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twg_000012578900 | oil contains eugenol and phellandrene. _Citronella Oil._--This oil is distilled from two distinct Andropogon grasses, the Lana Batu and the Maha pangiri, the former being the source of the bulk of Ceylon oil, and the latter being cultivated in the Straits Settlements and Java. The oils from these three localities show ... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578901 | gravity at C., .-.; optical rotation, lvo-rotatory up to -; refractive index at C., .-.; soluble in volume of per cent. alcohol; total acetylisable constituents, calculated as geraniol, - per cent. _Singapore Citronella Oil._--Specific gravity at C., .-.; optical rotation, usually slightly lvo-rotatory up to -; refract... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578902 | total acetylisable constituents, calculated as geraniol, - per cent. _Java Citronella Oil._--Specific gravity at C., .-.; optical rotation, - to -; total acetylisable constituents, calculated as geraniol, - per cent.; soluble in - volumes of per cent. alcohol. The chief constituents of the oil are geraniol, citronellal... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578903 | for perfuming cheap soaps, and also serves as a source for the production of geraniol. _Bois de Rose Femelle oil_, or _Cayenne linaloe oil_, distilled from wood of trees of the Burserace species. Specific gravity at C., .-.; optical rotation, - ' to -; refractive index at C., .-.; soluble in . to volumes of per cent. a... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578904 | consists almost entirely of linalol, with traces of saponifiable bodies, but appears to be free from methyl heptenone, found by Barbier and Bouveault in Mexican linaloe oil. This oil is distinctly finer in odour than the Mexican product. _Clove oil_, distilled from the unripe blossoms of Eugenia caryophyllata, the chie... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578905 | gravity at C., .-.; optical rotation, slightly lvo-rotatory up to - '; phenols, estimated by absorption with per cent. potash solution, - per cent.; refractive index at C., .-.; soluble in to volumes of per cent. alcohol. The principal constituent of the oil is eugenol, together with caryophyllene and acet-eugenol. Whi... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578906 | determined by its eugenol content, oils containing more than per cent. phenols are usually less satisfactory in odour, the high proportion of phenols being obtained at the expense of the decomposition of some of the sesquiterpene. Oils with less than per cent. phenols will be found somewhat weak in odour. This oil is e... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578907 | and is an important constituent of carnation soaps. As already mentioned, however, it causes the soap to darken in colour somewhat rapidly, and must not therefore be used in any quantity, except in coloured soaps. _Concrete orris oil_, a waxy substance obtained by steam distillation of Florentine orris root. Melting po... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578908 | myristic acid, - per cent.; ester, calculated as combined myristic acid, - per cent. The greater part of the product consists of the inodorous myristic acid, the chief odour-bearing constituent being irone. The high price of the oil renders its use only possible in the very best quality soaps. _Eucalyptus Oil._--Though... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578909 | to this class, only two are of much importance to the soap-maker. These are:-- (i.) Eucalyptus citriodora. Specific gravity at C., .-.; optical rotation, slightly dextro-rotatory up to +; soluble in - volumes of per cent. alcohol. The oil consists almost entirely of citronellic aldehyde, and on absorption with saturate... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578910 | (ii.) Eucalyptus globulus, the oil used in pharmacy, and containing - per cent. cineol. Specific gravity at C., .-.; optical rotation, + to +; soluble in to parts of per cent. alcohol; cineol (estimated by combination with phosphoric acid, pressing, decomposing with hot water, and measuring the liberated cineol), not l... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578911 | and valeric, butyric, and caproic aldehydes. It is chiefly used in medicated soaps. _Fennel (sweet) oil_, obtained from the fruit of Foeniculum vulgare, grown in Germany, Roumania, and other parts of Europe. Specific gravity at C., .-.; optical rotation, + to +; refractive index at C., .-.; usually soluble in - parts p... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578912 | per cent. alcohol. The chief constituents of the oil are anethol, fenchone, d-pinene, and dipentene. _Geranium oils_, distilled from plants of the Pelargonium species. There are three principal kinds of this oil on the market--the African, obtained from Algeria and the neighbourhood, the Bourbon, distilled principally ... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578913 | plants grown in the South of France, but this oil is not much used by soap-makers. A specially fine article is sold by a few essential oil firms under the name of "Geranium-sur-Rose," which as its name implies, is supposed to be geranium oil distilled over roses. This is particularly suitable for use in high-class soap... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578914 | general properties of these oils. It will be seen that the limits for the figures overlap to a considerable extent. _________________________________________________________________________ | | | | | | | | African. | Bourbon. | Spanish. | French. | |_________________________|___________|___________|___________|________... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578915 | .-. | .-. | | Optical rotation. |- to -|- to -|- to -|- to -| | Esters, calculated as | - | - | - | - | | geranyl tiglate | per cent. | per cent. | per cent. | per cent. | | Total alcohols, as | - | - | - | - | | geraniol. | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578916 | | per cent. | per cent. | per cent. | per cent. | | Solubility in per | | | | | | cent. alcohol. | in .-| in .-| in - | in .-| |_________________________|___________|___________|___________|___________| The oil contains geraniol and citronellol, both free, and combined with tiglic, valeric, butyric, and acetic acids; a... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578917 | are the two most commonly used for soap-perfurmery, the Spanish oil being too costly for extensive use. _Ginger-grass oil_, formerly regarded as an inferior kind of palma-rosa but now stated to be from an entirely different source. Specific gravity at C., .-.; optical rotation, +. The oil contains a large amount of ger... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578918 | and l-carvone. _Guaiac wood oil_, distilled from the wood of Bulnesia sarmienti. Specific gravity at C., .-.; optical rotation, - ' to -; refractive index at C., .-.; soluble in to volumes of per cent. alcohol. The principal constituent of the oil is guaiac alcohol, or gusiol. This oil, which has what is generally term... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578919 | used as an adulterant for otto of rose. _Lavender oil_, distilled from the flowers of Lavandula vera, grown in England, France, Italy and Spain. The English oil is considerably the most expensive, and is seldom, if ever, used in soap. The French and Italian oils are the most common, the Spanish oil being a comparativel... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578920 | origin, and more closely resembling aspic oil. English Oil.--Specific gravity at C., .-.; optical rotation, - to -; esters, calculated as linalyl acetate, - per cent.; soluble in volumes of per cent. alcohol. French and Italian Oils.--Specific gravity at C., .-.; optical rotation, - to -; refractive index at C., .-.; e... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578921 | higher; soluble in .- volumes of per cent. alcohol. There was at one time a theory that the higher the proportion of ester the better the oil, but this theory has now to a very large extent become discredited, and there is no doubt that some of the finest oils contain less than per cent. of esters. Spanish Oil.--Specif... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578922 | at C., .-.; optical rotation, - to +; esters, calculated as linalyl acetate, - per cent.; soluble in - volumes of per cent. alcohol. The chief constituents of lavender oil are linalyl acetate, linalol, geraniol, and linalyl butyrate, while the English oil also contains a distinct amount of cineol. _Lemon oil_, prepared... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578923 | fruit of Citrus limonum, and obtained almost entirely from Sicily and Southern Italy. Specific gravity at C., .-.; optical rotation, + to +; refractive index at C., .-.; aldehydes (citral), . to per cent. The principal constituents of the oil are limonene and citral, together with small quantities of pinene, phellandre... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578924 | the stearopten, citraptene. _Lemon-grass_ (so-called _verbena_) oil, distilled from the grass Andropogon citratus, which is grown in India and, more recently, in the West Indies. The oils from these two sources differ somewhat in their properties, and also in value, the former being preferred on account of its greater ... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578925 | - ' to -; aldehydes, by absorption with bisulphite of soda solution, to per cent.; refractive index at C., .-.; soluble in - volumes of per cent. alcohol. West Indian.--Specific gravity at C., .-.; optical rotation, faintly lvo-gyrate; refractive index at C., .-.; soluble in . volume of per cent. alcohol. _Lime oil_, o... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578926 | peel of the fruit of Citrus medica, and produced principally in the West Indies. Expressed Oil.--Specific gravity at C., .-.; optical rotation, + to +. Its most important constituent is citral. Distilled Oil.--This is entirely different in character to the expressed oil. Its specific gravity at C. is .-.; optical rotat... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578927 | cent. alcohol. _Linaloe oil_, distilled from the wood of trees of the Burserace family, and obtained from Mexico. Specific gravity at C., .-.; optical rotation, usually lvo-rotatory, - to -, but occasionally dextro-rotatory up to + '; esters, calculated as linalyl acetate, - per cent.; total alcohols as linalol, determ... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578928 | per cent. alcohol. This oil consists mainly of linalol, together with small quantities of methyl heptenone, geraniol, and d-terpineol. _Marjoram oil_, distilled from Origanum majoranoides, and obtained entirely from Cyprus. Specific gravity at C., .; phenols, chiefly carvacrol, estimated by absorption with per cent. ca... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578929 | is used in soap occasionally in place of red thyme oil. _Neroli Bigarade oil_, distilled from the fresh blossoms of the bitter orange, Citrus bigaradia. Specific gravity at C., .-.; optical rotation, + ' to +, and occasionally much higher; refractive index at C., .-.; esters, calculated as linalyl acetate, - per cent.;... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578930 | alcohol, becoming turbid on further addition of alcohol. The chief constituents of the oil are limonene, linalol, linalyl acetate, geraniol, methyl anthranilate, indol, and neroli camphor. _Orange (sweet) oil_, expressed from the peel of Citrus aurantium. Specific gravity at C., .-.; optical rotation, + to +; refractiv... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578931 | nonyl alcohol, d-linalol, d-terpineol, citral, citronellal, decyl aldehyde, and methyl anthranilate. _Palmarosa_, or _East Indian geranium oil_, distilled from Andropogon Schoenanthus, a grass widely grown in India. Specific gravity at C., .-.; optical rotation, + to -; refractive index at C., .-.; esters, calculated a... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578932 | cent. alcohol, in . The oil consists chiefly of geraniol, free, and combined with acetic and caproic acids, and dipentene. It is largely used in cheap toilet soaps, particularly in rose soaps. It is also a favourite adulterant for otto of rose, and is used as a source of geraniol. _Patchouli oil_, distilled from the le... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578933 | herb grown in India and the Straits Settlements. Specific gravity at C., .-.; optical rotation, - to -; refractive index at C., .-.; saponification number, up to ; sometimes soluble in . to volume of per cent. alcohol, becoming turbid on further addition. The solubility of the oil in alcohol increases with age. The oil... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578934 | per cent. of patchouliol and cadinene, which have little influence on its odour, and the bodies responsible for its persistent and characteristic odour have not yet been isolated. _Peppermint oil_, distilled from herbs of the Mentha family, the European and American from Mentha piperita, and the Japanese being generall... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578935 | the herb is grown has a considerable influence on the resulting oil, as the following figures show:-- English.--Specific gravity at C., .-.; optical rotation, - to -; total menthol, - per cent.; free menthol, - per cent.; soluble in - volumes of per cent. alcohol. American.--Specific gravity at C., .-.; optical rotatio... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578936 | free menthol, - per cent. The Michigan oil is soluble in - volumes of per cent. alcohol, but the better Wayne County oil usually requires - volumes of per cent. alcohol, and occasionally . volume of per cent. alcohol. French.--Specific gravity at C., .-.; optical rotation, - to -; total menthol, - per cent.; free menth... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578937 | in to . volumes of per cent. Japanese.--Specific gravity at C., .-.; optical rotation, lvo-rotatory up to -; solidifies at to C.; total menthol, - per cent., of which - per cent. is free; soluble in - volumes of per cent. alcohol. The dementholised oil is fluid at ordinary temperatures, has a specific gravity of .-. at... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578938 | - per cent. total menthol. Some twenty different constituents have been found in American peppermint oil, including menthol, menthone, menthyl acetate, cineol, amyl alcohol, pinene, l-limonene, phellandrene, dimethyl sulphide, menthyl isovalerianate, isovalerianic aldehyde, acetaldehyde, acetic acid, and isovalerianic ... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578939 | up to +; refractive index at C., . to .; ester, calculated as benzyl benzoate, - per cent.; soluble in volume of per cent. alcohol. The oil consists chiefly of benzyl benzoate and cinnamate, together with styracin, or cinnamyl cinnamate, and a small quantity of free benzoic and cinnamic acids. _Petitgrain oil_, obtaine... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578940 | fruit of Citrus bigaradia. There are two varieties of the oil, the French and the South American, the former being the more valuable. Specific gravity at C., .-.; optical rotation, - to +; refractive index at C., .-.; esters, calculated as linalyl acetate, - per cent., for the best qualities usually above per cent.; so... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578941 | volumes of per cent. alcohol, but occasionally requires - volumes of per cent. alcohol. Among its constituents are limonene, linalyl acetate, geraniol and geranyl acetate. _Pimento oil_ (allspice), distilled from the fruit of Pimenta officinalis, which is found in the West Indies and Central America. Specific gravity a... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578942 | C., .-.; phenols, estimated by absorption with per cent. potash solution, - per cent.; soluble in - volumes of per cent. alcohol. The oil contains eugenol, methyl eugenol, cineol, phellandrene, and caryophyllene. _Rose oil (otto of rose)_, distilled from the flowers of Rosa damascena, though occasionally the white rose... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578943 | but a small quantity of rose oil is prepared from roses grown in Anatolia, Asia Minor. An opinion as to the purity of otto of rose can only be arrived at after a very full chemical analysis, supplemented by critical examination of its odour by an expert. The following figures, however, will be found to include most oil... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578944 | be regarded as genuine. Specific gravity at C., .-.; optical rotation at C., - ' to -; refractive index at C., .-.; saponification value, -; solidifying point, - C.; iodine number, -; stearopten content, - per cent.; melting point of stearopten, about C. A large number of constituents have been isolated from otto of ro... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578945 | only present in very small quantities. The most important are geraniol, citronellol, phenyl ethyl alcohol, together with nerol, linalol, citral, nonylic aldehyde, eugenol, a sesquiterpene alcohol, and the paraffin stearopten. _Rosemary oil_, distilled from the herb Rosemarinus officinalis, and obtained from France, Dal... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578946 | with in commerce. The properties of the oils vary with their source, and also with the parts of the plant distilled, distillation of the stalks as well as the leaves tending to reduce the specific gravity and borneol content, and increase the proportion of the lvo-rotatory constituent (lvo-pinene). The following figure... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578947 | and Dalmatian.--Specific gravity at C., .-.; optical rotation, usually dextro-rotatory, up to +, but may occasionally be lvo-rotatory, especially if stalks have been distilled with the leaves; ester, calculated as bornyl acetate, - per cent.; total borneol, - per cent.; usually soluble in - volumes of . per cent. alcoh... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578948 | others, except that it is more frequently lvo-rotatory. Rosemary oil contains pinene, camphene, cineol, borneol, and camphor. _Sandalwood oil_, obtained by distillation of the wood of Santalum album (East Indian), Santalum cygnorum (West Australian), and Amyris balsamifera (West Indian). The oils obtained from these th... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578949 | East Indian.--Specific gravity at C., .-.; optical rotation, - to -; refractive index at C., .-.; santalol, - per cent.; usually soluble in - volumes of per cent. alcohol, though, an old oil occasionally is insoluble in per cent. alcohol. West Australian.--Specific gravity at C., .-.; optical rotation, + to +; alcohols... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578950 | per cent. alcohol, but readily dissolves in - volumes of per cent. alcohol. West Indian.--Specific gravity at C., .-.; optical rotation, + ' to +; insoluble in per cent. alcohol. In addition to free santalol, the oil contains esters of santalol and santalal. _Sassafras oil_, distilled from the bark of Sassafras officin... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578951 | C., .-.; optical rotation, + ' to +; refractive index at C., .-.; soluble in, - volumes of per cent. alcohol, frequently soluble in - volumes of per cent. alcohol. The chief constituents are safrol, pinene, eugenol, camphor, and phellandrene. The removal of safrol, either intentionally or by accident, owing to cooling ... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578952 | safrol, is readily detected by the reduction of the specific gravity below .. _Thyme oil, red and white_, distilled from the green or dried herb, Thymus vulgaris, both French and Spanish oils being met with. These oils are entirely different in character. French.--Specific gravity at C., .-.; slightly lvo-rotatory up t... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578953 | absorption with per cent. aqueous caustic potash, - per cent.; refractive index at C., .-.; soluble in -. volumes of per cent. alcohol. Spanish.--Specific gravity at C., .-.; optical rotation, slightly lvo-gyrate; phenols, - per cent.; refractive index at C.; .-.; soluble in - volumes of per cent. alcohol. In addition ... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578954 | cymene, thymene and pinene. The white thyme oil is produced by rectifying the red oil, which is generally effected at the expense of a considerable reduction in phenol content, and hence in real odour value of the oil. _Verbena Oil._--The oil usually sold under this name is really lemon-grass oil (which see _supra_). T... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578955 | is, however, occasionally met with. This is distilled in France from the verbena officinalis, and has the following properties: Specific gravity at C., .-.; optical rotation, slightly dextro- or lvo-rotatory; aldehydes, - per cent.; soluble in volumes of per cent. alcohol. The oil contains citral. _Vetivert oil_, disti... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578956 | East Indies. Specific gravity at C., .-.; optical rotation, + to +; saponification number, -; refractive index at C., .-.; soluble in volumes of per cent. alcohol. The price of this oil makes its use prohibitive except in the highest class soaps. _Wintergreen Oil._--There are two natural sources of this oil, the Gaulth... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578957 | consist almost entirely of methyl salicylate and are practically identical in properties, the chief difference being that the former has a slight lvo-rotation, while the latter is inactive. Specific gravity at C., .-.; optical rotation, Gaultheria oil, up to -, Betula oil, inactive; ester as methyl salicylate, at least... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578958 | of per cent. alcohol. Besides methyl salicylate, the oil contains triaconitane, an aldehyde or ketone, and an alcohol. _Ylang-ylang oil_, distilled from the flowers of Cananga odorata, the chief sources being the Philippine Islands and Java. Specific gravity at C., .-.; optical rotation, - to -, and occasionally higher... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578959 | per cent., occasionally up to per cent.; usually soluble in / volume of per cent. alcohol. The composition of the oil is qualitatively the same as that of Cananga oil, but it is considerably more expensive and therefore can only be used in the highest grade soaps. _Artificial and Synthetic Perfumes._ During the past fe... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578960 | oils has been studied by a considerable number of chemists, and the composition of many oils has been so fully determined that very good imitations can often be made at cheaper prices than those of the genuine oils, rendering it possible to produce cheap soaps having perfumes which were formerly only possible in the mo... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578961 | considerable distinction, however, often lost sight of, between an _artificial_ and a _synthetic_ oil. An artificial oil may be produced by separating various constituents from certain natural oils, and so blending these, with or without the addition of other substances, as to produce a desired odour, the perfume being... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578962 | perfume, on the other hand, is entirely the product of the chemical laboratory, no natural oil or substance derived therefrom entering into its composition. The following are among the most important bodies of this class:-- _Amyl salicylate_, the ester prepared from amyl alcohol and salicylic acid, sometimes known as "... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578963 | a clover-scented soap. It has the specific gravity at C., .-.; optical rotation, + ' to + '; refractive index at C., .; and should contain not less than per cent. ester, calculated as amyl salicylate. _Anisic aldehyde_, or _aubpine_, prepared by oxidation of anethol, and possessing a pleasant, hawthorn odour. This has ... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578964 | index at C., .; is optically inactive, and dissolves readily in one volume of per cent. alcohol. _Benzyl Acetate_, the ester obtained from benzyl alcohol and acetic acid. This has a very strong and somewhat coarse, penetrating odour, distinctly resembling jasmine. Its specific gravity at C. is .-.; refractive index at ... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578965 | per cent. ester, calculated as benzyl acetate. _Citral_, the aldehyde occurring largely in lemon-grass and verbena oils, also to a less extent in lemon and orange oils, and possessing an intense lemon-like odour. It has a specific gravity at C., .-., is optically inactive, and should be entirely absorbed by a hot satur... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578966 | possessing the characteristic odour of citronella oil, in which it occurs to the extent of about per cent., and constituting considerably over per cent. of eucalyptus citriodora oil. Its specific gravity at C. is .; refractive index at C., .; optical rotation, + to +; and it should be entirely absorbed by a hot saturat... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578967 | a white crystalline product found in Tonka beans, and prepared synthetically from salicylic acid. It has an odour resembling new-mown hay, and melts at C. _Geraniol_, a cyclic alcohol, occurring largely in geranium, palma-rosa, and citronella oils. Its specific gravity at C. is .-.; refractive index at C., .-.; it is o... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578968 | possesses the characteristic odour of heliotrope, is prepared artificially from safrol. It crystallises in small prisms melting at C. _Hyacinth._--Most of the articles sold under this name are secret blends of the different makers. Styrolene has an odour very much resembling hyacinth, and probably forms the basis of mo... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578969 | properties of the oil vary considerably for different makes. _Ionone_, a ketone first prepared by Tiemann, and having when diluted a pronounced violet odour. It is prepared by treating a mixture of citral and acetone with barium hydrate, and distilling in vacuo. Two isomeric ketones, [alpha]-ionone and [beta]-ionone, a... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578970 | The two ketones have the following properties:-- Alpha-ionone.--Specific gravity at C., .; refractive index at . C., . (Chuit); optically it is inactive. Beta-ionone.--Specific gravity at C., .; refractive index at . C., . (Chuit); optically it is inactive also. The product is usually sold in or per cent. alcoholic sol... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578971 | cases in which the artificial oil is probably superior to that obtained from the natural flowers, possibly due to the extreme delicacy of the odour, and its consequent slight decomposition during preparation from the flowers. The chemical composition of the floral perfume has been very exhaustively studied, and the art... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578972 | triumph of synthetical chemistry. Among its constituents are benzyl acetate, linalyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, indol, methyl anthranilate, and a ketone jasmone. _Linalol_, the alcohol forming the greater part of linaloe and bois de rose oils, and found also in lavender, neroli, petitgrain, bergamot, and many other oils.... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578973 | -; refractive index at C., .-.; and when estimated by acetylation, yields about per cent. of alcohols. _Linalyl acetate_, or _artificial bergamot oil_, is the ester formed when linalol is treated with acetic anhydride. It possesses a bergamot-like odour, but it is doubtful whether its value is commensurate with its gre... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578974 | has the specific gravity at C., .. _Musk (Artificial)._--Several forms of this are to be obtained, practically all of which are nitro-derivatives of aromatic hydrocarbons. The original patent of Baur, obtained in , covered the tri-nitro-derivative of tertiary butyl xylene. The melting point of the pure article usually ... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578975 | from in to in , though more soluble forms are also made. An important adulterant, which should always be tested for, is acetanilide (antifebrin), which may be detected by the characteristic isocyanide odour produced when musk containing this substance is boiled with alcoholic potash, and a few drops of chloroform added... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578976 | _Neroli Oil (Artificial)._--Like jasmine oil, the chemistry of neroli oil is now very fully known, and it is therefore possible to prepare an artificial product which is a very good approximation to the natural oil, and many such are now on the market, which, on account of their comparative cheapness, commend themselve... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578977 | geraniol, linalyl acetate, methyl anthranilate, and citral. _Mirbane Oil_ or _Nitrobenzene._--This is a cheap substitute for oil of bitter almonds, or benzaldehyde, and is a very coarse, irritating perfume, only suitable for use in the very cheapest soaps. It is prepared by the action of a mixture of nitric and sulphur... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578978 | Its specific gravity is .-.; refractive index at C., .; and boiling point, C. _Niobe oil_, or _ethyl benzoate_, the ester obtained from ethyl alcohol and benzoic acid, and having the specific gravity at C., .-.; refractive index at C., .; boiling point, .- C.; soluble in . volumes of per cent. alcohol. _Oeillet_ is a c... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578979 | sweet carnation-like odour and having as a basis, eugenol or isoeugenol. Its properties vary with the source of supply. _Rose Oil (Artificial)._--Several good and fairly cheap artificial rose oils are now obtainable, consisting chiefly of citronellol, geraniol, linalol, phenyl ethyl alcohol, and citral. In some cases s... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578980 | to the natural article, but as these are inodorous, no advantage is gained in this way, and there is, further, the inconvenience in cold weather of having to first melt the oil before use. _Safrol_, an ether which is the chief constituent of sassafras oil, and also found in considerable quantity in camphor oil. It is s... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578981 | sassafras oil, and is very much used in perfuming cheap toilet or household soaps. Its specific gravity at C. is .-.; refractive index at C., .; and it dissolves in fifteen volumes of per cent. alcohol. _Santalol_, the alcohol or mixture of alcohols obtained from sandalwood oil. Its specific gravity at C. is .; optical... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578982 | at C., .. _Terebene_, a mixture of dipentene and other hydrocarbons prepared from turpentine oil by treatment with concentrated sulphuric acid, is used chiefly in medicated soaps. Its specific gravity at C. is .-.; the oil is frequently slightly dextro- or lvo-rotatory; the refractive index at C., .-.. _Terpineol_, an ... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578983 | sulphuric acid, terpene hydrate being formed as an intermediate substance. It has a distinctly characteristic lilac odour, and on account of its cheapness is much used in soap perfumery, especially for a lilac or lily soap. Its specific gravity at C. is .-.; refractive index at C., .-.; and boiling point about - C. It ... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578984 | soluble in . volumes of per cent. alcohol. _Vanillin_, a white crystalline solid, melting at - C. and prepared by the oxidation of isoeugenol. It has a strong characteristic odour, and occurs, associated with traces of benzoic acid and heliotropin, in the vanilla bean. It can only be used in small quantity in light-col... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578985 | darken the colour of the soap. . GLYCERINE MANUFACTURE AND PURIFICATION. _Treatment of Lyes--Evaporation to Crude Glycerine--Distillation--Distilled and Dynamite Glycerine--Chemically Pure Glycerine--Animal Charcoal for Decolorisation--Glycerine obtained by other Methods of Saponification--Yield of Glycerine from Fats ... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578986 | form of glycerides, _i.e._, compounds of fatty acids with glycerol, and as the result of saponification of a fat or oil glycerine is set free. In . processes of soap-making are described in which () the glycerine is retained in the finished soap, and () the glycerine is contained in the lyes, in very dilute solution, c... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578987 | other impurities. These lyes, though now constituting the chief source of profit in the manufacture of cheap soaps, were till early in last century simply run down the drains as waste liquor. Much attention has been devoted to the purification and concentration of glycerine lyes; and elaborate plant of various forms ha... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578988 | spent lyes withdrawn from the soap-pans are cooled, and the soap, which has separated during the cooling, is carefully removed and returned to the soap-house for utilisation in the manufacture of brown soap. Spent lyes may vary in their content of glycerol from to per cent., and this depends not only upon the system ad... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578989 | soap-pans, but also upon the materials used. Although, in these days of pure caustic soda, spent lyes are more free from impurities than formerly, the presence of sulphides and sulphites should be carefully avoided, if it is desired to produce good glycerine. The lyes are transferred to a lead-lined tank of convenient ... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578990 | aluminium sulphate, sufficient being added of the former to neutralise the free alkali, and render the liquor faintly acid, and of the latter to completely precipitate the fatty acids. The acid should be run in slowly, and the point when enough has been added, is indicated by blue litmus paper being slightly reddened b... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578991 | agitated with air, when a sample taken from the tank and filtered should give a clear filtrate. Having obtained this clear solution, agitation is stopped, and the contents of the tank passed through a filter press. The scum, which accumulates on the treatment tank, may be transferred to a perforated box suspended over ... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578992 | drain from it. The filtered liquor is now rendered slightly alkaline by the addition of caustic soda or carbonate, and, after filtering, is ready for evaporation. The acid and alum salt used in the above treatment must be carefully examined for the presence of arsenic, and any deliveries of either article, which contai... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578993 | various metallic salts, such as ferric chloride, barium chloride, and copper sulphate have been suggested, and in some instances are used instead of aluminium sulphate, but the latter is generally employed. _Evaporation to Crude Glycerine._--The clear treated lyes, being now free from fatty, resinous, and albuminous ma... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578994 | glycerine, is converted into crude glycerine by concentration, which eliminates the water and causes most of the salt to be deposited. This concentration was originally performed in open pans heated by fire or waste combustible gases. In the bottom of each pan was placed a dish in which the salt deposited, and this dis... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578995 | aid of an overhead crane and the contents emptied and washed. Concentration was continued until the temperature of the liquor was F. ( C.), when it was allowed to rest before storing. This liquor on analysis gave per cent. glycerol and from to -/ per cent. salts (ash); hence the present standard for crude glycerine. Co... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578996 | now been superseded by evaporation _in vacuo_. The subject of the gradual development of the modern efficient evaporating plant from the vacuum pan, originated and successfully applied by Howard in in the sugar industry, is too lengthy to detail here, suffice it to say that the multiple effects now in vogue possess dis... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578997 | combined with economy. The present type of evaporator consists of one or more vessels, each fitted with a steam chamber through which are fixed vertical hollow tubes. The steam chamber of the first vessel is heated with direct steam, or with exhaust steam (supplied from the exhaust steam receiver into which passes the ... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578998 | lyes circulating through the heated tubes is made to boil at a lower temperature, with the reduced pressure, than is possible by heating in open pans. The vapour given off by the boiling liquor is conveyed through large pipes into the steam chamber of the second vessel, where its latent heat is utilised in producing ev... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578999 | reduced, as this second vessel is under a greater vacuum than No. . Thus we get a "double effect," as the plant consisting of two pans is termed. The vapours discharged from the second vessel during boiling are passed through pipes to the steam chamber of the third vessel (in a "triple effect"), and there being condens... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
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