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twg_000012578700 | the incorporation of mineral oil, or mineral oil emulsified by aid of Quillaia bark, with a cocoa-nut oil soap, and in all these instances the hydrocarbon merely exists in suspension. G. Reale (Fr. Pat. ,, ), however, proposes to heat mineral oil together with spermaceti and strong alkali, and states that he transforms... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578701 | oxygen, become fatty acids, which are converted into soap by means of the alkali. In this connection may be quoted the interesting work of Zelinsky (_Russ. Phys. Chem. Ges. Zeits. Angew. Chem._, , ). He obtained substances, by acting with carbon dioxide upon magnesia compounds of chlorinated fractions of petroleum, whi... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578702 | acids. One of these acids on heating with glycerine formed tri-octin, which had the properties of a fat. Dr. Engler, in confirmation of the theory of the animal origin of some petroleums, obtained what might be described as petroleum (for it contained almost all the hydrocarbons present in the natural mineral oil) by d... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578703 | _Electrical Production of Soap._--Attempts have been made to produce soap electrically by Messrs. Nodon, Brettonneau and Shee (Eng. Pat. ,, ), and also by Messrs. Merry and Noble (Eng. Pat. ,, ). In the former patent, a mixture of soda-lye and fat is agitated by electricity at a temperature of - F. (- C.), while in the... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578704 | is electrolytically produced from brine, and deposited on wire-netting in the presence of fat, which is thereby saponified. . TREATMENT OF SETTLED SOAP. _Cleansing--Crutching--Liquoring of Soaps--Filling--Neutralising, Colouring and Perfuming--Disinfectant Soaps--Framing--Slabbing--Barring--Open and Close Piling--Dryin... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578705 | the second layer, is now transferred to the frames, this being generally termed "cleansing" the soap. The thin crust or layer at the top of the pan is gently removed, and the soap may be either ladled out and conveyed to the frames, or withdrawn by the aid of a pump from above the nigre through a skimmer (Fig. ), | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578706 | and pipe, attached by means of a swivel joint (Fig. ) (which allows the skimmer pipe to be raised or lowered at will by means of a winch, Fig. ), to a pipe fitted in the side of the pan as fully shown in Fig. , or the removal may be performed by gravitation through some mechanical device from the | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578707 | side of the copper. [Illustration: FIG. .--Skimmer, with flange for attachment to skimmer-pipe.] Every precaution is taken to avoid the presence of nigre in the soap being cleansed. [Illustration: FIG. .--Swivel-joint.] The temperature at which soap may be cleansed depends on the particular grade--soaps requiring to be... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578708 | F. ( C.) may be taken as a suitable temperature for this class of soap; in the case of firm soaps, such as milling base, where cooling is liable to take place in the pan (and thus affect the yield), the temperature may be - F. (- C.). This latter class of soap is generally run direct to the frames | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578709 | and crutched by hand, or, to save manual labour, it may be run into a power-driven crutching pan (neutralising material being added if necessary) and stirred a few times before framing. [Illustration: FIG. .--Winch.] [Illustration: FIG. .--Soap-boiling pan, showing skimmer pipe, swivel and winch.] [Illustration: FIG. .... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578710 | the frames by hand crutches (Fig. ) until the temperature is sufficiently lowered and the soap begins to assume a "ropiness". Crutching may also be performed mechanically. There are various types of mechanical crutchers, stationary and travelling. They may be cylindrical pans, jacketed or otherwise, in the centre of wh... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578711 | shaft carrying several blades (Fig. ) or the agitator may take the form of an Archimedean screw working in a cylinder (Fig. ). [Illustration: FIG. .--Mechanical crutcher.] The kind of soap to be crutched, whether thin or stiff, will determine the most suitable type for the purpose. The former class includes "washer" so... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578712 | perfumed, if necessary, in these crutching pans, and in that case they are merely used for mixing the liquids with the hot soap prior to its passage along wooden spouts (Fig. ) provided with outlets over the frames, in which the crutching is continued by hand. In the case of stiff soaps requiring complete incorporation... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578713 | is preferable, the soap being forced upwards by the screw, and descending between the cylinder and the sides of the pan, while the reverse action can also be brought into play. The completion of crutching is indicated by the smoothness and stiffness of the soap when moved with a trowel, and a portion taken out at this ... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578714 | should present a rounded appearance. When well mixed the resultant product is emptied directly into wheel-frames placed underneath the outlet of the pan. It is important that the blades or worm of the agitating gear be covered with soap to avoid the occlusion of air and to prevent the soap becoming soft and spongy. [Il... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578715 | of Soaps._--This consists of the addition of various alkaline solutions to soap to produce different qualities, and is best performed in the crutching machines, although it is in some instances carried out in the frames. In the history of soap-making a large number and variety of substances have been suggested for the ... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578716 | effect when added to soap. Many of these have had only a very short existence, and others have gradually fallen out of use. Amongst the more practical additions most frequently adopted may be mentioned carbonate of soda, silicate of soda, and pearl ash (impure carbonate of potash). The carbonate of soda may be used in ... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578717 | which, containing . per cent. of water, dissolves in its own water of crystallisation on heating, and is in that manner added to the hot soap. In the case of weak-bodied soap, this addition gives firmness and tends to increase the detergent qualities. The soda carbonate may also be added to soap as a solution of soda a... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578718 | either concentrated, Tw. ( B.), or of various strengths from Tw. ( B.) upwards. This solution stiffens and hardens soap, and the addition, which must not be excessive, or efflorescence will occur, is generally made at a temperature of F. ( C.). Care should always be taken in the choice of solutions for liquoring. Stron... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578719 | firm soap will result in a brittle product, whereas the texture of a weak soap would be greatly improved by such addition. A slight addition of a weak solution of pearl ash, - Tw. (.-. B.), improves the appearance of many soaps intended for household purposes. For yellow soaps, containing a low percentage of fatty acid... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578720 | soda of varying strengths are generally used. It is always advisable to have a test sample made with the soap to ascertain what proportion and what strength of sodium silicate solution is best suited for the grade of soap it is desired to produce. It is important that the soap to be "silicated" should be distinctly alk... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578721 | distinct caustic taste), or the resultant soap is liable to become like stone with age. The alkaline silicate of soda ( Tw., . B.) is the quality most convenient for yellow soaps; this may be diluted to the desired gravity by boiling with water. For a reduction of - per cent. fatty acids content, a solution of Tw. ( B.... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578722 | (boiling) is most suitable, and if the reduction desired is greater, the density of the silicate solution should be increased; for example, to effect a reduction of per cent. fatty acids content, a solution of Tw. ( B.) (boiling) would probably be found to answer. In some instances Tw. (. B.) silicate may be added; exp... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578723 | amount which can be satisfactorily incorporated without the soap becoming "open," but / of the quantity of soap taken is practically a limit, and it will be found that the temperature should be low; the same quantity of silicate at different temperatures does not produce the same result. Various other strengths of sodi... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578724 | and body of the soap base--neutral silicate Tw. (. B.) also finds favour with some soap-makers. Mixtures of soda crystals or soda ash solution with silicate of soda solution are used for a certain grade of soap, which is crutched until smooth and stiff. Glauber's salt (sodium sulphate) produces a good smooth surface wh... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578725 | its tendency to effloresce more quickly than soda carbonate, it is not so much used as formerly. Common salt sometimes forms an ingredient in liquoring mixtures. Potassium chloride and potassium silicate find a limited use for intermixing with soft soaps. It will be readily understood that hard and fast rules cannot be... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578726 | solution to be employed can only be ascertained by experiment and experience, but the above suggestions will prove useful as a guide towards good results. A smooth, firm soap of clear, bright, glossy appearance is what should be aimed at. _Filling._--Some low-grade soaps contain filling, which serves no useful purpose ... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578727 | used article of this description. It consists of hydrated silicate of magnesium and, when finely ground, is white and greasy to the touch. The addition of this substance to the hot soap is made by suspending it in silicate of soda solution. Whatever filling material is used, it is important that the appearance of the s... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578728 | altered. _Neutralising, Colouring and Perfuming._--The free caustic alkali in soap, intended for toilet or laundry purposes, is usually neutralised during the cleansing, although some soap manufacturers prefer to accomplish this during the milling operation. Various materials have been recommended for the purpose, thos... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578729 | best method is the addition of an exact quantity of sodium bicarbonate (acid sodium carbonate), which converts the caustic alkali into carbonate. The reaction may be expressed by the equation:-- NaOH + NaHCO_{} = Na_{}CO_{} + H_{}O Caustic soda Bicarbonate of soda Carbonate of soda Water Boric acid in aqueous or glycer... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578730 | used, but care is necessary in employing these substances, as any excess is liable to decompose the soap. The addition of cocoa-nut oil is unsatisfactory, the great objection being that complete saponification is difficult to ensure, and, further, there is always the liability of rancidity developing. Stearic and oleic... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578731 | the disadvantage that oleates are very liable to go rancid. A large number of other substances have been proposed, and in many instances patented, for neutralising the free caustic alkali. Among these may be mentioned--Alder Wright's method of using an ammoniacal salt, the acid radicle of which neutralises the caustic ... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578732 | bibasic phosphate (Eng. Pat. ,, ); a substance formed by treating albumen with formalin (Eng. Pat., ,, ); wheat glutenin "albuminoses" (albumen after acid or alkaline treatment); malt extract; and egg, milk, or vegetable albumen. The colouring matter used may be of either vegetable or coal-tar origin, and is dissolved ... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578733 | older types of colouring matter--such as cadmium yellow, ochres, vermilion, umbers--have been superseded. In the production of washer household soaps, a small quantity of perfume is sometimes added. _Disinfectant Soaps._--To the soap base, which must be strong to taste, is added from to per cent. of coal-tar derivative... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578734 | acid and its homologues. The incorporation is made in the crutching pan, and further crutching may be given by hand in the frames. _Framing._--The object of framing is to allow the soap to solidify into blocks. The frames intended for mottled soaps, which require slow cooling, are constructed of wood, often with a well... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578735 | of lye to accumulate--for other soaps, iron frames are in general use. The frame manufactured by H. D. Morgan of Liverpool is shown in Fig. . As soon as the frame is filled, or as soon as the crutching in the frame is finished, the soap is smoothed by means of a trowel, leaving in the centre a heap which | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578736 | slopes towards the sides. Next day the top of the soap is straightened or flattened with a wooden mallet, this treatment assisting in the consolidation. [Illustration: FIG. .--Soap frame.] [Illustration: FIG. .--Slabbing machine.] The length of time the soap should remain in frames is dependent on the quality, quantity... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578737 | days. When the requisite period has elapsed, the sides and ends of the frames are removed, and there remains a solid block of soap weighing from to cwt. according to the size of frame used. The blocks, after scraping and trimming, are ready for cutting into slabs. _Slabbing._--This may be done mechanically by pushing t... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578738 | framework containing pianoforte wires fixed at equi-distances (Fig. , which shows a machine designed by E. Forshaw & Son, Ltd.), or the soap may be out by hand by pulling a looped wire through the mass horizontally along lines previously scribed, or, for a standard sized slab, the wire may be a fixture in a box-like ar... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578739 | along the top of the soap, and the distance of the wire from the top of the box will be the thickness of the slab (Fig. ). [Illustration: FIG. .--Banjo slabber.] All tallow soaps should be slabbed whilst still warm, cut into bars, and open-piled immediately; if this type of soap is cold when slabbed its appearance will... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578740 | much altered. _Barring._--The slabs are out transversely into bars by means of the looped wire, or more usually by a machine (Fig. ), the lower framework of which, containing wires, is drawn through the soap placed on the base-board; the framework is raised, and the bars fall upon the shelf, ready for transference into... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578741 | custom in England to cut bars of soap inches long, and weighing lb. each, or -/ bars of soap to the cwt., but in recent years a demand has arisen for bars of so many various weights that it must be sometimes a difficult matter to know what sizes to stock. In another type of barring machine, portions of the | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578742 | slab, previously cut to size, are pushed against a framework carrying wires, and the bars slide along a table ready for handling (Fig. ). In cutting machines, through which "washer" household soap is being passed, the bar is pushed at right angles through another frame containing wires, which divides it into tablets; t... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578743 | ready for drying and stamping. It is needless to say that the slabs and tablets are cut with a view to reducing the amount of waste to the lowest possible limit. Such a machine, made by E. Forshaw & Son, Ltd., is shown in Fig. . [Illustration: FIG. .--Barring machine.] [Illustration: FIG. .--Bar-cutting machine.] [Illu... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578744 | Close-piling._--As remarked previously, tallow soaps should be cut whilst warm, and the bars "open-piled," or stacked across each other in such a way that air has free access to each bar for a day. The bar of soap will skin or case-harden, and next day may be "close-piled," or placed in the storage bins, where they sho... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578745 | or three weeks, when they will be in perfect condition for packing into boxes ready for distribution. [Illustration: FIG. .--Soap stamp.] _Drying._--"Oil soaps," as soaps of the washer type are termed, do not skin sufficiently by the open-piling treatment, and are generally exposed on racks to a current of hot air in a... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578746 | skin, which prevents evaporation of water, and allows of an impression being given by the stamp without the soap adhering to the dies. It is of course understood that heavily liquored soaps are, as a rule, unsuitable for the drying treatment, as the bars become unshapely, and lose water rapidly. _Stamping._--Bar soaps ... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578747 | containing removable or fixed brass letters (Fig. ), with a certain brand or designation of quality and the name of the manufacturer or vendor, and are now ready for packing into boxes. A very large bulk of the soap trade consists of the household quality in tablet form, readily divided into two cakes. These are stampe... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578748 | moulds with two dies--top and bottom impressions--the die-plates, being removable, allow the impressions to be changed. This type of mould (Fig. ) can be adjusted for the compression of tablets of varying thickness, the box preventing the escape of soap. We are indebted to E. Forshaw & Son, Ltd., for this illustration.... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578749 | be worked by hand (Fig. ) or power driven. Where large quantities of a particular tablet have to be stamped, one of the many automatic mechanical stampers in existence may be employed, the tablets being conveyed to and from the dies by means of endless belts. Such a machine is shown in the accompanying illustration (Fi... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578750 | soap is transferred to racks and exposed to the air, after which it is ready for wrapping, which is generally performed by manual labour, although in some instances automatic wrapping machines are in use. Cardboard cartons are also used for encasing the wrapped tablets, the object being that these are more conveniently... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578751 | to form an attractive window display. _Cooling._--Many attempts have been made to shorten the time required for the framing and finishing of soap, by cooling the liquid soap as it leaves the pan. [Illustration: FIG. .--Soap-stamping machine, showing box mould.] With milling base, this is successfully accomplished in th... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578752 | periphery of a revolving drum which can be cooled internally by means of water. [Illustration: FIG. .--Automatic stamper.] In the case of household soaps, where the resultant product must be of good appearance and have a firm texture, the difficulty is to produce a bar fit for sale after the cooling has been performed,... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578753 | chilled lacks the appearance of that treated in the ordinary way. Several patents have been granted for various methods of moulding into bars in tubes, where the hot soap is cooled by being either surrounded by running water in a machine of similar construction to a candle machine, or rotated through a cooling medium; ... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578754 | both for mechanical appliances and for methods of removing or discharging the bars after cooling. In many instances these have proved unsatisfactory, owing to fracture of the crystalline structure. Moreover, in passing through some of the devices for solidification after chilling, the soap is churned by means of a worm... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578755 | finished bar, for, as is well known, soap which has been handled too much, does not regain its former firmness, and its appearance is rendered unsatisfactory. A form of apparatus which is now giving satisfactory results is the Leimdoerfer continuous cooler (Fig. ). This consists of a fixed charging hopper, A, a portabl... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578756 | box, C, which can be raised or lowered by means of a screw, D. The bottom of the hopper is fitted with holes corresponding with the cooling tubes, _e_, and closed by plugs _c_, attached to a frame _b_, which terminates above in a screw spindle _a_, by means of which the frame and plugs can be raised and lowered | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578757 | so as to permit or stop the outflow of soap into the cooling tubes. The tubes are closed at the bottom by slides _d_, and the box B, in which they are mounted, is carried on a truck running on rails. The charging hopper can be connected with the soap-pan by a pipe, and when the hopper is filled with | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578758 | liquid soap the plugs _c_ are raised and the air in the box C exhausted, thus causing the soap to descend into the cooling tubes. [Illustration: FIG. .--Leimdoerfer cooler.] The slides _d_ are closed, the screw D released, and the box B moved away to make room for another. At the end of the rail track is an ejecting de... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578759 | which pushes the cooled soap out of the tubes, and the truck is run back on a side track to the machine for use over again. In this way the apparatus can be worked continuously, the soap being received from the cooling pipes on a suitable arrangement for transport to the press or store room. A similar idea has been | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578760 | made the subject of a patent by Holoubek (Eng. Pat. ,, , Fig. ). The soap is run into frames or moulds having open sides, which are closed by being clamped with screws and pressure plates between cooling tubes through which water circulates. [Illustration: FIG. .--Holoubek's cooler.] . TOILET, TEXTILE AND MISCELLANEOUS... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578761 | Soaps--Drying--Milling and Incorporating Colour, Perfume, or Medicament--Perfume--Colouring Matter--Neutralising and Superfatting Material--Compressing--Cutting--Stamping--Medicated Soaps--Ether Soap--Floating Soaps--Shaving Soaps--Textile Soaps--Soaps for Woollen, Cotton and Silk Industries--Patent Textile Soaps--Misc... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578762 | alkali and any other ingredient likely to cause irritation or injury to the skin. Toilet soaps may be simply classified according to their method of preparation into the following four classes:-- () Cold process soaps. () Settled boiled soaps. () Remelted soaps. () Milled soaps. Soaps of the first class are of comparat... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578763 | other qualities. Details of the "cold process" have already been given on page ; it is only necessary to add the desired perfume and colouring matter to the soap. The second class consists of good quality settled soaps, direct from the copper, to which have been added, prior to framing, suitable perfume and colouring m... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578764 | The third class is represented by soaps made by the old English method of remelting, which are often termed "perfumers'," or "little pan" soaps. The soap-base or mixture of various kinds of soap is remelted in a steam-jacketed pan, or pan provided with steam coils, and agitated. The agitation must not be too vigorous o... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578765 | become aerated. When all the soap is molten, additions of pearl ash solution are made to give it a finer and smoother texture, render it more transparent, and increase its lathering properties. The necessary colour, in a soluble form, is well incorporated, and lastly the perfume. Owing to volatilisation, much of the pe... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578766 | and it is necessary to add a large quantity to get the desired odour; hence the cheaper essential oils have to be used, so that the perfume of this class of soap is not so delicate as that of milled soaps, although it is quite possible to produce remelted soaps as free from uncombined alkali as a milled toilet soap. | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578767 | Palm-oil soap often forms the basis for yellow and brown toilet soaps of this class. The old-fashioned Brown Windsor soap was originally a curd soap that with age and frequent remelting had acquired a brown tint by oxidation of the fatty acids--the oftener remelted the better the resultant soap. Medicaments are sometim... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578768 | or carbolic. Oatmeal and bran have been recommended in combination with soap for toilet purposes, and a patent (Eng. Pat. ,, ) has been granted for the use of these substances together with wood-fibre impregnated with boric acid. After cooling in small frames, the soap is slabbed, and cut into blocks, and finally into ... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578769 | press (hand or steam driven) with a design or lettering on each side. _Milled Toilet Soaps._--Practically all high-class soaps now on the market pass through the French or milling process. This treatment, as its name implies, was first practised by the French who introduced it to this country, and consists briefly of (... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578770 | or medicament, (iii.) compressing, and (iv.) cutting and stamping. The advantages of milled soap over toilet soap produced by other methods are that the former, containing less water and more actual soap, is more economical in use, possesses a better appearance, and more elegant finish, does not shrink or lose its shap... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578771 | and delicate perfumes may be incorporated without fear of loss or deterioration. Only soap made from best quality fats is usually milled, a suitable base being that obtained by saponifying a blend of the finest white tallow with a proportion, not exceeding per cent., of cocoa-nut oil, and prepared as described in . The... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578772 | is that the saponification should be thorough and complete; if this is not ensured, rancidity is liable to occur and a satisfactory toilet soap cannot be produced. The soap must not be short in texture or brittle and liable to split, but of a firm and somewhat plastic consistency. (i.) _Drying._--The milling-base, afte... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578773 | from to per cent. of water, and this quantity must be reduced to rather less than half before the soap can be satisfactorily milled. Cutting the soap into bars or strips and open piling greatly facilitates the drying, which is usually effected by chipping the soap and exposing it on trays to a current of hot air at - F... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578774 | (- C.). There are several forms of drying chambers in which the trays of chips are placed upon a series of racks one above another, and warm air circulated through, and Fig. shows a soap drying apparatus with fan made by W. J. Fraser & Co., Ltd., London. The older method of heating the air by allowing it to pass | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578775 | over a pipe or flue through which the products of combustion from a coke or coal fire are proceeding under the floor of the drying chamber to a small shaft, has been superseded by steam heat. The air is either drawn or forced by means of quickly revolving fans through a cylinder placed in a horizontal position and cont... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578776 | coils, or passed over steam-pipes laid under the iron grating forming the floor of the chamber. [Illustration: FIG. .--Soap-drying apparatus.] It will be readily understood that in the case of a bad conductor of heat, like soap-chippings, it is difficult to evaporate moisture without constantly moving them and exposing... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578777 | where the shavings of chilled soap are dried by being carried through a heated chamber upon a series of endless bands (the first discharging the contents on to a lower belt which projects at the end, and is moving in the opposite direction, and so on), this is performed by intercepting milling rollers in the system of ... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578778 | ,, ) whereby the surfaces exposed to the drying are altered, and it is claimed that the formation of hardened crust is prevented. In the ordinary methods of drying, the chips are frequently moved by hand to assist uniform evaporation. The degree of saturation of the air with moisture must be taken into consideration in... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578779 | of air through the drying chamber, and for this purpose the use of a hygrometer is advantageous. It is very important that the correct amount of moisture should be left in the soap, not too much, nor too little; the exact point can only be determined by judgment and experience, and depends to a considerable extent upon... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578780 | the soap, and also on the amount of perfume or medicament to be added, but speaking generally, a range of to per cent. gives good results. If the soap contains less than this amount it is liable to crumble during the milling, will not compress satisfactorily, and the finished tablet may have a tendency to crack and con... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578781 | so objectionable in use. If, on the other hand, the soap is left too moist, it is apt to stick to the rollers and mill with difficulty, and during compression the surface assumes a blistered and sticky appearance. (ii.) _Milling and Incorporation of Colour, Perfume or Medicament._--The object of milling is to render th... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578782 | it to a state in which colour, perfume, or any necessary neutralising material or other substance may be thoroughly incorporated. The milling machine consists of smooth granite rollers, fitted with suitable gearing and working in an iron framework (Fig. ). The rollers are connected in such a manner that they rotate at ... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578783 | the milling, and ensures that the action of the rollers is one of rubbing rather than crushing. By means of suitably arranged screws the pressure of the rollers on one another can be adjusted to give the issuing soap any desired thickness; care should be taken that the sheets of soap are not unnecessarily thick or the ... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578784 | will not be uniform. The soap, in the form of chips, is introduced on to the rollers through a hopper, and after one passage through the mill, from bottom to top, one of the serrated knife edges is applied and the ribbons of the soap are delivered into the top of the hopper where the colour, perfume, and any other | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578785 | desired admixture is added, and the milling operation repeated three or four times. When the incorporation is complete the other scraper is fixed against the top roller and the soap ribbon passed into the receptacle from which it is conveyed to the compressor. A better plan, however, especially in the case of the best ... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578786 | are necessarily more delicate and costly, is to make the addition of the perfume when the colour has been thoroughly mixed throughout the mass. Another method is to mill once and transfer the mass to a rotary mixing machine, fitted with internal blades, of a peculiar form, which revolve in opposite directions one withi... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578787 | rotated. The perfume, colouring matter, etc., are added and the mixer closed and set in motion, when, after a short time, the soap is reduced to a fine granular condition, with the colour and perfume evenly distributed throughout the whole. By the use of such machines, the loss of perfume by evaporation, which during m... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578788 | to a minimum, and the delicacy of the aroma is preserved unimpaired. [Illustration: FIG. .--Milling machine.] Prolonged milling, especially with a suitable soap base, tends to produce a semi-transparent appearance, which is admired by some, but the increased cost of production by the repeated milling is not accompanied... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578789 | soap will be dealt with fully in the next chapter. The quantity necessary to be added varies considerably with the nature of the essential oils, and also the price at which the soap is intended to be sold. In the cheaper grades of milled soaps the quantity will range from - fluid ozs. per cwt., and but rarely exceeds - | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578790 | ozs., whereas in more costly soaps as much as - fluid ozs. are sometimes added to the cwt. _Colouring Matter._--During recent years an outcry has been made against highly coloured soaps, and the highest class soaps have been manufactured either colourless or at the most with only a very delicate tint. It is obvious tha... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578791 | use of only the highest grade oils and fats, and excludes the introduction of any rosin, and, so far, the desire for a white soap is doubtless justified. Many perfumes, however, tend to quickly discolour a soap, hence the advantage of giving it a slight tint. For this purpose a vegetable colouring matter is preferable,... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578792 | [Illustration: FIG. .--Compressor.] A demand still exists for brightly coloured soaps, and this is usually met by the use of coal-tar dyes. The quantity required is of course extremely small, so that no harm or disagreeable result could possibly arise from their use. _Neutralising and Superfatting Material._--If desire... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578793 | milling process, any superfatting material being added at the same time. The chief neutralising reagents have already been mentioned in . With regard to superfatting material, the quantity of this should be very small, not exceeding - ozs. per cwt: The most suitable materials are vaseline, lanoline, or spermaceti. [Ill... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578794 | compression and binding of the soap ribbons into a solid bar suitable for stamping, and the plant used (Fig. ) for this purpose is substantially the same in all factories. The soap is fed through a hopper into a strong metal conical-shaped tube like a cannon, which tapers towards the nozzle, and in which a single or tw... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578795 | moving, and the soap is thereby forced through a perforated metallic disc, subjected to great pressure, and compressed. The screws must be kept uniformly covered with shavings during compression to obviate air bubbles in the soap. [Illustration: FIG. .--Screw press.] The soap finally emerges through the nozzle (to whic... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578796 | the form it is intended the final tablet to take) as a long, polished, solid bar, which is cut with a knife or wire into lengths of or feet, and if of satisfactory appearance, is ready for cutting and stamping. The nozzle of the plodder is heated by means of a Bunsen burner to about or F. (- C.) to | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578797 | allow the soap to be easily forced out, and this also imparts a good gloss and finish to the ejected bar--if the nozzle is too hot, however, the soap will be blistered, whereas insufficient heat will result in streaky soap of a poor and dull appearance. (iv.) _Cutting and Stamping._--In cutting the soap into sections f... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578798 | shape it somewhat similar to the required finished tablet. Many manufacturers cut the soap into sections having concave ends, and in stamping, the corners are forced into the concavity, with the result that unsightly markings are produced at each end of the tablet. It is preferable to have a cutter with convex ends, an... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578799 | done in a pin mould the shape should be a trifle larger than the exact size of the desired tablet. [Illustration: FIG. --Pin mould.] The stamping may be performed by a hand stamper (Fig. ), a screw press (Fig. ), or by a steam stamper. The screw press works very satisfactorily for toilet soaps. There are two kinds of m... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
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