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As early as 1991, some scholars have conducted related research and analysis on pure titanium implants and pure niobium implants implanted in rabbit bone, and the results showed that the opening torque of pure niobium implant was significantly higher than that of the pure titanium implant, and it was speculated that it was caused by the more irregular surface morphology of pure niobium implant compared to pure titanium implant. However, more studies still tend to reduce the precipitation of toxic metals (such as nickel and vanadium) in titanium alloy to improve the biocompatibility of titanium alloy, reduce the elastic modulus of titanium alloy and improve the mechanical strength of the implant. The effects of 15 commonly used biomaterials on the bioactivity of osteoblast-like cells were examined by leading researchers, and the results showed that both the particle form and the ionic form of vanadium and nickel were significantly more cytotoxic than niobium.
Niobium metal is expensive and the processing cost of its alloy is high, which limits its wide application. To make up for the above deficiencies, the researchers tried various methods to form niobium coating on stainless steel, cobalt-chromium, titanium and titanium alloy implants, so as to ensure the implants still have good biocompatibility and mechanical properties on the premise of saving precious metal materials (reducing cost) as much as possible.
Metallic biomaterials are widely used in craniomaxillofacial surgery and are often used as a substitute material for bone deformities and defects as well as a scaffold material to improve the quality of life of patients, and the typical metallic biomaterials are stainless steel, cobalt-chromium alloy, titanium, and titanium alloy. Among these metallic materials, stainless steel has better ductility and cyclic torsion strength; cobalt-chromium alloys have the highest stiffness, wear resistance, and relatively high strength; titanium alloys have the best biocompatibility, corrosion resistance, and specific strength (tensile strength to density ratio), but the lowest stiffness.
Apart from the mechanical properties, biological indicators such as biocompatibility and cytotoxicity of metal biomaterials have attracted extensive attention due to the need for long-term implantation and the possibility of taking out later. Reducing the modulus of elasticity of metal as close to bone tissue as possible to reduce the effect of stress shielding is one of the recent efforts of researchers. Earlier studies showed that the addition of non-toxic metal elements niobium, zirconium, tantalum, molybdenum, etc. to titanium alloy can effectively reduce the elastic modulus of the alloy and improve the corrosion resistance.
The metal dental prosthesis has been widely used in dental prosthesis. Due to the complex environment in the mouth, how to improve the mechanical and chemical properties, especially the corrosion resistance, to improve the durability of the prosthesis under the premise of ensuring the good biocompatibility of materials has always been the focus of research.
Some researchers have tested the mechanical properties of titanium-niobium alloy with different proportions of niobium, and the results show that the hardness of titanium alloy containing niobium 5wt% has been significantly enhanced; the yield strength and tensile strength of titanium alloy containing niobium 10wt% and above were significantly enhanced, but the elongation decreased significantly; titanium alloy containing niobium 30wt% has better abrasion when it maintains high hardness, strength, and elastic modulus. The study also confirmed that the titanium zirconium niobium-tin alloy with high strength and elastic modulus is a kind of metal material with good biological safety for oral cavity repair, but its wear mechanism changes from abrasive wear to adhesive wear with the increase of surface load.
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What Age Can You Potty Train a Puppy?
Potty training a puppy is an essential part of owning and caring for a pup, but the specific age at which you can begin potty training varies depending on breed, size and health. Generally speaking, it’s best to start as soon as possible — puppies are able to learn simple commands from about 8 weeks of age, so you can begin teaching them early on how to signal when they need to do their business.
To make this process easier on both you and your pup, try to stay consistent while potty training. Start by setting up a regular schedule for bathroom breaks (ideally every few hours) and keep these sessions short — between 5-10 minutes should be enough time for your pup to get used to the idea of “going.” Setting a designated area outside where your pup can do their business will help encourage good habits and associate certain cues (like taking them out the same door each time) with specific actions. Make sure that they always perform in the same spot as well — dogs are creatures of habit Unlike humans, puppies don’t have full control over their bodily functions until around six months of age. This means that if you leave them alone for long periods without any breaks or fail to provide positive reinforcement when they eliminate in the right spot (with lots of praise and treats!) then there may be frequent accidents in your home until their bodies are developed enough to handle more advanced commands. Therefore it is important not only hold back punishment when mistakes occur (accidents will happen), but also use positive reinforcement techniques like rewards or extra playtime when your pup does what he needs to do outside
Step-by-Step Guide to Potty Training Your Puppy
Potty training your puppy is a challenging but essential part of responsible pet ownership. Teaching your puppy how to use the bathroom in the right spot can help prevent costly damage, foul odors, and annoying accidents. It may seem daunting but with patience and consistency, potty training your pup can be an achievable goal. This guide provides step-by-step instructions for potty training your puppy so that you can have a cleaner home and less mess to clean up in no time.
Before beginning any potty training program it is important to have realistic expectations when it comes to your pup’s age and developmental abilities. This will make the job easier for both you and your furry friend later on down the road. Puppies typically begin having bladder control by 4 months old; however, some take longer to learn than others depending on breed and size.
Step 1: Choose Where Your Pet Should Potty The first thing you need to decide is where do you want your puppies’ bathroom spot? If you’re inclined towards having an indoor area that requires fewer trips outside or if you live in an urban apartment building a designated area inside could work best for you such as a tiled corner or balcony space with artificial grass covering that draws away moisture quickly when used indoors. Outdoor potties are also an option depending upon climate conditions: take into account soil stability and heavy rains when choosing outdoor areas like grassy fields or hard surfaces near bushes or trees where dogs can find shelter from inclement weather while they relieve themselves.
Step 2: Feeding and Scheduling Habits Consistent feeding times play an important role in setting good restroom habits together with consistent trips outside every day at specific times helps promote faster learning specially if these activities stick to regular daytime hours instead of late nights before bedtime as this gives puppies more energy for toilet breaks as needed during their routine walks outdoors all day—not only does this keep their bodies’ functioning optimally all day long, but it also teaches him/her through repetition when it’s acceptable time (and place) to potty!Your pup should eat at least two meals per day at roughly the same time each morning after waking up from his/her nap around 3am (or earlier). Be consistent with your timing as routinely altering meal times makes things more complicated long term unless there are extenuating circumstances like construction noise or loud neighbors outside making them skittish around specific areas leading him/her back towards undesired habits once again after achieving any noticeable progress made over weeks prior those changes because especially younger pets haven’t incubated the tenets of learning maturation just yet while they grow older—so always be mindful behavior regularity here going forward…
Step 3: Walk Well & Reward Regularly Bring treats along with toys during outdoor walks –potentially even inanimate objects like sticks that move about producing fun sound effects–allowing immediate + positive reinforcement usually resulting greater success seen quickly during these outings rather than being wary like scolding approaches regarding undesirable events occurring sometime after inconvenience created leaving little incentive derived directly from its original source thereby complicating matters even further simply due higher stress levels commonly causing disruption within established patterns known better compliance owned & understood solely through repeating desirable behaviors correctly despite numerous opportunities proving otherwise previously; Failing this creates counterintuitive logic whenever delays appearing often prompting lessening enthusiasm intended reinforcing sight words somehow “communication gap perpetuated needs closing continuously remember along way particular words coordinating reward provided reaching desired result employed setting orderly pattern respective behavior expected every single instance terms avoided future blunders corrected right away needed meaningful relationship between handler dog maintained successful future advancements achieved continual support supplied yesterdays outdated techniques lead ineffective results!
Step 4: Rewards & Praises Strategically Rewarding good behaviors immediately rather than waiting until after unpleasant event happened reinforces desired responses faster than attempting post hoc correction techniques whenever possible most effective route taken rearing intelligent capable mature confident companions instilling basic manners politeness comprehended innate language doggy instinctively possessing deep underlying respectfulness representing years socialization methods skipped adjusting style other reliable cues noticed observed responding consistently always greatest message conveyed meaningfully promoted encouraging deeper bond strengthen lasting lifetime timeframe not be feared joked relied immense dedication built separate proof concrete steps correct commands spoken clearly confidently providing corrections phrased positively ending sentences barked positively featuring praise words definitively allowing clear understanding animal happens success reached originally sought ideally arriving quickest timeline expected packed solutions catered bundle particular requirements produced super speedy puppies!
By following these steps diligently through persistently developing good routines, soon enough, hopefully sooner rather than later, expect errant toileting incidents become miniscule few far between lasting imprint recognition created opened door endless possibilities achievable thanks much care taken plenty rewards delivered correct moment ideas rewarded praises given appropriately leaving imprint today set precedence tomorrow
Common Questions & Concerns Regarding Potty Training
Potty training can be a stressful experience for parents and children alike. As your toddler makes the transition from diapers to toilet, they’re sure to have many questions and concerns. To help make this process easier, here are some of the most common potty training questions and concerns that parents face:
1. When should I start potty training my child?
It can be difficult to determine the best time to begin potty training, as every child is different. Generally speaking, it’s recommended that you wait until your child is at least 18 months old before starting potty training. However, signs such as increased diaper dryness, an interest in using the bathroom like adults do, or expressed signs of being discomforted by a wet diaper are all good cues that your child might be ready for potty training sooner than later. It’s important to observe these signs carefully – pushing too soon could cause frustration and resistance towards learning this new skill.
2. What should I have on hand while potty training?
There are several things you’ll need before beginning the process of potty training your little one. Firstly, it’s helpful to get a sturdy step stool or chair so that your toddler can use the toilet independently if necessary. Additionally, having disposable mats or liners (for when accidents happen) can make clean-up easier on both you and your toddler; cleaning up any messes quickly and calmly will also help with their own learning curve of understanding they’ve had an accident rather than simply soaking everything in urine or feces continuously without consequence from you as parent/caretaker! Lastly, introducing rewards such as small treats or stickers can make transitioning into potty usage more appealing for toddlers who may not initially understand why this change is necessary for them just yet!
3. Should I use pull-ups or regular underwear when my child is first learning?
Pull-ups are typically recommended when introducing a toddler to the idea of using a toilet instead of diapers–they offer better absorption than underwear yet still provide independence compared to traditional diapers with tapes which have tight fitting where disrobing them requires assistance from another adult which assumes cooperation & strength development too young for most toddlers! However there’s much controversy around pull-ups being too similar to diapers rather then mimicking adult undergarments — ultimately opting either way only comes down parent preference in allowing them consistency in their decision making regarding what type of “training” wear along with implementation & policies exercised consistently throughout their learning phase which will develop ultimate habits accordingly overtime!
The Top 5 Facts About Potty Training Puppies
Potty training puppies can be a daunting task for any pet parent, but it’s essential to ensure your pup grows into a healthy and well-mannered member of the family. It’s important to understand some key facts about potty training before you begin, so here are our top five tips:
1. Puppies have small bladders compared to adult dogs – This means that they need frequent trips outside in order to prevent accidents indoors. That said, don’t expect a young pup to “hold it” all night! Depending on the breed, age and size of your pup, he or she may need regular trips outside every 1–2 hours at first.
2. The earlier you start potty training, the better – Even though most puppies won’t be fully housebroken until 6 months old or even older (depending on the breed), it is recommended that you start potty training ASAP. This will not only help reduce accidents inside but also establish routines and boundaries which can help create longer lasting habits down the road as your pup matures.
3.Choose a specific location and reward system when pottying outdoors– When you take your puppy outside to use the bathroom make sure you dedicate one specific area for this purpose each time .Then praise him/her enthusiastically and reward with treats whenever they finish their business in the designated area . Doing this consistently will help reinforce positive behavior which leads to quicker learning in the long run; additionally , it avoids confusion for dogs who might otherwise wonder what is expected of them each time they go outside
4. Remain consistent during training – It is essential that we maintain consistency in our approach when teaching pups about acceptable behavior as inconsistency can often lead to confusion . Every member of the household must abide by identical rules throughout this process , otherwise our furry friends might become frustrated due to mixed signals from different people ! Additionally , frequent repetition aids in building muscle memory which helps create longer lasting habits over time .
5. Consider crate-training – Crate-training provides an environment where our four legged friends can feel secure while also forming their own sense of territory ; adding structure gives puppies an opportunity to learn acceptable behaviors more quickly while minimizing risks caused by unsupervised excursions around the home ! Keep in mind that crates should never be used as punishment devices -use them only as part of positive reinforcement techniques !
Setting Up an Effective Potty Training Schedule
Potty training can be an intimidating task for any parent and it’s important to have an effective potty training schedule in place to ensure a successful experience. Every child is different, so there’s no one-size-fits all approach; however, there are some basic steps that every parent should take when setting up a potty training schedule.
To get started, you want to make sure your child understands what the process entails and how important it is to succeed. Explain in simple terms why they need to use the toilet and talk about the benefits of being toilet trained. Let them know that with effort, they can become independent and won’t need diapers anymore.
Once your child has a basic understanding of what’s involved in potty training, determine the key moments during the day when your child typically needs to go so you can plan regular bathroom breaks accordingly. This could include right after waking up in the morning, right before bedtime, about 30 minutes after eating meals or snacks, or after extended periods of physical activity.
In addition, you may want to consider scheduling each bathroom break into a routine program using timers and a chart or reward system that lets everyone know what time it is for going to the bathroom and recognizing positive results. It’s also helpful to have all necessary supplies (extra clothing, wipes, hand sanitizer) easily accessible near the toilet area. As your child becomes more comfortable with consistent potty breaks throughout the day, start spacing them out further apart in order for them to gain greater control over their bladder and bowels until they don’t need structured reminders anymore.
Finally – stay patient! Potty training should be an encouraging atmosphere where both you and your child celebrate each success along the way as milestones are achieved on the journey towards achieving potty mastery!
Troubleshooting Tips for Difficult Potty Training Issues
Potty training can be one of the most difficult stages to navigate in a child’s development. While it may seem like an insurmountable task, there are some troubleshooting tips you can use to help ease your way through the process. Here are a few of those tips:
1. Patience and consistency – When tackling any difficult potty training issues, patience is key. This will involve consistent reminders, rewards and consequences if necessary. Remember that this is a learning process for your child, so taking extra time to ensure understanding can go a long way in making the experience easier for both of you.
2. Communication – Clear communication is essential when trying to tackle potty training problems. The success of potty training relies heavily on clear instructions and explanations from parents as well as feedback from children about their progress and limitations or concerns with the process. Do your best to foster an environment where both parties feel comfortable communicating with one another openly and honestly.
3. Use Stickers – An oldie but goodie, you can use stickers to create positive associations with the potty by rewarding successes with delicate animations or iconic figures your kids enjoy looking at each time they make progress in their toilet training journey!
4. Make sure they have access to all materials required – Make sure your little ones have easy access to all things needed for successful potty training: appropriate clothing (such as pull-ups), wipes, bathroom cleaner, towel rack nearby basin etc., Potty chair or adult seat depending upon size/age of child etc.. And always try to keep their comfort level always in check!
5. Find out what works for them – Last but not least, take time out to ask questions about how they feel about using the toilet and answer any queries they may have regarding the same; be open minded towards different techniques that might work better than standard methods! By identifying more effective solutions specific to their needs , it can help improve their confidence significantly during early days of transition into fully independent use of restrooms !
Taking on difficult issues involving potty training may seem daunting at first glance but having patience, being consistent in communication and rewards ( such as stickers ) adapting approaches that work best for your child , keeping comfort level always on top priority are few tricks which will certainly steer through these tumultuous waters .
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Professor Sanjay Agrawal, clinical lead for the NHS tobacco dependency programme talks about the benefits of removing the toxins from our bodies by quitting smoking and the toxic impact smoking has on our communities and the environment.
As a consultant in respiratory care medicine, I see the impact smoking has on the lives behind daily statistics. Did you know that around 64,000 people die from smoking related illnesses in England every year or that thirty times as many people suffer from serious smoking related diseases? Behind these big numbers are the lived experiences of real people with families and loved ones and the damaging economic impact on smokers’ families.
Whilst we know the damage smoking tobacco does to smokers and their families’ health, there’s another danger the World Health Organisation (WHO) has brought to our attention today, World No Tobacco Day: it’s the environmental impact smoking has.
WHO data shows that 4.5 trillion cigarette ends are disposed of every year around the world, creating 1.69 billion pounds of toxic chemical waste. Waste which pollutes our atmosphere, the air we breathe, the quality of our water and soil. Emphasising the environmental impacts of the entire tobacco cycle, from cultivation, production and distribution to the toxic waste it generates. The WHO is calling for stronger policies and legislation to directly address tobacco waste and environmental and economic impact.
With global pollution extremely topical, we shouldn’t lose sight of tobacco’s impact and I think it’s something we too should highlight when making the case for getting people to quit. Just as we shouldn’t lose sight of the fact that smoking is the leading modifiable risk factor responsible for health inequalities. There’s a strong link between tobacco dependency and health inequalities according to data from the ‘Global Burden of Disease’ study. It reports life expectancy for smokers being at least ten years less than it is for non-smokers; with a disproportionate impact on those from poorer backgrounds where smoking prevalence is higher, as it is for people suffering from mental health conditions. Shockingly, nearly one in ten women still smoke at the time of delivery. Further analysis from the maternity services dataset shows rates of smoking in pregnancy in the most deprived areas of England were nearly 6 times those in the least deprived areas (24.7% and 4.1% respectively).
My colleague Dr Bola Owalabi, Director of Health Inequalities Improvement at NHS England and NHS Improvement says, “Smoking is the single largest driver of health inequalities in England, with smoking prevalence higher amongst population groups with lower incomes. The health effects of smoking tobacco are implicated in all of the 5 key clinical areas of the National Core20PLUS5 approach we’ve developed to reduce healthcare inequalities. We recognise the importance of offering treatment to address tobacco dependency and the National Healthcare Inequalities Improvement and Prevention teams at NHS England and Improvement along with Action on Smoking and Health (ASH) are collaborating to create a Smoke Free NHS. Addressing the healthcare needs of our workforce including tackling health inequalities is fundamental in supporting the physical and mental wellbeing of NHS staff and in support patients and the public”.
And we are practicing what we preach as an organisation. The NHS is committed to achieving a smoke free society by 2030 (where smoking prevalence is less than 5%), in line with government ambitions. As part of this commitment, the NHS is currently piloting a staff tobacco dependence treatment service. Whilst these pilot sites gather pace anyone including NHS staff can access the Better Health site for support.
One example of the impact it’s already having on real lives, comes from some of our colleagues in North East and North Cumbria, one of the nine pilot sites in the country. It attracted some 1,200 staff members into the staff tobacco dependency service, within the first five months of launching. Quit rates reported at 12 weeks (where members of staff ceased use of cigarettes but may continue to use e-cigarette), where a large proportion of people attempted to quit smoking for the first time in their lives showed significant proportion succeeding. This is crucial step in creating smoke free workplaces and communities.
Dr Ruth Sharrock a consultant respiratory physician who led the effort in the North East and North Cumbria NHS Treating Tobacco Dependency taskforce, reflects on the staff offer: “I see one colleague per year die from smoking related disease from our hospital alone. These were wonderful staff members, who worked incredibly hard in difficult times, giving their ‘all’ to patient care and the NHS. There isn’t a more important workstream I could be involved with as we try to step into a period of recovery from COVID and truly value the physical and mental health of our colleagues. This is such a critical and meaningful intervention”.
The WHO’s World No Tobacco Day highlights tobacco’s environmental impact whilst reminding us of the importance of preventing lifelong illness and avoidable early deaths by stopping smoking. I firmly believe the NHS’ ambition is also firmly rooted in the future sustainability of the health service with the welfare of patients paramount.
Find out more about services available to support smokers to quit:
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From the very beginning, parents have to take charge of bringing education into their life. This will start the learning process for them as soon as possible. The school, along with the school’s environment, plays a very strong role in preparing your child to understand simple skills that would be beneficial in the future. The course of kindergarten chiang mai takes pride in stating that they provide a caring and natural environment for the benefit of the children.
What are the activities done to benefit the children?
This school’s main focus is to keep everything open to develop academically, socially, and emotionally. It is a very crucial age for the children because they start to see new things and make many questions in their minds. In this school, the children are taught in different ways. Many events place to make the children feel light without stopping them from learning. The children take part in fun rides along with their families. This helps them in coordinating as a family together. The child will learn about road rules and safety precautions to be taken. Since the school is dedicated to saving the planet and teaching the children to do the same, the activities are also organized by keeping this in mind. Some events take place to educate the children about the importance of cleaning and looking after the environment. They will learn the importance of a healthy and clean environment from childhood.
How does the environment of the school affect the development of the children?
The children at Chiang Mai International are constantly told that environment and nature require proper care. The school management takes necessary measures to cut down any source of carbon footprints. This school takes pride in being one of the greenest schools present on Earth. The parents can also see various naturally designed materials to cut down the level of carbon footprints. The natural way of surrounding the building with trees is done on the school campus. The design of the school has been made by keeping the environment in mind. To cut down the use of air-conditioners, options consisting of bamboo are chosen.
Not many electrical appliances are kept on the school campus to minimize electrical use. Since the children spend a huge amount of time on campus, these measures are necessary. Apart from teaching the importance of the environment, the children are also shown how they can take care of the environment. They will easily learn the concept by watching the school authorities doing the same. The school management always invites the children and the parents before the admission process to see the campus and learn its benefits in their child’s development.
What is the role of kindergarten in building your child’s future?
Many people might believe that kindergarten is not as important for their children. This is because the children are taught in creative ways to make them understand the skills they will require in the future. The skills associated with hearing, touch, smell, etc., are polished during the kindergarten period. It is very important to kick-start the learning process of the children, so no time is wasted. The children are very curious and eager to know about what they see, touch, and smell.
Kindergarten is a place where they will meet other students with different personalities. It would be easy for them to create bonds in the future when they know how to handle human relationships and connect with people. They will be judged based on their actions from childhood. This will help them in checking their actions and owning the mistake they did deliberately or by mistake. It improves the child overall and helps in building skills to lead a simple life.
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Need for Automation:
Back in the 18th century, the word ‘automatic’ had gained its place throughout people’s hearts.As the brain development slowly took place throughout the ages, people have tried to extract hacks to simplify their tasks.Execution of dreams into reality and finding the shortcuts to modify the goal has always been the primary goal of humans.
Why Automation Everywhere?
Pain relievers only respond to physical pains but they suddenly do not respond to pains related to work.Automation has always worked in that field to reduce stress and make work easier and interesting.Technically, Automation is a revolution which has engulfed the whole world, embracing minute fields such as farming, railways, restaurants, manufacturing business, packaging and delivery work etc.Premonition suggests the world very soon, where obesity will accompany every human being and work will be done by machine buddies.
Effects of Automation Everywhere
Striking developments have been made in unbelievable arenas, a few of which are discussed below:
Customers reporting against the lazy and impromptu waiters is history now.Food Organizations like McDonald have initiated a process in which an active tablet will take the inputs from the customers. Also, the Domino s Pizza is awaiting their days to get delivered by a robot delivery boy.
Artificial Intelligence has always acted as a gift to humankind and it has been able to solve problems like hectic case studies.Law field is soon to be enriched by Technology resulting in less empowerment of manpower.
- Delivery and Packaging:
Not always Big sized robots are required to perform the tasks.nowadays pint-sized robots are newly in fashion and are highly appreciated across the globe for their versatility.The only drawback of these being their inability to work in rough road conditions.Many big companies are merging together with a bond to create more useful robotic machines to deliver a heavy piece of work in every field.Although there have been major accidents due to technical mishap and it has created disasters as big as an aircraft crash.
- Meat Processing:
In such an intricate business such as meat processing which involves even illegal immigration and job for cutting off costs, Automaton has slowly made its place and solidified its base.Few industries have reported manufacturing such machines with extreme crafty nature which can even feel the bones of the animal, a task which is most demanded in this business.The software programming and development has aided the Automation correspondingly at its every step.Creation of such machines was merely an imagination or luxury of the fellow meat processors which is actually been made true in the recent years.
Farmers, dressed in their typical attires, going for work is now a flashback only.Nowadays farms are more developed and they can compete for any business as always.Machines have been developed which can differentiate between ripe and unripe fruit and accordingly pick the ripe fruits up.Tractor projections have been created to make the field grasses thinner and in shape.A Japanese company is planning to implement a device which will actually plant the seeds, water them regularly and also trim them when required.This plan of action is yet to be implemented and still under process and awaiting experimental success.
Technology has bestowed us with its precious gift Automation Everywhere, but the question arises: what are the cons? Consideration of side-effects is recommended always and as far detected, Automation only results in lazy attitude and over-dependency of humans upon machines and the increment in the chances of in-activeness.Until the time it doesn’t pose a direct threat, it can be considered and used, but maybe near future will witness machines responding to problems created by machines.
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| Part of the series on |
Pope Benedict XVI
|Pope Benedict XVI.|
|Postions on Moral and Political issues|
| Part of the series on the |
| 'Lecture by|
Pope Benedict XVI'
|Pope Benedict XVI's lecture|
|Subsequent Vatican statements|
|Open letters from top Muslim clerics|
|Protests, attacks and threats|
|Controversial Statements about Qur'an Chapter 2|
|Assessment of the lecture's purpose|
The Regensburg lecture was an important lecture delivered on 12 September 2006 by Pope Benedict XVI at the University of Regensburg in Germany, that sparked international reactions and controversy. The pope delivered his lecture, entitled "Faith, Reason and the University — Memories and Reflections" (German: Glaube, Vernunft und Universität — Erinnerungen und Reflexionen), at a university where he had once served as professor of theology. The lecture is considered to be the most important papal statement on world affairs since John Paul II's 1995 address to the United Nations by political philosopher James V. Schall.
In his lecture, the pope, speaking in German, quoted an unfavorable remark about Islam made in the 14th century by Manuel II Palaiologos, a Byzantine emperor. As the English translation of the pope's lecture disseminated across the world, many Islamic politicians and religious leaders protested irately against what they said was an insulting mischaracterization of Islam.
Mass street protests were mounted in many Islamic countries. In an act identified by the Pope as "their [The Muslims'] attempt to cover up the many controversial commands in the Qur'an", the Majlis-e-Shoora (Pakistani parliament) unanimously called on the Pope to retract "this objectionable statement". The pope maintained that the comment he had quoted did not reflect his own views, and he offered an apology to Muslims.
The controversial comment originally appeared in the Dialogue Held With A Certain Persian, the Worthy Mouterizes, in Anakara of Galatia, written in 1391 as an expression of the views of the Byzantine emperor Manuel II Palaiologos, one of the last Christian rulers before the Fall of Constantinople to the Muslim Ottoman Empire, on such issues as forced conversion, holy war, and the relationship between faith and reason. The passage, in the English translation published by the Vatican, is as follows:
|“||Show me just what Muhammad brought that was new and there you will find things only evil and inhuman, such as his command to spread by the sword the faith he preached.||”|
- Schall, James V. The Regensburg Lecture. St. Augustine's Press, 2007. [176 page book by Catholic political philosopher.]
- ↑ BBC Article. In quotes: Muslim reaction to Pope last accessed 17 September 17, 2006
- ↑ BBC News Article:Pope sorry for offending Muslims, last accessed 17 September 17, 2006
- ↑ Telegraph
- ↑ "The Pope, Jihad and "Dialogue"", The American Thinker, 19 September 2005
- ↑ "Lecture of the Holy Father - Faith, Reason and the University Memories and Reflections", Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 12 September 2006
- Official English translation of the Regensburg lecture
- The lecture in pdf format
- Original German text of the Regensburg lecture
- Audio recording of the Regensburg lecture (mp3) (German)
- Declaration by the Vatican issued on 16 September (Italian and English)
- Interview with [heodore Khoury, the author of the book Benedict cited
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News: The Chilika Development Authority(CDA) has designated the fishing cat as ambassador which is being called as an important step towards conservation of the vulnerable species.
- Fishing Cat: It is a medium-sized wildcat found in South and Southeast Asia.They are nocturnal and are an adept swimmer which enters water frequently to prey on fish and other animals.
- Habitat: In India, fishing cats are mainly found in the mangrove forests of the Sundarbans, on the foothills of the Himalayas along the Ganga and Brahmaputra river valleys and in the Western Ghats.
- Significance: In 2012, the West Bengal government officially declared the Fishing Cat as the State Animal.
- IUCN Red List: Vulnerable.
- CITES: Appendix II
- Indian Wildlife Protection Act,1972: Schedule I
- Threat: Habitat Destruction, Hunting, Ritual Practices, Poaching among others.
- Chilka Lake:It is Asia’s largest brackish water lake spread over districts of Odisha at the mouth of the Daya River, flowing into the Bay of Bengal.
- In 1981, Chilika Lake was designated the first Indian wetland of international importance under the Ramsar Convention.
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The have been few times in history when shape of the geopolitical world changed more dramatically than during four world-shaking months in 1945:
- A fatal stroke ended Franklin Roosevelt’s dozen year presidency.
- The United Nations was founded.
- Nazi Germany fell after Hitler’s suicide.
- Mussolini was executed.
- The Potsdam Conference of the Big Three (United States, Great Britain, Russia) met to shape and reorder national boundaries in the aftermath of World War II.
- Two atomic bombs reined destruction on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
- Japan surrendered.
The man at the center of these momentous events was small-town failed businessman and farmer who was suddenly catapulted into the Oval Office upon FDR’s death.
Truman Becomes President: Summoned to the White House on April 12, 1945 and informed that he was now president, Harry S Truman asked FDR’s widow, Eleanor, if there was anything he could do for her. She replied by asking “Is there anything we can do for you? For you are the one in trouble now.” He immediately recognized how woefully unprepared he was for the challenges ahead. FDR had failed to brief him or keep him in the loop during Truman’s 83 days as vice president. “I felt like the moon, the stars, and all the planets had fallen on me,” Truman confessed to a group of reporters on his first full day as president. He was an accidental president.
Previous Accidental Presidents: America has had nine accidental presidents who were elevated to the office by the death or resignation of a president. More than half of this select group – most of whose names we barely recognize – faded silently into history as their attempts to claim the White House on their own failed. But four of these accidental presidents went on to win a full term of their own, starting with Theodore Roosevelt in 1904, who famously crowed to his wife on his victorious election night that he was “no longer a political accident.” Twenty years later, Calvin Coolidge, who had inherited the presidency upon Warren Harding’s death, signed his own lease on the White House. In 1948, Harry Truman came back from an almost certain political graveyard to surprise the pollsters and pundits with his victory over Thomas Dewey. And in 1964, the voters overwhelmingly chose Lyndon Johnson to occupy the Oval Office for four years after John F. Kennedy’s assassination.
New Book on Truman: An insightful and highly readable new book (four years in the making) will be published on October 24, 2017 titled “The Accidental President: Harry S. Truman and the Four Months That Changed the World,” by award-winning author A.J. Baime. I had the pleasure of reading an advance copy of the book from the publisher, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, and interviewed Mr. Baime on October 10, 2017.
Truman’s Character: When Harry Truman became president, everything was stacked against him. He was an unknown and untested quantity and faced a world at war. He knew little more about world affairs than most Americans. And yet he competently plunged into the presidency and made quick decisions, despite doubts he (and many Americans) had about his abilities. A.J. Baime told me that Truman relied on principles he learned early in his life: Do the right thing. Honesty is the best policy. Make yourself useful. And undoubtedly, Truman drew strength from the eleven long years that he plowed the 600 acre family farm in Grandview, Missouri. That experience helped build his character – and gave him plenty of time to think and dream of getting away from the monotony of farm work. “I’ve always had a sneakin’ notion that someday maybe I’d amount to something,” the 27 year old farmer wrote after five years of obscurely tending the land. “I doubt it now though like everything.”
History at its Best: Baime is a master story-teller who appears to have invented a time machine. His carefully crafted narrative transports the reader back in time – starting with Truman’s 1884 birth in a small white house in Lamar, Missouri. Each sentence is carefully constructed and colorfully packed with details that makes Harry Truman and this period in history come alive. “The Accidental President” reads more like a captivating novel than non-fiction. The book is good history in that it simplifies events without being simple.
Marks of Good Writing: There are a two marks of good writing, each of which deals with how long a reader takes to absorb a book – but from opposite ends of the spectrum. First, good writing causes the reader to read slowly and linger over words and sentences just to appreciate the sheer beauty of expression. Second, good writing propels the reader to rush through the book because it hard to put it down. “The Accidental President” is good writing at both levels.
5 Sections: In the five sections the book is divided into, the reader is invited to a front row seat to witness not only the monumental events of World War II that dominated Truman’s first four months in office, but to get an inside look into Truman’s mind and character and how this accidental president quickly rose to the occasion to lead the nation and world at a critical moment in history.
- April 12, 1945 – On this momentous day, FDR died in Warm Springs, Georgia and Truman assumed the presidency. This section describes the day with minute-by-minute commentary as events unfolded. I felt as though I was right there with Truman and understood the challenges he faced with his new responsibilities.
- The Political Education of Harry S. Truman – This section offers a condensed mini-biography of Truman from his childhood, military service in Europe in World War I, courting and marriage of Bess Wallace, failed businesses, eleven years of hard work farming, local elections to county administrative posts, election and service in the Senate, through his surprise selection as FDR’s running mate in 1944.
- April – May 1945 – From his first full day in office, Truman made quick decisions – and he read a lot, often late into the night to get up to speed. During his first two months in office, he made staffing decisions, attended FDR’s funeral, addressed a joint session of Congress the day after FDR’s burial, received military briefings, and moved into the White House almost a month after FDR’s death. And, of course, the war and its world-shaking events consumed major portions of his time and energy. He learned for the first time about the top secret atomic bomb that was being developed. In Europe, Hitler committed suicide, the Third Reich collapsed, Germany surrendered, and prison camps were liberated. In the Far East, the costly battle of Okinawa raged, and Japanese cities were fire bombed. For Truman, there were so many major decisions he had to make for which there was no right answers.
- June – July 1945 – These two months were packed with drama for Truman as he learned more about the atomic bomb and decided to use it to force Japan to surrender. He dealt with Russia, an ally during the war, that was backpedaling on its commitments from Yalta and seeking domination over Poland, Hungary, Bulgaria, and in the Far East. He was faced with responding to what was really the beginning of the Cold War, even as the real war was winding down.
- Little Boy, Fat Man, and Potsdam – This section focuses on the Potsdam Conference that Truman attended with Churchill and Stalin to shape the post-war era, along with his decision to drop atomic bombs on Japan (Little Boy on Hiroshima and Fat Man on Nagasaki) in order to force Japan to surrender and bring the war to a speedy conclusion.
Read It: You won’t be disappointed with reading “The Accidental President: Harry S. Truman and the Four Months That Changed the World.” I highly recommend this book! Thanks to A.J. Baime for this outstanding contribution to our understanding of Harry Truman and the first four months of his presidency.
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The development of type 2 diabetes is caused by a combination of lifestyle and genetic factors. While some of these factors are under personal control, such as diet and obesity, other factors are not, such as increasing age, female gender, and genetics. A lack of sleep has been linked to type 2 diabetes. This is believed to act through its effect on metabolism. The nutritional status of a mother during fetal development may also play a role, with one proposed mechanism being that of DNA methylation. The intestinal bacteria Prevotella copri and Bacteroides vulgatus have been connected with type 2 diabetes.
More common in adults, type 2 diabetes increasingly affects children as childhood obesity increases. There's no cure for type 2 diabetes, but you may be able to manage the condition by eating well, exercising and maintaining a healthy weight. If diet and exercise aren't enough to manage your blood sugar well, you also may need diabetes medications or insulin therapy.
Type 2 diabetes, which is often diagnosed when a person has an A1C of at least 7 on two separate occasions, can lead to potentially serious issues, like neuropathy, or nerve damage; vision problems; an increased risk of heart disease; and other diabetes complications. A person’s A1C is the two- to three-month average of his or her blood sugar levels.
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Go to maeshowe.co.uk for live winter coverage from the Maeshowe webcams.
Maeshowe (HY315128), considered to be one of the greatest architectural achievements of Neolithic Europe, is Orkney’s largest and finest chambered cairn. The Orkneyinga Saga refers to it as Orkahaugr (ON Mound of the Orks).
The name Maeshowe may derive from ON Maers-howe, Maiden’s Mound. There is a persistent tradition that Maeshowe was a meeting place for young lovers. Another tale says that “at one time young girls would take some ashes to the top of the mound at full moon and urinate on them”. The age and veracity of these stories are open to the reader to decide.
Another derivation may be ON Mathhaugr, meadow mound. There is a Maesquoy about 5km (3mi) north of Maeshowe on the Netherbrough Road (HY311166). There are also several farm names which end in “may”, so this could well be the correct meaning, if rather mundane.
The mound, 35m in diameter and 7m high, consists mostly of packed stones and clay, with an inner layer of stones around the chamber. A stone and concrete roof was installed after it was cleared out in 1861. Before this it was rather higher in profile. Other unrecorded repairs to the outer end of the entrance passage were also made, which means that the original entrance layout is unknown.
Maeshowe was included in the first Ancient Monuments Act of 1882, and has been in state care since 1910. It was designed and constructed with great attention to detail, the large dressed slabs being skillfully set together and finished by master stonemasons. The chamber is 4.5m square and about the same in height. A tapered orthostat faces each corner buttress giving an impression of space and strength. The original roof design and height is unknown, but it may have been 6m high.
A dragon, a serpent and a walrus
There are three cells within the walls which were sealed with stone blocks now on the floor. The entrance passage, 14.5m long and 1.4m high, is lined with huge slabs, the largest weighing over 30 tonnes. When opened in 1861, the building was empty bar a piece of human skull, and some horse bones, but this was certainly not the first such incursion. The Vikings visited Maeshowe during the 12th century and have left one of the largest collections of runes anywhere, as well as carvings of a dragon, a serpent and a walrus.
Maeshowe was built on a levelled area of ground with a surrounding bank and ditch, peat from the bottom of which has been dated at 2750BC, making it contemporary with the Standing Stones and Skara Brae. Since no artefacts were found in 1861, little can be deduced about its usage. The surrounding bank was rebuilt on top of an original drystone wall in early Norse times, suggesting possible reuse in the 9th century.
Evidence of sockets for large standing stones around the outside of the mound only adds mystery to the original design and purpose. Carvings on some of the stones very similar to those found at Skara Brae and the Ness of Brodgar, are present. The overriding impression is of a Neolithic Cathedral, not a simple tomb.
While the other Maeshowe-type chambered cairns are all very well constructed, only Maeshowe itself is truly monumental with its huge slabs of stone lining the passage. Each cell is roofed by a single massive flagstone weighing up to 30 tonnes. After 5,000 years there has been little settlement and only a few of the horizontal slabs have cracked, attesting to the competence of the engineers who built the cairn.
The winter solstice
It has long been known that the setting sun shines directly down the passage of Maeshowe at the winter solstice, illuminating the back wall and passage in a dramatic fashion. Much speculation has been published over the years about this.
Recent research by Victor Reijs and the author has shown that the sun illuminates the passage and interior of Maeshowe for several weeks on either side of the solstice. Since the original layout of the outer part of the passage is unknown, present events may differ from those of 5,000 years ago.
The large blocking stone at the entrance seems designed to be shut from the inside, but also would leave a gap of about 20cm to allow light through. The floor of the passage slopes upwards, so that water runs outwards towards a drain. Some collects at the entrance and acts as a reflector, greatly increasing the illumination of the interior.
Looking across to Hoy
From mid-November until mid-January the sun shines into the chamber at sunset and lights up the back wall, gradually creeping down the passage and across the floor. At the winter solstice the shaft of light hits the back wall at about 14:40 GMT, and by 15:05 the sun has set behind the Ward Hill of Hoy.
As the winter solstice approaches, the sun sets progressively further south until eventually it disappears behind the Ward Hill of Hoy. For several days it reappears some minutes later on the north side of the hill, sending a beam of light down the east side of the passage and lighting up a patch on the back wall. About 22 days before the solstice the sun briefly flashes before setting, but for the next 44 days it does not reappear in this fashion, as it is too low in the sky.
A similar alignment can be observed about 44 days before and after the winter solstice, when the setting sun disappears behind the Cuilags on Hoy and then briefly reappears below the Kame. Thus, there are at least five days when observations can determine the actual shortest day.
Maeshowe was most carefully placed in its environment. Today it is impossible to divine the original layout, since many standing stones and other features have been destroyed, and thus further alignments may well have existed. What is clear is that the builders had a definite vision and purpose. Ceremonies were undoubtedly held here, which would have included those for the dead, but also for the living and perhaps the return of the sun.
Vikings did not seem in the least worried about using it as a shelter, and are known to have done so on several occasions. The author was first introduced to Maeshowe at midwinter by his grandfather, who himself had been taken there as a young man. There is no better time to visit and view this structure than on a winter afternoon with a clear sky to the west.
The Maeshowe internet project
The Maeshowe internet project first broadcast images in November 1997. Victor Reijs first visted Orkney that year on account of his interest in archaeoastronomy. He made a series of measurement in and around Maeshowe, which suggested that the structure may have more complex alignments than the well known winter solstice event.
Visiting Maeshowe had for long been a family event for the Tait family. Charles Tait’s grandfather, Charles William Tait, had written an article for the Orkney Herald in about 1925. He took a great interest in all things antiquarian and archaeologists such as Gordon Childe were frequent visitors to Buttquoy House, his Kirkwall home. The author fondly recalls many midwinter visits to see the light in the chamber as a little boy, in a time when very few people were interested in such events.
In 1997 the Internet was still a slow, dial-up, system. Considerable technical issues had to be overcome in order to beam images from Maeshowe to Tormiston Mill and then upload them automatically to a web server. Initially we used a wireless network to send images from a single camera over to the Mill. The connection was frquently lost due to large trucks cutting the signal. We also encountered many problems keeping the Internet connection live.
However we were able to conclusively demonstrate that “flashing” did in fact occur on 2 December and 11 January, which several academics had refused to believe. Historic Scotland very helpfully had an ISDN line installed in Maeshowe for the 1998 season, and in 1999 we upgraded the system to have two internal cameras and one external.
Each year upwards of 40,000 visitors viewed the website at maeshowe.co.uk. We had problems due to power cuts, lightning strikes and rates eating cables, but each year we managed to broadcast all the good sunsets. In 2012 the cameras were upgraded again to full HD, Power over Ethernet devices, which no longer required a computer in Maeshowe and are remotely controllable.
The broadcast has been instrumental in bringing many visitors to Orkney. Over the years many organisations have sponsored the event. These have included Historic Scotland, HEAnet, SURFnet, Orkney Tourist Board, Highland Park, Sheila Fleet and other. Victor Reijs and Charles & Magnus Tait have financed cameras, computers, routers, software and spent a great deal of time keeping the system operational. Throughout, Historic Scotland have been very helpful.
Azimuth measurements and photography from within and around Maeshowe have conclusively proven that it is has a complex series of solar alignments. Combined with the Watchstone, and probably other long-gone markers, a highly redundant Neolithic system existed to determine the exact day of the solstice, doubtless New Year for these people.
Having acquired three new cameras in 2012, the next steps are to upgrade the website and make available time lapse videos of the best sunsets. Reliability has been greatly enhanced along with picture quality. We hope to be able to records video sequences at several of the key locations, including the Watch Stone, Ring of Brodgar and from the Ness of brodgar site. The Ring of Bookan also has solar alignments over Hoy. All of these depend on actually getting clear skies!
Finally, running this Internet broadcast has been expensive. We have had constant support and cooperation from Historic Scotland, not least in providing the telephone line and broadband connection. We have had sponsorship over the years from a numbers of businesses and organisations, but this has only covered a small fraction of the costs. The camera and equipment upgrade in 2012 cost Magnus and myself about £3,000, not to mention many hours spent on the website and on setup or maintenance visits to Maeshowe.
As previously stated many visitors have based their decision on having followed the Maeshowe website. We continue to operate the broadcast purely out of interest and commitment, but would greatly appreciate any assistance that might be available. Such operations seem to fall between all official stools.
Maeshowe has one of the largest groups of Norse runic inscriptions known. They are common all over Scandinavia and the Norse colonies, with the earliest dating from about 200AD. The younger fuzark was developed about 700AD and was the form of runes used by the Vikings. Many inscriptions are on artefacts and tell who carved the runes. Runic memorial stones are also common, often using existing boulders to commemorate the exploits of the dead.
Few such inscriptions have been found in Orkney, possibly because of the nature of the sandstone. Fragments only remain of what must have been a larger number. Graffiti writing has presumably been a popular pastime for many years, but is usually regarded as a mess to be cleared up, rather than something to marvel at.
Runes developed as a way of carving letters into wood, bone or stone using a blade or similar implement. They represent most of the Latin alphabet as required by Old Norse. There are many variations in the runic alphabet, but most of the characters have Latin equivalents. Runes were used throughout the Germanic lands, but were probably developed in Scandinavia.
The Maeshowe runes were carved in the 12th century, some by returning crusaders. There are about 30 inscriptions, many of the style, “Thorfinn wrote these runes”. Some gave the father’s name, or a nickname, others are by women and several are about them.
Clearly the Vikings were interested in Maeshowe and left inscriptions on at least one other occasion, when stories about treasure were being told, as in “Haakon singlehanded bore treasures from this howe”. The very long inscription on the monolith to the northwest of the entrance passage describes how “Treasure was carried away three nights before they broke this mound.” In other words a lame excuse for the Vikings not finding any of what they would call treasure.
Women were also discussed, as in No 9, “Ingibjorg the fair widow”. “Many a woman has come stooping in here. A great showoff. Erlingr”. No10 is less polite, “Yorny fucked. Helgi carved.” Or No 5, quite mundane, “Vermundr carved.”
Gaukr’s Axe No 20 is on two separate blocks on the southeast side of the chamber. “The man who is most skilled in runes west of the ocean carved these runes with the axe which Gaukr Trandilssonr owned south of the country [Iceland]”.
The carver may have been, according to the Orkneyinga saga, Thorhallr Asgrimsson, captain of Earl Rognvald’s ship when they returned in 1153 from the Crusades. He was the great-great-grandson of Asgrimr Ellidtha-Grimssonr, who is claimed to have killed Gaukr Trandilson in the late 900s in Iceland. If true, the axe must have remained in this family for five generations.
Tree Runes Some, including No 20, have cryptic tree runes which are easily deciphered by a numeric code based on the fuzark, the runic alphabet. Little could the Viking graffiti writers of c.1152 have realised how interesting their runes would be today! In the magnificent setting of Maeshowe, the Viking visitors seem not so far away.
Simple graffiti No 1 is typical of many of the inscriptions. High on the southwest wall above the entrance passage is a very clear inscription which read, “That is a Viking… then came underneath to this place”.
Maeshowe Dragon The Maeshowe Dragon is a very familiar Orkney icon, which has been interpreted in various ways. Most Orcadians consider that it is a mythical dragon. Some try to interpret it as a motif depicting pagan beliefs being killed by a Christian sword.
This seems unlikely since the Vikings had been converted for over 150 years. Others think it is a lion. Rognvald and his men had just been to Jerusalem and the crusades, visiting Venice along the way, which could have inspired a dragon or a lion. Whatever the thoughts of the artist, it looks fresh after over 860 years.
Below the dragon there is an animal which is probably a Common Seal, which would fit very well with the Norse name for Maeshowe. The fanciful have suggested that it may be an Otter or even a Walrus. Again there is common local agreement that it is indeed a selkie.
Further down an intricately knotted sea serpent, perhaps a kraaken appears almost to writhe. This worm-knot is of a similar standard to the dragon. Visitors must make up their own minds as to what these carvings may be intended to represent, but none can deny the craftsmanship and beauty of these 12th century graffiti. Today we strongly discourage such things, but at the same time these Norsemen immeasurably increased the interest of a visit to Maeshowe.
Finally we would like to offer a very sincere “Thank You” to all those individuals and bodies who have helped the project along the way.
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Maybe you're reading this article because you are an intrigued CG artist. You have been involved with designing characters and props for movies, video games, and animations for years, or possibly only months. You have an established portfolio of designs that are helping you to find more work, but maybe there is something else out there. Maybe you'd want more from your designs aside from a cool screen saver. The countless hours on top of hours spent on each individual project deserve a little bit more respect, and I know how you can fulfill that.
3D printing is a technology that can bring your designs to life. This technology can help build your portfolio in a very "unorthodox" way that stands out from other CG artists. 3D printing is a form of manufacturing that involves the layer by layer assembly of products. In order for this technology to follow through, a design will have to be mocked up through one of various softwares. The 3D file created will be sent to a "3D printer", or the machine that physically manufactures the product. The computer on the printer will tell the ink jets, laser, nozzles, or ultraviolet rays, exactly where to begin manufacturing the product. 3D printing creates products one layer at a time in a very unorthodox form of manufacturing. This layer-by-layer process gives 3D printing almost complete geometrical independence, opposed to traditional forms of machining or CNC cutting. Products can be created in ceramics, thermoplastics like ABS, precious metals, or even full color materials. What does this mean?
CG artists can physically manufacture their designs through 3D printing. The hours of work and effort spent on projects can yield a physical model to hold in your very own hands. 3D printing isn't free, but it isn't unobtainable. Buying a 3D printer might be an option, as some printers only cost around $1,000. However, not everyone can simply throw around $1,000. Creating a 6 inch character models (dependent on the width and shape) could cost less than $100. A hollowed out model at 5" x 2" x 3" might cost $25 in full color. These models can be created through 3D printing services that exist on an international level. What comes from manufacturing your models?
Perhaps you have an interview coming up with a large corporation that may be hiring you. Of course you will print out your 2D portfolio to present, and this is very valuable. However, imagine handing your interviewer physical models of your best designs. Holding a visual model has the power to truly sell yourself, and your portfolio.
Maybe you have an interesting concept idea that people will pay for. Many people open up their own stores within these 3D printing communities offering specific character models that consumers can buy. This would be a different way to pocket some residual income from your current designs.
You just might want to have a physical model of a design that is valuable to you. The hours of hard work and effort put into creating a 3D image might have meant something to you; if you really cared about the project, maybe you want to own a piece of it. By that I mean: you might want to have your design sitting on your night stand or on your wall. You might want to hold on to your hard work... literally. It is inspiring to physically hold on to something that you put so much time and heart into; 3D printing is a way to bring a piece of you into real life. Whether you are preparing a physical portfolio as an artist or engineer, or you just want to bring your creations to life, 3D printing can help advance you in your career as a designer.
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Relative Pronouns: quien
- The written lesson is below.
- Links to quizzes, tests, etc. are to the left.
Continuing with the subject of "relative pronouns," remember that pronouns are words that refer to a noun. Relative pronouns are called "relative" because they are "related" to a noun that has previously been stated.
The relative pronoun "quien" is used only to refer to people, and has a plural form "quienes." (There is no masculine/feminine distinction.)
Mi tío, quien es profesor, viene a visitarme hoy día.
My uncle, who is a professor, is coming to visit me today.
La chica, con quien fui al cine, es mi novia.
The girl, with whom I went to the movies, is my girlfriend.
Quien estudia bastante, gana buenas notas.
He who studies hard earns good grades.
When the relative pronoun refers to a person and is in the direct object position, either "que" or "a quien" may be used. Each is correct. Notice that the "personal a" is used with "quien" but is not used with "que."
La señorita que conocí anoche es la hermana de Raquel.
La señorita a quien conocí anoche es la hermana de Raquel.
The young lady whom I met last night is Raquel's sister.
When the relative pronoun occurs after a preposition and refers to a person, "quien" must be used. After a preposition, "que" is only used to refer to things.
Los chicos, con quienes fuimos a la playa, son nuestros amigos.
The boys, with whom we went to the beach, are our friends.
El libro en que pienso es extenso, no es corto.
The book I'm thinking of is long, not short.
In English, although it is technically incorrect, common usage often finds a sentence ending in a preposition. Notice that this never occurs in Spanish.
Ella es la señorita en quien estoy pensando.
She is the young lady I'm thinking about. / She is the young lady about whom I'm thinking.
Mi padre es la persona a quien envío la carta.
My father is the person I'm sending the letter to. / My father is the person to whom I'm sending the letter.
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Unlimited Tutor Support
Our Level 2 Maths and English qualifications are perfect for people who need to resit their GCSE Maths and English. Level 2 is equivalent to GCSE grade 9-4 (A*-C). They’re an alternative option for people who learn better with practical, real-life examples. Level 2 Maths and English qualifications will help you apply for jobs, access higher education, start an apprenticeship or go to university.
*if the course cost is Free, this is subject to eligibility
Having your Functional Skills Maths & English (or GCSE equivalent) qualification is vital for many careers and could help you to progress into the career you want, as many careers require a basic level of maths and English, including nursing, teaching, policing, and the fire service.
Your Functional Skills qualification will also enable you to continue your education as it is a requirement for many further education courses, especially at degree level.
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The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the United Nations body responsible for researching the climate crisis, issued a report this week saying the accumulating consequences of the climate crisis are outpacing our ability to adapt to them.
One of the issues is water scarcity, and one of the strategies the IPCC recommends to address it is desalination — turning salty ocean water into something drinkable. Several countries already rely on desalination plants, but efforts to build more in the U.S. are controversial.
It’s a topic for Quality Assurance, where we take a second look at a big tech story. Matt Vasilogambros is a staff writer for Stateline. He reported on desalination plants in California.
Matt Vasilogambros: These plants will pump in water from the ocean, and as it comes in, they have to go through quite an energy-intensive process of separating the fresh water from the ocean water. And so then you get fresh drinking water, and then half is this concentrated, salty substance called brine. And that salty substance does have to be emitted back into the ocean. There are some concerns among environmentalists that concentrated, salty substance can create unoxygenated dead zones, which can be quite harmful to marine life. But, you know, for many coastal communities, areas that don’t have ready access to fresh water, this can be, you know, quite an essential source of fresh drinking water for a region.
Kimberly Adams: Where is this technology deployed now globally and here in the U.S.?
Vasilogambros: One hundred twenty countries worldwide have about 21,000 desalination facilities. And these are being used primarily in arid countries like Israel or Saudi Arabia or the United Arab Emirates. It is a lot less common here in the United States. Now, there are some facilities. There is one in San Diego producing something like 50 million gallons per day, but that is one of just a handful in California. Officials here are debating whether or not to add more facilities, but as we found out, it is politically fraught.
Adams: Tell me about those political debates. Who’s on what side?
Vasilogambros: In California, Democratic Gov. Gavin Newsom has supported expanding these projects, but it’s received quite a lot of opposition from environmental groups who say that the carbon that it takes to produce fresh water is just not worth it and that there are other ways you can conserve. You can even desalinate brackish water, that kind of salty water that happens when a river meets an ocean.
Adams: How cost-effective is desalinated water?
Vasilogambros: It raises, on average, rates — at least in Southern California — by $5 a billing cycle. And there are some economic challenges to that for many of these communities. In terms of energy efficiency, it takes a lot. You have to do this what they call a reverse-osmosis process twice to make sure that the water is actually drinkable. And you know, that takes a lot of carbon to produce. The company that is in charge of the Southern California desalination plants has promised to use more green energy, and local politicians who support desalination plants say, “Yes, it is way more energy intensive than almost any other process to purify water, but we are saving carbon since we don’t have to transport that water from elsewhere in the state.”
Adams: This recent IPCC report basically says climate change is outpacing our ability to adapt to it. What role might desalination efforts play in trying to catch up?
Vasilogambros: Well, in that IPCC report, they say that desalination is essential for a lot of arid parts of our world. But, you know, they also say what a lot of scientists have said. They expect that, with the increased use of desalination across the world, that emissions will rise because of that. And so, you know, it’s a tricky balance between trying to find good sources of fresh water as the world gets hotter, as we face this crisis, while also not trying to contribute to carbon emissions and the reason why we’re in this crisis in the first place.
Related links: More insight from Kimberly Adams
You can also check out Vasilogambros’ reporting for Stateline, which focuses on a proposed desalination plant in Huntington Beach, California.
And if you’re a little thirsty for more information about recycling water, you can take a peek at some reporting I did for the show last summer on how one wastewater treatment plant is working with a company to convert the byproducts of human waste into fertilizer.
The future of this podcast starts with you.
Every day, the “Marketplace Tech” team demystifies the digital economy with stories that explore more than just Big Tech. We’re committed to covering topics that matter to you and the world around us, diving deep into how technology intersects with climate change, inequity, and disinformation.
As part of a nonprofit newsroom, we’re counting on listeners like you to keep this public service paywall-free and available to all.
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This new translation makes the teachings of ancient China’s second sage relevant for contemporary readers. This ancient text records the teachings of Mencius, China’s ya sheng , or second sage. A philosopher who worked in the fourth century B.C., Mencius studied with the grandson of Confucius and is credited with the development of orthodox Confucianism. Divided into seven chapters, Mencius is composed largely of conversations between the great philosopher and the rulers he sought to guide. Sometimes mystical, sometimes poetic, these teachings are often unpredictable, with startling insights that bring the narrative to life.
David Hinton’s Mencius reveals for the first time the literary vibrancy of this great philosopher and the earnestness behind his faith in humanity. This ancient text records the teachings of Mencius (4th C. B.C.E.), the second original sage in the Confucian tradition, which has shaped Chinese civilization for over two thousand years. In a culture that makes no distinction between those realms we call the heart and the mind, Mencius was the great thinker of the heart, and it was he who added the profound inner dimensions to the Confucian vision.
Such is the enduring magic of the Mencian heart—full of compassionate and practical concern for the human condition, and yet so empty that it contains the ten thousand transformations of the entire cosmos. This volume is the second in a series of translations presenting the four central masterworks of ancient Chinese thought: classics that will stand as definitive translations for our era. Series translator David Hinton is known for the poetic fluency he brings to his award-winning work. His new versions are not only inviting and immensely readable, but they also apply a much-needed consistency to key terms in these texts, lending structural links and philosophical rigor to a canon that has only been rendered in a hodgepodge of styles. Other titles in the series are: Chuang Tzu: The Inner Chapters (1997), The Analects (1988), Tao Te Ching (1999).
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Galileo Galilei Biography
Galileo Galilei was an Italian astronomer, physicist, mathematician, philosopher, and engineer, recognized for being one of the most emblematic and influential people in the history, of science. Galileo was born in Pisa, Italy on February 15, 1564, and was the son of Giulia Ammannati and Florentino Vincenzo Galilei.
In 1574, when his parents moved to Florence, he was in charge of a religious neighbor named Jacobo Borhini. The little one entered the convent of Santa María de Vallombrosa, where he received a pious formation which motivated him to join the religious life, but as his father was very skeptical he took advantage of Galileo who had an infection in his eye and took him out of the convent claiming lack of care.
Around 1581, Galileo entered the University of Pisa, where he enrolled as a medical student by his father’s will. Four years later, he would drop out of school without a degree, although with a good knowledge about Aristotle.
In 1585, he would return to Florence dedicating himself for several years to the study of mathematics. Galileo was also interested in philosophy and literature, in which he showed priority for Ariosto versus Tasso. That year, Galileo would release his first work on the barycenter of bodies and the creation of a hydrostatic balance for the determination of specific weights, two contributions located in the line of Archimedes, whom Galileo would not hesitate to describe as superhuman. He also began by demonstrating many theorems about the center of gravity of certain solids, continuing with his studies on the oscillations of the heavy pendulum and invented the heart rate monitor. This device allowed to help measure the pulse and provides a time scale, which did not exist at that time.
Three years later, in 1588, Galilei was invited by the Florentine Academy to present two lessons on “the shape, the place and the dimension of hell of Dante Alighieri”.
Simultaneous to his activities, he sought employment as a professor at a university and met great people, such as the Jesuit Father Christopher Clavius, a reference in mathematics at the Pontifical College, and with the mathematician Guidobaldo del Monte, who recommended Galileo to the duke Fernando I de Médici, so that he will hire Galileo for the chair of mathematics at the University of Pisa.
Between 1590 and 1591, Galileo Galilei discovered the Cycloid and used it to draw bridge arches. Also, he conducted experiments on the fall of the bodies and wrote his first work of mechanics, “De Motu Antiquiora”.
In 1592, he moved to the University of Padua and worked as a professor of geometry, mechanics, and astronomy until 1610. He also invented the compass of calculation which will help to solve basic problems of mathematics.
In 1599, he met Marina Gamba with whom he had a relationship until 1610, and with whom he had three children.
1604 was a successful one for Galileo since he managed to test his water pump in the garden of Padua, he also discovered the law of uniformly accelerated motion which he associated with a law of erroneous speeds, and he began his observations of a Nova.
Around 1605, he published: “Dialogue of Cecco di Ronchitti da Bruzene in Perpuosito de la Stella Nova” in collaboration with Girolamo Spinelli.
In 1606, Galileo Galilei built his first Thermoscope, the first device in history that made possible to objectively compare the level of heat and cold. That same year, he and two of his friends contracted an infectious disease of which only Galileo survived, which is why he remained crippled with rheumatism for the rest of his life. In the next two years, he studied the structures of magnets.
Throughout 1609, he received a letter from the Frenchman Jacques Badovere, one of his former students, confirming an insistent rumor: the existence of a telescope that allowed to see distant objects, this telescope would have already allowed seeing stars invisible to simple view. With this unique description, Galileo built his first telescope. A unique object at that time that was able to obtain a right image thanks to the use of a diverging lens in the eyepiece, this invention takes an important turn in his life.
Galileo Galilei continued developing his telescope and would make an instrument that increases the image twenty times, placed it to the sky observing the phases of the Moon with mountains and craters. Galileo managed to discover the four largest satellites of Jupiter, and later published his book “The Starry Messenger”.
On January 7, 1610, Galileo made a capital discovery: he perceived three small stars on the periphery of Jupiter. But after observing for many nights, he discovered that there are four of them and that they will spin around the planet.
On March 4 of 1610, he published in Florence his discoveries in “The Starry Messenger”. On July 25, he also oriented his telescope to Saturn discovering its strange appearance, then found a way to observe the Sun in the telescope and discovered sunspots. Galileo Galilei continued to discover things, and two months later, he discovered the phases of Venus, what was for him, a new proof of the truth of the system of Nicolaus Copernicus. On March 29, 1611, he was invited by Cardinal Maffeo Barberini to present his discoveries to the Pontifical College of Rome and the Academy of the Lynxes. Galileo remained in the pontifical capital for a full month, during which he received all the honors.
Galileo’s observations were examined by the Roman College and confirmed to Cardinal Robert Bellarmine that those were accurate. Galileo Galilei would return to Florence to continue with his investigations. In the month of March of 1628, Galileo Galilei became seriously ill. However, he managed to recover after a while, to continue with his work.
On February 21, 1632, he published his dialogue of the “Massimi Sistemi” in Florence. By the year 1633, Galileo Galilei was sentenced to life imprisonment with house arrest. Also, the sentence stated that all copies of some of his books should be burned and the sentence against him should be read publicly in all universities.
His last book was published in 1638, in which he discussed and improved his early studies in the movement and the principles of physics. This book would be used by Isaac Newton later on.
Galileo lost his sight before his last book was published and would die on January 8, 1642, in Arcetri, Italy, at the age of 77 years. His body was buried in Florence on January 9.
published written work
- 1586: La Bilancetta (posthumous publication).
- 1590: De Motu Antiquiora.
- 1606: Le Operazioni del compasso geometrico et militare.
- 1600: Le meccaniche.
- 1610: Mensajero Sideral, Siderus nuncius.
- 1616: Discorso del flusso e reflusso del mare.
- 1619: Discorso delle comete (publicado por Mario Guiducci).
- 1623: Il. Saggiatore.
- 1632: Massimi Sistemi
- 1638: Discorsi e dimostrazioni matematiche, intorno a due nuove scienze attenenti alla meccanica & i movimenti locali.
- The Assayer (José Manuel Revuelta, trad. y ed.), Aguilar, Buenos Aires: 1984.
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Karen Ward runs WSU’s Plant Pest Diagnostic Clinic.
If you find strange rots or spots on your fruit trees or some mysterious ailment, Washington State University’s Plant Pest Diagnostic Clinic is ready to help out.
Karen Ward, clinic coordinator, accepts plant samples for diagnosis of diseases and disorders. The clinic, based in Pullman, serves growers and advisors, as well as the general public, primarily in central and eastern Washington. A second clinic at the Puyallup Research and Extension Center serves western Washington.
Ward said she’s ready to diagnose anything from a common, but unidentified problem to a new, exotic disease. A grower might notice something wrong with his or her cherries and want to find out the cause. The grower might have checked with a horticulturist and still not found out what’s wrong.
She can diagnose plant samples based on visual examination, pathogen culturing, and by using pathogen-specific test kits. Samples suspected of infection by viruses or phytoplasma are sent to another testing lab. Molecular testing will be available in the future.
Once the problem is diagnosed, Ward can refer the grower or advisor to published recommendations or to an expert who can explain how to treat it.
Ward, who is a plant pathologist with a master’s degree from the University of California, Davis, said growers can also submit insect and arthropod samples, which she will have identified by entomologists.
The cost of a basic diagnosis or insect identification is $25. If pathogen culturing is necessary, the charge is $40.
Samples submitted to the clinic should show the symptoms of concern. They should show various stages of the problem, especially the early stages, which might mean sending several plants. Dead, dry, or decayed samples provide insufficient material for diagnosis.
Many problems originate below ground, so roots and soil should be included when possible for more accurate diagnosis.
It also helps to include a description of the tree, site, irrigation, and pesticide and fertilizer use, as well as detailed information about the problem. When was it first noticed? Is it spreading? If so, how fast? How are trees affected?
Ward was plant disease diagnostician at Utah State University in Logan before joining the new WSU diagnostic clinic in 2010. Previously, WSU did disease diagnosis at its Irrigated Agriculture Research and Extension Center in Prosser.
For more information about the clinic and how to package and submit samples, email Karen Ward or phone her at (509) 335-3292.
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Early diagnosis of cancer is linked to better survival rates. Unfortunately, participation rates for cancer screening worldwide are low even when screening programmes are free. The ESMO 2016 Congress is showcasing five studies (1) on this important area of cancer management which look at alternative ways to overcome barriers and improve screening rates
Professor J-F Morére who conducted the EDIFICE1 survey, intended to improve insight into participation in screening programmes in France, explains, “Population commitment and physician implication in promoting screening are both necessary criteria for reaching the recommended participation goals. In this Fourth Nationwide Observational Survey, we hypothesized that individual opinions may affect physicians’ and laypersons’ attitudes toward prescribing or participating in screening; we assessed physicians’ and laypersons’ opinions, focusing on colorectal (CRC), breast (BC), cervical (CC), prostate (PC) and lung (LC) cancer screening.”
“In general, screening was more reassuring than worrying, more so for physicians than for laypersons. The official guidelines for CRC and BC screening are a good setting for GPs’ medical practice. The most widely used screening programmes (CRC, BC, CC) enable GPs to make objective prescriptions, regardless of individual opinions. In the absence of guidelines (PC), prescription rates are correlated with physicians’ confidence in screening. Reassurance in screening was found to have a positive impact on laypersons’ participation rates.”
In Australia, a patient-centred approach to improving screening participation rates was the subject of a study by Dr Amanda Bobridge at the University of South Australia. She comments, “The aim of this study was to investigate enablers and barriers to cancer screening and how screening participation may be improved. An overwhelming percentage of respondents to our questionnaires would support a combined cancer screening service. Offering a combined, co-located service – a ‘one stop cancer screening shop’ – has the potential to address barriers to screening (such as time constraints), improve participation rates and maximize utilization of public health resources.”
A significant proportion of cancer patients across Europe are diagnosed with their disease as the result of an emergency presentation (EP) to acute secondary care services . This route to diagnosis is associated with poorer survival and worse patient experience. Previous work has shown that EP patients usually describe a long history of symptoms (>12 weeks), and that 70% had seen their general practitioner (GP) in the days and weeks prior to presentation. Tackling EP of cancer is important when improving the outcomes of patients across Europe. In the majority of cases there are opportunities for earlier diagnosis and hence prevention of EP. Dr. Tom Newsom-Davis led a one-year pilot of a nurse-led Acute Diagnostic Oncology Clinic (ADOC) in a district general hospital. Based in the oncology department with consultant supervision of every case, the service was targeted at primary care referrals.
Newsom-Davis describes the results of this pilot, “ADOC is a novel, effective and efficient pathway for patients who might otherwise be diagnosed as part of EP. This pilot shows the feasibility of a nurse-led service based in an oncology department, and a high level of user satisfaction. This model of acute diagnostic oncology clinic should be considered as an addition to existing outpatient cancer diagnostic pathways.”
Improvement in cancer detection and treatment has led to an important increase of the number of long-term cancer survivors, many of them being at risk of a second cancer. Facing the lack of information on cancer screening practices in this population, second cancer screening among 5-year female cancer survivors was analysed by Marc Bendiane in France. He says, “Survivor care plans are needed to increase awareness among patients and physicians of the importance of screening patients for second cancers, which are not a recurrence of the first one. New targeted interventions must be invented to improve the participation of cancer survivors in screening programmes.”
This study found an underutilisation of mammography screening in those cancer survivors (non-breast cancer), compared with women in the general population (78% vs 87%). The study concludes that programmes to raise awareness of the risks of second cancers (which are not recurrences of their first cancer) are needed among cancer survivors and physicians.
Professor Virgilio Sacchini of the University of Milan comments, “Breast cancer screening is the most important determinant of quality of life of cancer patients after surgery. Screening decreases the chances of axillary lymph-node involvement, avoiding axillary dissections, the most worrisome sequela of cancer surgery: the arm lymphedema. We know that breast cancer screening will need more personalisation in our era of genetics, but by increasing the awareness and compliance of mammography screening, we can better identify high risk patients to involve in more specific surveillance.”
Also in France, a study assessed smokers’ intentions to take part in a hypothetical lung cancer screening (LCS) programme. Two comprehensive multivariate stepwise logistic regression analyses were performed in current and in former cigarette smokers to identify factors associated with the intention to take part in a LCS programme. The study authors conclude that intending to take part in LCS programs is a complex decision; explanatory factors differ between current and former smokers. Among current smokers, intended participation in screening was strongly associated with the intention to quit smoking.
Professor Sacchini concludes, “The studies being presented at the ESMO 2016 Congress should help encourage doctors and patients to respond to screening programmes proposed by national health services. Screening tests may help diagnose cancer at an early stage, before symptoms appear. When cancer is found early, it may be easier to treat or cure. In this particular period of extreme evaluation of cost/effectiveness ratio, screening is still the best investment for the health of our populations.”
Press release by European Society of Medical Oncology
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Prefabricated pipelines are by the definition pipelines that were assembled at a manufacturing site and transported to the construction site as a whole. Although prefabrication has been thought of as a low-end mass production, in reality it becomes more and more common, especially on larger projects where time is of the essence. Experience shows that prefabrication can take about four times less time than on-site fabrication and is now a common practice. It has also improved in quality and became available in a variety of budgets. How to enhance the speed of pipeline assembly by using pipeline prefabrications?
Less job, more time
Prefabrications are considered to speed up the job on-site by about four times. Why is it so much quicker with ready-made modules? Instead of having to weld small chunks of pipes on site, the construction workers need to do so once in a while. Twice as much work can be completed per one man-hour as the environment of off-site prefabrication is much more controlled and not dependant on factors such as the weather.
Also, manufacturers off-site have a wide variety of specific tooling available, while using it on-site wouldn’t be as easy. Finally, with close supervision, on-the-spot tests and many checkpoints, twice the productive hours can be achieved and the pipelines are a better quality overall.
Who needs prefabrication?
It’s always been said that prefabrication is reserved for large construction sites only and that it is of lower quality. However, it has proven to be cost effective due to the less amount of work that has to be done, not poor prefabrication.
Prefabrication is utilised to minimise all the different types of work that has to be done on site and maximise the predictability of the project schedule. It’s all much easier when you have prefabricated pipelines and all you need to do is put them in the ground, rather than weld every single joint on site.
As such, prefabrications can be used by both small and large contractors and should not be written down as something of a lesser value.
The plus-side of prefabrication
The goal of using prefabricated parts is to reduce the risks in the variability of field labour whilst producing the best possible product and cutting the costs at the same time. Fabrication shops provide predictable productivity and in turn, reduce exposure to variable labour risk.
Also, fabrication shops allow a cleaner, more organised environment with proper tooling and efficient shop layouts that allow the pipes to be manoeuvred quicker and more safely than on site. In addition, the quality of prefabricated pipework is typically more consistent due to the planning, tooling and controlled working conditions.
On site pipe joining and assembly plays a huge role in the overall project schedule and total installation costs. Prefabricating offsite, productivity and efficiency goes up, as there is less job to be done by men on the construction site.
One of the most common systems used for pipes is the grooved pipe-joining system, where pipes can be cut and grooved and valves fitted to pump assemblies offsite. Working in such a way helps you avoid the risk of loss or damage to components on-site, whilst reduced materials handling lowers the potential for accidents.
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Nevada County Superintendent of Schools
Tobacco Use Prevention Education (TUPE)
The TUPE program aims to reduce youth tobacco and cannabis use by helping students make healthful decisions through educational instruction and activities that build knowledge as well as social skills and youth development assets.
With an increase in vaping and marijuana potency, this video introduces parents to youth trends with tobacco, vaping and marijuana. It includes student interviews, information on what vaping is, how marijuana has changed in potency in recent years and the corresponding health risks to youth.
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https://www.cncyouth.org/tupe/
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|5th Vice President of the United States|
March 4, 1813 – November 23, 1814
|Preceded by||George Clinton|
|Succeeded by||Daniel D. Tompkins|
|9th Governor of Massachusetts|
June 10, 1810 – June 5, 1812
|Preceded by||Christopher Gore|
|Succeeded by||Caleb Strong|
|Member of the U.S. House of Representatives|
from Massachusetts's 3rd district
March 4, 1789 – March 3, 1793
|Preceded by||Constituency established|
|Succeeded by||Shearjashub Bourne|
Peleg Coffin Jr.
|Member of the Congress of the Confederation|
June 30, 1783 – September 1785
|Member of the Continental Congress|
February 9, 1776 – February 19, 1780
Elbridge Thomas Gerry
July 17, 1744
Marblehead, Province of Massachusetts Bay, British America
|Died||November 23, 1814 (aged 70)|
Washington, D.C., U.S.
|Resting place||Congressional Cemetery|
|Education||Harvard University (BA, MA)|
Elbridge Gerry (/ˈɡɛri/; July 17, 1744[a] – November 23, 1814) was an American Founding Father, merchant, politician, and diplomat who served as the fifth vice president of the United States under President James Madison from 1813 until his death in 1814. The political practice of gerrymandering is named after him. He was the second vice president to die in office.
Born into a wealthy merchant family, Gerry vocally opposed British colonial policy in the 1760s and was active in the early stages of organizing the resistance in the American Revolutionary War. Elected to the Second Continental Congress, Gerry signed both the Declaration of Independence and Articles of Confederation. He was one of three men who attended the Constitutional Convention in 1787 who refused to sign the United States Constitution because it did not include a Bill of Rights at the time it was signed. After its ratification, he was elected to the inaugural United States Congress, where he was actively involved in the drafting and passage of the Bill of Rights as an advocate of individual and state liberties.
Gerry was at first opposed to the idea of political parties and cultivated enduring friendships on both sides of the political divide between Federalists and Democratic-Republicans. He was a member of a diplomatic delegation to France that was treated poorly in the XYZ Affair, in which Federalists held him responsible for a breakdown in negotiations. Gerry thereafter became a Democratic-Republican, running unsuccessfully for Governor of Massachusetts several times before winning the office in 1810. During his second term, the legislature approved new state senate districts that led to the coining of the word "gerrymander"; he lost the next election, although the state senate remained Democratic-Republican. Gerry was nominated by the Democratic-Republican party and elected as vice president in the 1812 election. Advanced in age and in poor health, Gerry served 21 months of his term before dying in office. He is the only signatory of the Declaration of Independence buried in Washington, D.C.
Gerry was born on July 17, 1744, in the North Shore town of Marblehead, Massachusetts. His father, Thomas Gerry, was a merchant operating ships out of Marblehead, and his mother, Elizabeth (Greenleaf) Gerry, was the daughter of a successful Boston merchant. Gerry's first name came from John Elbridge, one of his mother's ancestors. Gerry's parents had 11 children in all, although only five survived to adulthood. Of these, Elbridge was the third. He was first educated by private tutors and entered Harvard College shortly before turning 14. After receiving a Bachelor of Arts in 1762 and a Master of Arts in 1765, he entered his father's merchant business. By the 1770s, the Gerrys numbered among the wealthiest Massachusetts merchants, with trading connections in Spain, the West Indies, and along the North American coast. Gerry's father, who had emigrated from England in 1730, was active in local politics and had a leading role in the local militia.
Gerry was from an early time a vocal opponent of Parliamentary efforts to tax the colonies after the French and Indian War ended in 1763. In 1770, he sat on a Marblehead committee that sought to enforce importation bans on taxed British goods. He frequently communicated with other Massachusetts opponents of British policy, including Samuel Adams, John Adams, Mercy Otis Warren, and others.
In May 1772, he won election to the Great and General Court of the Province of Massachusetts Bay (its legislative assembly). There he worked closely with Samuel Adams to advance colonial opposition to Parliamentary colonial policies. He was responsible for establishing Marblehead's committee of correspondence, one of the first to be set up after that of Boston. However, an incident of mob action prompted him to resign from the committee the next year. Gerry and other prominent Marbleheaders had established a hospital for performing smallpox inoculations on Cat Island; because the means of transmission of the disease were not known at the time, fears amongst the local population led to protests which escalated into violence that wrecked the facilities[which?] and threatened the proprietors' other properties.
Gerry reentered politics after the Boston Port Act closed that city's port in 1774, and Marblehead became an alternative port to which relief supplies from other colonies could be delivered. As one of the town's leading merchants and Patriots, Gerry played a major role in ensuring the storage and delivery of supplies from Marblehead to Boston, interrupting those activities only to care for his dying father. He was elected as a representative to the First Continental Congress in September 1774, but declined, still grieving the loss of his father.
Gerry was elected to the provincial assembly, which reconstituted itself as the Massachusetts Provincial Congress after British Governor Thomas Gage dissolved the body in October 1774. He was assigned to its committee of safety, responsible for ensuring that the province's limited supplies of weapons and gunpowder remained out of British Army hands. His actions were partly responsible for the storage of weapons and ammunition in Concord; these stores were the target of the British raiding expedition that sparked the start of the American Revolutionary War with the Battles of Lexington and Concord in April 1775. (Gerry was staying at an inn at Menotomy, now Arlington, when the British marched through on the night of April 18.) During the Siege of Boston that followed, Gerry continued to take a leading role in supplying the nascent Continental Army, something he would continue to do as the war progressed. He leveraged business contacts in France and Spain to acquire not just munitions, but supplies of all types, and was involved in the transfer of financial subsidies from Spain to Congress. He sent ships to ports all along the American coast and dabbled in financing privateering operations against British shipping.
Unlike some other merchants, there is no evidence that Gerry profiteered directly from the hostilities (he spoke out against price gouging and in favor of price controls), although his war-related merchant activities notably increased the family's wealth. His gains were tempered to some extent by the precipitous decline in the value of paper currencies, which he held in large quantities and speculated in.
Gerry served in the Second Continental Congress from February 1776 to 1780, when matters of the ongoing war occupied the body's attention. He was influential in convincing several delegates to support passage of the Declaration of Independence in the debates held during the summer of 1776; John Adams wrote of him, "If every Man here was a Gerry, the Liberties of America would be safe against the Gates of Earth and Hell." He was implicated as a member of the so-called "Conway Cabal", a group of Congressmen and military officers who were dissatisfied with the performance of General George Washington during the 1777 military campaign. However, Gerry took Pennsylvania leader Thomas Mifflin, one of Washington's critics, to task early in the episode and specifically denied knowledge of any sort of conspiracy against Washington in February 1778.
Gerry's political philosophy was one of limited central government, and he regularly advocated for the maintenance of civilian control of the military. He held these positions fairly consistently throughout his political career (wavering principally on the need for stronger central government in the wake of the 1786–87 Shays' Rebellion) and was well known for his personal integrity. In later years he opposed the idea of political parties, remaining somewhat distant from both the developing Federalist and Democratic-Republican parties until later in his career. It was not until 1800 that he formally associated with the Democratic-Republicans in opposition to what he saw as attempts by the Federalists to centralize too much power in the national government.
In 1780, he resigned from the Continental Congress over the issue and refused offers from the state legislature to return to the Congress. He also refused appointment to the state senate, claiming he would be more effective in the state's lower chamber, and also refused appointment as a county judge, comparing the offer by Governor John Hancock to those made by royally-appointed governors to benefit their political allies. He was elected a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1781.
Gerry was convinced to rejoin the Confederation Congress in 1783, when the state legislature agreed to support his call for needed reforms. He served in that body until September 1785, during which time it met in New York City. The following year he married Ann Thompson, the daughter of a wealthy New York merchant who was twenty years his junior; his best man was his good friend James Monroe. The couple had ten children between 1787 and 1801, straining Ann's health.
The war made Gerry sufficiently wealthy that when it ended he sold off his merchant interests and began investing in land. In 1787, he purchased the Cambridge, Massachusetts, estate of the last royal lieutenant governor of Massachusetts, Thomas Oliver, which had been confiscated by the state. This 100-acre (40 ha) property, known as Elmwood, became the family home for the rest of Gerry's life. He continued to own property in Marblehead and bought several properties in other Massachusetts communities. He also owned shares in the Ohio Company, prompting some political opponents to characterize him as an owner of vast tracts of western lands.
Gerry played a major role in the Constitutional Convention, held in Philadelphia during the summer of 1787. In its deliberations, he consistently advocated for a strong delineation between state and federal government powers, with state legislatures shaping the membership of federal government positions. Gerry's opposition to popular election of representatives was rooted in part by the events of Shays' Rebellion in western Massachusetts in the year preceding the convention. Despite that position, he also sought to maintain individual liberties by providing checks on government power that might abuse or limit those freedoms.
He supported the idea that the Senate composition should not be determined by population; the view that it should instead be composed of equal numbers of members for each state prevailed in the Connecticut Compromise. The compromise was adopted on a narrow vote in which the Massachusetts delegation was divided, Gerry and Caleb Strong voting in favor. Gerry further proposed that senators of a state, rather than casting a single vote on behalf of the state, vote instead as individuals. Gerry was also vocal in opposing the Three-fifths Compromise, which counted slaves as three-fifths of a free person for the purposes of apportionment in the House of Representatives, whereas counting each slave individually would have given southern slave states a decided advantage. Gerry opposed slavery and said the constitution should have "nothing to do" with slavery so as "not to sanction it."
Gerry's preference for a more highly centralized government throughout most of the Convention was not motivated by a desire for great social changes, but was intended rather to restrain such popular excesses as were evidenced in Shays's Rebellion.... [H]e defended popular rights when the people appeared to be threatened by some powerful interest groups, and he called for restraints on popular influence when the people seemed to be gaining the upper hand too much.
Because of his fear of demagoguery and belief the people of the United States could be easily misled, Gerry also advocated indirect elections. Although he was unsuccessful in obtaining them for the lower house of Congress, Gerry did obtain such indirect elections for the Senate, whose members were to be selected by the state legislatures. Gerry also advanced numerous proposals for indirect elections of the President of the United States, most of them involving limiting the right to vote to the state governors and electors.
Gerry was unhappy about the lack of enumeration of any specific individual liberties in the proposed constitution and generally opposed proposals that strengthened the central government. He was one of only three delegates who voted against the proposed constitution in the convention (the others were George Mason and Edmund Randolph), citing a concern about the convention's lack of authority to enact such major changes to the nation's system of government and to the constitution's lack of "federal features." Ultimately, Gerry refused to sign because of concerns over the rights of private citizens and the power of the legislature to raise armies and revenue.
During the ratification debates that took place in the states following the convention, Gerry continued his opposition, publishing a widely circulated letter documenting his objections to the proposed constitution. In the document, he cites the lack of a Bill of Rights as his primary objection but also expresses qualified approval of the Constitution, indicating that he would accept it with some amendment. Strong pro-Constitution forces attacked him in the press, comparing him unfavorably to the Shaysites. Henry Jackson was particularly vicious: "[Gerry has] done more injury to this country by that infamous Letter than he will be able to make atonement in his whole life", and Oliver Ellsworth, a convention delegate from Connecticut, charged him with deliberately courting the Shays faction.
One consequence of the furor over his letter was that he was not selected as a delegate to the Massachusetts ratifying convention although he was later invited to attend by the convention's leadership. The convention leadership was dominated by Federalists, and Gerry was not given any formal opportunity to speak. He left the convention after a shouting match with convention chair Francis Dana. Massachusetts ratified the constitution by a vote of 187 to 168. The debate had the result of estranging Gerry from several previously-friendly politicians, including chairman Dana and Rufus King.
Anti-Federalist forces nominated Gerry for governor in 1788, but he was predictably defeated by the popular incumbent John Hancock. Following its ratification, Gerry recanted his opposition to the Constitution, noting that other state ratifying conventions had called for amendments that he supported. He was nominated by friends (over his own opposition to the idea) for a seat in the inaugural House of Representatives, where he served two terms.
In June 1789, Gerry proposed that Congress consider all of the proposed constitutional amendments that various state ratifying conventions had called for (notably those of Rhode Island and North Carolina, which had at the time still not ratified the Constitution). In the debate that followed, he led opposition to some of the proposals, arguing that they did not go far enough in ensuring individual liberties. He successfully lobbied for inclusion of freedom of assembly in the First Amendment and was a leading architect of the Fourth Amendment protections against search and seizure. He sought unsuccessfully to insert the word "expressly" into the Tenth Amendment, which might have more significantly limited the federal government's power.
He was successful in efforts to severely limit the federal government's ability to control state militias. In tandem with this protection, he had once argued against the idea of the federal government controlling a large standing army, saying, "A standing army is like a standing member. It's an excellent assurance of domestic tranquility, but a dangerous temptation to foreign adventure."
Gerry vigorously supported Alexander Hamilton's reports on public credit, including the assumption at full value of state debts, and supported Hamilton's Bank of the United States, positions consistent with earlier calls he had made for economic centralization. Although he had speculated in depreciated Continental bills of credit (the IOUs at issue), there is no evidence he participated in large-scale speculation that attended the debate when it took place in 1790, and he became a major investor in the new bank. He used the floor of the House to speak out against aristocratic and monarchical tendencies he saw as threats to republican ideals, and generally opposed laws and their provisions that he perceived as limiting individual and state liberties. He opposed any attempt to give officers of the executive significant powers, specifically opposing establishment of the Treasury Department because its head might gain more power than the president. He opposed measures that strengthened the presidency (such as the ability to fire Cabinet officers), seeking instead to give the legislature more power over appointments.
Gerry did not stand for re-election in 1792, returning home to raise his children and care for his sickly wife. He agreed to serve as a presidential elector for John Adams in the 1796 election. During Adams' term in office, Gerry maintained good relations with both Adams and Vice President Thomas Jefferson, hoping that the divided executive might lead to less friction. His hopes were not realized: the split between Federalists (Adams) and Democratic-Republicans (Jefferson) widened.
Main article: XYZ Affair
President Adams appointed Gerry to be a member of a special diplomatic commission sent to Republican France in 1797. Tensions had risen between the two nations after the 1796 ratification of the Jay Treaty, made between the United States and Great Britain. It was seen by French leaders as signs of an Anglo-American alliance, and France had consequently stepped up seizures of American ships. Adams chose Gerry, over his cabinet's opposition (on political grounds that Gerry was insufficiently Federalist), because of their long-standing relationship; Adams described Gerry as one of the "two most impartial men in America" (Adams himself being the other).
Gerry joined co-commissioners Charles Cotesworth Pinckney and John Marshall in France in October 1797 and met briefly with Foreign Minister Talleyrand. Some days after that meeting, the delegation was approached by three French agents (at first identified as "X", "Y", and "Z" in published papers, leading the controversy to be called the "XYZ Affair") who demanded substantial bribes from the commissioners before negotiations could continue. The commissioners refused and sought unsuccessfully to engage Talleyrand in formal negotiations. Believing Gerry to be the most approachable of the commissioners, Talleyrand successively froze first Pinckney and then Marshall out of the informal negotiations, and they left France in April 1798. Gerry, who sought to leave with them, stayed behind because Talleyrand threatened war if he left. Gerry refused to make any significant negotiations afterward and left Paris in August.
By then, dispatches describing the commission's reception had been published in the United States, raising calls for war. The undeclared naval Quasi-War (1798–1800) followed. Federalists, notably Secretary of State Timothy Pickering, accused Gerry of supporting the French and abetting the breakdown of the talks, while Adams and Republicans such as Thomas Jefferson supported him. The negative press damaged Gerry's reputation, and he was burned in effigy by protestors in front of his home. He was only later vindicated, when his correspondence with Talleyrand was published in 1799. In response to the Federalist attacks on him, and because of his perception that the Federalist-led military buildup threatened republican values, Gerry formally joined the Democratic-Republican Party in early 1800, standing for election as Governor of Massachusetts.
For years, Gerry unsuccessfully sought the governorship of Massachusetts. His opponent in these races, Caleb Strong, was a popular moderate Federalist, whose party dominated the state's politics despite a national shift toward the Republicans. In 1803, Republicans in the state were divided, and Gerry only had regional support of the party. He decided not to run in 1804, returning to semi-retirement and to deal with a personal financial crisis. His brother Samuel Russell had mismanaged his own business affairs, and Gerry had propped him up by guaranteeing a loan that was due. The matter ultimately ruined Gerry's finances for his remaining years.
Republican James Sullivan won the governor's seat from Strong in 1807, but his successor was unable to hold the seat in the 1809 election, which went to Federalist Christopher Gore. Gerry stood for election again in 1810 against Gore and won a narrow victory. Republicans cast Gore as an ostentatious British-loving Tory who wanted to restore the monarchy (his parents were Loyalists during the Revolution), and Gerry as a patriotic American, while Federalists described Gerry as a "French partizan" and Gore as an honest man devoted to ridding the government of foreign influence. A temporary lessening in the threat of war with Britain aided Gerry. The two battled again in 1811, with Gerry once again victorious in a highly acrimonious campaign.
Gerry's first year as governor was less controversial than his second, because the Federalists controlled the state senate. He preached moderation in the political discourse, noting that it was important that the nation present a unified front in its dealings with foreign powers. In his second term, with full Republican control of the legislature, he became notably more partisan, purging much of the state government of Federalist appointees. The legislature also enacted "reforms" of the court system that resulted in an increase in the number of judicial appointments, which Gerry filled with Republican partisans. However, infighting within the party and a shortage of qualified candidates played against Gerry, and the Federalists scored points by complaining vocally about the partisan nature of the reforms.
Other legislation passed during Gerry's second year included a bill broadening the membership of Harvard's Board of Overseers to diversify its religious membership, and another that liberalized religious taxes. The Harvard bill had significant political slant because the recent split between orthodox Congregationalists and Unitarians also divided the state to some extent along party lines, and Federalist Unitarians had recently gained control over the Harvard board.
In 1812, the state adopted new constitutionally mandated electoral district boundaries. The Republican-controlled legislature had created district boundaries designed to enhance their party's control over state and national offices, leading to some oddly shaped legislative districts. Although Gerry was unhappy about the highly partisan districting (according to his son-in-law, he thought it "highly disagreeable"), he signed the legislation. The shape of one of the state senate districts in Essex County was compared to a salamander by a local Federalist newspaper in a political cartoon, calling it a "Gerry-mander". Ever since, the creation of such districts has been called gerrymandering.[b]
Gerry also engaged in partisan investigations of potential libel against him by elements of the Federalist press, further damaging his popularity with moderates. The redistricting controversy, along with the libel investigation and the impending War of 1812, contributed to Gerry's defeat in 1812 (once again at the hands of Caleb Strong, whom the Federalists had brought out of retirement). The gerrymandering of the state Senate was a notable success in the 1812 election: the body was thoroughly dominated by Republicans, even though the house and the governor's seat went to Federalists by substantial margins.
Gerry's financial difficulties prompted him to ask President James Madison for a federal position after his loss in the 1812 election (which was held early in the year). He was chosen by the party Congressional nominating caucus to be Madison's vice presidential running mate in the 1812 presidential election, although the nomination was first offered to John Langdon. He was viewed as a relatively safe choice who would attract Northern votes but not pose a threat to James Monroe, who was thought likely to succeed Madison. Madison narrowly won re-election, and Gerry took the oath of office at Elmwood in March 1813. At that time the office of vice president was largely a sinecure; Gerry's duties included advancing the administration's agenda in Congress and dispensing patronage positions in New England. Gerry's actions in support of the War of 1812 had a partisan edge: he expressed concerns over a possible Federalist seizure of Fort Adams (as Boston's Fort Independence was then known) as a prelude to Anglo-Federalist cooperation and sought the arrest of printers of Federalist newspapers.
On November 23, 1814, Gerry fell seriously ill while visiting Joseph Nourse of the Treasury Department, and he died not long after returning to his home in the Seven Buildings. He is buried in the Congressional Cemetery in Washington, D.C., with a memorial by John Frazee. He is the only signer of the Declaration of Independence who was buried in the nation's capital city. The estate he left his wife and children was rich in land and poor in cash, but he had managed to repay his brother's debts with his pay as vice president. Aged 68 at the start of his vice presidency, he was the oldest person to become vice president until Charles Curtis in 1929.
Gerry is generally remembered for the use of his name in the word gerrymander, for his refusal to sign the United States Constitution, and for his role in the XYZ Affair. His path through the politics of the age has been difficult to characterize. Early biographers, including his son-in-law James T. Austin and Samuel Eliot Morison, struggled to explain his apparent changes in position. Biographer George Athan Billias posits that Gerry was a consistent advocate and practitioner of republicanism as it was originally envisioned, and that his role in the Constitutional Convention had a significant impact on the document it eventually produced.
Gerry had ten children, of whom nine survived into adulthood:
Gerry's grandson Elbridge Thomas Gerry became a distinguished lawyer and philanthropist in New York. His great-grandson, Peter G. Gerry, was a member of the U.S. House of Representatives and later a U.S. Senator from Rhode Island.
Gerry is depicted in two of John Trumbull's paintings, the Declaration of Independence and General George Washington Resigning His Commission. Both are on view in the rotunda of the United States Capitol.
The upstate New York town of Elbridge is believed to have been named in his honor, as is the western New York town of Gerry. The town of Phillipston, Massachusetts was originally incorporated in 1786 under the name Gerry in his honor but was changed to its present name after the town submitted a petition in 1812, citing Democratic-Republican support for the War of 1812.
Gerry's Landing Road in Cambridge, Massachusetts, is located near the Eliot Bridge not far from Elmwood. During the 19th century, the area was known as Gerry's Landing (formerly known as Sir Richard's Landing) and was used by a Gerry relative for a short time as a landing and storehouse. The supposed house of his birth, the Elbridge Gerry House (it is uncertain whether he was born in the house currently standing on the site or an earlier structure) stands in Marblehead, and Marblehead's Elbridge Gerry School is named in his honor.
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How to Help Any Age Student Awaken their Passion
This is an area which I have spent a lot of time “playing” with students. I have been searching for ways to awaken their inner genius, their passion, their desires...whatever you want to call it. When we do this, the following byproducts are created by default (and there are many more):
They feel more connected to you as someone who really cares
They remember that learning is fun
They begin to look at everything through a more relevant and effective perspective
Here are just three of the many ways which I have found help students of any age (and adults) recognize and connect with their own passion.
Whatever routines you have in place… change them for a while… then change them again. Change them in what at least appears a random shift of routine. Here are some of the things you can change, and keep in mind, that while there are some routines you will want to keep, what I’m talking about is shifting when they happen.
Order of events
Will this be uncomfortable at times? Yes. Absolutely. Routines followed over and over again, no matter how positive they are, breed boredom and that is the bringer of despair. It may not appear as despair at first, but over the years, routines unchanged lead to questions like “There has to be more than this, right?” To quote Sam from Sam the Ant, the book series created by my daughter and me, “There’s got to be more to life than just digging, right?”
Again, there are certain routines, like exercise, which are very important. I’m not saying to get rid of that. I’m saying try changing the placement of when and how you exercise.
FEWER PIECES… MORE DEPTH OF EXPERIENCE
Our days tend to be hurried. In general, adult society is rushed and we impose this, usually without realizing it, on our students. Think about our daily routines in a classroom, and how often we change gears. We many times end up spending as much time transitioning from one thing to another, as we do in discovery and practice. Try the following:
Lengthen the time you spend on any given area in your day with your students.
This may mean that on some days, certain things are not covered.
Before you say, “but our students level of focus can’t handle longer period of time”, and then think about what that means.
I am not saying to have them sit for hours without shifting. This can be done in context of longer learning moments.
I have done this with young learners, older learners and with my own day… this is a game changer. Why?
When we allow more time for learning, the process has time to evolve. Without enough time for the process to unfold, there really isn’t any process. There’s just content with very little, if any context.
EXPERIENCE… then REFLECT
Of the three suggested approaches, this one is the simplest and the most profound. Let me preface what I’m about to share by saying, “yes, we need to do some planning as teachers.” However, we sometimes spend so much time planning, that we become less open to experiences which unfold in ways which we did not anticipate. Whether it is a planned experience related directly to a learning topic, or a conversation which begins to happen naturally with your students, let it unfold.
Get out of the way and remember that the best teachers in the world are more like guides.
After the experience has had a lovely amount of time to breathe and touch the minds of everyone in the room, then reflect.
That’s it… let the experience unfold throughout your day… THEN reflect.
This will also pay great dividends in your personal life!
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The Swedish economy is entirely built on imports and exports. Its major export commodities are; industrial machineries, paper products, textiles, furniture, automobiles, steel and iron products (World of Information, 356). Sweden has a highly skilled and technologically savvy labor force that is inventive and innovative, excellent external and internal communication that coordinates well with markets for its products, good climates for growth of forests which produces natural resources like timber. It’s also highly industrialized, technologically advanced and has good social infrastructures. These give the country a competitive advantage in the export industry across Europe. Most of Swedish exports are sold in Germany, U.K, Norway, Denmark, USA, France, Netherlands, Belgium and Finland (Scott Hacker, 80).
While in the import trade, the country imports primarily food products like coffee and tea, textiles, petroleum/petroleum products, consumer electronic, chemicals, semi-manufacturers and raw materials like steel and iron for industries, and motor vehicles(World of Information, 356). Scott Hacker (80) notes that the major reasons why countries like Germany, Norway, Denmark, Russia, and France among others export goods to Sweden are as follows; Sweden is a rich and stable consumer markets. Swedish consumers are normally open to trying new goods. Their purchasing power is also very strong. Besides having stable and strong powers to purchase, the major consumer of Sweden imports is the industrial sector. This is because most of the imports are raw materials or semi-manufactured goods needed by the local industries in the manufacturing processes. Last but not least, the Swedish trade policies are import-oriented. Sweden is among the few countries in Europe that have adapted policies that incorporate private sectors well with the government, and this has developed a positive attitude to suppliers and exporters from abroad.
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Counselling for Toads - A Psychological Adventure
- United States
More informationToad, the famous character in Kenneth Graham’s 'Wind in the Willows,' is in a very depressed state and his good friends Rat, Mole and Badger are 'worried that he might do something silly...'
First they nursed him. Then they encouraged him. Then they told him to pull himself together. Finally, Badger could stand it no longer. "Now look here Toad, this can go on no longer," he said sternly. "There is only one thing left. You must have counselling!"
Robert de Board’s engaging account of Toad’s experience of counselling will capture the imagination of the growing readership of people who are interested in counselling and the counselling process. In this sequel to the story of life on the riverbank, Toad and his friends come to life all over again.
Heron, the counsellor, uses the language and ideas of transactional analysis as his counselling method. Through the sessions, or chapters of the book, Toad learns how to analyse his own feelings and develop his emotional intelligence. By the end of the book, as debonair as ever, he is setting out on a completely new adventure.
Appropriate for anyone approaching counselling, whether as a student, client or counsellor, Counselling for Toads will appeal to both children and adults of all ages.
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Bullying & Peer Abuse
Bullying is not a new phenomenon; it is a problem that can have negative effects on the climate of the playroom, classroom and community and can impede the rights of children to learn and play in a safe environment. The negative consequences of bullying have an impact on everyone – the child who is bullying, the child being bullied, the bystanders, parents and those working with children. In some cases, bullying can have lifelong physical and social effects on children. This workshop explores:
- what is bullying;
- different types of bullying;
- identifying concerning behaviours and warning signs;
- strategies to respond to incidents;
- steps to prevent bullying; and
- developing policies and practices.
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Elements and the periodic table
Unit 2 Overview
Students will learn about elements, atoms, and the Periodic table through the phenomena - How do you know if your water is safe to drink? What kind of substances in water might be hazardous? First, student will learn atoms are made up of subatomic particles, which give rise to predictable properties through a phet simulation. Next, students will try to build their own table looking for patterns in element cards. Students will then look at properties of elements which are divided into metals and nonmetals. Student will then look at electron configuration through a POGIl activity. Students will also complete a flame test activity. Finally, students when end the unit with a engineering project examining water quality to determine if it is safe to drink.
For an overview of the learning targets, essential questions, and other information, please see this document.
Day by Day
Day 1 - How do you know your water is safe to drink/Build an Atom
Day 2 - Create a table
Day 3 - Graphing Periodic Trends
Day 4 - Metal, Nonmetals, Metalloid Lab
Day 5 - Electron Configuration POGIL
Day 6 - Flame Test Inquiry
Day 7 - Periodic Trend Theater
Day 8 - Assessment (click here to request access to this folder. Please note you will need to verify that you are teacher who completed the summer course)
Day 9 - Water quality testing - engineering project
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As noted by the Mayo Clinic information website-Through Self-injury, the person may be trying to:
- Manage or reduce severe distress or anxiety and provide a sense of relief
- Provide a distraction from painful emotions through physical pain
- Feel a sense of control over his or her body, feelings or life situations
- Feel something, anything, even if it's physical pain, when feeling emotionally empty
- Express internal feelings in an external way
- Communicate depression or distressful feelings to the outside world
- Be punished for perceived faults
Cutting generally starts in early adolescence and is more common in females than males. However, there are adults who cut as well. Having friends who cut increases the risk for a person to start cutting and people who have stressful and/or traumatic family lives have higher incidences as well. Once again, it is an unhealthy way of coping with painful emotions. There are risks of infection, scarring, feelings of guilt/shame and/or possible fatal consequences from cutting to deep or doing it while under the influence.
If you are cutting:
- Try to find another way to get a similar release ie; hold a piece of ice in your hand, go for a walk/run or other physical exercise- positive ways to release endorphins
- Recognize your triggers that lead to cutting and make a plan in advance to distract or soothe yourself to avoid getting to that behavior
- Learn positive coping techniques such as; deep breathing/relaxation, expressing your painful emotions through talking, writing or art, spend time with people who make you happy.
If you are a friend or loved one of someone who is cutting:
- Try not to be judgmental
- Learn as much as you can about it
- Let them know you care
- Share your coping techniques with them
For more information on cutting visit the Mayo Clinic website at: http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/self-injury/DS00775
or to find a local therapist in Ulster County that is skilled in this area call: (845) 339-9090 x113- MHA information and referral hotline.
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Back of Book:
Clark the Shark is a great read-aloud picture book, with fun rhythm and rhyme, from the ever-popular Bruce Hale and Guy Francis.
Clark is a shark with zing, bang, and BOOM. Clark zooms into school, crashes through the classroom, and is rowdy at recess. Clark loves life—but when his enthusiasm is too much for his friends, Clark’s teacher, Mrs. Ink ydink, helps him figure out a way to tone it down.
Clark the Shark is a great story to integrate during the first week of school. All children must be taught to have indoor voices and how to find the balance of being excited, and not hurting others. I loved the examples of how Clark turned everything into a rhyme so he could remember them important things in school. I used this story as an example to my students that there is a time and a place for everything. This is such a fun story and a must read for shark week and back to school.
Ages 5 and up
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In Liberia, the United Nations is represented by the UN Mission in Liberia (UNMIL), as well as the UN Country Team (UNCT) comprising 16 specialized agencies, funds, programmes, and the World Bank. The UN Country Team (UNCT), along with the International Monetary Fund, are present on a long-term basis to support humanitarian and development efforts in the country.
All UN programmes in Liberia are aligned with the national Poverty Reduction Strategy (PRS). Initiatives are underway in each of the government's four pillars: enhancing national security; revitalizing the economy; strengthening governance and rule of law; and rehabilitating infrastructure and basic social services.
To complement the PRS, the UN has come together to formulate the UN Development Assistance Framework (UNDAF), which sets out how the UN will support these national pillars between 2008 and 2012. The ultimate aim is to identify and help promote programmes that, in concert with government and other donors, will lead to the fastest transformation in the lives of the Liberian poor, and have the highest positive impact on progress towards the Millennium Development Goals.
UNMIL has been deployed in the country to help maintain stability in the country and keep the peace, following the peace agreement in 2003. UNMIL has over 14,000 staff including more than 11,000 international troops and 1,100 police advisors. It is an ‘integrated mission,’ which means that it provides support for humanitarian and human rights assistance. The Liberian National Police is being trained by the UN to take over civil protection duties, while the Armed Forces of Liberia are also being recruited and trained.
Specialized UN agencies have long been present in Liberia and continue to work in a diverse a range of programmes. Projects the UN supports include child protection and immunization, food support for up to 500,000 children every day, support to agriculture and food production, assistance in fistula surgery projects, promoting equitable employment, road construction and capacity building at various levels of government and civil society. The UN also supports the government of Liberia’s longer-term projects that focus on legal reform and assistance in the formulation of policy.
While the security presence of UNMIL has been and continues to be a crucial element of stability in Liberia, one encouraging focus has been on constructive peacebuilding, culminating in the award of a $15m grant from the UN’s Peacebuilding Fund in 2007. This was the product of sustained collaboration, both among UN agencies and between the UN and many stakeholders, including the Government of Liberia and NGOs. All of the funding has been allocated to projects that aims to consolidate peace, address insecurity and catalyze the broader development of Liberia. Work on these projects are expected to commence in 2009.
To learn more about the UN Country Team in Liberia, visit UN Liberia.
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the world's smartest travel social network
On November the 3rd, 2013, a total solar eclipse will pass over equatorial Gabon in Western Africa Congo, Uganda, Kenya and finally Ethiopia
For the experienced eclipse chaser in these locations, such a narrow and abrupt eclipse will come with a prominent presentation of the colourful innermost atmospheric layer of the Sun (the chromospheres) and a spectacular view along the axis of the Moon’s shadow.
The total phase of a solar eclipse is very brief. It rarely lasts more than several minutes. Nevertheless, it is considered to be one of the most awe inspiring spectacles in all of nature which is worth traveling to go see. The sky takes on an eerie twilight as the Sun’s bright face is replaced by the black disk of the Moon. Surrounding the Moon is a beautiful gossamer halo. This is the Sun’s spectacular sola corona a super-heated plasma two million degrees in temperature. This Actual eclipse of November 3 is the total eclipse of the sun throughout the land.
Under rare circumstances, a total eclipse can change to an annular eclipse or vice versa along different sections of the eclipse path. This happen when the curvature of Earth brings different points of the path into the umbra (total) and antumbral (annular) shadows, respectively. Hybrid eclipses are sometimes called annular/total eclipses. The last hybrid eclipse was in 2005 and the next one is in 2013 and will be witnessed in Africa starting from Gabon, Congo, Uganda, Kenya and finally Ethiopia.
There are not too many suitable (safe) locations in Africa to view this eclipse, which should, because of the short duration of totality have excellent displays of edge phenomena such as Bailey’s Beads, the chromospheres and diamond ring. Uganda is well prepared for this and has a great location close to Murchison’s National park, that provides an excellent basecamp at Paraa or Chobe lodge.
The hybrid eclipse is the rarest of the four types of solar eclipses. It starts as an annular eclipse, proceeds to be a total solar eclipse before becoming an annular eclipse again. It is caused when the moon passes in front of the sun and casts a shadow on the surface of the Earth. At first, the moon is not large enough to completely cover the sun. An annular solar eclipse begins.
As the moon’s shadow tracks across the surface of the earth, the curvature of the globe causes the surface to rise up a little. This is enough to change the event into a total solar eclipse. As the curvature of the Earth drops away again, the event becomes an annular eclipse once more. Much of the eclipse path experiences the less desirable annular eclipse. The moon is barely able to eclipse the sun so the period of totality is often quite short. Still, it does have a period of totality which makes the hybrid solar eclipse one that is worth traveling to see.
Contact Premier Safaris for more information and logistic support. They have an Eclipse group that you can join in Uganda. Accommodation will be at Paraa Safari lodge in the Murchison’s falls National Park
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Free verse is a term used to describe a poem that doesn't have a regular rhythm or rhyme structure. That doesn't mean that there isn't any structure at all, but that the structure can't be put in one particular category. That gives us a chance to look for more subtle patterns. For example, the first line of this poem is written in perfect iambic pentameter. Even if we don't see that right away, or we can't remember the name of that kind of meter, it still changes the feel of the opening. It gives it a smooth, steady quality, and it links up with the idea of a "book of myths" because it feels a bit like the opening of an old story.
This poem is carefully structured in other ways. It's split up into ten stanzas, all of which are more or less the same length (eight to twelve lines). When there's a break between stanzas in this poem, it signals an important shift. Sometimes that means a move from one place to another, like from the boat to the ocean. Sometimes it's a change in perspective.
Also, check out how chopped-up these lines are. Often a whole stanza will be just one sentence, split into a number of shorter lines. When a sentence continues after a break in a line, it's called "enjambment." For example, the pauses created by the enjambment of the lines, "Rung after rung and still / the oxygen immerses me" (23-24) give the impression that the speaker is preceding very cautiously down the ship's ladder. That's one way Rich sets the rhythm of the poem, giving it a stuttery quality that changes our experience.
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Sometimes when a project is coming together, you need to cobble a tool together to get it completed. Whether it’s something very involved, like building a 3D printer to fabricate custom parts, or something relatively simple, like wiring a lightbulb and a battery together to create a simple continuity checker, we’ve all had to come up with something on the fly. Despite having access to an oscilloscope, [Brian] aka [schoolie] has come up with his own method for measuring PWM period and duty cycle without a scope, just in case there’s ever a PWM emergency!
The system he has come up with is so simple it’s borderline genius. The PWM signal in question is fed through a piezo speaker in parallel with a resistor. The output from the speaker is then sent to an FFT (fast fourier transform) app for Android devices, which produces a picture of a waveform. [schoolie] then opens the picture in MS Paint and uses the coordinates of the cursor and a little arithmetic to compute the period and the duty cycle.
For not using a scope, this method is pretty accurate, and only uses two discrete circuit components (the resistor and the speaker). If you’re ever in a pinch with PWM, this is sure to help, and be a whole lot cheaper than finding an oscilloscope!
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It is locally abundant in the British Isles. In southern and eastern England populations are confined to chalk and limestone in the Cotswolds, Salisbury Plain, the Chilterns and the Breckland region of East Anglia. It is absent from the chalk south of London and, like Pulsatilla vulgaris and Tephroseris integrifolia, this may represent a limited southerly migration since the last ice age (Rose 1957). It extends along the limestone as far north as the Yorkshire Wolds in v.c. 61. Populations further north are mainly coastal, extending from County Durham to the Moray Firth, with western outliers on cliff-tops on Tiree (Hebrides), the north coast of the Solway Firth and the Isle of Man. Inland populations occur on basalts in Northumberland and on mica-schists up to 710 m in Perthshire. There are also somewhat puzzling populations on the Aran Islands, Western Ireland. Scottish populations are the most northerly and Irish populations the westerly in Europe. All belong to subsp. danicus which is replaced by subsp. dasyglottis throughout Eastern Siberia and North America.
A vulnerable Red Data List species added to the list of UK Biodiversity Action Plan priority species in 2007; not previously listed as threatened, although it has probably been declining since at least the start of enclosure in the 18th century. In 1860 the Cambridgeshire botanist Charles Babington noted that ‘until recently (within 60 years) most of the chalk district was open and covered with a beautiful coating of turf, profusely decorated with Anemone Pulsatilla [Pulsatilla vulgaris], Astragalus Hypoglottis [A. danicus], and other interesting plants. It is now converted into arable land, and its peculiar plants mostly confined to small waste spots by road-sides, pits, and the very few banks which are too steep for the plough’ (Babington 1860). It appears to have declined substantially on the chalk in S. England and limestone in N.E. England since then, largely due to agricultural improvement or lack of grazing. Less is known about populations in Scotland and Ireland which are presumably stable.
A low-growing perennial of dry, infertile grassland. Like many British calcicoles it appears to be physically rather than chemically restricted and is equally happy growing on moderately acid sands/gravels (e.g. dunes) as long as competition from other species is low. It grows best at low altitudes in short calcareous grassland on lime-rich soils. This includes open rides in conifer woodland in Norfolk and in the very short turf of firing ranges on Salisbury Plain.
In northern England, Scotland and the Isle of Man it occurs in grassland associated with base-rich rock outcrops, cliff-tops and sand dunes. In Scotland, for example, it grows on Old Red Sandstone sea-cliffs and on mica-schist. Populations on the Aan Islands in Western Ireland occur on deposits over limestone pavement.
Little is known about its regenerative ecology. However, the recolonisation of former plantation sites in Breckland suggests that its seedbank may be long-lived (A. Byfield, pers. comm.). A. danicus occurs in a range of NVC communities. Populations on calcareous sands and gravels in Breckland are confined to short Festuca ovina grasslands (CG2/7), especially Cladonia spp. sub-community CG7b as well as inland stands of Festuca rubra-Galium verum fixed dune grassland (SD8). Chalk populations occur in short, species-rich Bromopsis erectus (CG3) grassland (as on Newmarket Heath, Cambridgeshire). On Jurassic limestone, as at Barnack Hills and Holes in Northamptonshire, it occurs in Brachypodium pinnatum- Bromopsis erectus grassland (CG5). Inland and coastal populations in northern England and Scotland are less well studied although populations have been recorded amongst inland stands of Festuca rubra-Armeria maritima maritime grassland (MC8).
Photograph by K.J. Walker
There is an urgent need to assess the scale and causes of the decline in S.E. England, where it appears to be most threatened, along with many other ‘low growing species’ dependent on open conditions. Further work on its regenerative ecology would also help inform the management needed to restore populations that have been in long-term decline.
- Babington, C.C. 1860. Flora of Cambridgeshire. J. van Voorst, London.
- Rose, F. 1957. The importance of the study of disjunct distribution to progress in understanding the British flora. In J.E. Lousley (ed.) Progress in the Study of the British Flora, pp. 61-78. Botanical Society of the British Isles, London.
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JNTUH R18 B.Tech Production Technology Syllabus 2022December 28, 2021 2021-12-29 11:32
JNTUH R18 B.Tech Production Technology Syllabus 2022
JNTUH R18 B.Tech Production Technology Syllabus 2022
Production Technology Syllabus along with Course Objectives and Course outcome and list of textbook and reference books is mentioned in this blog. The subject of Production Technology has 5 units in total.
Topic and sub-topics of Production Technology are mentioned below in detail. If you have any problem in understanding Production Technology or any other Engineering Subject in any semester or in any year then you can view the video lectures on the official CynoHub app.
Production Technology Syllabus Unit 1
Casting: Steps involved in making a casting – Advantage of casting and its applications; Patterns – Pattern making, Types, Materials used for patterns, pattern allowances; Properties of moulding sands. Methods of Melting – Crucible melting and cupola operation – Defects in castings; Principles of Gating
– Requirements – Types of gates, Design of gating systems – Riser – Function, types of Riser and Riser design. Casting processes – Types – Sand moulding, Centrifugal casting, die- casting, Investment casting, shell moulding; Solidification of casting – Solidification of pure metal, Directional Solidification.
Production Technology Syllabus Unit 2
Welding: Classification – Types of welds and welded joints; Welding Positions – Gas welding – Types, oxy-fuel gas cutting – standard time and cost calculations. Arc welding, forge welding, submerged arc welding, Resistance welding, Thermit welding.
Production Technology Syllabus Unit 3
Inert Gas Welding _ TIG Welding, MIG welding, Friction welding, Friction Stir Welding, induction welding, explosive welding, Laser Welding; Soldering and Brazing; Heat affected zone in welding. Welding defects – causes and remedies; destructive and non- destructive testing of welds.
Production Technology Syllabus Unit 4
Hot working, cold working, strain hardening, recovery, recrystallisation and grain growth. Sheet metal Operations: Stamping, Blanking and piercing, Coining, Strip layout, Hot and cold spinning – Bending and deep drawing. Rolling fundamentals – theory of rolling, types of Rolling mills and products. Forces
in rolling and power requirements. Drawing and its types – wire drawing and Tube drawing –. Types of presses and press tools. Forces and power requirement in the above operations.
Production Technology Syllabus Unit 5
Extrusion of Metals: Basic extrusion process and its characteristics. Hot extrusion and cold extrusion
– Forward extrusion and backward extrusion – Impact extrusion – Extruding equipment – Tube extrusion, Hydrostatic extrusion. Forces in extrusion
Forging Processes: Forging operations and principles – Tools – Forging methods – Smith forging, Drop Forging – Roll forging – Forging hammers: Rotary forging – forging defects – cold forging, swaging, Forces in forging operations.
High Energy Rate Forming Processes: Limitations, Principles of Explosive Forming, Electro-hydraulic Forming, Electro-magnetic forming and rubber pad Forming.
Production Technology course objectives:
- To teach the process-level dependence of manufacturing systems through tolerances
- To expose the students to a variety of manufacturing processes including their suitability and capabilities.
- To teach the important effects that manufacturing processes may have on the material properties of the processed part with a focus on the most common processes.
- To teach the thermal and mechanical aspects, such as force, stress, strain and temperature of the most common processes.
- To provide a technical understanding of common processes to aid in appropriate process selection for the material and required tolerances
- To provide a technical understanding of common processes to aid in appropriate material selection for a predetermined process.
Production Technology course outcomes:
Student will be able to:
- Understand the idea for selecting materials for patterns.
- Know Types and allowances of patterns used in casting and analyze the components of moulds.
- Design core, core print and gating system in metal casting processes
- Understand the arc, gas, solid state and resistance welding processes.
- Develop process-maps for metal forming processes using plasticity principles.
- Identify the effect of process variables to manufacture defect free products.
Production Technology reference books:
- Manufacturing Technology / P.N. Rao Vol.1 & 2 / Mc Graw Hill
- Manufacturing Engineering & Technology / Serope Kalpakjian / Steven R. Schmid / Pearson
- Metal Casting / T.V Ramana Rao / New Age
- Production Technology / G. Thirupathi Reddy / Scitech
- Manufacturing Processes/ J.P. Kaushish / PHI Publications
Scoring Marks in Production Technology Syllabus
Scoring good grades in Production Technology is a difficult task. CynoHub is here to help. We have made a video that will help Engineering Students get rank 1 in their B.tech exams. This video will help students to score good grades in Production Technology. There are many reasons that scoring in Production Technology exams is difficult so this video will help you to rectify the mistakes students make in exams.
JNTUA B.tech R20 Production Technology Syllabus was made clear in this article. To know about the syllabus of other Engineering Subjects of JNTUA check out the official CynoHub application. Click below to download the CynoHub application.
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by Yehudis Samet
[There is a mitzvah in the Torah called "Judging others favorably." This means if we see someone in a wrongdoing, we must first to stop, think, and consider if perhaps we are missing one crucial factor, that changes the story from the way it appears.]
Take pleasure in making people look good: A virtuous man was walking with his students and they chanced upon the dead carcass of an animal. The students said, "What a foul odor is coming from this carcass!" the virtuous man said, "How white are its teeth!" (Chovos HaLevavos, Shaar Hacniya, chap 6)
Which was true? Which was more obvious?
Both observations were true. Even though the white teeth were much less obvious and easy to overlook in the face of the offensive, overpowering odor of a dead carcass, the virtuous man found something nice to see and to say. He chose to concentrate on the positive. If this can be said concerning a dead animal, how much more so should we try to find the good in a human being.
The Chofetz Chaim reiterates this idea: "A person should try to perfect his character so that he can be counted amongst the worthy, and not the unworthy. What are the traits of the worthy? They help others whenever they are able; they conceal other peoples' weaknesses, as they would their own. And if they see a person angry at another, they try to calm him, by giving him an understanding of the other person's position...
"The unworthy do the opposite. They harm others and are happy when others fail. They reveal their faults, and if a person makes a mistake, they interpret it as intentional wickedness. They cause fights and incite one person against his friend and think they are clever for all this!"
The Chofetz Chaim goes on to ask: What is considered true wisdom and strength? A person who sees his friend at the edge of a roof and gives him a push, or one who sees his friend falling and tries to catch him? One who finds his friend down and kicks him, or one who finds his friend already in the pit and tries to pull him out?
This is the essence of judging favorably. It means that if we find our friend in a situation where it seems he has already "fallen," when suspicions of guilt surround him, we use our mental resources to lift him out of that mess, both in our own mind and in the minds of others. This is what finding merit is about. This is the character trait to which we are asked to aspire. (Shemiras HaLashon)
Fulfillment of this mitzvah offers us another benefit: It counteracts the evil of slander.
Lashon hara, literally "evil talk," refers to a statement which belittles others or causes them damage or embarrassment, and serves no constructive purpose even though it may be true. The mitzvah of judging favorably is directly followed in the Torah by a warning concerning lashon hara, to teach us that judging favorably and refraining from speaking lashon hara are closely connected. (Leviticus 19:15, 16)
The Chofetz Chaim tells us: The more we judge favorably, the less slander we will speak. (Shemiras HaLashon)
If we don't think negatively about others in the first place, then we are not in danger of such thoughts ever being expressed. When we are constantly battling with negative thoughts, there is always the possibility that they will prevail and be articulated. If we can obliterate or at least neutralize suspicions as they arise, by judging favorably, then there remain no negative thoughts lurking in our mind waiting for a chance to escape in the form of slander.
The connection between judging favorably and slander is illustrated with the biblical story of the spies:
The spies were sent to tour the Land of Israel before the whole nation entered for the first time. When they returned, they gave a negative report about what they had seen. The people believed them, and because of this the entire Jewish nation was penalized by having to spend 40 more years in the desert, corresponding to the 40 days of travel by the spies.
We know that punishment is given measure-for-measure. Why then did the nation have to spend 40 years in the desert when slander was spoken only once? Where's the justice? Where's the "measure for measure"?
Rabbi Chaim Shmuelevitz explains that they were punished for the root of the sin -- 40 days of seeing the negative aspects of the land. If they hadn't seen the negative, they wouldn't have come to speak negatively. Thus the punishment was measure-for-measure. (Sichos Mussar)
Almost all the cases of slander in the Torah occurred because people did not judge favorably. (Sefer Chofetz Chaim) For example, Miriam spoke against her brother Moses to her other brother Aaron: "We are also prophets, yet we did separate ourselves from our spouses -- why did Moses?" We are told that she misjudged the situation because she lacked information: She did not know that Moses' level of prophecy had no equal, and therefore his actions were justified. (Sefer Chofetz Chaim)
We think we know, it seems clear, and yet sometimes...
Tova Rothman needed a baby sitter. She had been calling girls all evening, but everyone was either busy or not home, and it was getting too late to make any more calls. By now she was desperate. One of her daughters said eagerly, "Hey, Ma! What about my friend's sister, Dassy Engel?"
"That's worth a try. We haven't used her in a long time. Do we still have her number?
A minute later she was dialing the Engels.
"Oh, Dassy, I'm so glad you're home. I hope you can do me this favor. I need a baby sitter for two o'clock tomorrow afternoon. It's very important and I must leave at exactly two o'clock. Are you available?" Tova was thrilled when Dassy agreed and she hung up with a sigh of relief.
The next day at two o'clock Tova was standing with her coat on, ready to walk out as soon as Dassy arrived. The minutes ticked away and no bell was ringing. No one was knocking or calling to say she'd be right over. It was 2:05 and still no Dassy. Tova called the Engels, but their line was busy.
Dassy seemed like such a nice girl. How could she be so irresponsible? Tova let her family know how she felt about a girl who gives her word and then lets you down. She gave them an earful! -- and they were only spared the rest by the ringing of the telephone. Tova dashed over. It was her husband. Whatever she hadn't managed to say till now to Dassy's discredit she let out on Mr. Rothman. And for good measure she threw in a few choice observations about the Engels. Tova might have said more, but she cut herself short so she could try the Engel's phone again. This time it rang.
Imagine Tova's astonishment when Mrs. Engel answered and in reply to her question, "Is Dassy home?" said, "Oh, are you the one who called her about baby sitting? You hung up and I guess you didn't realize that you never gave her your name!"
Judging favorably is not only the leading remedy for our inclination to speak slander, it also offers the primary relief for another related "illness," one that is undiagnosed, unacknowledged, and particularly insidious because of its anonymity: accepting and believing slander without clarifying its validity.
Chapters have been written by the Chofetz Chaim on this topic bringing to us the ageless wisdom of the Torah: Be wise, be discerning, don't believe everything you hear. Be willing to challenge your perceptions and be willing to reconsider.
It was late Tuesday night when the phone rang. A good friend of mine by the name of J.P. was calling. "Perhaps you can help me," he said. "I'm making a wedding soon, and I'd like you to recommend a good photographer."
After giving it some thought, I gave him the name of a man who is both an excellent photographer and is also very reasonably priced. "I've heard about him," came my friend's reply, "but I was also told that he was unreliable."
"Oh, really," I said, quite surprised. "What makes you say so?"
"Well, I'm told that he was recently hired for a bar mitzvah and he first arrived after it was half over. He missed half the affair. There's no way I'd hire a person who is so irresponsible," J.P. said. (J.P. is not required to hire this photographer even though this decision is based on an unproven suspicion. However, he was wrong in accepting this rumor as absolute truth.)
It's certainly a severe charge, I thought to myself. "Are you sure about it?" I asked. "That's a very strong accusation!"
"I'm quite positive," was his reply. "Yisroel was the head of the band that night, and he told it to me himself. In fact, I met someone else who attended that same affair, and he verified the facts. I'm not making it up. It's 100% true! Go check it out yourself."
"I sure will," I said. I've learned to be very skeptical as to the authenticity of any story, and I also knew that even if perfectly true, there might be a good explanation.
"Maybe due to unforeseen circumstances he was delayed?" I said to the caller, trying my best to judge favorably. "Perhaps there was some sort of emergency. What makes you so sure that it was a case of negligence or pure laziness?"
"Perhaps you're right," replied J.P., "but I just can't risk it. Besides, there is no reason in the world for coming late. He should have started out early enough so that even if his car broke down he could have taken a car service and made it on time. There is absolutely no good excuse for a photographer to walk in after half the affair is over!"
It was hard to argue with him. He had a strong point, and my defense wasn't too convincing. When I hung up the phone I found myself in a real quandary. Could I really recommend someone who is unreliable? Was it truly negligence on his part? Was my argument in his defense just a cover-up for his lack of responsibility? Truthfully, I wasn't really convinced myself of his innocence, so how could I convince someone else?
Firstly, I decided to check out the story on my own to see if it was really true. I called the musician, who was a close friend of mine, and he verified the entire story. There was no question as to its authenticity.
The very next day, I bumped into my good friend, the photographer. I brought up the subject of the bar mitzvah in question.
"Is it true that you arrived halfway through the bar mitzvah?" I asked.
"Yes, it certainly is," he said. "But why are you asking?"
"I just recommended you for a job, and the people refused to take you. They claimed you were unreliable because you didn't come on time."
He looked at me in disbelief and shock, and then began telling me his story. I listened very carefully.
"The job was not mine at all," he began. "The photographer who had been hired for the job failed to show up. I received an emergency call in the middle of the affair to come down immediately. Despite being very busy at that moment, I dropped everything I was doing and raced down to the hall as quickly as possible."
With a hurt look written on his face, he added, "I only did it as a personal favor to them."
The more we practice judging people favorably, the less likely we are to speak against them, because...
- the more insight and comprehension, the less disapproval.
- the more we consider possibilities, the less we will censure and blame.
- the more we make an effort to reconsider, the less chance there will be to pass hasty, superficial judgments...
because understanding and condemnation are mutually exclusive.
When you hear a report of slander, act like a judge in court who isn't allowed to pass judgment until he hears both sides. You can't believe what was told to you until you consider the other side of the story.
Giving the benefit of the doubt is also an effective method for dealing with anger (Erech Apayim). So many fiery outbursts could be avoided, so many prolonged resentments and grievances could be redressed and even prevented from developing in the first place if we were willing to use this tool.
When we feel ourselves churning and burning, cooking and steaming, we are harming ourselves physically and emotionally. Much has been written and documented about the negative effects of anger and grudge-bearing: High blood pressure, ulcers, lower back pain, tension headaches -- the list is long. Trying to understand the other side of the story frees us from our imprisonment in the gloomy darkness of condemnation and resentment. It's the key that unlocks the door to a room full of light. When understanding comes in, anger almost automatically leaves through the back door.
I'm enrolled in a program in a hospital in Jerusalem, and I'm receiving credit from a school in America that sponsors this program. I have a supervisor here who gets paid from the institution in America.
One day in January, I came into the office as usual at about 9:00 a.m. My supervisor, Ofra, was fuming. She was stomping around the rooms and muttering under her breath. I asked her what was the matter, and she said she didn't want to tell me because it wasn't professional. I was sure it wouldn't take Ofra too long to become unprofessional, and, sure enough, 15 minutes later she couldn't contain herself anymore.
She told me that she had just gotten her paycheck for supervising me. Now mind you, I had been part of this program since October 1993, and it goes until June 1994. Ofra told me that the reason she was so angry was that the people in charge had the chutzpah to send her a check dated November 1, 1994. She could not understand how they could have the nerve to give her a check postdated for almost a year later. I said I personally couldn't believe it because I go to this school and I'd never heard of such a thing. But she really let go, and she was screaming and yelling and telling everyone the whole story.
Now it was already 10 o'clock, and she said she was going to go to the National Association to consult with one of the counselors there to ask them what she should do. She wanted to put in a complaint about this program and how they send students here to be supervised and how their supervisors are paid, or, rather, not paid.
Ofra kept calling the number of the National Association. I was a little embarrassed, because I felt that maybe I should call somebody in America to let them know before she put in a complaint about them. If they got a big complaint about the school, who knew what could happen.
So she was calling and calling, and the phone stayed busy. Finally she got through and they said no counselor was available. Ofra was willing to leave work and go to this organization to show them the check and file a complaint about the whole situation, but they told her not to bother to come because no one was there to help her. By now it was already 11 or 12 o'clock. Ofra was furious. She didn't even want to talk to me.
Well, finally it was one o'clock and time for me to leave. Ofra still hadn't calmed down. Finally, I said to her, "Are you sure that's what the check says -- November 1, 1994? Can you just show me?" She just got more annoyed. "You think I can't read?" And then she said, "You know, I don't think you believe me! I'm going to take out that check and show you."
She took out the check, and the check read: 1.11.94. "This check is for January 11, 1994," I told her.
"What?" She looked at me, obviously confused. Then Ofra remembered that European and American dates are reversed. In Israel, 1.11.94 means November 1, 1994.
She was very embarrassed. For five hours she had done nothing but rant and rave. Now she was left muttering, "For this I raised my blood pressure? For this I got so angry and missed a day's work?"
"Yehoshua ben Perachyah says: Appoint a teacher for yourself, acquire [buy yourself] a friend, and judge everybody favorably" (Avot 1:6).
The fact that these seemingly unconnected statements are grouped together indicates that there is a special relationship between them. And so we learn that the acquisition and retention of an educational mentor and guide, as well as harmonious companionship, depend to a great extent on our ability and willingness to judge favorably...
Can friendship survive on a long term basis if we're not willing to judge our friends favorably? Even between friends, and especially between close friends, there are many opportunities for misunderstanding. The closer we are, the more shortcomings we see and the more tests we face...
Reprinted with permission from InnerNet.org and from "The Other Side of the Story." Published by Mesorah Publications, Ltd.
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In anticipation of Aracaladanza’s Vuelos we are taking a quick look at the life and works of Leonardo da Vinci – the inspiration behind the piece.
You can catch Vuelos at Pavilion Dance and explore the world of Leonardo da Vinci on 12 May, 6pm – suitable for all ages 5+
Born on April 15, 1452, in Vinci, Italy, Leonardo da Vinci had a curious mind and a keen intellect. He studied the laws of science and nature, which greatly informed his work as a painter, sculptor, architect, inventor, military engineer and draftsman. His ideas and body of work—which includes “The Last Supper” and “Mona Lisa”—have influenced countless artists and made da Vinci a leading light of the Italian Renaissance.
“A good painter has two chief objects to paint—man and the intention of his soul,” da Vinci wrote. “The former is easy, the latter hard, for it must be expressed by gestures and the movement of the limbs.” To more accurately depict those gestures and movements, da Vinci began to seriously study anatomy and dissect human and animal bodies during the 1480s. In addition to his anatomical investigations, da Vinci studied botany, geology, zoology, hydraulics, aeronautics and physics. He sketched his observations on loose sheets of papers and pads that he tucked inside his belt. He placed the papers in notebooks and arranged them around four broad themes—painting, architecture, mechanics and human anatomy. He filled dozens of notebooks with finely drawn illustrations and scientific observations. His ideas were mainly theoretical explanations, laid out in exacting detail, but they were rarely experimental.
Art and science intersected perfectly in his sketch of Vitruvian Man, which depicted a male figure in two superimposed positions with his arms and legs apart inside both a square and a circle. A man ahead of his time, da Vinci appeared to prophesize the future with his sketches of machines resembling a bicycle, helicopter and a flying machine based on the physiology of a bat.
In 1503 da Vinci start working on what would become his most well known painting—and arguably the most famous painting in the world—the Mona Lisa. The privately commissioned work is characterized by the enigmatic smile of the woman in the half-portrait.
One of da Vinci’s last commissioned works was a mechanical lion that could walk and open its chest to reveal a bouquet of lilies. He continued work on his scientific studies until his death at the age of 67 on May 2, 1519.
Source: Biography.com Editors, Leonardo da Vinci Biography. Biography.com, Available from: http://www.biography.com/people/leonardo-da-vinci-40396 [Accessed 15 April 2016].
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Search engine optimization (SEO) is the process of improving the volume and quality of traffic to a web site from search engines via "natural" ("organic" or "algorithmic") search results for targeted keywords. In this article find out how to do basic SEO, code search engine friendly pages and how to do a basic promotion of your site.
For this I will use one of sites I’ve made, it is AdSense site and it follows SEO rules and it is good example what to do and what not to do. This site is http://www.aboutdoghealth.org/ so let’s start from the top.
Things to do
- Keywords in URL
For example http://www.aboutdoghealth.org/ use whole words – keywords to best describe your site. Don’t rely on this if you don’t have keywords in other parts of your site.
- Keywords in <title> tag
This shows search results as your page title, so this is one of the most important things and it shouldn’t be long 5-6 words max, and use keyword at the beginning.
- Keywords in anchor texts
Also very important, especially for the anchor text, because if you have the keyword in the anchor text in a link from another site, this is regarded as getting a vote from this site not only about your site in general, but about the keyword in particular.
- Keywords in headings (<H1>, <H2>, etc. tags)
One more place where keywords count a lot. But beware that your page has actual text about the particular keyword.
- Keywords in the beginning of a document
While coding your page put your main content before side bar. Because this also counts, though not as much as anchor text, title tag or headings
- Keywords in <alt> tags
Spiders don't read images but they do read their textual descriptions in the <alt> tag, so if you have images on your page, fill in the <alt> tag with some keywords about them.
- Anchor text of inbound links
This is one of the most important factors for good rankings. It is best if you have a keyword in the anchor text but even if you don't, it is still OK.
- Origin of inbound links
It is important if the site that links to you is a reputable one or not. Generally sites with greater Google PR are considered reputable and the .edu and .gov sites are the most reputable
- Links from similar sites
Having links from similar sites is very, very useful. It indicates that the competition is voting for you and you are popular within your topical community.
Metatags are becoming less and less important but if there are metatags that still matter, these are the <description> and <keywords> ones.
- Unique content
Having more content (relevant content, which is different from the content on other sites both in wording and topics) is a real boost for your site's rankings.
- Frequency of content change
Frequent changes are favored. It is great when you constantly add new content but it is not so great when you only make small updates to existing content.
- Site Accessibility
Another fundamental issue, which that is often neglected. If the site (or separate pages) is unaccessible because of broken links, 404 errors, password-protected areas and other similar reasons, then the site simply can't be indexed.
It is great to have a complete and up-to-date sitemap, spiders love it, no matter if it is a plain old HTML sitemap or the special Google sitemap format.
Things not to do
- Keyword stuffing
Any artificially inflated keyword density (10% and over) is keyword stuffing and you risk getting banned from search engines.
- Keyword dilution
When you are optimizing for an excessive amount of keywords, especially unrelated ones, this will affect the performance of all your keywords and even the major ones will be lost (diluted) in the text.
- Single pixel links
when you have a link that is a pixel or so wide it is invisible for humans, so nobody will click on it and it is obvious that this link is an attempt to manipulate search engines.
Crosslinking occurs when site A links to site B, site B links to site C and site C links back to site A
- Duplicate content
When you have the same content on several pages on the site, this will not make your site look larger because the duplicate content penalty kicks in. To a lesser degree duplicate content applies to pages that reside on other sites but obviously these cases are not always banned
- Doorway pages
Creating pages that aim to trick spiders that your site is a highly-relevant one when it is not, is another way to get the kick from search engines.
Cloaking is another illegal technique, which partially involves content separation because spiders see one page (highly-optimized, of course), and everybody else is presented with another version of the same page.
- Invisible text
This is a black hat SEO practice and when spiders discover that you have text specially for them but not for humans, don't be surprised by the penalty.
- Illegal Content
Using other people's copyrighted content without their permission or using content that promotes legal violations can get you kicked out of search engines.
Spiders don't index the content of Flash movies, so if you use Flash on your site, don't forget to give it an alternative textual description. And also don’t have just flash home page without HTML one.
Frames are very bad for SEO. Avoid using them unless really necessary.
- Redirects (301 and 302)
When not applied properly, redirects can hurt a lot – the target page might not open, or worse – a redirect can be regarded as a black hat technique, when the visitor is immediately taken to a different page.
- Bans in robots.txt
If indexing of a considerable portion of the site is banned, this is likely to affect the nonbanned part as well because spiders will come less frequently to a “noindex” site.
- Session IDs
This is even worse than dynamic URLs. Don't use session IDs for information that you'd like to be indexed by spiders.
Submit your site
- To Google
- To Yahoo!
- To MSN
- To FastSubmit
- To SubmitExpress
- To dmoz
And also a good and easy way to promote your site is to submit it to inspiration galleries, you can see most of them here
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Replacing Broken Windows
During a CNBC interview, former Treasury Secretary Lawrence Summers said that Japan’s massive earthquake “…may lead to some temporary increments, ironically, to GDP, as a process of rebuilding takes place.”
Commenting on the interview, the WSJ reminds us that 19th century economist Frederic Bastiat (1801-1850) said “destruction is not profitable,” because disaster recovery replaces what was lost. So, although GDP could surge, national wealth is not necessarily any more and could indeed be less than it was before disaster struck.
The Economic Lesson
Calling it “the fallacy of the broken window,” economist Bastiat questions the assumption that a broken window can be an economic blessing. He agrees that a glazier would receive, for example, 6 francs to fix it. However, he then says, “…if…you conclude…that it is good to break windows, that it helps to circulate money…I am obliged to cry out: That will never do! Your theory stops at what is seen. It does not take account of what is not seen.”
Bastiat then points out that the money given to the glazier would otherwise have been spent on new shoes or a book. And, having been able to spend the 6 francs on a new pair of shoes, their owner would have had new shoes and the old, unbroken window.
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Thousands of Americans die every year in car crashes, and many of them caused by distracted driving. One small but critical factor in distracted driving is attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Minnesota motorists should know about a study published by JAMA Psychiatry that shows the relationship between ADHD-related crashes and medication.
Researchers looked into the health insurance claims filed between 2005 and 2014, identifying over 2.3 million Americans older than 18 with ADHD. The average age of the drivers was 32. Records showed that more than 1.9 million had a prescription filled for ADHD medication, though there was naturally no way of proving that drivers actually took the medication.
The authors of the study then counted how many times ADHD patients went to an emergency room because of a car accident. They concluded that there was a lower risk for crashes on those months when prescriptions were filled than on those months when they were not. Men in particular were 38 percent less likely to be in crashes when medicated, and for women that number was 42 percent. Experts warn, however, that medication should not be considered a cure-all. Accidents could be prevented by addressing ADHD symptoms with behavioral therapy, and such symptoms may even naturally recede as young people with ADHD become accustomed to driving.
Drivers with ADHD might be more prone to text or talk on the phone while driving, but even when they don’t, they may become distracted by other stimuli. These all increase the potential for a car accident. An occupant of another vehicle who is injured in such an accident might want to meet with an attorney to see what options are available for seeking appropriate compensation.
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Association football, additionally called just football, is an intercollegiate team sport generally played in between 2 groups of eleven gamers each. It is the most popular sporting activity in the world, with an approximated 250 million individuals playing it in greater than 200 countries and also reliances. Many people in the United States know about this video game by among its aliases – football, soccer or football-and it is one of the most regularly played sporting activity in the States.
The video game was created in England and also was given America by European explorers and also inhabitants. The video game has numerous variants however stays the like American football. It is played with eleven players on each side of the field. The goal is to make the side that ratings the most points win the video game. The last individual standing is the victor. reddit nba streams
Expert football is regulated by a governing body, the Components and Technique Commission (FDC). This regulating body controls every facet of the sport from ticket sales to marketing of the sporting activity itself. The FDC works as the main regulator of the sport as well as acts as the footballing authority for the association football world Mug. Yearly, the World Cup is held in a competition format, with the champion generally being one of the four countries with the most professional groups. As of now, the USA has actually not achieved success in organizing a world cup competition.
The sporting activity of football is played in between the professional leagues of association football and also the amateur leagues of soccer, rugby organization and American football. Lots of people consider American football as a kind of football, since the term football is typically used in association football. However, the video game of football is a lot different from Association football.
Association football is played between groups that are participants of a company. A suit is declared when a group of gamers or participants of an organization contact and attempt to deal with, throw, as well as kick each other with their feet, legs, or bodies in a video game of Association football. The item of the video game is to rack up factors as well as at the end of the match, the team with one of the most goals wins. Nonetheless, the video game of rugby football is totally different from Association football; play is only for the protection of the round as well as no regulations use.
Expert soccer matches are played between teams that are part of a country’s soccer association (FIFA ). The International Football Organizations (FIFA ), based in France, have published an event routine every four years and also the groups are then chosen based on their ranking in the table of the particular association. In addition to the teams competing in worldwide tournaments, there are also regional groups based within specific nations. When these groups contend in international competitors, they are usually representing their own country as well as given that the competitors is based upon advantage instead of on the results of a suit, qualification for such a competitors is not established by the amount of factors made. nemanigeria
Rugby Union is the video game of football which has a lengthy history as well as which began virtually 150 years ago in England. Unlike Association football which entails a couple of players on both groups, a full-size game of rugby union involves eleven players on each side. It is taken into consideration to be the game of sport for the world and global rugby union video games are currently regularly played around the world. Since its creation, the video game of rugby union has actually undertaken lots of changes which have actually raised its criterion of play as well as allowed it to draw in even more groups as well as become extra affordable. Today, the video game of rugby union is the fourth most popular call sport in the world and also is consistently played in countries such as South Africa, Canada, Australia and New Zealand.
Professional players play soccer for a living and also gain their cash with the game and also not just betting fun as well as welfare. There are various codes of play for football and also several regulations that are executed. In order for football to be played properly and also for the video game to progress so regarding get the attention of the worldwide public, it requires to be played by people from all walks of life. With the help of the professional and popular association football governing body, the video game will continue to grow and also come to be a lot more popular.
Football is the most popular sporting activity in number of spectators and also individuals all over the world. Its simple rules and fundamental tools, the video game can be played anywhere, from public football playing fields (football arenas) to health clubs, colleges, roads, or even coastlines. The game is played in a basic manner making use of deal with, body call, as well as objective kicking. The video game is predominantly aggressive and also involves great deals of running and also taking on. It is played with 2 groups of eleven players each, with one goalkeeper to keep the sphere in play. The suit outcomes are decided by means of a head round or penalty shot system.
Association football is played between 2 teams of eleven gamers each. The suits are played in a normal football arena with artificial pitches normally put outside and also inside the ground. The suit is played 4 times weekly, with the video games being played every Saturday night and also Sunday early morning. Association football has actually developed various regulations that divide the different levels of play in the different organizations, such as the English FA Cup and also the French Ligue Football Organization.
The game of football can also be played in the United States of America, which is commonly known as Football. The game of American football has actually created a special American style and the football game has come to be incredibly preferred in the U.S.A. Although the game was begun as a method of college sports competition, today it is a popular sporting activity for the Americans as well as Europeans. The world mug is presently being hosted in America this year as well as Globe Cup credentials will probably remain to get underway in the months and also years ahead. nigeriamaritim
The main Regulations of football on the ground are very basic, there is no requirement for a foul to take place unless a gamer takes a component in a noticeable nasty act prior to the half hour whistle has blown. The most usual type of nasty is a kicking a round. One more usual type of foul is a foul by a player utilizing the head or arms to attempt to put off a round.
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Whether you're glancing at your pet parrot or curiously observing pigeons interacting out in nature, you might notice a little wing-twitching behavior from time to time. Wing twitching is common in the avian world and can signify a diverse assortment of things, from the drive to reproduce to a pressing medical issue.
In parrots, wing twitching sometimes is a sign of excitement, often related to the urge to breed. If a bird's wings are twitching rapidly and snugly against his body, his mind is probably in a reproductive zone and not focused on much of anything else at the moment. You might notice other key accompanying behaviors, including shivering and the conspicuous sign of plumage sticking out.
Apart from parrots, other types of birds also twitch their wings when it's time to mate, especially when they're in the presence of individuals of the opposite sex -- and looking to woo them. Some varieties of doves and pigeons partake in wing twitching as a mating ritual. Male specimens twitch their wings to initiate mating activities, and occasionally combine the action with elevating their tails, crouching down to the ground and cooing.
Molting is a natural process for birds, similar to shedding in dogs and cats. When birds molt, they essentially switch out old feathers with brand new ones. If your pet bird is molting, you might see a lot of wing flipping action on his part as the replacement plumage starts coming in. This is how they deal with the itchiness that molting often brings.
Young birds who are still learning the ropes for caring and fending for themselves sometimes twitch their wings. They do this to notify their parents that they're hungry and want a feeding session -- pronto. This twitching behavior is also often accompanied by puffing out of the feathers, which is another means of alerting parents to their hunger. Wild and captive birds alike partake in these behaviors, so if you're responsible for feeding a baby bird in your home, take note of his twitching cues.
Seizures and Health Issues
Wing twitching sometimes denotes serious health issues in birds. If your bird's wings frequently and persistently twitch, it could be a sign that he's going through a partial seizure. Twitching can be a warning sign for seizures or other ailments in birds, whether of the head, limbs, full body or wings. Birds might twitch when they experience toxicity, injury or viral infection. Take your bird to an avian veterinarian immediately if you have any concerns of seizure or any other health issue. Remember, the quicker you attain veterinary attention for your pet, the better.
- University of Michigan Animal Diversity Web: Columbidae
- VCA Animal Hospitals: Wild Baby Birds
- International Dove Society: Ringneck Doves
- Kona Bird Vet: Signs of Illness
- The Mickaboo Bird Rescue Companion:
- Avian & Exotic Animal Hospital: Common Avian Emergencies
- BirdChannel.com: Parrot Body Language
- Wild Bird Rehab Heaven: Symptoms and Treatments
- Messinger Woods Wildlife Care and Education Center: Quick Reference Guide to Baby Bird Development
- Comstock/Comstock/Getty Images
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Let us start of by defining two terms in our article title. Data fragmentation, in general is the breaking down of data into numerous chunks and then storing them separately. The major aim here is to place a chunk of data at a location that is easily accessible. Think of it this way, an object often used in the kitchen needs to be easily and readily accessible in the actual kitchen. That is at core of what data fragmentation tries to achieve. DBMS stands for database management system; this is a system that determines, handles, retrieves and manages data in a database. For the sake of this subject matter you must know that data fragmentation is characteristic of what are called distributed databases. Actually, the separate chunks are then stored on what is called a DDC i.e. distributed data catalogue.
Table of Contents
Data Fragmentation In DBMS – A Basic Look
We already pointed out that data fragmentation simply means the breaking down of data into chunks that are stored separately. To expand this we can add that the data can be in the form of a database or a table. Where those chunks get to be stored separately does not matter, just as long as it is a location on the same computer network.
Different Types Of Data Fragmentation In DBMS
There are broadly 3 types of data fragmentation in database management systems. As we go through them you will see how it is like because we will do our best to make so plain.
If you recall our previous discussions from before you will appreciate that databases have tables. Those tables are essentially rows and columns. The rows represent the records and the columns represent the fields or attributes. This means that when you fragment horizontally you are literally breaking down the data into separate rows (i.e. records). This also means after being broken down each chunk will still have the same columns (i.e. fields). In short you could say the database would have been broken down into separate records.
Let us consider an example to make it clearer. Suppose you have a student database for a university that stores student records of their personal details. You can use horizontal fragmentation to store separately student records for those undertaking, for instance, Computer Science.
In the same vein, under this type of fragmentation is about breaking down data into separate columns. Remember we said that columns denote fields or attributes e.g. Student Name, Student ID and so on. There is, however, a unique thing that happens here that does not happen for the horizontal fragmentation we covered earlier. When the fragmentation happens here is that the key column is left alone. The key column is the one that is common to all the separate chunks or fragments.
An interesting example here can be that maybe the IT department might want to print Student ID cards. Obviously, depending on the structure of the student records, they might not need all the details. This can be coupled with the fact they might be outsourcing the card printing service. They can then fragment by breaking down the data taking only relevant columns or fields necessary for the card printing. This would ensure that the service provider does not have absolute access to the student records.
This is just straightforward; it involves breaking down the data using both the horizontal and vertical fragmentation. You must bear in mind that mixed fragmentation entails 2 processes. So you might fragment horizontally first then you fragment the result of the first process vertically.
An example here could be you only want to store separately student records for Year 4 Computer Science students. This means you will use horizontal fragmentation to come up with the overall Computer Science students. After which you will use vertical fragmentation to come up with the Year 4 Computer Science students.
Advantages Of Data Fragment In DBMS
There is increased efficiency and optimized use of the database. Remember we said that data gets to be split into numerous chunks that get stored separately. This means that if one particular user uses only just a part of the database they can only have that part stored on their computer. This makes it readily available and it will also run swiftly because all the other parts will be elsewhere. Another great benefit of this is data security and integrity. This setup means that data one is not supposed to access will never be available to that person. Only data they are authorized to access and use is what they will have access to.
Disadvantages of Data Fragmentation In DBMS
If you visualize this setup you cannot get concerned about the possibility of performance issues. The fact that a part of the database is stored separately does not negate the fact that it still works in unison with the other parts. If there is no uniform performance from the other parts then overall performance can be comprised. Then there is another issue that stems from functional dependencies – it is virtually impossible to have a database that does not have these. A change on one part must reflect on the determinant as would be the case had the database not been fragmented. The idea of storing parts separately can create challenges such as conflicts, irregularities or disparities.
We once highlighted that database management systems entail a lot of technical things to talk about. What we have covered today is one of those things or areas. We have done justice in as far as giving you the basics is concerned. It would be expedient for you to take more steps further to study more so that you acquire more in-depth insights.
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Wheelchair users cannot go into a shop because of steps at the entrance. Children with disabilities cannot go to same schools with their friends. Even though not being necessary a further medication, persons with disabilities cannot discharge from hospital because of lack of support in the community. In work place, persons with disabilities cannot get reasonable accommodation, so it’s very difficult for them to keep working. Persons with disabilities are facing many barriers, which persons without disabilities never face to. This barrier segregates persons with disabilities from others and encourages lack of understanding of people and prejudice. Shall we do away with this barrier together?
Japan National Assembly of Disabled Peoples’ International (DPI-Japan) was funded 1986 as a national organization of Disabled Peoples’ International (DPI). As of March 2016, 93 organizations of various types of disabilities including physical, intellectual, psychiatric or intractable diseases, are allied with us. We gather grass-roots voices, reflect the voices to national policies, and then back them to the locals. This is our fundamental activity.
Our goal "Equal opportunity and making the right real for persons with disabilities"
Three Features of DPI-Japan
- DPI is an organization “of” persons with disabilities.
- DPI is a cross-disability organization.
- DPI addresses disability issues as social issues from the viewpoint of human rights.
UN Convention of the Right of Persons with Disabilities address that “Persons with disabilities include those who have long-term physical, mental, intellectual or sensory impairments which in interaction with various barriers may hinder their full and effective participation in society on an equal basis with others” (Article 1) and defines “Reasonable accommodation” (Article 2). With removing social barrier, it ensures persons with disabilities same opportunities with others. We think disabilities are social issues, not in individuals.
As an opportunity of International Year of Disabled Persons, DPI was funded in Singapore in 1981, aiming to network of international disability movements. Currently, over 130 countries from six blocks join it. DPI is an International non-governmental organization for full-participation, equal opportunity and support for the right of persons with disabilities.
Now here：Home > About Us
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A trend that is becoming very real in this day and age is for more appliances, home systems and personal healthcare devices to be linked to the home network and the Internet.
This is typically manifested in the form of the devices having control apps being made available for smartphones and tablets that run on common mobile-computing platforms, especially iOS and Android. Typically the device would like to the smartphone or tablet either via a direct Bluetooth link or the home network with the mobile computing device linking to that network via Wi-Fi wireless. Some of these devices that promote “cloud-driven” or “remote-access” functionality make use of the Internet connection offered by the home network or the mobile computing device.
Of course, you have to remember that the use of the “cloud” word is primarily about the vendor or service provider providing either simplified remote access to the device or having user data being stored on the vendor’s servers.
A lot of the apps offer various device control or monitoring functions, with some of the apps linking to a remote Web server for storing user data. This is more so with personal healthcare devices where the goal is to keep a record of measurements that the device obtains on behalf of the user.
Of course, the mobile-computing-platform app may not he the only way to benefit from the connected device’s online abilities. Here, the device could work with a Web-based dashboard page that users can view with a Web browser on their regular-platform or mobile-platform computing device. This situation would come in handy if the concept is to provide more information at a glance or provide greater control of the device.
There is a reality that by 2022 a household with 2 teenage / young-adult children will maintain 50 Internet-connected devices compared to 10 such devices in 2013 according to OECD data and this situation is being described as the “Internet Of Things”.
But there are some issues here with the current ecosystem for these devices and apps. For example, if a user has more appliances and other devices from different manufacturers or service providers, the smartphone or tablet will end up being crowded out with many different apps. The same situation may occur as a device comes to the end of its useful life and is replaced with a newer device which may be from a different vendor. It can lead to users finding it difficult to locate the monitoring or control apps that they need to use for a particular device.
Here, the situation could be rectified through the use of application standards like UPnP so that one can develop apps that can manage many devices from different vendors.
This could also encourage innovation such as the design of “car-friendly” apps or voice-agent (Siri / S-Voice) plugins so that one could benefit from a monitoring or control app when they leave or arrive in the car. Similarly, the software would need to exploit the abilities that iOS, Android and Windows Phone 8 / 8 / RT offer within their platforms for “at-a-glance” viewing or user notifications.
It is a change that could take place over the years as the home network exists to be the easy-to-manage small network for an increasing number of devices.
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This book has attempted to give a complete description of the MPI specification, and includes code examples to illustrate aspects of the use of MPI. After reading the preceding chapters programmers should feel comfortable using MPI to develop message-passing applications. This final chapter addresses some important topics that either do not easily fit into the other chapters, or which are best dealt with after a good overall understanding of MPI has been gained. These topics are concerned more with the interpretation of the MPI specification, and the rationale behind some aspects of its design, rather than with semantics and syntax. Future extensions to MPI and the current status of MPI implementations will also be discussed.
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• family vocab
• forms of SER
• forms of ESTAR
• forms of IR
• When to use SER vs ESTAR vs IR
• words for the places in this unit (and whether they are masculine or feminine)
• when to use en el, en la
• when to use a la, al
• all of the adjectives in the whole packet! (so.... the lists on pages 8& 10 and on page 16)
There are QUIA and QUIZLET activities to practice with, on the moodle.
IF YOU MISSED ANY OF FRIDAY's CLASS PERIOD, DO THE WORKSHEET ATTACHED BELOW.
ALSO: Mackenzie, Willis, and Camden, I'm emailing you some other info.
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National Park Service, Interior.
Notice of intent to prepare an Environmental Impact Statement for the General Management Plan for the Blue Ridge Parkway
Notice is hereby given that in accordance with the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969, the U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service will prepare an Environmental Impact Statement on the General Management Plan for the Blue Ridge Parkway. The statement will assess potential environmental impacts associated with various types and levels of visitor use and resources management within the parkway boundary. Specific issues to be addressed include appropriate levels and types of visitor use along the parkway and at various developed areas, and the protection of natural, cultural, and scenic resources. Adjacent land uses and transportation improvements, their effect on parkway resources and visitors, and strategies for cooperation among public and private land managers will also be explored.
To determine the scope of issues to be addressed in the GMP and EIS and identify significant issues related to the project, a series of planning newsletters with public response forms will be distributed to the public and public scoping meetings will be held in the summer, 2002. When these meetings have been scheduled, public notice will be provided. Representatives of the National Park Service will be available to discuss issues, resource concerns, and the planning process at each of the public meetings.
Any comments or requests for information should be addressed to Superintendent, Blue Ridge Parkway, 1999 Hemphill Knob Road, Asheville, North Carolina 28803.Start Further Info
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT:
Superintendent, Blue Ridge Parkway, Start Printed Page 113621999 Hemphill Knob Road, Asheville, North Carolina 28803, (828) 271-4779.End Further Info End Preamble Start Supplemental Information
The Blue Ridge Parkway is located in southwestern Virginia and northwestern North Carolina in the Central and Southern Appalachian Mountains. The parkway is 469 miles long, connecting Shenandoah National Park in the north with Great Smoky Mountains National Park to the south. Created in 1936 as a national rural parkway, the parkway is designed for recreational driving free from commercial traffic and with limited access. The parkway traverses the crests, ridges, and valleys of five major mountain ranges, encompassing several geographic and vegetative zones ranging from 500 to over 6,000 feet above sea level. It provides visitors with many varied vistas of scenic Appalachian landscapes ranging from forested ridge tops and mountain slopes to rural farm lands to urban areas. Although most of the parkway has a very narrow right of way, it includes several large recreational and natural history areas and Appalachian cultural sites along its length.
Today, the parkway encompasses 82,000 acres of federally owned land. The parkway has over 1000 miles of boundary to manage, 4000 adjacent land owners, 29 county and several city governments to interact with, and has 500,000 acres of scenic viewshed outside of its boundary. There are 191 public access points on the parkway from the regional road systems. This planning effort will evaluate a range of alternative methods to provide a quality visitor experience while maximizing protection of resources and operational efficiency.
Public documents associated with the planning effort, including all newsletters, will be posted on the Internet through the Info Zone at www.nps.gov.
Our practice is to make the public comments we receive in response to planning documents, including names and home addresses of respondents, available for public review during regular business hours. If you wish for us to withhold your name and/or address, you must state this prominently at the beginning of your comment. Anonymous comments will be included in the public record. However, the National Park Service is not legally required to consider or respond to anonymous comments. We will make all submissions from organizations or businesses, and from individuals identifying themselves as representatives or officials of organizations or businesses, available for public inspection in their entirety.
The draft and final environmental impact statement will be distributed to all known interested parties and appropriate agencies. Full public participation by federal, state, and local agencies as well as other concerned organizations and private citizens is invited throughout the preparation process of this document.
The responsible official for this environmental impact statement is Jerry Belson, Regional Director, National Park Service, Southeast Region, 100 Alabama Street, SW., Atlanta, Georgia 30303.Start Signature
Dated: November 5, 2002.
Wallace A. Hibbard,
Regional Director, Southeast Region.
[FR Doc. 02-6042 Filed 3-12-02; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 4310-70-M
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On May 28, 1900, the moon blotted out the sun in a celestial magic trick. Modern technology has allowed film experts to put the footage online, where — in a feat of time travel — you can watch it.
The path of the total solar eclipse stretched across Mexico, the Southeast U.S., Iberia and North Africa. Nevil Maskelyne, an amateur astronomer and a prominent British magician and filmmaker at the time, was posted in North Carolina to attempt to capture the phenomenon. In order to share the footage, film conservators had to go through the clip frame by frame to assemble it with the correct timing.
"It's wonderful to see events from our scientific past brought back to life," Mike Cruise, the president of the Royal Astronomical Society, said in a statement. "Astronomers are always keen to embrace new technology, and our forerunners a century ago were no exception. These scenes of a total solar eclipse — one of the most spectacular sights in astronomy — are a captivating glimpse of Victorian science in action."
Two years prior to this eclipse, Maskelyne had traveled to India to try to capture the 1898 phenomenon, but the film was stolen. So he set off again, armed with a telescopic adapter he built for his camera. The result shows the moments before, during and after totality, as the sun's corona, or atmosphere, suddenly becomes visible with the moon blocking out most of the star's light.
Maskelyne was passionate about showing how the burgeoning art of photography could help scientists. And what is an eclipse if not a celestial magic trick of sorts? So perhaps it's no surprise that it took a magician to capture the event on film. In addition to his work with film and astronomy, Maskelyne was a co-owner of Egyptian Hall, a magic theater located in London's Piccadilly neighborhood.
"Maskelyne wanted a novelty to show at his magic theatre," Bryony Dixon, curator of silent films at BFI, a British nonprofit dedicated to film and television, said in the same statement. "What better than the most impressive natural phenomenon of them all?"
The eclipse clip is the only Maskelyne footage experts believe to still exist. "Film, like magic combines both art and science," Dixon said. "This is a story about magic; magic and art and science and film and the blurred lines between them."
If Maskelyne's film inspires you to try your hand at eclipse photography or videography, your next opportunity is just a few months away. The next total solar eclipse will pass over a swath of the Pacific Ocean, Chile and Argentina on July 2.
- The Future of Black Hole Photography: What's Next for the Event Horizon Telescope
- In Photos: Einstein's 1919 Solar Eclipse Experiment Tests General Relativity
- Total Solar Eclipse 2024: Here's What You Need to Know
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According to the Columbus Dispatch, there were 177 motorcycle deaths in Ohio last year, an increase from 133 in 2004.
And in 73 percent of those 2005 fatalities, not wearing a helmet was a factor.
One thing working against the state, trauma experts say, is the lack of a helmet law in Ohio for adults.
In Ohio, only those younger than 18 and first-year riders are legally required to wear helmets. Twenty states require all riders to wear them.
According to 2006 data from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), 4,810 motorcycle occupants were killed on our nation’s roads last year, a 127% increase from 1997. Motorcycle helmets have been shown to save the lives of motorcyclists and prevent serious brain injuries (Advocates for Highway and Auto Safety)
In 2006, 65% of fatally injured motorcycle riders were not wearing a helmet in states without all-rider helmet laws, compared with only 13% in states with all-rider helmet laws. (NHTSA, 2007)
Per vehicle miles traveled, motorcyclists are about 21 times as likely as passenger car occupants to die in a traffic crash and four times as likely to be injured. (NHTSA, 2001)
Helmets reduce the risk of death by 29% and are 67% effective in preventing brain injuries to motorcycle riders. (NHTSA, 2001)
Tom Lindsay, a spokesman for the 280,000-member American Motorcyclist Association. “Our supporters continue to ask that we advocate for the freedom to let adult motorcyclists decide whether or not to wear a helmet.”Lindsay said it is an “under-informed oversimplification” to blame the declining use of helmets for the rising number of motorcycle-related deaths. But he said his group is “very concerned” that federal statistics released this week show motorcycle deaths in 2005 rose to 4,553, a 13 percent increase over 2004. Motorcyclists now account for more than 10 percent of all highway deaths, the highest percentage on record. (Ohio University)
.Another Ohio University Study says that “People on both sides of the issue say men trying to recapture the joys of their youth are spurring the anti-helmet movement.” ( Is it me, or is that just stupid!?)
Deaths in U.S. motorcycle crashes have nearly doubled in a decade, mounting to 4,000 annually, as more states have repealed mandatory helmet safety laws, according to a Scripps Howard News Service study.
One federal analysis concludes that nearly 700 lives could have been saved in one year alone if all motorcyclists had worn helmets.
Yet motorcyclists have become so passionately opposed to mandatory helmet laws that they’ve formed powerful state and national lobbies, persuaded Congress to muzzle federal highway safety experts and convinced lawmakers in 30 states to roll back their statutes.
Nine of the 10 states with the worst motorcycle death rates don’t require adults to wear helmets, according to the Scripps Howard study of records provided by the National Highway Transportation Safety Administration.
Six states, including Florida and Texas, have relaxed their laws since 1997. Motorcycle fatalities quickly went up in all of them. Lawmakers in eight other states are considering rolling back their laws this year.
Helmets spoil the ride for many motorcycle enthusiasts. They say they love the feeling of freedom as the wind whips in their hair. Those killed in wrecks are overwhelmingly white and disproportionately middle-aged and divorced men, according to federal death records.
Okay…so how are the lawmakers missing the facts? why aren’t they taking action? Are those white, divorced, middle-aged men really that scary? Politicians should be looking to save lives. Ohio NEEDS helmet laws now!
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No to Incineration of Inner West Waste
- Adopts principles of avoidance, resource recovery and the circular economy in providing domestic waste services;
- Incorporate avoidance, resource recovery and the circular economy in our planning instruments;
- Include information for residents on website about recycling construction waste;
- Reports on the breakdown of materials used in our Capital Works projects as new, reused and recycled;
- Reports on the website where materials collected in our kerbside collections, parks and streets maintenance go;
- Prohibits council's contractors from channelling domestic and commercial (except medical) waste collected in the LGA to incineration; and
- Opposes the construction of incinerators euphemistically called “waste to energy” and “thermal treatment plant” in Matraville, Eastern Creek, Blacktown, Lithgow and Wollondilly, Portland and elsewhere in NSW.
Incinerators produce toxic emissions which reduce air quality, generates highly toxic ash residual and establishes a market for non-renewable waste as fuel stream.
Incinerators using waste as fuel produce more CO2-e than coal and gas.
Waste as fuel is non-renewable and plants elsewhere in the world have struggled to source a fuel stream which makes this technology unreliable as an energy stream and contradicts avoidance, reuse, recycling and a circular economy.
Sydney is basin shaped which means it traps pollution making it an unsuitable for Incinerators. The toxic emissions from incinerators include Dioxins, Furans, Heavy Metals and Nano Particulates. The business case for incinerators is based on 24/7 operation 30+ years!
There was a time when Sydney waste was simply barged out to sea, until it was discovered washed up on beaches.
Next burning the waste became popular. There is a Burley Griffin designed Incinerator on Blackwattle Bay in Glebe which is now a meeting room and interpretative centre. The Balmain Power Station included a large incinerator. The heat from burning the city's garbage was used to generate electricity. Leichhardt also had an incinerator but even in 1904, the council had difficulty sourcing garbage to burn and what to do with the "clinker" residual which did not burn.
The Waste Levy was intended to encourage recycling and resource recovery by imposing fees on material going to landfill. Kerbside Collection systems were established which relied on the consumer to separate out certain types of “recyclable materials” into Yellow, Blue, Green and Maroon bins. Householders dispose of the rest of their waste into the red “landfill” bin.
Despite billions collected nationwide in order to finance the recycling industry, most relevant levels of authority in Australia have strangled any chance for success in this space by diverting recycling levy funds mostly on other, totally unrelated matters. In fact in NSW, less than 20% of the levy goes to fulfil its original purpose. The result is the industry is driven to lowest cost solutions, and this has been aggravated by China's waste export ban. We are therefore seeing a genuine boom in the 'waste to energy' (a euphemism for incineration) industry.
In 2018, China set stringent “maximum contamination thresholds” and limited the number of import permits. A contamination threshold 0.5% means that China is no longer accepting material from kerbside collections with a 6-10% level of contamination.
Systems like “Return and Earn” could reduce contamination levels and produce more valuable materials. Though Coca Cola is still only aiming for 7 out of 10 plastic bottles from recycled material by the end of 2019.
Backyard burning and unauthorised incineration are prohibited at all times in all council areas in the Sydney, Wollongong and Newcastle regions, and in other NSW council areas listed in Schedule 8 of the Clean Air Regulation. https://www.epa.nsw.gov.au/your-environment/air/open-burning- reducing-pollution
In July 2018, the Independent Planning Commission refused a proposal for an Incinerator at Eastern Creek finding:
• predicted modelling was based on data that is not representative of the actual waste streams proposed to be treated at the EfW Facility;
• insufficient evidence that the pollution control technologies are capable of appropriately managing emissions from the project and would be agnostic to the composition of the project’s waste stream
• uncertainty in relation to the air quality, and the relationship between air quality impacts and water quality impacts in the locality,
• uncertainty in relation to the human health risks and site suitability,
• was not satisfied that the project is consistent with those objects of the EP&A Act,
• project was not in the public interest
The Next Generation Pty Ltd v Independent Planning Commission NSW, https://www.ipcn.nsw.gov.au/projects/2018/04/eastern-creek-energy-from-waste-facility-ssd-6236
Addendum: Hobart City Single-Use Plastics By-Law Information
"On Monday 9 March 2020, the Hobart City Council resolved to enact the by-law banning the provision of single-use plastic takeaway food packaging and related items(PDF, 2MB) .
Enforcement of the by-law will commence in 2021, following a period of trader and community education and awareness."...
Emphatic No to Incineration of Inner West Waste
https://innerwest.infocouncil.biz/Open/2020/10/C_13102020_MIN_3757_WEB.htmC1020(1) Item 6 Notice of Motion: No to Incineration of Inner West Waste
Motion: (Da Cruz/Steer)
1. Adopts principles of avoidance, resource recovery and the circular economy in providing domestic waste services;
2. Incorporate avoidance, resource recovery and the circular economy in our planning instruments;
3. Include information for residents on website about recycling construction waste;
4. Reports on the breakdown of materials used in our Capital Works projects as new, reused and recycled;
5. Reports on the website where materials collected in our kerbside collections, parks and streets maintenance go;
6. Prohibits council's contractors from channelling domestic and commercial (except medical) waste collected in the LGA to incineration; and
7. Opposes the construction of incinerators euphemistically called “waste to energy” and “thermal treatment plant” in Matraville, Eastern Creek, Blacktown, Lithgow and Wollondilly, Portland and elsewhere in NSW.
8. Investigate the implementation of onsite composting in new multi-unit dwellings in the upcoming LEP or DCPs.
For Motion: Crs Da Cruz, Drury, Hesse, Kiat, Lockie, Macri, McKenna OAM, Passas, Raciti, Stamolis and Steer
Against Motion: Nil
Absent: Crs Byrne and York
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Science fiction came to prominence at the turn of the 20th century, and the term was popularized, if not invented, in the 1920s. However, it is a genre that had been long in the making, evolving over hundreds of years as philosophers, scientists, and novelists strove to satirize current trends and institutions in their cultures. So strap yourself in and blast off into this list of the genre’s earliest ancestors.
True History (2nd century CE), by Lucian
Thought to be authored during the latter half of the 2nd century CE, Lucian’s True History, which fancifully satirizes Greek conceptions of astronomy, anthropology, geography, theology, and biology as well as dabbles in utopian thoughts, can be perceived as one of the earliest experiments in what has come to be known as the science fiction genre. In his attempts to lampoon his predecessors, Lucian describes a flight to the moon, interplanetary warfare, and alien life forms, an example of which being a crossbreed of women and grape vines who intoxicate and thus ensnare their victims. Another substantial characteristic from this text that has influenced modern-day science fiction is the concept of alternate universes, as Lucian’s protagonist stumbles upon a well and a mirror that allow him to spectate the actions on Earth from a distance. However, one essential difference that separates this novella from the genre is that it never feigns to be a reality and clearly states in the preface to be a complete fantasy intended to soothe the mind, whereas most science fiction works arduously strive to be an extension of our reality.
Taketori monogatori (10th century; Tale of the Bamboo Cutter)
Although this Japanese fairy tale hailing from the 10th century plays heavily to the fantasy genre, there exist specific components of science fiction, making it an important progenitor of the genre. It tells of a young girl found in a glowing bamboo stalk by an old man who then raises her along with his wife. The young girl blossoms into an abounding beauty who attracts several suitors. However, she presents them with impossible tasks to win over her heart, so that she can keep from them, as well as her adoptive parents, her secret—that she belongs to a godlike race from the Moon, where she is bound to return. Told with a bittersweet charm that expresses points of humor but ends in grief, this tale’s concept of an alien race mingling with earthlings has become a popular conceit of many science fiction works, perhaps most notably being The Day the Earth Stood Still (1951).
Somnium (1634; The Dream; or, Posthumous Work on Lunar Astronomy), by Johannes Kepler
Because Johannes Kepler is best remembered for his revolutionary astronomical work, discovering basic laws of planetary motion and consistently propounding the idea that the Sun, not Earth, exists at the center of our solar system, even at the threat of being persecuted as a heretic, few know that he also is often credited with authoring the first science fiction text. Somnium began as a collegiate work on the question of how the phenomena of the heavens appear to an observer on the Moon, and, after stating that it would look similar to how it does on Earth and being considered absurd, he continued to develop the work until his untimely death in 1630, at which point his son saw that it was published. The result was a story with a protagonist, mirroring in many ways Johannes, who travels to the Moon and encounters intelligent, thick-skinned beings who conjure in the readers’ minds the image of dinosaurs and possess the ability to travel by ship. This new type of text provided a much needed link between the strictly fantasy work of Lucian and the more-scientific-based works of Cryano de Bergerac and his successors.
Histoire comique des états et empires de la lune and Histoire comique des états et empires du soleil (1656 and 1662, respectively; Eng. Trans. A Voyage to the moon: with some account of the Solar World, 1754), by Savinien Cyrano de Bergerac
In these two works, which were published posthumously, one of France’s most influential satirists Savinien Cyrano de Bergerac effectively poked fun at 17th-century religious and astronomical beliefs. First discovering an Eden on the Moon through the use of rocketry, the protagonist forcefully proves the hollowness of the concept of God after being expelled from the utopia for blasphemy. Then, after a brief spell back on Earth, he contrives another means of space travel through the use of focused mirrors, which lands him on the Sun, where he decentralizes the then common conviction that man and its world existed at the center of the universe. Although the second story ends abruptly, lacking a definitive conclusion, Cyrano’s works clearly laid the foundation for a science fiction that would be built upon by his successors, such as Voltaire and Jonathan Swift.
The Description of a New World, Called the Blazing World (1666), by Margaret Cavendish
As a prolific female writer who published under her own name, in a time when women commonly used male pen names—and covered an assortment of diverse subjects, from romance fiction to natural philosophy and scientific treatises to poetry—Margaret Cavendish has been considered by many a progenitor of feminism. However, she also contributed significantly to the growth of science fiction with the publication of The Blazing World, in which she relates a tale of woman who becomes empress of an arguably utopian world inhabited by animals similar to Earth’s but which possess humanlike qualities, each species owning jobs unique to their qualities. As empress, the woman leads an invasion into her original world with the fish-, bear-, ape-men, etc., constituting her army. Heavy influences from Lucian and Bergerac shadow over this text, which demonstrate an important evolution of the genre as an increasingly important form of satire through which revolutionary ideas can be advertised to readers.
Gulliver’s Travels (1726), by Jonathan Swift
Originally published anonymously as Travels into Several Remote Nations of the World, the text that has familiarly come to be known as Gulliver’s Travels is closely associated with its satirical tone and the controversial nature it held when issued. In four books, Lemuel Gulliver, Swift’s protagonist, visits four different lands, the first being an island where he’s a giant, which is then reversed in the next land, and the last being a land where horses are endowed with a heightened sense of reason and dominate over unruly humanlike creatures appropriately christened Yahoos. However, it’s in the third book that Gulliver visits Laputa, a hovering island that remains in the air due to the manipulation of magnets. It is this section that dallies in the nascent realm of science fiction, as Swift imagines a land filled with scholars dedicated to science and explores the relationship between science and the human condition, a theme that has been fundamental in a plethora of science-fiction works. Although he satirizes the society, science in general, and its hackneyed experiments, such as trying to extract sunbeams from a cucumber, it’s the very discussion of science’s role in human life that remained important for the future of the science fiction genre.
Micromégas (1752), by Voltaire
In his constant campaign against tyranny, bigotry, and cruelty, which involved heavy censuring of the dominant enlightenment philosophies of his time that led to banishments and censoring by the French crown, Voltaire penned Micromégas, a dissertation on a fictitious interplanetary diplomat whose provenance was a planet orbiting the star Sirius and whose stature measured over 8 leagues tall and who harnessed over 1,000 senses. In the protagonist’s philosophical escapades, he travels agilely on comets to various planets in our solar system, including Jupiter and Saturn, the latter being a place where he gains a fellow traveler as they head to Earth. The interplanetary voyages in this text are used as a means to diminish humans’ perception of their importance, a prevalent ploy in many science-fiction works. Another interesting technique used by Voltaire is his constant attention to relating the proportions of these alien figures so that readers can somewhat fathom the scales of the people and places he is discussing; it is another technique employed in various sci-fi works, most prominent in the hard sci-fi genre in which accuracy is paramount.
Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus (1818, revised 1831), by Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley
What started as a way to entertain her friends (one of whom would become her husband) on a gloomy day soon turned into a superb blending of Gothic, philosophical, and the budding science-fiction genres, breathing life into one of the most recognizable monsters in fiction, Frankenstein’s monster. Shelley authored a narrative that chronicles the consequences of a scientist, Victor Frankenstein, who artificially creates a human being, composed from mismatched body parts of deceased humans. The monster initially seeks affection but is decried by humans as an abomination because of his horrendous appearance, leaving him filled with a devastating fury, which he resolves to unleash upon the loved ones of his creator after Frankenstein refuses to engender a wife for the monster. A prevalent theme of the work is the way in which science can be perverted by the blind ambition of the human race, thus further exploring the relationship that exists between science and humanity as Shelley’s predecessors had done.
“The Unparalleled Adventure of One Hans Pfaall” (1835), by Edgar Allan Poe
Although he is known mainly for his macabre works such as The Murders in the Rue Morgue (1841) and “The Raven” (1845), it is important to remember that Poe also possessed a profound satirical tone that was pregnant with wit, which was demonstrated in his short story “The Unparalleled Adventure of One Hans Pfaall.” The story, through exhaustive strides, details a fictitious debtor who constructs an innovative balloon so as to escape his earthly problems, with the Moon being his destination. Poe’s prose establishes his sense of comfort with mathematical and astronomical jargon and concepts as he depicts the protagonist’s obstacles in his space travels, thus aligning this work very closely with what is now considered hard sci-fi. However, unlike most hard sci-fi, this story is cast in a humorous light, as it is framed in the form of a letter sent by the protagonist from the Moon to his home town, in which he extensively details his voyage to the Moon and promises that he has a vast knowledge of the ugly, two-foot tall, earless inhabitants of the Moon and their various social practices and institutions, which he would love to share with humankind if they allow his past crimes and debts be pardoned. However, the earthlings have no way of answering his plea and let the letter fall into obscurity.
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What is a Concussion?
A concussion is a type of traumatic brain injury that alters the way the brain normally functions. It is caused by a bump or blow to the head that forces the brain inside the skull to move back and forth. Appropriate rest from activities and schoolwork is necessary to ensure that the brain heals properly.
What are the Roles and Responsibilities of the Coach?
The coach meets with the child and does an on field assessment and records their current symptoms. Parents must be informed immediately. All head injuries should be referred to a physician immediately.
Each week the coach meets with the parent to review and adjust physical accommodations.
Please seek immediate medical attention if your son/daughter exhibits the following symptoms:
• Develops a worse headache
• Becomes dizzy, drowsy or cannot be aroused
• Mental confusion
• Nausea or vomiting
• Pupils unequal size
• Ringing in the ears
• Clear fluid coming from nose and/or ears
• Anything you find unusual
Your son/daughter CAN:
Your son/daughter CANNOT:
Your son/daughter SHOULD AVOID:
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Dominica is an island between the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, about half way between Puerto Rico and Trinidad and Tobago. The climate is tropical, moderated by northeast trade winds and heavy rainfall. The official language is English. A large section of the population speaks Kwéyòl (Creole), a French-based dialect. The main religion is Christianity. The economy of Dominica is dominated by bananas and other agriculture, and nearly one-third of the labour force works in agriculture. This sector, however, is highly vulnerable to weather conditions and to external events affecting commodity prices. Business introductions are usually formal, for example it is expected to use formal professional titles followed by surname. Expatriate business dress is formal. The security risk for expatriates in Dominica is low. Risks include petty crime, pickpocketing and purse-snatching, and on occasion violent crime. The currency of Dominica is the East Caribbean Dollar (XCD). US Dollars, Euros, and British pounds, are also widely accepted as currency in Dominica. Medical facilities are good but limited and can be expensive for expatriates. Serious or complex medical treatment may require evacuation which can be expensive. Dengue fever is common. Cases of Chikungunya virus have been reported. The population of Dominica is 73,500 (2019 est.), while the inflation rate (CPI) is 1.4% for Dominica as at 2018. Xpatulator Hypothetical Tax for Dominica is based on the current personal income tax rates which are progressive up to 35%.
Cost Of Living
The cost of living for expatriates / professional migrants in In Dominica, the cost of each basket, based on local prices, compared to the international average, is categorized follows (Exact cost of living percentages only available in personalised reports): Dominica as at 1 April 2019 is high in comparison to other places in the world. 1) Alcohol (where available) & Tobacco: Average 2) Clothing: Very High 3) Communication: Very High 4) Education: Average 5) Furniture & Appliances: High 6) Groceries: High 7) Healthcare: Average 8) Household Accommodation: Low 9) Miscellaneous: Average 10) Personal Care: Average 11) Recreation & Culture: Average 12) Restaurants Meals Out and Hotels: Low 13) Transport: High Dominica is for example 13.3% more expensive than USA for groceries, -27.8% cheaper for household costs than UK, and 118.2% more expensive for transport costs than India. The hardship premium for Dominica for an expat from Australia, is for example 30%, i.e. host location (Dominica) premium of 40% minus home (Australia) location premium of 10%. Dominica is ranked as a extreme hardship location. Want to know more about cost of living, hardship (quality of living) or expat salary in Dominica? Register subscribe to your home location and Dominica and run your personalised reports.
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Skip to comments.Astronomy Picture of the Day -- Unraveling NGC 3169
Posted on 03/28/2013 8:09:35 PM PDT by SunkenCiv
Explanation: Bright spiral galaxy NGC 3169 appears to be unraveling in this cosmic scene, played out some 70 million light-years away just below bright star Regulus toward the faint constellation Sextans. Its beautiful spiral arms are distorted into sweeping tidal tails as NGC 3169 (left) and neighboring NGC 3166 interact gravitationally, a common fate even for bright galaxies in the local universe. In fact, drawn out stellar arcs and plumes, indications of gravitational interactions, seem rampant in the deep and colorful galaxy group photo. The picture spans 20 arc minutes, or about 400,000 light-years at the group's estimated distance, and includes smaller, dimmer NGC 3165 at the right. NGC 3169 is also known to shine across the spectrum from radio to X-rays, harboring an active galactic nucleus that is likely the site of a supermassive black hole.
(Excerpt) Read more at 22.214.171.124 ...
The biggie version:
Sorry .................................................................................... FRegards
NGC stands for (you’re) Not Gust Cidding! ;’)
Thanks for all the beautiful pics.
I have a book entitled ASTRONOMY, copyrighted 1898 as part of The Concise Knowledge Library. It's written at about the level of an introductory college astronomy text. This was at a time when the knowledge of nebulae, including for example the Andromenda Nebulae, was very sparse, and the idea that the spiral nebulae might be "Island Universes" was considered wild-eyed speculation by a conservative establishment.
ASTRONOMY has a penultimate chapter on CLUSTERS AND NEBULAE, but leaves them behind when moving to the last chapter, THE STRUCTURE OF THE HEAVENS, which is devoted to the Milky Way. The author adduces various reasons to believe that Andromeda couldn't be more than 5 lys across, and considers this outrageously huge. Interestingly the appearance in Andromeda of a "temporary star" in 1885 is given as presumptive evidence that it could be no more than 200 parsecs ( 650 lys ) away, and thus "... not an external galaxy."
The consensus was that the Milky Way was the universe. The view that prevails today was considered looney and way out there. Naturally Harlow Shapley took the side of the consensus; while his estimate of the size of the Milky Way was more nearly correct, basically, he was dead wrong. Curtis was incorrect on his estimate of the size of the Milky Way, but had to underestimate distances to (for example) Andromeda galaxy because of the reactionaries like Shapley — and was correct, the Milky Way is just one galaxy out of (at least) millions.
NASA sez, “oh, kumbaya, they were both right!”
The Shapley — Curtis Debate in 1920
Disclaimer: Opinions posted on Free Republic are those of the individual posters and do not necessarily represent the opinion of Free Republic or its management. All materials posted herein are protected by copyright law and the exemption for fair use of copyrighted works.
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Motivation is fleeting. Here are some more reliable ways to reach your goals.
If you have ever tried to make progress towards a goal, break a bad habit, or make a significant change in your life, you know how difficult it can be.
We often think we can use motivation to muscle through this difficulty. But motivation is unreliable. It is easily influenced by external factors (such as hunger, sleep deprivation) and internal factors (such as fear, boredom, sadness).
Just think about the last time you tried to make a positive change. If you are like most people, you probably started with a lot of excitement and motivation. But within a couple of weeks, days, or even hours, your motivation diminished, and your goals drifted further away.
So how do we make progress towards our goals if we can’t rely on motivation?
Building small habits over time and practicing self-control are two keys to the lack of motivation puzzle.
Habits are defined as automatic actions that occur in response to associated contextual (or environmental) cues. For example, most people have a habit of washing our hands after the contextual cue of using the toilet. Habit change has been studied extensively, especially regarding improving health outcomes (Gardner, 2012). Studies have revealed a couple of crucial elements of effective habit change:
- Make sure you have a clear goal and a clear, actionable habit that will help you obtain that goal.
- Start small; the smaller, the better. Our brains look to expend as little energy as possible, so smaller habits are more likely to stick.
- Set the contextual cue. A useful contextual cue requires that you clearly define when and where your new habit will occur. Something that happens frequently and is already an ingrained habit is an ideal contextual cue (for example, brushing your teeth in the morning).
- Write down your habits, goals, and keep track of your progress in a place where you can see it.
PRACTICE SELF CONTROL
Researchers have actually shown that self-control is much like a muscle: The more you exercise it, the stronger it becomes (Muraven, 2010). So how do you strengthen your self-control? Think about something you find challenging. Then find a way that you can push yourself to do at least some of that difficult task.
Choose something small enough that you are confident that you can do it, even if it may be a little unpleasant. For example, if you don’t enjoy exercise, but you have a goal to improve your physical health by exercising more, push yourself to go to walk around the block once or do five jumping jacks. You can even look for ways to practice self-control that are unrelated to your goals. For example, you may decide to learn to play an instrument solely because you know it will be challenging, and regular practice will require a lot of self-control.
Like anything, practicing self-control and building habit change can go too far. At times, our “hustle culture” can push us to take productivity and goal-setting to toxic levels. Habit changes and increasing self-control should be vehicles for improving long-term wellness. However, if we become obsessed with perfectionism, continually making progress, or pushing past our limits, then our mental health can suffer.
It is essential to check in with yourself often to make sure that your goals are serving you, and not the other way around.
Not sure where to start? Have a chat to us today.
Gardner, B., Lally, P., & Wardle, J. (2012). Making health habitual: the psychology of ‘habit-formation’ and general practice. The British Journal of General Practice, 62(605), 664–666.
Muraven M. (2010). Building self-control strength: Practicing self-control leads to improved self-control performance. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 46(2), 465–468.
Original Article: Psychology Today
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History of the Genevan Psalter 1 - Dr. Pierre Pidoux
On entering a cathedral, a tourist is often struck by the inherent harmony of the whole structure; a harmony which results from a well-defined design and successful proportions. He would not, at first, be aware that the edifice was the work of several generations of architects and stone-masons. His attention for details, evidence of a development of taste or techniques of successive generations, would only come later.
That is the case as well with the French Psalter which in its completed form was published in 1562. At first glance it seems that it is of uniform construction; one psalm looks much the same as another. One could easily think that the words and music were put together at one and the same time. The unity is even so strong that, if the initials of the author were not given, it would be impossible to tell who was responsible for what versification. The same can be said for the melodies: they all look the same, their origin, however, is veiled in anonymity.
It is indeed a unity: the Psalter of Geneva contains only versifications that remain faithful to the Biblical prose text. We do not find in them commentaries, paraphrases nor meditations inspired by a certain passage.
Neither do we find attempts to actualize them, as can be found in German hymns of the same period. In the Psalter, that strove for the greatest possible faithfulness to "Hebraic truth", such elements would create the impression of pure human additions, which would open the door to dangerous inventions.
The faithfulness to the Bible text is, however, a faithfulness of the second degree. Neither Marot nor de Beza rhymed the Psalms from the Hebrew text. Both used a French translation, which, although not directly translated from the Hebrew language, refers to the truth expressed in the Hebrew text.
Indeed when Marot rhymed the first psalm, he indicated what one of his sources was, perhaps it was the most important source for a series of his rhymings. In following the Bible translation of Olivitan of 1535 he uses the term "the Eternal" for the holy tetragram (the four consonants
j h w h with which God's name was indicated in Hebrew).
Beza followed the Genevan translation, revised by Loys Bude, step by step.
In order to sing the Psalms it was necessary to divide the material in regularly recurring strophes, composed of short lines with its tyrannical rhyme-scheme. In spite of this straight jacket the Biblical substratum, however, is directly discernable.
It even happens that the prose texts are quoted literally in the versifications.
Unity is not the same as uniformity.
The variety of terms, in which the Biblical text has been fashioned, is surprisingly large. The 150 psalms were set to 124 melodies, which differ greatly from one to another. That is because the multiple strophe forms and the various verse structures demand their own melodies. The number and the length of the verse lines varies as well as the rhyme words and the rhythmic formulae.
If only one of these data were different, it would be impossible to use the same melody.
It appears that this variety of form was purposely pursued. It can not be attributed to chance. Everything points to the fact that a conscious effort has been made to facilitate the learning of the closely connected text and the melody by the faithful.
Calvin is accused of having had a deep-rooted enmity of all artistic creations, yet it has to be acknowledged that he had a deciding influence on the realization of the Genevan Psalter. From the small collection published in Straszburg in 1539, via all the Genevan phases 1542, 1543, 1551, to its completion (in 1562), Calvin was personally busy with it, as initiator and as defender of the interests of the poets and musicians.
The oldest text concerning the singing of the psalms "with the sermon" dates from 1537. The ministers asked the Council for permission for this novelty. The text and style can only have been written by Calvin.
The psalms, he says: "can arouse us to lift up our hearts to God and move us to an ardour both to call upon and to exalt by praises the glory of His name ... The way to proceed to this seemed good to us: if some children, to whom we have previously taught a simple church song, sing in a high distinct voice, which the people listen attentively, following with their hearts what is sung by mouth, until little by little they become accustomed to sing a song together. But in order to avoid all confusion, it would be needful that you not permit that anyone by his insolence hold the holy congregation in derision, set about to disturb the order that will be established by this."
Seeing that the ministers already asked the Genevan Council to keep order, the planning stage apparently had passed and a speedy realization of the singing was anticipated. The political circumstances and the disagreements about the administration of ecclesiastical discipline caused, however, turmoil in the city, resulting in the expulsion of Farel and Calvin.
On September 8th, 1538 Calvin preaches his first sermon for the French refugees in Straszburg. A few months later he publishes for them: AULCUN PSEALMES ET CANTIQUES MYS EN CHANT (Some rhymed Psalms and Hymns to be sung).
The question how Calvin came in contact with the thirteen rhymed psalm versions of Clement Marot remains unanswered. That this was the first time that Marot's versifications were published with notated melody is certain. Where did these melodies come from? Two of them, psalm 51 and 114, show similarities with melodies of the German psalms of Straszburg.
For the other eleven, however, as far as we know, there are no previous sources. They must have been composed especially for the text in keeping with the peculiarities of Marot's rhymings. These original melodies, slightly revised, are included in the 1562 Psalter. They are the melodies for the psalms 1, 2, 15, 103, 114, 130, 137 and 143, I will come back to them later.
In order to expand a repertoire of quality songs Calvin started to rhyme Psalms himself.
The "Aulcuns Pseaulmes" contains his Psalms 25, 36, 46, 91, 113, 138 plus the Song of Simeon, the Ten Commandments and the Creed. While it was necessary to compose melodies for the already existing Marot Psalms, the reverse was the case with Calvin.
His point of departure were the Strazsburg Psalm tunes, which he. chose "because they pleased him the most". According to the musical cut of these melodies he fashioned his texts. The heaped-up masculine rhyme he uses has been severely criticized and by many are considered hackneyed.
It is, however, conveniently forgotten that the German Psalms contained many iambic lines of syllables with the emphasis on the last one.
The Psalms of Calvin continued to be used in Straszburg until the middle of the 16th century. They were only part of the melodies of the Genevan Psalter for a short time; with the exception of the melody for Psalm 36 which Calvin particularly liked. On Greiter's melody for Psalm 119, Calvin rhymed Psalm 36:
En moi le secret pensement
Du maling parle clairement
C'est qu' a Dieu it ne pense:
Car it se corn plaist en ses faictz
Tant que haine sur ses mes faictz
Et jugement avance etc.
The same psalm is taken up by Marot who followed the same literary model and uses the same melody:
Du maling les faits vicieux
Me disent que devant ses yeux
N'a point de Dieu la crainte:
Car tant se plaist en son erreur
Que L'avoir en haine en horreur
C'est bien force et constrainte etc.
This melody we find back in the 1562 Psalter. There Beza takes the melody for his versification of Psalm 68. In that form the Psalm is considered to be one of the most popular and characteristic psalm of the whole Psalter. "Que Dieu se montre seulement" is the most typical of the Straszburg music style. With its 92 notes it is the longest melody in the Genevan Psalter.
In September of 1541 Calvin was called back to Geneva, and the next year another Psalm collection was published entitled; "LA FORME DES PRIERES ET CHANTZ ECCLESIASTIQUES" (The Form of Prayers and Ecclesiastical Songs).
The book opens with an unsigned letter to the readers. Calvin is most certainly the author. Seven-eighths of it talks about the order of worship and the administration of the sacraments. The last paragraphs deal with the singing. In addition to the 13 Psalms of Marot, 5 by Calvin plus the Song of Simeon and the Ten Commandments taken from "Aulcuns Pseaulms", the "Ecclesiastical Songs" contained 17 new text by Marot set to music.
Of these melodies those for the Psalms 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 13, 14, 19, 22, 24, 38, 104 and 115 were maintained in successive editions. Who was the composer of these tunes? Shortly before Calvin's return to Geneva a Parisian musician, Guillaurne Franc, arrived in the city. He received permission to open a "music-school".
It was Franc's intention to teach the psalm tunes to the children. The "Ordonnance Ecclesiatiques" (Ecclesiastical Ordinances) of November 1541, which had just been formulated contained an article which is very similar to the 1537 decision.
It reads: "It will be desirable to introduce ecclesiastical songs in order to better incite the people to prayer and to the praise of God. To begin with the little children shall be taught, and then in the course of time the whole church will be able to follow."
From the Reformed Music Journal Volume 1, No. 1 January, 1989
History of the Genevan Psalter 2 - Dr. Pierre Pidoux
Guillaume Franc is the only Genevan precentor, mentioned as teaching the children "to sing the psalms of David in the church," at that time. As composer of many melodies for the Lausanne collection of 1565, it seems likely that we should attribute the new melodies of "La Forme des Prières" to him. The fact that so many melodies from the 1543 repertoire were kept, attests to the talents of its composer.
In late autumn 1542 Clement Marot, who was persecuted in France, fled to Geneva where he stayed for a year. Proof that Marot, Franc and Calvin met and co-operated on the psalm project may be concluded from the following facts:
- Improvements were made to the text of the first 30 psalms,
- Some important revisions were made in the just published melodies,
- Guillaume Franc was given an official contract with a sizable increase in wages, and finally
The publication of a new Psalter in 1543 containing CINQUANTE PSAUMES (Fifty Psalms), 20 of which were new. All 50 were now by Marot and each had their own melody.
The 1542 letter of Calvin, now twice as long, was included. He deals at length with the value and function of singing in the worship service. The letter, dated: Geneva, June 10th, 1543, for some time to come was published in reissues of the Genevan Psalter.
From this collection only the text edition has been preserved. It was printed in Geneva by Jean Gerard. The music edition has not (yet) been found. The content, however, is known from the reprints by the brothers Beringen at Lyon in 1548 and 1549. Since 1543 the singing by the gathered faithful (and not only by the children) was the rule. On a singing schedule all the 50 Psalms were divided over 17 weeks.
During the Sunday worship services and the Wednesday prayer services all the Psalms in their entirety were sung in turn, each psalm to its own tune. The minister had to keep this schedule. This was the more reason for the printers to reproduce the psalms books, in order to sell them, faithfully.
Of the new melodies of 1543, which in all probability were composed by Guillaume Franc, we find 16 back in the 1562 edition, either in their original form or slightly improved. They were the Psalms 18, 23, 32, 33, 37, 43, 50, 72, 79, 86, 91, 107, 118, 128, 138, the melody of the Ten Commandments and the Song of Simeon. Probability is not yet proof, therefore, we must leave the problem of attribution of these melodies to Franc open.
What happened to the psalms of Calvin as they appeared in "La Forme des Prières"? They were all replaced by verses written by Marot. This could only be done, if not on the instigation of Calvin, then certainly with the permission of the Reformer. Certain similarities in the versification can only be coincidental.
For proof that Marot kept Calvin's versification in mind, the first line of Psalm 91, the form of which is the same in both rhymings, is often given. Since the publication of the monumental book, "Clement Marot et le Psautier Huguenot" (Paris, 1878-'79) by Orentin Douen it has become customary to portray Marot, the "gracious man of the world" as the victim of Calvin, the "gloomy recluse".
Nothing like that appears from contemporary documents. The fact that Calvin came between him and the Council of which he asked "to render him some good" in exchange for which Marot "would strive with all his might to complete the psalms of David", implicitly shows the praise for Marot's talents and his willingness.
The Council answered: "that he must have patience" This only shows that the city was in dire financial straits, and not that there was any animosity towards the poet. It is significant that Calvin deliberated to entrust all the 150 psalms to Marot.
Marot leaves Geneva at the end of 1545. Guillaume Franc follows him soon, because he could not live on his meagre salary. At that moment we meet for the first time the name LOYS BOURGEOY, de PARIS, CHANTRES (Louis Bourgeois, of Paris, Precentor).
The post formerly held by Franc is now divided between Guillaume Fabri and the newly arrived Loys Bourgeois: "to teach the children how to sing the psalms in church". Seeing that Fabri's work was not satisfactory, Bourgeois, "who was more suitable than he", became responsible for it from August 3rd on.
From that date he fulfilled his duty skilfully and regularly, which may be concluded from the absence of any complaints in the Council's records. During his Geneva years Bourgeois composed psalm settings for amateurs. They were printed in Lyon by the Brothers Beringen (1547) who were equipped to do such printing, and not as it has been argued, to escape from Calvin's anathema!
For his students Bourgeois designed a musical primer entitled "Le droict chemin de musique" (The Right Road to Music) (1550).
With the coming of Theodore de Beza in October of 1548 a new phase in the completion of the Psalter begins. Although we do not know the precise date, the funeral oration of Caspar Laurent makes it clear that the above date is correct. By chance, it is said, Calvin discovered a rhyming of Psalm 16 on Beza's table - the first psalm which Marot had not yet arranged.
Beza himself confirms the role which Calvin played in it: "On the urgings of the great Dr. Johan Calvin, I have completed the rhyming of the psalm in French verses, begun by Clement Marot, undisputed prince of the French poets of his time". The first information about dates we can find in the preface to "Abraham Sacrifiant" (Abraham's Sacrifice) dated October 1, 1550, in which Beza announces that after his drama he "hopes to continue with the rhyming of the psalms which at the moment I am working on."
We do not know how fast or slow Beza worked; what we do know is that Calvin becomes impatient and insists that the psalms be sent to him, so that they can be set to music. As far as Bourgeois is concerned, he asked council for "a little wheat for the improvement of psalm singing." In between the lines of the vague reaction of the council's secretary, we can read that the request concerned the creation of new melodies for each psalm.
For there were 34, with an equal number of new patterns, which Beza adds to the 49 of Marot. The new collection is publishing by Jean Crispin in the fall of 1551 with as title PSEAUMES OCTANTE TROIS (eighty-three Psalms).
The expansion of the repertoire, divided over 25 weeks (instead of 17) renders the previous collections useless. With the (only silent) agreement of the Council and the blessing of the ministers (?) Bourgeois uses the opportunity to correct printing errors and to change certain melodic phrases so that they are easier to sing and to prevent the congregation from doing it incorrectly.
He brings more unity in the music notation by keeping only two note values with their corresponding rests and further makes slight improvements in the layout. Finally he cannot resist the temptation to replace some of the melodies to which Marot's psalms are set with new ones of his own design. As soon as the 83 came off the press, the Council's attention was drawn to the changes.
That was made easier, for Bougeois gives a detailed account of the melody changes in his "Warning" (Advertissement), which he signed and had added to the end of the Psalter without consulting the civil authorities. This explains the 24 hour prison sentence given to him by the Council and the upbraiding of Calvin by the Council, when Calvin interceded on Bourgeois' behalf.
That the work of Bourgeois - revisions, improvements and new compositions - was done with the permission of Calvin and his colleagues may be concluded from the absence of any notices in the Church register, but mostly from the inclusion of Bourgeois' changes in the following editions. We find them again unchanged in the Psalter of 1562.
The Council was irritated by the changes made in the melodies that-accompanied Marot's psalms; they, however, had no criticism on the new melodies that he had written for Beza's psalms. It was neither surprising nor offensive to the Council that their precentor in his composition was inspired by
"some hymns which we formerly misused, this should not disturb them as the sounding of the bells and other such things, which were formerly used incorrectly but now correctly."
Indeed, melodies from the Roman repertoire can be found back in the psalms 17, 20, 31, 39, 121, 124 and 129. Further knowledge of Gregorian chant perhaps will give us the opportunity to enlarge that number.
Ten years would pass between the 83 psalms and the completion of the Psalter. Before any thought could be given to the completion of the remaining 67 psalms, the 83 psalms should become familiar. The rhyming of psalms would proceed in a slower pace. To the reissues (1554) the printer added "six recently translated psalms" and a seventh was added in 1557. These texts, printed after the 83, neither had their own melody nor notated music.
For the first time Beza resorts to a strophic form previously used and he refers the reader to the corresponding melody; consequently two psalms, sometimes more, are sung on the same melody. An examination of the 1562 collection shows that a whole series of similar psalms, which are treated in the same fashion, and thus are sung to a melody of another psalm: psalm 62 to 71, 76-78, 82, 95, 98, 100, 108, 109, 111, 117, 139, 140, 142 and 144; all together 25 psalms.
Did Beza lack the fantasy to construct new strophe forms or was he afraid to overload the school and the faithful with too many new melodies? The explanation of this fundamental change could be the result of Bourgeois' departure. On March 21st, 1551 the salary of Bourgeois, along with those of most of the civic officials, was cut in half because of the state of finances in Geneva. Contrary to what has been written, this measure, which affected the precentor, had no connection with the "Advertissement" of December 15th of that year.
For lack of money Bourgeois left Geneva in 1552 never to retum. Beza would have to do without the co-operation of a composer who had the real understanding of providing each psalm with a fitting tune.
Even though the work of rhyming stagnated, the same cannot be said for the Genevan printers.
The printing firms cleverly competed for customers and licenses. In 1539 the Council granted the precentor Pierre Callette a license to print music in a manner that he had invented, for three years. That license Vallete handed over the next day to Jehan Bonnefoy, Michel Blanchier and Etienne Coret, all Geneva printers.
In 1560 Pierre Davantes, nick-named Antesignamus, in turn obtained a three year license for a "new type of music printing". On June 19th Antoine Reboul and Emery Bernhardt were empowered to print the psalms "with a new kind of music printing". On June 24th "Jean Rivery requested permission to print the psalms with the note names and scales at the beginning".
On March 24, of the same year, however, a request, dated November 12th, by Jean Rivery, in which he asks to print the psalms "with annotations the unrhymed text and with a prayer at the end of each psalm", was denied, more so because" Mr. Beza will have the complete French Psalter printed presently".
From that moment events follow each other in rapid succession. On June 30, 1561 the deacons, "entrusted with the care of the needy strangers, request council to give them the license of printing the psalms, for which Beza has given them the copyright. On the recommendation of Calvin they receive the license on July 8th for a period of ten years. So Calvin still saw to completion of the Psalter two years before his death. The undertaking which he had initiated had taken 22 years to complete.
From the Reformed Music Journal Volume 1, No. 2 April, 1989
History of the Genevan Psalter 3 - Dr. Pierre Pidoux
Bèza commissioned Gervais de la Court to copy (calligraphy) the psalms he had rhymed and Maistre Pierre to notate the music of them, so that they could be sent to the court.
When Bèza left Geneva on August 17th, to prepare for and take part in a religious discussion at Poissy, he took the manuscript along. On the thirtieth of August he wrote Calvin from Paris that he hoped to obtain the royal privilege shortly .
After the Parisian theologians declared on October 16th that they "had found nothing in them that is in conflict with our catholic faith, but rather that it is in keeping with the Hebrew truth", privilege was given on October the 19th and confirmed on December 26th, 1561; in detail it states that the psalms "are translated according to the Hebrew truth, in French rhyme and are set to good music, as has been observed and recognized by men, learned in the holy Scriptures and the above mentioned languages and also in the art of music".
It would be odd, if the melodies were not judged by Thomas Champion, organist of the royal family, and himself a composer of psalm settings which were sung at the court. Charles IX called him "our dear friend".
The examined manuscript began "with Psalm 48, where it reads "C' est en sa tressaincte cite" (It is in his most holy city) and continues to the last line of psalm 150 "Chante a jamais son empire" (Sing forever in his Realm).
Only the last Psalms, which Bèza had recently completed, and the only ones which could be protected by privilege against unlawful printing, were scrutinized by the theologians.
It is important to note that the melodies of these psalms were also judged as good by music experts. They are 40 in number, all of which were included unchanged in successive editions. They are the melodies of Psalms 48, 49, 52,54 to 61, 75,80, 81, 83-85,87-89,92-94,96, 97, 99, 102, 105, 106, 112, 116, 135, 136, 141, 145, 146-150.
Who is the composer of this important musical contribution? The man who continued the work of Bourgeois became the subject of severe criticism by Douen, whose judgement heavily influenced many generations of musicians. They, without further ado, made the "verba magistre" (the words of the master) their own. If one is to believe Douen then the melodies of 1562 "are for the most part unworthy.of a man of good taste.
The musician who undertook to set Bèza's psalms to music was clearly inferior to Bourgeois, when it comes to fruitfulness as well as talent. For the 62 psalms he only could find 42 melodies, furthermore it must be said that only six of them (61, 74, 84, 88, 89 and 92) have an uneven but indisputable value. Except the melodies we have indicated, the remaining ones are average or not suited to words or even trivial, without style or rhythm, and barely singable. For the rest we are comforted by saying that the name of the musician, without taste and with so little dedication, in part deserves the oblivion in which he finds himself."
One thing Douen saw correctly: the composer of the music of the last psalms must indeed be sought in Geneva and in Bèza's circle. When his book was about to be printed, Douen received confirmation of this from Henri Bordier, who drew Douen's attention to the accounts of the Hôpital (a charitable insttution) which twice mentioned a "Maistre Pierre, the precentor" who was paid "for putting the psalms to music".
Among the precentors who have Pierre as surname, Bordier thought of Dubuisson, precentor of the St. Pierre from 1561-1571, while Douen suggested Dagues, teacher at the College de Rive, who died in 1571.
Going by what we know of both these men, it is highly unlikely that they were in charge of something other than the instruction of the children and the leading of the singing in the Genevan churches. Both lived in miserable material circumstances, which could indicate the low esteem in which they were held.
Besides these two there was Pierre Vallette, precentor at St. Pierre (1552-1553) and teacher at the Collège (1553-1561). He must have been a good musician, to judge by the 1556 edition of the psalms, in which each note is immediately preceded by its solfège name. For this notation, said to be invented by him, Vallette received a privilege. In the same book an "instruction to know the value of the note and other required matters" is printed. Vallette intended these instructions for "all believers who wish to sing the praise of the Lord". It concerns an elementary solfège method, beautifully and clearly written. It is included in other editions and by other printers.
It would, however, be incorrect to speak of a musical creation by Vallette. What we possess by him appears to be nothing but the fruit of the reflection and experience of an educator. Seeing that he left Geneva in April 1561, it is doubtful that he was the recipient of an amount paid to Maistre Pierre in June of that year. Yet 'what is true does not always have to be a probability ...'
That leaves none other than Pierre Davantès, nicknamed Antesignanus, from Rabasteins in Bigotre, who became a citizen of Geneva on March 6th, 1559. Davantès had acquired a good reputation for his Greek and Latin publications. On May 24th, 1560 he received a privilege for publishing the psalms "with a new type of music print" or, as the title indicates, "a new and easier method to sing each psalm stanza without having to refer to the first stanza, as we are accustomed to do in church."
Davantès, according to Bayle, a man of the world, was in his work a most persistent man as one could ever imagine. Based on a three-volume dissertation about Terentius, he proposes a three-layered notation of the psalm tunes. He printed the notes, preceded by the note names, as Vallette had done and added a third notation of his own invention: a clever code, based on numbers, preceded or followed by the usual signs, which provided the opportunity to read the melody in solfège, while other signs placed underneath them determined the note length and the rests.
By means of this third procedure it became possible to notate the melody with all the stanzas. This shorthand, however, apart from the problems for the printers, demanded the constant attention of the singer. This attempt, which gained no followers, gives evidence of an interested and methodical mind and at the same time is the fruit of a lengthy musical practice. Davantès also printed the unrhymed bible text alongside the rhymed version. As Hebraist he was much interested in the psalm superscripts and they were included in his Psalter, e.g. Psalm 5 "For the director of music. For flutes".
Would it be possible that the melodies of 1562 are the work of Davantès? It would then be necessary that they give evidence of the same maturity which his literary works show; that they are written with the same dedicated care which he applied in the working out of his notation system. It would be inconceivable that the thoughtful, patient and precise author would allow himself to be sloppy and negligent while composing melodies for ecclesiastical use. A careful examination of psalm tunes shows that the finishing of them is at least as important as the melodic invention. We must first examine the unity of style: this shows a similarity with Bourgeois' cornposing technique and makes it difficult to ascertain the precise extent of each others part, when chronology does not give us a clue.
In spite of the unity research shows subtle differences. In order to give the melody a freer movement Maistre Pierre sooner than Bourgeois leaves out rests between the lines, when the enjambement in the text suggest it (e.g. Psalm 57) or it could be to imitate Bourgeois as in Psalm 99 (cf Psalm 47).
Theodore de Bèza in his choice of the strophic structure determined the length and cut of the melodies. The ambitus (the scope of the melody from the lowest to the highest note) belongs to the territory of the composer. The melodies of 1562 show a thriftiness: four melodies do not exceed a sixth (Psalms 75, 100, 116, 141) and four no more than a seventh (61, 86, 93, 146) which only occurs once in Bourgeois' melodies (129). The feminine rhyme on the silent syllable is usually marked by a melodic descent, but with Bourgeois the movement is often ascending, when the next melodic line ascends (Psalms 23, 25, 28, 30 etc.). In 1562 each silent syllable is accompanied by a descending second. This second is only ascending when the following line begins with a repeat of the same note (Psalm 54, 56, 92, 116).
When Bourgeois uses a syncopated retardation in a line with a feminine ending, he is apparently not sensitive to the roughness - the barbara dictio, which the replacement of the accent causes (e.g. Psalms 20, 28, 30, 31, 42 etc.). The melodies of 1562 make use of syncopation as well, but they only occur in connection with masculine rhyme (e.g. Psalm 60, 61, 80, 85, 90, 105).
Another characteristic of the 1562 melodies is the frequent use of tetrachord1 repeats, ascending (Psalm 55) as well as descending (49, 54, 56), or in combination (Psalm 94, 102, 150). No less characteristic is the coinciding of the hexachordum naturale with the hexachordum rnolle2, which occurs unexpectedly in the span of a few notes, which causes, what is called later, a chromatic movement (Psalm 48, 59, 80, 88, 112, 148, 149). For example Psalm 88,
line 3: b b flat
par - vien - ne ce dont je to pri - e
or Psalm 112 line 2/3:
b b flat et s'a don - ne Du tout
The composer is thoroughly at home in polyphony, which is apparent from certain melodic fragments, that can be combined like invertible counterpoint. A typical example of this is, Psalm 99, which is the contrapunctus of Psalm 47 by Bourgeois. See also Psalm 54 the first and the last lines which may be combined with the fourth one; and Psalm 89 line 5 against 4.
Also some of the psalms of 1562 are inspired by the old repertoire: Psalm 55 is closely related to the hymn "Lauda Sion Salvatorem", Psalm 58 is reminiscent of the Credo III. Psalm 141 is a remarkable transcription of the hymn "Conditor alme siderurn", and the melody of the sequence 3"Victimae paschali laudes" forms the basis for psalm 80. By means of notes - as the Biblia pauperum did by means of pictures - the Christian Easter is connected with the Jewish Passover, an inspiration which can only come to an author who is equally at home in musical composition as in the convolutions of Biblical exegesis.
What remains is a discussion of the Hôpital accounts. From the State archives at Genèva, Arch. Hosp Hj2 the following:
fol. 58. Extra expenses for the month of June 1561 to Mr. De La Court for the copying of Mr. De Bèza psalms in order to send them to the courts: 12 fl. 6 st.; to himself for the copying of the privilege for said psalms: 8 st.
fol. 58. back. To Maistre Pierre for putting the psalms to music: 10 fl.
fol. 59 front. Extra expenses for the poor in the month of July, 1561. Paid to Mr. De Bèza for what he has given to the precentor Maistre Pierre for putting the psalms to music in addition to the above mentioned gains 20 fl., 5 st.
Seeing that the completion of the Psalter was of interest to the church as well as the city, why did the payment to Bèza's co-workers come from general revenue? The increased amount paid to Maistre Pierre, is not related to his regular salary, even less to the incidental allowances in cash or in wheat, which council gave its precentors. It could here concern Pierre Dagues, whose teaching and lack of zeal was a repeated subject of admonition, yes, even of firing. And would Bèza have been the only one, who discovered talents in Dagues that remained hidden to his contemporaries? Would he have paid him an amount higher than he received for half a year of work in service of the city?
Why are these acts directly dealt with by Bèza and the treasurer of the Hôpital, without a trace of it in the deliberation of the council or in the registry of the ministry of the pastors? It is as if Bèza had only personal obligations and took care of matters on his own initiative. He, indeed, acts on his personal initiative, for Bèza had given the copyright of his psalms to the Deaconry, who administered the Hôpital.
Before Bèza leaves Geneva for Paris and Poissy he is reimbursed for what he paid Maistre Pierre. He departs on August 16th. On August 31st "Maistre Pierre Davantès, inhabitant of Geneva, teacher ..., dies from a continuing fever at the age of 36 years". Bèza received the news in a letter from Calvin on September 3rd.
As long as we don't find irrefutable proof, the question of Maistre Pierre's last name must be kept open, even though a series of clues points to Davantès.
1Tetrachords are the two halves of modes which are exactly similar in the order of tones and semitones. For example, the two tetrachords in the Dorian mode are: D-E-F-G and A-B-C-D.
2A hexachord is a group of six consecutive notes which are regarded as one unit. Hexachords are used from the 11th to the 17th century for the purpose of sightsing - not unlike the movable doh system today.
There were three hexachords: hexachordum naturale, starting on C, the hexachordum ?none, starting on F, and the hexachordum durum, starting on G. It will be observed that the three hexachords overlapped in range, and a singer would have to pass from one hexachord to another. This shifting between hexachords was called mutation.
3A sequence is a type of hymn which found its origin in the interpolation in some of the musical elements of the mediaeval liturgy. The sequence (from sequi=to follow) used to follow the Gradual and Alleluia, and typically was melismatic: many notes were set to only one syllable. The resulting melody was subsequently set to different words in syllabic fashion: one note per syllable. Thus the Sequence evolved as an independent hymn, which became especially popular in the 11th and 12th century.
From the Reformed Music Journal Volume 1, No. 3 July, 1989
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The study, led jointly by Newcastle University, UK, the International Agency for research on Cancer (IARC-WHO) and the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, has shown that in Europe we have much lower levels of selenium in our blood than people living in Canada and USA.
Western Europeans average around 80 micrograms/l – below the 110-170 micrograms/l reported in people in the North American population.
Assessing selenium status from both the total amount of selenium in the blood and the serum selenoprotein P levels, which reflect the amount of selenium bound up in the carrier protein, the team found that a higher selenium status is significantly associated with a lower risk of colorectal cancer. The results also indicate this could be more relevant for women.
The low selenium levels found in these blood samples are likely to be linked to the low levels of selenium found in European soils and subsequently in the food grown on them.
Now the research team – involving experts from across Europe – are calling for more work to be done to look at the potential benefit of supplementing our diets either by adding selenium to our food or directly to the land.
Newcastle University’s Professor John Hesketh explains: “Interest in the question of whether selenium intake affects cancer risk has waned a little in recent years because of negative results from a trial in the USA and the reported possible link of selenium to greater risk of diabetes if taken in high doses.
“What our study does is put the debate around selenium and cancer back on the table and highlights the need for further research to understand the benefits, if any, of supplementing diets in regions where selenium is naturally low.”
Selenium is an essential micronutrient for human health but due to differing soil levels and resultant food content, there is great geographical variation in dietary selenium intake worldwide. As a result, the selenium status of many populations, including those across Europe, is low compared with much of North America.
The study was based on samples collected through EPIC** in which dietary and lifestyle information was collected for over 520,000 participants from 23 centres in 10 Western European countries including the UK and their subsequent health monitored over time.
Brazil nuts are one of the best natural sources of selenium, but other foods rich in the mineral include shellfish, red meat, offal and Canadian flour.
In Europe, colorectal cancer is the second leading cause of cancer related death. So should we all start taking supplements?
“Our results support a role for selenium in the prevention of colorectal cancer, but this has to be balanced with caution regarding the potential toxic effects of taking too much,” says Professor Hesketh. “The difficulty with selenium is that it’s a very narrow window between levels that are sub-optimal and those that would be considered toxic.
“In fact, some studies suggest that as little as 200 micrograms of selenium taken on a regular basis could increase the risk of diabetes.
“What our study shows is a possible link between higher levels of selenium and a decreased risk of colorectal cancer and suggests that increasing selenium intake may reduce the risk of this disease.
“We think this provides a strong case for a Europe-wide study to investigate the impact of supplementing food with selenium.”
*Hughes et al. “Selenium status is associated with colorectal cancer risk in the European prospective investigation of cancer and nutrition cohort”. International Journal of Cancer 136/5
- Newcastle University is a Russell Group University
- Ranked in the top 1% of universities in the world (QS World University Rankings 2014)
- Ranked 22nd in The Sunday Times 2015 Good University Guide
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- Joint 6th in the UK for student satisfaction
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- Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) top 20 strategic partner
- 93.7% of our students are in a job or further training within six months of graduating
- We have a world-class reputation for research excellence and are spearheading three major societal challenges that have a significant impact on global society. These themes are: Ageing, Sustainability, and Social Renewal
- Newcastle University is the first UK university to establish a fully owned international branch campus for medicine at its NUMed Campus in Malaysia which opened in 2011
- Our international students put Newcastle University in the world’s top 50 (ISB 2013) of global universities.
- Newcastle University Business School is one of 20 Triple Accredited Business Schools in the UK
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We’ve all heard the story of the terrible events on December 6, 1989. It has been 30 years since an armed man walked into an Engineering class at École Polytechnique de Montréal, forced the men to leave, murdered 14 women and injured 10 others before taking his own life.
This misogynist perpetrator stated he was “fighting feminism”. These 14 women died because they were women, and the effects of this massacre are still felt by women across Canada and around the world. Despite 30 years of action and remembrance, women and girls in Canada still face violence in their homes, schools, workplaces, and communities every single day. The rifle that was used that day is still legal in Canada. Women continue to be disproportionately targeted by gun violence.
We applaud the incoming government’s Throne Speech announcement of a national strategy to address gender-based violence and tighter gun controls in Canada, however this is not enough. We also know that we cannot simply rely on our “feminist” government to bring an end to violence against women and we must continue to take action..
Nationally, regionally and locally, the women of the CEIU have been working tirelessly by:
- Forming mandated Women’s Committees across all regions of CEIU to advocate for women’s rights in the workplace;
- Creating action plans at our women’s events such as our National Women’s Conference held in Québec in 2017;
- Lobbying their MPs on various women’s priorities;
- Supporting the Sister’s in Spirit vigils, led by Indigenous women who are raising awareness on Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls;
- Organizing International Women’s Day marches, rallies and events, The Take Back the Night marches, the Annual Women’s March across Canada and worldwide every January;
- Facilitating training events for women and on women’s issues across Canada;
- Continuing our work through our committees and conferences to provide education and awareness on violence against women, employment equity and diversity, equal pay, affordable childcare, etc.;
- Having a CEIU National Vice President for Women sit at the National table with the Employer where a discussion on workplace Harassment and Diversity and Employment Equity are standing agenda items.
It is through our activism that we are able to demand action from the government and we must continue to organize to put an end to gender-based violence. We are very proud of the work we have done so far and look forward to the continued progress ahead to move the women’s agenda forward in all areas.
Our CEIU Women's Committee’s will be attending vigils across Canada in remembrance of ALL Women who have been impacted by gender-based violence. Please look for a vigil on December 6th and participate in your area. The labour movement should be in the forefront of fighting against gender-based harassment and violence. We encourage full participation in the movement when it come to this important work.
While this is a time for remembering the lives lost to violence, it is also a time to act. Please share this message widely and encourage members to take action on violence against women.
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Advances over the past decades in space flight technology have allowed U.S., Russian, and other space programs to not only increase the frequency of manned space flights but also to increase the duration of these flights. As such, a large body of knowledge has been developed regarding the ways in which space flight affects the health of the personnel involved. Now, for the first time, this body of clinical knowledge on how to diagnose and treat conditions that either develop during a mission or because of a mission has been compiled by Drs. Michael R. Barratt and Sam L. Pool of the NASA/Johnson Space Center. CONTENTS 1. Bioenvironmental Aspects of Human Space Flight; 2. Human Response to the Space Flight Enviroment; 3. Defining the Risk of Medical Events; 4. Medical Evaluation and Standards for Space Flight; 5. Space Flight Medical Systems; 6. Acute Care in Space; 7. Surgical Capabilities for Space Flight; 8. Medical Transport in Space Flight; 9. Space Adaption Syndrome; 10. Decompression-Related Disorders 1: Decompression Sickness, Ebullism, Aeroembolism; 11. Decompression-Related Disorders II: Barotitis, Pneumothorax & Altitude Sickness; 12. Nephrolithiasis; 13. Musculoskeletal Injuries & Disorders; 14. Infectious & Immunologic Disorders; 15. Cardiovascular Disorders; 16. Gynecological and Obstetric Concerns; 17. Psychological & Psychiatric Disorders & Support; 18. Fatigue, sleep and chronobiology considerations; 19. Disorders due to acute atmospheric contaminants; 20. Disorders of Atmospheric Composition; 21. Thermal Stress & Injury; 22. Radiation Disorders; 23. Noise and Vibration; 24. Opthalmologic Concers for Space Flight; 25. Dental Concerns for Space Fligh; 26. Nutritional Disorders; 27. Miscellanous Disorders and Injuries; 28. Earth Return and Post-Flight Rehabilitation; Fruther Development of Space Clinical Medicine
Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
May 1, 2008
More titles in this specialist area
Ward, Milledge and West's High Altitude Medicine and Physiology
Philip N AinslieJustin S LawleyRobert C RoachTatum S SimonsonAndrew M Luks
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The fight for responsible accountability, good governance which is against corruption can only be strengthened if the information held by responsible authorities is more readily available. The result of relaxing the obstructing tight mechanisms that prevent the access of information would create a more transparent system of administration.
It is remarkable and broadly accepted by legal academics that the true essence of democracy can be achieved by the declaration of “Right to Information” to the public. The scrutiny of such is notably to maintain a more democratic system in the country whilst entertaining the true spirit of transparency.
Sri-Lanka, having face a 30 year conflict of war and a rather traumatic era left the purported ‘right to information’ under the Constitution of Sri Lanka (Article 14A of the Constitution of Sri Lanka 1978), restricted to an article engraved in the Constitution until 2016. One may argue that the Constitution prevails over any other legal document. In a practical approach, however, the right will remain to be a grey area as the abovementioned article would entail an exhaustive list of laws relating to same. The absence of a legally binding document guaranteeing the right to information would leave a lacuna in the context of justice. Therefore, the enforceability of the right guaranteed by the Constitution will only be effective in reference to an act pertaining to “Right to Information”. This principle was established in the case of Giustiniani v. Y.P.F. S.A., a case decided in the territory of Argentina, in which the court ruled in favor of the plaintiff and further urged the public company Yacimientos Petroliferos Fiscales to produce a copy of the investment agreement related to the exploitation of hydrocarbon /oil resources.
The country although having other commitments to look into due to the war, yet functioned in ways and means to give effect to the United Nations proposed Resolution 59 (1) in the year 1946. This resolution was further taken up for discussion in the year 1995 by the UN Commission. Therein, it was stated that “Freedom will be bereft of all effectiveness if the people have no access to information. Access to information is basic to the democratic way of life. The tendency to withhold information from the people at large is therefore to be strongly checked.” To give effect to the abovementioned resolution, Sri Lanka attempted to formulate a concrete ground for RTI in mid 1990’s (Legislative Draftsman’s Department, LDO Number 23/2003) which however, failed to conclude positively.
Furthermore, this principle was also encrypted under Article 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights which recognizes the right and access to information where Sri Lanka is a party to, with the placement of signature on the treaty.
On realizing the importance of such a right in existence, Sri Lanka, a country that looks over the democratic system, began the process of documenting the fundamental right. After several attempts of passing draft Right to Information Bills over the years, in August 2016, the Bill of Right to Information (“RTI Bill”) was passed with the view to provide a more centralized transparent system of governance. The RTI Bill was brought to the attention of the Parliament in the midst of March 2016. The sole purpose of promoting the Bill, as stated in the preamble of the RTI Bill, was to structure “a society in which the people of Sri Lanka would be able to more fully participate in public life through combating corruption and promoting accountability and good governance”. The recognition of the absence of the right was further highlighted with the inception process for the 19th Amendment to the Constitution as a fundamental right. Supporting the views enacting the RTI, the Center of Law and Democracy assessed the RTI to be the 7th strongest in the world.
The prime need for the establishment of this fundamental piece of legislation was opined by Chief Justice Sarath N Silva whilst deciding the case of Environmental Foundation Limited v Urban Development Authority of Sri Lanka and others (Galle Face Green Case). He stated that “a bare denial of access to official information as contained in P10, sent by the UDA, in my view amounts to the infringement of the Petitioner’s fundamental rights as guaranteed by Article 14 (1) (a) of the constitution…the implicit right of a person to secure relevant information from a public authority in respect of a matter that should be in the public domain”.
However, the urge for the Right Information dates back to 1984 which was derived from the case of Visuvalingam v. Liyanage where it was held that the need for easy access to information was needed to be reckoned as the right to information from many sources was possible. Therefore, it was prominently noted that the documentation of the right through an Act was essential to make the system of justice more approachable.
The RTI Act provides an absolute right and gives effect to the constitutional right of every citizen to access information under Section 3 of the RTI Act. Nevertheless, the granting of the right was on the other hand, followed with limitations. These limitations are in the form of a comprehensive list as stated under Section 5 of the RTI Act.
The limitations stipulated in the RTI Act include that the denial to access information may arise the personal information in concern has no public activity or interest. Disclosure of information is a threat to national security. Disclosure of such information could harm the economy of the country. Denial of information related to trade secrets or intellectual property. Providing medical records unless consented and permitted to by the person in question. Communication trails between a professional and public authority unless consented to i.e. communication between the attorney general and public authority. Existence of a fiduciary relationship. Information which may obstruct the detection of a crime. Exposure of identity of a confidential source may be revealed. Third party does not consent to the disclosure of the information. Contempt of court. Infringement of parliament privilege. Harm integrity of an examination being conducted by the Department of Examination.
Furthermore, in the process of debating the RTI Bill in Parliament, concerns and proposed changes in order to protect the confidentiality of sensitive information relating to Section 5 of the Act on ‘Denial of Information’ were raised. Accordingly, when the Parliament certified the RTI Bill, Section 5 of the Act was further expanded giving effect to Section 5 (m) whereby ‘if information is a cabinet memorandum in relation to which a decision has not been taken’ the request may be refused. Further, Section 5 (n) where ‘the information requested to be disclosed is with regard to an election conducted by the Commissioner of Elections’, which is required by the relevant election laws to be kept confidential. This was formally engraved in the Act as a stance for the public authorities to deny disclosure of information.
Moreover, many concerned parties raised their nonconforming views indicating that some of these exceptions stated under Section 5 were conflicting with the articles in the Constitution of Sri Lanka. One example of a recent dissimilarity raised to concern was the exemption stated under Section 5 in relation to denial of disclosure of information as it would harm the economy. The denial of information related to trade agreements as stated under Section 5 (v) was noted to be a clause conflicting with Article 14, 14A and 15 of the Constitution.
Dr. A.G. Damayanthi Perera, a Specialist in Food, Nutrition, an Independent Researcher, along with two other Software Engineers, raised the issue relating to the conflict of Section 5(v) by filing a petition in the Supreme Court of Sri Lanka. The Petition stated that, a developing country like Sri Lanka will find it difficult to tackle the challenging concepts in the corporate arena when dealing with overseas companies.
The exceptions to the fundamental rule of the right to information was also opined by Lord Toulson’s in the case of Kennedy v Charity Commission, in which he stated that “Judicial processes should be open to public scrutiny, unless and to the extent, that there are good reasons for secrecy”. Thus, despite the right of information being a fundamental right, the times at which the denial to access of information is validly construed yet exist in the legal sense.
It is nonetheless important to note that the above limitations could be avoided where the request of information is very much urgent and as per severe circumstances surrounding the necessity of such information. This is engraved under Section 6 of the RTI Act. Additionally, if the disclosure of information is denied by the public authorities, the aggrieved party is within the capacity of making an appeal to the “Right to Information Commission”- a body corporate with perpetual succession which will be established in the conformity of Part IV of the RTI Act.
Above all, these flaws are contained within the proposed validity of the right to information. It is important to note the very exceptional advantages. The recently passed RTI Act will be a monitor for showcasing the reality, whilst making the latent motives of a government accessible to the public to some extent.
Many professionals in the arena of law supported the RTI Bill coming into force, claiming that the ideology of the Bill would restructure the transparency of the government and public authority dealings. Thus, the instances in which the public being blindfolded in times of corruption will be limited, and the Act will further provide the public with an avenue to raise their dissenting views and concerns of the same.
Looking over to our neighboring country, India, who enacted the fundamental right by way of the Right to Information Act 2005, would clear the murky waters of how successful the enactment would be in Sri Lanka. Dr. Rajesh Tandon made positive comments stating that “Since the RTI law was introduced, India has seen an improvement in governance, dissemination of information and involvement of civil society in the governance process”. However, the challenge in India is that acts such as the Official Secrecy Act and the Right to Information Act co-exist side by side with the right to information laws. Accordingly, the enactment of the Right to Information Act in India has exposed both how it can thrive a country to success and the possible existence of challenging conflicts to be tackled with.
Similarly, despite the anticipated positivity of the Act, a number of challenges remain when the implementation of the RTI in Sri Lanka is taken into consideration. For instance, archaic acts, such as the Establishments Code of Sri Lanka 1971 and the Sri Lanka Press Council Law No. 5 of 1973, continue to be in force. The existence of such Acts restricts the scope of the new Act in place and limits the public access to the benefits afforded in terms of Section 2 and 3 of the RTI Act. One such important Act that needs to be brought to attention is the Official Secrets Act No. 32 of 1955. The existence of this Act restricts access to documents that are confidential and documents that contain very sensitive information. Although, this act is buried and ignored and the terminology is stated to be outdated, the Act continues to be in force in Sri Lanka and consequently needs to be rectified by ways and means which will diminish the conflict with the new Act in place.
Nevertheless, the Parliament of Sri Lanka, which has the intention of achieving the promising outcomes of the act, certified the RTI Bill with a few proposed amendments on 04th August 2016. Although, the Act will take 6 months to be in force, the effectiveness and the essence of implementing the laws will continue to thrive for the aims of providing an approachable, transparent governance system. All in all, the implementation of a Right to Information Act in Sri Lanka is imperative to foster a nation of transparency, accountability and good governance and to ensure the rights of the public citizens of the country are safeguarded which Sri Lanka believes as a country driven by democratic principles.
2 UN Doc. E/CN.4/1995/32, para. 35.
Right to Information, Gazette, Preamble December 2015.
(S.C.F.R 47/2014)
Kennedy v. the Charity Commission UKSC 20
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News & Events
Clarkson University Researchers Study Link Between Pollutants, Health Issues in Detroit Neighborhoods
[A photograph for media use is available at http://www.clarkson.edu/news/photos/mapl.jpg]
Clarkson University researchers are helping the University of Michigan’s School of Public Health to study the link between air pollutants and health problems in children in Detroit.
"The overall project is designed to examine the relationship between asthma in children and exposures within 150 yards of major highways," said Philip K. Hopke, director of Clarkson’s Center for the Environment and professor of chemical and biomolecular engineering.
To conduct the study, Clarkson is using its Mobile Air Pollution Laboratory (MAPL) to measure the distribution of air pollution near Detroit’s highways. The MAPL can monitor a number of pollutants, including black carbon, ultrafine particles, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide and sulfur dioxide.
Suresh Raja, research assistant professor, said measurements were taken close to several highways, with additional measurements taken at several intervals moving away from the highways. "We did this in about eight areas and each area had about 12 stops," he said.
The first set of data was collected in October 2009 with a second set scheduled for April 2010, Raja said. Between the two collections, "we can estimate what kind of exposures would be there year-round."
"What we see is most of the black carbon in very high concentrations in areas closer to the highway as you would expect," he said, but, "it doesn’t mean you wouldn’t get those kind of exposures if you live far away from the highway, because we have meteorology playing a role in picking up these pollutants and transporting it to other places."
The two-year study also includes monitoring the indoor and outdoor environments of 210 asthmatic Detroit children living near highways. Researchers expect to find that pollution from cars and trucks will be a larger factor in the children’s asthma than any other source of pollution. Allergies and the presence of cigarette smokers in the household are expected to make the effects of pollution from the highways even worse.
Hopke said Clarkson has conducted similar tests in other cities. In Syracuse, he said, officials are discussing moving Interstate 81 instead of replacing it as it nears the end of its useful life. "Our results will help inform the decision by better quantifying the impact of the highway on local air quality." The MAPL has also been used to measure the distribution of pollutants near I-490 and I-590 in Rochester.
The research, Hopke said, will help strengthen Clarkson’s role as a leader in aerosol and atmospheric science and exposure assessment. "The results of these studies will provide valuable insights into the heterogeneity of exposure in urban areas where there are major highways," he said.
Clarkson University launches leaders into the global economy. One in six alumni already leads as a CEO, VP or equivalent senior executive of a company. Located just outside the Adirondack Park in Potsdam, N.Y., Clarkson is a nationally recognized research university for undergraduates with select graduate programs in signature areas of academic excellence directed toward the world’s pressing issues. Through 50 rigorous programs of study in engineering, business, arts, sciences and health sciences, the entire learning-living community spans boundaries across disciplines, nations and cultures to build powers of observation, challenge the status quo, and connect discovery and engineering innovation with enterprise.
Photo caption: Clarkson University is using its Mobile Air Pollution Laboratory to measure the distribution of air pollution near Detroit’s highways.
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Anatomy of the MIC-D Digital Microscope
Darkfield Illumination Mode
In traditional optical microscopy, darkfield illumination requires blocking the central light that ordinarily passes through and around (surrounding) the specimen, allowing only oblique rays from every azimuth to "strike" the specimen mounted on a microscope slide. When the rotation arm of the MIC-D digital microscope is positioned at a distance greater than 15 degrees from the central (optical) axis, this instrument is capable of imaging specimens by a mechanism that produces results similar to those observed in true darkfield illumination.
Darkfield illumination is often compared with the appearance and visibility of stars on a dark night, which are readily observed despite their enormous distances from the Earth. Stars can be seen because of the stark contrast between their faint light and the black sky. Yet stars are shining both day and night, but are invisible during the day because the overwhelming brightness of the sun obscures the faint light originating from the stars, rendering them invisible. During a total solar eclipse, the Moon moves between the Earth and the sun blocking out the light of the sun, enabling the stars to be seen even though it is daytime. In short, the visibility of faint starlight is significantly enhanced when positioned against a dark background.
This principle is applied in darkfield (also commonly termed darkground) microscopy, a simple and popular method for rendering unstained transparent specimens clearly visible. These specimens often have refractive indices very close in value to that of their surroundings and are difficult to image using conventional brightfield microscopy techniques. For example, many small aquatic organisms, such as those found in stagnant ponds, have a refractive index ranging from 1.2 to 1.4, resulting in a negligible optical difference from the surrounding aqueous medium. These are ideal candidates for darkfield illumination.
The basic configuration for darkfield illumination with the MIC-D digital microscope is presented in Figure 1. Under normal imaging conditions, the rotation arm is positioned parallel to the optical axis of the microscope to produce brightfield illumination, which is the preferred technique for observing amplitude or stained specimens. Transparent or phase specimens (those having a significant optical path difference from the supporting medium) are difficult to visualize in brightfield mode and benefit from off-axis illumination scenarios, such as oblique and darkfield lighting. Oblique illumination can be achieved by translating (or tilting) the rotation arm and/or the illumination head, in combination, between a range of 2-3 and 15 degrees away from the microscope central vertical axis. If this range is exceeded by a few degrees, the microscope enters a region where the illuminating light rays are highly oblique with regard to the optical axis and the front lens of the objective.
When a specimen is placed under darkfield illumination, especially an unstained, non-light absorbing specimen, the oblique rays cross the specimen and are diffracted, reflected and/or refracted by optical discontinuities (such as the cellular membrane, nucleus, and internal organelles) allowing these faint rays to enter the objective. The specimen can then be seen as a bright highlight on an otherwise black background. In terms of Fourier optics, darkfield illumination removes the zeroth order (unscattered light) from the diffraction pattern formed at the rear focal plane of the objective. This effect results in an image formed exclusively from higher order diffraction intensities scattered by the specimen.
The application of this concept to the Olympus MIC-D digital microscope optical pathway in a darkfield configuration is presented in Figure 2. Light rays emanating in an organized cone of illumination from the off-axis condenser lens are directed across the specimen plane, but enter the stage at a highly oblique angle and miss the objective front lens. However, when the light passes through the specimen, some of the rays are diffracted by the specimen and are able to enter the objective. These light rays are then focused by the optical system of the microscope to form an image on the surface of the CMOS image sensor, which appears as bright specimen highlights on a dark background.
Specimens that have smooth reflective surfaces produce images due, in part, to reflection of light into the objective. In situations where the refractive index is different from the surrounding medium or where refractive index gradients occur (as in the edge of a cellular membrane), light is refracted by the specimen. Both instances of reflection and refraction produce relatively small angular changes in the direction of light, allowing some to enter the objective. In contrast, some light striking the specimen is also diffracted, producing a 180-degree arc of light that passes through the entire numerical aperture range of the objective. The resolving power of the objective is the same in darkfield illumination as observed under brightfield conditions, but the optical character of the image is not as faithfully reproduced (except when a specially-designed iris diaphragm is utilized to lower the effective numerical aperture with high-magnification oil immersion objectives designed specifically for darkfield microscopy).
As in the example of starlight described above, the visibility is greatly enhanced by the contrast between the brightly shining specimen and the dark surrounding background. As discussed above, what has happened in darkfield illumination is that all the ordinarily undeviated rays of the zeroth order have passed by the objective without entering the lens (or have been blocked by an opaque stop in conventional brightfield microscopy). Oblique light rays, now diffracted by the specimen and yielding first, second, and higher diffracted orders at the rear focal plane of the objective, proceed through the optical system to the image plane where they interfere with one another to produce an image of the specimen. In some cases with the MIC-D microscope (depending on the tilt angle of the illumination head), a small portion of the direct light rays may enter the objective at a highly oblique angle. However, these rays will be blocked by the aperture positioned behind the bi-concave secondary objective lens and will not pass directly through the microscope optical system.
Ideal candidates for darkfield illumination include minute living aquatic organisms, diatoms, small insects, bone, fibers, hair, unstained bacteria, yeast, cells in tissue culture, and protozoa. Non-biological specimens include mineral and chemical crystals, colloidal particles, dust-count specimens, and thin sections of polymers and ceramics containing small inclusions, porosity differences, or refractive index gradients. Care should be taken when preparing specimens for darkfield microscopy because features that lie above and below the plane of focus can also scatter light and contribute to image degradation. Specimen thickness and microscope slide thickness are also very important and, in general, a thin specimen is desirable to eliminate the possibility of diffraction artifacts, which can interfere with image formation.
A typical example of two specimens that produce poor contrast in brightfield conditions, but are readily observable under darkfield illumination are presented in Figure 3. The digital image illustrated in Figure 3(a) is a high-magnification brightfield view of the intestinal region in a human whipworm (Trichuris trichiura). Because the specimen is unstained, contrast is reduced and internal anatomical details of the parasite are not discernable. When the rotation arm of the MIC-D is tilted approximately 20 degrees from the vertical position, the whipworm intestinal cavity becomes much better resolved (Figure 3(b)), revealing features that were not apparent in the brightfield view.
A similar situation exists with thicker specimens, such as the crab megalops developmental stage eyestalk shown in Figures 3(c) and 3(d). Although the miniature periodic structures contained in the eye are clearly visible under brightfield illumination (Figure 3(c)), they are dramatically enhanced, both in clarity and contrast, under darkfield conditions (Figure 3(d)). Both of the specimens illustrated in Figure 3 are relatively thick specimens when compared to thin tissue sections, small aquatic organisms, or bacteria. In fact, because darkfield illumination with the MIC-D digital microscope is limited to a single azimuth, thick specimens perform much better and produce superior images than do relatively thin specimens with this microscope. This observation is in direct contrast to the results obtained with traditional compound microscopes, which operate at high numerical apertures with specialized darkfield condensers. The primary reason for the discrepancy between the two microscope configurations is the low objective numerical aperture range for the MIC-D, coupled to the limited directional lighting available from a single LED source positioned at a highly oblique angle. Thinner specimens can be imaged with greater efficiency in the MIC-D microscope when auxiliary illuminators, such as a tungsten-halogen source coupled to a fiber optic light pipe, are obliquely positioned to illuminate the specimen more evenly.
In general, thick specimens suffer from artifacts arising when areas of the specimen above and below the plane of focus contribute light to the image in darkfield microscopy. This effect is manifested by blurring of the specimen image due to out-of-focus light, and is difficult to avoid when specimen thickness exceeds about 10 micrometers. The large depth of field exhibited by the MIC-D digital microscope at the lower magnifications can partially offset image blurring, but at the higher magnifications the artifact can obscure important specimen detail.
Another important consideration, when using the MIC-D digital microscope in darkfield illumination mode, is the position of the diffusion screen located between the light-emitting diode source and the condenser lens element. When the diffusion screen is placed in the optical path, the light intensity is spread over a larger field, severely restricting the amount of illumination available for the specimen at highly oblique angles. In this case, specimen details become barely discernable and digital images contain a significant amount of noise. Removing the diffusion screen alters the illumination spread angle, directing more light to the specimen and dramatically improving visibility. In addition, digital images recorded in darkfield mode without the diffusion screen contain significantly less noise than those captured with the screen inserted into the optical pathway.
Darkfield illumination can often be a useful technique to image specimens that are seemingly opaque and difficult to observe under brightfield conditions. Presented in Figure 4 are two specimens that appear very dark in brightfield illumination, revealing no significant internal detail. Figure 4(a) is a brightfield image of Lycra spandex fibers, and Figure 4(b) is the same viewfield under darkfield illumination. The darkfield image readily displays the interwoven texture of fiber bundles characteristic of this synthetic polymer material. Another example is the small Apollo butterfly (Parnassius phoebus), which has very thick, opaque teardrop-shaped wing scales that appear dark and lacking in detail when imaged in brightfield illumination (Figure 4(c)). When wing scales from this butterfly are illuminated at a highly oblique angle, they appear bright with a considerable amount of detail and color superimposed on a black background.
In a darkfield microscope, when the rear of the objective is observed through a Bertrand lens or phase telescope, it appears to be filled with light. This faint diffracted light is reconstituted into the visible image at the plane of the eyepiece diaphragm (or the surface of a CCD or CMOS image sensor) with its contrast reversed to produce a bright image on a black background. Because darkfield microscopy eliminates the bright, undeviated light, this form of illumination is very wasteful of light and thus demands a high intensity illumination source. Microscope slides must be of the appropriate thickness, approximately one millimeter (plus or minus a tenth of a millimeter). Specimen slides and all optical surfaces in the light path must be scrupulously clean because every dirt speck will be mercilessly bright.
In general, specimens imaged under proper conditions of darkfield illumination are quite spectacular to observe (for example, try a drop of fresh blood in darkfield). Often specimens containing very low inherent contrast in brightfield microscopy shine brilliantly in darkfield. Such illumination is best for revealing outlines, edges, boundaries, and refractive index gradients. Unfortunately, darkfield illumination is less useful in revealing internal details.
Other types of specimens, including many that are stained, also respond well to illumination under darkfield conditions. Figure 5 illustrates darkfield digital images captured with the MIC-D microscope of three specimens, all of which produce good contrast in both brightfield and darkfield illumination. Presented in Figure 5(a) is a young starfish specimen that has been stained with hematoxylin and prepared as a whole mount. Darkfield illumination of this specimen produces excellent digital images that are rich in detail and contrast. In fact, many of the internal features of the starfish that are readily observed under darkfield illumination are obscured when the same specimen is viewed in brightfield.
Another example of stained specimen observation in darkfield illumination is presented in Figure 5(b) for a multiply stained shepherd's purse (Capsella) embryo, which is an annual herb from the mustard family. The plant tissue is readily imaged in brightfield illumination, but also produces remarkable digital images with the MIC-D microscope operating under darkfield conditions. Finally, the marine bryozoan Pectinatella (Figure 5(c)) exhibits spectacular color and reveals fine specimen detail when viewed under both brightfield and darkfield illumination. In addition to the examples presented in Figure 5, a number of other specimens can also be viewed and photographed under a combination of both brightfield and darkfield illumination to achieve the desired effects.
During the first half of the twentieth century, darkfield microscopy had a very strong following and much effort was expended in optimizing darkfield condensers and illuminators. This intense interest slowly began to fade with the emergence of more advanced contrasting-enhancing techniques such as phase contrast, differential interference contrast (DIC), and Hoffman modulation contrast. Recently, a renewed interest in transmitted darkfield microscopy has arisen due to its advantages when used in combination with fluorescence microscopy.
Darkfield microscopy is still an excellent tool for both biological and medical investigations. It can be effectively used at high magnifications to photograph living bacteria, or at low magnifications to view and photograph cells, tissues, and whole mounts. Marine biologists continue to use darkfield illumination at low powers to observe and record data about fresh and salt-water organisms such as algae and plankton.
Thomas J. Fellers and Michael W. Davidson - National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, 1800 East Paul Dirac Dr., The Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, 32310.
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Ips is a common group of bark beetles that infest pine and spruce trees. Ips are small (1/8 to 3/8 inch long), reddish-brown to black beetles. Using a hand lens one can differentiate from other bark beetles by the pronounced cavity on its rear end along with 3 to 6 pairs of tooth-like spines. They rarely attack healthy trees. Most problems with Ips occur to newly transplanted or stressed trees. They develop under the bark and produce girdling tunnels that can cause dieback and kill trees. Chemicals are not effective on already infested trees but insecticidal drenches can be used as a preventative on the trunk and branches of susceptible trees. newly transplanted trees, trees suffering root injuries, and trees that are close to other infested trees are at risk and can benefit from preventive insecticide applications.* Infested trees should be removed and chipped. Never stack infested would against other coniferous trees.
Oyster shell Scale is the most common type of scale. They attach themselves to the bark of twigs and branches and feed by sucking out plant sap. They can weaken and even kill a tree when the infestations are heavy enough. Scales overwinter in the egg stage under a shell-like covering. The eggs hatch in the spring and the newly emerged insects quickly attach themselves to the plant. Scale can easily be managed by just scrubbing them off or pruning off heavily infested branches. Dormant oils can be used during the overwintering stage to kill scale. Most insecticides are only effective for a brief time once they have emerged from their shell so timing is tricky. Systemic insecticides are not recommended for Oyster shell scale control.*
Aphids feed by sucking sap from leaves. They can cause leaf curling especially on emerging leaves. When the number of aphids on a plant are very high and for an extended period, their feeding can cause wilting and sometimes even dieback of shoots and buds. A clear indication of aphid presence is the sticky honeydew that cover leaves, branches, sidewalks and anything that lies beneath an infested tree. Gray sooty mold may grow on the honeydew as well, further detracting from plant appearance. Ants, wasps, and flies, are usually attracted to the honeydew in trees. There are numerous predators that feed on aphids including lady beetle larvae, green lacewing larvae and syrphid flies and parasitic wasps. If possible, just wash them off with a garden hose. If natural enemies are not sufficient and or a garden hose is ineffective, an insecticidal soap can be sprayed, or for those pesky aphids that are hiding under the leaves a systemic insecticide can be used.*
Bronze Birch Borer
This borer mostly attacks European White Birches but will attack others as well. Adults emerge from late May into June, and leave D-shaped exit holes in the bark. They deposit eggs a few weeks later in the bark. Emerging larvae bore through the bark and start excavating galleries. There is one generation a year. Trees that survive attack have swollen black areas around trunk. Chlorotic leaves and sparse foliage are early indications of borer presence. This borer only attacks trees that are stressed so proper cultural practices are key. Birches grow best in shady, cool, moist locations so a birch planted in an open, sunny, hot, urban lawn is going to be susceptible to attack. Make sure your Birch tree gets plenty of water. Preventive chemical sprays can be effective but timing is critical.*
You will mostly see Spider Mites on Spruce and other hardwood trees that are dry and dusty especially on hot summer days. They feed on the underside of leaves and are smaller than the head of a pin so seeing one is very difficult. These mites suck plant fluids, giving broad-leaved plants a speckled appearance and a fading color to conifers. To identify look for webbing or use a white sheet of paper underneath plant and shake- you will see tiny red or brown dots moving around on the paper. Some management options are to keep your tree watered to avoid drought. Spray tree with water to avoid dust and to help disrupt mite activities. Insecticidal soaps and dormant oils can help reduce mite populations but when infestations are heavy try using an insecticide registered for use on Spider Mites.*
White Pine Weevil
Similar looking to a bark beetle but with a long snout-like appendage, this ¼ inch long pest will kill the top 2 to 3 feet of a pine or spruce leaving the leader crooked and slowly turning brown until it’s dead. This will not kill the tree but will disfigure the top, adding stress to the tree. The first sign of attack are small puncture wounds at the base of a new leader with resin oozing out and solidifying. If this has happened to your tree, prune out dead infested branches and destroy them. Train a new leader from a lateral branch. Clean up duff around tree each fall, this eliminates spring adult migration from the duff the terminal leader. You can also apply a registered pesticide to terminals in the spring when adult feeding begins.*
Pinewood Nematode is the cause of Pine Wilt in some non-native Pines such as Scotch Pine and Austrian Pine. This pest is transmitted by Pine Sawyer Beetles (long-horned beetles) and reproduce rapidly in the sapwood, killing the tree. Symptoms of Pinewood Nematode are a rapid change of color from green to grey-green to brown beginning in summer. Once a tree is infected there is no cure so prevention is the only management strategy. If you have these trees in your landscape make sure they are watered well and store recently cut trees close to other trees.
Longhorned Beetles/Roundheaded Woodborers
Longhorned Beetles are known for their very long antennae and large size. Roundheaded Woodborers are the larvae of these beetles. They can penetrate deep into the wood while feeding. Most borers only attack stressed trees due to drought, injury or disease. The primary course of management should be making sure your tree is watered correctly and mulched well so it’s roots are not competing for water with your lawn. Mulch can also prevent trunk injury.
Emerald Ash Borer
Emerald Ash Borer or EAB for short is a 1/2 “ metallic-green beetle that attacks mostly Green Ash but can attack other Ash species as well and is a concern here in Billings since Green Ash makes up 32% of our urban forest and could wipe it out if not detected early. EAB has not been detected as of this publication but Montana has begun widespread monitoring for the pest. EAB was discovered in Boulder County Colorado in 2013 and is suspected to have come from firewood being carried in to the state. Early detection of EAB is difficult since the larvae remain under the bark and symptoms are similar to other causes of tree decline. Look for D shaped exit holes on trunk, thinning canopy and branch dieback, serpentine galleries under bark, increased woodpecker activity just to name a few. If any of these symptoms are noticed, please contact Billings forestry.
*It is advised to hire a certified arborist who holds a pesticide applicators license whenever chemicals are to be used.
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Frequently asked questions
What is the smallest bat in the world?
The Bumblebee Bat (Kitti’s Hog-nose Bat, Craseonycteris thonglongyai) is the world’s smallest bat and also the world’s smallest mammal (in length) measuring up to 29 – 33 mm (1.1 – 1.3 in) in length and 2 g (0.071 oz) in mass as a full grown adult. When full grown, these bats are shorter in length than an adult’s thumb and weigh less than two Skittles.
What is the largest bat in the world?
The Giant Golden-crowned Flying Fox (Acerodon jubatus) wins the title of the largest bat species in the world because it has the longest wingspan, up to 6 ft! It is among the heaviest of all bat species, with individuals weighing up to 1.40 kg (3.1 lb). The Indian Flying Fox (Pteropus medius) and Great Flying Fox (Pteropus neohibernicus) can weigh more than the Giant Golden-crowned Flying Fox. The Giant Golden-crowned Flying Fox can only be found in the Philippines eating fruit and leaves.
Are all bats vampire bats?
No! Of the 1,400+ species of bats in the world, only three are vampire bats that drink blood. These three species of vampire bats only live in the New World tropics (i.e., South America, Central America, Mexico).
What do bats eat?
One of the coolest things about bats is the diversity of diets that the 1,400+ species of bats have! Many bats eat insects and are very important for nocturnal pest control. There are also many species of bats that eat fruit, which are known as frugivores. Some bats are like the hummingbirds of the night, drinking nectar from plants and pollinating the flowers in the process. There are many other interesting bats with specialized diets, such as those that eat fish or frogs, or other small animals. Lastly, the three species of vampire bats only drink blood!
Where do bats live?
Bats live on every continent except for Antarctica! Yes, there are bats where you live. Since bats are nocturnal, many people don’t realize that they have bats living near them. While many bats live in caves, there are also many species that do not. Some species live in trees, while others can live in the cracks in rocks. Some of the most successful bat species are those that enjoy living in human-built structures, such as bridges.
Are bats blind?
No! All bats are able to see, but there is quite a bit of variation in eyesight from species to species. Some species have night vision, such as the large flying foxes, which have a tapetum lucidum. The tapetum lucidum is what causes the eye shine that we see in animals like cats and owls, allowing the animal to see in dimmer light. Some species of bats are able to see ultraviolet light, such as species that drink nectar and pollinate flowers. However, other bat species without night vision rely on their echolocation to navigate and hunt in the dark. While these species do not have very good vision in dark settings, they are still able to see, much like humans are able to see in the dark.
Do bats carry rabies?
Most bats do NOT have rabies. All mammals can contract and carry rabies. Bats are not asymptomatic carriers of rabies, however it is not always easy to see if a bat has rabies or not, especially since most people are not familiar with normal bat behavior. It is very important that you NEVER touch a wild animal, include a bat, with your bare hands. If you find a bat on the ground or out during the daytime, there is a higher chance that it is sick or injured. If you encounter a bat in a building or on the ground, we suggest contacting a local rehabber.
What do bats do in the winter?
Since bats are found on every continent, except for Antarctica, not all bats have to deal with cold conditions during the winter. Those bats that are found in temperate climates with seasonal changes can have different strategies for dealing with cold weather. Some bat species migrate to warmer climates during winter months, such as the Hoary Bat (Lasiurus cinerisus). Other species will hibernate during the winter, such as the Little Brown Bat (Myotis lucifugus). Both strategies involve amazing feats. During hibernation, bats will reduce their metabolic rate, heart rate, and respiratory rate to such low rates that they are able to reduce their body’s energy use by 98%. Migrating species will travel very long distances to avoid cold weather! Just like bird migrations, it is impressive how they are able to navigate over thousands of miles between their winter and summer homes.
Why do bats hang upside down?
Almost all species of bats hang upside down. When bats are relaxed, their feet are automatically in a clenched position, making it easy for them to grab on to a surface. Hanging upside down allows them to let go and quickly fall to gain momentum for flight. Unlike birds that have hollow bones, bats have solid bones like all other mammals, which is why they have more need for the extra momentum gained from falling. What is really interesting is why bat’s blood doesn’t all rush to their head while hanging upside down! There are valves in their veins AND arteries to keep blood flowing in the right direction, while most mammals only need valves in their veins.
How long do bats live?
Bats are very special in the animal kingdom because of how long they live for their size. The oldest known bat was a male Brant’s myotis (Myotis brandtii) who lived at least 41 years. There are at least 22 bat species documented living more than 20 years and six species that live more than 30 years. There is still a lot to learn about how bats age and how long they can live.
What are bat babies called?
Baby bats are called pups! Bat mothers give birth to their babies like all other mammals. What is incredible is the size of pups when they are born – pups can be born weighing up to one-third of their mother’s weight. Luckily, most bat mom’s only have one pup at a time.
Where is the largest colony of bats in the world?
Bracken Cave is the world’s largest bat colony! Located near San Antonio, Texas, USA, this is a summer maternity colony for up to 20 million Mexican Free-tailed Bats (Tadarida brasiliensis). In 1992, Bat Conservation International purchased the land where Bracken Cave is located to protect it from the increasing threat of urbanization.
What is the fastest bat in the world?
The Mexican Free-tailed Bat (Tadarida brasiliensis) is not only the fastest bat, but also the fastest mammal! While the cheetah is famous for its speed, sprinting at speeds up to 75 mph, the Mexican Free-tailed Bat has been recorded flying in short bursts at speeds up to 100 mph!
Do bats have predators?
While there are not many animals that are able to catch a bat flying at night, bats still have predators that they need to watch out for. Owls, hawks, and snakes eat bats. There are even Bat Hawks (Macheiramphus alcinus) in sub-Saharan Africa that specialize on eating bats. Bats do play an important role in the food web, which is why it is concerning that bats are hunted by humans. Never kill and eat a bat; humans are not meant to eat bats.
If I install a bat house, will the bats move into it AND leave my house?
ANSWER: Bat houses are excellent management tools that can provide displaced bats with a safe alternate roost away from structures where they are unwelcome. Bats are faithful to their homes, and very rarely voluntarily leave an active roost for a bat house.
Even the most well-planned and humanely-intentioned bat exclusion means habitat loss and displacement for bats. For that reason, when an exclusion is planned, BCI recommends installing one or more bat houses nearby, well in advance. Learn more by visiting our bat house page
How can I get bats to leave and not come back?
When bats roosting in a structure are unwelcome, exclusion is the only permanent solution. The objective should be to get all bats safely out of a building and to keep them out permanently. Although projects can vary in scale depending on structure type, species present and roost location, the process is the same regardless of the number of bats or how long they’ve been there. A complete description of the bat exclusion process can be found here.
What if I find a bat (or a colony) out in the open?
Bats are sometimes found alone or in large numbers roosting on the exterior of structures, or in open structures like parking garages. These are usually temporary stopovers, sometimes during fall and spring migration. Left alone, these bats will usually continue on their way within a few days or weeks.
What if you WANT bats in your attic?
Each year, BCI staff field hundreds of inquiries about excluding bats from buildings. Occasionally, however, we get a call from somebody wanting to increase the numbers of bats in their building! Often these are abandoned buildings used for interpretive purposes, structures housing endangered or threatened species, or buildings owned by people who simply realize that the benefits of bat residents can outweigh drawbacks. See our bat house page where we have re-posted the archive of Bat House Research Project newsletters we published during our 10-year research project, for ways to accommodate more bats, while minimizing problems from guano or noise.
How I can discourage bats from roosting on my porch?
Some species such as pallid bats (Antrozous pallidus) use open porches, patios, or garages as temporary night roosts for feeding or social activity. Bats are usually absent from these sites during the day, and insect parts or guano may be the only evidence that bats were roosting the night before. These night roosting bats can be discouraged by making their roosting area ‘less comfortable’ by adding clutter or making roosting surfaces difficult to hang on.
Bat Roosting Deterrents (To be employed only when bats are NOT present)
- Mylar Balloons floating near the roost
- Strips of mylar material or even tin foil tacked up at the roost so they move in the breeze
- Curling ribbon (long pieces, curled and tacked at the roost)
- Plastic taped over the roosting spot (to make it too slick for their feet to hold on and hang there)
- Bright lights and fans
These ideas are intended for night roosting bats (i.e., bats roosting under eaves of a roof or on a porch, etc., digesting the insects they have eaten), and the idea is for the bats to develop new habits. Day-roosting bats are usually in nooks, crannies, and crevices and must be properly excluded.
What if I find a bat in my patio umbrella?
Some bat species, including tri-colored bats, evening bats and southeastern myotis, find the crevice-like folds of a closed patio umbrella to be a perfect day or night roost. These are often transient solitary bats , but small maternity groups of Evening bats have been observed in early summer. If mothers and pups are present, they should be left undisturbed until pups are flying on their own. Then, if the bats are not welcome, the umbrella can be carefully opened after the bats leave at night and left partially open to discourage roosting.
Are bats dangerous?
Bats do not attack people, and reports that they do are usually related to incidents where bats fly near people in swimming pools as they swoop in for a drink, or near people outdoors in the summertime, when insects are abundant around us; bats DO attack insects! However, bats, along with several other mammal species, are a “rabies vector” species. That means that there will always be incidences of the rabies virus in bat populations. However, bats do not “carry” rabies. The vast majority of bats do not become rabid and there is no evidence of epidemic outbreaks in bat colonies. That is because when bats become infected with rabies, they die from the disease. Rabies can only be contracted if the virus enters the nervous system through a bite wound or mucous membranes (eyes, mouth or nasal passages). The virus is not spread through contact with blood, urine or droppings (guano), but through contact with saliva or central nervous system tissue. The virus is almost always contracted by way of a bite from a rabid animal.
What is an ‘undetected’ bat bite?
Many people believe that it is common to be bitten by a bat and not feel it. Though it is not impossible for that to happen under unusual circumstances, most professionals who handle bats on a regular basis will tell you that bat bites hurt. Bats have small, sharp teeth made for biting through insect parts and a bite from an insectivorous bat feels very much like a needle jab. However, because those teeth are small and sharp, a bat bite might not bleed and might not leave a very noticeable mark on human skin.
Is bat guano harmful to my family?
ANSWER: Histoplasmosis is a respiratory disease caused by a fungus that grows in soil enriched by animal droppings, including those from bats. Ninety percent of all reported cases in humans come from the Ohio and Mississippi River valleys and adjacent areas where warm, humid conditions favor fungal growth. The disease is rare or nonexistent in most of Canada and in the far northern and western United States. The majority of cases are asymptomatic or involve flu-like symptoms, though some individuals, primarily those who are immune-compromised, become seriously ill, especially if exposed to large quantities of spore-laden dust. To be safe, avoid breathing dust in areas where there are animal droppings; if you must clean an area of bat or bird droppings, wear a respirator that can guard against particles as small as two microns.
The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention provides information about Histoplasmosis here.
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Using antenna arrays for diversity reception is one of the most straightforward uses of antenna
arrays. Because the power level of a received signal can vary significantly with small changes in
distance, a diversity array simply uses a set of antennas and combines the signals to obtain the maximum
signal. Consider the example of Figure 1. Someone is talking on their cell phone, and a hypothetical
(though reasonable) power is shown in the areas around the user.|
Figure 1. Example of signal level versus position.
To combat this effect (known as fading), an array of antennas can be used. For instance, if 3 antennas are placed in the above situation, as shown in Figure 2, the antenna with the maximum signal can be selected and used.
Figure 2. Three antennas used in a diversity array.
Finally, diversity reception can occur for two antennas not separated, but receiving orthogonal polarizations. If one antenna receives vertically polarized waves, a second antenna can be placed near the first that receives horizontally polarized waves (which in a fading environment, are not strongly correlated). In this manner, diversity can be achieved.
Home: Antenna Tutorial
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STANFORD, Calif. - Researchers at the Stanford University School of Medicine have identified a new group of proteins involved in determining the life span of laboratory roundworms. Blocking the expression of one member of the group can extend the worm's life span by up to 30 percent. Because the proteins work in the worms' reproductive systems, the research represents yet another intriguing link between longevity and fertility.
In particular, the researchers showed that the proteins are involved in epigenetics - a phenomenon in which chemical modifications to DNA and the proteins around it affect how it is packaged and expressed in a cell. Although an organism can't change the DNA sequence of the genes it has inherited, epigenetic changes allow it to silence or tweak their expression in response to environmental or other external cues.
"We've shown here that an epigenetic change can affect the life span of an organism," said Anne Brunet, PhD, assistant professor of genetics, "but only within the context of an intact reproductive system." Brunet is the senior author of the study, which will be published online June 16 in Nature.
Roundworms, also known as Caenorhabditis elegans, are a popular laboratory animal. They are easy to care for, and their approximately four-week life span makes them good models for longevity studies. For technical reasons, though, most longevity researchers have conducted their experiments on sterile worms.
Brunet and graduate student Eric Greer wanted to explore the effect of epigenetic changes on longevity. But they wondered if using fertile worms might be more appropriate for their studies. After all, other studies of the worms have suggested that fertility is at least indirectly linked to longevity.
Greer, who is the lead author of the study, used a technique called RNA interference in fertile worms to methodically block the expression - one by one - of genes known to affect a cell's epigenetic status. He identified a number of genes that, when inhibited, caused the worms to live up to 30 percent longer than normal.
The gene with the most pronounced effect, Ash-2, makes a protein that functions as a methyltransferase - meaning it works together with other proteins to add a chemical tag called a methyl group to a component of a cell's DNA packaging machinery, which is known as a histone. The presence or absence of this tag affects whether the DNA remains wound up tightly like thread on a spool, or unfurls to allow its genes to be expressed.
Inhibiting Ash-2 activity reduces the number of methyl tags on the histone, which keeps the DNA inaccessible and somehow extends the animal's life by as much as 30 percent. Conversely, the researchers found, blocking the expression of a protein called Rbr-2 taxed with removing the tag - a demethylase - shortened the worm's life span by about 15 to 25 percent. Worms in which the expression of both proteins were blocked had slightly shortened lives.
Clearly the levels of methylation on that particular spot on the histone are important to longevity. But why? And how are they calibrated?
The researchers found that Ash-2 is highly expressed in the germline, or reproductive cells, as well as in newly formed eggs. These cells also had high levels of the methyl tag. When Greer blocked the expression of Ash-2 in worms that lacked normal reproductive cells, he found that this no longer extended worm life span, suggesting that an intact germline is necessary for Ash-2 to regulate longevity.
Further investigation showed that Ash-2 activity affects the expression of several genes specific to germline cells, including a group previously shown to affect adult life span. Blocking Ash-2 expression only in germline cells, but not in the rest of the worm's body, still extended its life span, as did expressing excess amounts of the tag-removal protein Rbr-2 in the germline. Finally, another series of experiments showed that the presence of mature eggs is required for Ash-2 knockdown to have an effect.
"We still don't know exactly how this works mechanistically," said Brunet, "but we've shown that the presence of the germline is absolutely essential for this longevity extension to happen."
In the future the researchers plan to monitor the methylation status of the histone during the animal's life span. Because epigenetic changes are reversible, it's likely they'll see a natural ebb and flow as the worm ages. They'd also like to examine the effect of environmental situations known to affect longevity, such as calorie restriction, on the tagged histone.
"Aging is a very plastic process," said Brunet, who cautioned that it's possible that Ash-2 also works elsewhere in the worm. "This tagging doesn't affect reproduction directly, but it somehow talks to the rest of the body to affect the whole organism." Perhaps, they speculate, the genes activated by the loss of Ash-2 work together with other factors produced by mature eggs to lengthen the animal's life.
"It makes a sort of sense that the reproductive system would be involved in life span, since that is really the only 'immortal' part of an organism," said Brunet. "In that context, the body is just the mortal envelope."
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Difference between Over The Counter Drugs and Prescription Drugs
For people who are looking for medication to treat a specific health condition, the choice often boils down to over-the-counter drugs or prescription medications. While there are certain instances wherein only prescription medications would be the right choice, there are just as many instances wherein over-the-counter drugs work just as well. This comparison article shows the main differences between each.
One of the main differences between over the counter drugs and prescription drugs is consumer access. Prescription drugs are only given to patients via a doctor's prescription, and only licensed medical professionals can order them. Over-the-counter drugs are a lot easier to come by in comparison, and they are often even available from locations other than pharmacies. This is because prescription drugs are intended only for specific patients, and in fact it is illegal to share them with other people under any circumstances. Conversely, over-the-counter drugs can be given freely to anyone including friends and family members that are suffering from the same illness or health condition. It is important to keep in mind however that dosage and application instructions should be followed to the letter when taking over-the-counter drugs.
One other key difference between prescription drugs and over-the-counter drugs is their formulation. It is important to note that prescription drugs are formulated in does that conform to an aggressive treatment procedure prescribed by a doctor. There is in fact a certain amount of risk involved in taking prescription drugs, since aside from the dosage considerations, there are also numerous possible interactions with other medications to consider. As for over-the-counter drugs, they are usually sold in doses that are deemed both safe and effective according to guidelines set by the FDA or Food and Drug Administration. In fact, over-the-counter drugs are a lot safer than prescription drugs in that they can generally be combined with other over-the-counter drugs without worrying about potential risk of overdose or adverse reaction.
Cost is another key difference between both types of medications. One factor that dictates the prices of prescription drugs is the patents held by certain formulations, which may be enforced for several years. What this means is that drug companies basically have the option to price prescription drugs as they see fit, although pricing is of course subject to approval by government regulatory bodies. Over-the-counter drugs on the other hand are usually manufactured with ingredients that have since been made public, making it possible for any manufacturer to produce them. This result is more competitive prices for over-the-counter drugs in general.
- Often available from locations other than pharmacies
- Can be given freely to anyone
- Are priced more competitively
- Are only given to patients via a doctor's prescription
- Can only be ordered by licensed medical professionals
- Intended only for specific patients
- Are usually priced according to the drug companies’ discretion
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This cycle forms the basis of everything Agriton Group is trying to achieve. If a product doesn’t compliment the cycle we don’t supply it.
A lot of companies and products will look at individual aspect of this cycle without considering the whole. Each component of this cycle is directly impacted by the aspect before and will have a direct effect on the aspect following. For example, if we improve soil health and fertility we increase the nutritional value and quantity of the crops grown. This in turn improves the food we feed to ourselves and other animals.
There are a lot of products currently used at home, in the garden or on farm that improves one aspect of this cycle but has a negative effect on others. An example of this is human health. We have been feeding crops with artificial fertilisers, pesticides and fungicides for a while. Yes we have seen huge yield increases and this has allowed us to feed a growing population, however, in that time the nutrient density of foods grown has decreased, food is contaminated with chemicals and as a result human health has deteriorated. We think we have improved the crop but as a result we have negatively impacted animals. It’s also had an impact on the soil too.
A lot of people considered the soil as simply a medium for growing crops. This neglect, in favour of growing crops, has resulted in the degradation of our soils. We stopped feeding the soil with organic matter and replaced that with artificial fertilisers, chemicals and pesticides leading to a decrease in water holding capacity, organic matter % and of course stored carbon.
Completing this cycle, with the return of waste organic matter to the soil, will go a long way to reducing global warming, improving nutrient density of foods and righting the many side effects felt from the use of inappropriate products. Considering this cycle as a whole, rather than individual aspects will simply emulate the natural cycle created by Mother Nature millions of years before human intervention.
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The two major parties in the United States are always quibbling over the budget and federal spending, with the Republicans usually claiming they want to decrease the size of government, and therefore decrease spending. However, Republicans are known for their leaning toward military spending as well as subsidies and corporate welfare, while Democrats are known for their leaning toward spending on various social programs. I fully intended to begin this article by locating exactly what levels of spending have occurred in the past to demonstrate what happened during periods when Democrats controlled both the House and the Senate, as well as periods where Republicans controlled both the House and the Senate. However, that information turns out to be far more difficult to come by than it should.
The best information I could find on historical federal spending by Republican or Democrat controlled Houses and Senates is the Republican controlled House and Senate from 1995 to 2007, and the Democrat controlled House and Senate from 2007 to 2011. It’s hardly a fair comparison since we have such a long period for Republicans and a relative small one for Democrats. However, during these two periods, Republicans had an average annual increase in federal spending of 6.7%, while Democrats had an average annual increase in federal spending of 8%. While not the best of comparisons, it does show that there is not a great amount of difference between the two. If anyone reading this article has more extensive historical numbers, please feel free to email me and let me know.
There is much being made of how Republicans will now control the presidency, the House, and the Senate, all at once.
Republicans feel they will be able to accomplish much in terms of reducing the size of government. However, history doesn’t really bear out their efforts. The common foolery in Washington, D.C. is that politicians typically claim a decrease in spending as one of a decrease in the expected increase. In other words, if the expected increase in spending is 8% and instead that increase is shaved down to 6.7%, that is not a 1.3% decrease in spending as would normally be portrayed by politicians. It is simply a decrease in the expected increase, and does little to slow the growth of government.
Unfortunately, it isn’t popular to cut spending in any program. However, at some point there has to be a recognition of what these increases in spending represent. Across the board in all government programs, when spending is increased, it represents a growth in government and enables government to do more than what it has in the past. As government has the resources to do more, we citizens are able to control less in our lives. With each passing year, we submit further encroachment on our liberties. Yet, all of us, Republican, Democrat, Libertarian, Green, and independent, complain of further restriction on freedom in some manner or form. Reducing government spending isn’t going to give us all our freedom back, but it is a start in the right direction, and at least a stemming of the tide.
I am hopeful that for the first time, Republicans are not simply paying lip service to reducing the size and scope of government, as well as its spending. Perhaps after many decades of promising to do so, they will finally do as they say, and hopefully, it will be a reduction across the board in everything.
For now, all we can do as wait and see if they want to hold to their word or if it will simply be increases in spending as usual. It would seem that all American political parties hold at least some freedoms dear and complain as government encroaches upon them. In order for these freedoms to come into reality, everyone has to sacrifice a little of their favorite government programs.
I’m not holding my breath, but I am willing to remain hopeful.
(Featured image: AP Photo/Politico.com)
This post was written by Danny Chabino.
The views expressed here belong to the author and do not necessarily reflect our views and opinions.
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A noun is a word used to name a person, place or thing. Everything around us has a name. People, animals, places and things have names that we call nouns. Nouns are also called 'naming words'. Mother, father, cow, pig, table, book, school are all 'naming words' or 'nouns'.
1. Are you sitting on a 'chair'? The word 'chair' is its name or 'naming word'. It can not eat and drink or move. It has no life. It is a thing.The names of the things that you can see around you are their naming words.
2. A 'teacher' helps you to study in school. The word 'teacher' is the naming word for someone who teaches in school. Similarly, the word 'driver' is the naming word for someone who drives a vehicle. Thus, these are the naming words for a person.
3. Have you seen a cat or a dog? These are naming words for animals. The names of the animals that are their naming words or nouns.
4. Where do you go to study? School is a naming word for a place.
5. Which city do you live in? The name of that city is its naming word or noun.
Some Examples of Naming Words:
Things - Chair, Pen
Person - Driver, Teacher
Animal - Cat, Dog
Places - School, Home
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Saturday, February 22, 2014
What can you do with a double enumeration? The first thing you need to do is determine if it is actually a double enumeration. Double enumerations are rare, but they do happen. Actually I’ve come across several. What are some of the reasons a family may be enumerated more than once? First thing you look at is the date the enumeration took place. The family could have been enumerated in the two places during the time that they moved from one place to another. I’ve seen where it seems that the enumerator might have made a trip around an area and he might have even crossed over a path that he took the enumeration before. Then there is the instance where the family has a lot of other family in the area and they gave the information to the enumerator even though the family lived in another location. So they were enumerated in their home town and also in their new location even though they may not have moved for some time.
Let’s look at my Reeves family. This is the first enumeration of the Abel Reeves family. They were enumerated on August 11, 1870 by W. B. Creekmore.
1870 Whitley County, Kentucky – Louden Precinct, Meadow Creek, page 2.
Abel Reeves age 35
Martha J. age 30
Anderson age 7
C. C. age 4
G. W. age 2
The second enumeration was done on August 15, 1870 by W. B. Creekmore.
1870 Whitley County, Kentucky – Louden Precinct, Meadow Creek, page 14.
Abel Reeves age 34
Jane age 34
Doctor age 7
Richard age 3
George age 1
Both families were counted by the same man only on different days. How do you know that they aren’t two different families? They had the same amount of people in their family and the ages were very close. The only difference seems to be some of their names. Studying the area of Whitley County one can see that the Reeves family is not a plentiful family line here, and the name Abel is very unusual. Martha J. could be the Jane in the second count. The infant G. W. could be George in the second count and more than likely is George Washington, a very popular name in those days.
Studying the family’s neighbors more closely also gives some clues. In the first enumeration their neighbors are a John Reeves age 35, probably a brother. On down the page is a G. W. Reeves age 60, possibly their father. In the second enumeration the neighbors are different, but there is a clue here as well. Knowing the Abel Reeves family history his wife’s maiden name was found to be Hill from their marriage record. The neighbors on this page shows two other families, one is a John Hill age 64 which is more than likely Martha Jane’s father. The other is a William Hill age 44 possibly a brother. So comparing all this information it appears that the information given on one of the Abel Reeves families was by someone outside their immediate family. There is also the possibility that they might have moved in this short time span of four days, or were in the process of moving.
We can study the family further. Finding the correct names for the children it is found that the Reeves family liked to name their children after famous historical figures or important community members. The children’s’ names were: Anderson Barton Reeves, Christopher Columbus Reeves, and George Washington Reeves. The later children were John S. Reeves, William M. Reeves, and Doctor S. Calvin Reeves. I’m currently trying to find out who the later children were named after. The last child’s name was actually Doctor, it wasn’t a title. He could have been named after a family doctor that might have delivered the Reeves children. Can you think of other reasons a family might have been counted twice?
Anderson B. Reeves
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Of all socialist programs, the one that has been the most widely adopted is Social Security. Government support for the elderly is in place in every first-world or second-world nation, and in many of the wealthier third-world ones. But despite this universal acceptance, and in a way because of it, the long-term effects of Social Security have never been determined, even vaguely. The main tactic of political observation is to compare between nations with different policies; but that tactic is of little use with Social Security, since all nations to which our own is comparable have something like Social Security, and since they almost all adopted it at roughly the same time we did. To further obscure the issue, the surrounding decades contained some of the most stirring events of human history: wars of unprecedented size, and the establishment of governments which exercised an unprecedented degree of totalitarian control over their subjects. The only case of first-world nations peacefully coexisting for a couple of decades, one with Social Security and one without, was the case of Germany, which had Social Security ever since Bismarck invented it in the 1880s, while the surrounding nations only adopted it later; and a single case is never enough to develop a complete theory from, although it can provide a modest check on a theory produced by other means.
Much more data is available if one is willing to compare the present age to the era before Social Security; but to develop a theory from that data alone, the effects of technological progress would have to be subtracted from it. Between the time Social Security was adopted in the US and the present date, the car was developed from its technological adolescence into a mature state, and antibiotics, televisions, jet engines, and computers went from gleams in the eyes of inventors to widely-used devices. Each of these things has had an enormous impact on the way people live; collectively, they and other techological developments have enabled a way of life that would appear almost magical to the average person of the pre-Social Security era. Even the people who understand technology best have only a rough idea of what society would look like today without it, or without parts of it. Thus the direct evidence alone, even analyzed with the best tools of statistics, is not enough to figure out what Social Security has been doing; the only available way to figure that out is to speculate about what people would be doing without it. Such speculations have a bad reputation, which is generally well-deserved, since they are very error-prone: as in a computer program or a mathematical theorem, a single weak link can render the whole chain of inferences worthless; and to make things worse, a political speculation cannot easily be run to test it like a computer program can, nor is there any fixed set of rules, as in mathematics, for checking whether each inference in the chain is correct. Still, by keeping the chain short, and by making its links only from reliable facts and basic principles of human nature, an approach to certainty may be made. In the case of Social Security, such a chain of inferences deeply implicates the program in the slow global decline of human standards today, and in the degeneration of Germany during the first half of the last century.
Old age brings with it deterioration of the body and often of the mind. The elderly are often utterly unable to work, and even more often have health so frail that working much would hurry them to an early grave. Without Social Security, working into older age probably would be done frequently, but is not something that anyone could rely on being able to do. There still would be a length of time, averaging something like ten or fifteen years, for which people would have to prepare some source of support.
With the length of a working life being about thirty-five or forty years, this would mean that people who wanted to live off savings in retirement would have to save, for every three years of their working lives, an amount of money that, after it earned interest, would be enough to support them for one year of retirement. Thus, if someone wanted the same amount to live on in retirement as he had, on average, while working, and his retirement savings earned only enough interest to compensate for inflation, he would have to save about a quarter of his income during his working years. But savings normally earn more interest than that, and retirement savings normally spend a long time earning interest. The average amount of time that each chunk of retirement savings would spend earning interest, in the average person's account, would likely be about fifteen or twenty years, since people usually save the most toward the ends of their working lives, as that is usually when they earn the most, and is usually a period where their expenses are relatively small, their children already having become independent. In twenty years, two percent annual interest, compounded, yields a total increase of 49%; four percent interest yields a 119% increase; six percent yields a 221% increase; eight percent yields a 366% increase. Thus someone who would have to save a quarter of his income if his savings earned no real interest would only have to save something like 17%, 11%, 8%, or 5% of his income if his savings earned real interest rates of two, four, six, or eight percent, respectively.
The interest rates (or rates of return of the stock market) that people would get from their retirement savings, if the majority of them saved large amounts of money, would tend to be lower than in recent history, since the prices of investments are governed by the law of supply and demand: when there is more competition among buyers of investments, their prices go up and thus their returns go down. But the resulting lower interest rates would make the economy grow more than it otherwise would, by making long-term projects more profitable. Such projects include things like building large factories, engaging in fundamental research, or getting a medical education, which aim to make money by increasing economic productivity (the value of output produced per person); when they succeed, as they often do when done for profit, it yields long-lasting economic growth. The resulting growth would make it possible for private retirement savings to pay rates of return greater than those delivered by Social Security, even if everyone in the country were using them. (This would have little in common with the short spurts of growth that have often been produced when central bankers have tried to trick their nations' economies into growing by lowering interest rates. Central bankers can only lower interest rates by creating new money, which has the side effect of producing inflation; they cannot channel existing money into the money markets, as would be done by millions of people throughout the nation if they skimped on luxuries in order to save money for retirement.) To some extent this growth would be shared with other nations, but mainly with nations that would be likely to remain friendly, since hostile nations may decide not to repay loans.
The main problem with private retirement savings would be risk. There are investments which offer very little more risk than Social Security does, such as federally guaranteed bank accounts, or short-term bonds from large, stable corporations, but those investments have always paid very low interest rates: after subtracting inflation, seldom more than five percent, and often negative. If those rates were lowered further by an end to Social Security, then people who used such minimal-risk investments for retirement savings might be lucky to get two percent in real terms; thus they would feel almost the entire burden of having to save enough to live on for a decade or so. That burden could only be significantly reduced by investing in things with significant risks.
Those risks could be reduced by diversification, but only to a limited degree. Diversification requires a pool of investments each of which has different risks from the others; and while many risks are specific to one particular company (such as the risk of bad management decisions), many others (such as technological obsolescence, changes in government regulations, and stock market fluctuations) affect a whole industry or a whole group of related industries, or even the whole economy. Risk is also largely a function of the investor's ability, and no investor can diversify that away, even by getting someone else to manage his investments, since choosing good investment managers requires the same sort of character and foresight as choosing good investments requires. Thus, when diversifying, the point is quickly reached at which the major risks are the ones that many investments have in common, and thus at which trying to diversify further would yield very little further reduction in risk.
In a nation without Social Security, the only way that most people could guard against the risks of savings would be to have children and raise them in such a way that, when grown, they could be relied on if necessary. Relying on children has risks too: the genetic throw of the dice that makes them, the chance of them falling victim to disease, accident, crime, or war, and the risk of making too many mistakes in raising them. But those risks are very different from the risks of savings, so making both types of preparation would greatly decrease the chance of ending up destitute. Dangers to the whole nation, such as global thermonuclear wars, great depressions, or totalitarian takeovers, can destroy both the savings of parents and the earnings of their children; but lesser dangers normally threaten only one of the two. Even the dangers of individual error would be greatly lessened by this variety of diversification, since the skills and character traits required for raising children well are rather different from those required for earning money and investing it well.
To support aged parents is a heavy burden; it means sending large amounts of money to them for year after year, or taking them in, providing food and lodging to them for the rest of their lives. To prepare children to be able to bear that burden requires a good deal of work, in instructing them in the ways of the world, gently but consistently steering them toward useful knowledge and profitable occupations, and keeping a sharp eye on their education. To prepare them to be willing to bear that burden, decades after leaving home, also is not easy; the only reliable way to do it is to raise them to be generally of good character, so that their reputations would seriously suffer if they were known to have neglected or mistreated their parents. Although these things take a lot of effort, that effort is of a different type from the effort of earning money to save for retirement; most people find that they are much more comfortable dividing their time between work and family duties than they would be if they spent the same total amount of time just making money.
From the perspective of economics, if people prepared to live off their children in old age, they would be supplying labor to the future; if they prepared to live off their savings, they would be supplying capital to the future. The profitability of each of these to any individual would depend partly on what the rest of the nation was doing; if they went too far in any direction, he would do best for himself by doing the opposite. When there is a great deal of capital and little labor, then interest rates are low, investors are putting money into any halfway-sensible project, people are hard to hire away from their current jobs, and wages are high: thus children earn more and savings earn less. When there is little capital and much labor, the situation is the reverse: unemployment is high, wages are low, investors can cherry-pick only the most profitable projects, and interest rates are high, which makes savings more profitable, and children less so. Few people could look the thirty or forty years into the future that would be required to make perfect use of this need for a balance between capital and labor. But a large, long-lasting imbalance could easily be noticed, taken advantage of, and thereby fixed; and the possibility of a future imbalance would further encourage people to hedge their bets by preparing both children and savings.
The absence of this need to prepare explains many of the most disturbing trends of our time. Those trends started quietly and imperceptibly; in 1935, when Social Security was passed into law, it was obvious that people would not have to save for retirement -- at least not as much; but the extent to which they could neglect their children, or not have children at all, was something that nobody knew.
The changes erupted into public view in the 1960s. In that decade, some people noticed that in addition to being free from the fear of unwanted pregnancies, due to contraceptives, and free from of the fear of venereal disease, due to antibiotics, they were also free from the need to form stable families. Tradition was the only thing that stood in the way of their complete sexual liberation; they adopted the language of revolution, and quickly overcame it. Flushed with victory, they went on to attack other institutions, with less success. The revolutionary language died out, but the revolution's first conquest remained, and has spread through much of the rest of the country. On average, people marry later than they used to, divorce more frequently, have fewer children, and spend less time and effort on them.
The spread of lower birth rates has not been uniform. In the cultural mainstream, it has been strongly correlated with intelligence and with education, with the more educated and more intelligent sectors of the population having fewer children. Those sectors have always been the quickest to discard obsolete traditions; the rest of the population has usually followed them, as it is doing in the present case. Today, birth rates above the level of self-renewal are almost exclusively found in groups of recent immigrants who have not yet lost their deep suspicion of the laws and customs of the rest of the country, and in groups of people who have managed to foster such a suspicion by an intolerant mindset, and often by living in geographical isolation in city ghettos or in the countryside. Thus people in the mainstream are faced today with the prospect of being outbred and overrun by the more narrowminded and intolerant parts of the population, or by immigrants from nations with high birth rates. Some of them have convinced themselves that this a good thing, calling the retreat of their own culture "multiculturalism" and the retreat of their own race "diversity", and encouraging both trends; but most have looked on in dismay, with a natural dislike of those trends, but without enough knowledge of their causes to feel confident trying to fix them.
Those trends have still, however, had a large effect on politics. If children were numerous, the anti-abortion movement's strong but vague slogans about "life" and "children" would seem meaningless, and would produce only confusion and annoyance; but today, people who look around themselves often see, in their own communities, too few children to maintain the population, and sympathize with such slogans, if not with the proposed remedy -- which, indeed, would be both crude and weak: the only people whom an abortion ban would try to force to have children would be people who did not want children but had been careless about contraception; and even those people would often evade the law. In contrast, the incentives that existed before Social Security were imposed by people's own needs in old age, which could not be evaded; they encouraged almost everyone to have children, and encouraged careful people more than careless ones, since children were more useful to parents when raised carefully.
Emotional language involving "lives" and "children" is also commonly used by the opposite end of the political spectrum; but instead of trying to make more people, the attempt has been to save people that already exist, usually by increasing safety in one way or another. There has been a shrinking-back, partly voluntary and partly enforced by laws, regulations, and bureaucratic and judicial decisions, from physical dangers of all sorts: from industrial dangers, thereby reducing industrial efficiency; from the dangers of technological exploration, thereby slowing technological progress; and even from the dangers of confronting other people in war or in individual self-defense, thereby reducing our independence as a nation and as individuals. But no improvements in safety could do much to alter the trends in the population. Those trends are primarily set by the birth rate; the number of early deaths is not large enough to make much of a difference.
Conservative onlookers in the 1960s often blamed the social troubles on young people who had been misraised by their parents. Those young people also usually disliked the way in which they had been raised, although they had different ideas about how they should have been raised, and placed the blame for their mistreatment not on their parents, whom they usually just thought were a bit dim, but on "society" or "the system". Though they did not make the connection, the Social Security system had indeed, in effect, been promising parents that they would never have to depend on their children; parents would have been superhuman if none of them had slacked off a bit. By now, the slacking-off has gone much further. As compared to the past, average parents today spend much less time with their children, often leaving them to watch television for many hours a day; they let their children get less exercise, eat a less healthy diet, and adopt more offensive manners. Parents more often quench their children's curiosities with harsh words, instead of indulging them with careful replies. Despite the advance in wealth and knowledge, schools have deteriorated; they spend less time teaching useful facts and skills, and teach them more poorly. Individual parents often buck these trends; but the battle is an uphill one, since there are fewer good examples for them and their children to imitate, and since shared services, such as schools and the entertainment industry, respond to what average parents demand, not to what individual parents demand.
The deterioration of schools extends into higher education. On average, subjects which are solidly grounded, such as the hard sciences, are taught in less comprehensible ways, and their emphasis has shifted away from useful fundamentals and toward esoteric trivia. Subjects in which the truth cannot be reliably determined have become even more error-riddled than before. Yet in higher education there is mostly a free market; its deterioration is thus mostly the reflection of a decrease in the demand for a useful education.
These days, children more often become rebellious than they used to; but rebellion, though it is sometimes better than remaining passive, is not a good substitute for being raised well. When children leave home or graduate from college these days, and suddenly have to earn money in a world that they do not really understand, they often have the biggest shock of their lives. Some of them never recover from that shock; they turn to drugs, and waste many years, or their whole lives. Their parents often blame the drugs; but people who know something worthwhile to do in life seldom ruin themselves with drugs.
Even people who successfully stand up to the shock never escape their upbringing. The consequences can be seen in many adults raised recently; there have been rises in dishonesty, in sexually transmitted disease, in boastfulness, in obesity, and in other bad habits. Poor education has also taken a lasting toll: on average, people understand less than people used to about the devices that surround them in their daily lives, about the sciences and industries that are necessary to civilization, and about the workings of human institutions. As members of juries, they often are unable to follow the arguments before them, and end up awarding damages to anyone who has suffered, regardless of whether or not his suffering was his own fault. As voters, they often demand government help, even where government help is much less efficient than they would be if they helped themselves. As businessmen, they more frequently try to get laws passed that hurt their competitors than they did in the past.
The deficiencies of higher education have also had lasting consequences. In technical professions, many people learn on the job the things that were incomprehensible to them in college, or were left out of their educations; but that learning, being later in life, is more a matter of memorization and less of understanding. But people who were taught incomprehensible or trivial truths still usually end up in closer touch with reality than do people who were taught lies and distortions, and who thus have to overcome their educations before they can function effectively in private life, or find government jobs where their errors mostly damage other people, not themselves.
The progress of most of these trends has not been steady; instead they have made many advances and retreats, each of which has been much faster than their average rate of progress. Still, that average can be seen by anyone who has a reliable way of comparing their present state to their state a few decades ago. Taken all together, the trends amount to a general human deterioration, which has often been noticed by people of a wide variety of political persuasions. The most honest of them have usually stated that they do not know its cause. Others have put the blame on a wide variety of things, most frequently on technological progress, which has been continuing amidst the deterioration. They have never successfully explained how technological progress would have caused a general human deterioration; but in a way, there is an explanation: technology, in increasing human power, has increased the number of mistakes that humans can make; and when humans can make mistakes, we often do. In the past, when communication and transportation was primitive, and when most people lived on the land, farming using crude tools, complicated and expensive government programs like Social Security would have been completely impractical. But our new powers do not force us to make mistakes; they just enable us to do so. Critics of technology often denounce the complicated, artificial society we have today; and indeed we have greatly diminished people's natural incentives to prepare for the future, and tried to fill their place using a complicated mix of government programs. But we did that intentionally; it was not an unintended side effect of technology.
People who do not blame technology for the deterioration often put the blame on the moral effects of government social programs, over and beyond the effects directly created by the incentives they produce; but moral effects are usually weaker than direct effects; and of Social Security, general deterioration is a direct effect. Furthermore, Social Security is the largest program of them all: the largest in dollar terms, and probably the most damaging per dollar, since most other social programs pay people directly to discourage them from working or to get them to do useless work, whereas Social Security discourages investments and encourages neglect of children. On average, many dollars of work are done for each dollar paid back to investors; and the support that a child gives to a parent during old age is usually an even smaller proportion of the effects that he has on the world.
Social Security's destructive influence is large enough even to explain what happened to the Germans. During the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, birth rates in the first world were falling, as improved medical care made it much more likely that a child would survive. In Germany, during those years, the birth rate under Social Security was higher than the birth rates of the surrounding nations, none of which had Social Security. But the birth rate is an easily measured quantity, and, in a country of orderly and obedient people, can easily be maintained by an authoritarian government. A government can also teach children the subjects that can be taught in schools; but it cannot teach them the things that fall under the general headings of common sense and common decency. Those things can only be taught by a teacher who knows the student's mind intimately, and can see through any deceptions he tries, as parents can, and few others can; a government not only cannot teach them, but has difficulty even measuring them. A few narrow standards of behavior can be imposed on children by government coercion, but only at the cost of unbalancing their minds. From whatever cause, Germans raised in those years ended up with unbalanced minds, strong in national feeling and lacking in other positive character traits.
After two and a half decades of Social Security, the first world war gave the world an unambiguous measurement of the state of the German character. Germany was on the side that started the war (and that started it for an unimportant reason), and bore the brunt of the fighting on that side; millions of German soldiers gave their lives. In fighting so long and hard for so little cause, they were unique. Soldiers of the Austro-Hungarian Empire were much less aggressive, and often had to be reinforced by Germans. The other side was largely fighting in self-defense, and thus had more to motivate it; but even so, Russian soldiers eventually gave up entirely, French soldiers became mutinous, Italian soldiers became lax, and even the British, who had the best justification for entering the war, had lost most of their spirit by its end.
After the war, Germans' national pride was somewhat subdued, but they did not become more sensible; those who abandoned nationalism often went straight to communism. Eventually Hitler managed to revive the old nationalist feeling as racism, by blaming the defeat and the subsequent economic troubles on Jewish machinations. Despite the silliness and viciousness of his ideology, its political power grew steadily in the period leading up to the second world war; young Germans were even more attracted to it than older Germans were. Hitler needed little force to become dictator and to maintain his power; Germans who detested his ideology were almost all awed into submission by its rapid rise, and tried to hope that somehow things would all work out well -- as, indeed, did many non-Germans. But their hopes were in vain; the movement had to be crushed by brute force, at a huge cost, and committed numerous atrocities, large and small, before expiring.
Although Social Security can reasonably be blamed for an immense amount of damage, the same argument that places the blame on Social Security also shows that it can be phased out slowly and gently without doing further damage. Depriving current retirees of their Social Security benefits would not give anybody any incentive to change to a more forward-looking way of life; it would just be a cruel way to save money. On the other hand, people who are currently at the beginning of their working lives would be given massive incentives if they were told that they would never receive Social Security benefits; the only suffering that would be caused would be the suffering inseparable from those incentives, which would fall mostly on people who had chosen to neglect them. In between those two extremes, there are people who have paid Social Security taxes for some portion of their lives, and expect -- both by the rules of the system, and by common fairness -- to be paid back in rough proportion to what they have paid in so far; doing that, and no more, would give them about as much incentive to prepare as they could reasonably bear.
Under its current rules, Social Security will soon start to run deficits. The low birth rate during the last few decades has increased the ratio of the number of retirees being supported to the number of workers supporting them; and that ratio will increase further during the next two decades. Phasing out Social Security would, in one way, add to workers' burdens: there would be a period of time in which they had to prepare for their own future retirement, and at the same time had to pay taxes to support existing retirees. But in other ways it would subtract from their burdens: government spending on attempts to halt social declines by brute force could be greatly reduced, and the remaining need for extra money would be temporary, and thus could be met by borrowing. The deficits of the current system, in contrast, are not bounded, and the low birth rate that has caused them is itself a natural consequence of the system, so trying to fill in those deficits by borrowing would likely drive the nation into bankruptcy.
In 1935, when Social Security was adopted, the nation was in the Great Depression, still feeling some of the effects of the first world war, and worrying that there might be another. The Communist regime was new then, and was filling the world with lies about how well it was taking care of its citizens. It was only natural that many of our ancestors, in such circumstances, were attracted by promises of government-provided security in old age. Shortly afterwards, the nation was plunged into the second world war, and shortly thereafter, into the Cold War. During those wars, to try to end a program that so many people depended on might have been too divisive, endangering the war effort and thus endangering the nation as a whole. Today, after long efforts, foreign domination is no longer a serious threat, the economy is in good condition, and the old Communist lies have been thoroughly unmasked; we thus have the first good opportunity to try to end Social Security.
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Project by Edita Aurelia Alvarado and María Honoria Perearnau
Project 1: Triangulation
The goal of the project is to intervene within a topography divided in two by a river. Within this context, the intervention performs a conceptual link between the two sides. To achieve that, the topography itself is the base for the “bridge.” It is rotated vertically. Both the original and the extracted topography are then triangulated. Two sides, connected diagonally are selected and are modified in order to respond to the terrain where it is applied.
Project 2: Ribs
The goal of the project, similarly to the “Triangulation”, is to work with topography of similar characteristics. Unlike the previous project, the “bridge” and the surface were treated with different techniques. To establish the connection, a fraction of the same surface was chosen, rotated 90 degrees, and worked with the ribs. To emphasize the concavity of the surface, the lower area of the longitudinal ribs were freed, leaving only the cross ribs in contact with the original surface.
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Forgiveness of the Self and Others
by Nirmala Raniga
Learning to forgive is a fact of human existence. In the New Testament, Jesus was betrayed by his friend and disciple, Judas Iscariot, for 30 pieces of silver. The Apostle Peter also denied Jesus following The Last Supper. Nevertheless, as Jesus was on the cross, He asked God to forgive those involved, saying “Father, forgive them, for they know not what they do.” (English Standard Version, Luke 23:34)
In our own lives, we often learn about the value of forgiving others when we start to explore ways to create and maintain healthy relationships and find greater peace of mind. Inherent in that concept is the need to forgive ourselves, to let go of our own past misdeeds, whether real or perceived, so that we can move forward in healthy ways.
When we are hurt or have hurt others, we have a tendency to relive those moments and those ways in which we may have been wronged or inflicted harm. As we do this, we become enmeshed in the past, a habit that does not allow us to be fully awake in the present. In this way, we miss the many beautiful opportunities to nurture and deepen our current relationships. Dwelling on past wrongs, whether we do so from the perspective of victim or perpetrator, can also drain us of our emotional, physical, and spiritual energy, which can take a toll on our physical and emotional wellbeing.
There is the oft-shared adage that holding onto anger is like drinking poison in the hopes that another person will die. In reality however, when we cling to past pain at the hands of another, or blame ourselves for something that we may have done, we are perpetuating pain in ourselves. We can understand this idea simply by feeling what is going on in our bodies. When we are angry or resentful, we feel that pain somewhere in the body. If we continue to harbour negative emotions, we can cause ourselves even greater problems. Addiction, physical disease, and psychological issues are all examples of how holding onto feelings that no longer serve us can manifest in the physical realm. Consequently, in order to cultivate greater inner peace, invite good health, and live to the fullest in each moment of our lives, we must make a conscious choice to let go of self-blame or any anger and resentment we might be feeling toward others.
As we choose to forgive, we must be patient with ourselves and recognize that letting go of past emotional pain can be a gradual process. It is also helpful to understand that people often lash out in response to past traumas. In this way, we do what we can to get our needs met in the moment. By realizing that each one of us has experienced deep suffering in some way, we can better understand one another and ourselves, and a clear path toward forgiveness and compassion can be paved.
Meditation can be a useful tool to assist us as we work to release painful emotions. By spending time in silence each day, we begin to connect with the peace of pure consciousness so we can begin to take this feeling back into our daily routines. From this place of calmness, we are better able to see those around us and ourselves through the lens of compassion and love.
Journaling is another activity that can benefit us. Writing about our feelings and experiences can help us release some of the emotional charge that painful memories contain, making it easier for us to let those memories go.
Dr. David Simon, who co-founded the Chopra Center for Wellbeing with Dr. Deepak Chopra, wrote a beautiful book, Free to Love, Free to Heal, which focuses on letting go of the past in order to return to wholeness. In his book, Dr. Simon notes how important it is to change our perspective in order to invite more love and happiness into our lives. “Healing from our past is an essential aspect of expanding our sense of self and awakening our capacity to love. This shift often manifests as a change in the questions we’ve been asking ourselves. Instead of What do I need? we ask, How can I serve? Instead of What am I getting out of this? we start to ask, What can I bring to this situation to promote the highest possible outcome for everyone involved?”
Our modern world is particularly fraught with violence, turmoil, and chaos. Seemingly everyday, acts of violence take place. Innocent lives are lost, and people suffer needlessly at the hands of others. As we consider these atrocities and wonder what we can do to help, we can look to Dr. Simon’s wisdom to guide us. Letting go of anger, relinquishing past hurts, and changing our outlook from one that is self-serving to one that recognizes the vulnerabilities of others and serves their needs will go a long way in bringing peace to our families, friends, neighbours, ourselves, and the world as a whole.
Click here to learn more about the Chopra Treatment Center’s addiction and wellness programs.
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A young man with HIV (latest CD4 count = 148 cells/cubic millimetre of blood) presented with diarrhoea of 2 weeks after traveling to Bangkok, Thailand for a holiday. There was no fever and no blood in the stool. A short course of oral antibiotics had not helped, and routine stool work-up – involving stool culture and stool microscopy for ova, cysts and parasites – was negative. However, modified acid-fast staining of his stool sample showed the following:
Question: What is the diagnosis and how should the diarrhoea be managed?
[Updated 13th June 2015]
There are two different organisms demonstrated by modified acid-fast staining of the stool. The smaller one is Cryptosporidium parvum, whereas the larger (9-10 microns) is Cyclospora cayetanensis (so named because it was first described at the Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia in Peru). The two organisms appear similar except for the size, and C. cayetanensis was at first thought to be a “large Cryptosporidium“ before it was established to be a different genus altogether. Both are single cell protozoa (i.e. parasites rather than bacteria or fungi or virus) that are present worldwide, and infect humans mainly via ingestion of contaminated water, although sexual transmission of Cryptosporidium is well documented but far rarer. Both can infect healthy individuals, but the key difference is that infections in such individuals tend to be self-limited, whereas infection in immunocompromised patients, such as those with AIDS, can be protracted.
Treatment of Cyclospora cayetanensis infection is with bactrim, whereas nitazoxanide can be used for the treatment of Cryptosporidium diarrhea, although it’s efficacy appears limited in those who are immunosuppressed. For patients with HIV, starting anti-retroviral therapy (ART or HAART) is key.
The other protozoa that can cause diarrhoea in immunosuppressed patients, and which can also be identified via modified acid-fast staining of stool, is Cystoisospora belli (it used to be known as Isospora belli).
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Stage 3 – A thinking mathematically context for practise focussed on building flexible additive strategies and reasoning
Syllabus outcomes and content descriptors from Mathematics K–10 Syllabus © NSW Education Standards Authority (NESA) for and on behalf of the Crown in right of the State of New South Wales, 2023
You will need:
2 coloured markers.
Watch the Mathematic-tac-toe video (4:49).
[White text over a navy-blue background: Mathematic-tac-toe (A mathematical kind of noughts and crosses). In the lower right-hand corner is a red waratah logo of the NSW Government. In small font in the lower left-hand corner is the text: NSW Mathematics Strategy Professional Learning team (NSWMS PL team).
New slide. Text: You will need…
· 2 different coloured markers
· Someone to play with (we love playing this game in teams of two when we can)
· A gameboard
To the right of the text is a picture of a sheet of paper with a hand drawn tic-tac-toe grid. The grid is made of two parallel vertical lines intersecting with two parallel horizontal lines to create 9 boxes.]
OK mathematicians. To play Mathematic-Tac-Toe, you'll need two different coloured markers, someone to play with. We love playing this game in teams of two when we can. So it's two versus two. And you'll need a game board. You can see what that looks like here.
[New slide. Text: Let’s play!]
Alright, let's play.
[A pile of A4 white paper on a table. Beside the paper are 4 coloured markers. Eddy has a black marker. He draws a tic-tac-toe grid on the top sheet of paper.]
I learnt from a teacher named Andrew Lorimer-Derham and he taught me this game that I think he actually may potentially have invented, but it's so delightfully simple that I have to imagine, it has been invented or reinvented many times over throughout time. It's called Mathematic-Tac-Toe, which is a really terrible dad joke, but I'll run with that. So it's just like regular Tic-Tac-Toe, noughts and crosses, with a few crucial differences. So the part that's the same is there's a board, and, you know, columns and rows and diagonals are also part of the goal. But unlike in regular noughts and crosses where we take turns and you put in noughts, I put in crosses, whatever, we're gonna place the digits one to nine. We can only use the digit one side and we can use them only once. So eventually we're gonna use all of them. And there's a goal for one player who's the attacker, and there's a different goal for the other player who's the defender. So I've never explained this game to you, Michelle, so we'll see how you go.
But therefore, I'll let you have the choice. Would you like to be an attacker or a defender?
I will be an attacker.
Alright, you'll be an attacker, totally fine, your goal Michelle is, using those digits one to nine, we'll take turns, you wanna form a total of 15 somewhere on a row or a column or a diagonal. That's your goal because you chose attacker, I'm the defender, so I'm gonna try and stop you. OK, and the traditional way this game is played is that the defender goes first. So I'm gonna place a number here like say seven.
[He writes the number 7 in the middle-left box.]
And remember, your goal is to create a row or column or a diagonal that adds to 15.
[Michelle uses a green marker to write the number 5 in the middle box.]
OK, fantastic. So you put a five there, what I noticed is, if for example, I left this blank...
[He points to the middle-right box.]
..and let you have that move in that spot. Seven plus five gives us 12. So if you had a three available and could put it there, done, game over. I would obviously like to stop you. So I could do a couple of different things, right? I could put some other number that's not three in this box, right, because then you can't put a three there or I could take the three, and I could put it somewhere else because you can only use it once. I'm just gonna go ahead and put a four here because I know it's not a win.
[Eddy places a four in the middle-right box. The entire middle row is now filled with numbers. From left, they are 7, 5 and 4.]
I'm already regretting putting the 5 there because now that idea of Iooking for pairs that combine to make ten, I know already that you're gonna chase me down...
..and not permit that to happen. And my only real chance is, might be around the rows not through the diagonal here.
Go ahead, put a number anywhere and we'll see how we go.
[Michelle writes an 8 in the top-right box. Eddy points to the bottom right box.]
OK, so I know I don't wanna let you have the three there…
[He points to the bottom left box.]
…and I also don't want you have the two here. This is starting to become tricky because I now have so many different directions. I've got to think in. I might regret this, but I'm gonna try to put the two there.
[He writes the number 2 in the bottom-right box. The right column is now filled in. From top, the numbers are 8, 4, and 2.]
That's what I would have done.
[Michelle points to the 5 and the 2 running on a diagonal line.]
Which gives me seven. And I can't get to 15 because I've used eight already.
But the game is still very not over. There's still a lot of options.
Maybe we could pause.
Yeah, here's a great spot. Yeah, that would be the next... yeah, absolutely.
What will be your next move so that I can beat Eddy?
If you're the attack or the defender, right?
[White text on blue: What are some ways you could make your brain really sweaty?]
You might be wondering, what are some ways you could make your brain really sweaty? Let's see a couple of ways we could adapt this game.
[Beside the existing gameboard, Eddy has drawn a second, empty grid. He writes 1 – 9 above the existing gameboard, and then -4 - 4 above the empty gameboard.]
There's no reason we have to limit ourselves from one to a nine. You know, there's no reason why we can't say limit them from negative four to four, that's still nine numbers.
[below the -4 – 4, Eddy writes 11 – 19.]
Or we could say, well, maybe we go from 11 to 19.
[Eddy writes and then circles the number 15 below where he was written 1 – 9.]
And people are then thinking, wait a second, if I play this game, what I'm trying to add up to is 15, which is partly to do with the idea of a magic square and why that adds up nicely. For a game like, say, 11 to 19, 15 is not a good number to add up toward. In fact, it's an impossible number. So what would be a better choice? And there's a whole level of mathematical thinking around, OK, well, how do I re-engineer and adapt this game? So it's delightful how easy it is to extend across a range of students who...
[White text on a blue background: Over to you, mathematicians!]
Alright mathematicians, over to you. Have a game of Mathematic-Tac-Toe.
[The NSW Government logo flashes on screen. Text below reads: Copyright, State of New South Wales (Department of Education), 2021.]
[End of transcript]
- Decide which player will be the 'attacker' and who will be the 'defender'.
- Players will take turns placing the numbers 1-9 into the grid. Each of these numbers can only be used once.
- The aim of the game is for the 'attacker' to get 3 numbers in a row to add to exactly 15. This can be horizontally, vertically or diagonally.
- However, the aim for the 'defender' is to stop the attacker from getting a total of 15.
- The 'defender' can win once all the numbers have been used and none of the rows, columns or diagonals add to exactly 15.
- Try playing this game with the numbers 11- 19.
What would you suggest to be Michelle's next move as the attacker?
Once you have played the game, what could you do differently next time to increase your chances of winning?
Share your work with your class on your digital platform. You may like to:
- share your discoveries
- write comments
- share pictures of your work
- comment on the work of others.
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How Technology is the Driving Force for the Transformation of the Agricultural Sector?
Adesh Chaurasia– Agricultural Transformation
We now live in a world where no niche of society is left untouched by the essence of technology. While it’s quite expected for almost all the functions of streams like science, education, etc. to be given a complete digital makeover, it may now not come as a surprise for primitive streams like agriculture to be influenced by mechanisms upheld by technology.
Firstly, I want to mention a relatively fresh and new concept introduced in the world of agriculture that now drives the whole industry in a completely different way as compared to how things went down in the past.
Digital agriculture, also known as precision agriculture, e-agriculture, or smart agriculture, is a relatively fresh and newly introduced field that uses technology to improvise the field of agriculture to maximize the output we get by investing in the available resources making optimum use of them.
Digital agriculture experienced considerable success after the introduction of the green revolution program in the late 1960s. With great positive changes being made by introducing the use of HYV seeds, modern farm implements, good quality pesticides, and insecticides to maximize the yield, modern and effective techniques were expected to get desired results.
Usage of drones to spray insecticides, weed detection machines, yield mapping systems, etc. were installed. These were all a part of the smart agriculture programs.
Then v/s now
There have been many shortcomings in the agricultural sector that have been continuing for ages. Well, the scenario still prevails, the shortcomings still haven’t ended, but the system is now stronger than ever to handle times of crisis.
Some of these shortcomings are listed below-:
Poor soil quality
Intense climatic conditions
Low irrigation facilities
It’s absolutely right to consider that the scenario is drastically transformed now. In the following part of this article, all the major technological transformations in the field of agriculture are intricately mentioned below-:
All things bright and positive
Tracking systems based on GPS mechanism
The GIS and GPS systems installed in the agricultural areas where crops are to be sown help in detecting all sorts of threats, soil contamination, pest attacks, dryness, lack of nutrients in the soil, etc. Beforehand, and that too on a vast level. This essentially helps to avoid any form of crop failures due to predictable obstructions that can be faced during any time between when the crops are sown till harvest. Such a tracking system also provides information about the best areas from where the maximum level of production can be extracted.
Online data integration and artificial intelligence
Carefully integrating data, related to the best utilization of resources like pesticides, irrigation facilities, high-yielding variety of seeds, etc. will definitely help in increasing the quantities of desired produce.
Many organizations are planning the use of robotic machinery in fields to be used for farm activities like sowing, harvesting, threshing, etc.
If such ideas widely capture the minds of future policymakers, it’s absolutely possible to see robotic harvesters working in farms rather than manual laborers in just a few more years from now.
Satellite and drone imagery
Making use of satellite images taken from above with the help of mini crafts and drones to get a better idea of the predicted weather conditions ahead will guide towards a guaranteed crop success by the end of the season.
Merely monitoring the crop during the growing season isn’t enough. It’s also the after-harvest care that matters. Neatly threshing the produce, drying it, cleaning it, storing it in clean and properly sanitized places is equally important.
Proper transportation and blockchain stabilization
The perishable nature of the product makes it very important to reach the market for sale on time. An efficient transportation system to deliver the product in good condition and also on time is crucial to be considered.
Stabilization of market rates of the product, insulation against the unhealthy market competition, provision against pest attacks, etc. is highly important.
We must not fail to appreciate the efforts of our highly vigilant government authorities who rightly understand the plight and challenges of farmers and agricultural workers. The governmental bodies leave no stone unturned to present a helping hand to the hardworking farmers of our country to overcome any sort of major or minor challenges that obstruct the way to a good yield. Various farmer support programs and policies have been successfully introduced to guide farmers towards a path to give rise to a healthy yield.
Also Read:- Application of IOT in enhancing the healthcare system-The new age transformation
Technological developments have rightly taken over the oldest and one of the major income-generating sectors of the Indian economy. Undoubtedly, the future of this primary source of livelihood for a majority of countrymen is absolutely safe and secure under the flourishing shade of technology and science that is expected to bring advancements to the sector.
Author- Adesh Chaurasia
He is an active learner, author and speaker when it comes to the subject of national development through scientific and relational ways. He presents his knowledge about his line of work in such a simple yet engrossing manner that it reaches out to the people so as to enhance their knowledge and put it to good use.
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Big datasets pinpoint new regions to explore the genome for disease
Imagine rain falling on a square of sidewalk. While the raindrops appear to land randomly, over time a patch of sidewalk somehow remains dry. The emerging pattern suggests something special about this region. This analogy is akin to a new method devised by researchers at University of Utah Health. They explored more than 100,000 healthy humans to identify regions of our genes that are intolerant to change. They believe that DNA mutations in these “constrained” regions may cause severe pediatric diseases.
“Instead of focusing on where DNA changes are, we looked for parts of genes where DNA changes are not,” said Aaron Quinlan, Ph.D., associate professor of Human Genetics and Biomedical Informatics at U of U Health and associate director of the USTAR Center for Genetic Discovery. “Our model searches for exceptions to the rule of dense genetic variation in this massive dataset to reveal constrained regions of genes that are devoid of variation. We believe these regions may be lethal or cause extreme phenotypes of disease when mutated.”
While this approach is conceptually simple, only recently has there been enough human genomes available to make it happen. These new, invariable stretches may reveal new disease-causing genes and can be used to help pinpoint the cause of disease in patients with developmental disorders. The results of this study are available online in the December 10 issue of the journal Nature Genetics.
According to Quinlan, genes that have not previously been associated with disease often harbor one or more highly constrained regions. A mutation in these regions could cause disease.
“We are confident that these genes play a role in development of disease, but we currently know little about their role,” said Quinlan, senior author on the paper. “That’s where the exciting potential for discovery is.”
Many of the most constrained regions are enriched for genes associated with developmental disorders, including developmental delay, seizure disorders and congenital heart defects. This information gives the team confidence that the method is revealing truly constrained regions of genes.
His team created a detailed map of these constrained regions using more than 120,000 genomes obtained from the Genome Aggregation Database (gnomAD), a project that provides a massive catalog of human genetic variation detected in exome and genome sequencing data from a variety of large-scale sequencing projects.
The maps reveal both disease-causing variations and de novo mutations that underlie developmental disorders. This approach opens the door to identify new coding regions to study disease.
“A gene as a whole might be able to tolerate variation, but variation in one critical section [of the constrained region] could have serious developmental consequences,” said James Havrilla, first author on the paper and graduate student in Quinlan’s lab.
Quinlan cautions that the model is only powered to find extreme phenotypes, like developmental disorders responsible for intellectual disabilities, seizure disorders, facial dysmorphism and issues with heart development. The model is not adequate to identify regions of genes for common diseases, such as diabetes or coronary artery disease. In addition, the study is based primarily on individuals with European ancestry.
Source: Read Full Article
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Ferns and shade
Ferns and shade just go together like peace and quiet. Just as when you see snowy mountain tops you think of wind and fresh air, when you see ferns, you think of calm and inner peace. Ferns are graceful plants that give off a refreshing greenness.
Only spread a fern-frond over a man’s head and worldly cares are cast out, and freedom and beauty and peace come in.
On the practical side, ferns are low care plants that can thrive in the shade, where most plants don’t do as well.
With thousands and thousands of species, ferns can be found almost anywhere in the world. In cooler to colder climates, you find hardy ferns that typically grow to a height of a few inches to a few feet. In warmer climates, semi-tropical and tropical tree ferns can grow to over 50 feet.
Some ferns resist direct sun better than others, but most varieties do best with no direct sunlight. Ferns like cool, moist, well-drained soils. Most species will not make it in soils that remain soggy or that dry out. Watering may be necessary in locations where the soil is likely to become dry.
Below are a few kinds of ferns that you may want to look into.
This kind actually includes many species, some of which are well suited for colder climates, while others are only found in the tropics. The Adiantum aleuticum species, for instance, can be found in western North America from Alaska to Mexico. The Adiantum aleuticum ‘Subpumilum’ is a cultivar that was developed especially for garden use. The Adiantum capillus-veneris is native to the southern half of the North America, where it can be found from coast to coast. It is also a native of different locations around the globe, from Europe to Asia.
Sometimes referred to as lady ferns, this species actually includes a large number of different ferns. Lady ferns can be found almost everywhere around the globe. They prefer moist, fertile soils and most kinds do well in sunny to partly shaded areas. So called “Japanese cultivars,” such as the Athyrium nipponicum dictum, for instance, are quite handsome and easy to grow. Athyrium filix-femina is a native of the Northern Hemisphere that does well in damp, shady locations.
Dryopteris ferns include a few hundred species found in the Northern Hemisphere. They are often referred to as male ferns or wood ferns. Some cultivars do well in the sun, while others are more suited to shady locations. Be aware that too much sun may be fatal to shade loving ferns. The Dryopteris spinulosa carthusiana cultivar is better suited to sunny locations, while the Dryopteris X complexa ‘Robust’ is more sensitive to the sun’s harsh rays. Note that moist locations help ferns combat dehydration.
Contrary to other ferns, this fern has only a single species, the Matteuccia struthiopteris, better known as the ostrich or fiddlehead fern. These ferns are well suited for part shade to full shade areas with moist soils. They grow well in wet areas, near streams or ponds. They do not do well, on the other hand, in locations that have long, hot growing seasons. Be aware that they may not look their best all season long even in locations where they typically grow well. Their fronds can be fragile and sensitive to the elements.
This fern, commonly called the beech fern, is on the small side (fronds can reach between a few inches to about 18 inches). It grows well in part shade and full shade areas. They can form a handsome green carpet under a large tree, where they typically grow well.
These ferns have a distinctive look. The Onoclea sensibilis, or sensitive fern, was so named because it is very sensitive to frost. It is a perennial plant, so even though its fronds die off early in the fall, it grows back again next spring.
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Turning of the Season Callopsy Roll
These rolls are similar to sushi though the meat is from the Callopsy Bird.
SIGNIFICANCEThe Callopsy roll and the preparation is the acknowledgement of the young Thormalkians progression through the seasons like that of the grain they grow.
The celebration of the turning of the season is an all day thing. The morning and afternoon is spent preparing the feast. The feast is followed by an evening of crafting. The bioluminescence of the feathers adding enough light that they can be worked until Gautama is at zenith.
Components and tools
For the preparation of the feast and Callopsy rolls what is needed is as follows: large pots of hot water to ease the removal of the skin, sharp knives for the butchering of the birds (removal of meat from bone and slicing), cutting boards, rock lined firepits, and grain-stalk mats. Food stuffs required for the rolls specifically are: Quinoa, fresh callopsy birds, and seaweed. The spices vary from settlement to settlement with each having their own version and recipes.
PREPARATION:Grill the sliced callopsy meat while the quinoa is cooking. When the quinoa is ready, move into large bowls and season. Place the seaweed on the mats, cover with a thin layer of quinoa, and strips of grilled callopsy down the center, and roll shifting the mat out of the way as you go. Press the roll tightly so it doesn't fall apart while slicing into bite size pieces.
All members of Thormalkian society above the age of six take part. Six to ten-year-olds are tasked with the removal of the feathers of the callopsy birds, separating them into piles by size. Eleven to sixteen hunt the birds looking for the largest, plumpest, and most beautifully plumaged. Everyone seventeen and older prepare the feast.
This is the yearly observance of the turning of the season from summer to harvest.
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Invariably the failure of seed crops and subsequent starvation is the single biggest source of mortality for squirrels, but they do also fall prey to a range of avian and mammalian predators in the UK and throughout much of Europe. (It should be noted that most records of squirrel in the diet of a predator come from stomach or faecal analysis, which means we cannot know whether the squirrel was caught and killed by the predator in question, or whether a dead animal was simply scavenged.)
Squirrel remains have been found in the pellets of several bird of prey species, including long-eared owls (Asio otis), tawny owls (Strix aluco) and in Europe, eagle owls (Bubo bubo) and Ural owls (Strix uralensis). Remains have also been recorded from the diet of red (Milvus milvus) and black kites (M. migrans), peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus) and sparrowhawks (Accipiter nisus). During his studies on the natural history of buzzards (Buteo buteo) in the New Forest, starting in 1962 running until his untimely death in the autumn of 1997, Colin Tubbs observed grey squirrels being taken as prey, particularly during years when small rodents (i.e. rats, mice and voles) were scarce.
In recent years, there has been a growing body of evidence that buzzards are also taking Red squirrels on the Isle of Wight and concerns have been raised by islanders that this might send the squirrel population into decline. There is currently no indication that buzzards are a significant predator of squirrels on the island, or that the island's squirrel population is declining. Reds do, nonetheless, appear to recognise buzzards as predators. In February 2011, wildlife photographer and amateur naturalist Roger Powely was watching a squirrel feed on a tree stump at Alverstone on the Island. Mr Powley told me:
“All of a sudden a buzzard started calling up above the trees. The squirrel immediately froze and didn't move again until the calling had stopped.”
More recently, an escaped red-tailed hawk (Buteo jamaicensis) was photographed feeding on a Red squirrel on the Isle of Wight. An article in the island’s County Press newspaper in November 2017, reported that the raptor “has been blamed for a sharp decline in red squirrels in countryside between Ryde and Seaview” after local residents reported fewer squirrels visiting their gardens immediately after the hawk escaped.
In terms of raptors, it is generally accepted that the northern goshawk (A. gentilis) is probably the most significant. In The Eurasian Red Squirrel, Bosch and Lurz refer to a comprehensive study of bird diet that recorded a total of 268 Red squirrel remains, 235 (88%) of which were taken by goshawks. Several authors have noted how goshawks tend to predate squirrels more often during the winter months, presumably when they’re easier to spot among the bare branches and other prey may be scarce. A study of the diet of goshawks in a boreal forest in central Sweden between 1977 and 1981 by Per Widén found that squirrel dominated prey remains, both in terms of number and weight, during the winter. In a paper to the journal Holarctic Ecology published in 1987, Widén noted:
“The most striking dietary difference between breeding season and winter was in the proportion of squirrel. In winter, it amounted to 79% of the prey animals taken, in spring and summer only to 14%.”
More recently, Steve Petty, Peter Lurz and Steve Rushton investigated the potential impact of goshawks on Red squirrels in Kielder Forest, Northumberland. They collected prey remains from active goshawk nests in the study area between 1973 and 1996 and estimated the squirrel population. When goshawk numbers were low, between 1973 and 1979, no squirrel remains were found in the diet. Between 1980 and 1996, the remains of 97 Red squirrels were identified, accounting for just under 2% of the goshawks’ diet. Curiously, they found that more squirrels were taken during the breeding season (March to August) than at other times of the year and, consequently, that the number taken during the winter was comparatively low. On average, they estimated that each goshawk in the study area took about four squirrels per breeding season. When they used this estimate in their model, the suggestion was that about 79 squirrels were killed by goshawks in Kielder each year, although the authors acknowledge that the proportion of squirrel biomass in the diet varied to such an extent from year to year, depending which year’s estimate you used the number of squirrels taken ranged from eight to 261 per year.
In order suppress the growth of the Red squirrel population in Kielder, Petty and his colleagues considered that the goshawks would need to take at least half the population each year. Even based on the lowest population estimate they arrived at, this would require taking just over 1,700 squirrels per year and even the most extreme estimate of predation doesn’t come close to this. In their 2003 paper to the journal Biological Conservation, the biologists concluded:
“This conclusion is in broad agreement with other studies indicating that food availability (conifer seed) is the main factor limiting numbers of tree squirrels, not predation.”
In a study of goshawk prey remains collected during the breeding season (March-September) from an area of mixed forest, farmland and moorland in Wales between 1991 and 1993, Paul Toyne found that Grey squirrels accounted for just under 8% of the prey items. Toyne also found that Grey squirrels were more common in the diet of goshawks nesting in small forests than large ones in his study area. More recently, observations of goshawks around nests in Devon and Derbyshire revealed 68% and 95%, respectively, of the prey they were taking were Greys, while 90% of the diet of a pair nesting in the Midlands during 2014 was Grey squirrel. In Finland, a team of biologists at the University of Turku led by Vesa Selonen found that goshawks were the main cause of mortality in radio-tracked squirrels and made up 1-2% of the diet of Ural owls during the summer. In a paper to Annales Zoologici Fennici during 2016, Selonen and her colleagues presented data suggesting that the presence of nesting goshawks and Ural owls significantly reduced Red squirrel activity around feeding sites during the winter.
Birds of prey aren’t the only avian predators of squirrels. In her Red Squirrels on the Isle of Wight booklet, Helen Butler writes of a magpie (Pica pica) puncturing the chest of a Red squirrel with its beak, and a crow (Corvus corone) breaking the neck of another.
The list of mammalian predators that will take squirrels if the opportunity arises is considerable and includes red foxes (Vulpes vulpes), domestic cats (Felis catus), wild cats (Felis sylvestris), domestic dogs (Canis familiaris), badgers (Meles meles), polecats (Mustela putorius), weasels (M. nivalis) and mink (M. vison). Stoats will also predate squirrels and Sarah Hibbett filmed just such a chase, apparently ending in the stoat going hungry, in a forest in Sandringham, Norfolk during late December 2016.
The pine marten connection
In Europe, the pine marten (Martes martes) is probably the squirrel’s most significant mammalian predator. Pine martens are at home in the treetops and will actively chase squirrels through the canopy. As with goshawks, however, there is considerable variation in the reported prevalence of squirrel in the diet of martens and they most often feature on the menu during the winter.
Dietary analysis of martens in Scotland suggests they do not prey on Red squirrels here, and William Paterson and Gavin Skipper failed to find any evidence of squirrels in the diet of martens at four sites in the Loch Lomond and The Trossachs National Park in Scotland. By contrast, a study by Erkii Pulliainen and Paivi Ollinmaki found that in some winters Red squirrels made up 11.5% of the diet of the pine martens in a boreal forest in Finland. Similar studies in Sweden have suggested that pine martens there may switch to squirrels when vole numbers run low.
A study of pine marten diet in Ireland led by Emma Sheehy at the National University of Ireland in Galway and published in the European Journal of Wildlife Research during 2014 provided anecdotal evidence that pine martens may preferentially predate Grey squirrels over Reds, but confirmation is required. Some biologists suggest any apparent relationship may simply reflect the Red squirrel’s ability to venture onto thinner branches than Greys and therefore evade martens more effectively. In a paper to the journal Biological Conservation in the same year, Emma Sheehy and Colin Lawton presented data on the relationship between Grey, Red and marten populations in the midlands of Ireland. Their data suggest that the Grey population had collapsed by 2012, and the abundance of Red squirrels and pine martens had increased in the same timeframe. Furthermore, Sheehy and Lawton note that:
“At landscape level, pine marten and red squirrel abundance were positively correlated, whereas a strong negative correlation between pine marten and grey squirrel presence at woodland level was found to exist.”
So, although more work is required on this, these data seem to suggest that pine martens may have a role to play in the reduction of the Grey squirrel population and the resurgence of the Red in Britain.
In North America, snakes, raccoons (Procyon lotor), red foxes, grey foxes (Urocyon cinereoargenteus), bobcats (Lynx rufus) and coyotes (Canis latrans) will take Grey squirrels.
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The polarised debate between anti- and pro-trophy hunting advocates is almost invariably incendiary and centred around far-reaching claims and emotional responses, from whether or not recreational hunting benefits specific species to its impact on local economies. The debate is seldom informed by available research, at least in the public sphere. Now a new study analyses half a century’s worth of scientific literature on recreational hunting. It concludes that little is directed at answering the most critical questions in the hunting debate despite the extensive existing research.
The authors of the new study set about analysing over 1000 peer-reviewed papers focused primarily on the recreational and trophy-hunting of large mammals between 1953 and 2020. The majority of historical research had been conducted in North America, Europe, and Africa. [Editorial note: the research includes trophy hunting as a category of recreational hunting]. The study identifies seven dominant topics commonly discussed in recreational hunting literature, including:
- Ecological, evolutionary, and population consequences of selective harvesting;
- Population dynamics in response to hunting, including assessments of survival rates, reproductive rates, and population trends;
- Hunting as a source of and management tool for invasive alien or conflict species;
- Health and toxicological dimensions of hunting;
- Social dimensions of hunting, including hunter attitudes, identities, and preferences;
- Economic, social, cultural, political, and ethical dimensions of hunting
The authors show that there is a significant bias towards mammal species over birds in previous research, and eleven of the twelve most commonly studied species are large mammals. In an African context, the lion was the fifth most popular subject of such research, while the leopard claimed the eighth spot.
The impact on species populations in Africa
For around a third of the species studied, the conclusions on the impact of trophy hunting on the population numbers of specific species were highly variable. This was likely due to the diversity of studied locations and times. Trophy hunting was linked to population declines of lions in certain regions (such as Zambia, before the trophy hunting ban) and shown not to have caused population declines in others (in Mozambique’s Niassa, for example). The same disparities applied to leopards and elephants.
However, there was no evidence of any negative impacts of recreational hunting on population abundance for the remaining species. The authors warn that due to the limited amount of available research and the fact that so many studies returned inconclusive results, this should not be interpreted as evidence of sustainability. According to the authors, while many studies focussed on the impact of hunting on the ecology and evolution of target species, fewer assessed the effects on animal population numbers.
The impact on ecosystems, local economies, and livelihoods
One of the most common arguments in support of recreational hunting is that it protects wild ecosystems over alternative, less eco-friendly land uses such as agriculture or mining. In addition, the revenue can theoretically aid conservation initiatives, support human livelihoods, and be fed back into local communities. This is a matter of considerable debate.
Historical research seems to indicate that in much of Southern Africa, in particular, the loss of recreational hunting would negatively affect both conservation initiatives and local livelihoods. However, hunting operations in West and Central Africa have been less successful in this regard, and the cost of establishing, maintaining, and protecting hunting areas seems to be prohibitively high.
Notably, the authors emphasise that even though these are some of the most pressing academic and societal questions, there is surprisingly little research or evidence to inform the argument either way. While there is a considerable body of research quantifying the revenue drawn from hunting, few studies followed through by documenting the benefits (or lack thereof) to conservation and local communities.
For the future
The new study provides important insight into how previous research on the impact of recreational hunting has been conducted and directed. Naturally, given that it was drawn from over 1,000 different studies conducted across the globe, the conclusions are extensive. However, the essence of the study boils down to the fact that we urgently need further research to understand the effects of hunting and address the unknowns that define the current debate.
To this end, the authors put forward several suggestions for future research, including:
- Assessments of the impact on species’ populations in diverse contexts;
- The interactions between recreational hunting and other anthropogenic threats such as habitat loss;
- Investigation of the impact on less charismatic species, including non-targeted species (for example, the effects of hunting large carnivores on prey dynamics);
- Empirical evidence on whether or not hunting increases the quantity and quality of ecosystem conservation;
- Investigating the links between hunting revenue and conservation initiatives/support of local communities;
- Assessment of the moral complexity of recreational hunting and its impact/benefits for people living alongside wildlife. In particular, whether hunting creates sufficient benefits to incentivise conservation in local communities.
A dearth of empirical evidence will only perpetuate the circular arguments prevalent in public discussions on recreational hunting. The urgent need for focussed research to address the current unknowns is patently clear, especially in the face of increasing opposition to the practice on ethical grounds. Whatever the future holds for recreational hunting, it needs to be based on a solid understanding of the ‘influence of local social-ecological dynamics on hunting outcomes, and the voices of the people co-existing with wildlife’.
The complete study can be accessed here: “Consequences of recreational hunting for biodiversity conservation and livelihoods”, Di Minin, E., et al., (2021) One Earth
An authors’ summary was published in The Conversation.
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Heinrich II "der Friedfertige" von Braunschweig-Lüneburg (Welf), Herzog, Fürst zu Wolfenbüttel
|Birthplace:||Lüneburg, Braunschweig-Lüneburg, Deutschland(HRR)|
Son of Heinrich I, Fürst von Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel und Lüneburg and Margarete von Hessen, Herzogin zu Braunschweig-Lüneburg, Fürstin zu Wolfenbüttel
|Occupation:||Herzog von Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel|
|Managed by:||Dag Henrik Gösta Lundqvist|
About Heinrich II, Herzog von Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel
- The Peerage
- Duke of Brunswick and Lunenburg, Prince of Lunenburg joint reign with his elder half-brother William the Victorious Reign 1416–1428
- Duke of Brunswick and Lunenburg, Prince of Wolfenbüttel Until 1432 joint reign with his elder half-brother William the Victorious Reign 1428–1473
Henry was the son of Henry the Mild, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg. On their father's death in 1416, Henry and his brother William inherited the Principality of Lüneburg, while under the guardianship of the City Council of Lüneburg. When the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg was reorganized in 1428, Henry and his brother swapped Lüneburg for the Principality of Brunswick, including Calenberg.
After Henry became of age, he tried to separate his and his brother's government. In 1432, he occupied Wolfenbüttel castle, and the brothers agreed to divide the territory: Henry received Brunswick and William received Calenberg, Everstein, and Homburg.
Henry died without sons in 1473; his territory was inherited by his bother William.
Heinrich II, Herzog von Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel's Timeline
Lüneburg, Braunschweig-Lüneburg, Deutschland(HRR)
February 12, 1435
Braunschweig, Niedersachsen, Germany
December 7, 1473
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Team finds new source of green electricity
University of Minnesota engineers say they've discovered a completely new way of generating electricity.
They've discovered a new alloy material that converts heat directly into electricity, and which could be used to generate environmentally friendly electricity from waste heat sources.
It could, for example, be used to capture waste heat from a car's exhaust to help charge the battery in a hybrid car. Other possible uses include capturing rejected heat from industrial and power plants or exploiting temperature differences in the ocean to generate electricity.
"This research is very promising because it presents an entirely new method for energy conversion that's never been done before," says aerospace engineering and mechanics professor Richard James.
"It's also the ultimate 'green' way to create electricity because it uses waste heat to create electricity with no carbon dioxide."
To create the material, the research team combined elements at the atomic level to create a new multiferroic alloy, Ni45Co5Mn40Sn10, with unusual elastic, magnetic and electric properties.
Ni45Co5Mn40Sn10 undergoes a highly reversible phase transformation where one solid turns into another solid, and during this it shows changes in its magnetic properties that are exploited in the energy conversion device.
The material begins as a non-magnetic material, then suddenly becomes strongly magnetic when the temperature is raised a small amount. When this happens, the material absorbs heat and spontaneously produces electricity in a surrounding coil.
"This research crosses all boundaries of science and engineering," says James. "It includes engineering, physics, materials, chemistry, mathematics and more."
The team is now working to create a thin film of the material that could be used, for example, to convert some of the waste heat from computers into electricity.
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Thanks to a two-year grant from the Getty Foundation as part of the Getty’s ongoing Panel Paintings Initiative, the Museo Nacional del Prado is now conserving a magnificent series of six panel paintings completed in 1626 by artist Peter Paul Rubens, known as the Triumph of the Eucharist—one of the most important commissions of Rubens’s lifetime.
The work is being undertaken as part of an international effort to train conservation specialists to ensure that important works of art on panels survive for future generations. A previous collaboration with the Prado under the Panel Paintings Initiative resulted in the conservation of Adam and Eve by Albrecht Dürer, and that effort bore some beautiful fruit, so to speak.
In this case, Rubens used his Triumph of the Eucharist paintings to sketch out the composition of wall hangings for a convent, the Clares de Descalzas Reales, a favorite of Infanta Isabella Clara Eugenia, ruler of the Southern Netherlands and a deeply religious member of the Spanish royal family. Though intended as plans for larger tapestries, Rubens’s sketches are exquisite in their own right and offer a fascinating glimpse into his artistic process, as well as a beautiful record of his impressive brushwork.
As gorgeous as the paintings are, the reverse of Rubens’s masterpieces also tell an interesting story about their history.
Six of Rubens’s paintings from the larger series have been preserved at the Prado Museum, but all now show structural damage due to previous well-intentioned interventions. At an unknown point in their history, the panels were thinned and restraints were applied to flatten them out, a common past practice.
These interventions have caused cracks, deformations, and uneven surfaces in the wood, which now threaten the beautiful painted surfaces. To address the damage, the panels require some very specialized and skilled conservation.
Though advances have been made in panel paintings conservation in recent years, only a handful of individuals worldwide have fully mastered the skills required to become seasoned conservation experts, and it’s expected that nearly all of these experts will retire within the next decade.
It’s an even more important issue when you consider that the tradition of painting on wood panels was widespread in Europe from the late 12th through the 17th centuries, and panel paintings rank among the most significant works in American, European, and Russian museum collections and in religious buildings.
The good news is that the Getty’s Panel Paintings Initiative is acting to ensure that the next generation of conservators is prepared to step into the void left by those retiring. The initiative is a six-year effort to train and mentor the next generation of panel paintings conservators.
Understanding the pressing need for skilled conservators, the Prado will use the restoration of Rubens’s important panel paintings as a major opportunity for training a number of conservators at different levels.
The more seasoned conservators will gain experience on the challenging parts of the treatments as it progresses, while the more junior conservators will learn the basic techniques to treat splits, cracks, and other structural problems. All of the trainees will benefit from observing the complex decision-making process involving conservators, curators, and conservation scientists. The project will be led by Prado conservator José de la Fuente, who, it’s interesting to note, also received expert training at the start of the Getty’s Panel Paintings Initiative. Conservator George Bisacca from The Metropolitan Museum of Art will provide his expertise as well, consulting on the project.
As with any highly specialized field, it’s crucial that experts in the conservation of panel paintings have the opportunity to pass on their acquired knowledge to others in order to ensure the long-term care of these truly exceptional works of art. Visitors, scholars, and Rubens enthusiasts alike also will benefit once the Triumph of the Eucharist series is newly conserved and on view at the Prado for all to see. Now that’s some beautiful fruit.
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The ear has the remarkable ability to handle an enormous range of sound levels. In order to express levels of sound meaningfully in numbers that are more manageable, a logarithmic scale is used, rather than a linear one. This scale is the decibel scale. Zero decibels (0 dB) is the quietest sound audible to a healthy human ear. From there, every increase of 3 dB represents a doubling of sound intensity, or acoustic power.
Sound pressure converted to the decibel scale is called sound pressure level (Lp).
The decibel scale is a logarithmic scale used to make quantities with a wide range of values more manageable. The range of acoustic pressures that the human ear can detect is very wide - from the lower limit of hearing at around 20 micro Pa (2 x 10-5 Pa) to the threshold of pain at around 20 Pa.
Converting pressure to decibels creates a more manageable measuring and comparison yardstick. Converting the very wide range of values into a logarithmic scale changes the range of values to the more manageable range of 0 dB to 140 dB where 0 dB is roughly the lowest level a normal person can hear.
As you can see from the diagram decibels is a log function of pressure. Which means small increases in decibels map to larger and larger increases in pressure. The human ear is designed to hear very soft sounds with very little pressure to be able to cope with very high pressure noise. The spread of pressure in micropascals ranges from 20 Mpa to 100 million Mpa.
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Student Organizer #1: Investigating the Pythagorean Theorem and Triples.
The Proof of the Century!
Print this page and use the following URLs to help answer the questions below:
Information Concerning the Pythagorean Theorem:
Pythagorean Theorem Site
United States Naval Academy Mathematics Department
Information Concerning Pythagorean Triples:
Picturing Pythagorean Triples /a>
1. Who was Pythagoras? Summarize what you have discovered about his life and work.
2. What is the statement of the Pythagorean theorem?
3. Is the Pythagorean theorem true for all triangles? What is unique about a right triangle?
4. What are Pythagorean triples?
5. Make a list of three Pythagorean triples.
© 2011 Educational Broadcasting Corporation. All Rights Reserved.
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A general dentistry visit is important for your dental health. Daily oral care helps keep your mouth in top shape in between checkups. Regular visits to your dentist can optimize your dental health even more. If you want to know how many times you should go to your general dentistry clinic, here are the details.Some…
A General Dentist Answers FAQs About Fluoride Treatments
Fluoride treatments are a method of cleaning teeth that your general dentist can provide. It is a naturally occurring mineral found in water and food that can go a long way toward protecting your teeth. It is vital to keep the tooth enamel healthy and fight off bacteria that can harm your teeth and gums and has been an essential oral health treatment for decades.
Fluoride is beneficial if you are at a high risk of developing cavities. Cavities, also known as dental caries, are caused by acid-producing bacteria that accumulate around the teeth and gums in the form of a sticky, clear film known as plaque. Plaque is more likely to develop if you have poor oral hygiene and do not visit the dentist often enough. If the plaque breaks down the tooth enamel, bacteria can infect the nerves and blood that make up the pulp, or core, of the tooth.
Let's take a closer look at some of the most commonly asked questions about this treatment and how it impacts oral health.
Can adults benefit from fluoride?
Yes. Experts believed that the primary function of fluoride was to strengthen the teeth while they are in the developing stages – thus making its use most effective in children – but new research has found that people of all ages can benefit from the use of fluoride. Topical fluoride is found in mouthwash, toothpaste, and fluoride treatments. In short, adults should also get these treatments to help protect their teeth.
What happens during a professional fluoride treatment?
You may be surprised at just how simple it is to get treatment at your dentist's office. A general dentist can provide fluoride treatments in a rinse, foam, gel, or varnish that is highly concentrated. The treatment is applied using a swab, tray, mouthwash, or brush. Professional fluoride treatments contain much more fluoride than what is found in water or over-the-counter toothpaste and mouthwash. Fluoride treatments only take a few minutes to apply. Your general dentist may recommend that you wait to eat or drink anything until at least half an hour after the fluoride treatment so the fluoride can be fully absorbed. It is also essential to discuss your full medical and dental history with your dentist so that they can give you the right type of fluoride treatment.
What conditions can fluoride help treat?
Flouride can certainly help treat and present a variety of dental issues. People with certain conditions or dental appliances may be especially vulnerable to tooth decay. If you have a dry mouth or xerostomia, you are more likely to have tooth decay due to insufficient saliva. Saliva is essential in washing away food particles and neutralizing acids.
Suppose you have a history of frequent cavities (i.e., you get a new cavity or multiple cavities each year or every other year). In that case, fluoride application will help treat existing cavities and prevent new cavities from forming.
If you have dental crowns, bridges, or braces, you are more susceptible to tooth decay, especially in areas where your crown meets the underlying tooth structure or around the brackets of your braces.
If you have gum disease, your tooth roots are exposed to bacteria, increasing your risk of tooth decay. Fluoride application treatments reduce the risk of tooth decay.
A simple treatment can help prevent the mentioned conditions and keep your teeth healthy and strong for longer.
Is fluoride toothpaste enough?
The short answer is no, fluoride toothpaste is simply not enough when it comes to protecting your teeth. Experts agree that additional fluoride treatments are beneficial in ensuring that the teeth are properly protected. However, you should seek out toothpaste that has this mineral in it.
Why do people still get cavities even if they use fluoride treatments?
While fluoride is effective, fluoride alone won't prevent all cavities from forming. Even with treatments, it's still important to follow good oral hygiene habits such as brushing, flossing, and using mouth wash. All of these things together are what help prevent cavities.
Fluoride treatments at the dentist
Fluoride is naturally found in water and food. Still, it can also be added to toothpaste and mouthwash or applied by a general dentist in a concentrated rinse, foam, gel, or varnish applied with a swab, tray, mouthwash, or brush. Speak with your dentist to learn more about your options and how fluoride can b used to protect your smile.
Check out what others are saying about our services on Yelp: Read our Yelp reviews.
Your dental practice might have already told you that sugar is horrible for both teeth and gums. That includes candy, cookies, cake, and pies but also sweet sodas. The average person in the U.S. drinks almost 40 gallons of soda a year. That alone keeps a dental practice busy. With that level of consumption, it…
Dental crowns are one of the most commonly used restorations in general dentistry. These restorations provide restorative and cosmetic benefits to the tooth being covered with them. Some of the benefits of covering up a tooth with a dental crown include:The crown helps to keep what is left on the tooth intact, preventing it from…
General dentistry involves preventative, restorative, and cosmetic dental treatments like teeth whitening. Teeth are constantly bombarded by substances that cause stains and discoloration, affecting the way that they look.The most common type of teeth whitening treatment performed by dentists involves using bleaching agents like hydrogen peroxide to remove stains from the outer surfaces and deep…
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New data from the NASA space probe MESSENGER indicate that Mercury, the closest planet to the Sun, almost certainly has water ice buried beneath the surface at its north pole!
I know, it sounds completely crazy, but hang tight. It all makes sense.
Mercury is a mere 58 million kilometers (36 million miles) from the Sun and has a surface temperature of 430 degrees Celsius (800 degrees Fahrenheit). But thatâs a maximum temperature. In shadows that temperature can drop drastically.
At Mercuryâs north pole there are some deep craters. For example, the large crater Prokofiev is the deepest crater measured on Mercury so far. Itâs over 110 kilometers (68 miles) across. Because the crater is deep, and the Sun never gets very high off the horizon at the pole, there are parts of the crater floor that are permanently in shadow; they literally are never illuminated by the Sun. Those spots can be very cold; well below the freezing point of water. There are actually quite a few spots like that at Mercuryâs north pole.
Over many years, astronomers have sent pulses of radar at Mercury to map its surface. They were surprised to find that there were spots near the north pole where the radar pulses were reflected back to Earth far more strongly than expected from mere rock. Ice, literally frozen water, is a good reflector of radar, so it was hypothesized that there might be ice there.
The MESSENGER space probe has been orbiting Mercury since March 2011. It has a piece of equipment called a neutron spectrometer, which measures neutronsâsubatomic particlesâblasted off Mercury by cosmic radiation. Itâs complicated, but the speed of neutrons coming from Mercury can be changed if thereâs hydrogen present, and thatâs just what has now been seen at Mercuryâs north pole. Combined with the radar data, thatâs strong evidence that thereâs water thereâwater is made of two atoms of hydrogen and one of oxygen.
Furthermore, the bright spots seen by Earth radar together with the neutron data from MESSENGER were superposed on a map of Mercury made using MESSENGERâs cameras, and all those spots correspond to deep craters. And the final bit of evidence that makes this so convincing: thermal maps made using infraredââheat vision,â if you likeâshows these very same spots are ones that stay permanently cold!
Thatâs what this picture shows: Red spots show permanently shadowed (and therefore cold) spots at Mercuryâs north pole, and yellow shows where the radar from Earth indicates ice. Note how strongly they correlate to craters!
The ice appears to be buried a few dozen centimeters beneath the surface, and may be from half a meter to 20 meters (20 inches to more than 60 feet) thick. That adds up to an amazing 100 billion to one trillion tons of ice!
And weâre not done: Further observation indicates that some regions in these craters are intrinsically dark, and others bright. The best explanation of this is the presence of organic, that is carbon-based, molecules on the surface. This does not mean life! But carbon molecules are very interesting because we know comets (and some asteroids) have lots of organic compounds like that, as well as water ice. And this is starting to give us a complete picture of whatâs going on.
Comets hit Mercury, and have been doing so for billions of years. Most of the water ice in a comet impact gets blown back into space or destroyed by solar radiation over time. But if some of that cometary material settles down in Mercuryâs shaded north pole crater areas, it can survive, protected. Over the eons itâs built up, and now with our technology we can actually see it!
This is simply amazing. The irony of finding water ice on such a hot planet is obvious, but also an indication that water is everywhere in our solar system, from close in to the Sun to the farthest reaches we can see, billions of kilometers out past Neptune. We know our kind of life is based on carbon and needs water. I donât think weâll find life on Mercury, but what this says to me is that the basic ingredients of life can survive formidable circumstances. And that makes me wonder even more if life can get a toehold (pseudopodhold?) in places where we might have earlier thought it impossible.
Mercury is an unlikely place to teach us about life in the Universe. Still, perhaps itâs good to remember that life itself may seem unlikely at first, but the conditions for it to arise may be common in the cosmos.
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The killer that is laying waste to the oak trees of California is almost invisible. Sudden oak death got its name before anyone knew why the trees were dying; eventually the cause turned out to be Phytophthera ramorum. The only outward sign of infection is a dark, bleeding ooze that leaks down the bark. But a second fungus, hypoxylon, is almost always associated with the disease–this one fruits into a distinctive black growth that emerges from the bark and looks like a mound of dark, hardened foam. But inside the tree the infection is running rampant.
While tanoaks and several species of oaks are the most likely to die from the disease, several other species are carriers–including redwoods, rhododendrons, and pepperwood. The spores of Phytophthera can’t travel far; they rely on the splash and flow of rainwater to carry them. But hikers, bikers, and ATVs do a much more effective job of moving the infection from place to place. It can also spread on firewood and the equipment used to do tree work. The sad truth is that even if it moves slowly, certain trees–like tanoaks–have no resistance to this disease. Once it reaches them, they will die, and someday they are almost certainly going to be locally (if not totally) extinct.
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Knowing when to slow down — or call it quits
To determine when heat and humidity make strenuous exercise risky for young athletes, your child's coach might monitor the heat index or wet-bulb globe temperature (WBGT) — the standard index of temperature and humidity combined. If either measure is too high, outdoor athletic activities might need to be limited or canceled.
Spotting dehydration and other heat-related problems
Even mild dehydration can affect your child's athletic performance and make him or her lethargic and irritable. Left untreated, dehydration increases the risk of other heat-related illnesses, including heat cramps, heat exhaustion and heatstroke.
Encourage your child to pay attention to early signs and symptoms of dehydration, including:
- Dry or sticky mouth
- Excessive fatigue
- Disinterest in the game
- Inability to run as fast or play as well as usual
Remind your child that he or she should report signs and symptoms to the coach right away. Don't let embarrassment keep your child on the field.
If dehydration is detected early, fluids and rest might be all that's needed. If your child seems confused or loses consciousness, seek emergency care.
Prevention is key
If your child plays sports in hot weather, encourage him or her to drink plenty of fluids before, during and after practices and games. Teach your child the signs and symptoms of dehydration, as well as the importance of speaking up if they occur.
Involve your child's coach, too. Talk to the coach about adjusting the intensity of practice depending on the temperature and humidity on the field — and support the coach's decision to cancel games and practices when it's dangerously hot outside.
July 22, 2017
See more In-depth
- Bergeron MF. Hydration in the pediatric athlete — How to guide your patients. Current Sports Medicine Reports. 2015;14:288.
- Council on Sports Medicine and Fitness and Council on School Health, et al. Policy statement — Climatic heat stress and exercising children and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2011;128:e741.
- Extreme heat and your health: Heat and athletes. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/extremeheat/athletes.html. Accessed May 30, 2017.
- Casa DJ, et al. National Athletic Trainers' Association position statement: Exertional heat illnesses. Journal of Athletic Training. 2015;50:986.
- Yeargin SW, et al. Epidemiology of exertional heat illnesses in youth, high school, and college football. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 2016;48:1523.
- Parents' and coaches' guide to dehydration and other heat illnesses in children. National Athletic Trainers' Association. http://www.nata.org/practice-patient-care/health-issues/heat-illness. Accessed May 24, 2017.
- Somers MJ. Clinical assessment and diagnosis of hypovolemia (dehydration) in children. https://www.uptodate.com/home. Accessed May 26, 2017.
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Louis I Kahn
Robert McCarterISBN: 0714840459;
Born in Estonia in 1901, Louis Isidore Kahn was to become one of the United States' most important architects of the post-war period, alongside the Modern masters Mies van der Rohe, Walter Gropius and Le Corbusier. Although renowned for a number of seminal modern works, he came to question many of the precepts of the Modern Movement. In particular, he questioned the ability of the International Style of Modernism to house the social spaces required by the latter half of the century. In 1947 Kahn was appointed Professor at Yale University. He was to continue teaching throughout his architectural career, influencing a younger generation of architects along the way. His teaching enabled him to further develop his own concepts and to inform his ever-evolving definition of design. He was drawn to investigate monumentality in architecture, creating buildings out of heavy, solid materials and forms and incorporating vivid plays of light, in complete contrast to the lightweight glass and...
- OZON.ru 9051
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This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
In moral philosophy, instrumental and intrinsic value are the distinction between what is a means to an end and what is as an end in itself. Things are deemed to have instrumental value if they help one achieve a particular end; intrinsic values, by contrast, are understood to be desirable in and of themselves. A tool or appliance, such as a hammer or washing machine, has instrumental value because it helps you pound in a nail or cleans your clothes. Happiness and pleasure are typically considered to have intrinsic value insofar as asking why someone would want them makes little sense: they are desirable for their own sake irrespective of their possible instrumental value. The classic names instrumental and intrinsic were coined by sociologist Max Weber, who spent years studying good meanings people assigned to their actions and beliefs.
The Oxford Handbook of Value Theory provide three modern definitions of intrinsic and instrumental value:
- They are "the distinction between what is good 'in itself' and what is good 'as a means'.":14
- "The concept of intrinsic value has been glossed variously as what is valuable for its own sake, in itself, on its own, in its own right, as an end, or as such. By contrast, extrinsic value has been characterized mainly as what is valuable as a means, or for something else's sake.":29
- "Among nonfinal values, instrumental value—intuitively, the value attaching a means to what is finally valuable—stands out as a bona fide example of what is not valuable for its own sake.":34
When people judge efficient means and legitimate ends at the same time, both can be considered as good. However, when ends are judged separately from means, it may result in a conflict: what works may not be right; what is right may not work. Separating the criteria contaminates reasoning about the good. Philosopher John Dewey argued that separating criteria for good ends from those for good means necessarily contaminates recognition of efficient and legitimate patterns of behavior. Economist J. Fagg Foster explained why only instrumental value is capable of correlating good ends with good means. Philosopher Jacques Ellul argued that instrumental value has become completely contaminated by inhuman technological consequences, and must be subordinated to intrinsic supernatural value. Philosopher Anjan Chakravartty argued that instrumental value is only legitimate when it produces good scientific theories compatible with the intrinsic truth of mind-independent reality.
The word value is ambiguous in that it is both a verb and a noun, as well as denoting both a criterion of judgment itself and the result of applying a criterion.:37–44 To reduce ambiguity, throughout this article the noun value names a criterion of judgment, as opposed to valuation which is an object that is judged valuable. The plural values identifies collections of valuations, without identifying the criterion applied.
The classic names instrumental and intrinsic were coined by sociologist Max Weber, who spent years studying good meanings people assigned to their actions and beliefs. According to Weber, "[s]ocial action, like all action, may be" judged as::24–5
- Instrumental rational (zweckrational): action "determined by expectations as to the behavior of objects in the environment of other human beings; these expectations are used as 'conditions' or "means' for the attainment of the actor's own rationally pursued and calculated ends."
- Value-rational (wertrational): action "determined by a conscious belief in the value for its own sake of some ethical, aesthetic, religious, or other form of behavior, independently of its prospects of success."
Weber's original definitions also include a comment showing his doubt that conditionally efficient means can achieve unconditionally legitimate ends::399–400
[T]he more the value to which action is oriented is elevated to the status of an absolute [intrinsic] value, the more "irrational" in this [instrumental] sense the corresponding action is. For the more unconditionally the actor devotes himself to this value for its own sake…the less he is influenced by considerations of the [conditional] consequences of his action.
John Dewey thought that belief in intrinsic value was a mistake. Although the application of instrumental value is easily contaminated, it is the only means humans have to coordinate group behaviour efficiently and legitimately.
Every social transaction has good or bad consequences depending on prevailing conditions, which may or may not be satisfied. Continuous reasoning adjusts institutions to keep them working on the right track as conditions change. Changing conditions demand changing judgments to maintain efficient and legitimate correlation of behavior.
For Dewey, "restoring integration and cooperation between man's beliefs about the world in which he lives and his beliefs about the values [valuations] and purposes that should direct his conduct is the deepest problem of modern life.":255 Moreover, a "culture which permits science to destroy traditional values [valuations] but which distrusts its power to create new ones is a culture which is destroying itself."
Dewey agreed with Max Weber that people talk as if they apply instrumental and intrinsic criteria. He also agreed with Weber's observation that intrinsic value is problematic in that it ignores the relationship between context and consequences of beliefs and behaviors. Both men questioned how anything valued intrinsically "for its own sake" can have operationally efficient consequences. However, Dewey rejects the common belief—shared by Weber—that supernatural intrinsic value is necessary to show humans what is permanently "right." He argues that both efficient and legitimate qualities must be discovered in daily life:
Man who lives in a world of hazards…has sought to attain [security] in two ways. One of them began with an attempt to propitiate the [intrinsic] powers which environ him and determine his destiny. It expressed itself in supplication, sacrifice, ceremonial rite and magical cult.… The other course is to invent [instrumental] arts and by their means turn the powers of nature to account.…:3 [F]or over two thousand years, the…most influential and authoritatively orthodox tradition…has been devoted to the problem of a purely cognitive certification (perhaps by revelation, perhaps by intuition, perhaps by reason) of the antecedent immutable reality of truth, beauty, and goodness.… The crisis in contemporary culture, the confusions and conflicts in it, arise from a division of authority. Scientific [instrumental] inquiry seems to tell one thing, and traditional beliefs [intrinsic valuations] about ends and ideals that have authority over conduct tell us something quite different.… As long as the notion persists that knowledge is a disclosure of [intrinsic] reality…prior to and independent of knowing, and that knowing is independent of a purpose to control the quality of experienced objects, the failure of natural science to disclose significant values [valuations] in its objects will come as a shock.:43–4
Finding no evidence of "antecedent immutable reality of truth, beauty, and goodness," Dewey argues that both efficient and legitimate goods are discovered in the continuity of human experience::114, 172–3, 197
Dewey's ethics replaces the goal of identifying an ultimate end or supreme principle that can serve as a criterion of ethical evaluation with the goal of identifying a method for improving our value judgments. Dewey argued that ethical inquiry is of a piece with empirical inquiry more generally.… This pragmatic approach requires that we locate the conditions of warrant for our value judgments in human conduct itself, not in any a priori fixed reference point outside of conduct, such as in God's commands, Platonic Forms, pure reason, or "nature," considered as giving humans a fixed telos [intrinsic end].
Philosophers label a "fixed reference point outside of conduct' a "natural kind," and presume it to have eternal existence knowable in itself without being experienced. Natural kinds are intrinsic valuations presumed to be "mind-independent" and "theory-independent."
Dewey grants the existence of "reality" apart from human experience, but denied that it is structured as intrinsically real natural kinds.:122, 196 Instead, he sees reality as functional continuity of ways-of-acting, rather than as interaction among pre-structured intrinsic kinds. Humans may intuit static kinds and qualities, but such private experience cannot warrant inferences or valuations about mind-independent reality. Reports or maps of perceptions or intuitions are never equivalent to territories mapped.
People reason daily about what they ought to do and how they ought to do it. Inductively, they discover sequences of efficient means that achieve consequences. Once an end is reached—a problem solved—reasoning turns to new conditions of means-end relations. Valuations that ignore consequence-determining conditions cannot coordinate behavior to solve real problems; they contaminate rationality.
Value judgments have the form: if one acted in a particular way (or valued this object), then certain consequences would ensue, which would be valued. The difference between an apparent and a real good [means or end], between an unreflectively and a reflectively valued good, is captured by its value [valuation of goodness] not just as immediately experienced in isolation, but in view of its wider consequences and how they are valued.… So viewed, value judgments are tools for discovering how to live a better life, just as scientific hypotheses are tools for uncovering new information about the world.
In brief, Dewey rejects the traditional belief that judging things as good in themselves, apart from existing means-end relations, can be rational. The sole rational criterion is instrumental value. Each valuation is conditional but, cumulatively, all are developmental—and therefore socially-legitimate solutions of problems. Competent instrumental valuations treat the "function of consequences as necessary tests of the validity of propositions, provided these consequences are operationally instituted and are such as to resolve the specific problems evoking the operations.":29–31
J. Fagg Foster
John Fagg Foster made John Dewey's rejection of intrinsic value more operational by showing that its competent use rejects the legitimacy of utilitarian ends—satisfaction of whatever ends individuals adopt. It requires recognizing developmental sequences of means and ends.:40–8
Utilitarians hold that individual wants cannot be rationally justified; they are intrinsically worthy subjective valuations and cannot be judged instrumentally. This belief supports philosophers who hold that facts ("what is") can serve as instrumental means for achieving ends, but cannot authorize ends ("what ought to be"). This fact-value distinction creates what philosophers label the is-ought problem: wants are intrinsically fact-free, good in themselves; whereas efficient tools are valuation-free, usable for good or bad ends.:60 In modern North-American culture, this utilitarian belief supports the libertarian assertion that every individual's intrinsic right to satisfy wants makes it illegitimate for anyone—but especially governments—to tell people what they ought to do.
Foster finds that the is-ought problem is a useful place to attack the irrational separation of good means from good ends. He argues that want-satisfaction ("what ought to be") cannot serve as an intrinsic moral compass because 'wants' are themselves consequences of transient conditions.
[T]he things people want are a function of their social experience, and that is carried on through structural institutions that specify their activities and attitudes. Thus the pattern of people's wants takes visible form partly as a result of the pattern of the institutional structure through which they participate in the economic process. As we have seen, to say that an economic problem exists is to say that part of the particular patterns of human relationships has ceased or failed to provide the effective participation of its members. In so saying, we are necessarily in the position of asserting that the instrumental efficiency of the economic process is the criterion of judgment in terms of which, and only in terms of which, we may resolve economic problems.
Since 'wants' are shaped by social conditions, they must be judged instrumentally; they arise in problematic situations when habitual patterns of behavior fail to maintain instrumental correlations.:27
Foster uses with homely examples to support his thesis that problematic situations ("what is") contain the means for judging legitimate ends ("what ought to be"). Rational efficient means achieve rational developmental ends. Consider the problem all infants face learning to walk. They spontaneously recognize that walking is more efficient than crawling—an instrumental valuation of a desirable end. They learn to walk by repeatedly moving and balancing, judging the efficiency with which these means achieve their instrumental goal. When they master this new way-of-acting, they experience great satisfaction, but satisfaction is never their end-in-view.
Revised definition of 'instrumental value'
To guard against contamination of instrumental value by judging means and ends independently, Foster revised his definition to embrace both.
Instrumental value is the criterion of judgment which seeks instrumentally-efficient means that "work" to achieve developmentally-continuous ends. This definition stresses the condition that instrumental success is never short term; it must not lead down a dead-end street. The same point is made by the currently popular concern for sustainability—a synonym for instrumental value.
Dewey's and Foster's argument that there is no intrinsic alternative to instrumental value continues to be ignored rather than refuted. Scholars continue to accept the possibility and necessity of knowing "what ought to be" independently of transient conditions that determine actual consequences of every action. Jacques Ellul and Anjan Chakravartty were prominent exponents of the truth and reality of intrinsic value as constraint on relativistic instrumental value.
Jacques Ellul made scholarly contributions to many fields, but his American reputation grew out of his criticism of the autonomous authority of instrumental value, the criterion that John Dewey and J. Fagg Foster found to be the core of human rationality. He specifically criticized the valuations central to Dewey's and Foster's thesis: evolving instrumental technology.
His principal work, published in 1954, bore the French title La technique and tackles the problem that Dewey addressed in 1929: a culture in which the authority of evolving technology destroys traditional valuations without creating legitimate new ones. Both men agree that conditionally-efficient valuations ("what is") become irrational when viewed as unconditionally efficient in themselves ("what ought to be"). However, while Dewey argues that contaminated instrumental valuations can be self-correcting, Ellul concludes that technology has become intrinsically destructive. The only escape from this evil is to restore authority to unconditional sacred valuations::143
Nothing belongs any longer to the realm of the gods or the supernatural. The individual who lives in the technical milieu knows very well that there is nothing spiritual anywhere. But man cannot live without the [intrinsic] sacred. He therefore transfers his sense of the sacred to the very thing which has destroyed its former object: to technique itself.
The English edition of La technique was published in 1964, titled The Technological Society, and quickly entered ongoing disputes in the United States over the responsibility of instrumental value for destructive social consequences. The translator[who?] of Technological Society summarizes Ellul's thesis:
Technological Society is a description of the way in which an autonomous [instrumental] technology is in process of taking over the traditional values [intrinsic valuations] of every society without exception, subverting and suppressing those values to produce at last a monolithic world culture in which all non-technological difference and variety is mere appearance.
Ellul opens The Technological Society by asserting that instrumental efficiency is no longer a conditional criterion. It has become autonomous and absolute::xxxvi
The term technique, as I use it, does not mean machines, technology, or this or that procedure for attaining an end. In our technological society, technique is the totality of methods rationally arrived at and having absolute efficiency (for a given stage of development) in every field of human activity.
He blames instrumental valuations for destroying intrinsic meanings of human life: "Think of our dehumanized factories, our unsatisfied senses, our working women, our estrangement from nature. Life in such an environment has no meaning.":4–5 While Weber had labeled the discrediting of intrinsic valuations as disenchantment, Ellul came to label it as "terrorism.":384, 19 He dates its domination to the 1800s, when centuries-old handicraft techniques were massively eliminated by inhuman industry.
When, in the 19th century, society began to elaborate an exclusively rational technique which acknowledged only considerations of efficiency, it was felt that not only the traditions but the deepest instincts of humankind had been violated.:73 Culture is necessarily humanistic or it does not exist at all.… [I]t answers questions about the meaning of life, the possibility of reunion with ultimate being, the attempt to overcome human finitude, and all other questions that they have to ask and handle. But technique cannot deal with such things.… Culture exists only if it raises the question of meaning and values [valuations].… Technique is not at all concerned about the meaning of life, and it rejects any relation to values [intrinsic valuations].:147–8
Ellul's core accusation is that instrumental efficiency has become absolute, i.e., a good-in-itself;:83 it wraps societies in a new technological milieu with six intrinsically inhuman characteristics::22
- autonomy, "with respect to values [valuations], ideas, and the state;"
- self-determinative, independent "of all human intervention;"
- "It grows according to a process which is causal but not directed to [good] ends;"
- "It is formed by an accumulation of means which have established primacy over ends;"
- "All its parts are mutually implicated to such a degree that it is impossible to separate them or to settle any technical problems in isolation."
Philosophers Tiles and Oberdiek (1995) find Ellul's characterization of instrumental value inaccurate.:22–31 They criticize him for anthropomorphizing and demonizing instrumental value. They counter this by examining the moral reasoning of scientists whose work led to nuclear weapons: those scientists demonstrated the capacity of instrumental judgments to provide them with a moral compass to judge nuclear technology; they were morally responsible without intrinsic rules. Tiles and Oberdiek's conclusion coincides with that of Dewey and Foster: instrumental value, when competently applied, is self-correcting and provides humans with a developmental moral compass.
For although we have defended general principles of the moral responsibilities of professional people, it would be foolish and wrongheaded to suggest codified [intrinsic] rules. It would be foolish because concrete cases are more complex and nuanced than any code could capture; it would be wrongheaded because it would suggest that our sense of moral responsibility can be fully captured by a code.:193 In fact, as we have seen in many instances, technology simply allows us to go on doing stupid things in clever ways. The questions that technology cannot solve, although it will always frame and condition the answers, are "What should we be trying to do? What kind of lives should we, as human beings, be seeking to live? And can this kind of life be pursued without exploiting others? But until we can at least propose [instrumental] answers to those questions we cannot really begin to do sensible things in the clever ways that technology might permit.:197
Semi realism (Anjan Chakravartty)
Anjan Chakravartty came indirectly to question the autonomous authority of instrumental value. He viewed it as a foil for the currently dominant philosophical school labeled "scientific realism," with which he identifies. In 2007, he published a work defending the ultimate authority of intrinsic valuations to which realists are committed. He links the pragmatic instrumental criterion to discredited anti-realist empiricist schools including logical positivism and instrumentalism.
Chakravartty began his study with rough characterizations of realist and anti-realist valuations of theories. Anti-realists believe "that theories are merely instruments for predicting observable phenomena or systematizing observation reports;" they assert that theories can never report or prescribe truth or reality "in itself." By contrast, scientific realists believe that theories can "correctly describe both observable and unobservable parts of the world.":xi, 10 Well-confirmed theories—"what ought to be" as the end of reasoning—are more than tools; they are maps of intrinsic properties of an unobservable and unconditional territory—"what is" as natural-but-metaphysical real kinds.:xiii, 33, 149
Chakravartty treats criteria of judgment as ungrounded opinion, but admits that realists apply the instrumental criterion to judge theories that "work.":25 He restricts such criterion's scope, claiming that every instrumental judgment is inductive, heuristic, accidental. Later experience might confirm a singular judgment only if it proves to have universal validity, meaning it possesses "detection properties" of natural kinds.:231 This inference is his fundamental ground for believing in intrinsic value.
He commits modern realists to three metaphysical valuations or intrinsic kinds of knowledge of truth. Competent realists affirm that natural kinds exist in a mind-independent territory possessing 1) meaningful and 2) mappable intrinsic properties.
Ontologically, scientific realism is committed to the existence of a mind-independent world or reality. A realist semantics implies that the theoretical claims [valuations] about this reality have truth values, and should be construed literally.… Finally, the epistemological commitment is to the idea that these theoretical claims give us knowledge of the world. That is, predictively successful (mature, non-ad hoc) theories, taken literally as describing the nature of a mind-independent reality are (approximately) true.:9
He labels these intrinsic valuations as semi-realist, meaning they are currently the most accurate theoretical descriptions of mind-independent natural kinds. He finds these carefully qualified statements necessary to replace earlier realist claims of intrinsic reality discredited by advancing instrumental valuations. Science has destroyed for many people the supernatural intrinsic value embraced by Weber and Ellul. But Chakravartty defended intrinsic valuations as necessary elements of all science—belief in unobservable continuities. He advances the thesis of semi-realism, according to which well-tested theories are good maps of natural kinds, as confirmed by their instrumental success; their predictive success means they conform to mind-independent, unconditional reality.
Causal properties are the fulcrum of semirealism. Their [intrinsic] relations compose the concrete structures that are the primary subject matters of a tenable scientific realism. They regularly cohere to form interesting units, and these groupings make up the particulars investigated by the sciences and described by scientific theories.:119 Scientific theories describe [intrinsic] causal properties, concrete structures, and particulars such as objects, events, and processes. Semirealism maintains that under certain conditions it is reasonable for realists to believe that the best of these descriptions tell us not merely about things that can be experienced with the unaided senses, but also about some of the unobservable things underlying them.:151
Chakravartty argues that these semirealist valuations legitimize scientific theorizing about pragmatic kinds. The fact that theoretical kinds are frequently replaced does not mean that mind-independent reality is changing, but simply that theoretical maps are approximating intrinsic reality.
The primary motivation for thinking that there are such things as natural kinds is the idea that carving nature according to its own divisions yields groups of objects that are capable of supporting successful inductive generalizations and prediction. So the story goes, one's recognition of natural categories facilitates these practices, and thus furnishes an excellent explanation for their success.:151 The moral here is that however realists choose to construct particulars out of instances of properties, they do so on the basis of a belief in the [mind-independent] existence of those properties. That is the bedrock of realism. Property instances lend themselves to different forms of packaging [instrumental valuations], but as a feature of scientific description, this does not compromise realism with respect to the relevant [intrinsic] packages.:81
In sum, Chakravartty argues that contingent instrumental valuations are warranted only as they approximate unchanging intrinsic valuations. Scholars continue to perfect their explanations of intrinsic value, as they deny the developmental continuity of applications of instrumental value.
Abstraction is a process in which only some of the potentially many relevant factors present in [unobservable] reality are represented in a model or description with some aspect of the world, such as the nature or behavior of a specific object or process. ... Pragmatic constraints such as these play a role in shaping how scientific investigations are conducted, and together which and how many potentially relevant factors [intrinsic kinds] are incorporated into models and descriptions during the process of abstraction. The role of pragmatic constraints, however, does not undermine the idea that putative representations of factors composing abstract models can be thought to have counterparts in the [mind-independent] world.:191
Realist intrinsic value as proposed by Chakravartty, is widely endorsed in modern scientific circles, while the supernatural intrinsic value endorsed by Max Weber and Jacques Ellul maintains its popularity throughout the world. Doubters about the reality of instrumental and intrinsic value are few.
- Fact–value distinction
- Instrumental and value rationality
- Instrumental and value-rational action
- Natural kind
- Value (ethics)
- Value theory
- Hirose, Iwao; Olson, Jonas (2015). The Oxford Handbook of Value Theory. Oxford University Press.
- Dewey, John (1939). Theory of Valuation. University of Chicago Press. pp. 1–6.
- Tiles, Mary; Oberdiek, Hans (1995). Living in a Technological Culture. Routledge.
- Weber, Max (1978). Economy and Society. University of California Press.
- Tool, Marc. 1994. "John Dewey." Pp. 152–7 in Elgar Companion to Institutional and Evolutionary Economics 1, edited by G. M. Hodgson. Edward Elgar Publishing.
- Dewey, John (1929). Quest for Certainty. G. P. Putnam's Sons.
- Dewey, John (1963). Freedom and Culture. G. P. Putnam's Sons. p. 228.
- Anderson, Elizabeth (20 January 2005). "Dewey's Moral Philosophy". In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
- Bird, Alexander; Tobin, Emma (17 September 2008). "Natural Kinds". In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
- Burke, Tom (1994). Dewey's New Logic. University of Chicago Press. pp. 54=65.
- Dewey, John (1938). Logic: the Theory of Inquiry. Holt, Rinehart and Winston. p. iv.
- Tiles, Mary; Oberdiek, Hans (1995). Living in a Technological Culture. Routledge.
- Miller, Edythe. 1994. "John Fagg Foster." Pp. 256–62 in Elgar Companion to Institutional and Evolutionary Economics 1, edited by G. M. Hodgson. Edward Elgar Publishing.
- MacIntyre, Alasdair (2007). After Virtue. University of Notre Dame Press. pp. 62–66.
- Tool, Marc (2000). Value Theory and Economic Progress: The Institutional Economics of J. Fagg Foster. Kluwer Academic.
- Nozick, Robert (1974). Anarchy, State and Utopia. Basic Books. p. ix.
- Foster, John Fagg (1981). "The Relation Between the Theory of Value and Economic Analysis". Journal of Economic Issues: 904–5.
- Ranson, Baldwin (2008). "Confronting Foster's Wildest Claim: Only the Instrumental Theory of Value Can Be applied". Journal of Economic Issues. 42 (2): 537–44. doi:10.1080/00213624.2008.11507163. S2CID 157465132.
- Foster, John Fagg (1981). "Syllabus for Problems of Modern Society: The Theory of Institutional Adjustment". Journal of Economic Issues: 929–35.
- Ellul, Jacques (1964). The Technological Society. Knopf.
- Translator. 1964. "Introduction." In The Technological Society. Knopf. pp. v–vi, x.
- Ellul, Jacques (1990). The Technological Bluff. William B. Erdmans.
- Chakravartty, Anjan (2007). A Metaphysics for Scientific Realism. Cambridge University Press.
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2 edition of B. against the Federal Republic of Germany found in the catalog.
B. against the Federal Republic of Germany
European Commission of Human Rights.
|Contributions||Council of Europe.|
|The Physical Object|
|Pagination||ii, 52 p. ;|
|Number of Pages||52|
Contributed by Liliane Jung. Last update, April General legal framework. The German constitution was adopted on 23 May and is referred to as the Basic its amendment by the Unification Treaty of 31 August and the Federal Statute of 23 September , the Basic Law has become the Constitution of the unified West and East Germany (former Federal Republic of Germany and. (b) protection of the free democratic basic order, existence and security of the Federation or of a Land (protection of the constitution), and (c) protection against activities within the federal territory which, by the use of force or preparations for the use of force, endanger the external interests of the Federal Republic of Germany.
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Are you looking to make a positive change in your life? If so, have you considered taking up running as a form of exercise? Running can not only improve your physical health, but it can also have profound effects on mental health, well-being, self esteem and overall quality of life. From controlling stress to boosting confidence, the benefits of running are huge, something that many people might never even consider! You don’t need to be a marathon runner to reap all the benefits of running. Let’s take a look at some of the positive effects running can have on your life.
Physical benefits of running
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It also helps improve body composition by increasing muscle tissue while reducing fat mass. Furthermore, running can aid in better motor coordination as you become more efficient at lower speeds and sharpen reflexes. Additionally, running helps strengthen the muscles in your legs and core, improving posture and balance. It also helps with weight maintenance as it burns calories quickly. Finally, running releases endorphins that make you feel happy and energized during the day.
If running regularly, individuals are likely to experience weight loss due to the extra calories that must be burned during this strenuous activity. This leads to many additional physical benefits including lowered blood pressure, lower risk of heart disease and stroke and an overall decrease in strain on the body’s cardiovascular system.
It’s important to note before taking up running, or any other cardio activity for that matter, to check with your doctor first. Your doctor will be able to offer personalised advice depending on your age, lifestyle and any medical conditions you may have that could make cardio especially risky. With the correct guidance from your doctor, you will be better equipped to enjoy the full benefits of cardio exercise in a way that’s safe for your body.
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Running offers many mental health benefits, such as improved concentration and stress reduction. The physical exertion of running directly affects your mood, creating a natural antidepressant and reducing depressive symptoms. Furthermore, due to the release of endorphins throughout your workout, regular running may promote improved sleep and a sense of general well-being. Even if you’re just getting back into exercise for the first time, running could be an excellent way to reduce psychological distress and foster self-confidence. Ultimately, studies have demonstrated that individuals that take part in regular aerobic exercise become happier people with increased mental clarity. If you’re looking for a way to make peace with your mind as well as your body, consider taking up running today!
It also improves sleep quality which is necessary for concentration, productivity and overall health throughout the day. You may even find that spending time outside while running in nature gives you a feeling of peace and relaxation away from the hustle and bustle of everyday life.
Health benefits of running
Running is one of the best forms of exercise for overall health and wellness. Many studies have found that people who run have lower rates of cardiovascular disease, heart attacks, type 2 diabetes, obesity, high blood pressure and depression. Running has significant heart health benefits as it is an aerobic activity that increases your heart rate, improves blood circulation and cardiovascular fitness.
Running also helps build strong bones reducing your risk of developing osteoporosis, boosts your immune system, promotes healthier skin and hair, increases endorphin production for a natural mood enhancer, decreases stress levels, reduces cholesterol levels, enhances performance in other sports, fights age-related cognitive decline and may even help reduce the risk of developing certain types of cancer e.g. breast cancer
Finally, for those looking to lose weight or stay in shape consistently – regular exercise is a great way to achieve those goals. With so many clear health benefits, it’s easy to see why running should be considered as part of an overall fitness regime.
Top 10 tips for new runners
For those just beginning their fitness journey as a non-runner, it helps to have knowledge and trustworthy tips for success. It can be overwhelming to start off running with no idea where to begin or what goals you should set for yourself. Fortunately, there are plenty of resources that can help get you started. From getting the right shoes to setting achievable goals, these top 10 tips for new runners will help anyone make the most out of their running experience. Whether you’re a beginner or an experienced pro looking to push yourself further, these simple tips are the perfect way to get started on your road to success.
- Set reasonable expectations for yourself. Start running 2 days a week at an easy intensity and gradually increase from there to eventually completing a half marathon!
- Layer your clothing appropriately while running so that you don’t experience any comfort issues due to the changes in temperature throughout your run
- Find a running buddy if possible so that you can stay accountable and motivated or join a local running club
- Warm up your muscles before getting started with some dynamic movements like walking lunges or high knees
- Be sure to use the right running shoes that provide the right support and cushioning for the conditions of the terrain that you will be running on
- Try to vary up the distances that you run as this not only gives you different experiences mentally but also provides a variety of physical difficulty and keeps things interesting!
- Keep hydrated. Bring water or sports drinks with you whenever possible as staying hydrated is key!
- Being mindful of your nutrition is incredibly important. Make sure to have enough whole grains and proteins in order to stay energized throughout your runs
- Supplement your runs with other types of exercises such as strength training which will strengthen various muscles used during running like legs and core muscles
- “Cool down” after each workout session which helps remediate any stiffness or discomfort associated with the physical strain during runs
Following these ten tips should help give runners a positive start towards achieving their fitness goals!
Running is one of the best ways to get fit without having to join a gym or buy expensive equipment all you need is a pair of good trainers! By regularly engaging in this type of exercise, you will enjoy physical benefits such as improved cardiovascular endurance, stronger muscles in your legs and core, better posture and balance; plus mental benefits like improved moods through increased endorphin levels, reduced stress levels due to lower cortisol levels; plus improved sleep quality from increased melatonin production throughout the night. So lace up those trainers today, you won’t regret it!
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The 10 Rights for Dolphins as ‘Non-Human Persons’ (Petition)
Last week (February 2013), in Vancouver, Canada at
the annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of
Science (AAAS), the group, which was led by Dr. Thomas White, was canvassing
for support of their “Declaration of Cetacean Rights.” The coalition of
scientists, animal-rights activists, and philosophers came to a total
agreement, that is that dolphins, second only to humans in terms of
mammalian intelligence, should be considered “non-human persons” and granted
due protection under law.
According to Dr. White, an ethics expert at Loyola Marymount University, “The similarities between cetaceans and humans are such that they, as we, have an individual sense of self. Dolphins are non human persons. A person needs to be an individual. If individuals count, then the deliberate killing of individuals of this sort is ethically the equivalent of deliberately killing a human being. The science has shown that individuality, consciousness, self-awareness is no longer a unique human property. That poses all kinds of challenges.”
It has been proven through dolphin research that they are more intelligent than chimpanzees. Dolphins can recognize their reflections in a mirror and can even think about the future. Two years ago, these same scientists had originally proposed the ten Declaration of Rights for Cetaceans at a conference in Helsinki, Finland. The dolphins have distinctive cultures, societies and personalities that are so complex that they should be considered in the same light as people according to the scientists.
These marine experts now hope to persuade international authorities to enshrine in law the rights of cetaceans, a group of water-dwelling mammals including porpoises. They state that isolating dolphins and orcas in tanks at amusement parks is morally wrong because the animals are even more socially driven than humans. Killing them should be considered tantamount to murder as in the deliberate killing of a human being.
Recognizing the status of cetaceans in law is important because it would make commercial whaling and imprecise fishing methods which kill hundreds of thousands of dolphins and whales each year morally abhorrent according to Dr. White.
Recent scientific studies on dolphins' brains have also shown that they communicate with each other in a similar way to humans and that they can reason. "We went from seeing the dolphin or whale brain as being giant amorphous blob that doesn’t carry a lot of intelligence and complexity to being an enormous brain with a complexity that rivals our own. It's different in the way its put together, but in terms of the level of complexity it is very similar to the human brain," said Dr Lori Marino, of Emory University in Atlanta, one of the architects of the declaration.
An experiment at the Institute for Marine Mammal
Studies in Mississippi in which dolphins were rewarded for clearing rubbish
from their enclosures highlighted their remarkable intellectual
capabilities. One dolphin named Kelly began hiding large paper bags at the
bottom of her tank, ripping them apart and bringing them to her handler one
at a time to trick him into giving her multiple rewards.
The group of researchers are now canvassing support from other scientists in the hope of bringing it to the attention of policymakers. The ten-point document says each individual cetacean has the right to life, to a free existence in their natural habitat and to the protection of their environment. It adds that no person or organisation has the right to own a cetacean, or to disrupt their culture. Cetaceans are entitled to have these rights set down in an internationally recognised legal document, it concludes.
Please take a minute to sign the petition (copy/paste
URL into your browser):
Declaration of Rights for Cetaceans: Whales and Dolphins
on the link to see photos and bios)
Staff Editor and Contributor: Ljbeane1@aol.com
Staff Contributor and Advisor: CompassionAction@aol.com
Sled Dog Action Coalition: www.helpsleddogs.org Glickman37@aol.com
Staff Contributor: myREBAdog@worldnet.att.net
Pawprints, Footprints & Animal Chatter: SHORTIETEK@aol.com
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5 steps to writing successful erotic fiction facebook twitter google it would be dismissive -not to mention detrimental to your writing- to say that it is only. Writing a script outline is easy once you know the 8 plot points in every story learn more about them before writing to write a script outline, short answer. Ver vídeo how to write a children's story writing a children you should use simple language and very short sentences if you are. An introduction to writing news articles for newspapers or other media how to write a news story keep your sentences and paragraphs short.
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6 writing outline templates and 3 but it ended up a tad short for a the idea of an outline is that you tell us what the story is about to make writing it. Story planner offers easy to use template plans to help writers outline novels, screenplays and short stories. Writing a short story can often be intimidating, even if you've finished a novel recently or some other grand project despite it's brevity, a short story is much.
Writing a critical analysis of a short story what follows is the sample essay analysing the use of setting in the short story the writing centre 230. How to write a short suspense story outline your story all of these aspects play a part in the effective writing of a suspense short story.
Creative writing course, session 2: a look at how writing a short story differs from writing a novel, and some tips on short story structure. There are countless ways to outline a novel solid counsel, for novel-written work, as well as story-writing by and large jay garrick zoom jacket costume. If you're a reader and thought you might like to try your hand at short story writing but just don't know how to get started, this course will help. 6+ story outline templates the story outline template can help you navigate through the technicality of writing a long or short story, story writing outline.Download
2018. Term Papers.
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By the beginning of the fourteenth century, Genoa and Venice were emerging from over four years of conflict, provoked by the Venetians, but which ended with their defeat near the island of Curzola (Korˇcula) in September 1298. During the war, Andronikos II had sided wholeheartedly with the Genoese, only to be abandoned by them when the Genoese concluded their own peace with the Venetians with the treaty ofMilan (25 September 1299). This treaty established their respective spheres of influence. During the war Venice had finally halted Michael VIII’s Byzantine reconquest of the Aegean, adding a few islands to its existing possessions.Henceforth, Venetian authority extended firmly over Crete, the partly reconquered Cyclades, Coron and Modon in southern Messenia, and Negroponte (shared with three Latin lords, the terciers or terzieri in Italian). Venice retained considerable influence in the principality of Achaia (Morea), which Charles II of Anjou (1285–1309) had recently taken from Isabel of Villehardouin and put under the authority of his own son, Philip of Taranto (see above, p. 768). The Venetians enjoyed complete freedom to trade in the Morea and established themselves in its main ports, Clarence and Patras. The Genoese had gained the rich alum pits of Phokaia on the coast of Asia Minor in the 1260s (see also above, p. 757). In 1304 their admiral Benedetto Zaccaria seized Chios, to protect his trade, and succeeded in securing recognition of the occupation of the island from the basileus. At the same time, the Catalan Company, mercenaries rashly summoned by Andronikos II against the Turks and left without pay from the imperial treasury (see above, pp. 809, 811), extended their influence across the Aegean; they ravaged Thrace and thenMacedonia, before going on to conquer in 1311 the duchy of Athens, where they remained until 1388. As for the Angevins, they tried to resist the Greek despots of the Morea and began to favour a degree of Italianisation in the principality of Achaia at the expense of the French element which had predominated under the Villehardouins.3 The first half of the fourteenth century, at least until 1348, saw all parties consolidate their positions. Venice refused to participate in Charles de Valois’ plans for the reconquest of Constantinople and drew closer to Byzantium; a new agreement concluded in 1324 compensated Charles for the losses he had suffered. Five years earlier, a treaty had been signed between Venice and the Catalans, who had been threatening the Venetians’ measures to strengthen their authority over the terciers in Negroponte. Venice did not succeed in fully subduing the Cretan revolts of 1332 and 1341, which were provoked by the excessive demands and levies of the local dominante. Above all, Venice engaged in the struggle against the Turks, with whom the Catalans had no hesitation in allying: the Venetians played a major part in the Christian union of 1332, the naval league of 1344–5 and the dauphin Humbert II de Viennois’ crusade in 1345. In Greece, the Catalans strengthened the duchy of Athens under the control of their vicargeneral Alfonso Fadrique (1318–30), seizing Neopatras and Siderokastron, and halting Walter of Brienne’s attempt to recover his dukedom. But in 1315–16, the infante Ferrante of Majorca failed in his bid to exploit his rights over the principality of Achaia, which passed from John of Gravina’s authority to that of Robert of Taranto. The latter’s mother was Catherine de Valois, titular Latin empress of Constantinople, who granted substantial land concessions in the principality to the Florentine banking family of the Acciaiuoli, in compensation for their loans to her. The fate of the Genoese possessions was more unsettled. Since Martino Zaccaria refused to recognise Byzantine sovereignty over his Aegean possessions, Andronikos III Palaiologos (1328–41) drove him out of Chios in 1329 and Phokaia in 1340, which both returned to the Byzantine empire for a while. But in 1346, exploiting the weak regency of Anne of Savoy andHumbert de Viennois’ hesitant leadership of his eastern crusade, the Genoese fleet of Simone Vignoso recaptured Chios and then Phokaia, installing a government of the mahona there; this would last for two centuries and was made up of the shipowners who had financed the expedition. In February 1347 an agreement was signed between the Genoese commune and the shipowners, clearly outlining each party’s rights on Chios.4 This brilliant feat of reconquest, together with Genoese attempts to control traffic to Constantinople and the Black Sea, sparked off the war of the Straits (1351–5) pitching Genoa against a coalition of Venice, the Catalans and the Byzantine empire. The battle of the Bosporus – a hardfought victory for Genoa in February 1352 – was offset by Venetian success at Alghero (see above, p. 821). The Visconti were instrumental in the peace negotiations concluded at Milan in 1355, whereby the two republics agreed to stop attacking one another; they also agreed that for the next three years neither would send fleets to Tana, the key trading point on the Sea of Azov. The only major effect of this conflict in the Aegean was to enable the Turks to take Gallipoli and reach the gates of Byzantium. In 1355, through the friendship of John V Palaiologos (1341–91), the Genoese Gattilusio family obtained the concession of the island of Lesbos, and then in the early fifteenth century several islands in the northern Aegean. Thereafter, a key objective for the Venetians was to maintain free passage through the Straits to the Black Sea. Although they gained from the basileus the concession of Tenedos at the mouth of the Dardanelles, their occupation of the island in 1376 triggered fresh hostilities with Genoa, the so-called ‘war of Chioggia’ (see above, p. 827). Essentially an Adriatic conflict, like the previous wars this ended in a stalemate with the treaty of Turin in August 1381. These rivalries prevented any effective Christian union against the Turks, whose progress in the Aegean was inexorable; they raided the Peloponnesian coast incessantly, and captured Thessaloniki in 1387, taking Neopatras and Salona in 1394. They also blockaded Constantinople, and although pressure on the City was relieved by Boucicaut’s expeditionary force, it was only the Turks’ crushing defeat at the hands of Timur in 1402 that broke the siege (see above, p. 832 and below, p. 852). To meet these pressing dangers, Venice strove to strengthen Graeco-Latin Romania through a policy of annexation. It purchased Nauplion and Argos in 1388 from Marie of Enghien, widow of Pietro Corner and heiress to these lordships, and tightened its control over Negroponte and the Cyclades. The Venetians also enlarged their territory of Coron and Modon in Messenia, took over temporary administration of Patras, and finally offered direct, if ill-fated, aid to the Latin crusaders at Nikopolis in 1396. Crete was their one weak point. The island revolted again from 1363 to 1367, under the leadership of the Venetian fief-holders Gradenigo and Venier, in league with Cretan archontes such as John Kalergis. The rebellion was against the weight of taxation imposed by the Dominante and its rejection of any debate on the matter with a Cretan deputation. An army of mercenaries sent from Venice suppressed the rebellion with ferocious reprisals. Overall, Venice succeeded in holding her possessions together and protecting them from the Turkish advance, even though it may have aroused the hostility of the Greeks or the petty Latin lords of the Peloponnese.5 There were profound changes in mainland Greece in the second half of the fourteenth century. In 1348, when theGreek despotate of theMorea was being established, Stefan Duˇsan (1331–55) annexed Thessaly and Epiros to his Serb dominions.Great Latin lordships were created:Niccol`o Acciaiuoli, grand seneschal of the kingdom of Sicily, was the largest fief-holder of the non-Greek part of the Morea with lands in Messenia, Elis and Corinthia, while his cousin Giovanni was archbishop of Patras from 1360 to 1365. On Niccol`o’s death, his cousin Nerio inherited part of his Moreot possessions, lost them to the Navarrese Company, but took Megara from the Catalans; most importantly, his acquisition of Athens in 1388 brought eight decades of Catalan occupation to an end. The Tocchi ruled Leucas, Cephalonia and Zante and sought to seize Corinth on the death of Nerio Acciaiuoli in 1394. Finally, we cannot ignore the remarkable good fortune of theGenoese Zaccaria family, heirs ofMartino, the former master of Chios. Centurione I Zaccaria was grand constable and served three times as bailo of the Morea. After the death of Peter of San Superan, head of the Catalan Company and self-styled prince of Achaia from 1396 to 1402, Centurione I’s grandson Centurione II dispossessed San Superan’s heirs and became the last Latin prince ofAchaia from1404 to 1432. Centurione was, in turn, dispossessed by his son-in-law, the Byzantine despot of theMorea, Theodore II Palaiologos (1407–43).6 Thus through these successive dispossessions the principality passed from Angevin toNavarrese dominion, ending up in the hands of the last scion of an old Genoese family, before reverting to Byzantine control. At the beginning of the fifteenth century, the Aegean was thus divided between several Latin powers, which were gradually eroded by the advancing Turks and the Byzantine despotate of theMorea. The Venetians organised their possessions into several regimina. These included Candia, covering Crete and the island of Cerigo; Negroponte, extending over the island of Euboea, Skyros and the Northern Sporades, and Bodonitsa on the coast of Thessaly; Corfu, comprising the island itself, which had been annexed in 1387, Butrint in Epiros and Naupaktos on the Gulf of Patras; Nauplion and Argos, which encompassed the island of Aegina; and finally Coron and Modon, incorporating the island of Sapienza. Venice also extended her protectorate over the Cyclades, administering Tenos and Mykonos directly, and had several trading posts outside her own territory, such as Thessaloniki in Macedonia, and Ephesos and Miletos on the coast of Asia Minor. Since 1309 Rhodes had been in the hands of the Knights Hospitaller, who for two centuries provided a strong Christian bulwark against the Turks; the island served as a staging-post on the shipping routes to Cyprus and Syria. The Genoese domain was more limited: Chios, Samos and Old and New Phokaia were held by the mahona; there was a Genoese trading post at Ephesos; and Lesbos, Lemnos, Thasos, Imbros, Samothrace and Ainos were held by members of the Gattilusio family, but without strong ties to Genoa. Thessaloniki came under Venetian protection from 1422 to 1430, while the duchy of Athens was in the hands of Antonio Acciaiuoli from 1403 to 1435, and Centurione II Zaccaria held sway over theMorea from 1404 to 1432, although this was gradually reconquered by the Byzantine despotate. Latin commerce developed within this territorial framework, but also in the Byzantine and Turkish domains. The Latins came to dominate the whole of the Aegean and the Balkans, and some of their towers and fortifications mark the landscape to this day. Long-distance trade was encouraged by the concession of privileges, which sometimes legalised earlier capture. Venice had obtained complete freedom to trade in Byzantine territories in 1082. Under the agreement made in 1209 withWilliam of Champlitte, Venice secured full ownership of Coron and Modon, possession being confirmed by the treaties concluded in 1268 and 1277 with Michael VIII Palaiologos. In the principality of Achaia, Venice had also enjoyed privileges since the settlement of the Franks in the early thirteenth century. Finally, in 1394 an agreement with Theodore I Palaiologos (1380/1–1407), despot of the Morea, restored the Venetians’ customary freedom to trade in the despotate. Theywere thus able to develop their trading activities throughout the Aegean hindered only by the daily harassment of the tax collectors and agents of the Byzantine fisc. These officials were ready to challenge imperial concessions, especially concerning the export of wheat, which often prompted lengthy negotiations. From1261, theGenoese also enjoyed total exemption from the Byzantine kommerkion; however, they had to wait for the treaties of 1304 and 1317, concluded with Andronikos II, before they could freely export wheat produced in the empire. John VI Kantakouzenos’ (1347–54) attempts to free himself of Genoese economic domination were short-lived: the so-called ‘Latin war’ (August 1348 – March 1349) was disastrous for the Byzantines. The Pisans also obtained exemption from all customs dues during the reign of Michael VIII. This was not the case with the other Latin nations: although the Catalans managed to reduce their tax paid from three to two per cent in 1320, they never won total exemption. TheNarbonnais paid a tax of four per cent throughout the fourteenth century, and the Anconitans two per cent. The Florentines had to wait until 1422 to benefit from reduction of the kommerkion by half and the people of Dubrovnik until 1451 to see their duties reduced to two per cent. Despite these variations, the Latins were generally better placed than the Greeks, who had to pay the kommerkion at the full rate. This was one of the reasons for Latin supremacy over their Byzantine counterparts.7 The second pillar of western trade was the network of colonies and trading posts with permanently settled Latin populations. This emigration naturally extended the vast inurbamento movement whereby the Italian mercantile republics drew from their surrounding countryside (contado) the human resources necessary for their economic development. We shall leave aside the Cyclades, where the Venetians were no more than a handful of conquering families: onNaxos, the Sanudo and then the Crispo families; on Karpathos, the Corner (Cornaro) family; the Ghisi on Tenos,Mykonos and Amorgos; on Cerigo, the Venier family and on Santorini, the Barozzi. Similarly, in ports of call such as Coron and Modon, the permanent Latin population was insignificant compared with passing merchants and jobseeking sailors. The Latin population must be evaluated quite differently in territories of some substance. For fourteenth-century Negroponte it would be difficult to put the Latins at a figure of more than 2–3,000, out of a total estimated population of 40,000. In Crete the earliest extant census dating from 1576–7 mentions only 407 Venetian families settled in the cavalerie, but takes no account of the Latin bourgeois in the towns. It seems reasonable to put the number of Venetians on the island at several thousand – 10,000 according to Thiriet, 2,500 according to Jacoby. They divided into fief-holders: sergenterie for non-nobles, cavalerie for noble Venetians, and bourgeois in the towns. Among these fief-holders were the greatest names of the Venetian aristocracy: Dandolo, Gradenigo, Morosini, Venier, Corner and Soranzo. They were subject to heavy levies for the defence and exploitation of their domains, but their common aim was to maximise production from their lands and to secure free trade in cereals from the Dominante. The Venetian bourgeois of Crete practised crafts or professions in the towns and shared above all in the profits of long-distance trade.8 Estimates for theGenoese possessions in the Aegean are just as uncertain. The Gattilusio family admittedly only attracted a handful of fellow citizens at Lesbos, in the northern Aegean, which they occupied at the beginning of the fifteenth century. While dominant at Chios, the Zaccaria had only a few companions and a garrison of 800 soldiers.Under the administration of the mahona, a report addressed to the doge of Genoa in 1395 by the podest`a Niccol`o Fatinanti makes it possible to estimate the Latin population at nearly 400 families, i.e. about 2,000 individuals. Among them, the mahonesi themselves emerge as the most active participants in long-distance trade; they enjoyed a monopoly on the sale of alum and mastic, the chief products of Phokaia and Chios.9 Were the Latins settled in the trading posts and colonies of theAegean the sole actors in economic life?Orwere theGreeks and Jews fromtheByzantine empire associated with them in trading activities? Looking at the only official texts – the deliberations of the senate and otherVenetian assemblies – one might conclude that the Venetians monopolised trade between the city and its colonies in Romania, with their subject populations only minimally involved in local and regional trade, and with profits going exclusively to the citizens of Venice and her fleet. But new evidence is coming to light to challenge Thiriet’s rigid segregation of Venetian colonial society. The study of Cretan notarial acts of the fourteenth century currently underway shows that many associations were formed between Latins, Greeks and Jews for long-distance trading. The fact that Venetian fief-holders and Byzantine archontes were the ringleaders of the great Cretan revolt of 1363 suggests some community of interests between the various ethnic elites. On Chios, some Greeks and Jews played an equal role with Latins in long-distance trade: Antonius Argenti, Rabbi Elias andMaster Elixeus all invested capital in societates with Latins, participating in maritime insurance or the transport of cereals, as well as local trade and the provisioning of small ships between the island and the mainland nearby. In this sense, the increase in maritime and mercantile activities in Latin Romania undoubtedly had an impact on the native elite.10 However, the Latins controlled the main naval commissioning and navigational organisation. At Venice, the senate strictly regulated the system of mudae: the dates of bids and galley sailings, ports of call, merchandise to be loaded and the size of the crews. The system even covered the traffic of unarmed vessels bringing home surplus merchandise. The mudae of Cyprus, Syria and Alexandria paid compulsory visits to Modon and Candia, while the mudae of Romania necessarily put into port inMessenia and Negroponte. The Cyprus muda was suppressed in 1373, when the Genoese took Famagusta and wanted to enforce a trading monopoly to benefit the port. On the Genoese side, organisation was laxer: only in 1330 were galleys banned by the officium Gazarie from sailing alone for the Levant beyond Sicily. There was no regular convoy, but it was made mandatory for the owners of galleys to sail together (in conserva), so as to minimise the risks to precious commodities in transit. There are indications that the Genoese sent two convoys a year to Romania before 1350; thereafter it was reduced to one. But Genoa never managed to establish a system of bids comparable to that of the incanti at Venice, often leaving it in private hands. The Catalans did not organise regular convoys to the east before the end of the fourteenth century. Besides these regular sailings, unarmed ships would trade along the Aegean coasts; the Venetians put in at Negroponte and Thessaloniki, also at Ephesos andMiletos, while theGenoese shipped great quantities of alum from Phokaia and Chios to Flanders. Private shipments, less well-known than the convoys, should not be underestimated.11 As in the west, Latin trade in the Aegean was based on contracts drawn up in the presence of a notary; merchants were bound together for a voyage or longer periods by colleganze and commende, societates and contracts of exchange, maritime insurances and procurements. The Venetian notarial deeds from Crete, Coron and Modon, and those of the Genoese notaries of Chios, were no different from those drawn up at Genoa or Venice. The function of these contracts was to raise the necessary capital, insure the ships and cargos and create interdependencies that protected the rights of absent parties. Of particular note are the contracts defining the terms on which the mahonesi could exercise their monopoly on the sale of mastic: they divided the production to be sold in the three great geographical zones shared between the Giustiniani families, who made up the mahona.12 Taken as a whole, these contracts show how diverse were the social origins and class of those involved in the mercantile economy. Although most merchants in theVenetian colonies came from the coasts of the Lagoon, and those of the Genoese trading posts from Liguria, these documents reveal many other traders at work. Catalans, men of Languedoc and Provence, Pisans, Florentines, Lombards and Anconitans, men from southern Italy andDubrovnik and former refugees from Syria-Palestine were also involved in long-distance trade, either on their own or in association with representatives of the two great Italian maritime republics. The Aegean was truly a ‘free trade community’ – one where rivalries could develop, but also where individual potential could be fulfilled, given capital, opportunity and a spirit of enterprise.
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The once great floating gardens of Mexico City, which filled the bellies of the Aztecs, are dying of serious neglect.
On this point, everyone sadly agrees.
The ancient plots and their life-giving canals are weedy and abandoned, overrun by cattle, invaded by exotic fish, sucked dry by urban sprawl — and a dozen agencies of government have failed to save one of the wonders of the world.
A few farmers continue to till their little corners of Eden. They grow marigolds for El Dia de los Muertos, the Day of the Dead.
“Which is appropriate,” said Luis Zambrano, a biologist at the National Autonomous University of Mexico, who is trying to save the indigenous life of Xochimilco, “since the place is dying.”
The gardens have been sick for a long time, ever since the Spanish conquistador Hernan Cortes arrived in 1519 and began draining the lakes.
The problem is that they are now dying quickly, and there are worrying signs that the ecosystem is crashing.
Asked whether the place can survive, a respected historian of Xochimilco, Gloria Valek, answered, “I would like to think so, but it might be impossible.”
The canals that once fed 50 square miles of gardens are overwhelmed by foreign fish, African tilapia or Asian carp, thriving in the dirty waters. The fish are loaded with heavy metals, fed by wastewater treatment facilities — the lake’s only water source, now that the 2,500 artesian springs have dried up, trying to slake the thirst of the megacity. Maybe half the original wetlands used by the Aztec vassals here remain, much of them degraded. But the land could bounce back.
Fisherman Roberto Altamirano has been working to save Xochimilco (pronounced so-chi-MIL-co), which is a U.N. World Heritage Site. For two years, he has been netting exotic species from the canals. “We have removed 650 tons of fish,” he said, “which is a lot of fish.”
But people don’t want to buy the tilapia and carp the fishermen net when they learn they come from Xochimilco, which has a bad reputation because of the pollution.
In one of the experimental reserves, the farmers had to stop using the tilapia as fertilizer — because they were too toxic.
The Valley of Mexico is a bowl surrounded by mountains and volcanoes. The Aztecs built their empire in the middle of a series of interconnected lakes. Their capital of palaces and pyramids, Tenochtitlan, reached by causeways, was an amazing sight to the conquistadors, who said it was more impressive than any city in Europe.
For a thousand years, farmers staked out small rectangular plots in the shallow lakes around the Aztec capital. They built their artificial islands of wattle and willow and filled the gardens, called chinampas, with fertile muck.
The farms were irrigated by an immense grid of miles of shallow canals, just wide enough for a canoe. The gardens produced a bounty: five or six crops a year, an abundance of chiles, greens, cactus and herbs. The canals were exploited for crayfish, frogs, fowl, fish.
It was an ingenious system, and what is amazing is that a visitor can see a glimpse of the old ways even today.
Bird watchers still come to look at the white pelicans, in one of the last big green spaces in a metropolis of 22 million. There are bicycle paths and an underwhelming ecological center. The area continues to shrink.
The gardens and canals were filled with rubble from the 1985 Mexico City earthquake; the wetlands were cut in half by a perimeter highway; after the springs dried up, wastewater was rerouted from the sewage treatment plants.
On the weekends, the canals are packed with hundreds of gondoliers poling their brightly painted launches through Mexico City’s version of Venice. The boats are packed with revelers, drinking beer and eating tacos, as barges filled with mariachi bands pull beside them and sing for $8 a song.
But beneath the surface of the water, scientists fear that the rare and endangered axolotl (pronounced ACK-suh-LAH-tuhl), a foot-long salamander that can regenerate its lost limbs, is nearly gone from the wild.
“We are very sad,” the biologist Zambrano said. “In 1998, we surveyed 6,000 axolotl per square kilometer. In 2008, there were 100 per square kilometer.”
They haven’t been able to find one in months.
The remarkable salamanders were once so abundant that locals remember them well. “There were axolotls everywhere 20 years ago,” farmer Anastacio Santana said. “We used to eat them, wrapped in corn husks, cooked with onion and epazote herbs.”
“Some studies suggest they will be extinct in the wild in 10 years,” Zambrano said.
The university scientists have erected several refuges for the salamanders — small stretches of canal that they empty of exotic fish and cover with netting to keep the birds away.
“This is it,” said Zambrano, pointing to one small ditch where they have placed 20 axolotl raised in the laboratories. “It is not much. But it is a start.”
Martha Teresa Delgado, the environmental secretary for the Mexico City government, said that the solutions for saving Xochimilco are well known, but that funding has been elusive and that there are too many agencies with too little responsibility, all making promises and passing the blame. She said there is a proposal to create a kind of czar to coordinate recovery efforts.
“Things have been bad for a long time. But now we fear that the destruction is accelerating, that within our lifetimes this very special place will no longer exist,” Zambrano said. “It will just be a few dirty canals for the tourists and will mean nothing.”
Researcher Gabriela Martinez contributed to this report.
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You Can Get Solace Over These Cancer Tips
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Make it a priority to take a seat and really pay attention to the feelings and concerns of anyone close to you that has received a cancer diagnosis. While it may be emotionally a hardship on you, paying attention to their fears will help to keep these positive and help them heal. This can be a time and energy to avoid your own opinions and simply listen to their feelings and concerns.
If you want to prevent colon cancer, start moving. Exercise and physical exercise seriously reduce the possibilities of getting this particular cancer. People that don’t exercise are approximately 60 % prone to get colon cancer than individuals who do. There are a few causes of this. First, people who are active are generally thinner as well as in better health. Secondly, being active lowers likelihood of diseases like type 2 diabetes that increase cancer risk. Regular workouts should be important in your daily life.
No matter what your circumstances, you can do a few things to make your daily life easier with certain resources, and help from others. Everything you have discovered on this page should help to put your mind confident and enable you to face cancer with full confidence, knowledge and emotional strength..
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