yet the politicians, or the politicians in power, anyway.
NOOR: Thank you so much for joining us. We'll keep following this story.
MAKHIJANI: Thank you very much. I'd be happy to come back.
NOOR: And thank you for joining us on The Real News Network.
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Prep 20 mins
Cook 30 mins
Gajar Ka Halwa is a sweet dessert pudding associated mainly with the state of Punjab in India.It is traditionally eaten during all of the festivals in India, mainly on the occasion of Diwali,holi,eid,raksha bandhan.The Gajar ka Halwa was first introduced during the Mughal period and the name originates from an Arabic word "Halwa", which means "sweet" and it is made from carrot so that it is known as Gajar ka Halwa (meaning pudding of carrot or Halwa of carrot).
- 2 cups carrots
- 2 tablespoons ghee
- 2 cups milk
- 10 tablespoons sugar
- 1 tablespoon raisins
- 1 tablespoon almonds
- 1 teaspoon cardamom powder
- 1.Heat the ghee in a big pan ; add the carrots and saute on a medium flame for 4 to 5 minutes, while stirring continuously.
- 2. Add the milk, mix well and cook for 10-15 minute.
- 4. Add the sugar, mix well and cook on a medium flame until ghee come up,when ghee started floats over halwa stop cooking.
- 6. Add the raisins, almonds and cardamom powder and cook for another 1 minute.
- 7. Serve hot or warm.
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This item is available under a Creative Commons License for non-commercial use only
Information Science, *pedagogy, Library science
This paper presents an overview of the suite of online interactive tutorials that have been developed at the Institute of Technology Tallaght (ITT Dublin); with a particular emphasis on best practices for pedagogy and instructional design in terms of creating eLearning tools. The author also details how these learning objects have been made available for reuse on a national and international basis as open educational resources via online repositories.
Russell P. (2014). ‘Going the Distance: Best Practices in Designing and Sharing Reusable Learning Objects’, LIR Tech Tools for Teaching workshop, Dublin City University, 9 December.
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https://arrow.dit.ie/ittsupcon/3/
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English translation of 'आधा भाग'
आधा भाग/adha bhaga/
mn/adha bhaga, ådhA bhAga, aadhaa bhaaga, ådhā bhāg/
half countable noun, predeterminer, adjective
Half of an amount or object is one of two equal parts that together make up the whole amount or object.
Cut the tomatoes in half. The bridge was re-built in two halves. She's half his age. ...the first half hour.
Copyright © 2014 by HarperCollins Publishers. All rights reserved.
Translation of आधा भाग from the Collins Hindi to English Dictionary
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The chief food-crops and the area occupied by each in square miles
were: wheat (424), gram (199), maize (188), barley (227), jo ewdr (156),
and bdjra (121). The area under maize has trebled during the last
twenty-five years. Bdjra is chiefly grown on inferior soil in the
Sikandarabad and Khurja tahsils. The other important crops are
cotton (103) and sugar-cane (63), both of which are rapidly increas-
ing in importance. On the other hand, the area under indigo has
declined from 120 square miles in 1885 to 25 in 1903-4.
From 1870 to 1874 a model farm was maintained at Bulandshahr,
and attempts were made to introduce Egyptian cotton ; but these were
not successful. The chief improvements effected have been the exten-
sion of canal-irrigation, and its correction by means of drainage cuts.
Much has also been done to straighten and deepen the channels of
the rivers described above, especially the East Kali Nadi. These
have led to the extended cultivation of the more valuable staples;
Very few advances have been made under the Agriculturists' Loans
Act;; and between x891 and 19oo only Rs. 30,000 was given under
the Land Improvement Loans Act. In 1903-4 the loans were
Rs. 1,7oo. The agricultural show held annually at Bulandshahr town
has done much to stimulate interest in small improvements.
An attempt was made in 1865 to improve the cattle by importing
bulls from Hariana ; but the zanninders were not favourable. The
ordinary cattle are poor, and the best animals are imported from
Raj.putana, Mewar, or Bijnor. Horse-breeding has, however, become
an important pursuit, and there are twenty stallions owned by Govern
ment in this District. The zaminddrs of all classes are anxious to
obtain their services, and strong handsome colts and fillies are to be
seen in many parts. Mules are also bred, and ten donkey stallions
have been supplied. Since 1903 ,horse and mule-breeding operations
have been controlled by the Army Remount department. Sheep
and goats are kept in large numbers, but are of the ordinary inferior
The. District is exceptionally well provided with means of irrigation.
The main channel of the Upper Ganges Canal passes through the
centre from north to south. Near the eastern border irrigation is
supplied by the Anupshahr branch of the same canal, while the western
half is watered by the Mat branch. The Lower Ganges Canal
has its head-works in this District, leaving the right bank of the Ganges
at the village of Naraura. Most of the wells in use are masonry,
and water is raised almost universally in leathern buckets worked by
bullocks. In 1903-4 canals irrigated 323 square miles and wells 310.
Other sources. are insignificant.
Salt was formerly manufactured largely in the Jumna khddar, but
none is made now. The extraction of sodium sulphate has also been
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The Anxiety Clinic of Atlanta provides state-of-the-art Panic Disorder treatment using cognitive behavioral techniques. We are here to help you learn the skills that you need to overcome your fears and to live life to its fullest potential. We want to teach you how to restore your sense of hope and peace of mind. In studies on the treatment of panic disorder over 80% of people who complete the treatment no longer have the diagnosis of panic disorder (see below for more articles on Panic Disorder Treatment).
What is Panic Disorder?
A panic attack is an intense fear reaction (also called the fight of flight response) that is not in line with the true danger of the situation (it is a false alarm). The intense fear response is a natural way to react when one is exposed to extreme danger.
Panic Attacks can include several of the following symptoms:
- Palpitations, pounding heart, or accelerated heart rate
- Trembling or shaking
- Sensations of shortness of breath or smothering
- Feeling of choking
- Chest pain or discomfort
- Nausea or abdominal distress
- Feeling dizzy, unsteady, lightheaded, or faint
- Chills or heat sensations
- Paresthesias (numbness or tingling sensations)
- Derealization (feelings of unreality) or depersonalization (being detached from oneself)
- Fear of losing control or going crazy
- Fear of dying
For some people, the fear of having panic attacks can lead to panic disorder. That is, the intense fear and worry about having a panic attack can lead to changes in one’s lifestyle. For some people, worry about the return of panic often leads to the avoidance of situations in which help may not be available or from which escape is difficult. People with panic disorder often feel like they are having a heart attack or stroke, losing their mind, or on the verge of death.
How Common is Panic Disorder?
Panic Disorder is a very common. Panic disorder affects between 3 and 6 million Americans. It is twice as common in women as in men. It can appear at any age, but most often it begins in young adults. Not everyone who experiences panic attacks will develop panic disorder. Many people have one attack but never have another. For those who do have panic disorder, though, it’s important to seek treatment. Untreated Panic disorder can become very disabling.
Is There Panic Disorder Treatment?
Effective panic disorder treatments are available to those who are suffering from this debilitating disorder. One of these interventions is cognitive behavior therapy for Panic Disorder. This Panic Disorder treatment focuses on changing the patient’s anxiety-provoking beliefs related to bodily sensations and changing the way their body reacts. Panic Disorder treatment at the Anxiety Treatment Clinic usually consists of exposure to feared stimuli (e.g., the bodily sensations) and revisiting thoughts about those fears (e.g., what are the chances that this is a heart attack when I have had it a 100 times and my doctor says that I am okay). This treatment is difficult in that the person has to face his or her fears, but it is effective with almost 80% of people no longer qualifying for Panic Disorder following treatment (see below for many articles on the effectiveness of the treatment we use). Our goal is to make the treatment work as quickly as possible, so that people can live their life to the fullest as quickly as possible. All of our therapists are extensively trained and continuously educated. We break the mold of traditional therapy by getting out of the office and into the situations that cause anxiety. We do all of this in a caring manner with high expectations for change.
For more information on Panic Disorder treatment in the Atlanta, please
- Call or text us at: (678) 948-7070
- email us at: email@example.com
- Anxiety Clinic of Atlanta Mercer University – Atlanta Administration & Conference Center 2930 Flowers Road South Suite 563 Atlanta, Georgia 30341
Articles on the Effective Panic Disorder Treatments We Use
- McHugh, R. K., Otto, M. W., Barlow, D. H., Gorman, J. M., Shear, M. K., & Woods, S. W. (2007). Cost-efficacy of individual and combined treatments for panic disorder. The Journal of clinical psychiatry, 68(7), 1038–1044.
- McHugh, R. K., Smits, J. A. J., & Otto, M. W. (2009). Empirically Supported Treatments for Panic Disorder. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 32(3), 593–610. doi:10.1016/j.psc.2009.05.005
- Roy-Byrne, P. P., Craske, M. G., & Stein, M. B. (16). Panic disorder. The Lancet, 368(9540), 1023–1032. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69418-X
- Sánchez-Meca, J., Rosa-Alcázar, A. I., Marín-Martínez, F., & Gómez-Conesa, A. (2010). Psychological treatment of panic disorder with or without agoraphobia: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(1), 37–50.
- Teachman, B. A, Marker, C. D., & Clerkin, E. M. (2010). Catastrophic misinterpretations as a predictor of symptom change during treatment for panic disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 78(6), 964–975.
- Teachman, B. A., Marker, C. D., & Smith-Janik, S. B. (2008). Automatic associations and panic disorder: Trajectories of change over the course of treatment. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 76(6), 988–1002. doi:10.1037/a0013113
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ABC video clips sourced for the Australian curriculum in partnership with Education Services Australia
Search Video Library
Please be aware that this digital clip may contain references to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people who may have passed away.
- Video Clip
- Before The 1967 Referendum [5:09]
- ABC Four Corners
- 16th May 1967
- Margaret Valadian in panel discussion, 1967
- Download Clip [16.40 MB]
- Learning Area
- English, History
- Reading and viewing, Speaking and listening, Historical knowledge and understanding
Aboriginal history, Australian history, Civil rights, Communities, Community leaders, Federal referendum, Interviews, Investigative journalism, Leadership, Margaret Valadian, Media texts, Racism, Robert Moore, Shared history, Television programs, Voting rights
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By adding keywords you will help others find content for a particular subject more easily on this site.
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This clip is from an edition of the ABC 'Four Corners' program titled 'In the Shadow', which concluded with a panel discussion hosted by Robert Moore. Panel member Margaret Valadian is featured here, and Moore introduces her as the first Indigenous person to graduate from an Australian university. Speaking before the 1967 Referendum, which proposed the removal of discriminatory parts of the Australian Constitution, Valadian talks about issues confronting Indigenous Australians. Indigenous entertainer Jimmy Little and Rugby League footballer Eric Simms are the other panel members.
This clip is a valuable resource for a study of the civil rights of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders before the 1967 Constitutional Referendum, which put forward two proposals and was held on 27 May. Proposal two involved the removal of discriminatory references to Aboriginal people in two sections of the Australian Constitution (sections 51 and 127). The subsequent Yes vote was over 90 per cent.
In the clip, Aboriginal activist Margaret Valadian highlights the interconnected issues of poverty, substandard housing, lack of a good education and the racism experienced by many Aboriginal people.
Compere Robert Moore presses Valadian to respond to specific racist views about Aboriginal people and asks if she has any sympathy for people with such views. Valadian says the views reflect narrow mindsets, limited experiences, and a lack of analysis of contexts such as poverty and limited education.
This clip is a valuable resource for the study of an individual's role in achieving change for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities. Margaret Valadian, who is known now as the first recognised Aboriginal graduate of Queensland University and one of the earliest Indigenous people to be a university graduate, is seen in this clip presenting her perspective in a current affairs program.
More videos like this in:
Metadata © Australian Broadcasting Corporation and Education Services Australia Ltd 2010 (except where otherwise indicated). Digital content © Australian Broadcasting Corporation 2010 (except where otherwise indicated). You may view, display, print out, copy and modify this material for non-commercial educational purposes provided you retain all acknowledgements associated with the material.
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Noah chases the wind
By Michelle Worthington
Noah knew he was different. He could see things that others couldn't, like the patterns in the dust that floated down on sunbeams.
Noah is different. He sees, hears, feels, and thinks in ways that other people don't always understand, and he asks a lot of questions along the way. Noah loves science, especially the weather. His books usually provide him with the answers he needs, until one day, there's one question they don't answer—and that is where Noah's windy adventure begins.
Filled with rich, sweeping illustrations, this picture book celebrates the inquisitive nature of all children, including those on the autism spectrum, who cannot stop asking a question until an answer has been unearthed.
The book contains a page of information for parents, caregivers, and educators about the importance of helping children feel good about their differences and know that being different is okay.
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This test is used to evaluate for cerebellar disease, vestibular disease, and position sense.
Performing the Test
Worsening performance with eyes closed suggests loss of position sense
Have patient touch their index finger to their nose and then to your index finger while you move your finger so that they have to alter direction and fully extend their arm
Dysmetria: initially overshoots then reaches mark
Move your finger out at patient’s shoulder level so they fully extend their arm with their finger touching yours. Have them raise their arm overhead and back down to touch your finger and repeat. Then have them repeat with their eyes closed.
Past-pointing: misses mark consistently to one side, worse with eyes closed
Ask patient to place their heel on the opposite knee and then move it up and down the shin as if they were drawing a straight line
Positive: lack of coordination during these movements
Bickley, Lynn S. Bates' Guide to Physical Examination and History Taking. 8th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins: 2003.
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Mould is a home and business owner’s worst nightmare. Mould is a type of fungus that grows both inside and out but causes most of its damage when it spreads indoors. Mould spores can be inhaled by humans and the smaller the spores, the farther they can travel down people’s lungs. According to a CBC report, most healthy people aren’t affected by mould. However, infants, children, pregnant women and people with weak immune systems are particularly susceptible. Common problems include:
- Irritated lungs
Mould Locations—The Usual Suspects
Despite owners’ best efforts, homes and businesses are often breeding grounds for mould. That’s because the interior of buildings provides plenty of fertile areas for mould to grow.
Water is mould’s most obvious enabler, especially in large amounts, such as a flood. Flooding can cause severe damage to a home or business in a short amount of time. As it saturates drywall, wood, and carpets, mould can develop quickly, often within 24-48 hours. This is particularly problematic for businesses, as they may experience downtime.
Leaky pipes are a common source of mould, albeit a less obvious one. If missed, pipe leaks can cause serious damage because they often occur behind walls, allowing mould to spread rapidly. To avoid this, you should have your pipes checked regularly by a certified professional.
Bathrooms and Kitchens
Humidity—or the amount of moisture in the air—can accelerate mould growth and cause significant damage. Bathrooms and kitchens act as rich grounds for mould growth due to the showering and cooking of occupants. Additionally, humid temperatures and lots of rain can raise the humidity levels inside your home, allowing mould to do its dirty work.
Insufficient ventilation in a home or business can work hand-in-hand with humidity to spread mould. Therefore, it is crucial to ensure proper ventilation by opening windows or even using fans whenever possible.
Roofs, Attics, and Basements
The actual structure of your home or business can also contribute to mould growth. Roofs are often the culprits. Leaks in your roof can result in water stains on the ceiling—a telltale sign of a problem. Attics are also suspect, as they are under the roof and can act as a refuge for mould spores to grow. It is a good idea to have your roof and attic inspected regularly for any damage or leaks.
From the top to the bottom of a structure, the basement is another prime suspect when it comes to mould growth. Basements are often dark, damp, and poorly ventilated, and as such, are perfect spots for mould to grow unchecked. Basements are also more prone to leaks and flooding, especially since they often house piping.
If you’re dealing with a small patch of mould, warm water and dish detergent should do the trick, but make sure to protect your hands and face. If you’re dealing with a bigger mould problem, it is best to call in the professionals. Paul Davis is specially trained in mould remediation and restoration. Paul Davis’ emergency response centre is available 24/7, so contact us today to remove your mould problem immediately!
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The U.S. EPA is proposing a long-awaited permit to target New Hampshire's Great Bay water pollution.
Federal regulators are proposing a new way to limit water pollution from a dozen towns surrounding Great Bay.
The draft general permit from the U.S. EPA marks a big step forward in the years-long effort to clean up the degraded estuary, according to the New Hampshire Public Radio.
Under this permit, the towns that border the protected Great Bay would have to limit nitrogen pollution from their wastewater plants, as well as from storm water and septic runoff. The permit sets a target for limiting nitrogen pollution and lets the towns decide how to invest in meeting it, reported New Hampshire Public Radio.
Ted Diers, administrator of the state's Watershed Bureau, hopes this kind of permit could be a model for other watersheds around the country. The permit has monitoring and local accountability measures built in and it will likely take years to know if it is effective.
"The permit...does acknowledge that this is a really long-term problem, and it's a long-term fix,” said Diers.
These towns have spent tens of millions of dollars on this issue at their wastewater plants in recent years, according to Melissa Paly, the Great Bay Waterkeeper with the Conservation Law Foundation. Paly hopes storm water and septic runoff will also be prioritized as they become a greater threat, since climate change causes heavier, more frequent rainstorms.
“I'm hoping that this permit will push us into the next generation of cleaning up this estuary and restoring its health,” said Paly.
The permit is out for public comment until March 9, with a public hearing expected sometime before then, reported New Hampshire Public Radio.
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Goat farming in New Zealand has a lower profile compared to dairy, sheep and beef systems. The goat industry is small in New Zealand (Stafford & Prosser, 2016) and there has been limited consideration of the potential for the industry to expand (Shepard & O’Donnell, 1979). The environmental and commodity market constraints currently impacting pastoral systems in New Zealand provide an opportunity for the goat industry to have a greater economic contribution to New Zealand’s agricultural production.
In New Zealand, goats are farmed for milk, meat and fibre production and also act as a mechanism for controlling excess pasture growth, enhancing clover in mixed pasture and controlling weeds (Batten, 2014). The aim of this paper was to present an overview of the goat industry to provide background knowledge for consideration when deciding the direction of the goat industries in New Zealand. As part of the overview, farmers, processors and industry bodies were contacted to obtain an estimate of the number and location of goats farmed in New Zealand. Although some of the sources of information for the goat industry are not perfect, this research is an attempt to bring together information that has not been consolidated in nearly 40 years (Shepard & O’Donnell, 1979) and was achieved as part of a three-part study with companion papers being produced (Lopez-Lozano et al. 2017; Smith et al. 2017). Information from this study were used in conjunction with the value of the goat industry (Lopez-Lozano et al. 2017) to project the potential of the New Zealand goat industry (Smith et al. 2017).
Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production, Volume 77, Rotorua, 164-168, 2017
|Download Full PDF||BibTEX Citation||Endnote Citation||Search the Proceedings|
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
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A Handbook for Literacy Instructional and Assessment Strategies is the ideal resource for current and future teachers seeking a flexible, step-by-step approach to research-based assessment instruction.
This easy-to-read handbook includes the most powerful instructional strategies organized around critical areas of literacy development, providing an invaluable resource for both pre-service and busy K-8 classroom teachers for literacy instruction.
Attending to the significance of monitoring students’ literacy development and providing documentation for reporting the results of their performances in an evidence-based education context where teachers must show that they “can teach so that students learn,”this handbook gives a prominent role to classroom assessment tools within each strategy. In addition to the step-by-step format, each instructional strategy is aligned to an assessment tool that faciliates the teachers’ assessing and documenting students’ progress using classroom performances that are part of the literacy program.
To simplify the use of the handbook, each strategy is organized in a similar way to include the following: (a) the instructional context, (b) the framework or background information, (c) the learner outcomes, (d) the instructional procedure, (e) an application of the instructional procedure, (f) the assessment procedure, and (g) professional readings and references.
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Conventional farming is much different than organic farming. Conventional farming uses unnatural methods (although they’re legal) to produce food. Conventional farming also does not produce significantly higher yields than organic methods, but conventional farming continues to be the most common method for food production in America.
To see the differences between the two methods, here’s a chart.
| To Accomplish
|Conventional Farmers Use||Organic Farmers Use|
|Plant Growth||Chemical and synthetic fertilizers||Natural fertilizers, such as compost or manure|
|Pests and Disease||Chemical and synthetic insecticides and fungicides||Birds, insects, traps, and mating disruption|
|Weeds||Chemical herbicides||Crop rotation, tilling, mulching, and hand weeding|
|Animal Husbandry||Antibiotics, growth hormones, and other medications||Organic feed, as well as preventative measures, such as rotation grazing, balanced diets, space to move, and clean housing. Antibiotics might also be used on a sick animal, but it is rare.|
In addition, conventional farming uses Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) to increase harvest yields or serve particular purposes. For instance, GMOs enable farmers to raise pest-resistant plants, grow crops in infertile soil, and harvest fruit more easily by altering the plant in some way. Supporters of GMOs also claim GMOs can solve world hunger, but the international organizations are in consensus—GMO foods are harmful. In fact, Bread for the World, Greenpeace, Food First: Institute for Food and Development Policy, and the United Nations Food & Agricultural Organization, all agree GMO foods are not the answer.
If you want to learn about the nutrients available in organics, read Organic Versus Non-organic Foods.
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Sarcoidosis is an inflammatory disease characterized by the formation of granulomas, tiny clumps of inflammatory cells, in different areas of the body. When the immune system goes into overdrive and too many of these clumps form, they can interfere with an organ’s structure and function. If left unchecked, chronic inflammation can lead to fibrosis, which is permanent thickening or scarring of organ tissue.
Organs Affected by Sarcoidosis
This disorder can affect almost any organ in the body, including the skin, heart, liver, kidneys, brain, sinuses, eyes, muscles, bones, and other areas. Sarcoidosis most commonly targets the lungs and the lymph nodes, which are an important part of the immune system.
With treatment, many people recover, although it can take several years. Others may have a harder time and can suffer greater organ damage. Even when symptoms go into remission, sarcoidosis can return.
The symptoms of sarcoidosis can vary greatly, depending on which organs are involved. Most patients initially complain of a persistent dry cough, fatigue, and shortness of breath. Other symptoms commonly include tender reddish bumps or patches on the skin, swollen and painful joints, and enlarged and tender lymph glands in the neck, armpits, and groin.
In some patients, symptoms may begin suddenly and/or severely and subside in a short period of time. Others may have no outward symptoms at all even though organs are affected. Still others may have symptoms that appear slowly and subtly, but which last or recur over a long time span.
Why a Dermatological Issue
The skin is the body’s largest organ and is not spared from sarcoidosis. A skin rash may be seen most commonly on the legs, scalp, or face, but any body part can be involved. The “rash” is a raised/lumpy area that does not itch nor does it come and go quickly.
Here for your dermatological needs
The decision to treat or not to treat sarcoidosis at a given time is critical. Please feel free to contact us to make an appointment.
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Who taught you about the epics, about how to make a mango pickle in summer, and about how to appreciate classical music and other cultural activities? Those who spent their childhood with their grandparents know the answer to these questions. Close your eyes and go back to those wonderful stories your grandmother told you to keep you sitting quietly while she oiled and plaited your hair. Think about those brisk walks you took with your grandfather and heard him talk about teaching your father or mother to swim. Grandparents are so important to making sure that the next generation understands our cultural heritage!
Handing Down Our Cultural Heritage
- Traditional dress:
No matter how fashionable and modern your grandmother is, when there’s a festival, she will always bring out her chiffons and silks! She also has the traditional handcrafted jewelry that was handed to her as a bride, which she has kept earmarked for your own son’s bride. These aspects of our cultural heritage are things only a grandmother can do.
- Traditional habits:
We still offer our prayers after a bath. And we still touch our parents’ feet and ask them for their blessings, no matter how modern we get. These traditions stay strong because our grandparents are around to make sure that our cultural heritage is passed on.
- Traditional rituals:
We celebrate our festivals in the same manner they used to be celebrated a hundred years ago. Holi still means a festival of colour, Eidisstill associated with iftaar, and Christmas is celebrated with a midnight Mass – the way it has always been. These traditions have become part of our cultural identity.
- Traditional language:
There is a reason why Indian languages have “aap”, “tum”, and “tu”. Learning how to formulate your thoughts in your mother tongue, learning how to address the elders, understanding the nuances and poetry of a language – all these actions keep certain parts of our ethos and cultural values alive. They also help a child learn social skills – and these will always be relevant!
Cultural activities for Kids and Grandparents
- Traditional food:
While we can find most cuisines in a restaurant, everyone likes comfort food like varanbhaat of the Maharashtrians, homemade murabba, or even kheer. And you learn to cook these comfort foods from your mother, and from her mother. After all, all these dishesare best enjoyed when they have been made with love at home! Foods, cooking games, and recipes get passed down from one generation to the next as part of our cultural heritage.
- Traditional stories:
No matter how interesting a movie can be, nothing can beat cuddling up with your family and listening to the old stories. These tales get handed down from one generation to the next, with each adding their own unique references and cultural values to make our epics come alive.
- Traditional rhymes:
No matter how easily a child can rattle off nursery rhymes, we all grow up knowing the rhymes of our mother tongue, the children’s songs our parents taught us, and patriotic songs for kids. We also know lullabies sung to us even before we knew what the words meant! I am sure every mother suddenly finds herself humming the old songs when she has a baby to rock to sleep – and these songs are important parts of ourcultural heritage, too.
- Traditional games:
Despite the advent of the Wii and the Xbox, there is something very memorable about spending a summer afternoon doing traditional cultural activitieswith your family. It’s great fun to play cards, puzzle games, and other family games with your grandfather and cousins. Or perhaps try a game of antakshari – it doesn’t matter how tuneless you are!
Grandparents Raising Cultural Awareness
With the advent of fast-paced city life, it is good to slow down to an era long gone and appreciate your cultural heritage. And grandparents hold the key to this, no matter how well they have adapted to the pace of modern life. They remember you as a child, and they can tell your children what you were like at the same age. They remember how you hated vegetables as a kid, and how your mother told you stories to keep your mind occupied while you finished up dinner. The different names we have for everyone in our family are part of our cultural identity, too. That is why our Dada-Dadi and Nana-Nani are the same but different.
Have you spent a part of your childhood with them? Do your children? Please share your experiences with your grandparents here!
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China has been ruled by dynasties for thousands of years. A dynasty is a family in power that passes on control of the country from one generation to the next. Studying the dynasties of ancient and early imperial China is a great place to start to understand the history of this ancient civilization.
XIA DYNASTY (c. 2205 to 1766 B.C.) The Xia dynasty was believed to have been a mythological dynasty for many years. Some historians still debate whether the dynasty did exist. In 1959, archaeologists located a city thought to be the capital of the Xia Dynasty. There is much to be learned about this early Chinese civilization.
SHANG DYNASTY (c. 1766 to 1122 B.C.) The Shang united a large part of China under one king and left a written history. The twelve month calendar with thirty days in each month was developed by the Shang.
ZHOU DYNASTY (1122 to 256 B.C.) The Zhou dynasty gained power from the Shang and ruled China for almost a thousand years. They developed powerful weapons by smelting iron from rocks and learning how to process it into a strong metal. A feudal system was established in China by the Zhou. Large walls were built around their cities for defense. The nobles became more powerful, the Zhou dynasty ended, and China entered the Age of Warring States.
QIN DYNASTY (221 to 206 B.C.) The Qin dynasty unified China in 221 B.C. (under the leadership of Qin Shi Huangdi). Under the Qin dynasty, the Legalists strengthened power of the state with laws that were clearly explained and strictly enforced. Feudalism was abolished. Weights, measures, currency, and the legal system were standardized.
HAN DYNASTY (206 B.C. to 220 A.D.) The Han continued to unify and expand China. In the beginning, most of the laws and regulations established during the Qin dynasty were kept but the principles of Confucius became the foundation of the government until 1911 (when the monarchy was overthrown). During the reign of Emperor Wu, the Chinese territory became larger than the Roman Empire. He also pioneered the trade route known as the Silk Road from Xi’an, Shaanzi Province, through Central Asia and on to the east coast of the Mediterranean Sea.
Cathy Diez-Luckie, Figures In Motion – Publisher of Captivating Activity Books for Children
To receive a free e-newsletter and explore fascinating facts about the great men and women of history and the time in which they lived, with links about famous people, archaeology, art, architecture, maps, and geography sign up at http://www.figuresinmotion.com/club.html. [link no longer active]
Learn about a new hands-on teaching resource for ancient history (children ages 6 to 12) at http://www.figuresinmotion.com. Make your own action figures from ancient history!
Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/
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Medical insurance is an important form of health insurance which covers a piece or the entire risk of an individual incurring medical costs. As with all forms of insurance, there is some risk among most people. For this reason, medical insurance companies offer different levels of coverage and deductibles in order to minimize the risk. There are also group medical insurance plans available.
Most medical insurance policies will pay a percentage of a patient’s hospitalization expenses, as well as preventative medical services like cholesterol tests and yearly blood tests. In some cases, the policy will cover some or all of a patient’s in-home health care expenses, prescription drugs, and some dental procedures. If a patient is unable to work, the policy may pay for part or all of their lost wages and may provide for extended unemployment benefits. It may also provide funds to assist in covering childcare expenses for the disabled person.
Unlike some health insurance policies, hospitalization expenses are not usually covered by medical insurance plans. However, there are policies that will cover the costs of extended hospital stays. When purchasing medical insurance, it is important to understand the difference between the different types of coverage. The types of coverage will depend upon your individual health conditions and medical history. Some examples include:
The premiums for these types of plans generally have higher deductibles and co-pays than the deductibles and co-pays in traditional health plans. For instance, a high deductible plan will require a higher premium in order to offset the cost of major medical health insurance. These plans also tend to have less major medical coverage than low deductible health plans. The deductibles and co-pays for major medical health insurance can be paid entirely on your own through regular paycheck income. However, if you experience a major medical illness, you may be held liable for the costs of extended hospitalization expenses.
Critical Illness Plans, such as Personal Health Insurance or CHIP provide coverage for illnesses of severity or chronic nature. Critical Illness Plans do not usually cover preventative medical procedures. A critical illness medical insurance policy covers the costs of critical medical illnesses only. If a patient suffers an extended period of hospitalization and stays in the hospital for more than six months due to critical illness, that patient may be eligible for critical illness coverage. However, this type of coverage does not usually pay for routine doctor visits.
Most major insurance companies offer plans that feature catastrophic coverage. This type of coverage pays the full benefit amount for out-of-pocket medical expenses after the policyholder receives the final amount of the policy. The benefit levels for catastrophic plans vary greatly from one insurance provider to another.
An “insured peril” clause is another type of risk management tool used by insurance companies. An “insured peril” clause is often included in small business insurance policies. This clause gives the insurer protection from catastrophic health system expenses in the event the insured person becomes ill or injured and has to pay for the medical expenses out-of-pocked by the policy’s benefits. In some cases, an “insured peril” clause is included in small business insurance policies, but is not allowed in most other policies.
Individual health insurance plans can also include prescription drug coverage as part of the benefits. Prescription drug plans can offer substantial savings to policyholders who take their prescriptions through a direct drug purchase system. These programs are sometimes called “pay as you go” plans. Most prescription drug plans require a prescription history form and annual screening visit. These plans can also cover costs of certain outpatient surgery.
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USS Albacore -- A Revolution by Design
By Mark W. McKellar [Format modifications and HTML markup by Andrew Toppan]
It is difficult, looking at the U.S.S. Albacore from today's
perspective, to fully comprehend the revolution she started in submarine
Built as a test bed for the U.S. Navy, the Albacore featured a
tear-drop shaped hull, new diving controls, a dorsal rudder and a new
high-yield steel for her pressure hull. In addition, the Navy, at one time
or another, experimented with speed brakes, contra-rotating screws, a
drag chute, camouflage paint and three different arrangements of stern
That she looks much like the attack subs easing in and out of nearby
Portsmouth Harbor is hardly surprising, considering how many of the concepts
she tested have been incorporated into today's state-of-the-art subs.
The Albacore occupies a unique place in submarine development
bridging the era between World War II's submersibles to the atomic powered
undersea craft of today.
Copyright © 1995 by Mark W. McKellar
The submarines of World War II were effectively surface vessels with
submersible capabilities. They nearly always operated on the surface -
dipping under only to hide or attack. They were designed for speed and
stability on the surface. When submerged, they operated at slow speeds for
relatively short periods of time. Battery life was the primary
restriction in extended underwater operations.
ASW advances during the war had broken the back of Germany's U-boat
service. After 1943, U-boats were vulnerable to detection and attack
whenever surfaced. To counter this, a new boat - type XXI - was developed.
This type became operational in 1945 but it was too late for Germany. The
type XXI boats were the first true submarines and were, in large measure,
the basis for the next generation of Allied submarines.
After the war the Undersea Warfare Committee of the National Science
Foundation issued a set of recommendations recognizing that submerged speed
and endurance were critical in war-making and survivability. The NSF
recommendations called for a feasibility study of a submarine with a fully
rounded hull, a single propeller located along the axis, and a pressure
hull constructed with a new, stronger steel called HY-80.
The NSF report ignited debate within Navy circles over a variety of
issues such as the merits of twin propellers vs. singles, and the sacrifice
of surface stability for undersea speed. The result of the recommendations
and ensuing debate was the U.S.S. Albacore.
Construction was approved in 1950 and in March 1952 her keel was laid
at the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard in Kittery, Maine. She was launched just
over a year later, on Aug. 1,1953. Cornelius Ryan, writing in Colliers,
described her "weird, whale-like hull." Her shape - smooth, rounded into
a tear drop, with a small stream-lined sail ,was vastly different from
active duty boats in 1953. She was shorter and broader abeam than
Her designers had made every effort to streamline the hull - going
as far as testing the shape in a wind tunnel. To that end, her capstans,
cleats and bullnoses, antenna and periscope were housed in recesses when
not in use. Since she was an experimental boat, no weapons were ever
fitted to the Albacore.
In the first phase of testing, the after control surfaces were
suspended behind the single screw by large arms. She was fitted with bow
planes and a small dorsal rudder mounted on the rear portion of the sail.
The dorsal rudder was included to prevent the boat from excessive heeling
during high-speed maneuvering.
During her initial trials, the boat met her speed goals handily.
Because no one was sure what might happen during high speed maneuvering, the
initial runs were performed at a constant depth and course.
As her handlers became more confident, the boat was subjected to
increasingly tight turns at high speed. This testing proved particularly
valuable when Albacore participated in ASW drills with Navy destroyers. The
destroyers soon learned that the little sub was a quiet adversary. Her
smooth hull silently (to 1950's sound gear) sliced through depths even at
high speeds. When located and pursued, she routinely turned inside the
destroyer's turning radius and sped away.
Speed was an entirely new arena for submarines. Before Albacore, most
submarines topped out at 10kts or less underwater. While Albacore's top
speed is still classified, she held the undersea speed record even after
the Skipjack class became operational - and they were rated, unofficially,
at 30+ kts submerged. Unofficial sources have indicated that speeds
approaching 50 knots might have been attained.
The Albacore designers borrowed freely from aircraft technologies
where appropriate. The single "driver" controls depth and course with an
aircraft-style wheel. Down angle was increased by pushing the wheel forward
and vice versa. The driver's station contains a seat belt for high-speed
maneuvering. The single-driver concept has been adopted in many foreign
submarines but most U.S. boats use a two man crew. Control Station [130 Kb]
The results of Phase I testing had indicated that, at high speed, the
stresses at the base of the arms suspending the after control surfaces was
unacceptably high. As a result, in 1956 the Albacore was given a new set of
after control surfaces.
The rudders and after diving planes were moved forward of the screw
and arranged in a cruciform or "+" configuration. In addition, the dorsal
rudder was eliminated and sound-deadening materials were added to many key
areas. Even while the Albacore continued her work, a new generation of
attack submarines were under construction using many of the advancements
she had tested in phase I.
In May 1956, the construction of the U.S.S. Barbel, first of a
three-boat class, began. Barbel and her kin had the same tear-drop hull
design as the Albacore and were constructed with the same HY-80 steel.
The Barbel's were 219 feet long and had a 29 foot beam - just slightly
greater than the Albacore. They were diesel/electric boats and were fully
armed. They were also the last non-nuclear combat subs built by the U.S.
The Skipjack program was run in parallel with the Barbel construction.
These boats combined the Albacore hull shape, single axis-mounted propeller
and HY-80 steel with a nuclear propulsion system. The S5W reactor performed
so well and proved so reliable that it was used for two decades in U.S. and
some British sub designs.
As for the Albacore, much of her testing in this period was on Sonar
advancements. Further changes in Phase II included the deletion of the
bow planes in 1958 and, the following year, a larger, 14 foot propeller
was installed and then deleted in the next phase.
The stern control surfaces were changed again in 1960. The rudders and
diving planes were rotated into an "X" shaped configuration. This
arrangement proved very popular with foreign submarine designers but has
never reappeared on U.S. submarines.
The Dorsal rudder was reinstalled and enlarged and the boat
was outfitted with speed brakes. These brakes - another concept borrowed
from aviation - technology, consisted of 10 hinged panels ringing the
after part of the ship. When needed, they were hydraulically opened into
the waterflow, bringing the boat to a rapid stop.
New Sonars were tested from the bow radar dome and a towed array was
fitted to the after part of the vessel. In 1962, project "Bailout" was
initiated. Still concerned about the high speeds Albacore was operating
at, the Navy constantly searched for new ways to increase the safety
margin for the crew.
The Navy borrowed three B-47 drag chutes from Pease Air Force Base in
New Hampshire. In a letter thanking the Air Force for it's assistance,
The Albacore's CO wrote:
"The parachutes were attached to the after end of Albacore's fairwater
and successfully streamed while the ship was cruising submerged. The resulting
deceleration curves indicated that such a system effectively aided in
Project "Bailout" might not have been the most successful of Albacore's
tests but it certainly showed some creativity was at work.
The predominate change in this phase was the installation of
counter-rotating screws. The drive shaft for the forward screw consisted of
a sleeve which housed the drive shaft for the after screw.
A new system of blowing water ballast was also installed . The Albacore
and other U.S. subs ran a maze of piping run from the air banks, through
the control room and then on to the ballast tanks . In the Control Room,
the blow valves were manually operated to expel ballast in each tank.
The new system brought the blow valves to the ballast tanks. These
were operated by a single switch in the control room. The new system was
simpler to operate and maintain. In case of emergency or loss of power,
the ballast would be automatically blown and the vessel would quickly
rise to the surface.
In addition, new silver-zinc batteries replaced the conventional
lead-acid type and the speed brakes were removed. Further high-speed
trials were conducted to evaluate the propulsion system, and controls
after which the Albacore received her last configuration changes. The
distance between her counter-rotating screws was later shortened, from
10 feet to 5 feet. Stern View [191 Kb]
Further tests of communications equipment were completed before she
was placed on reduced status in 1969 and subsequently decommissioned in 1972.
She had fulfilled her designers promises with distinction. A little submarine
with a long legacy:
"The research submarine Albacore introduced many of the features
found in subsequent undersea craft; in many respects she was the
beginning of the modern submarine era." wrote Norman Polmar in "The Ships
and Aircraft of the U.S. Fleet."
Mothballed at the Philadelphia Inactive Ship Maintenance Detachment,
the Albacore story came to an end - almost.
For 10 years the Albacore sat in mothballs, her fate uncertain. Then a
group formed the Portsmouth submarine Memorial Association (PSMA) with the
express goal of bringing the Albacore back to her birthplace - the
Portsmouth Naval Shipyard.
On May 3, 1985 responsibility for the submarine was transferred from
the Navy to PSMA. The boat had been towed the 575 miles from Philadelphia
to Portsmouth, NH. Then, after a year-long delay, up the Piscatiqua river.
Her final resting place is almost a quarter mile inland from the river and
the journey required dismantling 30 feet of a railway trestle, carving out
a 70 foot portion of a four-lane highway, and raising the boat 27 feet from
the level of the river.
Arriving on her concrete cradle system on October 3, 1985 the
Albacore was finally home. Almost a year was required to prepare the
Albacore for public viewing. Her hull was sandblasted and painted, the
interior was cleaned, external power, lighting, heat and telecommunications
were provided and a refurbished periscope was installed.
The Navy granted permission for two doorways to be cut into the hull,
fore and aft, to permit a one-way flow of visitors through the ship.
A visitors center, with sufficient parking and access road, was constructed
and the entire area was landscaped to provide a fitting setting for the boat.
Finally, on Aug. 30, 1986 the complex - known as the Port of Portsmouth
Maritime Museum at Albacore Park - was opened to the public. Since then,
more than 360,000 have toured the submarine and visitors center. Albacore Today [133 Kb]
Mark W. McKellar Web Page Posting Rights Only
36 Greenleaf St. C. 1995 Mark W. McKellar
Bradford, MA 01835
Reproduction, reuse or distribution without permission is prohibited
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The sign accompanying the plane. It reads
North American XB-70 "Valkyrie"
The XB-70, one of the world's most exotic airplanes, was conceived for the Strategic Air Command in
the 1950s as a high-altitude bomber that could fly three times the speed of
sound (Mach 3). Because of fund limitations, only two were built, not as
bombers but as research aircraft for the advanced study of aerodynamics,
propulsion, and other subjects related to large supersonic aircraft.
The Valkyrie was built largely of stainless-steel honeycomb sandwich panels and
titanium. It was designed to make use of a phenomenon called "compression
lift," achieved when the shock wave generated by the airplane flying at
supersonic speeds supports part of the airplane's weight. For improved
stability at supersonic speeds, the Valkyrie could droop its wingtips as much
as 65 degrees.
The No. 1 XB-70 made its initial flight on September 21, 1964, and first
achieved Mach 3 flight on October 14, 1965. The No. 2 airplane first flew on
July 17, 1965, but on June 8, 1966, it crashed following a mid-air collision.
The No. 1 airplane continued its research program until flown to the Museum on
February 4, 1969.
||185 ft. 10 in. without boom; 192 ft. 2 in. with
||30 ft. 9 in.
||534,700 lbs loaded
||Six General Electric
YJs of 30,000 lbs. thrust
each with afterburner
||2,056 mph/1,787 knots (Mach 3.1) at 73,000 ft.
1,738 knots (Mach 3.0)
at 72,000 ft.
||4,288 statute miles/
3,726 nautical miles
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Japanese Lesson Study
Tuesday, July 10
Jane introduced some books that deal with lesson study. We reflected on our first day and shared some of our questions:
How can we implement lesson study in US HS culture? Are there schools in US which practice it?
What differences are there between Japanese and American teacher training?
Can we interact with the International Math Education Group in week 2?
Can we do 2 lessons so that we can each have the opportunity to plan and observe?
What websites are there about lesson study?
What do the Japanese view as the ultimate goal of lesson study?
We talked about ideas for planning a lesson with a given goal:
Where does the lesson fit in terms of the overall goals of the course?
Where are the kids at?
Find a real problem to begin with to motivate the material.
We talked about a given problem and the anticipated range of responses this problem might elicit from students. We saw and discussed a Japanese lesson-study lesson based on this problem. We agreed to each write up a similar discussion for a problem of our own choosing for the next session.
PCMI@MathForum Home || IAS/PCMI Home
With program support provided by Math for America
This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. 0314808 and Grant No. ESI-0554309. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.
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Presidio Park and Junípero Serra Museum
Presidio Park in San Diego is the site of the first permanent European settlement and the location of the first Spanish mission/fort in California. It was founded by Spanish military leader Gaspar de Portolà in May 1769. Franciscan father Junípero Serra founded the first mission here in early July of that year - the Mission San Diego de Alcalá (in 1774, Serra decided to move the mission six miles eastward to a location that had better water access; please follow the link below to access the entry for that site). The presidio ('fort' in Spanish) served as a base of operations for exploring new routes into the interior of the state and as a military headquarters for southern California. Ruins only remain of the original structures. The building in the park today is the Junípero Serra Museum, which was built in 1929 in the Spanish Revival style. The museum also houses the San Diego History Center. Given its historical significance, the park was placed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places in 1966 and is a National Historic Landmark, a California Historical Landmark, and a San Diego Historic Landmark. The museum is often confused with the Mission San Diego de Alcalá, which as noted above, is located six miles to the east.
Backstory and Context
The Presidio served as a Spanish mission and fort until the early 1820s, when Mexico gained control. It became the Mexican governor's residence but was eventually abandoned in the mid 1830s and fell into disrepair. Wealthy businessman George Marston bought the property in 1907 and made it into a park in 1925.
"The Junípero Serra Museum," https://www.sandiegohistory.org/serra_museum.html. Retrieved 5-29-15. Heintzelman, Patricia. "San Diego Presidio," National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form. 11-24-78. http://pdfhost.focus.nps.gov/docs/nrhp/text/66000226.PDF.
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I think giving two different meanings may have confused the issue.
"You were able to meet Sting" = "You could meet Sting".
Nothing more, nothing less.
"The event was organised in such a way that you could meet Sting at the end of it!"
"Could have" in French uses a slightly different construct:
Conjugate pouvoir in Le Conditionnel Passé = could have (past conditional)
Well, yes, if you create a larger context using the past tense, and then make "you could meet Sting" a subsidiary clause within that context, the present tense makes sense in English. However, it seems to me that the sentence "Vous avez pu rencontrer Sting" as it stands is in the past tense in French and should therefore be read in the past tense in English as well. But I am just learning here, so thanks for getting back to me.
Yes I did follow up a bit on this after Walter's response to me.
As per my previous response, I personally don't see a difference in the two (English) phrases, but I do admit that there is probably a point of grammar here i.e., I think Walter is correct in indicating that the phrase is in the present conditional tense, and I guess I have made this error all my life and do not doubt your point that it is falling out of use.
Regardless, and for Walter's original point, the French phrase cannot be translated into "you could have met Sting". This would be:
"Vous auriez pu rencontrer Sting."
I am no doubt wading into waters way over my head here, but tenses and grammar aside, (ha,ha!) it seems to me that the phrase "You could meet Sting" is a description of a hypothetical in present time, unless you add more context or other modifications to it. I could be wrong, but I don't think I have ever used "could" referring to the past without the addition of "have". Perhaps that's just an American turn of speech. (Many younger Americans seem to think the phrase is "could of", which is truly sad.) I suppose language, least of all the English language, doesn't always fit into orderly little boxes the way the 18th century grammarians thought it should. I won't say anything about the French language because I am just a student here, and besides I don't wish to get into trouble with the Academie Francaise!
Thanks for your trouble.
Interesting about the declining use in English of "could" as the past tense of "can". It seems to be pretty much limited to negation: "I couldn't go to the concert because I had to work that night".
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Test your French to the CEFR standard
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You as pilot are responsible for the safe loading of your airplane and must
ensure that it is not overloaded. The performance of an airplane is influenced
by its weight and overloading it will cause serious problems. The take-off run
necessary to become airborne will be longer. In some cases, the required
take-off run may be greater than the available runway. The angle of climb and
the rate of climb will be reduced. Maximum ceiling will be lowered and range
shortened. Landing speed will be higher and the landing roll longer. In
addition, the additional weight may cause structural stresses during manoeuvres
and turbulence that could lead to damage.
The total gross weight authorized for any particular type of airplane must
therefore never be exceeded. A pilot must be capable of estimating the proper
ratio of fuel, oil and payload permissible for a flight of any given duration.
The weight limitations of some general aviation airplanes do not allow for all
seats to be filled, for the baggage compartment to be filled to capacity and for
a full load of fuel as well. It is necessary, in this case, to choose between
passengers, baggage and full fuel tanks.
The distribution of weight is also of vital importance since the position of
the centre of gravity affects the stability of the airplane. In loading an
airplane, the C.G. must be within the permissible range and remain so during the
flight to ensure the stability and manoeuvrability of the airplane during
Airplane manufacturers publish weight and balance limits for their airplanes.
This information can be found in two sources:
1. The Aircraft Weight and Balance Report.
2. The Airplane Flight Manual.
The information in the Airplane Flight Manual is general for the particular
model of airplane.
The information in the Aircraft Weight and Balance Report is particular to a
specific airplane. The airplane with all equipment installed is weighed and the
C.G. limits calculated and this information is tabulated on the report that
accompanies the airplane logbooks. If alterations or modifications are made or
additional equipment added to the airplane, the weight and balance must be
recalculated and a new report prepared.
Various terms are used in the discussion of the weight of an airplane. They
are as follows:
Standard Weight Empty: The weight of the airframe and engine with all
standard equipment installed. It also includes the unusable fuel and oil.
Optional or Extra Equipment: Any and ail additional instruments, radio
equipment, etc., installed but not included as standard equipment, the weight of
which is added to the standard weight empty to get the basic empty weight. It
also includes fixed ballast, full engine coolant, hydraulic and de-icing
Basic Weight Empty: The weight of the airplane with all optional
equipment included. In most modern airplanes, the manufacturer includes full oil
in the basic empty weight.
Useful load (or Disposable load): The difference between gross take-off
weight and basic weight empty. It is, in other words, all the load which is
removable, which is not permanently part of the airplane. It includes the usable
fuel, the pilot, crew, passengers, baggage, freight, etc.
Payload: The load available as passengers, baggage, freight, etc., after
the weight of pilot, crew, usable fuel have been deducted from the useful
Operational Weight Empty: The basic empty weight of the airplane plus the
weight of the pilot. It excludes payload and usable fuel.
Usable Fuel: Fuel available for flight planning.
Unusable Fuel: Fuel remaining in the tanks after a runout test has been
completed in accordance with government regulations.
Operational Gross Weight: The weight of the airplane loaded for take-off.
It includes the basic weight empty plus the useful load.
Maximum Gross Weight: The maximum permissible weight of the
Maximum Take-Off Weight: The maximum weight approved for the start of the
Maximum Ramp Weight: The maximum weight approved for ground
It includes the weight of fuel used for start, taxi and run up.
Zero Fuel Weight: The weight of the airplane exclusive of usable
Passenger Weights: Actual passenger weights must be used in
computing the weight of an airplane with limited seating capacity. Allowance
must be made for heavy winter clothing when such is worn. Winter clothing may
add as much as 14 lbs to a person's basic weight; summer clothing would add
about 8 lbs. On larger airplanes with quite a number of passenger seats and for
which actual passenger weights would not be available, the following average
passenger weights may be used. The specified weights for males and females
include an allowance for 8 lbs of carry-on baggage.
|Children (2-11 yrs)
|Infants (0-up to 2 yrs)
Fuel and 0il: The Airplane Flight Manuals for airplanes of U.S.
manufacture give fuel and oil quantities in U.S. gallons. Canadian manufactured
airplanes of older vintage may have manuals that give fuel and oil quantities in
Imperial gallons. Some recently printed manuals may give fuel and oil quantities
in litres. At most airports in Canada, fuel is now dispensed in litres. It is
therefore necessary to convert from litres to U.S. or Imperial gallons as
required for your particular airplane. To convert litres to U.S. gallons,
multiply by .264178. To convert litres to Imperial gallons, multiply
The following weights are for average density at the standard air temperature
of 15° C. At colder temperatures, the weights increase slightly. For example, at
-40° C, one litre of aviation gasoline weighs 1.69 lbs.
Maximum Landing Weight: The maximum weight approved for
landing touchdown. Most multi-engine airplanes which operate over long stage
lengths consume considerable weights of fuel. As a result, their weight is
appreciably less on landing than at takeoff. Designers take advantage of this
condition to stress the airplane for the lighter landing loads, thus saving
structural weight. If the flight has been of short duration, fuel or payload may
have to be jettisoned reduce the gross weight maximum or maximum landing weight.
Maximum Weight - Zero Fuel: Some transport planes carry fuel
in their wings, the weight of which relieves; the bending moments imposed on the
wings by the lift. The maximum weight - zero fuel limits the load which may be
carried in the fuselage. Any increase in weight in the form of load carried
fuselage must be counterbalanced by adding weight in the form of fuel in the
Float Buoyancy: The maximum permissible gross weight of a
seaplane is governed by the buoyancy of the floats. The buoyancy of a seaplane
float is equal to the weight of water displaced by the immersed part of the
float. This is equal to the weight the float will support without sinking beyond
a predetermined level (draught line).
The buoyancy of a seaplane float is designated by its model
number. A 4580 float has a buoyancy of 4580 lb. A seaplane fitted with a pair of
4580 floats has a buoyancy of 9160 lbs.
Regulations require an 80% reserve float buoyancy. The floats
must, therefore, have a buoyancy equal to 180% of the weight of the airplane.
To find the maximum gross weight of a seaplane fitted with,
say 7170 model floats, multiply the float buoyancy by 2 and divide by 1.8 (7170
x 2)/1.8 = 7966 lb.
C. computing the load
A typical light airplane has a basic weight of 1008 lb. and
an authorized maximum gross weight of 1600 lb. An acceptable loading of this
airplane would be as follows:
Basic Empty Weight . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1008 lb.
Consisting of Weight Empty . . . . . . . . . . 973 lb.
Oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 15 lb.
Extra Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20 lb
Useful Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . 592
Consisting of Pilot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .150
Fuel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 146 lb.
Payload: Passenger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .175 lb.
Baggage . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
To find the maximum payload that can be transported a given
distance and the amount of fuel required.
A seaplane on contract with a mining company is required to
transport a maximum load of freight a distance of 300 nautical miles to a bush
operation. The estimated groundspeed is 110 knots. The useful load for this
airplane is 1836
pounds. Fuel capacity is 86 U.S. gallons. Fuel consumption is
20 gallons per hour or 120 lb of fuel per hour.
The time to fly 300 nautical miles is 164 minutes ((300/110)
x 60). Add to that the 45 minutes required for reserve and the amount of fuel
required must be sufficient for 209 minutes of flying time.
The amount of fuel required at 20 gallons per hour is 69.7
U.S. gallons ((20/60) x 209). That quantity of fuel weighs 418 lb (69.7 x 61b.).
The fuel calculations can also be computed by using the
weight of fuel consumed per hour. The weight of fuel necessary for the flight is
418 lb. ((120/60) x 209).
The useful load is 1836 lb. The weight of the pilot (170 lb.)
and fuel (418 lb.) is 588 lb. Therefore, the maximum payload permissible is 1248
What quantity of fuel in litres will be required? One U.S.
gallon equals 3.785332 litres. The quantity of fuel required is, therefore,
263.8 litres (69.7 x 3.785332).
D. balance limits
The position of the centre of gravity along its longitudinal
axis affects the stability of the airplane. There are forward and aft limits
established by the aircraft design engineers beyond which the C.G. should not be
located for flight. These limits are set to assure that sufficient elevator
deflection is available for all phases of flight. If the C.G. is too far
forward, the airplane will be nose heavy, if too far aft, tail heavy. An
airplane whose centre of gravity is too far aft may be dangerously unstable and
will possess abnormal stall and spin characteristics. Recovery may be difficult
if not impossible because the pilot is running out of elevator control. It is,
therefore, the pilot's responsibility when loading an airplane to see that the
C.G. lies within the recommended limits.
If the C.G. is too far forward, the airplane will be nose
heavy, if too far aft, tail heavy. An airplane whose centre of gravity is too
far aft may be dangerously unstable and will possess abnormal stall and spin
characteristics. Recovery may be difficult if not impossible because the pilot
is running out of elevator control. It is, therefore, the pilot’s responsibility
when loading an airplane to see that the C.G. lies within the recommended
Usually the Airplane Owner's Manual lists a separate weight
limitation for the baggage compartment in addition to the gross weight
limitation of the whole airplane. This is a factor to which the pilot must pay
close attention, for overloading the baggage compartment (even if the plane
itself is not overloaded) may move the C.G. too far aft and affect longitudinal
The Airplane Owner's Manual may also specify such things as
the seat to be occupied in solo flight (in a tandem seating arrangement) or
which fuel tank is to be emptied first. Such instructions should be carefully
As the flight of the airplane progresses and fuel is
consumed, the weight of the airplane decreases. Its distribution of weight also
changes and hence the C.G. changes. The pilot must take into account this
situation and calculate the weight and balance not only for the beginning of the
flight but also for the end of it.
The centre of gravity (C.G.) is the point through which the
weights of all the various parts of an airplane pass. It is, in effect, the
imaginary point from which the airplane could be suspended and remain balanced.
The C.G. can move within certain limits without upsetting the balance of the
airplane. The distance between the forward and aft C.G. limits is called the
centre of gravity range.
The balance datum line is a suitable line selected
arbitrarily by the manufacturer from which horizontal distances are measured for
balance purposes. It may be the nose of the airplane, the firewall or any other
convenient point .
The moment arm is the horizontal distance in inches from the
balance datum line to the C.G. The distance from the balance datum line to any
item, such as a passenger, cargo, fuel tank, etc. is the arm of that item.
The balance moment of the airplane is determined by
multiplying the weight of the airplane by the moment arm of the airplane. It is
expressed in inch pounds. The balance moment of any item is the weight of that
item multiplied by its distance from the balance datum line. It is, therefore,
obvious that a heavy object loaded in a rearward position will have a much
greater balance moment than the same object loaded in a position nearer to the
balance datum line.
The moment index is the balance moment of any item or of the
total airplane divided by a constant such as 100, 1000, or 10,000. It is used to
simplify computations of weight and balance especially on large airplanes where
heavy items and long arms result in large unmanageable numbers.
If loads are forward of the balance datum line their moment
arms are usually considered negative (-). Loads behind the balance datum line
are considered positive (+)*. The total balance moment is the algebraic sum of
the balance moments of the airplane and each item composing the disposable load.
*In many cases the positive (+) sign is omitted, but the
negative (-) sign is always shown. To simplify matters, both are included in our
The C.G. is found by dividing the total balance moment (in
inch-pounds) by the total weight (in lb.) and is expressed in inches forward (-)
or aft (+) of the balance datum line.
The centre of gravity range is usually expressed in inches
from the balance datum line (i.e. +39.5" to +45.8"). In some airplanes, it may
be expressed as a percentage of the mean aerodynamic chord (25% to 35%). The MAC
is the mean aerodynamic chord of the wing.
To calculate the position of the C.G. in percent of MAC. Let
us assume that the weight and balance calculations have found the C.G. to be 66
inches aft of the balance datum line and the leading edge of the MAC to be 55
inches aft of the same reference (Fig. 3). The C.G. will, therefore, lie 11
inches aft of the leading edge of the MAC. If the MAC is 40 inches in length,
the position of the C.G. will be at a position (11 ~ 40) 27% of the MAC. If the
calculated C.G. position is within the recommended range (for example, 25% to
35%), the airplane is properly loaded.
There are several methods by which weight and balance calculations may be
made for any loading situation.
A. finding balance by computation method
For this example, an airplane with a basic weight of 1575 lb. and an
authorized gross weight of 2600 lb. has been selected. The balance datum line
for the airplane, selected by the manufacturer, is the firewall. The recommended
C.G. limits are 35.5" to 44.8".
List in table form the airplane (basic weight), pilot, passengers, fuel, oil,
baggage, cargo, etc., their respective weights and arms. Calculate the balance
moment of each. Total the weights. Total the balance moments. Divide the total
balance moment by the total weight to find the moment arm (i.e. the position of
(Note: In this example, the oil is listed as a separate item and the balance
datum line is the firewall in order to give an example of a negative moment
The moment arm for this loading of the airplane is 42.52" (110,270-- 2593).
The total weight (2593 lb.) of the loaded airplane is less than the authorized
gross weight (2600 lb.). The moment arm falls within the C.G. range (35.5" to
44.8"). The airplane is, therefore, properly loaded.
Item Moment Arm Inches
Balance Moment Inch-Lb.
The above example examines the situation of an airplane almost at gross
weight with the C.G. in a rearward position but within the C.G. range. If this
calculation had resulted in a C.G. position that was aft of the C.G. limits,
even though the total weight of the airplane was under the authorized gross
weight, it would be necessary either to lighten the load or to shift the load
by, for example, having the passengers change seats.
A lightly loaded airplane at the end of a flight when the fuel is almost all
consumed may experience the situation that the C.G. moves forward beyond the
permissible C.G. range. In some airplanes, when flying with only the pilot on
board and no passengers or baggage, it is necessary to carry some suitable type
of ballast to compensate for a too far forward C.G. Every pilot should,
therefore, calculate the moment arm for the lightest possible loading of his
airplane to determine if it is acceptable.
B. finding balance by graph method
Most Airplane Flight Manuals include tables and graphs for calculating weight
and balance. They are very easy to use and eliminate the time consuming
mathematical steps of the computation.
C. weight and balance and flight performance
The flight characteristics of an airplane at gross weight with the C.G. very
near its most aft limits are very different from those of the same airplane
For lift and weight to be in equilibrium in order to maintain
any desired attitude of flight, more lift must be
produced to balance the heavy weight. To achieve this, the airplane must be
flown at an increased angle of attack. As a result, the wing will stall sooner
(i.e. at a higher airspeed) when the airplane is fully loaded than when it is
light. Stalling speed in turns (that is, at increased load factors) will also be
higher. In fact, everything connected with lift will be affected. Take-off runs
will be longer, angle of climb and rate of climb will be reduced and, because of
the increased drag generated by the higher angle of attack, fuel consumption
will be higher than normal for any given airspeed. Severe g-forces are more
likely to cause stress to the airframe supporting a heavy payload.
An aft C.G. makes the airplane less stable, making recovery from
more difficult. The airplane is more easily upset gusts. However, with an aft
C.G., the airplane stalls at a slightly lower airspeed. To counteract the tail
heaviness of the aft C.G., the elevator must be trimmed for an up load. The
horizontal stabilizer, as a result, produces extra lift and the wings,
correspondingly, hold a slightly lower angle of attack.
An airplane with a forward centre of gravity, being nose heavy, is more
stable but more pressure on the elevator controls will be necessary to raise the
nose - a fact to remember on the landing flare. The forward C.G. means a
somewhat higher stalling speed another fact to remember during take-offs and
Every pilot should be aware of these general characteristics, shared by most
airplanes, when they are loaded to their weight and balance limits. The
important thing to remember is that these characteristics are more pronounced as
the limits are approached and may become dangerous if they are exceeded.
Overloading, as well as the immediate degradation of performance, subjects the
airplane to unseen stresses and precipitates component fatigue.
A free weight and balance
calculator can be downloaded
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Strawberries can be paired with various cuisines to create delightful delicacies. Strawberries are used to add sweetness to salads or dipped in chocolate to make a delicious dessert; the possibilities are endless.
Have you ever wondered whether strawberries are high or low in potassium?
Awareness of the nutrients in our meals can benefit our health by giving us an idea of which foods to eat and which to avoid. Let’s further discuss how much potassium in strawberries?
How Much Potassium in Strawberries?
The simple answer to how much potassium in strawberries is that one cup of raw strawberries has around 232.56 mg of potassium, and a single serving has less than 200mg of potassium (1).
The vital nutrients, minerals, and vitamins that strawberries contain make them incredibly healthful. Read further to see a complete breakdown of the nutritional contents of strawberries.
Strawberries’ Nutritional Value
Strawberries are free of sodium and cholesterol and serve as a high-fiber meal that is also potent in antioxidants known as polyphenols and packed with vitamins, fiber, and other healthy minerals.
They are also a high source of antioxidants, protecting us from deadly diseases such as cancer and heart disease.
Strawberry Vitamin C content may surprise you. The vitamin C content of one orange is found in only eight to nine strawberries. One cup of sliced, fresh strawberries (166 grams) has the following nutrients in it, according to the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA):
- calories: 53
- carbohydrates: 12.7 grams
- protein: 1.11 grams
- calcium: 27 milligrams (mg)
- dietary fiber: 3.30 grams
- iron: 0.68 mg
- phosphorus: 40 mg
- magnesium: 22 mg
- potassium: 254 mg
- vitamin C: 97.60 mg
- vitamin A: 20 international units
- folate: 40 MCG
Strawberries are a great source of phytochemicals (plant-based molecules) that boost health. According to the findings of a 2011 USDA database containing ellagic acid and a range of flavonoids, namely anthocyanins, quercetin, kaempferol, and catechin (2).
Health Benefits of Strawberries
Here are a few potential health benefits of strawberries that will encourage you to include them in your daily diet.
No matter how many vitamins you take, they cannot replace natural ingredients’ quality of nutrients and minerals. Strawberries are a rich source of Vitamin C, an essential component that aids our body in fighting against a variety of viruses and bacterial illnesses.
You need 100 grams of strawberries to get slightly more than 50 milligrams of vitamin C, which is enough to cover at least half of your daily needs. Therefore, if you want a healthy immune system, start consuming the total amount of the immune-boosting natural ingredient.
Protects From Cancer
The subject of an expanding corpus of scientific study is how strawberry consumption affects the genes that control cancer formation. Prior research emphasized the fruit’s role in boosting the antioxidant in our body.
Dietary fiber-rich foods like strawberries will likely reduce the risk of colorectal cancer, weight gain, and obesity.
We mention weight gain because research indicates that possessing excess body fat raises your chance of developing at least 12 types of malignancies.
Additionally, some data shows fruit consumption may reduce the risk of lung cancer and squamous cell esophageal cancer (3).
You must have noticed how the red color and shape of the strawberries resemble a heart. As discussed above, the potassium found in strawberries can also help promote heart health.
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), a reliable source, there is a negative correlation between potassium intake and the risk of heart disease. Hence, people who have heart diseases can also consume them safely.
According to a study carried out in 2019, strawberries are rich in quercetin and anthocyanin, which help prevent heart diseases such as heart failure and heart attacks (4). Evidence suggests that Anthocyanin intake can reduce a decreased risk of a heart attack.
Moreover, according to 2016 research, quercetin also contains anti-inflammatory characteristics that seem to lower the risk of atherosclerosis (5).
Strawberries are an incredible source of healthy plant chemicals, antioxidants, and other essential nutrients that help prevent glaucoma and cataracts. Older people can benefit from consuming strawberries as it will significantly help them reduce the chances of developing cataracts.
The nutrients found in strawberries preserve the lens protein by reducing the UV radiation exposure to the eyes. Strawberries protect and help boost the retina and cornea when consumed regularly.
Lower Risk of Hypertension
Strawberries’ potassium contents may be helpful for those who have high blood pressure. According to a 2018 study, strawberries are rich in compounds that help the body balance sodium’s harmful impact (6).
The researchers discovered that increasing the consumption of foods high in potassium can reduce blood pressure, which minimizes the risk of heart attacks and strokes.
According to a recent study, eating berries like strawberries regularly helps strengthen bones (7). It prevents chronic bone-related diseases like osteoporosis and arthritis by lowering the chances of osteopenia and joint inflammation. Additionally, these tasty fruits reduce C – reactive protein (CRP) levels, a marker of inflammation in the body.
Lower the Risk of Strokes
According to the American Heart Association, the daily salt intake for the typical American is around 3,400 mg?
The association advises not to take more than 1,500 mg daily, and you should take significantly less if you have specific medical issues like hypertension.
Potassium contents found in strawberries can help our bodies regulate salt, which may help lower the risk of stroke.
According to a recent study, increasing fiber consumption helped 77 percent of persons with persistent constipation (8). Berries, in general, including strawberries, are a source of vitamins.
Therefore, an excellent treatment for constipation might be an assortment of berries, including raspberries, blackberries, and strawberries.
Will I Get Any Reactions To Strawberries?
Strawberries are safe when consumed orally, and anyone can consume them in proportions found in meals; if you have an allergic reaction upon consuming strawberries, we recommend seeing a doctor immediately.
Some individuals are hypersensitive to the Rosaceae family may experience an allergic response to strawberries. Almond, Apricot, peach, plum, apple, and pear are all a part of this category. Before eating strawberries, talk to your doctor to determine if you have any allergies.
Moreover, some individuals with bleeding disorders may experience excessive bleeding and a higher risk of bruising if they consume strawberries in large quantities. Therefore, limiting your strawberry intake for a few days is best if you plan on getting surgery.
For people who want to make organic masks and apply strawberries to the skin, there isn’t enough reliable data to determine the safety of strawberries or any potential reactions. However, it is best to do a patch test to ensure your skin doesn’t have an allergic reaction.
Additionally, pregnant or breastfeeding mothers can also consume strawberries. However, if you have gestational diabetes, we recommend consuming strawberries in limited amounts.
How Can I Include Strawberries In My Diet?
Various strawberry products are on the market, including jellies, jams, frozen, fresh, and freeze-dried strawberries.
However, we advise anybody interested in consuming strawberries in various forms, particularly jellies and jams, to check the labels of frozen and dried strawberries for added sugars to ensure they are not consuming excessive amounts of sugar.
You could opt for an all-fruit spread without additional sweeteners or fillers if you want a healthier alternative to jellies and jams. In addition, you may incorporate strawberries into your diet in the following ways:
- Blend a handful of strawberries and a few tablespoons of honey to taste. Fill Popsicle molds with the blended goodness and freeze for a day (You can also add strawberry chunks). You will have a healthy version of popsicles that tastes incredibly delicious on hot summer days. (You can add other fruits and customize the popsicles to your liking.
- For breakfast, combine a few tablespoons of organic Greek yogurt with a few strawberries and some nuts of your preference. Drizzle some honey on top for sweetness, and you’ve got yourself a delicious, healthy breakfast.
- You can make one at home if you want a no-preservative, no-added-sugar jab. There are numerous homemade strawberry jam recipes available online.
- If your sweet tooth gets the best of you and you want to cheat on your diet while adding a healthy touch to your cheat meal, cover strawberries in Nutella and freeze them. Serve chilled; this will be the tastiest dessert you have ever tasted if served chilled.
- Take a few organic plant-based tortillas and add a layer of organic peanut butter on them, then lay a few thin slices of strawberries on them and serve with organic maple syrup drizzled on top.
- Add a few handfuls of frozen strawberries, yogurt, honey, and lemon juice to a food processor and process until creamy. You’ll be left with a healthy and delicious homemade frozen yogurt. It may also be frozen for up to a month when kept in an airtight container.
- Add sliced strawberries to your salads, pancakes, smoothies, ice cream, and waffles.
- Mix goat cheese, grilled chicken, nuts, spinach, and strawberries to make a delicious salad.
By including strawberries in your meals, you will be able to prepare healthy and delicious meals that will aid in weight loss. This is because you can create great things at home, which will minimize your desire to order harmful fast food.
Read more: How much potassium is in peanut butter?
Now that we’ve addressed the question, “How much potassium in strawberries?” and told you about the many different benefits of consuming strawberries, you can begin your path to a healthier life by including strawberries into your diet using the techniques listed above.
Strawberries are a lovely addition to various meals like smoothies made with other fruits or a topping on yogurts and salads.
Making this nutritious fruit a regular part of your diet is undoubtedly an excellent nutritional decision for optimal overall health as it offers a variety of advantages, including enhanced gut health, heart health, protection from cancer, boosted immunity, and eye health.
1. What will happen if I eat too many strawberries?
Excess consumption of strawberries may result in stomach aches, reflux, diarrhea, heartburn, or increased diabetic levels for people with diabetes.
2. Can I wash and eat moldy strawberries?
Avoid consuming dry, squishy, and moldy strawberries because they taste odd, and you might develop stomach issues if you have them.
3. How long can I refrigerate strawberries?
Strawberries can be refrigerated for around a week.
4. Can I consume strawberries daily?
You can eat up to eight strawberries per day.
5. Do strawberries act as blood thinners?
All fruits that come under the berry category act as blood thinners.
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Biochar as a Climate Change Mitigation Strategy: Does It Measure Up? (2012)
To avoid the worst consequences of climate change, we need to significantly reduce global warming emissions and if possible remove existing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
One proposal for achieving the second objective is to heat biomass — plant and animal materials — in a low-oxygen environment to create charcoal, which is mostly just carbon and is called biochar when produced specifically to help reduce global warming.
This report evaluates the potential of biochar as a climate change solution and reviews the scientific literature to assess current data on biochar's long-term stability in the environment.
In theory, biochar might remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere for extended periods of time, as well as offer other potential environmental benefits
- Through the process of photosynthesis, plants convert carbon dioxide from the air into organic material, or biomass. If that biomass is then used to create biochar and returned to the soil, it has the potential to keep the carbon dioxide from re-entering the atmosphere for an extremely long period of time. It all depends on biochar's stability, or how long it resists decomposition.
- Biochar found in soil can be thousands of years old, so it’s clear that some kinds of biochar resist decomposition, under certain conditions. But there are many different kinds of biochar, and many different soil environments. This report asks whether biochar generally persists for these long time frames.
- In addition to its potential benefits in addressing climate change, incorporating biochar into the soil is also thought to increase fertility, help crop growth, and improve other soil properties.
The idea has attracted considerable attention
- In 2010, the American Power Act — proposed federal legislation to comprehensively address energy and climate change — included “projects for biochar production and use” in a list of project types to be considered for a domestic carbon offsets program.
- The International Biochar Initiative continues to advocate for biochar as a climate change mitigation solution, and it seems likely that more proposals for biochar as a carbon offset will appear at both the domestic and international levels.
Insufficient data exists, however, to assess biochar's stability over long time periods
- Biochar is only effective as a climate change solution if it remains stable in the soil for many years. Otherwise, decomposition will return its stored carbon to the atmosphere.
- This report reviewed the scientific literature on biochar — including 212 references in the peer-reviewed literature that report original research on biochar — and found that the data do not yet exist to accurately estimate biochar stability over time.
- Consequently, it is too early to rely on biochar as an effective climate mitigation tool or to devote public resources to biochar deployment for that purpose.
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Common Core State Standard SL.CCS.1/2/3/4 Grades 6-12: An essay of a current news event is provided for discussion to encourage participation, but also inspire the use of evidence to support logical claims using the main ideas of the article. Students must analyze background information provided about a current event within the news, draw out the main ideas and key details, and review different opinions on the issue. Then, students should present their own claims using facts and analysis for support.
FOR THE WEEK OF FEB. 09, 2009
Obama era reopens questions about value of Black History Month
Look for a Black History Month news report, commentary, photo or events list. Is it identified with a graphic logo or special presentation?
Journalists strive for "mainstreaming," which involves quoting and picturing diverse community members in coverage unrelated to their ethnicity, race or gender. Find an example, such as an African American student, educator, parent or business person featured in coverage not about Black History Month.
Readers may share opinions about Black History Month in letters to the editor, blogs and online comment forums. See if you spot a discussion. Talk about your views and consider sending a message to the paper.
During a month when schools, colleges, advertisers and news media give extra attention to African American history, a nagging question is heard more widely: Do we still need a Black History Month? Those who say "no" point out that slavery ended 146 years ago, the Civil Rights Act passed 45 years ago and a black president was inaugurated three weeks ago.
Critics feel it's condescending to designate a month for special focus on the heritage of one race. "I don't want a Black History Month," actor Morgan Freeman says. "Black history is American history." On the other side, defenders welcome the national observance that began in 1976 as an awareness-raising reminder of achievements and contributions by blacks throughout American history. "To know about the people who make up society is to make a better society," says Professor Daryl Scott, chairman of history at Howard University. "A multiracial, multiethnic society has to work at its relationships."
Observances around the country this month include art exhibits, concerts, readings, lectures, worship services and other presentations of many types. Barack Obama's presidency lets educators connect historic figures to 2009. Some teach about Wangari Maathai, a Kenyan woman who won the Nobel Peace Prize in 2004 for leading a movement that planted millions of trees in Africa. Obama, whose dad was from Kenya, planted a tree in her program while visiting the continent. And like Martin Luther King Jr., Maathai was jailed for fighting injustice.
Historian says: "I don't see it going away. There's a Women's History Month. No one would argue that we don't need to be reminded of women who have done things that are important." - Professor Spencer Crew, George Mason University in Virginia
Columnist says: "This country has reached a point where we are can stop celebrating separately, stop learning separately, stop being American separately. . . . I propose that Black History Month be no more." - Rochelle Riley, Detroit Free Press
Blogger says: "Black History Month feels especially significant this year. . . . Everywhere one looked during Inauguration weekend were reminders of how Black history and American history had converged." - Marian Wright Edelman, president of the Children's Defense Fund, blogging at The Huffington Post
Front Page Talking Points is written by
Felix Grabowski and Alan Stamm for NIEonline.com, Copyright 2013
We welcome comments or suggestions for future topics: Click here to Comment
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The term ‘mimesis’ is loosely defined as ‘imitation’, and although an extensive paper could be written about the cogency of such a narrow definition, I will instead focus on Plato and Aristotle’s contrasting judgements of mimesis (imitation). I will spend one section discussing Plato’s ideas on mimesis and how they relate to his philosophy of reality and the forms. I will then spend a section examining Aristotle’s differing views on mimesis and how it relates to catharsis.
During this deliberation I will prove that as with much of their philosophies, Plato and Aristotle disagree on the concept of mimesis. Plato saw mimesis as deceitful and dangerous; Aristotle saw it as cleansing and educational. In book X of The Republic, Plato uses Socrates and Glaucon as artifacts for contemplating the idea of mimesis. In the dialogue, Plato makes it apparent right from the beginning that he has negative predispositions on imitative poetry. Plato writes: “… poetry… not admitting at all any part of it that is imitative.
For that the imitative… must not be admitted looks… even more manifest now that the soul’s forms have each been separated out… All such things seem to maim the thought of those who hear them and do not as a remedy have the knowledge of how they really are. ” This seems to suggest that under Plato’s perfect society, imitative poetry should not be allowed because it is tricking people into believing that these imitations are distracting people from the real truth, the truth that lies in the forms.
Plato places the forms at the highest level of his schema of reality and imitations (certain poetry and other artwork) at the bottom. He places human representations of the forms – such as the “couchmaker’s” fabrication of a couch – somewhere between the forms and imitative art forms. This couch is loosely based on the form of couch and according to Plato is more permissible than imitative art forms. Although the “couchmaker’s” fabrication of a couch is more truthful than a painter’s representation of the same couch, Plato still condemns it for being deceitful: “… o that they look like they are; however, they surely are not the truth. ” Plato feels that because of the rising popularity of imitative art forms within the city, and the skilful representations of craftsmen, people will be misled by the metaphorical mirror that reflects what is real. By deceiving people like this, Plato believes that this imitative poetry will corrupt the souls of people and therefore should be banned from the city. Along with holding far less truth than the forms, imitative artwork also has negative moral and psychological implications, according to Plato.
To accentuate this, Plato divides the soul into three different areas of importance. The base level – in which he calls ‘the appetite’ of the soul and allocates the least amount of importance to – is driven by urges and sins and is easy to deceive and manipulate. The second level, the will, is the power to control one’s own actions, but can also be influenced. The first and most important level is the intellect or reason; this level drives the other two parts of the soul and, when exercised and mastered, can distinguish truth from imitation.
Plato claims that imitative art forms seem to target the base level (appetite) of the soul because it is the easiest to deceive and people give in to a sensationalist imitation rather than the truth. “The imitative poet produces a bad regime in the soul of each private man by making phantoms that are far removed from the truth and by gratifying the soul’s foolish part… ” Mimesis weakens the first and second levels of the soul by appealing to the base level’s pleasure-seeking ways. According to Plato, imitative art forms are representations of the forms; mere renderings of the truth.
Imitative art forms deceive people into believing things that are not the truth. Imitative art forms harm the part of the soul that distinguishes truth from imitation. To harm this part of the soul is to harm truth and reason. The city is just and follows laws that reflect the truth. Therefore, imitative art forms – such as most poetry – should be banned from the city. * Plato says X, Aristotle says Y, Plato points to the heavens (forms, universals), Aristotle points to the ground (physical objects, particulars) [Raphael’s School of Athens].
Both philosophers disagreed often and it is no surprise that Aristotle’s thoughts on mimesis are an implicit repudiation of Plato’s thoughts on mimesis. In Aristotle’s Poetics he splits mimesis into three varieties: the media, the objects and the mode of mimesis. He does this to help build upon his argument that art and mimesis have importance to a society and actually have striking similarities to philosophy. The media of mimesis is explained as the dissimilarities in “rhythm, speech, and harmony” that authors and poets can use to get their respective messages across.
Aristotle points out that many people – scientists and poets – who write in verse, can be called makers of mimesis and that each “maker” uses a different media of mimesis. “… they think… no doubt, that ‘makers’ is applied to poets not because they make mimesis, but as a general term meaning ‘verse-makers’, since they call ‘poets’ or ‘makers’ even those who publish a medical or scientific theory in verse. ” Here Aristotle is attempting associate mimesis to more than the arts by referring to mimesis not simply as imitation, but as similar to making.
He is placing a high importance on ‘verse-making’ by showing that a particular rhythm and speech pattern is the only difference between artists and scientists in regard to the way they present their respective works. The objects of mimesis, Aristotle claims “are people doing things, and these people must necessarily be either good or bad. ” Aristotle goes on to say that within representations, people can be portrayed as good or bad (‘better’ or ‘worse’) by artists and we will be able to distinguish this property of goodness or badness through use of mediums such as tragedy and comedy.
The mode of mimesis is a way of representing objects in the same media to which Aristotle believes can be done in three ways: “… in narration and sometimes becoming someone else; or speaking in one’s own person without change, or with all the people engaged in the mimesis actually doing things. ” These are simply parts of speech an author might use to get her message across about the object, showing it to be good or bad. Aristotle then begins to examine what he believes are the overall causes of poetry. Aristotle states that mimesis is innate in people, when we are born we mimic things and we learn through this mimicry.
We understand things we wouldn’t otherwise enjoy seeing in person (re: example of the corpse). The picture of the corpse will “not produce its pleasure qua instance of mimesis, but because of its technical finish or colour or for some other such reason. ” This is to say that we can appreciate the picture of the corpse not due to the fact that it is a corpse (we know it is not a real corpse) but because of the artistic style and or talent of the artist. Aristotle then lays out the foundation for a good tragedy – that is to say – a tragedy that emits emotion to the people watching or reading it.
By invoking emotions through tragedy, people can learn something about themselves and their family and perhaps something even deeper. Aristotle claims that a good tragedy will produce catharsis onto the people watching it. Catharsis is a bi-divisional schema according to Aristotle; it can cleanse people of negative emotions through fear and sadness (dispelling your own fear by watching something scary), or educate or clarify something that one may be struggling with (showing us that road rage can lead to general rage). According to Aristotle, mimesis is innate in human nature and provides us with learning methods.
Through tragedies, comedies, poetry and other imitative art forms, we can learn much about ourselves and the world. Learning and education are important to a society and help the development of young minds. Therefore mimesis is good and should be kept in society. * As with much of their respective philosophies, Plato and Aristotle disagree upon the notion of mimesis in their aesthetic approaches. Plato viewed mimesis as harmful to the best parts of the soul, and thought it tricked people into believing more fantastical things and ignoring the truth.
Aristotle believed that mimesis – and the catharsis it created – fostered growth and prosperity.
Works Cited Cooper E. David [Ed. ]. Aesthetics: The Classic Readings. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 1997. Print. Plato, The Republic, Book 10, pp 11-28, Aristotle, Poetics, pp 29-44. ——————————————– [ 1 ]. Cooper E. David [Ed. ]. Aesthetics: The Classic Readings. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 1997. *Plato. [ 2 ]. Ibid [ 3 ]. Ibid [ 4 ]. Cooper E. David [Ed. ]. Aesthetics: The Classic Readings. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 1997. *Aristotle. [ 5 ]. Ibid [ 6 ]. Ibid [ 7 ]. Ibid [ 8 ]. Ibid
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The core of AWS is the compute and storage service provided by Elastic Computer Cloud or EC2. The EC2 services allow us to deploy virtual servers within an AWS environment. There are a number of elements in creating an EC2 instance and the service can be broken down into the following areas:
1 ) AMIs
AMIs, are Amazon Machine Images and these are essentially templates of pre-configured EC2 instances which allow you to quickly launch a new EC2 instance – or server and compute resources - based on the configuration within the AMI. This prevents you from having to install an operating system or any other common applications that you might need to install on a number of other EC2 instances.
From a high-level perspective, an AMI will include an operating system and applications, along with any custom configuration.
AWS provides a large number of AMIs covering different operating systems, from Linux Ubuntu and Centos; Red Hat Linux or RHEL; to Microsoft Windows, among others. When configuring your EC2 instance, selecting your AMI is the first configuration choice you will need to make. You can also create your own AMI images to help you speed up your own deployments. However, it is recommended that when starting with EC2, you used pre-defined AMIs within the AWS console or marketplace. You can then amend this as necessary.
Amending the AMI:
For example, you could start with selecting an AWS AMI, on a Linux server. Once it is up and running, you may then need to install a number of your own custom applications and make specific configuration changes. Now if you needed another server to perform the same functionality, you could go through the same process of selecting a Linux AWS AMI and, again, manually installing your applications and make your configurations. Or, once you have made those changes on the first server, you can then simply create a brand-new AMI of that instance with all the applications installed and configurations already made, that you need to deploy on a specific type of server resource (instance).
If you need another server with this same configuration, all you need to do is to select your custom AMI as the base image for your instance and it will launch the Linux server, your custom applications already installed, and any configurations already made. This saves time, money, hassle and is a key part of auto-scaling new instances to match demand (or reduce instances if demand and throughput drop).
2 ) Instance types
Once you have selected your AMI from any of the different sources already discussed, you must then select an instance type. An instance type simply defines the size of the instance from a CPU, memory, storage, and networking perspective. Having this flexibility of varied instances allows you to select the most appropriate size or power of a virtual server that you need for optimal performance with your applications.
These different instance types are categorized into different family types that offer distinct performance benefits which, again, helps you to select the most appropriate instance for your needs. Within each of these instance families, you will have a range of instance types with varied CPU, memory, storage, and networking performance. These instance families can be summarized as follows.
You can purchase EC2 instances through a variety of different payment plans. These have been designed to help you save costs by selecting the most appropriate option for your deployment. The different EC2 payment options are as follows:
Reserved instances allow you to purchase an instance type for a set period of time in return for a reduced cost compared to on-demand. This reduction can be as much as 75%. These reservations against instances must be purchased in either one- or three-year timeframes.
Reserved instances are used for long-term, predictable workloads, allowing you to make full use of the cost savings to be had when using compute resources offered by EC2.
Spot instances allow you to bid for unused EC2 compute resources; however, your resource is not guaranteed for a fixed period of time. To use an EC2 spot instance, you must bid higher than the current spot price which is set by AWS. This spot price fluctuates depending on supply and demand of the unused resource. If your bid price for an instance type is higher than the spot price, then you'll purchase the instance; but as soon your bid price becomes lower than the fluctuating spot price, you will be issued a two-minute warning before the instance is automatically terminated and removed from your environment by AWS. The bonus of spot instances is that you can bid for large EC2 instances at a very low price point, saving a huge amount. But due to the nature of how the instances can suddenly be removed from your environment, spot instances are only useful for processing data and applications that can be suddenly interrupted, such as batch jobs and background processing of data.
One key point to make about pricing with EC2 instances is that you'll only pay for the instance when it is up and running, excluding reserved instances all upfront. You will not pay for the instance if you are stopped or terminated the instance.
3 ) Tenancy
Tenancy relates to what underlying host your EC2 instance will reside on as a virtual server within the AWS data center. Again, there are different options available to you, with pros and cons to each.
4 ) User Data
During the configuration of your EC2 instance, there is a section called user data, which allows you to enter commands that will run during the first boot cycle of that instance. This is a great way to automatically perform functions upon boot, such as to pull down any additional software you want installing from any software repositories you may have. You could also download and get the latest OS updates during boot. For example, you could enter yum update /y for a Linux server, which will then update its own software automatically at time of boot.
5 ) Storage Options
As a part of the configuration when setting up an EC2 instance, you are asked to select and configure your storage requirements. Selecting storage for your EC2 instance will depend on what you intend to use the instance for and how critical the data is. Storage for EC2 can be classified between two distinct categories:
Persistent storage is available by using elastic block storage, EBS volumes; and ephemeral storage is created by some EC2 instances themselves using local storage on the underlying host, known as instance backed storage.
EBS volumes are separate devices from the EC2 instance itself, and so it is not physically attached like ephemeral storage is attached. EBS volumes are akin to a SAN, and are considered network attached storage devices, which are then logically attached to the EC2 instance by the AWS network. This principle is not dissimilar to attaching an external hard disk to your home laptop or PC where the external hard disk would be your EBS volume and your PC is your EC2 instance.
The data on EBS volumes is automatically replicated to other EBS volumes within the same availability zone for resiliency, which is all managed by AWS. You can disconnect the EBS volume from your EC2 instance and the data will remain intact, allowing you to reattach it to another EC2 instance if required. You can also implement encryption on these volumes and, if required, take backup snapshots of all the data on the volume to the simple storage service, S3. EBS volumes can be created in different sizes, again with different performance capabilities depending on your requirements.
Ephemeral storage, or instance backed storage, is storage that is physically attached to the underlying host on which the EC2 instance resides on. This is similar to your own laptop or PCs hard disk. There is a difference here though. With AWS EC2 instances, as soon as the instance is stopped or terminated, all saved data on that disk is lost. If you reboot your instance, then that data will remain; but not if you stop it. Therefore, if you have any data that you need to retain, it is not recommended that you use instance backed storage for this data. Instead use EBS volumes for persistent data storage. Unlike EBS volumes, you are unable to detach instance store volumes from the instance.
6 ) Security
Security is fundamental with any deployment, and in creating an EC2 instance, you'll be tasked to select a security group for your instance.
A security group is essentially a firewall for your instance, allowing you to restrict what traffic, from both an ingress and egress perspective, is allowed to communicate with it. You can restrict this communication by source, destination, inbound and outbound rules, along with which ports and protocols can be used.
At the very end of your EC2 instance creation, you will need to select an existing key pair or create and download a new one. A key pair, as the name implies, is made up of two components: a public key and a private key. The function of the key pairs is to encrypt the login information for Linux and Windows EC2 instances and then decrypt the same information, allowing you to authenticate onto the instance.
The public key encrypts data such as the user name and password. For Windows instances, the private key is used to decrypt this data, allowing you to gain access to the login credentials, including the password. For Linux instances, the private key is used to remotely connect onto the instance via SSH. The public key is held and kept by AWS. The private key is your responsibility to keep and ensure that it is not lost.
When you create your EC2 instance, you are given the opportunity to download the key pair. Once you have done this, you must keep that file safe until you are ready to log on to the associated EC2 instance. It's worth noting that you can use the same key pair on multiple instances. Once you have authenticated onto the EC2 instance the first time, you can then set up your own local authentication methods, such as local Windows user accounts, allowing other users to connect and authenticate to it or even use Microsoft active directory.
It is your responsibility to maintain and install the latest OS patches and security fixes released by the OS vendor.
7 ) EC2 Status checks
From within the EC2 dashboard once you have launched your instance, you can view status checks. These status checks are used to check the health and status of your EC2 instance, and understanding what common faults could trigger these checks to fail can help you troubleshoot issues with your EC2 resources. There are two types of status checks:
Common issues that trigger system status checks to fail are loss of power, loss of network connectivity, and hardware and software issues on the underlying host. Basically, a system status check failure is out of your control as the fault lies with the components that AWS are responsible for. The best way to resolve this would be to stop the instance and restart. This is likely to cause the instance to launch on another physical host, resolving the issue. Do not reboot the instance, as this will cause the instance to continue running on the same physical server.
Instance status is something you need to fix. This check looks at the EC2 instance itself, rather than focusing on the underlying host. Common issues that trigger an instance check to fail, are incorrect network configurations, corrupt file systems, exhausted memory, or an incompatible kernel. These faults will require you to troubleshoot and resolve the issue.
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This image shows fine-grained material inside the Robotic Arm scoop as seen by the Robotic Arm Camera (RAC) aboard NASA's Phoenix Mars Lander on June 25, 2008, the 30th Martian day, or sol, of the mission.
The image shows fine, fluffy, red soil particles collected in a sample called 'Rosy Red.' The sample was dug from the trench named 'Snow White' in the area called 'Wonderland.' Some of the Rosy Red sample was delivered to Phoenix's Optical Microscope and Wet Chemistry Laboratory for analysis.
The RAC provides its own illumination, so the color seen in RAC images is color as seen on Earth, not color as it would appear on Mars.
The Phoenix Mission is led by the University of Arizona, Tucson, on behalf of NASA. Project management of the mission is by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif. Spacecraft development is by Lockheed Martin Space Systems, Denver.
Photojournal Note: As planned, the Phoenix lander, which landed May 25, 2008 23:53 UTC, ended communications in November 2008, about six months after landing, when its solar panels ceased operating in the dark Martian winter.
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Effect of the solvent type It has been suggested that
the reduction rate under irradiation can be modified by using the appropriate solvent. The reducing agents are the key parameters that can affect the speed of reduction and therefore the particle size and distribution. MM-102 The hydrated electrons (E0 = -2.9 VNHE), produced by water radiolysis, are stronger reducing agents than this website 2-propyl radicals. The existence of different reducing agents in the media varies the speed of reduction that makes a broad size distribution. Misra and his co-workers have synthesized the Au nanoparticles with narrow size distribution by gamma radiolysis method. They used acetone and 2-propyl alcohol in aqueous media as solvent. Acetone is known to scavenge aqueous electron
to give 2-propyl radical (E0 = -1.8 VNHE) by the following reaction: (15) The only reducing agent in the system is the 2-propyl radical . Reduction by this radical is slower than that by hydrated electron which is suitable for achieving narrower size distribution. It could be clearly observed from CH5424802 cell line Figure 5 that FWHM of absorption peak, which shows size distribution of the particles in a solution, decreases by adding acetone. Also, in the synthesis of Ag nanoparticles by gamma irradiation reported by Mukherjee et al. , it has been investigated that as the mole fraction of ethylene glycol in aqueous media increased, the amount of reduced particle increased. The results show the participation of organic radicals in the reduction of silver ions adsorbed over the surface of silver particles. Figure 5 Absorption spectra of aqueous Au nanoparticle solution. Absorption spectra obtained (a) with acetone and (b) without acetone for absorbed dose of 1.7 kGy . Effect of pH of the medium The optimized
pH corresponds to three issues namely, a compromise between the valence state and the charge of ionic precursor in relation with the electrostatic surface charge of the support, preventing reoxidation and minimizing the corrosion Etomidate of the metallic nanoparticles, and preventing the preparation of unpleasant precipitation. For example, LIU et al. have founded that Cu2+ ions in aqueous solution could be oxidized easily when the solution pH was lower than 9. Silver nano-clusters on SiO2 support have been synthesized in aqueous solution using gamma radiation by Ramnani and co-workers . They observed that, the surface plasmon resonance band, recorded after irradiation, shifts to the red side of the visible spectrum with enhanced broadness when pH was increased (Figure 6). In alkaline media, Ag clusters that formed on the surface of silica were not stable and probably underwent agglomeration. With increasing pH of the irradiated solution, the solubility of SiO2 increased and therefore affected stabilization of Ag clusters which resulted in their agglomeration.
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Adobe Illustrator Tutorial: Creating a Disco Ball Page 2
Creating the Rays of Light
In this part of Adobe Illustrator tutorial we will create the nice rays of light in order to emphasize the sparkling effect. Grab the Ellipse Tool (
L) from the Tool Panel and create a circle. Make sure to create a circle larger then our disco ball.
Now, grab the Line Tool (
/) from the Tool Panel and create a vertical line, as it’s shown in the picture below. For straight dragging don’t forget to hold the Shift key on the keyboard. Align the circle and the line using the Horizontal Align Center under the Align Panel.
Select just the line and under Object select Transform > Rotate. Set the Rotation Angle to any value you want. The goal is to create uneven parts of the circle which we’ll turn into the rays of light.
For the purposes of this tutorial we will enter
53 for the Rotation Angle. Hit the Copy button. It will create another line rotated at
53 degrees. Hitting the shortcut Shift + D on the keyboard we will repeat the step and create another. Keep doing this until you have created multiple ‘rays’.
You should end up with something like this.
Select all the lines and the circle and under the Pathfinder Panel hit the Divide button. It will divide the circle.
At this point we will change the background to black, in order to be able to see what are we doing better. We will apply a radial gradient (white – white (Opacity
0%) ) to our divided circle. Grab the Gradient Tool (
G) from the Tool Panel and make sure to drag the gradient from the center of the circle. You should end up with something like this.
Shift + Ctrl / Cmd + G) the circle. Select one of the elements and then select the Gradient Tool (
G) from the Tool Panel. The gradient slider will appear. Just grab it and move it a bit in order to offset the gradient.
Repeat this step for a few other parts of the circle. Until you end up with something like this.
Select a few parts of the circle and Group them (
Ctrl / Cmd + G). Rotate the group little bit.
You can also use different gradients for the light. Now place our disco ball on the top of the ray of light we have just created.
Grab the Pen Tool (
P) from the Tool Panel and draw the shape as is pictured below.
Apply a linear gradient.
This will be the ray of light that’s coming from the sparkling part of our disco ball. Create a few more rays.
And we are done!
There are many different color combinations that can be used to create a shiny disco ball. Feel free to experiment with colors and always make sure to blend them nicely, you might be surprised with the results. Light reflection is quite important in illustrations like this. It emphasizes the depth and gives us the impression of the shine and glow.
If you happen to have any questions feel free to post it in the comment section. Thank you for reading!
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There was a time when a cattle rancher in need of new shoes had to find a shoemaker who wanted a cow. This was the barter system which clearly impeded trade and specialization of labor (that cattle farmer may have given up and decided to make his own shoe).
To ease trade, mediums of exchange gradually became prevalent. Initially these were livestock, skins, weapons, then rare items such as seashells then to coins that contained precious metals. Currency had to store wealth to grease the wheels of trade.
Coins gave way to notes (easier to carry), then to electronically stored currencies (no need to carry). We could keep going to virtual currencies, like bitcoin, but that is not where we are going today.
The benefit of a medium of exchange, aka currency, is it can be exchanged for anything that is for sale. That is the amazing thing about money, and it unleashed much greater economic efficiencies. $10 can be spent on lunch, a beer or two, candy, gas, shoe repair, etc. This is where the value of fiat currencies comes from, everyone’s is in agreement as to what it can be exchanged for.
Even though $10 is $10 is $10, and you would not sell your $10 for less than $10 nor would a rational buyer pay more than $10, our minds do not treat every $10 the same. Our minds account for money and other assets differently, depending on how we earned it, in what form the money is and how we bucket it. Mental Accounting is a behavioral concept that attempts to explain how our minds value different things, money or asset, and how this impacts our behavior.
Why are individuals more willing to gamble $10 if it is given to them vs. if they worked to earn it? Why do we spend more if paying with a credit card compared to paying cash? $10 is still $10, yet we value and treat it differently. Money is fungible, as it can be used for anything and shouldn’t have labels. Yet, due to mental accounting we are more likely to label money, making it less fungible.
Mental Accounting When Investing
How we treat investment capital is also impacted by mental accounting. A popular scenario is when investors take the winning proceeds on a trade and invest more aggressively with it, treating the gains as free money compared to money earned and saved. In the investor’s mind, they are investing with ‘house money’, causing you to put less emphasis on your personal return objectives and risk aversion. Yet, what really matters is the whole portfolio, not the profit or loss on an individual trade or bucket of money.
Mental Accounting & Company Spin-offs
Behavioral finance is a growing discipline, with more research published regularly as it gradually enters the mainstream of the investment world. As managers of Canada’s first behavioral finance-based fund, we leverage much of this research to find what we believe are instances in the market when behavioral biases cause investors to make mistakes and assets to be mispriced. For an active manager, a mispriced asset is an opportunity to profit. One of the strategies in the fund targets mental accounting during company spin-offs.
Occasionally, companies will spin-off a division or business line. The motivation varies from sometimes being required by regulators for competitive reasons or because the company wants to become more a pure play in their core industry. Spinning off a division that is not core is often rewarded in the market place. These spin-offs are often done by distributing shares in the spun-off companies to existing shareholders of the parent.
Mental account arises when an investor or portfolio manager who owns the parent company receives shares of the spin-off. Depending on the size of the spin-off relative to the parent, this distribution can often be viewed as free since you never explicitly paid for it.
Our research found the way investors treat this spin-off was a function of the size of the spin-off relative to the parent company. Notably when the size of the spin- off position is materially smaller than the parent, it creates a perplexing problem for the investor. Suppose you own the parent company and its weight in your portfolio is 2%. They spin-off a division into your portfolio and it only has a weight of 0.3%. You now have a few choices. Keep in mind holding a 0.3% position will likely not have any material impact on your portfolio and you likely didn’t originally research much into this division given its size within the parent. You could complete due diligence on the spin-off and decide to build a larger meaningful position. Or, since you never really paid anything for it, just sell and move on. It seems many investors pick the latter path, which is also the easier one.
We analyzed spin-offs over the past seven years in the U.S. market and found if the spin-off was small relative to the parent, an interesting pattern emerged. Once the spin-off is complete, the shares typically see strong selling pressure on high volume. We assume this is due to investors simply blowing out their small position. After a number of days, this selling pressure and volumes often stabilizes, allowing the share price to recover. This creates an opportunity to buy during the weakness and wait for the shares to normalize.
This is a simplified description of our Neglect trading strategy that targets mental accounting. In reality, we incorporate several additional factors that we believe help improve the strategy’s risk/return characteristics. But at its core is this often- recurring pattern for spin-offs, weakness at first and then recovery. Equal, smaller and much smaller are the buckets for spin- offs as a function of the size of the spin-offs relative to the parent. This analysis covers the S&P 1500 over the past eight years.
We strongly believe behavioral biases can impact many investors during certain market situations, and this can create great investment opportunities.
Charts are sourced to Bloomberg unless otherwise noted.
Any opinions expressed herein are solely those of the authors, and do not in any way represent the views or opinions of any other person or entity.
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Possible Harmful Sunscreen Effects
Some sunscreen ingredients may cause:
- Dryness of the skin
- Irritant or allergic dermatitis
- Skin ageing
- Other symptoms (after inhalation or ingestion of a sunscreen)
Ingredients That Dry Up the Skin
Sunscreen ingredients that dry up the skin:
- Alcohol, Isopropyl (SD40) dries up the skin, promotes brown spots and premature skin aging (1).
Ingredients Causing Irritant or Allergic Dermatitis
Substances that may irritate the skin and mucosa or cause allergic reactions (eczema) (1):
- Parabens are used as preservatives. They may cause skin rashes, redness, and pain, or, after inhalation, irritation of the eyes and the mucosa of the nose and throat.
- Methylisothiazolinone and methylchloroisothiazolinone
- Bronopol (2-bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol)
- Propylene/butylene glycol is derived from petroleum. It is used to extract substances from herbs.
- Quaternium-7, -15, -31, -60, etc
- Stearalkonium chloride
Ingredients Causing Photosensitivity
Some sunscreen ingredients, after exposure to the sun, may yield substances that may cause photosensitivity – a strong skin reaction, resembling sunburn (4):
- PABA (para-aminobenzoic acid, rarely found in sunscreens today)
- Fragrances: musk, 6-methylcoumarin
Ingredients Causing Acne
The following substances may cause acne:
- Mineral oil and other petroleum derivatives, like liquidum paraffinum (posh mineral oil), paraffin oil, paraffin wax, and petrolatum, clog pores, thus promoting acne (1).
Ingredients Causing Skin Ageing
Skin ageing is mainly caused by UVA rays. Prolonged, repeated exposure to the sun, when using any sunscreen product without sufficient UVA filtering, may result in skin ageing. The following sunscreen ingredients may also cause skin ageing (1):
- Mineral oil and related products
Ingredients Causing Cancer
The following substances were found to cause cancer (1):
- TEA, DEA, MEA (tri-, di- and mono- ethaloamines) can cause liver and kidney cancer. They are also corrosive to the eyes, and cause allergic reactions.
- Formaldehyde is carcinogenic. It is strongly irritant to the eyes and throat and causes irritant and allergic dermatitis.
- Diazolidinyl and imidazolidinyl urea (Germall 115) may release formaldehid, so it is irritant and carcinogenic.
- Most of FD&C color pigments are carcinogenic (according to animal studies). They also contain heavy metals that may cause skin sensitivity.
- The following nitrosating agents were proven to cause cancer in laboratory animals:
- Cocoyl sarcosine
- Hydrolysed animal protein
- Lauryl sarcosine
- Quaternium-7, 15, 31, 60, etc
- Sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), ammonium lauryl sulfate (ALS), sodium laureth sulfate (SLES), ammonium laureth sulfate (ALES)
- Sodium methyl cocoyl taurate
- Lanolin is obtained from the wool, so it is often contaminated with chemicals used on sheep (pesticides).
- Mineral oil can be contaminated with PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) that cause cancer.
- Talc, routinely used in genital area, increases the risk of ovarian cancer.
Ingredients Causing Other Symptoms
Symptoms of a damage of internal organs may be caused by (1):
- Fragrances (substances that give the smell to the cosmetic product). Their exact composition is usually not revealed on labels, but one or more of several thousands substances may be included. They may cause headache, dizziness, allergic rashes, skin discoloration, violent coughing and vomiting, depression, hyperactivity and irritability.
- Propylene/butylene glycol is derived from petroleum and is used to extract substances from herbs. It is highly toxic and may cause eye, nose and throat irritation (after inhalation), neurological and blood disorders and pulmonary edema.
Nanoparticles in Sunscreens
Nanoparticles are particles 1-100 nanometers in size (1 nanometer is one millionth of millimeter). They usually represent particles of zinc oxide and titanium dioxide that were broken down to prevent opacity and thickness of sunscreen. According to Environmental Working Group, nanoparticles do not represent damage to the human body if used on intact skin (2). Australian Therapeutic Goods Administration claims the same (3).
Cosmetic Ingredients, Prohibited or Restricted by FDA
USA Federal Drug Administration (FDA) prohibits or restricts use of the following ingredients in cosmetics (they rarely appear in sunscreens, though):
- Prohibited ingredients:
- Bithionol – may cause photosensitization.
- Chlorofluorocarbon propellants.
- Chloroform – was determined as cancerogenous in animal tests. Residual amounts from its use as a processing solvent are allowed.
- Halogenated salicylanilides (di-, tri-, metabromsalan and tetrachlorosalicylanilide) – may cause photosensitization.
- Methylene chloride – determined as carcinogenic in animal tests.
- Vinyl chloride – prohibited in aerosol products, bacause it is carcinogenic.
- Zirconium-containing complexes- prohibited in aerosol products because of their lung toxicity (granuloma formation).
- Some cattle materials are prohibited to protect against bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE, ‘mad cow disease’). Allowed cattle materials are tallow, hides, milk and their derivates [21 CFR 700.27, as amended].
- Restricted ingredients:
- Hexachlorophene (HCP) may penetrate the skin, so its concentration in the product may not exceed 0.1 percent and may not be used in lipsticks.
- Mercury compounds may be absorbed through the skin and cause allergic reactions or chronic neurological symptoms. Their concentration may not exceed 65 parts per million in eye area cosmetics or 1 part per million in other cosmetics.
- If a sunscreens is used in cosmetics only “to protect the product color”, this has to be clearly denoted on the product label, otherwise a product labeled as “contains sunscreen” may be considered as a drug by FDA regulation.
Find a Safe Sunscreen
There is probably no sunscreen that is 100% safe, or 100% effective. Terms as “organic” or “natural” sunscreen are often misleading, and there is no complete list of harmful sunscreen ingredients, so checking an independent ranking of sunscreen products may help you to chose appropriate one.
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Flower planting patterns cover the gamut of wonderful design ideas created by gardeners every day. Each planting arrangement reflects the preferences of the gardener as well as the needs of the home landscape. Flower garden bed design should complement the exterior of the home, accenting the best qualities of the structure. Different flower planting arrangements include balanced, asymmetrical, formal and informal designs.
Balanced gardens feature a mirror image arrangement to the plants. What the gardener does to one side, he also does to the other. Balanced plant arrangements usually have a focal point such as a shrub or tree that serves as an anchor for the garden. Building out from that focus involved planting exactly the same plant on each side to create the impression of unity and cohesion. Balanced gardens work well when framing certain home exterior features such as porches or long symmetrical decks.
Curved garden shapes require a more flexible approach to adding plants and shrubs. This type of planting arrangement appears very informal with plants placed randomly to fill the space. In truth, gardeners choose plants carefully to fill the asymmetrical shape of the garden. Gardeners often choose a particular focal plant or flower to repeat throughout the garden. This type of flower planting arrangement features staggered plantings with overall unity defined by repeating plants and colors.
Standard gardening practice dictates a few rules. Traditional gardening involves placing the tallest plants at the back and working forward to smaller plants at the border. Circular gardens require a center focal point and plants ranging downward in size to the outer edge of the circle. These two premises define traditional garden styles. Traditional gardens can have a great mixture of shrubs, perennial and flowers planted from tallest to smallest so the view includes every bloom in the garden.
Informal gardens try to imitate nature with random plant groupings and plants placed in clumps. Groups of three to four flowers provide visual impact as opposed to a single plant standing alone. Informal planting arrangements reflect the whim of the designer and the ability to choose flower placement based on personal preference rather than landscape design principles. They entail planting taller plants at the back and working forward to lower, border plants. Informal gardens also focus on making the many viewing angles of a garden interesting and colorful.
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Libya Alarms World in Footage of African Migrants Being Auctioned Off
The fight to end slavery worldwide has a long way to go. Recent footage released in November by CNN has shown black people being auctioned off as slaves in Libya. Reports reveal that these people being abused were migrants seeking to escape to Europe through the North African country - from countries south of the Sahara such as Nigeria, Senegal, and the Gambia. The footage has sent shockwaves around with the globe, with the United Nations Security Council issuing a condemnation and calling the event “heinous abuses of human rights.”
Recent images detail the horrific conditions African migrants face. The video followed an investigation by CNN showing that refugees and migrants in Libya are being sold for just $400, with evaluative comments made about the individuals’ physical abilities. Slave traders in Libya have taken advantage of the migrants seeking refuge in Europe, trapping them in the slave market once unable to present a smuggling payment required to reach Europe. Reports have also indicated that slaves were completely abandoned with no care once deemed “unfit” for forced labor.
The international community has commented strongly in response. All countries that mentioned the recent events expressed their intolerance of such abuse, and called for an immediate stop to it, however minimal concrete action has been taken. French President Emmanuel Macron vowed to fight slave trade networks in Libya, Nigerian President Muhammadu Buhari expressed dismay that his nationals were abused, and the United States ambassador to the U.N. Nikki Haley described the event as “shock[ing] the conscience of us all.”
Going back 90 years before today, a major international consensus was established on the need to safeguard humans from trafficking. In 1926, before even the United Nations was formed, the predecessor world organization the League of Nations passed an international treaty to eliminate slavery worldwide. The agreement is referred to as the Convention to Suppress the Slave Trade and Slavery. Further documents calling on the prevention of slavery have also been internationally-recognized, such as the Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery, passed in 1956, and a number of U.N. resolutions.
Meanwhile, longstanding measures are needed to be put into place as a preventative action against such abuses. Countries must ease the migration process for those seeking to escape unbearable conditions in their home countries, which is the fundamental reason these African migrants became trapped in the slave trade in the first place. According to a report published by the Foundation for Economic Education, restrictive immigration policies end up hurting individuals living under impoverished circumstances and increase their vulnerability to social consequences, most severely slavery and sex trafficking. Right where I am, the U.S. is in critical need of reconsidering its refugee and migrant intake policy. The country significantly lowered its monthly average of handling refugee cases to less than one hundred cases in the first six months of the Trump administration, as compared to an average of 2,400 per month during Obama’s term - a rate which even then Human Rights First described as “much too low” relative to the global need for refugee resettlement.
Estimates published by the International Organization for Migration (IOM) speak alarmingly. They show that in 2015 1,011,700 people tried to cross to Europe by sea, with as many as 3,700 dying en route. The numbers can increase or decrease each year. For example, the ratio was dramatically different in 2016 with 358,403 arriving in Europe and 4,913 dying along the way, thus indicating the unsteadiness in the migration routes.
The racial identities of the migrants is also an important for all citizens of the world to consider. As countries in the western hemisphere are continuously enacting of white-centric policies and systems of practice, black individuals including those in Africa remain under the burden of worldwide racism, which is partly to blame for the recent events in Libya. In Poland last month, a massive demonstration with up to 60,000 neo-nazis calling for an “all-white Europe.” There are explicit linkages between the racist sentiments the world observes, the global migration crisis, and the slave trade happening right now in Libya that is being “condemned” but not stopped.
Going back to Ambassador Haley’s comments regarding the slave trafficking situation: indeed, the images from Libya were shocking. However, while the situation there is horrendous, world powers such as the United States that are expressing outrage must understand that their policies impact the situation. Their restrictive migration policies are partly to blame for this situation, more or less for forcing vulnerable humans to go through dangerous smuggling channels. The recent news has visually demonstrated the need for action now more than ever, and words by themselves will not prevent black bodies from being sold on the market. Last September, the U.N. General Assembly passed Resolution A/RES/71/1, or the New York Declaration for Refugees and Migrants, which calls on the international community to rescue, receive, and host refugees and migrants seeking better life opportunities. If properly enforced by the signatory countries, such measures will ensure that individuals experiencing vulnerable conditions in their home countries get treated with respect and dignity. However, it is up to us as citizens of the world to ensure that our countries live up to the collective promise to migrants. On the occasion of International Migrants Day, we must remember those beyond our sight and take action to support them.
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About Astaxanthin NZ
Astaxanthin is a reddish-pink pigment created by microalgae that give many sea creatures such as krill, salmon and crayfish their red colour. When certain algae are stressed by a change in their environments such as a change in temperature or a change in UV light, they release Astaxanthin to defend themselves. When released, the Astaxanthin surrounds the algae and protects it, giving it the ability to survive through tough conditions. It is these protective properties that have sparked so many new studies with new human health applications constantly being discovered.
Biosphere provides a cost effective and easy way to get ideal amounts of Astaxanthin each day.
Of the 700 carotenoids discovered in nature so far, Astaxanthin has proven to be one of the most powerful. The potential in human health is growing as we learn more about how antioxidants play a role in our well-being.
You can read a more extensive article about the evidenced-based benefits of Astaxanthin here.
AS A FREE RADICAL SCAVENGER, ASTAXANTHIN IS:
65 times more powerful than Vitamin C
54 times stronger than Beta-Carotene
14 times greater than Vitamin E
Where is Astaxanthin found in nature?
Astaxathin is found in a wide range of natural organisms. It is predominantly found in marine life and traced back to a specific green algae called Haematococcus pluvialis. When eaten or stressed, this algae turns red, producing astaxanthin to try and protect itself. This algae is consumed by different types of marine life such as salmon, krill, lobsters and flamingos making them pink but also another source of Astaxanthin.
|Source||ASTAXANTHIN CONCENTRATION (PPM)|
|Haematococcus pluvialis Algae||40,000|
Astaxanthin however is not limited to only marine life, as there is a type of yeast called Phaffia that also produces Astaxanthin but at lower levels to the algae.
As haematoccus pluvialis is at the bottom of this marine life food chain and the source of the Astaxanthin, it has by far the highest concentrations, making it great for sourcing high doses of Astaxanthin.
How Astaxanthin is produced around the world
With the growing popularity of Astaxanthin, new growing facilities are popping up all around the world to match consumer demand. In countries with plenty of sunlight outdoor growing is generally preferred as the sun is used to stress the algae into producing Astaxanthin. Alternatively indoor facilities uses long tubes and utilise lights to stress the algae.
What the medical studies are saying
There are now over 300 human studies on astaxanthin and its potential applications in human health. As a relatively new supplement on the market, astaxanthin is becoming more and more popular with new studies constantly being published.
Q: What are the dangers and side effects of Astaxanthin?
Astaxanthin is a natural extract from algae. It has no known dangers from human consumption but may interact with some medication. In some rare cares huge doses over 50mg per day, may cause a temporary yellowish discoloration of the skin. You can check out our side effects page here.
Q: What is Astaxanthin used for?
Astaxanthin is a powerful antioxidant so it uses extend through reducing inflammation in the body. Most commonly people use astaxanthin for ailments directly related to excess inflammation such as joints, eyes, skin, gut and brain.
Q: How much Astaxanthin should I take?
A standard health maintenance dose of astaxanthin is 6mg per day.
Doses increase up to 18mg per day depending on the ailment and level of inflammation.
Read more on our Astaxanthin Dosage page.
Q: Can Astaxanthin help my skin?
Yes, astaxanthin has been shown to protect one’s skin from the sun’s aging effects and improve skin elasticity for a more youthful appearance. A study out of Japan concluded that long-term astaxanthin supplementation may inhibit age-related skin deterioration and maintain skin conditions associated with environmentally induced damage via its anti-inflammatory effect.
Q: When is the best time to take Astaxanthin?
It is best to take astaxanthin with a meal, especially with one containing some fats. It binds to fat to be absorbed into the gut so for optimal absorption, take your astaxanthin with a fatty meal.
Q: What is the best astaxanthin supplement?
Most Astaxanthin supplements on the market are naturally derived from haematococcus pluvialis algae, this is a must. Avoid synthetic astaxanthin.
Make sure the astaxanthin has some kind of oil base to enhance absorption like olive oil or coconut oil.
To read more about what to look for in an Astaxanthin supplement, check out our Astaxanthin buying guide.
Q: Is Astaxanthin safe during pregnancy
Astaxanthin is generally regarded as safe however maximum safe doses in pregnant or nursing women and young children, have not been determined so should be avoided out of caution.
Q: Is Astaxanthin vegan?
Yes Astaxanthin is vegan, but the softgels most astaxanthin comes in are made from gelatin and are not vegan.
Q: Is Astaxanthin good for my eyes?
Studies have shown a positive correlation between Astaxanthin and eye health. There have been a wide range of eye benefits by supplementing astaxanthin such as supporting dry eyes, protection against UV damage, blood vessel growth retinal protection and more.
You can read more about astaxanthin for eyes on our evidence-based benefits page.
Q: Can Astaxanthin help manage my diabetes?
Yes it could. There is now a growing body of evidence to support Astaxanthin’s role in diabetes management. It has been shown to help improve glucose metabolism and actually reduce visceral body fat. Astaxanthin can also help support with the diabetic related inflammation that can go on to cause other health issues.
You can read more about Astaxanthins role with diabetes here.
We’ve created an astaxanthin supplement containing 6mg of astaxanthin per softgel. To learn more about our astaxanthin, check out the product page here.
To check out the reviews for our Biosphere Astaxanthin and to find out what people are saying about Astaxanthin, visit the product page here.
Not all Astaxanthin has equal health benefits. The natural Astaxanthin we sell is extracted from algae in a clean, controlled environment, resulting in a high potency product. Synthetic Astaxanthin is primarly used as a food additive for farmed salmon to artificially turn them their natural pink colour. This synthetic version of astaxanthin is derived from petrochemicals, is highly toxic and should be avoided.
As a natural product from algae, Astaxanthin has no known harmful side effects. In extremely high doses one may experience a slight orange tinge in the skin, similar to the effect of eating a large amount of carrots in a short period of time. Astaxanthin may cause ones feces to turn a reddish hue with high dosages around 50mg per day.
You can read more about the side effects here.
The amount of Astaxanthin you should be taking will vary depending on your current health and what results you are looking to get out of it. Take at least 6mg a day for general health and an antioxidant boost and look to increase your dosage towards 12mg each day to notice significant benefits and treat ailments. Make sure you take your Astaxanthin with food, ideally alongside some healthy fats to assist with absorption.
You can read more about the right Astaxanthin dose here.
Ron Goedeke MD, BSc Hons MBChB, FNZCAM
Dr Ron Goedeke, specialises in alternative and functional medicine. He is a foundation member of the New Zealand college of Appearance medicine and has been a member of the American Academy of Anti-aging medicine since 1999. With over 20 years of experience in the anti-aging field, Dr Ron Goedeke is recognized as one of New Zealand’s leaders in this new and growing field of medicine.
Disclaimer: The information provided is for educational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. Always seek the advice of your physician or qualified healthcare provider with any questions or concerns about your health. Never disregard or delay seeking medical advice because of something you have heard or read on this website.
Last updated on the 1st of February 2019
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Fifth Grade Science
The last grade level before middle school usually require students to have an entry for the science fair, if the school has one. Creating a science fair project can really encourage children to take science seriously, and it's often a very educational experience. Parents may scramble for ideas for science projects, but they need not look to far. What your child studies in fifth grade science is full of ideas for science projects, and having a project relevant to what was learned in the school year usually scores extra points!
In fifth grade life science, students discuss the differences between single cell and multicellular organisms, as well as the similarities among living things. The subjects of photosynthesis, transpiration, and metamorphosis are discussed with more detail, but more importantly, the issue of the human impact on the environment is also discussed in detail. Students discuss the depletion of the ozone layer, global warming, pollution, acid rain, the greenhouse effect, and other problems caused by climate change. Good ideas for science projects can be a project that either demonstrates the destructive nature of any of these issues, or a project that finds an everyday home solution for these problems.
Earth sciences for the fifth grade discusses fossils, and the layers of the earth. Instead of just knowing the names of the layers, it is discussed how plates move, and how this leads to earthquakes. Finally earth sciences deals with the solar system in greater detail, taking into consideration its scale, and other facts about other planets.
The realm of physical sciences in the fifth grade introduces the forces of gravity, centripetal, and centrifugal. Compound machines are also discussed. There are many good ideas for science projects you can create by combining the forces and compound machines. In the projects section, your child will learn how to build their own roller coaster.
Physical science also discusses energy and electricity, detailing the ideas behind the methods of heat transfer - conduction, convection and radiation - as well as of conductors and circuits. Under the projects section, you will find a project that helps your child create their own solar oven. Lenses and light refraction are also discussed in the fifth grade, and you may find ideas for science projects while studying this topic!
The ideas for science projects in the fifth grade will definitely be more complicated than any other of the elementary grades, but it's a good way to prepare your child for middle school projects and the middle school work load.
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Chocolate is a favorite food for many people, mainly because of its benefits. A study revealed, eating chocolate on a regular basis can help support brain function. That’s because cocoa is rich in neuroprotective compounds.
Cocoa beans contain many antioxidant compounds called cocoa flavanols. In a study conducted by Italian researchers, eating cocoa rich in flavanols could improve short-term memory and cognitive function. Flavanols from cocoa beans may have a cognitive enhancement effect and keep brain performance especially cognitive demanding conditions including fatigue and lack of sleep.
The researchers conducted a meta-analysis on cocoa beans and found that flavanols bring benefits to the blood circulation in the brain and increase the speed of the visual image process. It shows that cocoa flavanols have the potential to protect cognitive function in people who are susceptible to cognitive impairment.
Eating chocolate in the long-term proven to improve brain performance in adults and even those who are older. For the elderly, chocolate may affect attention, eloquence, and verbal memory especially in those with cognitive impairment.
Meanwhile, research from Harvard Medical School said that cocoa flavanols could improve blood flow to the heart, prevent blood clotting, fight cell damage, and improve cognitive function in those with less sleep. The flavanol content is more common in dark chocolate.
However, experts still warn about the side effects of overeating chocolate. Sugar and milk remain high in chocolate so it can cause the body to get high calories. It does not include the nutritive properties that exist in the cocoa beans for the brain.
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The word ‘Jihad’ has commonly been mistranslated as ‘war against unbelievers’ or equated to ‘terrorism’. The Arabic word ‘Jihad’ literally means ‘struggle’ or ‘strive to’ – that is, to exert oneself one way or another. It also pertains to doing good, and to fight evil, physically and mentally. Jihad can also apply when speaking a good word, or removing an obstacle on the road so that people do not get hurt. These are various meanings to the word ‘Jihad’. Let’s turn to the Qur’an and see what it says on the word,
So do not obey the disbelievers, and strive against them with the Qur’an a great striving. [Quran 25:52]
So,the act of preaching and Islamic propagation using the Qur’an is Jihad.Hence, it is understood that the word JIHAD means strive and struggle.
Now in this post of mine I will discuss only Physical Jihad. Jihad as is mandated in the Qur’an is used to maintain or restore order, peace and security or to remove oppression and injustice.Muslims are allowed to fight for the sake of God, but when are they allowed to do so, can they simply go out and fight for no reason? The answer is no, and the rules are found within the Qur’an. The Qur’an explicitly tells us when we are allowed to fight.Those are as follows:
“Fight in the way of Allah those who fight you but do not transgress. Indeed. Allah does not like transgressors.” [2:190]
So here we have a clear stipulation as to when Muslims can fight, and it is when the Muslim himself is attacked, thereby he has a right to defend himself and fight back. Surely one cannot attack such a principal? In what part of that verse do we see any teaching that is vile, evil, or wrongfully violent? It is clearly a teaching of self defence, to fight back against an oppressor, who has attacked you.
Next Quran tells us,
“And what is [the matter] with you that you fight not in the cause of Allah and [for] the oppressed among men, women, and children who say, “Our Lord, take us out of this city of oppressive people and appoint for us from Yourself a protector and appoint for us from Yourself a helper?” [4:75]
Indeed, why should you not fight for the oppressed people who are crying for help and justice?Such a war would be not for violence but for the mercy for the weak people. Islam, which is against cruelty, advice believers to serve as a protector and mercy showing people for people under oppression. And in case of peace; Allah orders believers to be just and good. The aim here is to keep peace continuity against war.
The mission of the Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) was to free people from tyranny and exploitation by oppressive systems. Once free, individuals in the society were then free to chose Islam or not. Prophet Muhammad’s (pbuh) successors continued in his footsteps and went to help oppressed people. For example, after the repeated call by the oppressed people of Spain to the Muslims for help, Spain was liberated by Muslim forces and the tyrant rulers removed. After the conquest of Syria and Iraq by the Muslims, the Christian population of Hims reportedly said to the Muslims:
“We like your rule and justice far better than the state of oppression and tyranny under which we have been living.” [Hitti, Philip K., HISTORY OF THE ARABS, St. Martin’s Press, New York, 1970, p. 153]
The defeated rulers of Syria were Roman Christians, and Iraq was ruled by Zoarastrian Persians.
Next, Quran tells us,
“Would you not fight a people who broke their oaths and determined to expel the Messenger, and they had begun [the attack upon] you the first time? Do you fear them? But Allah has more right that you should fear Him, if you are [truly] believers. Fight them; Allah will punish them by your hands and will disgrace them and give you victory over them and satisfy the breasts of a believing people. And remove the fury in the believers’ hearts. And Allah turns in forgiveness to whom He wills; and Allah is Knowing and Wise.” [Quran 9:13-15]
So, this verse is about Repelling the aggression of those who attack the Muslims.
Next, Quran tells us,
“Fight those who do not believe in Allah or in the Last Day and who do not consider unlawful what Allah and His Messenger have made unlawful and who do not adopt the religion of truth from those who were given the Scripture – [fight] until they give the jizyah willingly while they are humbled.”[ Quran 9:29]
Next Quran tells us,
“Permission [to fight] has been given to those who are being fought, because they were wronged. And indeed, Allah is competent to give them victory. [They are] those who have been evicted from their homes without right – only because they say, ‘Our Lord is Allah’…..” [Quran 22:39-40]
The Qur’an permits fighting to defend the religion of Islam and the Muslims. This permission includes fighting in self-defense and for the protection of family and property.Once again we see a clear stipulation of when physical Jihad can be done, which is when a person attacks you, oppresses you, and kicks you out of your home on account of your religion. If such an act is done against a Muslim, and the Muslim has the power to fight back, then the Muslim has every right to do so. Surely there is no evil and wrong in that, if a person comes and declares war on you, and fights you, all on account of your religious faith, then surely you have a right to fight back and defend yourself. This is common sense, common logic, and how reality works; this is what we call justice.
Finally, Quran tells us,
“Allah does not forbid you from those who do not fight you because of religion and do not expel you from your homes – from being righteous toward them and acting justly toward them. Indeed, Allah loves those who act justly.” [Quran 60:8]
In this verse we are told we should only fight those who fight us because we are MUSLIMS and for that they expel us from our homes. But those who are peaceful and didn’t persecute us, we should do no harm to them.
So with all of this we have seen when physical Jihad can be done.
Further Reading :
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A good research topic addresses a specific question or problem in a meaningful way. Good research topics answer questions, such as who, what, when, where, why and how, about the subject.
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Hartness Library and Midway College provide a comprehensive list of research paper topics and ideas to help college students formulate a thesis and write a paper. A research paper is a well-formulated essay that includes a thesis statement supported with facts from a variety of sources. Sometimes, t
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The Key Functions of Human Resource Management
Recruitment and Selection:- a part that an employee being hired or repositioned in a company. Recruitment can be defined as recognizing a position in an organization to employee someone in order fulfill the needs of it.
Selection is the step by step procedure to choose the right candidate that is suitable enough to fill the required position.
When doing these an organization should take care of some key questions in order to carry on with procedures.
What do we want from the position?
How can we attract the right candidate?
How can we identify the right candidate?
How can we know we got it right?
Who all should be involved in the process?
Redundancy: - an employee is given proper security when the company needs fewer amounts of resources or retirements. This is usually occurring when an organization does not require the position or the organization itself is going to shutdown.
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Industrial and employee relations:-this is a major clause of organization status to be maintained in the industry. From the research done on this, it is widely accepted that if the employee has commitment on the organization due to attitude of organization towards its employees through considerable payment or over payment to motivate them. This is industrially called in several ways like the psychological contracts or by the loyalty of the employee to the organization. The interaction between the individuals is a major part in organizational performance and productivity.
Record keeping of personal data:-keeping details of each and every employee including their work history and present status. This helps the organization to decide and allot the employee to categorize to a specific segment for the ultimate utilization of the workforce. Proper allotment of the people with their skills and knowledge on an area gives excellent outcome in the overall performance.
Employee benefits and compensation:-the organization offers to the employee on situations. This is the security an organization gives to the employee for them to retain. Employees will be more confident to work with security of their job and other benefits that are available for them. This is sometimes goes competitive in order to retain talented and experienced employees to avoid them going to another companies.
Confidential advice to 'internal customers' about problems at work: - this allow the employee to have a communication with the organization in order to deal with the problems they are facing in the work place. The organization also enquire the welfares of the employees so that they should feel themselves that they are also on the eyes of the organization on considerations. Negligence is the most negative part of human dissatisfaction.
Carrier development of employees:- individual development of employee develops and organization. The organizations must be always prepared with the rapid change of the environment. So they always allow employees to attain as much knowledge as they can in order to develop the company performance and standards. This improves individual performance that is the backbone of the organizational overall performance. Organizations always conduct seminars and tests in order to maintain their position in the market.
Competency monitoring (mapping):- work efficiency rating of employees. Organizations always monitor the efficiency of the employees in order to understand the outcome of their productivity. This helps the organization to understand on which all segments they should improve in order to maintain its stability.
Time and motion study:- time and minimal motion gives more efficient and more productive organization. This technique is implemented in many of the organization for better productivity of organization. Time and motion study is how a work is to be done on a given period of time with reduced effective motion of work for attaining high efficiency outputs.
Performance appraisal: - this deals with the contribution of the employee to the organization. This is the process of obtaining, analyzing and recording of information of the employee in order to understand the contribution of each employee in an organization.
Trends and Influences of Human Resource Management
A business operation is mainly focused on the following major influences.
Demographics: - it can be defined as the characteristics of structure and size of population
e.g.: - age, work class.
Diversity: - it can be defined as the difference between the people in population
e.g.: - race, gender, sexual orientation. Disability, geographic origin
Skills and qualifications: - These are not only about knowledge of an individual, but also the ability of the individual in the organization as an employee.
e.g.: - .rewards, community investments.
Individual responses:- the employee attitudes of different geographical locations.
e.g.: - geographical spread, occupational structure, generational difference.
Framework:-creating a framework for human capital.
Structure: - this enhances individual developments and acquiring targets. Can be incorporate with human resource strategies.
Training: -this develops high level of work of individuals. Training gives more precise to the working environment and the employees get better knowledge and working attitudes with the environment they are coping with.
Strategic human resource management model
This essay is an example of a student's work
From the above Human Resource model we understand that an environmental analysis should be initiated. Then the company has to take care of the mission and goals. This is depended by analyzing the strengths and culture of the organization. Then analyse the strategies adopted by the organization. Choose a number of Human Resource strategies like planning, attracting, placing, developing, evaluating, motivating, rewarding and maintaining human resources. This is done using Human Resource tactical plans and Human Resource systems and procedures.
Harvard map of Human Resource Management
Harvard map (Beer's map) outlines four areas of Human Resource Management
Human resource flows: - recruitment, selection, termination, promotion.
Reward system:- pay, motivation, promotion, recognition
Employee influence:- influence of responsibility, power, authority
Work system: - the way in which people is arranged and defined to work in an organization.
The above walk towards the four C's of Human Resource policies which are
Commitment:- an employee must deliver at its best for the organization
Congruence: - how suitable the employee is for the organization
Competence: - how competent the employee to attain target for achieving organizational goals
Cost effectiveness: - is it economically feasible for the organization to maintain the employee and position.
Key elements of Human Resource
The crucial elements of Human Resource are
Resource plan:- this contains all the Human Resource resources involved in a company. It contains which all human resources used in what all ways and how it is implemented.
Resource breakdown structure:- this is how the Human Resource differentiate according to their function. This gives a detail about how the human resource work on each segment and on each levels like corporate, operational and functional levels.
Responsibility assignment matrix:-here the Human Resource is assigned specific tasks to get responsibility in each branch of function. In this each function has its own responsibility, what all things to do for each individuals and how should it be done
Resource over allocation: - this is the over allocation of Human Resource in order to do more work than in normal time. This is very expensive and needs over times. This is not a usual function. It is done when the company has limited resources and has to utilize well on critical stages in order to maintain and achieve its target on demand. Many organization use this in different ways according to the mode of function and facilities that provide to the employee and also the functional structure of the organization.
Resource histogram: - this is the graphical representation of over allocated resources and makes it easy for the managers to allocate resources. This diagram gives a detail of which all resources is allocated and on what tasks and make the managers to decide the allocation frequency and requirement of each tasks in order to reallocate or schedule the resources.
Resource dependency:-if a task is dependent a particular resource. In some instances resources are purely dependent to each other. If one of the resource is allocated the whole function will end up.
Resource leveling: - this is the redistribution of Human Resource to avoid imbalance. This is done for improving the distribution of Human Resources to necessary tasks in order to maintain the equilibrium of the functions. This is by identifying the unnecessary over allocations to the task which has highly scarce of human resources.
Critics on human resource management
Critics argue that Human Resource Management does not have theoretical framework. Even with this the efficiency of Human Resource Management still has a very important role in organization development.
Human Resource Planning can be defined as the organizational strategies developed in order to match the size and skills of the workforce for the organizational needs. Human Resource Planning assists the organization to recruit, retain and optimize needs for meeting the business objectives and response to its environmental change. This may include man power forecasting and ensuring that the supply meets the demand. This requires training and retraining strategies.
Human Resource Planning-contemporary approach
This can be defined as the one which belongs to the world of ideas rather than action which has the potential to unsettle and can disrupt established thinking and hence practice.
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e.g.:- ideas of our own that are not yet fulfilled.
This is mainly based upon two ways of sources
Post-modernism:-it highlights the significance of discourse which in turn explained as a set of images, representations, meanings, metaphors, stories etc that can create a series of events.
New science:-it derives from the new developments in natural sciences that challenges some of the key assumptions
Human Resource Planning-traditional approach
The main concern of traditional Human Resource Planning is concerned with balancing of supply to demand. There are a number of key features in traditional approach
Investigation and Analysis:- this stage is not explicit u all models, but arguably those responsible for human resource planning need to know something about the current situation in order to assess the extent to which it is likely to alter or be affected by future development
Internal labour market:- this deals with turnover, profiles skills audits
External labour market:- this deals with quality, availability, sources, prices, variation of demands
Corporate capability:- this is concerned with performance, productivity, structure, technology, skill change, rewards, promotions
Corporate strategy:- this is about growth, opportunities, key objectives, work methods, improvement plans
Forecasting: - this is regarding supply, demand and qualitative and quantitative imbalance of Human Resources., future plans
Planning: - this consists of working patterns, organization structure and development, rewards, recruitment and selection, managing diversity performance management, training and development, employment relations.
Implementation and control: - this concerns about using HR techniques, utilizing technology, reviewing polices and practices.
Advantages of Human Resource Planning
Setting strategic directions:-this is to direct Human Resource Planning according to company needs and objectives
Designing human resource management system: - structure Human Resource according to the directed strategy according the structure and flexibility of the organization
Planning the total workforce:- align the workforce for Human Resource Planning to implement according to the strategy adopted to achieve the goals of the organization.
Generating the required human resource:-if the plan needs more human resource it has to be acquired. This can be executing overtimes, reallocate adequate human resources to specified tasks,
Investing in human resource development and performance:-this increases the efficiency and effectiveness of Human Resource. Employee hiring on temporary or permanent contact with the effectiveness of performance in order to cope up with the organizational needs.
Disadvantages of Human Resource Planning
It is expensive and time consuming: - the organization cannot concentrate more on human resource planning as it may be more interested to invest on it goal than in planning more time and money.
It needs specialized consultant may be outside the organization:- organizations has to seek the help of specialized personal or organization of human resource planning in order to do it in the right manner.
Organization may not be always ready to some opportunities before it comes into scene and to allocate resources according to Human Resource Planning.
Supply of labour in labour markets
The number of people willing to work in different industries is referred to as supply of labour.
Key factors affecting the supply of labour
Barrier of entry:- It is the limitation allotted to the industry to restrict the labour supply in order to maintain the level of salary and to allow the salary to go higher. This is usually done by giving some entry criteria like minimum requirements, qualifications, experience etc.
Overtime:- payments for overtime, payment criteria, schedules of overtime, availability of resources for the overtime.
Competitive wages: - This inspires people to come to the industry with good wages and other allowances given on an industry. This make the employees feel more secured and confident in their working sector.
Substitute industries: - The number of substitute industries gives competitive wages depends upon the supply of labour in the market. If there is a scarcity of eligible employees then the salary competition will be higher otherwise the salary will go low as the industry will look only for cheaper labour.
Monetary characteristics: - Some jobs are attracted by the level of risk included on it. Like air force pilots, where they are much be interested to be so dedicated for that job.
Migration of labour: - The free movement of people in different regions gives more supply of labour. The use of trade blocs are the exact example for this. People can able to move freely from one country to another without any restrictions for free trade and globalization. This will make available of the human resource available to another part of the world.
It can be defined as a temporary driving force that is being initiated for some behaviour to achieve some goal. It can be affected by various factors like instincts, driving forces, arousal expected outcome.
Instinct: - This is an inborn behaviour which has its own tendencies
Driving forces: - This is the influences of the needs of an individual that motivates them.
Arousals: - This is the process on increasing our drives. As a normal human being we should optimize our drives.
Expected outcomes: - The influence of some expecting rewards for the work will motivate an individual to achieve the goals.
Theories of motivation
There are different theories that are developed for motivation like Maslow's hierarchy of needs, Hertzberg's two factor theory.
Hierarchy theory of needs
Abraham Maslow developed the needs of motivation of human beings at different levels
This is the basic need for a human to survive. If this is not satisfied then they will be motivated to satisfy them.
e.g: - air, water, sleep
When the basic level is satisfied then one will take care of the security of living.
e.g.: - job security, life insurance, living in a safe area.
When the lower levels are satisfied then the higher level of needs are on interest to the people. This includes interaction between the individuals.
e.g.: - friends, love and belongings
When an individual have the sense of belonging, he may feel to get important to the society. It can be in internal or external.
e.g.: - self respect, reputation, achievement
This is the peak level in the hierarchy of needs. This is level of one's quest to know own potential. The people who achieve this level are usually leaders and innovators.
e.g.: - wisdom, truth, justice
Herzberg's two factor theory
Fredrick Herzberg focused on the attitude of the employee that can motivate them. There are two factor namely motivation and hygiene factors that depends on the employee's motivation. He is explaining that employee's motivation have three stages namely satisfaction, no satisfaction, no dissatisfaction and dissatisfaction. This deviates two factor theory from the traditional view.
Satisfaction is when an employee is satisfied in its workplace. No dissatisfaction when an employee is not dissatisfied but is not satisfied with its workplace. In this level employee work in an equilibrium level with no extra output. The third one is dissatisfaction where the employee is extremely not happy.
Way of supervision
Relations with others
Rate of pay
HRM and HRP are mainly based on the people with in and around the organization. The more effective HRP gives a clear vision about the future and well directed instruction for organization. The effectiveness of each step in HRP depends upon the organizational structure and factors that affect the organization.
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International Development Funding. National and international development institutions can provide financial and technical support for small- scale biofuel initiatives for rural energy provision and poverty alleviation.
Technical and Materials Assistance. Governments, civil society, and others can provide assistance to small landholders in obtaining materials (energy crops seeds and seedlings), know-how, and market access.
Appropriate Fiscal Policies. Governments can implement policies that allow
for local approaches to be developed.
Government action to assure markets for biofuels and for energy crops (e.g. mandates, preferential purchasing, etc.) helps give producers the confidence to adopt new crops and crop management systems. In addition to providing markets for their products, ensuring fair prices for farmers is also essential to improving rural livelihoods.
Encouraging Sustainable Trade in Biofuels
For the dozens of nations that are just beginning to develop biofuel industries, many decisions will have to be made, including the type, scale, and orientation (i.e. for domestic consumption, for export, or both) of production. Policies will need to be designed appropriately based on domestic economic and resource situations, and with the rapid pace of biofuels development, they will need to be put in place soon. Decision makers will also need to factor in the impacts that the policies of other nations (e.g. the EU biofuels initiative) and international trade policies (e.g. continuing trade liberalization negotiations) will have on their own biofuel and biofuel feedstock markets. In general biofuels trade restrictions should be removed over time, respecting the fact the countries with nascent industries will want to protect them.
Integrated planning is necessary at the national level so that short-term or sectoral interests do not take precedence over strategic national priorities. For instance, market incentives at the microeconomic level might encourage biofuel exports. But when other factors—such as national employment needs, domestic energy and security needs, trade balance, food security and land use concerns, the condition of domestic transport and export infrastructure, and GHG reduction obligations—are taken into consideration, exports might not make sense at that point in time. In many nations where displacing a modest amount of petroleum could make a significant difference, production for domestic use should take precedence over export. Alternatively the value of biofuels as an export commodity to earn foreign exchange may be preferable in other instances. National leaders will need to weigh these factors for their countries.
Well-established markets such as the United States and the EU have enormous fuel needs and growing energy security concerns. Due to policy initiatives actively promoting the use of biofuels, markets in these countries are large enough to accommodate both domestic production and imports (and the more rapidly biofuel- compatible transport infrastructure is phased in, the faster their biofuels markets will
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Without any reasons, it’s essential to include carrots in your diet. As much as we love vegetables for cuisines, it’s said that carrots should be consumed in its raw form. So apart from including it into salads, you can always enjoy the goodness by preparing carrot juice.
A glass of carrot juice every morning is actually beneficial for your health. So, if you not convinced thoroughly, then you should go through this health-blog.
If you are seeking an answer to the question, ‘Is carrot juice healthy’, here’s what we have compiled for you.
- 1 Amazing Health Benefits of Carrot Juice
- 2 Nutritional Value of Black Carrot Drink
- 3 Black Carrot Juice Recipe
Amazing Health Benefits of Carrot Juice
Boosts Vitamin A
Owing to be a rich source of Vitamin A, carrots help in improving eyesight. These red-orange colored food items contain a pigment called as beta-carotene which directly gets converted into Vitamin A. Besides since night blindness is associated with Vitamin A deficiency, it’s important to consume Vitamin A rich foodstuffs on a regular basis.
Helps to Flush Toxins
Due to the presence of anti-oxidants, carrots help in fighting free radicals and thereby slow down the process of aging. A person shouldn’t be bothered about ailments since it clears the system from toxins.
After carrots are digested effectively, the foodstuff helps in removing free radicals that tend to damage the cells. This, in turn, helps in the development of cancerous cells. According to studies, 100 grams of carrot contains almost 30% of Vitamin A, 5% of Vitamin B-6, and 9% of Vitamin A. This collectively helps in fighting away free radicals.
Since carrot juice is rich in different kinds of nutrients, a glass every day works wonders to enhance the immunity. It protects the human body against bacteria, inflammations, and viruses. The vitamins and minerals add on to bone health, make the nervous system stronger and contribute to the overall development of the brain.
Keeps the Heart Healthy
In order to enhance blood circulation and maintain the heart health, a person needs to be physically active, sleep adequately and help himself in decreasing stress. However, everything should be balanced with a proper diet that can have a positive effect. Apart from helping the heart pump more blood, dietary fibers help to remove plaque from the arteries.
Maintains Cholesterol & Sugar Level
You would be thankful for the potassium content in carrots because the food item helps in maintaining the cholesterol and sugar level. Since it is known for fewer calories, the vitamins, as well as the minerals, help to keep diabetes under control. As the bile secretion increases substantially, the fat is burnt and this, in turn, helps for weight loss. In fact, people suggest carrots as a food item just before or after a workout. You can deny the fact and be sure if you have a question, ‘Is carrot juice good for you?’
Helps to Maintain Oral Health
The nutrients found in carrots actually help to increase immunity. While the body develops the ability to fight toxins and bacteria, the juice enters the mouth and seeps in the gums and between teeth. Certain minerals present in carrots prevent cavities and tooth decay. The food item also removes stains from the teeth if they are eaten soon after savoring a meal.
Improves Skin Health
Beta-carotene actually works for healing any type of wound. So, a poultice meant for a wound uses carrots. In fact, if you have a skin infection or a cut, then carrot juice certainly enhances the capability of healing the wound. Not only would you help yourself in reducing inflammation but also reduce skin inflammation. While the prime purpose is served, the carrot juice enhances the skin tone and makes you look even more beautiful. As you grow year after year, wrinkles won’t start appearing in a short time span.
Adds on to Brain Health
If you wish to improve your memory and fight back cognitive decline, then carrot juice would surely benefit your health. Since there’s a significant drop in the oxidative stress on the brain, there isn’t an impact on the nerves and the brain would stay healthier as time passes by.
Nutritional Value of Black Carrot Drink
Once you extract black carrot juice, 30 grams is equivalent to carrot juice calories. This is a little less than the calorie content in carrots available in the market. Usually, the reddish orange carrots contain 40 calories for every 100 grams.
Apart from the calories, black carrot juice is high when the nutritional value is considered. It contains 1 grams of fat, about 180 mg of potassium, and 334 mg of sodium. Much to your surprise, carrots contain 1 gram of protein and 6 grams of carbohydrates. Do make a note that depending on your calorie needs the values can either rise or drop.
Black Carrot Juice Recipe
When you’re planning to prepare black carrot juice at home, you need a single fresh cut Lemon wedge and eight cleaned black carrots. Juice always helps because they contain enzymes and are recognized for its nutritional value. In fact, life-enhancing micronutrients improve the health efficiently and in a faster way.
How to Make Carrot Juice?
The recipe is a bit different as compared to any other one. But, in case you are able to source healthy and flavonoid ripe black carrots, then you should give it a try.
Step 1: Plug in the juicer and switch on the appliance so that you are able to clear away dirt. It’s always a good idea to visit the local store and shop for a juicer of a reputed brand.
Step 2: Next, you need to wash black carrots under cold water and make sure there are no remnants of dirt particles left behind.
Step 3: Depending on the capacity of the juicer, you need to take two carrots and crush them by slightly turning on the speed control.
Step 4: Moving forward, you need to source a tall glass and start dropping carrot chunks into the machine.
Step 5: Depending on the moisture content, you have to add the proportions of carrots in a much better way.
Step 6: Once you are done, do garnish the nutritious drink and add one cut lemon wedge.
Usually, a glass full of carrot juice is recommended before or after having your meal.
Hope you seek an incredible difference after drinking organic carrot juice.
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This study guide consists of approximately 38 pages of chapter summaries, quotes, character analysis, themes, and more - everything you need to sharpen your knowledge of two kinds like all. This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our international baccalaureate world literature section two kinds, a short story by tan. Questions learn with flashcards, games, and more — for free. In two kinds by amy tan we have the theme of hope, identity, rebellion, responsibility, blame, independence and acceptance narrated in the first person by a woman called jing-mei woo the. Need to write a good analysis two kinds essay we're here to provide you with the best assistance with writing the best short story analysis. This lesson is designed to provide you with a context for understanding amy tan's short story 'two kinds,' which is part of the novel ''the joy. Two kinds by amy tan september 13, 2012 by jim d twenty-five words from the short story about a chinese-american girl and the conflict with her mother read. Whoops there was a problem previewing two kinds amy tanpdf retrying.
Presents the short story 'two kinds of affiliation and familial ambition could not have allowed the author to be wholly one or another by using amy tan's two. Amy tan's 'two kinds' is a short story about the relationship between a chinese-american mother and her american daughter. Read english comparison short stories essay: two kinds and the bass from the story english assignments by romancerules22345 with 423 reads english. Summary and analysis jing-mei woo: two kinds bookmark as such, the theme of this story easily transcends the immigrant experience. Background two kinds'' is a story in amy tan's immensely successful first book, the joy luck club tan intended the book to be read as a loose collection of interrelated stories, but it is.
Analysis: the short story, two kinds, displays the relationship between a chinese mother and a disobedient americanized daughter jing-mei, a second-generation chinese daughter, deals with. What is the irony in two kinds by amy tan in short stories what is the central conflict in the story two kinds by amytan. Short story “two kinds,” amy tan explores the clash of cultures between a first-generation chinese-american daughter, jing-mei, and her mother, suyan, a chinese immigrant. Two kinds full text the first night she brought out a story about a three-year-old boy who knew this wasn't chinaturn off tv my right to fall short of.
Two kinds is a fictional short story written by amy tan that tells of the trials and tribulations that a young girl and her mother experience when the girl feels that her mother is pushing. Two kinds is a short story from the book the joy luck club by amy tan it was first published in 1989 the short story outlines the main jing- mei woo’s childhood and the effects of her. In the short story, two kinds by amy tan, a chinese mother and daughter are at odds with each other the mother pushes her daughter to become a prodigy, while the daughter (like most.
Symbolism in amy tan's two kinds piano -short-dark-moody-difficult thesis there are a variety of symbols in the story two kinds. Two kinds summary amy tan in the story two kinds, the narrator is a chinese-american girl who is locked in this short story we have observed the conflict.
“two kinds of justice” is a creative short story to teach children that true justice is capable of forgiving and forgetting the past instead of vengeance this tale is a part of our bedtime. Find out about the three main types of short story: lyrical, epical and artifice, their features and uses, and information on the specifics of writing short fiction. Amy's mother wanted her to become a prodigy she decided to settle for a chinese shirley temple they went to a beauty training school to get amy's hai. Two kinds is a short story from the book the joy luck club by amy tan it was first published in 1989 the short story outlines the main character jing-mei woo. Theme the title of this short story “two kinds” is describes the theme of this story the mother had stated that there are only two types of daughters. Two kinds is a short story from the book the joy luck club by amy tan it was first published in 1989the short story outlines the main character jing-mei woo’s childhood and the effects.
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Seasonal Affective Disorder, better known as "winter blues" consists of repititive episodes of depression, year after year that tend to occur specifically in winter season. at times, the pre existing depression further aggravates during the cold dark season. Women are the main sufferers. Depression tends to occur in the same months every year. This is believed to be due to reduction in length of the day and less light exposure.
Seasonal Affective Disorder - How To Tackle The Winter Blues?
Serotonin is a mood regulating chemical, also known as "happy" hormone. Low levels of this neurotransmitter have a major role in causing depression in dark cold winters.
What is Seasonal Affect disorder (SAD)?
Depression that occurs typically during winter season every year is believed to be due to reduction in hours of light exposure and its effects on hypothalamus of the brain, a specialized center that regulates our emotions. The person suffering from this condition gets tired easily, feels sleepy and hungry, eats a lot and consequently gains weight, and has a craving for carbohydrate rich foods. This condition becomes more common as the distance from equator increases.
|Natural Prozac: Learning to Release Your Body's Own Anti-Depressants|
'THE DRUG-FREE ALTERNATIVE TO ENDING DEPRESSION'"Depressed people cannot simply 'cheer up.' They suffer from a chemical imbalance in their central nervous system that is the sou...
|Natural Prozac Learning to Release Your Body's Own Anti-Depressants (Paperback, 1998)|
Natural Prozac: Learning to Release Your Body's Own Anti-Depressants by Joel C. Robertson. HarperCollins,1998
Cause of Winter Blues
The reason for this characteristic seasonal onset of depression in cold winter months is low levels of serotonin hormone that also cause anxiety and increased aggression. Lower levels of serotonin are caused by seasonal fluctuations in levels of a protein called a-serotonin or 5-HT transporter (5-Hydroxy Tryptamine Transporter) that affects serotonin levels of our brain.
|Serotonin Supercharge - Powerful drug-free techniques for increasing levels of your feel-good che...|
Do you want to get relaxed, happy and energetic without resorting to drugs?Problems with serotonin are linked to conditions such as - depression, anxiety disorders, OCD and IBS....
Other effects Of Serotonin
Serotonin has profound effects on mood, metabolism, pain perception, appetite, sleep and memory. It is also essential for proper functioning of digestive system. This chemical messenger reduces load on the heart and makes it more efficient in pumping blood through our body. It also aids in bone formation, muscle contraction and other processes. In the brain, it is produced by specialized cells in the median raphe of brain stem, and from there, it gets distributed throughout the nervous system. It is secreted by nerve cells in the gaps between two neurons. It transmits messages in the form of nerve impulses that in turn affect functions like mood, appetite, and pain.
Increase in serotonin in certain parts of the brain (anterior cingulated cortex) help regulate mood, blood pressure and heart rate and promote overall well being.This neurotransmitter also helps in generation of new nerve cells (that is otherwise a very slow process). A reduction in serotonin levels in the cerebral cortex leads to irritability, headache, stomachache, feeling sad and depressed. The various ways in which serotonin levels of brain cortex can be maintained within a normal range include the following :
If possible, soak in the early morning sun for at least half an hour everyday during winter season. In absence of sufficient sunlight, exposure to full spectrum white light can also offer benefits. Bright light works by stimulating cells of retina of the eye that connect to the hypothalamus, a part of the brain that controls day night rhythms. Activating hypothalamus at a certain time everyday can restore the normal circadian rhythm and reduce symptoms of depression. In this procedure, you need to sit close to a special light box for around half an hour every morning. You can read a newspaper or a book. You need not look directly at the light. The box provides light at an intensity of 10,000 Lux that is around 1000 times higher than normal indoor light, but much much less than the intense afternoon sunlight of summer. People who suffer from diabetes, eye disorders, or take medicines that can cause sensitivity to light should not use light therapy without first consulting a doctor. Other innovative approaches are a dawn stimulator that gradually increases light intensity in the room and simulates the effects of rising sun early in the morning; and a blue light box that delivers blue light instead of normal white light. Blue light is believed to be more efficient in stimulating the brain.
|NatureBright SunTouch Plus Light and Ion Therapy Lamp (package may vary)|
Use the powers of a blue sky to help you through the day with the Sun Touch Plus Light and Ion Therapy. This light therapy lamp produces a 10,000 LUX light, designed to boost yo...
|Verilux HappyLight Liberty Personal, Portable Light Therapy Energy Lamp|
VT10WW1 Happylight from Verilux
|Circadian Optics Lumos Light Therapy Lamp - 10,000 LUX Full Spectrum LED (USB Powered)|
Patent-pending - All intellectual property infringement will be pursued aggressively.*This lamp blocks 100% of UV light and is not suitable for the treatment of Vitamin D defici...
2. Balanced Diet
Eat a low fat diet that is rich in proteins and carbohydrates. Amino acid tryptophan found in plenty in protein rich foods undergoes various chemical reactions to form serotonin. Carbohydrates improve the availability of tryptophan to the brain so that more of it can be produced. A few servings of cold water fatty fish such as salmon, mackerel, herring, sardines and tuna can help relieve depression by increasing the amount of of serotonin. Eggs contain phospholipids that nourish the brain. Citrus fruits and leafy greens, especially spinach are good natural sources of folates. Nuts are rich sources of selenium that is vital for mental health. Having a handful of almonds, walnuts, pistachios along with flax and hemp seeds everyday can help improve the mood.
3. Load on B-complex vitamins
Vitamins such as B6, folic acid and B12 help boost serotonin levels. Vitamin-B6 or pyridoxine facilitates conversion of tryptophan amino acid into serotonin. It is found in abundance in fortified cereals, oatmeal, bananas, poultry, meat, fish and beans. Folic acid is found in abundance in citrus fruits and leafy greens. Vitamin-B12 is found in fortified milk, yogurt, cheese, eggs, poultry and fish.
4. Exercise regularly
Regular physical exercise for at least half an hour 5 days in a week boosts serotonin levels of brain, and also helps in growth and repair of nerve cells. When we exercise,our brain releases certain natural pain relievers called endorphins that trigger a positive feeling. Regular exercise reduces mental stress, wards off anxiety and improves sleep. Certain exercises such as dance, gardening, golf, jogging, low impact aerobics, walking, biking, swimming and yoga are especially beneficial. Doing regular house work such as sweeping, mopping and vacuuming can also be a good exercise. Exercising in groups is better, as it keeps you motivated.
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In accordance with our museum’s approved covid19 lockdown operational plan the operation times at our museum are as follows: During the week the museum is opened to the public from 09:00 to 16:45. On Saturdays and public holidays it is opened from 09:00 to 12:00 and closed Sundays. On 24,25,27 April 2021 & 1 - 2 May 2021 the museum will be open from 09:00 to 16:00. The museum is operated under strict level 1 lockdown rules and regulations. For example, visitors without masks are denied entry to the premises. Visitors’ temperature is tested and those who have 38°C or more are not allowed to enter the premises. The caravel is closed until further notice. The aquarium touch tank at the Shell Museum is operated like other tanks, visitors are not allowed to touch the animals. Only 100 visitors per building are allowed at a time.
King João (John) 11 of Portugal, inspired by his great uncle, Prince Henry the Navigator, was determined to find a sea route to India via the southern tip of Africa.
In 1482 he sent Diago Cão with two ships to survey and chart the west coast of Africa. Cão, on his first and second voyages paved the way for Bartolomeu Dias, who left Lisbon in August 1487 with two caravels of 100 tons each, and a bigger store ship.
Dias sailed along the coast of Africa as far South as a harbor later known as Baia dos Tigres. He passed Cão's last padrão at Cape Cross. With the northern Cedarberg in sight, Dias probably grew tired of tacking against a stormy southern wind, and sailed out into the open sea.
Thus he sailed round the southern tip of Africa without realizing it. It was when he steered eastward and could not find any land that he took a northerly course, thereby seeing land again at the Gouritz River or Rio dos Vaquerios.
Here the waves prevented him from landing, but on the festival day of Saint Blaize he managed to do so further on in a protected cove which he named "Aguada de São Bras" (watering place of Saint Blaize) because of the freshwater spring he found there. This was later renamed Mossel Bay by the Dutch. For several years after this the Portuguese touched at São Bras to take on fresh water and meat.
In the mid 17th Century the Dutch East India Company decided to set up a refreshment station at the Cape, and it was yet another hundred years before any settlement at Mossel Bay itself was planned.
Of the five National Monuments on the museum grounds, 4 are buildings dating between 1830 and 1902. The museum grounds themselves situated on the shores of the Indian Ocean are a magnificent historical setting...
They are situated at the very site where European explorers came ashore and made contact with the indigenous people. Information about the Khoi-Khoi and explorers can be seen in the Maritime museum.
The Bartolomeu Dias museum complex was officially opened on 3 February 1989, however the Mossel Bay museum industry can be traced back to the 1960´s when the Mossel Bay museum was first opened. The museum later became known as the Post Tree museum complex before being renamed again in 1989.
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The study was recently chosen as one of the highest value transportation research projects in the nation. The Research Advisory Committee at the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) named it one of the top 16 research projects of 2020. MDOT says it is a significant national endorsement of work Michigan has been doing for 20 years.
MDOT built the nation's first carbon fiber bridge in 2001. The department says carbon fiber components are similar to steel in strength, but they resist corrosion and require less maintenance over time.
During four years of extensive research, carbon fiber components were subjected to 300 freeze-thaw cycles, combined fire/loading events, severe weather, and other trials. Now, bridge designers have the information and specifications they need to predict how carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) will perform under a variety of real-world conditions, as well as the design tools for future bridge projects.
"This research allowed us to test every question we had about CFRP and get good data so that we can continue to design bridges that are as safe and durable as normal steel bridges but without steel's corrosive limitations," Matthew Chynoweth, MDOT chief bridge engineer and director of MDOT's Bureau of Bridges and Structures, said in a statement.
MDOT says the data from this research confirm what proponents of CFRP have long theorized. Investigators found that CFRP strands held up well to conditions that simulated Michigan's harsh weather. Moisture, rain, freezing rain, and extreme temperature swings did not significantly affect the material's strength or mechanical properties over time. In addition, test results showed that some currently accepted parameters for CFRP are conservative and can be updated.
The full story can be found on MDOT's website.
SOURCE: Michigan DOT
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Although bedwetting is one of the most common health problems among children, people in general don’t talk about it. And since we do not talk about it, many may feel that they are alone with their suffering. That’s why we all must start talking about it!
Many children who are bedwetters choose not to attend sleepovers with friends or go on a school trip. Their condition is something they choose to hide rather than talk about because they think they are alone with being a bedwetter. In order for the child not to have to feel shame and have poor self-esteem, it is important to talk to your child that it is not their fault, also never punish or blame your child if an accident has happened. Furthermore, your child can go on school trips and social activities that he or she wants because there is help to get. Another point of view is that many parents feel that it is their fault and are ashamed of the problem because it would in some way mean that they are bad parents, but this is definitely not the case, it is not the fault of the parents or the child.
It is a social taboo to talk about bedwetting and parents and children who go through this often feel lonely. Most people expect their child to be completely diaper-free after the age of three, and when that doesn’t happen, parents often feel frustrated and wonder what they did wrong. That being said, we want parents and children to dare to talk openly about bedwetting so that those affected should not feel lonely and ashamed.
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Community health is essential for countries to reach every woman and child with health services and to achieve their national health goals. Community interventions and approaches, including engagement of civil society and communities themselves, are needed to advance equity and achieve primary health care for all.
MCSP supports countries to strengthen, scale and institutionalize community approaches and interventions that prevent child and maternal deaths by:
MCSP helps countries #careforcommunities.
In low-income settings, women’s groups practicing participatory learning and action can improve maternal & newborn survival.
Community health worker programs yield high economic return on investment – up to 10:1.
Community health is supremely important for improving maternal and child health. More lives could be saved through the scale-up and strengthening of interventions at the community level than at hospitals and health centers combined.
— Melanie Morrow, MCSP Community Health & Civils Society Engagement Team Lead
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I have a 10 year old Saab that had some....starting issues today. The battery was dead, but I did not know the root cause. Before rushing out to buy a battery, there are a couple things that can cause this.
1) Bad alternator. Sometimes called a generator, the alternator powers the car's electronics and also charges the battery. When they go bad, your battery will not charge.
2) Key-off battery drain. When you turn off a modern car, there is always some current drain for the electronics. Sometimes things go wrong, and modules do not go to sleep. Newer vehicle's electronic systems are generally a series of modules, and sometimes one will not shut down. This will drain the battery and cause your car to not start.
3) Damaged battery. Eventually, all batteries fail. The capacity of the battery drops as it gets older. Sometimes an individual cell will die, so in the case of a 12 volt battery with 6 cells, you might notice that it is only putting out 10 volts. Think of a battery as a cup of water that gets filled when it gets charged. With a bad battery, your cup just doesn't have as much water in it.
First things first, I verified the alternator output. Very good, the alternator is putting our 14.2 volts:
Next, I wanted to verify there were no parasitic current draws when the car was off. I hooked up the Panel Current Meter inline to the negative side of the battery. Warning, don't try to start the car in this condition, as the little cable on the panel meter couldn't handle all the electrons that a car starter takes!
The red display shows that the vehicle electronics were drawing 0.15 amps right after the car was turned off. That is a lot, and you really want the key-off draw to be below 0.02 amps. Fortunately, the current flow dropped below 0.01 amps after a couple minutes when all the modules went to sleep.
Next, I cleaned up the terminals for good measure using some baking soda to neutralize any acid that may have leaked out.
I then hooked it back up and starting the car. CLICK...no start, and the battery voltage dropped to 10 volts. It seems that our battery is indeed the culprit! Next step, put in a new battery.
It is important to do this level of diagnosis, otherwise you will just be throwing parts at your car!
Comments will be approved before showing up.
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Geographic patterns of body size are of particular interest to biologists because they suggest a correlation between local environmental conditions and phenotypic expression. Bergmann's rule is a widely observed latitudinal pattern of body size in which organisms from colder latitudes possess larger body sizes than their warmer latitude counterparts. Although widely studied, the evolutionary mechanisms and environmental driving forces dictating these latitudinal patterns remain relatively underexplored. Consistent with Bergmann's rule, I found that field-collected individuals of the marine isopod Idotea baltica from Massachusetts sites are larger than individuals from Virginia sites. I raised juvenile I. balthica from populations from both regions at a range of temperatures (6°, 12°, 18°, 24°, and 30°C), and measured growth and survivorship regularly for 15 weeks or until sexual maturity. I found that body size varied positively with temperature, with individuals from Massachusetts populations possessing an overall larger body size than those from Virginia populations (MA, 18°C = 9.21 mm, MA, 24°C = 10.12 mm, VA, 18°C = 7.77 mm, VA, 24°C = 8.65 mm, p < 0.0001). Time to maturity was greater in Massachusetts populations (MA, 18°C = 71.02 days, MA, 24°C = 51.14 days, VA 18°C = 52.52 days, VA 24°C = 45.64 days, p < 0.0001), while growth rate at a given temperature was consistent across all populations, indicating that higher predation rates in Virginia habitats may be an important driving force. Field tethering experiments support this argument, with higher isopod survival rates in Massachusetts sites than Virginia sites (MA = 57%, VA = 13%, p-value = < 0.0001). My data indicates that the latitudinal body size pattern in I. balthica is adaptive, and that predation may have been an important driving force in the development of this pattern.
|Commitee:||Bell, Tina, McCandless, Amy, Murren, Courtney, Podolsky, Robert|
|School:||College of Charleston|
|School Location:||United States -- South Carolina|
|Source:||MAI 51/01M(E), Masters Abstracts International|
|Subjects:||Biology, Ecology, Evolution and Development|
|Keywords:||Bergmann's rule, Body size, Idotea balthica, Predation, Temperature, Temperature-size rule|
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Being a Navigator is a natural human ability, linked to the latent psionic power of the 'sixth-sense'. This is important to the Machines' Empire plans, as they lack this ability. While a machine can drop a ship into the 'Warp' and move around in the Warp, they cannot see the Warp. The Machines are utterly blind warp-side. This is where humans come into the equation;
- A regular human is given a mind-link jack to become a Navigator.
- The Navigator is hooked into the machine sensorium network (which hard links to the human mind, not the Warp) to become the ship's Navigator.
- The Machine fires up the warp-drive and drops the ship into the Warp.
- The Navigator then visualises where they want to go.
- The Machines immediately takes the ship out of the Warp.
- The ship has travelled to the visualised destination.
We humans cannot see the Warp either! (don't tell the Machines 😉 ) Nevertheless, our ability to visualise, to recognise and conceptualise, alters the field of the warp-drive. We can look at the stars and jump thousands of light-years in an instant, then have another look around, and jump again. They can keep doing this until they are billions of light-years away in a matter of minutes. All the places we visit, and remember, we can jump to directly. So on the first run, it could make a 1,000 jumps to get to our destination and end up at a colony site. Once we are familiar with the site, we can jump straight back to Earth in one jump, and then jump back to the colony site in one go.
Not all humans are good at this. Some have better sixth-sense abilities than others. The trait seems to be genetic, but it also seems to be affected by the environment, and different genetics yield the same trait in different environments. This is why the machines build so many different worlds for humans to habitate. [that is not a word! Yet] The machines are trying to find a perfect blend of genetics and environment to yield consistent Navigators — quality control.
Edit: The Machines cannot influence the field of the warp-drive because their minds are made with bio-photonics. They crystalline structures, the part that actually does the thinking, is 'dead'. Therefore the conceptualisation is made with a 'dead' mind, a mind without life has no psionics. The bio-wrapper that builds the crystal structures has no sentient mind, and does not do the thinking of the Artilects.
Edit: An Artliects mind cannot influence the field of the warp-drive because their minds are made with bio-photonics. The crystalline structures, the part that actually does the thinking, is 'dead'. Therefore the conceptualisation is made with a 'dead' mind; a mind without life has no psionics. It's the psionic part of the conceptualisation that makes it work. The bio-wrapper that builds the crystal structures has no conscious mind and plays no part in the thinking of the Artilects. While the bio-warpper has a psionic imprint, it is 'mindless' and full of hunger and rage. As a result, the Machines cannot be Navigators.
On a broader meta sense, the consciousness of an Artilect may have a limited psionic imprint, drowned out by the bio-wrapper. The issue for the Artilects when designing ships and working out efficiency, is that Artilects are the size of worlds while humans are tiny in comparison. Humans are a much better fit to navigate ships.
Hearing feedback is very important to me in developing my ideas. Much of my designs are inspired, and crafted, by chatting to fans on forums before snowballing into a full concept you'll find here. I would like to thank all those who have contributed critiques and participated in discussions over the years, and I would especially like to thank all those who commented on this specific topic. If you would like join in, you are most welcome!
To support my work: Connect
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Swimming is a great form of exercise, an effortless way to entertain and an activity that many residents in Ohio enjoy every year. Along with the fun and excitement a pool has to offer, there are also risks like drowning, falling or sicknesses related to poor maintenance or cleanliness procedures. Protecting against these types of dangers can lead to a better, safer and healthier swimming experience.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention have concluded that drowning is one of the leading causes of unintentional death in the nation. Often, the victims are children. Additionally, slippery surfaces, careless behavior and diving accidents are causes of injuries related to falling. People who are swimming can take precautions to reduce their risk. These include:
- Walking on all pool surfaces
- Watching children closely around the water and using proper flotation devices
- Using caution when diving or jumping into the water
- Swimming with another person
Additionally, swimmers are at risk of contracting water-related illnesses if water conditions are not sanitary or properly maintained with the right chemicals. The Ohio Department of Health suggests several things swimmers can do to keep themselves healthy at the pool such as:
- Not swallowing pool water
- Taking a shower before entering the pool
- Taking breaks to use the restroom and encouraging children to do the same
- Changing diapers in a designated area
- Checking diapers regularly and using a plastic swim diaper cover
By taking responsibility to be sanitary and being mindful of potential dangers, swimmers everywhere can enjoy a fun activity and avoid injury and sickness.
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Several of you have a strong grasp on meter and rhythm in poetry. I don’t. I have been able to write complicated meter only by singing the poem as I write it. A rubaiyat would be a good example of a heavily metered form. The song I sang when I wrote my long one is Hernando’s Hideaway, Ole!Â
From The Poet’s Companion by Kim Addonizio and Dorianne Laux:Â Every poem has rhythm, but when the rhythm is highly organized into a pattern where the number of syllables is important, as well as whether those syllables are stressed or not then we have meter. (p. 141)
This month we will look closely at meter in poetry. Our Form-of-the-Month requires  two stanzas of four lines each, that is, two quatrains. The first three lines are double-dactyls. The fourth line of the stanza is a dactyl-spondee. The spondee in each quatrain rhyme.
I’m betting I’ve used words many of you find shocking. Well, if not that then unfamiliar. Don’t let the terminology put you off. Be brave! You can learn this along with me. I’ve heard of these various descriptive words for years and have been intimidated. But over time, I’ve manned up and am now tackling the subject.
I have known that an iamb is a specific unit of measure used to describe a foot. A foot is how we measure a line of poetry.
Let’s take an easy one: One foot, two foot, red foot, blue foot. This line of poetry measures four feet. Each foot is a trochee. That is, it has a stressed and then unstressed syllable.
Imagine clapping your hands to it. You’d clap on the “one” and the “two” and on each of the colors. When you clap, that is the stressed syllable. When your hands rest, but you feel the move to the next stressed syllable, that is the unstressed syllable. In this specific case, it is the word “foot.”
Now you know that a trochee is a foot with a stressed and then an unstressed syllable like elbow, hold ‘em, Susan.
An iamb is a foot with an unstressed and a stressed syllable like create, jump up, tonight.
And a dactyl is a foot with a stressed, unstressed, unstressed syllable like miracle, honesty, popcorn dish.
And a spondee is a foot with two stressed syllables such as hot pot, cuckcoo, door post.
The last basic rhythm pattern is the anapest with unstressed, unstressed, stressed syllables like intertwine, Galilee, on the sea.
Returning to our Form-of-the-Month, double-dactyl.
The form is whimsical along the lines of a limerick or even Little Willie. To accomplish this light-heartedness, each poem begins with a nonsensical pair of words such as Grumpity Bumpity or Crustable Crestible. The second line is a proper or place name such as Tupelo or Albert Lea. And one more line in this form is a one-word double-dactyl that has never been used in a Double-Dactyl before. (Although how this will be determined, I have not figured out, but it’s in the Official Rules.)
Here is my example of double-dactyl:
This is where I’m at home
No one can stop me!
When you write forms for me
Let the words flow from you
Messages to see!
It’ll be your challenge this month to write a Double-Dactyl and post it to Mindful Poetry. It’s my challenge this month to write a teaching double-dactyl. I’ve found someone has already written one and it’s quite wonderful. I’m aiming to write something like this.
A recap of April’s contest will appear soon!
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Where Were the Whalers? The History and Archaeology of Whaling in North Carolina
Since the Colonial period, inhabitants of the Outer Banks of North Carolina processed right whales to augment their existence until the turn of the 20th century. What began as drift-whale scavenging became organized hunts. This study examines ex situ material culture found within the state of the North Carolina. These artifacts, from both public and private collections, are currently all that remain from this ephemeral industry. This presentation explores what the artifacts can tell us about the industry, the people that plied it, and the quarry they pursued. Presenter: Ryan Bradley, Program Maritime Studies, East Carolina University. Free program.
The program will also be streamed LIVE during a 6 p.m. online presentation at http://csi.northcarolina.edu/ustream.
For more information, call 252-986-2995 or email firstname.lastname@example.org.
Graveyard of the Atlantic Museum, 59200 Museum Drive, Hatteras, N.C. 27943. www.ncmaritimemuseums.com.
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Revision sheets designed to accompany teaching for low ability students in order to recap previous taught Biology topics before an end of KS3 exam.
-Cells and Photosynthesis
-Plants and Food Chains
-Adaption, Inheritance and Variation
A lesson for the new AQA 9-1 Biology specification.
Contains a power point that goes through factors affecting photosynthesis, including the graphs.
the worksheet can be used as a quick check challenge or a plenary. It involves matching up the correct statements with the correct graph. This can be adapted by removing the statements and getting the students to write the statements.
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https://www.tes.com/teaching-resources/shop/cherylannenicol/Biology
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Great Man-Made River (GMR), a network of underground pipelines bringing high-quality fresh water from ancient underground aquifers deep in the Sahara to the coast of Libya for domestic use, agriculture, and industry. The GMR was originally conceived as having several arms, or phases, though not all have been built and some may never be. Nevertheless, since 1991 the project has supplied much-needed irrigation and drinking water to populous cities and farming areas in Libya’s north, which previously were dependent on desalination plants and on declining rain-fed aquifers near the coast.
Water was first discovered in the Al-Kufrah area in Libya’s southeastern desert in the 1950s during exploration drilling for oil. Subsequent analysis indicated that this find was part of the Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System, a vast reservoir of “fossil water” that is anywhere from 10,000 to 1,000,000 years old, water having percolated into the sandstone before the end of the last ice age, when the Saharan region enjoyed a temperate climate. Initially, the Libyan government planned to set up large-scale agricultural projects in the desert where the water was found, but plans were changed in the early 1980s, and designs were prepared for a massive network of pipelines to the coast.
In 1983 the Great Man-Made River Authority, established by the government to manage the project, awarded a contract for construction of the first arm, known as GMR 1 or Phase I. Hundreds of water wells were drilled at two fields, Tāzirbū and Sarīr, where water was pumped up from a depth of some 500 metres (1,650 feet). From Sarīr, water from both fields was pumped underground through a double pipeline to a holding reservoir at Ajdābiyā, which received its first water in 1989. From there the water was piped in two directions, west to the coastal city of Surt and north to Banghāzī. The completion of Phase I was formally celebrated at Banghāzī in 1991. GMR 1 is capable of transporting 2 million cubic metres (70.6 million cubic feet) of water per day through some 1,600 km (1,000 miles) of double pipeline between the well fields in the south and the destination cities in the north (though not all of that capacity is used).
A second system, GMR 2 or Phase II, located in western Libya, began supplying Libya’s capital, Tripoli, with drinking water in 1996. GMR 2 draws water from three well fields in the Jabal al-Ḥasāwinah region. From Qaṣr al-Shuwayrif one pipeline pumps water to Tarhūnah in the Nafūsah Plateau region, whence it flows by gravity to the Al-Jifārah Plain. Another pipeline goes north and east to the coast, where it turns west and supplies cities such as Miṣrātah and Al-Khums before ending at Tripoli. The system’s design capacity is 2.5 million cubic metres (roughly 90 million cubic feet) of water a day, though only a fraction of that is needed for drinking water.
When construction began on the GMR, it was described as the largest irrigation project in the world. (Indeed, the Libyan government proudly proclaimed it “the Eighth Wonder of the World.”) Some 70 percent of its capacity is intended to be used for agriculture, and from the beginning the project has included large-scale investments in irrigation infrastructure. The project also includes phases subsequent to GMR 1 and 2. These include an extension of the GMR 1 system southward to well fields in the Al-Kufrah region; a pipeline from wells near Ghadāmis in the western desert to the coastal cities of Al-Zāwiyah and Zuwārah, west of Tripoli; a pipeline connecting the GMR 1 and 2 systems; and a pipeline supplying Tobruk on the eastern coast, either from the existing reservoir at Ajdābiyā or directly from wells in the Al-Jaghbūb oasis. The total capacity of the GMR with all phases built would be some 6.5 million cubic metres (230 million cubic feet) of water per day. The complete network would include some 4,000 km (2,500 miles) of pipeline. Some Libyan officials, citing the enormous size of the underground reservoirs, have claimed that the reservoirs could continue to supply water for thousands of years. Critics have stated that such claims are greatly overstated; some insist that the GMR might not last through the 21st century.
The 250,000 sections of pipe laid in Phase I were said at the time to be the largest in the world, each having a diameter of 4 metres (13 feet) and a length of 7 metres (23 feet). Manufactured in two large factories located in Libya, the pipe was made up of layers of steel-reinforced prestressed concrete. The sections were laid in trenches 7 metres deep by specially built cranes and pushed into place by bulldozers, then the joints were sealed with giant rubber O-rings and cement grout, and the sections of trench were filled in. Open reservoirs located at distribution nodes such as Ajdābiyāh are man-made lakes excavated from the soil and rock and lined with asphalt. The largest reservoir, more than 1 km (0.6 mile) in diameter, holds as much as 24 million cubic metres (848 million cubic feet) of water. Numerous engineering companies from around the world have participated in the GMR project.
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https://www.britannica.com/topic/Great-Man-Made-River
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While the U.S. might provide more cancer screening and often better health care overall, said Paulo Pinheiro, an epidemiologist with the University of Miami Miller School of Medicine and the study's lead author, "For Hispanic populations, there are beneficial lifestyles associated with their origin that probably should be kept. There are lifestyles that may be more prevalent in the U.S. that probably should be avoided."
Cancer can be 40 percent more common for Hispanics after they immigrate, the study showed -- though it warned doctors not to rely on that figure alone.
Pinheiro and his colleagues found that cancer rates in these groups tend to rise or fall with expected rates among their American counterparts, but that rates for immigrants from Cuba, Mexico or Puerto Rico can be very different.
"Hispanic populations shouldn't all be considered together. There are specificities to each one of them," he said.
The University of Miami study looked at cancer rates among Florida residents and found that rates among Cuban immigrants closely followed those seen in white residents of the state, while Puerto Ricans "consistently showed the highest cancer rates of all Hispanic subpopulations." Mexicans had the lowest cancer rates but had high rates of cancers typically associated with minority populations, such as stomach, cervix and liver cancer.
The study also looked at "New Latinos," a varied group that included Hispanics who came from Spain, the Dominican Republic and South and Central American countries. These groups had low rates of lung cancer, high rates of thyroid cancer and high rates of cancer that would be expected in a minority population.
To conduct the study, researchers used numbers from the Florida cancer registry from 1999 through 2001, and used data from the 2000 census to generate estimates of cancer rates in the United States. They compared this to data from the International Agency for Research on Cancer, a division of the World Health Organization.
Researchers looked at rates of cancer incidence among Hispanics who had immigrated to the United States from Puerto Rico, Cuba and Mexico and compared them to the rates seen in their home countries. They also compared these rates to those seen in non-Hispanic whites and blacks in the U.S.
Experts not involved with the study noted that a pattern of typically increased cancer rates is not uncommon when a group immigrates to the U.S.
"This study is [reminiscent] of studies from the late 1960s that looked at immigrants from China and Japan to the U.S.," said Dr. Otis Brawley, chief medical officer and executive vice president of the American Cancer Society. "They raise risk of cancer by immigrating and raise rates for second generation Americans even more so."
While the study indicated a strong change in cancer rates among Hispanic immigrants to the U.S., it could not explain exactly why this occurred.
However, the researchers say the data provide some clues.
Pinheiro said that among the changes in cancer rates, one of the most striking is the rise in colorectal cancer rates, which nearly doubled among Puerto Ricans, nearly tripled among Mexicans and more than tripled among Cubans.
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Articles | Open Access
Introduction: Kissing is a globally practiced form of communication, yet saliva is often deemed a harmless bodily fluid. Many viruses thrive in salivary and oro-pharyngeal lymphoid cells. These viruses include Human Papilloma Virus (HPV), Human Herpes Viruses, Epstein –Barr, HIV, Polio and others, and are transmitted between people when kissing. Aim: This appraisal (1)assesses socially sanctioned kissing habits, (2) examines the presence of Human Papilloma Virus [HPV] in saliva and salivary tests for HPV, (3) reviews protection from HPV vaccines, (4)deconstructs attitudes and behavior, and critiques the oncogenic potential of HPV morbidity from peri-osculation practices. Materials and Methods: Clinical- tests for putative HPV viruses in oro-pharyngeal cancers use saliva to detect HPV oncogenic types; these re-affirm presence of HPV’s in saliva, and their causal relationship to the majority of head and neck cancers. Conclusion: Although frequency of new infections from kissing is unknown, this critique suggests caution against random kissing, encourages use of HPV vaccination for prophylaxis, and indicates that this may moderate HPV and viral transmission, with consequent reduction of HPV morbidity and mortality.
You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
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People learn in different ways, but most of us usually use a single style or method more often than another. Knowing your preferred method of learning may help you with your studying techniques.
Find out how you learn best - take the Multiple Intelligences Quiz.
The 3 primary methods of learning
If you’re a visual learner, you learn best by seeing. You prefer to read material, watch videos, observe demonstrations and use computers. You probably use note–taking techniques as a study aid.
If you’re an auditory learner, you learn best by hearing. You prefer to learn through lecture and discussion. Your study aids are probably audio recordings and talking out loud.
If you’re a kinesthetic learner, you learn best by doing. You prefer to learn through hands–on activities and trial and error. Your study aids are probably games, flash cards and practice techniques.
What is your learning preference?
Put a check mark beside the statements that best apply to you.
- I like reading books with pictures and graphs better than books without illustrations.
- I notice details, errors, scruffy shoes and missing buttons on clothes.
- I would rather read than be read to.
- I doodle or draw with some detail.
- I like seeing how a task is done before trying it.
- I have difficulty following verbal directions.
- I prefer classes in which teachers use visual aids like videos, smartboards and projector slides.
- I rarely participate in class discussions.
- When someone gives me a complicated problem, I prefer to see it on paper rather than hear about it.
- When trying to remember where I left something, I visualize where I last placed it.
- When learning something, I like to sit back, listen and absorb what is being said.
- I would rather learn about the news by listening to the radio than by reading about it.
- I learn best when I can discuss my ideas with others.
- I have difficulty with spelling.
- I require an explanation to understand charts, graphs or maps.
- In order to learn material, I talk in my head or say it out loud.
- When learning something new, I would rather listen to an audio recording of the material than read about it.
- I like to talk about what needs to be done before actually doing it.
- Listening to music is one of my favourite pastimes.
- I am a good verbal communicator.
- Learning has more meaning for me when I get a chance to try out what I've learned.
- The activities I remember best are ones in which I have participated.
- I prefer classes in which I am actively doing something.
- I like to write on blackboards, whiteboards or flip charts.
- I take a lot of notes during lectures.
- I would rather participate in an activity than watch others do it.
- I feel confined in a classroom.
- I tend to be clumsy or fidgety.
- I like to set up equipment—like hooking up a computer to a projector or hooking up a stereo.
- I rub my hands along the railing while in the lunch line or walking down hallways.
Add up the number of check marks under each style. Your preferred learning method will most likely be the one with the most statements checked off.
Once you know your learning style, you can focus your study habits accordingly.
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Ethnicity does not seem to have an influence on the degree of cognitive impairment seen in patients at the early stages of multiple sclerosis (MS), a U.S.-based study suggests.
The study, “Race, ethnicity, and cognition in persons newly diagnosed with multiple sclerosis,” was published in the journal Neurology.
Most people with MS experience both physical and cognitive disability caused by chronic inflammation in the central nervous system, comprised of the brain and spinal cord.
Changes in cognitive function seen in the early stages of MS are known to help predict severe impairments in cognition later in the disease course. But researchers are still looking for factors that can help predict which patients are at higher risk for developing serious cognitive impairments.
It is believed that ethnicity plays a role in MS susceptibility rates.
Now, researchers at the University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, investigated whether a person’s ethnicity is a contributing factor for early changes in cognition.
To evaluate cognitive function, the team used the Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT), a reliable tool used in MS and other neurological diseases. The test measures attention, processing speed, and working memory capacity, and can be used to evaluate changes in cognition over time.
The researchers used the oral version of the SDMT so as to exclude the effect of potential hand impairments in patients.
Participants were recruited from the MS Sunshine Study — a multi-ethnic, matched, case-control study of MS in southern California that analyzed the influence of vitamin D levels in disease incidence. For each patient, at least one healthy individual (control) with matched race/ethnicity, sex, and age was recruited.
Ultimately, data were collected from 1,174 adults, among whom 519 were white, 261 black, and 394 Hispanic. The Hispanic participants were mostly Mexican (78.9%) or of mixed-Mexican descent (3.4%), while most black participants were African-Americans born in the U.S. (97.2%). The majority of MS patients in the overall group were women (71%), with a mean age of 40.7 years at the time of the cognitive assessment.
Among white participants with MS, 64% had an annual income above the Californian median ($65,000), compared with 43% of black patients, and 44% of Hispanics. Compared with white and Hispanic patients, fewer black participants with MS completed college.
The SDMT results showed that MS patients had lower scores among all ethnic groups compared with controls. Those patients with black and Hispanic ethnicity had a lower mean SDMT — 47.3 and 53 — compared with white patients, with a score of 54.
Yet, the analysis showed that the relation between ethnicity and having MS on SDMT scores was not significant. Further analysis showed that MS patients of Hispanic or black ethnicity have a similar reduction in SDMT scores as the healthy controls.
“We did not find any evidence that MS causes more cognitive impairment in black or Hispanic patients early in the disease course compared to white patients,” the researchers said.
This finding suggests that differences in cognitive impairment among people with MS is most likely due to differences found in the underlying population.
“Lower absolute SDMT scores among black and Hispanic patients compared to white patients highlight underlying U.S. population differences rather than differences in MS disease severity,” the researchers said.
Newly diagnosed MS patients “are more likely to have subtly impaired cognitive function than controls regardless of race/ethnicity,” the team concluded.
The researchers suggested that “improving opportunities for higher educational attainment and higher incomes for black and Hispanic participants in the United States would likely reduce racial/ethnic disparities in cognitive performance.”
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What Is XYY Syndrome?
XYY syndrome is a genetic condition found in males only. About 1 in 1,000 boys have it.
Boys with XYY syndrome — also known as 47,XYY — might be taller than other boys. Other symptoms can include problems with spoken language and processing spoken words, coordination problems, weaker muscles, hand tremors, and behavioral difficulties.
Most boys with XYY syndrome can grow up healthy, have normal sexual development and fertility, and lead productive lives.
Symptoms can vary greatly among boys. Depending on which symptoms a boy has and how severe they are, doctors may recommend various treatments.
What Causes XYY Syndrome?
Boys who have XYY syndrome are born with it. It's called XYY because they have an extra Y chromosome in most or all of their cells.
Usually, a person has 46 chromosomes in each cell, divided into 23 pairs, which includes two sex chromosomes. Half of the chromosomes are inherited from the father and the other half from the mother. The chromosomes contain genes, which determine an individual's characteristics, such as eye color and height. Boys typically have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome, or XY, but boys with XYY syndrome have an extra Y chromosome, or XYY.
XYY syndrome is not caused by anything the parents did or did not do. The disorder is a random error in cell division. This error can happen before conception in the reproductive cells of the mother or the father, or early in the embryo's development.
When the extra chromosome is the result of incorrect cell division early in the embryo's development, a boy may have a mosaic form of XYY syndrome. This means some of the cells have an extra Y chromosome, but not all do. Boys with mosaic XYY syndrome usually have fewer symptoms.
What Are the Signs & Symptoms of XYY Syndrome?
Noticeable signs and symptoms of XYY syndrome can vary greatly. Some boys have no obvious signs, while others have mild symptoms. Occasionally, the disorder causes significant problems.
Boys with XYY syndrome may have some or all of these physical symptoms to some degree:
- taller than average height
- low muscle tone, or muscle weakness (called hypotonia)
- very curved pinky finger (called clinodactyly)
- widely spaced eyes (called hypertelorism)
- cystic acne during adolescence
Some boys also may have delayed development of their social, language, and learning skills. They also can have problems with reading and understanding math, and may have mild delays with coordination.
What Problems Can Happen?
Some boys with XYY syndrome may develop behavioral problems, such as ADHD, autism, explosive temper, impulsivity, or defiant behavior. These problems might ease as they get older and reach adulthood. Otherwise, treatment can help manage them.
How Is XYY Syndrome Diagnosed?
Many boys with XYY syndrome are healthy and have no obvious symptoms. So sometimes the condition isn't diagnosed or is only found while a doctor checks for a different issue.
XYY syndrome often is found because parents talked with a doctor about concerns with their son's development. This can help boys receive a diagnosis early. Research has shown that early interventions and treatments are more effective.
To diagnosis XYY syndrome, a blood sample is checked for the presence of the extra Y chromosome. Before birth, the condition can be found through a chromosomal analysis. Testing is done on the fluid surrounding the fetus, tissue from the placenta, or the blood from the mother.
How Is XYY Syndrome Treated?
There's no cure for XYY syndrome, but there are treatment options that can help address specific symptoms.
Finding services early is important and can greatly increase their ability to help your son live a healthier, more productive life. Options vary greatly depending on how old a boy is at the time of his diagnosis, whether he has noticeable symptoms, and the severity of those symptoms.
Treatments can include:
Regular doctor visits. At periodic visits, a doctor can monitor a boy's development for delays, social and language disabilities, or health problems and treat these promptly.
Educational support services. Educational support can teach boys ways to keep pace in school. Some might be eligible for an individualized educational program (IEP) or 504 education plan, which are designed to help children with specialized needs.
Early intervention services. It can be very helpful and often more effective for a boy to have speech, occupational, physical, or developmental therapy in the early months of life or as soon as concerns are identified.
Speech therapy and physical therapy can improve your son's speaking, reading, and writing skills and help increase strength and coordination. Occupational therapy and behavioral therapy can help your son develop more confidence and interact better with other children.
Counseling. The whole family can benefit from counseling to better understand XYY syndrome and help a boy who has it to live a productive life.
Early inventions should be considered at infancy for physical therapy, at 15 months for speech delay, at 1st grade for reading and learning issues, and at 3rd grade for anxiety or depression.
Boys with XYY syndrome can develop speech, learning, or social challenges at a young age. This can make them more likely to have low self-esteem and lead to school or social problems.
If your son is having trouble making friends or struggles in school, talk to your doctor or the principal or school counselor. Counseling and therapy can teach your son practical skills to help him make friends and feel more confident in school, and educational services can help your son succeed academically.
It's important to speak to your doctor if you have any concerns about your son's physical and emotional development.
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CC-MAIN-2019-51
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ver since Visual Basic was first released, most of its major features have been overhauled at least once. The exception to this rule is in file operations. Just as in the original basic language, files are still opened using numbers. You can pass the numbers around through your code, but you always have to use somewhat obscure statements to write data to files.
With the release of Visual Basic Scripting Edition, version 2.0, Microsoft introduced the FileSystemObject. This is the overhaul that developers who work with disk files have been waiting for. This object, and other objects in this group, encapsulate all the file operations that previously have been difficult or impossible to implement.
To use these objects, you must reference the Microsoft Scripting Runtime (C:\Windows\System\SCRRUN.DLL) in your Visual Basic application. If you're using VBScript with Internet Explorer, the objects are available already. The objects of interest are these:
Drive. Represents a single storage device, including floppy disk, hard drive, CD-ROM, and more.
Drives. A collection of all the drives in the system.
File. Represents a single disk file somewhere on the system.
Files. A collection of disk files, typically located in a particular directory.
FileSystemObject. An object to represent the entire file system on your computer, including all drives, directories, and files.
Folder. Represents a single directory, whether local or network.
Folders. A collection of directories, which can be located at either the root level or in another directory.
TextStream. Represents a file that has been opened for reading or writing of data.
To get information on all the drives on your system, you could use the following code:
Dim objFSO As New Scripting.FileSystemObject
Dim drvLoop As Scripting.Drive
For Each drvLoop In objFSO.Drives
Debug.Print drvLoop.DriveLetter & ":\"
If drvLoop.DriveType = Fixed _
Or drvLoop.IsReady Then
Debug.Print " Total size: " & Format$(drvLoop.TotalSize / (1024 ^ 2), "#0.00 Mb")
Debug.Print " Free space: " & Format$(drvLoop.FreeSpace / (1024 ^ 2), "#0.00 Mb")
Debug.Print " Volume Label: " & drvLoop.VolumeName
Debug.Print " Disk information unavailable"
Set objFSO = Nothing
Be careful when attempting to access removable drives, especially if you are on a laptop with a swappable drive. Windows still thinks the drive is there in some cases. This can cause some ugly lockups of Visual Basic if you're not careful.
More properties are available for the Drive objectuse the Object Browser to see all the available properties. You can also see online documentation at the Microsoft scripting technologies site.
Besides looping through drives, you can also loop through files in folders. This is especially helpful when you need to search your entire drive for a particular file. Recursion is also helpful in these cases, since you need to keep performing the same action as you work your way down the tree. The following code will count the number of files that have the .GIF extension. This code can obviously be adapted to list the files, do something to each file, and so on. The main point is the actual traversal of the directory tree.
Dim m_lngFileCount As Long
Dim m_objFSO As Scripting.FileSystemObject
Set m_objFSO = New Scripting.FileSystemObject
m_lngFileCount = 0
Debug.Print "Total files: " & m_lngFileCount
Sub CheckFolder(strPath As String)
Dim objFolder As Scripting.Folder
Dim objFile As Scripting.File
Dim objSubdirs As Scripting.Folders
Dim objLoopFolder As Scripting.Folder
Debug.Print "Checking directory " & strPath
Set objFolder = m_objFSO.GetFolder(strPath)
' Check files in this directory
For Each objFile In objFolder.Files
If UCase$(Right$(objFile.ShortPath, 4)) = ".GIF" Then
m_lngFileCount = m_lngFileCount + 1
' Loop through all subdirectories and
' do the same thing.
Set objSubdirs = objFolder.SubFolders
For Each objLoopFolder In objSubdirs
Set objSubdirs = Nothing
Set objFolder = Nothing
To simplify the code, the FileSystemObject and the file counter are made global to this module (hence the m_ prefix). The CheckFolder routine is first called with C:\ as the starting point. This routine first goes through all the files in the selected directory. If any of them match, the counter is incremented. After all the files have been checked, each subdirectory is fed into the CheckFolder routine. This is the recursive part of the codea routine is calling itself. Eventually, there are no more subdirectories and all the CheckFolder calls end. The total is then printed by Sub Main.
If you ever built this code using the Dir function, you should appreciate the simplicity of this version. No longer do you have to check file attributes or try to keep track of where you are at in the recursion. The new file objects take care of the dirty work for you.
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<urn:uuid:38040ccb-58ab-4a1c-b4a4-2616da770469>
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CC-MAIN-2015-40
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http://www.devx.com/getHelpOn/10MinuteSolution/20406
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Low Impact Development (LID)
What is Low Impact Development?
LID is an innovative land-planning and engineering design strategy for stormwater management meant to lessen the impact of development on stormwater quality and quantity by managing stormwater as close to its original source as possible.
History of LID
The LID concept began in the mid-1980s as an alternative to the more traditional, centralized stormwater Best Management Practices (BMP) used on construction sites and redevelopment projects, such as detention and retention ponds. The drawbacks to these traditional BMPs, combined with increasingly more stringent state and federal environmental water quality regulations, encouraged environmental scientists and engineers to research and develop more sustainable methods for urban areas to manage and treat stormwater.
Edmond Municipal Code
Edmond encourages engineers and developers to incorporate LID practices into their proposed project designs. To assist applicants, the City amended the Municipal Code in October 2009 by adding Section 23.20.050(e) to Title 23:
"If an LID BMP is approved by the City for use on a development site and that BMP is used to decrease and/or offset the required stormwater detention for the site, then an Operations and Maintenance Manual must be provided and the owner responsible for the BMP’s upkeep and maintenance shall be stated on the site plan and plat. The BMP shall be inspected, on an interval to be determined by the City Engineer, not to exceed five years, by an engineer licensed in the State of Oklahoma at the owner’s expense to certify that it is being operated and maintained correctly and that it continues to function as designed. The engineer’s inspection report and certification shall be submitted to the City of Edmond."
Local Examples of LID
Are you interested in learning more about LID practices and how they function? Fortunately, there are several Oklahoma agencies and institutions that maintain online map databases of completed LID installations in Oklahoma and throughout the rest of the world! Please visit their websites to see photos and project descriptions on a variety of LID installations:
- Oklahoma State University’s Division of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources
- The Oklahoma Water Survey at The University of Oklahoma
There are also several LID projects located right here in Edmond:
|Edmond LID Projects||Access||Address|
|COE Planning & Public Works Building LID Demonstration Project||Public||10 South Littler Avenue|
|Bickum-Rudkin Park Xeriscape Demonstration Garden||Public||450 East 33rd Street|
|Blake-Service Soccer Complex Rain Garden||Public||1502 West Danforth Road|
|COE Pump Station Bioretention Area (private gated facility)||Private||1512 West Danforth Road|
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<urn:uuid:fe2b9c8f-794b-4e97-be49-54abe17e9900>
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CC-MAIN-2022-49
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https://edmondok.gov/1468/Low-Impact-Development
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#learningthroughplay Weaving Activity inspired by our Kings, Queens, and Castles Toolbox
Prepare: Place all of your materials in a basket or tray. Note: If you wish them to practice their cutting skills, they may help you with preparing the weaving mat or strips of paper.
Activity: Demonstrate how to weave a piece of paper, beginning with over, on the mat. Make sure to demonstrate how to move the weaved strip close to the top of the weaving mat. Begin with a 2nd piece showing how to alternate the next row starting with under this time – move the strip up the weaving mat. Invite your child to begin the activity.
Tip! Taping down the mat to a work surface may help it from sliding around. This activity is an ideal way to encourage and develop your child’s fine motor skills.
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CC-MAIN-2023-50
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What are Newton’s Laws of Motion?
Isaac Newton published his three laws of motion in 1687. These are:
Newton’s First Law
If an object is stationary (not moving), it will not start moving by itself. If an object is moving, it will not stop or change direction unless something pushes or pulls it. This push or pull is called a ‘force’ in physics
The key point is that if an external force is applied it was size and direction. So, the velocity (speed and direction of travel) of the object will change because of that external force.
In other words, if no net force acts on an object (if all external forces cancel each other out) then a moving object maintains a constant velocity.
If the velocity is zero, the object remains at rest.
Newton’s Second Law
This law explains how the velocity of an object changes when an external force is applied.
In the simplest terms, an object will move further and faster the harder it is pushed or pulled.
This is described in the following equation:
F = ma
Where F is the force, m is the mass of the object and a is its acceleration (change in velocity).
The equation works both ways. A force will cause a change in velocity and, likewise, a change in velocity will generate a force.
Thanks to this equation, we can determine the position and velocity of an object at any time in the past or future.
Newton’s Third Law
When an object is pushed in one direction, there is always a resistance of the same size in the opposite direction.
In other words, for every action (force), there is an equal and opposite reaction. If object A exerts a force of object B, then object B also exerts an equal force on object A.
Newton’s laws of motion tell us exactly how everything around us moves. Newton’s laws predict the motion and interactions of objects well enough to explain how planes and rockets generate lift, how to measure the mass of the Earth and the movement of planets and other bodies in our Solar System.
Newton’s laws also laid the groundwork for later developments in physics and are one of the earliest examples of how to predict the world we live in with simple mathematical formulas.
Now, for the bad news. While Newton’s laws work really well for everyday objects and situations, they don’t work inside extreme environments such as inside atoms or in outer space.
So, physicists have come up with a range of other ways to describe the universe. These include quantum mechanics, special relativity and general relativity.
Newton’s laws of motion originally appeared in his “Principia Mathematica Philosophiae Naturalis”, which is a work in three books by Isaac Newton. The Principia also formed the foundation of classical mechanics, Newton’s law of gravity and derived Kepler’s laws of planetary motion.
Here’s how Newton’s laws of motion help launch rockets into space:
|
<urn:uuid:1f8ff2a9-432c-41ba-b31a-dc72198a4719>
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CC-MAIN-2021-49
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https://scienceissimple.com/newtons-laws-of-motion/
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You can supposedly tell a lot about a person based on how they see a glass of water. If someone says ‘half-empty,’ they are considered pessimistic, while a response of ‘half-full’ indicates a positive personality.
Does that mean ‘half-empty’ people are always unhappy? Of course not. And do ‘half-full’ people enjoy perfect lives? Most likely, no. Life isn’t as clean and clear as a glass of H2O, and besides, one response to a personality test does not reflect our overall worldview.
However optimism is a quality, which –like happiness, hopefulness, and lovingness – anyone can choose to adopt. Here are some good reasons to start thinking about the glass as ‘half-full’…
Happiness – Optimism reflects a daily philosophy of hopefulness – and where hope exists, the heart finds happiness too. As Marcus Aurelius wrote, “The happiness of your life depends upon the quality of your thoughts.”
Longevity – Optimistic people tend to live longer. According to research, people with healthy attitudes generally experience better lifetime physical health and quicker recoveries from serious health issues.
Productivity – Optimistic people get more done, especially in crunch time. They tend to view challenges as hurdles rather than mountains, and they view deadlines as the red runner’s tape stretched across the finish line of a great race.
Creativity – Optimistic people don’t let dreams escape them. Instead of focusing on the thousands of ideas why a creative idea won’t work, ‘half-full’ people concentrate their energy on the one or two reasons why it would work, and run from there.
Persistence – Optimists fare better when the going gets rough. Rather than facing situations with false perkiness, truly optimistic people are able to dig in and work through challenges, knowing that every night has a sunrise following close behind.
Confidence – Optimism breeds success in efforts large and small. For ‘half-full’ types, setbacks become stepping-stones to new endeavors, and plateaus become launch pads for new ideas.
Courage – Optimistic people greet the world with brave faces, choosing to find the best in people, places and things that surround them. They are likely to make friends quicker in social situations, and they try not to view strangers as enemies.
|
<urn:uuid:03d3fe38-0810-4f32-97e0-16113acd6b8c>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-13
|
https://www.mindfueldaily.com/livewell/7-ways-optimism-affects-health-and-happiness
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Butterfly Behavior: Eating and Puddling
Nectar is the staple of a butterfly's diet. In the plant world, nectar is a reward for animals that act as pollinators, including butterflies and bees. Flowering plants produce nectar that the insects want to eat, and in exchange the insects spread the flowers' pollen, allowing them to reproduce. While some insects, like bees, have lots of adaptations that allow them to carry lots of flowers, many butterflies don't. In fact, some butterflies don't spread pollen at all -- they take the nectar without helping the plant in exchange. In this sense, butterflies can be parasites.
It's easy to imagine butterflies as delicate insects flitting from flower to flower in search of nectar. Their long proboscis allows them to reach deep into flowers and retrieve the nectar found there. At first glance, the proboscis doesn't seem suited to consuming any other type of food. While it's true that sugary nectar is a primary source of energy for butterflies, they have lots of other dietary needs. Butterflies need nutrients and minerals to fly and reproduce, and many of these don't exist in the sweet liquids produced by flowers.
© Pierre Yu/iStockphoto
Some butterflies also eat fruit. Some of these butterflies pierce the fruit's skin and drain the juices from inside. Others drink the juices from the surface of rotting fruit. Butterflies that prefer to drink from fresh fruit sometimes have a pointed proboscis, making it easier to puncture the fruit's skin.
Getting enough minerals and salt requires other food sources, including urine, dung and standing water. This is why you'll often see many butterflies drinking from very shallow, still water. This water has absorbed minerals from the soil underneath it, and the butterflies need these minerals to supplement their diet. This behavior is called puddling. Sometimes, butterflies will fly away from a puddle and return to it a few seconds later -- this may disturb the water, bringing more minerals to the surface. If there's no water around, a butterfly may regurgitate into the soil and then drink in the hope of retrieving minerals.
All of these behaviors lead up to the main purpose of a butterfly's life -- reproduction. Read on to learn about mating rituals and how male butterflies contribute to females' ability to lay eggs.
|
<urn:uuid:9c29edc0-eb33-4ad9-a7a1-2cce89a28c42>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-10
|
http://science.howstuffworks.com/zoology/insects-arachnids/butterfly3.htm
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It stood taller than the Statue of Liberty, was more massive than six Boeing 747 jetliners and generated more thrust than two dozen of the jumbo jets. The tallest, heaviest and most powerful rocket ever successfully flown launched for the first time 50 years ago Thursday (Nov. 9).
NASA's Saturn V booster, which carried 24 astronauts to the moon and lofted the United States' first space station into Earth orbit, is now instantly recognizable as an icon of the U.S. space program. It made its debut in flight on Nov. 9, 1967, launching the Apollo 4 mission on an "all-up" test of the vehicle.
"[If] we shall send to the moon ... a giant rocket ... capable of withstanding heat and stresses several times more than have ever been experienced, [and] fitted together with a precision better than the finest watch — then we must be bold," stated President John F. Kennedy in a 1962 address at Rice University in Houston. [10 Surprising Facts About NASA's Saturn V Moon Rocket]
Five years later, that bold rocket stood poised to be the first booster to launch from NASA's Pad 39A at Kennedy Space Center in Florida. Designed by a team led by rocket scientist Wernher von Braun, and assembled from more than three million parts furnished by an army of workers at 20,000 companies, universities and government facilities, the 363-foot-tall (110-m) Saturn V rocket was an unprecedented feat of engineering.
The towering booster leapt off Earth on its maiden mission at one second past 7:00 a.m. EST (1200 GMT), as its five, first-stage F-1 engines pushed the rocket slowly skyward.
"We have lift-off!" announced NASA's launch commentator Jack King. Fifteen seconds later, he noted the vehicle had "cleared the tower."
Despite being more than 3 miles (5 kilometers) away, King witnessed firsthand the effect of the launch. "The vibration from the Saturn V showered us with dust and debris from the ceiling of the Launch Control Center, which was brand new at the time," he said.
At CBS's mobile studio, where anchor Walter Cronkite was broadcasting the launch on live television, they had to hold a large picture window from being blown in by the Saturn V's shockwave. [How NASA's Saturn V Moon Rocket Worked (Infographic)]
"It's terrific, the building is shaking!" stated Cronkite. "Look at that rocket go into the clouds at 3,000 feet! Oh, the roar is terrific!"
The Saturn V, with what is now its familiar black and white roll pattern, continued to climb until about two minutes and 20 seconds into the flight, when the S-IC first stage cut off its five F-1 engines and, depleted of its fuel, dropped away. The S-II second stage then ignited, continuing to push the vehicle beyond the 50 miles downrange (80 km) that the rocket had already traveled.
The launch placed the Saturn V third stage, the S-IVB, and the Apollo 4 command and service module that rode atop it into an almost circular, 100-mile-high (190 km) orbit. The S-IVB stage was later reignited to boost the spacecraft to an apogee of 11,234 miles (18,079 km) above Earth. [NASA's Gutsy First Launch of the Saturn V Moon Rocket]
The 8 hour, 36 minute and 59 second mission ended with the Apollo 4 spacecraft re-entering Earth's atmosphere at almost 25,000 miles per hour (40,1000 k/ph), simulating a return from the moon and splashing down to the northwest of Midway Island in the northern Pacific Ocean. The Apollo 4 capsule was recovered by the carrier USS Bennington.
NASA declared the first flight of the Saturn V a resounding success.
"It was really an expert launching all the way through from lifting off exactly on time to the performance of every single stage," said von Braun, then director of NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama.
"The maiden [flight] of the Saturn V dramatically increased the confidence of people across the nation," stated George Mueller, NASA's associate administrator for manned space flight at the time.
The Apollo 4 mission (also known as AS-501, the Saturn V designation number) was followed by a second and final uncrewed test flight of the mighty rocket, Apollo 6 (AS-502) in April 1968. Despite that mission encountering significant issues, the Apollo 8 crew became the first to launch atop a Saturn V and fly to the moon just eight months later.
In total, NASA launched 13 Saturn Vs between November 1967 and May 1973. The final flight of the booster lofted a modified S-IVB stage into orbit to become Skylab, the first U.S. space station.
Two more Saturn V rockets, and a facilities demonstrator, were built but not flown. Today, they are on public display at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida, the Johnson Space Center in Texas and U.S. Space & Rocket Center in Alabama.
The Apollo 4 command module, the only part of that first Saturn V mission to be recovered, is now on exhibition the Infinity Science Center in Mississippi.
NASA is now working toward the first flight of the Space Launch System (SLS), a heavy-lift rocket that in advanced configurations will stand taller and be more powerful that the Saturn V. The maiden SLS flight on NASA's uncrewed Exploration Mission-1 (EM-1) is targeted for late 2019 or early 2020.
Watch a vintage NASA film about the first launch of the Saturn V rocket at collectSPACE.
|
<urn:uuid:ad31af7d-ed20-4349-93d1-45989b5777b4>
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CC-MAIN-2019-22
|
https://www.space.com/38719-saturn-v-rocket-50th-launch-anniversary.html
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en
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From cross-country skiing to speed skating, the Winter Olympics is full of breathless feats of endurance. And for a large number of Olympic athletes, the breathlessness isn’t just over who will win the next medal—it’s from asthma. But if you think the condition could hold Olympians back, think again: Athletes with asthma are more likely to win medals than their competitors.
Up to one in four winter Olympians have asthma, a condition that constricts the airways and makes it difficult to breathe normally. That’s no surprise to John Dickinson, a professor at the University of Kent’s School of Sport and Exercise Sciences. He’s studied asthma in elite competitors for years and says that the number of athletes with the condition can skew even higher in endurance sports: up to 70 percent in swimmers and 50 percent in cross-country skiers.
Endurance sports might attract athletes who have asthma, he says, but they can also cause breathing problems in and of themselves. Normally, people breathe through their nose, which warms and humidifies the air, filtering out gnarly particles and noxious chemicals along the way. But during endurance events, says Dickinson, most athletes temporarily turn into mouthbreathers.
“You get unconditioned air going into the airway,” he says. This, in turn, wreaks havoc on the lungs, drying out their air sacs and fueling inflammation. Asthma can result—and as his research with athletes shows, it often does.
These athletes manage to make it to the Olympics despite all that wheezing and coughing, and even outperform challengers without asthma. That’s especially true during the Winter Games.
In a 2012 literature review, asthma expert Kenneth D. Fitch crunched the numbers. He found that during the Salt Lake City Winter Games in 2002, 5.2 percent of athletes had asthma, but that group won 15.6 percent of the medals. He observed the same effect in Torino in 2006 (7.7 percent of athletes with asthma won 14.4 percent of the medals) and Vancouver in 2010 (7.1 percent of athletes with asthma won 11.8 percent of the medals).
Could athletes’ asthma inhalers explain their dominance? Dickinson has spent years trying to find out.
Consider a salbutamol inhaler, one of the most common types. (You may know it as albuterol or Ventolin.) It’s a beta-2 agonist inhaler that relaxes the bronchial passages, making it easier for people with asthma to breathe. In 1972, the International Olympic Committee banned it as a stimulant. The IOC went back and forth for years on whether to allow the inhaler, but eventually okayed it. Over 90 percent of Olympic athletes who applied for asthma exemptions between 2004 and 2008 used such devices.
“As long as you’re using the right inhalers, your lungs are as if you haven’t got asthma. You’re on a level playing field,” says Dickinson. But what if you take a huge dose? Could that skew the field in your favor?
It depends on whether you actually have asthma or not. Years of studies show little evidence that beta-2 agonists give an advantage to people without asthma. And in ordinary doses, they don’t provide an advantage to people with asthma, either. Asthmatic athletes that try megadoses of beta-2 agonist inhalers might get some kind of boost, but they would likely experience side effects—including a pounding chest and dizziness—that would make it hard to compete.
But what if you popped corticosteroids, which reduce inflammation in the chest, instead? “It’s quite an aggressive form of treatment,” Dickinson says, “but the gray area is that that level of steroid has been shown to reduce muscle inflammation. An athlete is going to feel better when they’re doing the sport and will recover faster.” But, says, Dickinson, “If your asthma is that bad, you probably shouldn’t be competing anyway.”
Since athletes must currently apply for a dispensation to take those drugs—including assessments by an independent panel—it’s unlikely they can slip through to the field undetected. Dickinson thinks athletes who need oral corticosteroids should be required to step off the field temporarily to recover and eliminate any chance of an on-field advantage due to their medication. With the help of researchers like Dickinson, the World Anti-Doping Agency is continually revising its standards not only to prevent inhaler doping, but also to protect the health of athletes with asthma.
There’s another reason people with asthma might do better in the Olympics: because they have to pay more attention to their breath. Even though exercise can induce asthma, it can also protect against bad attacks when sportspeople warm up properly. Techniques like nose breathing and the use of face masks can also help before competition.
“When we improve breathing quality, symptoms can go away,” says Dickinson. “If your asthma is well controlled, you can do anything a non asthmatic can do.” And maybe you can do anything better than they can, too.
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Qasabeh Qanat is one of the world's largest and oldest Qanats which dates back to 500 BC. Qasabeh Qanat is located at Gonabad in Razavi Khorasan which resistered on Iran UNESCO World Heritage Sites under the name of The Persian Qanats. Qasabeh Qanat consists of 427 water wells and has a total length of 33113 meters. Siah Kuh mountains, the main source of water of Qasabeh qanat, are in the western parts of this area whereas low lands are in north and northeast segments. Qasabeh Qanat catchment covers an area of 317.67 k.m. that is part of the central desert basin of Iran. The maximum and minimum height from the sea level in the western part of the aquifer are 2785 and 1104m respectively.
The average temperature in Siah koh is 127◦c degrees centigrade, thus it can be regarded as a semi-arid zone. However, Siah koh western parts receive higher rainfall compared to the northeast and north parts.
Qasabeh Qanat special features such as its construction method, antiquity, structural techniques and management system make it one of the most outstanding water structures of Iran. It is one of the important and historic Qanats of Plateau in Iran and has a basic role in the development of civilization based on Qanat not only in Iran but also in the world.
Digging technique in Qasabeh Qanat is unique. There is some interesting information based on interviews with local elders and some records which indicates that at least 75 m of a mother well of Doolab branch depth and other train wells have been surprisingly dug utilizing Sar Kuli Method. In this method digging is a different task and starts from bottom to up. It requires exact navigational calculation in a very difficult condition which has been carefully and artfully done by Iranian ancestors. Qasabeh Qanat is the main source of Saffron Farm in Gonabad.
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| 0.954616
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| 3.15625
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