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twg_000012578800 | in use for milled soaps:-- (_a_) _Pin Moulds_ in which tablets of one size and shape only can be produced (Fig. ). The edges of the mould meet very exactly, the upper part of the die carries two pins attached to the shoulder, and these are received into two holes in the shoulder of the bottom plate. The superfluous soa... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578801 | is forced out as the dies meet. (_b_) _Band or Collar Moulds._--In this form (Fig, ) the mould may be adjusted to stamp various sized tablets, say from ozs. to -/ ozs. and different impressions given by means of removable die plates. The band or collar prevents the soap squeezing out sideways. We are indebted to R. For... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578802 | Ltd., for the loan of this illustration. It is usual to moisten the soap or mould with a dilute solution of glycerine if it should have a tendency to stick to the die plates. The soap is then ready for final trimming, wrapping, and boxing. [Illustration: FIG. --Band Mould.] MEDICATED SOAPS. The inherent cleansing power... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578803 | in combating disease, while it also has distinct germicidal properties, a per cent. solution proving fatal to B. coli communis in less than six hours, and even a per cent. solution having a marked action on germs in fifteen minutes. Many makers, however, seek more or less successfully to still further increase the valu... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578804 | the incorporation of various drugs and chemicals; and the number of medicated soaps on the market is now very large. Such soaps may consist of either hard or soft soaps to which certain medicaments have been added, and can be roughly divided into two classes, (_a_) those which contain a specific for various definite di... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578805 | remedy should be absorbed by the pores of the skin and thus penetrate the system, and (_b_) those impregnated with chemicals intended to act as antiseptics or germicides, or, generally, as disinfectants. The preparation of medicinal soaps appears to have been first taken up in a scientific manner by Unna of Hamburg in ... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578806 | in preference to plasters as a vehicle for the application of certain remedies. Theoretically, he considered a soap-stock made entirely from beef tallow the most suitable for the purpose, but in practice found that the best results were obtained by using a superfatted soap made from a blend of one part of olive oil wit... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578807 | saponified with a mixture of two parts of soda to one part of potash, sufficient fat being employed to leave an excess of or per cent. unsaponified. Recent researches have shown, however, that even if a superfatted soap-base is beneficial for the preparation of toilet soaps (a point which is open to doubt), it is quite... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578808 | of germicidal and disinfectant soaps, the bactericidal efficiency of which is much restricted by the presence of free fat. Many of the medicaments added to soaps require special methods of incorporation therein, as they otherwise react with the soap and decompose it, forming comparatively inert compounds. This applies ... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578809 | and _biniodide of mercury_, both of which have very considerable germicidal power, and are consequently frequently added to soaps. If simply mixed with the soap in the mill, reaction very quickly takes place between the mercury salt and the soap, with formation of the insoluble mercury compounds of the fatty acids, a c... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578810 | in such a soap by the rapid development on keeping, of a dull slaty-green appearance. Numerous processes have been suggested, and in some cases patented, to overcome this difficulty. In the case of corrosive sublimate, Geissler suggested that the soap to which this reagent is to be added should contain an excess of fat... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578811 | stable. This salt has also been incorporated with milled soap in a dry state in conjunction with ammonio-mercuric chloride, [beta]-naphthol, methyl salicylate, and eucalyptol. It is claimed that these bodies are present in an unchanged condition, and become active when the soap is added to water as in washing. Ehrhardt... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578812 | mercury soap by using mercury albuminate--a combination of mercuric chloride and casein, which is soluble in alkali, and added to the soap in an alkaline solution. With biniodide of mercury the interaction can be readily obviated by adding to the biniodide of mercury an equal weight of potassium iodide. This process, d... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578813 | been worked since that time with extremely satisfactory results. Strengths of /, , and per cent. biniodide are sold, but owing to the readiness with which it is absorbed by the skin a soap containing more than / per cent. should only be used under medical advice. A similar combination of _bromide of mercury_ with potas... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578814 | has recently been patented by Cooke for admixture with liquid, hard, or soft soaps. _Zinc and other Metallic Salts._--At various times salts of metals other than mercury have been added to soap, but, owing to their insolubility in water, their efficiency as medicaments is very trifling or nil. Compounds have been forme... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578815 | said, and mixtures made with vaseline and lanoline, and incorporated with soap, but they have not met with much success. Another chemical commonly added to soap is _Borax_. In view of its alkaline reaction to litmus, turning red litmus blue, this salt is no doubt generally regarded as alkaline, and, as such, without ac... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578816 | it is an acid salt containing an excess of boric acid over the soda present, hence when it is added to soap, fatty acids are necessarily liberated, causing the soap to quickly become rancid. As a remedy for this it has been proposed to add sufficient alkali to convert the borax into neutral mono-borate of soda which is... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578817 | to the soap. This process is patented and the name "Kastilis" has been given to the neutral salt. The incorporation of borax with the addition of gum tragasol forms the subject of two patents (Eng. Pats. ,, ; and ,, ); increased detergent and lasting properties are claimed for the soap. Another patented process (Eng. P... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578818 | coating the borax with a protective layer of fat or wax before adding to the soap with the idea that reaction will not take place until required. _Boric acid_ possesses the defects of borax in a greater degree, and would, of course, simply form sodium borate with liberation of fatty acids, so should never be added to a... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578819 | _Salicylic Acid_ is often recommended for certain skin diseases, and here again the addition of the acid to soap under ordinary conditions results in the formation of sodium salicylate and free fatty acids. To overcome this a process has recently been patented for rubbing the acid up with vaseline before addition to so... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578820 | to add the soda salt of the acid to soap. Amongst the more common milled medicated toilet soaps may be mentioned, in addition to the above:-- _Birch Tar Soap_, containing or per cent. birch tar, which has a characteristic pungent odour and is recommended as a remedy for eczema and psoriasis. _Carbolic Soap._--A toilet ... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578821 | per cent. of pure phenol, for with larger quantities irritation is likely to be experienced by susceptible skins. _Coal Tar._--These soaps contain, in addition to carbolic acid and its homologues, naphthalene and other hydrocarbons derived from coal, naphthol, bases, etc. Various blends of different fractions of coal t... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578822 | view are undoubtedly the phenols, or tar acids, though in this case as with carbolic and cresylic soaps, the amount of phenols should not exceed per cent. in a toilet soap. An excess of naphthalene should also be avoided, since, on account of its strong odour, soaps containing much of it are unpopular. The odour of coa... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578823 | modified by and blends well with a perfume containing oils of cassia, lavender, spike, and red thyme. _Formaldehyde._--This substance is one of the most powerful disinfectants known, and it may be readily introduced into soap without undergoing any decomposition, by milling in - per cent. of formalin, a per cent. aqueo... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578824 | containing this chemical retain their whiteness almost indefinitely. New combinations of formaldehyde with other bodies are constantly being brought forward as disinfectants. Among others the compound resulting from heating lanoline with formaldehyde has been patented (Eng. Pat. ,, ), and is recommended as an antisepti... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578825 | which is not separated in the lyes. In some cases, however, a much larger quantity is desired, up to some or per cent. To mill this in requires great care, otherwise the soap tends to blister during compression. The best way is to dry the soap somewhat further than usual, till it contains say only or per cent. moisture... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578826 | then mill in the glycerine. _Ichthyol_ or _Ammonium-Ichthyol-Sulphonate_ is prepared by treating with sulphuric acid, and afterwards with ammonia, the hydrocarbon oil containing sulphur obtained by the dry distillation of the fossil remains of fish and sea-animals, which form a bituminous mineral deposit in Germany. Th... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578827 | about per cent.; the resultant soap is possessed of a characteristic empyreumatic smell, very dark colour, and is recommended for rosacea and various skin diseases, and also as an anti-rheumatic. Ichthyol has somewhat changed its character during recent years, being now almost completely soluble in water, and stronger ... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578828 | scrofulous skin diseases. It should contain some per cent. iodine, while potassium iodide should also be added to render the iodine soluble. _Lysol._--This name is applied to a soap solution of cresol, "Lysol Soap" being simply another form of coal-tar soap. The usual strength is per cent. lysol, and constitutes a pate... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578829 | coal-tar derivative, is a good germicide, and, incorporated in soap to the extent of per cent. together with sulphur, is recommended for scabies, eczema and many other cutaneous affections. _Sulphur._--Since sulphur is insoluble in water, its action when used in conjunction with soap can be but very slow and slight. Su... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578830 | is the strength usually advocated, though many so-called sulphur soaps actually contain very little sulphur. They are said to be efficacious for acne and rosacea. Sulphur soaps, when dissolved in water, gradually generate sulphuretted hydrogen, which, although characteristic, makes their use disagreeable and lessens th... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578831 | pleasant odour, does not materially increase the disinfectant value of the soap. A suitable strength is per cent. _Thymol._--This furnishes a not unpleasant, and very useful antiseptic soap, recommended especially for the cleansing of ulcerated wounds and restoring the skin to a healthy state. The normal strength is pe... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578832 | red thyme oil, the thymene of which imparts a sweeter odour to the soap than if produced with thymol alone. A suitable blend is -/ per cent. of thymol crystals and -/ per cent. of a good red thyme oil. Of the vast number of less known proposed additions to toilet soaps, mention may be made in passing of:-- _Fluorides._... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578833 | have been somewhat popular during recent years for the disinfection of breweries, etc., and also used to some extent as food preservatives. Of course only neutral fluorides are available for use in soap, acid fluorides and soap being obviously incompatible. In the authors' experience, however, sodium fluoride appears t... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578834 | soaps being found to rapidly become rancid and change colour. _Albumen._--The use of albumen--egg, milk, and vegetable--in soap has been persistently advocated in this country during the past few years. The claims attributed to albumen are, that it neutralises free alkali, causes the soap to yield a more copious lather... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578835 | inducement held out is that it allows more water to be left in the soap without affecting its firmness. Experiments made by the authors did not appear to justify any enthusiasm on the subject, and the use of albumen for soap-making in this country appears to be very slight, however popular it may be on the Continent. N... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578836 | have been proposed for addition to soaps, including yeast, tar from peat (sphagnol), Swedish wood tar, permanganate of potash, perborates and percarbonates of soda and ammonia, chlorine compounds, but none of these has at present come much into favour, and some had only ephemeral existence. Of the many drugs that it ha... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578837 | in allaying an irritable condition of the skin, the majority are obviously better applied in the form of ointments, and we need not consider them further. _Ether Soap._--Another form of medicated soap made by a few firms is a liquid ether soap containing mercuric iodide, and intended for surgeons' use. This, as a rule,... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578838 | olive oil and potash, dissolved in alcohol and mixed with ether, the mercuric iodide being dissolved in a few drops of water containing an equal weight of potassium iodide, and this solution added to the alcohol-ether soap. _Floating Soaps._--Attempts have been made to produce tablets of soap that will float upon the s... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578839 | or a metallic plate in such a manner that there is an air space between the metal and the soap. The more usual method is to incorporate into hot soap sufficient air, by means of a specially designed self-contained jacketed crutcher, in which two shafts carrying small blades or paddles rotate in opposite directions, to ... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578840 | soap below that of water and so enable the compressed tablet to float. The difference in weight of a tablet of the same size before and after aerating amounts to per cent. Ordinary milling soap is used as a basis for this soap; the settled soap direct from the copper at F. ( C.) is carefully neutralised with bicarbonat... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578841 | sodium, oleic or stearic acids, or boro-glyceride, perfumed and aerated. Floating soap, which is usually white (some are of a cream tint), cannot be recommended as economical, whilst its deficiency in lathering properties, owing to occluded air, is a serious drawback to its popularity as a toilet detergent. _Shaving So... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578842 | from caustic alkali or any substance exerting an irritating effect upon the skin, is the quick production of a profuse creamy lather which is lasting. Gum tragacanth is used in some cases to give lasting power or durability, but is not necessary, as this property is readily attained by the use of a suitable proportion ... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578843 | shaving soaps are mixtures of various proportions of neutral soda and potash soaps, produced by the combination of ordinary milling base with a white potash soap, either melted or milled together. Glycerine is sometimes added, and is more satisfactorily milled in. Every precaution should be taken to ensure thorough sap... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578844 | there will be a tendency to become discoloured and develop rancidity with age. Shaving soaps are delicately perfumed, and are placed on the market either in the form of sticks which are cut from the bar of soap as it leaves the compressor, or stamped in flat cakes. Shaving creams and pastes are of the same nature as sh... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578845 | but usually contain a larger proportion of superfatting material and considerably more water. TEXTILE SOAPS. In the woollen, cloth, and silk textile industries, the use of soap for detergent and emulsifying purposes is necessary in several of the processes, and the following is a brief description of the kinds of soap ... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578846 | scouring of wool is the most important operation--it is the first treatment raw wool is subjected to, and if it is not performed in an efficient manner, gives rise to serious subsequent troubles to manufacturer, dyer, and finisher. The object of scouring wool is to remove the wool-fat and wool perspiration (exuded from... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578847 | and isocholesterol, and potassium salts of fatty acids, together with other salts, such as sulphates, chlorides, and phosphates. This is effected by washing in a warm dilute soap solution, containing in the case of low quality wool, a little carbonate of soda; the fatty matter is thereby emulsified and easily removed. ... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578848 | free from uncombined caustic alkali, unsaponified fat, silicates, and rosin. Wool can be dissolved in a moderately dilute solution of caustic soda, and the presence of this latter in soap, even in small quantities, is therefore liable to injure the fibres and make the resultant fabric possess a harsh "feel," and be dev... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578849 | soap--besides reducing the emulsifying power of the liberated alkali, this fat may be absorbed by the fibres and not only induce rancidity but also cause trouble in dyeing. Soaps containing silicates may have a deleterious action upon the fibres, causing them to become damaged and broken. By general consent soaps conta... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578850 | they produce sticky insoluble lime and magnesia compounds which are deposited upon the fibres, and give rise to unevenness in the dyeing. A neutral olive-oil soft soap is undoubtedly the best for the purpose of wool scouring, as, owing to its ready solubility in water, it quickly penetrates the fibres, is easily washed... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578851 | essential in the best goods, and tends to preserve the lustre and pliability of the fibre. The high price of olive-oil soap, however, renders its use prohibitive for lower class goods, and in such cases no better soap can be suggested than the old-fashioned curd mottled or curd soaps (boiled very dry), as free as possi... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578852 | The raw wool, after this cleansing operation, is oiled with olive oil or oleine, prior to spinning; after spinning and weaving, the fabric, in the form of yarn or cloth, has to be scoured to free it from oil. The soap in most general use for scouring woollen fabrics is neutral oleine-soda soap. Some manufacturers prefe... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578853 | such as is generally termed "second curd," and in cases where lower grades of wools are handled, the user is often willing to have soap containing rosin (owing to its cheapness) and considers a little alkalinity desirable to assist in removing the oil. Another operation in which soap is used, is that of milling or full... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578854 | made to shrink and thus becomes more compact and closer in texture. The fabric is thoroughly cleansed, for which purpose the soap should be neutral and free from rosin and silicates, otherwise a harsh feeling or stickiness will be produced. Curd soaps or finely-fitted soaps made from tallow or bleached palm oil, with o... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578855 | give the best results. All traces of soap must be carefully removed if the fabric is to be dyed. The woollen dyer uses soap on the dyed pieces to assist the milling, and finds that a good soap, made from either olive oil, bleached palm oil, or tallow, is preferable, and, although it is generally specified to be free fr... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578856 | alkali, a little alkalinity is not of consequence, for the woollen goods are, as a rule, acid after dyeing, and this alkalinity would be instantly neutralised. . _Cotton Industry._--Cotton fibres are unacted upon by caustic alkali, so that the soap used in cleaning and preparing cotton goods for dyeing need not be neut... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578857 | in order to assist the cleansing. Any curd soap made from tallow, with or without the addition of a small quantity of cocoa-nut oil, may be advantageously used for removing the natural oil. In cotton dyeing, additions of soap are often made to the bath, and in such cases the soap must be of good odour and neutral, lest... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578858 | colours should be acted upon and tints altered. Soaps made from olive oil and palm oil are recommended. The same kind of soap is sometimes used for soaping the dyed cotton goods. The calico-printer uses considerable quantities of soap for cleansing the printed-cloths. The soap not only cleanses by helping to remove the... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578859 | printing paste, but also plays an important part in fixing and brightening the colours. Soaps intended for this class of work must be quite neutral (to obviate any possible alteration in colour by the action of free alkali), free from objectionable odour and rosin, and readily soluble in water. These qualities are poss... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578860 | A neutral olive-oil soft soap, owing to its solubility in cold water, may be used for fibres coloured with most delicate dyes, which would be fugitive in hot soap solutions, and this soap is employed for the most expensive work. Olive-oil curd (soda) soaps are in general use; those made from palm oil are also recommend... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578861 | so soluble as the olive-oil soaps. Tallow curd soaps are sometimes used, but the difficulty with which they dissolve is a drawback, and renders them somewhat unsuitable. . _Silk Industry._--Silk is secured to remove the sericin or silk-glue and adhering matter from the raw silk, producing thereby lustre on the softened... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578862 | very best soap for the purpose is an olive-oil soft soap; olive-oil and oleine hard soaps may also be used. The soap is often used in conjunction with carbonate of soda to assist the removal of the sericin, but, whilst carbonates are permissible, it is necessary to avoid an excess of caustic soda. Tallow soaps are so s... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578863 | they are not applicable to the scouring of silk. The dyer of silk requires soap, which is neutral and of a pleasant odour. The preference is given to neutral olive-oil soft soap, but hard soaps (made from olive oil, oleine, or palm oil) are used chiefly on account of cheapness. It is essential, however, that the soap s... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578864 | from rosin on account of its frequent use and consequent decomposition in the acid dye bath, when any liberated rosin acids would cling to the silk fibres and produce disagreeable results. _Patent Textile Soaps._--Stockhausen (Eng. Pat. ,, ) makes special claim for a soap, termed Monopole Soap, to be used in place of T... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578865 | of cotton goods and finishing of textile fabrics. The soap is prepared by heating the sulphonated oil (obtained on treatment of castor oil with sulphuric acid) with alkali, and it is stated that the product is not precipitated when used in the dye-bath as is ordinary soap, nor is it deposited upon the fibres. Another p... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578866 | has for its object the obviating of the injurious effects upon wool, of alkali liberated from a solution of soap. It is proposed to accomplish this by sulphonating part of the fat used in making the soap. _Miscellaneous Soaps._--Under this heading may be classed soaps intended for special purposes and consisting essent... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578867 | various substances have been made. With additions of naphtha, fractions of petroleum, and turpentine, the detergent power of the soap is increased by the action of these substances in removing grease. Amongst the many other additions may be mentioned: ox-gall or derivatives therefrom (for carpet-cleaning soap), alkali ... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578868 | (motorists' soaps), pine-needle oil, in some instances together with lanoline (for massage soaps), pearl-ash (for soap intended to remove oil and tar stains), magnesia, rouge, ammonium carbonate, chalk (silversmiths' soap), powdered orris, precipitated chalk, magnesium carbonate (tooth soaps). Soap powders or dry soaps... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578869 | contain from to per cent. siliceous matter, and can scarcely be termed soap. . SOAP PERFUMES. _Essential Oils--Source and Preparation--Properties--Artificial and Synthetic Perfumes._ The number of raw materials, both natural and artificial, at the disposal of the perfumer, has increased so enormously during recent year... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578870 | a thorough knowledge of the products to be handled. Not only does the all-important question of odour come into consideration, but the action of the perfumes on the soap, and on each other, has also to be taken into account. Thus, many essential oils and synthetic perfumes cause the soap to darken rapidly on keeping, _... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578871 | heliotropin, vanillin. Further, some odoriferous substances, from their chemical nature, are incompatible with soap, and soon decompose any soap to which they are added, while in a few cases, the blending of two unsuitable perfumes results, by mutual reaction, in the effect of each being lost. In the case of oils like ... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578872 | chiefly on their ester content, it is very important that these should not be added to soaps containing much free alkali, as these esters are readily decomposed thereby. Some perfumes possess the property of helping the soap to retain other and more delicate odours considerably longer than would otherwise be possible. ... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578873 | and among the most important of these may be mentioned musk, both natural and artificial, civet, the oils of Peru balsam, sandalwood, and patchouli, and benzyl benzoate. The natural perfumes employed for addition to soaps are almost entirely of vegetable origin, and consist of essential oils, balsams, and resins, anima... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578874 | for the preparation of "extraits". As would be expected with products of such diverse character, the methods employed for the preparation of essential oils vary considerably. Broadly speaking, however, the processes may be divided into three classes--() _expression_, used for orange, lemon, and lime oils; () _distillat... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578875 | _extraction_, including _enfleurage_, by which the volatile oil from the flowers is either first absorbed by a neutral fat such as lard, and then extracted therefrom by maceration in alcohol, or directly extracted from the flowers by means of a volatile solvent such as benzene, petroleum ether, or chloroform. The last ... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578876 | floral odours, and is the only one which does not destroy the delicate fragrance of the violet and jasmine. The yield, however, is extremely small, and concrete perfumes prepared in this way are therefore somewhat costly. The essential oils used are derived from upwards of twenty different botanical families, and are o... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578877 | Africa we have geranium and clove oils; from America, bay, bois de rose, Canadian snake root, cedarwood, linaloe, peppermint, petitgrain, and sassafras; from Asia, camphor, cassia, cinnamon, patchouli, sandalwood, star anise, ylang-ylang, and the grass oils, _viz._, citronella, lemongrass, palmarosa, and vetivert; from... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578878 | aspic, lavender, neroli, petitgrain, and rosemary by France, caraway and clove by Holland, anise by Russia, and otto of rose by Bulgaria. Attempts have been made to classify essential oils either on a botanical basis or according to their chemical composition, but neither method is very satisfactory, and, in describing... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578879 | we have preferred therefore to arrange them alphabetically, as being simpler for reference. It is a matter of some difficulty to judge the purity of essential oils, not only because of their complex nature, but owing to the very great effect upon their properties produced by growing the plants in different soils and un... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578880 | to the highly scientific methods of adulteration adopted by unscrupulous vendors. The following figures will be found, however, to include all normal oils. _Anise Stell_, or _Star Anise_, from the fruit of Illicium verum, obtained from China. Specific gravity at C., .-.; optical rotation, faintly dextro- or lvo-rotator... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578881 | C.; solubility in per cent. alcohol, in or . The chief constituents of the oil are anethol, methyl chavicol, d-pinene, l-phellandrene, and in older oils, the oxidation products of anethol, _viz._ anisic aldehyde and anisic acid. Since anethol is the most valuable constituent, and the solidifying point of the oil is rou... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578882 | higher solidifying point are the best. _Aspic oil_, from the flowers of Lavandula spica, obtained from France and Spain, and extensively employed in perfuming household and cheap toilet soaps; also frequently found as an adulterant in lavender oil. Specific gravity at C., .-.; optical rotation, French, dextro-rotatory ... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578883 | or dextro-rotatory up to +; esters, calculated as linalyl acetate, to per cent.; most oils are soluble in per cent. alcohol in , in no case should more than . volumes of per cent. alcohol be required for solution. The chief constituents of the oil are: linalol, cineol, borneol, terpineol, geraniol, pinene, camphene and... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578884 | leaves of Pimenta acris, and obtained from St. Thomas and other West Indian Islands. It is used to some extent as a perfume for shaving soaps, but chiefly in the Bay Rhum toilet preparation. Specific gravity at C., .-.; optical rotation, slightly lvo-rotatory up to -; phenols, estimated by absorption with per cent. cau... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578885 | the oil is generally insoluble in per cent. alcohol, though when freshly distilled it dissolves in its own volume of alcohol of this strength. The oil contains eugenol, myrcene, chavicol, methyl eugenol, methyl chavicol, phellandrene, and citral. _Bergamot oil_, obtained by expression from the fresh peel of the fruit o... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578886 | toilet soaps. Specific gravity at C., .-.; optical rotation, + to +; esters, calculated as linalyl acetate, - per cent., and occasionally as high as - per cent.; frequently soluble in . parts of per cent. alcohol, or failing that, should dissolve in one volume of . or per cent. alcohol. When evaporated on the water-bat... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578887 | leave more than - per cent. residue. Among the constituents of this oil are: linalyl acetate, limonene, dipentene, linalol, and bergaptene. _Bitter Almond Oil._--The volatile oil obtained from the fruit of _Amygdalus communis_. Specific gravity at C., .-.; optically inactive; refractive index at C., .-.; boiling point,... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578888 | consists almost entirely of benzaldehyde which may be estimated by absorption with a hot saturated solution of sodium bisulphite. The chief impurity is prussic acid, which is not always completely removed. This may be readily detected by adding to a small quantity of the oil two or three drops of caustic soda solution,... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578889 | solution containing ferric salt. After thoroughly shaking, acidulate with dilute hydrochloric acid, when a blue coloration will be produced if prussic acid is present. The natural oil may frequently be differentiated from artificial benzaldehyde by the presence of chlorine in the latter. As there is now on the market, ... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578890 | by chemical means, to distinguish with certainty between the natural and the artificial product. To test for chlorine in a sample, a small coil of filter paper, loosely rolled, is saturated with the oil, and burnt in a small porcelain dish, covered with an inverted beaker, the inside of which is moistened with distille... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578891 | the beaker is rinsed with water, filtered, and the filtrate tested for chloride with silver nitrate solution. _Canada snake root oil_, from the root of Asarum canadense. Specific gravity at C., .-.; optical rotation, slightly lvo-rotatory up to -; refractive index at C., .-.; saponification number, -; soluble in or vol... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578892 | oil are a terpene, asarol alcohol, another alcohol, and methyl eugenol. The oil is too expensive to be used in other than high-class toilet soaps. _Cananga_ or _Kananga oil_, the earlier distillate from the flowers of Cananga odorata, obtained chiefly from the Philippine Islands. Specific gravity at C., .-.; optical ro... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578893 | calculated as linalyl benzoate, - per cent.; soluble in . to volumes of per cent. alcohol, but becoming turbid on further addition. The oil is qualitatively similar in composition to Ylang-Ylang oil, and contains linalyl benzoate and acetate, esters of geraniol, cadinene, and methyl ester of p-cresol. _Caraway oil_, di... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578894 | .-.; optical rotation, + to +; refractive index at C., .-.; soluble in to volumes of per cent. alcohol. The oil should contain - per cent. of carvone, which is estimated by absorption with a saturated solution of neutral sodium sulphite. The remainder of the oil consists chiefly of limonene. _Cassia oil_, distilled fro... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578895 | shipped to this country from China in lead receptacles. Specific gravity at C., .-.; optical rotation, slightly dextro-rotatory up to + '; refractive index at C., .-.; soluble in volumes of per cent. alcohol as a general rule, but occasionally requires to volumes of per cent. alcohol. The value of the oil depends upon ... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578896 | being cinnamic aldehyde. This is determined by absorption with a hot saturated solution of sodium bisulphite. Three grades are usually offered, the best containing - per cent. aldehydes, the second quality, - per cent., and the lowest grade, - per cent. Other constituents of the oil are cinnamyl acetate and cinnamic ac... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578897 | Windsor soap, and is useful for sweetening coal-tar medicated soaps. _Cedarwood oil_, distilled from the wood of Juniperus virginiana. Specific gravity at C., .-.; optical rotation, - to -; refractive index at C., .-.. The principal constituents are cedrene and cedrol. _Cinnamon oil_, distilled from the bark of Cinnamo... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578898 | -; usually soluble in to volumes of per cent. alcohol, but sometimes requires volume of per cent. alcohol for solution; aldehydes, by absorption with sodium bisulphite solution, - per cent.; and phenols, as measured by absorption with per cent. potash, not exceeding per cent. The value of this oil is not determined ent... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
twg_000012578899 | case with cassia oil, and any oil containing more than per cent. aldehydes must be regarded with suspicion, being probably admixed with either cassia oil or artificial cinnamic aldehyde. The addition of cinnamon leaf oil which has a specific gravity at C. of .-. is detected by causing a material rise in the proportion ... | 60 | gutenberg | unknown |
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