0 stringlengths 12 494 | embeddings listlengths 384 384 |
|---|---|
Medical\tnutrition\ttherapy\nPrimary\tnutrition\ttherapy\tfor\tconstipation\tin\totherwise\thealthy\tpeople\tis\tconsumption\tof\tadequate\namounts\tof\tfluids\tand\tdietary\tfiber,\n\tsoluble\tand\tinsoluble.\tFiber\tincreases\tcolonic\tfecal\tfluid,\nmicrobial\tmass\t(which\taccounts\tfor\t60%\tto\t70%\tof\tstool\twe... | [
-0.003703102469444275,
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0.014065863564610481,
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-0.01170897763222456,
0.1289696842432022,
0.033819444477558136,
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0.08361778408288956,
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0.04111... |
rate\tof\tcolonic\ttransit.\tWith\tadequate\tintake\tof\tfluid,\tfiber\tmay\tsoften\tstools\tand\tmake\tthem\teasier\tto\npass.\tDietary\treference\tintakes\t(DRIs)\trecommend\tconsumption\tof\t14\tg\tdietary\tfiber\tper\t1000\tkcal,\nor\t25\tg\tfor\tadult\twomen\tand\t38\tg\tfor\n\tadult\tmen.\tTypical\tintake\tof\tdi... | [
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0.04495817795395851,
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0.007850460708141327,
0.05027426406741142,
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0.06183437630534172,
0.0619... |
only\tabout\t16.2\tg/day\t(\nGrooms\tet\tal,\t2013\n).\nDietary\tfiber\n\trefers\tto\tedible\tplant\tmaterials\tnot\tdigested\tby\tthe\tenzymes\tin\tthe\tGI\ttract\tand\tis\ncategorized\tas\tsoluble\tor\tinsoluble.\t\nSoluble\tfiber\n\tforms\ta\tgel,\tacting\tto\tslow\tdigestion\tand\tdoes\tnot\ngenerally\thave\ta\tlax... | [
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0.031128276139497757,
0.0030008491594344378,
-0.10826310515403748,
-0.0043014343827962875,
0.08002118766307831,
0.006175441667437553,
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0.01390321645885706,
0.06883382052183151,
-0.027468837797641754,
0.024721305817365646,
0... |
Insoluble\tfiber\n\tabsorbs\twater\tto\tadd\tbulk\tto\tstool\n\tand\taccelerate\nfecal\ttransit\tthrough\tthe\tintestines\t(\nBarco\tet\tal,\t2015\n).\tFiber\tconsists\tof\tcellulose,\themicellulose,\npectins,\tgums,\tlignins,\tstarchy\tmaterials,\tand\toligosaccharides\tthat\tare\tpartially\tresistant\tto | [
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0.04378306120634079,
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-0.05347590893507004,
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0.006602288689464331,
0.0004504579119384289,
0.06368091702461243,
0.10000678896903992,
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0.05472971871495247,
0.0163... |
digestive\tenzymes.\tBoth\ttypes\tof\tfiber\tare\treadily\tavailable\tin\ta\twhole\tfoods\tdiet\tthat\tincludes\ta\nvariety\tof\twhole\tgrains,\tfruits,\tvegetables,\tlegumes,\tseeds,\tand\tnuts.\nA\thigh-fiber\n\ttherapeutic\tdiet\tmay\thave\tto\texceed\t25\tto\t38\tg/day.\tThe\t\nhigh-fiber\tdiet\n\tin\t\nBox\t27.4 | [
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-0.03... |
high-fiber\tdiet\n\tin\t\nBox\t27.4\nprovides\tmore\tthan\tthe\tamount\tof\tfiber\ttypically\trecommended.\tIt\tis\timportant\tto\tassess\tdietary\tfiber\nintake\tbefore\tmaking\trecommendations\tfor\tfiber\tsupplementation.\tIf\ta\tpatient\tis\talready\ttaking\t25\tto\n30\tg\tof\tdietary\tfiber\tdaily,\tfiber\tsupplem... | [
0.01770430989563465,
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0.07236160337924957,
-0.018867840990424156,
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-0.023351194337010384,
0.09653493016958237,
0.007339103147387505,
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0.027945643290877342,
0.08924663066864014,
0.03738182783126831,
0.027919083833694458,
-0.000664... |
being\n\tconsumed,\tfiber\tshould\tbe\tadded\tslowly\tin\tgraduated\tdoses\tto\teventually\treach\t25\tto\t30\tg\tper\nday.\tAmounts\tgreater\tthan\t50\tg/day\tare\tnot\tnecessary\tand\tmay\tincrease\tabdominal\tdistention\tand\nexcessive\tflatulence\tdue\tto\tfermentation\tby\tthe\tcolonic\tflora.\nBOX\t27.4\nGuidelin... | [
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0.10506705939769745,
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0.1393168568611145,
0.003155857790261507,
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0.04622... |
BOX\t27.4\nGuidelines\tfor\tHigh-Fiber\tDiets\n1.\t\nIncrease\tconsumption\tof\twhole-grain\tbreads\tand\tcereals\tto\t6\tto\t11\tservings\tdaily.\n2.\t\nIncrease\n\tconsumption\tof\tvegetables,\tlegumes,\tfruits,\tnuts,\tand\tseeds\tto\t5\tto\t8\tservings\ndaily.\n3.\t\nConsume\thigh-fiber\tcereals,\tgranolas,\tand\tl... | [
-0.027581872418522835,
-0.04588814079761505,
0.04589949548244476,
-0.03761095553636551,
-0.09415511786937714,
-0.01595607027411461,
0.0414840392768383,
-0.017000682651996613,
-0.05392909422516823,
0.032817743718624115,
0.04178716242313385,
0.0041886186227202415,
0.03011808730661869,
-0.010... |
or\t38\tg\tin\tmen\tor\tmore\tdaily.\n4.\t\nIncrease\tconsumption\tof\tfluids\tto\tat\tleast\t2\tL\t(or\tabout\t2\tqt)\tdaily.\nNote:\tFollowing\tthese\tguidelines\tmay\tcause\tan\tincrease\tin\tstool\tweight,\tfecal\twater,\tand\tgas.\tThe\tamount\nthat\tcauses\n\tclinical\tsymptoms\tvaries\tamong\tindividuals,\tdepen... | [
0.011221327818930149,
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0.04449107125401497,
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-0.08194703608751297,
-0.026429271325469017,
0.08308673650026321,
-0.025788480415940285,
0.002511839149519801,
0.04717516154050827,
0.0669051930308342,
-0.052464645355939865,
0.0651044249534607,
0.0240... |
gastrointestinal\t(GI)\tdisease,\tmalnutrition,\tor\tresection\tof\tthe\tGI\ttract.\nBran\tand\tfiber\tsupplements\tmay\tbe\thelpful\tin\tpersons\twho\tcannot\tor\twill\tnot\teat\tsufficient\namounts\tof\tfiber-containing\tfoods.\tSeveral\tof\tthese\tcommercial\tfiber\tsupplements\tcan\tbe\tadded\tto\ncereals,\tyogurts... | [
0.007524924352765083,
-0.05335457995533943,
0.03995037451386452,
0.004697085358202457,
-0.07132621109485626,
0.004144852515310049,
0.09974722564220428,
-0.0188974030315876,
-0.021755430847406387,
0.055994875729084015,
0.13703352212905884,
-0.02006109245121479,
0.042828552424907684,
-0.0003... |
cereals,\tyogurts,\tfruit\tsauces,\tjuices,\tor\tsoups.\n\tCooking\tdoes\tnot\tdestroy\tfiber,\tbut\tthe\tstructure\tmay\nchange.\tRecommending\tthe\tconsumption\tof\tadequate\tdaily\tfluid\tintake\tis\talso\tvery\timportant\tin\nfacilitating\tthe\teffectiveness\tof\ta\thigh-fiber\tintake.\tGastric\tobstruction\tand\tf... | [
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0.08413737267255783,
0.005033060442656279,
-0.09383516013622284,
0.009685158729553223,
0.08485162258148193,
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0.05898462235927582,
0.0999848023056984,
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0.027834434062242508,
0.012... |
occur\twhen\tboluses\tof\tfibrous\tgels\tor\tbran\tare\tnot\tconsumed\twith\tsufficient\tfluid\tto\tdisperse\tthe\nfiber.\nIncreasing\tdietary\tfiber\tfor\tlaxation\tis\tunlikely\n\tto\tprovide\trelief\tfor\tpatients\twith\tserious\ndysmotility\tsyndromes,\tneuromuscular\tdisorders,\tchronic\topioid\tuse,\tpelvic\tfloo... | [
-0.01822849176824093,
-0.041998058557510376,
0.048017263412475586,
-0.04611164703965187,
-0.08821851760149002,
0.0023973542265594006,
0.036956965923309326,
0.07679826021194458,
0.024557165801525116,
0.049883853644132614,
0.09450263530015945,
0.03578973188996315,
0.05583582818508148,
0.0732... |
serious\tGI\tdisease.\tIn\tconditions\tsuch\tas\tneuromuscular\tdisorders\tor\twith\tchronic\topioid\tuse,\ta\nspecific\tlaxative\tmedication\tregimen\tor\tgut\tmotility\tstimulator\tmedication\t(i.e.\tmethylnaltrexone)\nmay\tbe\ta\tnecessary\tpart\tof\tdisease\tmanagement.\nDiarrhea\nDiarrhea\n\tis\tdefined\tby\tthe\t... | [
-0.0016598241636529565,
-0.046061381697654724,
0.04256543889641762,
0.0005560552817769349,
-0.10378265380859375,
-0.006278461776673794,
0.044581469148397446,
0.08021894097328186,
-0.008708533830940723,
0.04384501650929451,
0.09358639270067215,
0.008715406991541386,
0.055567435920238495,
0.... |
liquid\tstools\tper\tday.\tDiarrhea\toccurs\twhen\tthere\tis\taccelerated\ttransit\tof\tintestinal\tcontents\tthrough\nthe\tsmall\tintestine,\tdecreased\tenzymatic\tdigestion\tof\tfoodstuffs,\tdecreased\tabsorption\tof\tfluids\tand\nnutrients,\tincreased\tsecretion\tof\tfluids\tinto\tthe\tGI\ttract,\tor\texudative\tlos... | [
0.016708940267562866,
-0.11638028174638748,
0.024755096063017845,
0.009693599306046963,
-0.040578246116638184,
0.03220868483185768,
0.10689862072467804,
0.026987019926309586,
-0.01256437785923481,
0.0221701692789793,
0.09068788588047028,
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0.023339366540312767,
0.0205968... |
Pathophysiology\n•\t\nDiarrhea\tmay\tbe\trelated\tto\tinflammatory\tdisease;\tinfections\twith\tfungal,\tbacterial,\tor\tviral\nagents;\tmedications;\toverconsumption\tof\tsugars\tor\tother\tosmotic\tsubstances;\tan\tallergic\nresponse\tto\ta\tfood;\tor\tinsufficient\tor\tdamaged\tmucosal\tabsorptive\tsurface.\tThere\t... | [
0.01753024384379387,
-0.0694490596652031,
0.03483133390545845,
-0.00468788668513298,
-0.09638457745313644,
0.027763567864894867,
0.07232099771499634,
0.024030694738030434,
-0.013949744403362274,
0.07603354752063751,
0.10715978592634201,
-0.05713650584220886,
0.03963188827037811,
0.06082573... |
different\tsubtypes\tof\tdiarrhea\tassociated\twith\tvarious\tmedical\tconditions\tand/or\tsurgeries.\n•\t\nExudative\tdiarrheas\tare\n\talways\tassociated\twith\tmucosal\tdamage,\tleading\tto\tan\noutpouring\tof\tmucus,\tfluid,\tblood,\tand\tplasma\tproteins,\twith\ta\tnet\taccumulation\tof\nelectrolytes\tand\twater\t... | [
0.06078171357512474,
-0.07053466141223907,
0.05847820267081261,
-0.020014790818095207,
-0.08308771252632141,
-0.009179006330668926,
0.09600095450878143,
0.003567876759916544,
0.011820785701274872,
0.015668999403715134,
0.08409224450588226,
-0.052552178502082825,
0.045911382883787155,
0.042... |
Diarrhea\tassociated\twith\tCrohn’s\tdisease,\tulcerative\tcolitis\t(UC),\tand\tradiation\nenteritis\tis\toften\texudative.\n•\t\nOsmotic\tdiarrheas\toccur\twhen\tosmotically\tactive\tsolutes\tare\n\tpresent\tin\tthe\tintestinal\ntract\tand\tare\tpoorly\tabsorbed.\tAn\texample\tis\tthe\tdiarrhea\tthat\taccompanies\tdum... | [
0.023569921031594276,
-0.06110581383109093,
0.09168924391269684,
0.009026657789945602,
-0.10477183759212494,
0.0005054490175098181,
0.09277395159006119,
-0.00011618351709330454,
0.0118072759360075,
0.019500993192195892,
0.057591672986745834,
-0.03579548001289368,
0.06097138673067093,
0.049... |
syndrome\tin\tsomeone\tthat\tconsumes\ta\tbeverage\tcontaining\tsimple\tsugars\tafter\thaving\nvarious\tGI-tract\tresections\tsuch\tas\ta\tBillroth\tII\tprocedure\t(gastrojejunostomy).\n•\t\nSecretory\tdiarrheas\tare\tthe\tresult\tof\tactive\tintestinal\tsecretion\tof\telectrolytes\tand | [
0.012547189369797707,
-0.06763087213039398,
0.02364262379705906,
-0.0026031790766865015,
-0.12485276907682419,
-0.02141506038606167,
0.09798342734575272,
0.06349355727434158,
-0.019357139244675636,
0.05437998101115227,
0.0832112655043602,
-0.013576636090874672,
0.02311810292303562,
0.05030... |
water\tby\tthe\tintestinal\tepithelium,\n\tresulting\tfrom\tbacterial\texotoxins,\tviruses,\tand\nincreased\tintestinal\thormone\tsecretion.\tUnlike\tosmotic\tdiarrhea,\tfasting\tdoes\tnot\nrelieve\tsecretory\tdiarrhea.\n•\t\nMalabsorptive\tdiarrheas\tresult\twhen\ta\tdisease\tprocess\timpairs\tdigestion\tor\tabsorptio... | [
0.008187864907085896,
-0.09338468313217163,
0.04928012937307358,
0.03349713236093521,
-0.009859238751232624,
0.008148908615112305,
0.06351108849048615,
0.0640099048614502,
-0.042917151004076004,
0.027749041095376015,
0.060155585408210754,
-0.03692975267767906,
0.07284983992576599,
0.060161... |
to\tthe\tpoint\tthat\tnutrients,\tsuch\tas\tfat,\tappear\tin\tthe\tstool\tin\tincreased\tamounts.\nExcess\tfat\tin\tthe\tstool\tis\tcalled\t\nsteatorrhea\n.\tDiarrhea\toccurs\tbecause\n\tof\tthe\tosmotic\naction\tof\tthese\tnutrients\tand\tthe\taction\tof\tthe\tbacteria\ton\tthe\tnutrients\tthat\tpass\tinto\nthe\tcolon... | [
0.01989082060754299,
-0.08998461067676544,
0.030998410657048225,
-0.04339715465903282,
-0.14493419229984283,
0.03636341169476509,
0.059712670743465424,
-0.014228763990104198,
0.011842317879199982,
0.08479273319244385,
0.13710366189479828,
-0.03974411264061928,
0.06132342666387558,
0.045843... |
area\tor\tinadequate\tproduction\tor\tinterrupted\tflow\tof\tbile\tand\tpancreatic\tenzymes,\tor\nthere\tis\trapid\ttransit,\tsuch\tas\tin\tIBD\tor\tafter\textensive\tbowel\tresection.\t\nBox\t27.5\n\tlists\ndiseases\tand\tconditions\tassociated\n\twith\tmalabsorption\tand\tdiarrhea.\n•\t\nMedication-induced\tdiarrheas... | [
0.03122318908572197,
-0.023800699040293694,
0.04007876291871071,
-0.007779872976243496,
-0.07327302545309067,
-0.010288278572261333,
0.08176681399345398,
0.05513301119208336,
-0.01740463636815548,
0.041671428829431534,
0.10900069773197174,
0.045629795640707016,
0.039902158081531525,
0.0341... |
Medications\tthat\tcause\tdiarrhea\tdo\tso\tby\tdifferent\tmechanisms.\tFor\texample,\nmedications\tsuch\tas\tlactulose\t(used\tin\tthe\tmanagement\tof\thepatic\tencephalopathy)\nand\tsodium\tpolystyrene\tsulfonate\twith\tsorbitol\t(used\tto\ttreat\thyperkalemia)\tcreate\nincreased\tbowel\tmovements\tas\tpart\n\tof\tth... | [
-0.00023274024715647101,
-0.07705851644277573,
0.04955068230628967,
-0.02191241830587387,
-0.045585747808218,
-0.005016006994992495,
0.030742209404706955,
0.10639259964227676,
-0.04102915897965431,
0.03546057641506195,
0.042929451912641525,
0.004782164003700018,
0.05261789634823799,
0.0761... |
of\ttheir\tmechanism\tof\taction.\tSome\tantibiotics\nhave\tdirect\teffects\ton\tGI\tfunction.\tExamples\tinclude\terythromycin,\twhich\tacts\tas\ta\nmotilin\tagonist\tand\tincreases\tlower\tGI\tmotility,\tas\twell\tas\tclarithromycin\tand\nclindamycin,\twhich\tincrease\tGI\tsecretions.\nBOX\t27.5\nDiseases\tand\tCondi... | [
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0.013428975827991962,
-0.01797262765467167,
-0.05432166904211044,
-0.03704478591680527,
0.0677700862288475,
0.12185236066579819,
0.01667393371462822,
0.022220538929104805,
0.06305339932441711,
-0.0051401895470917225,
0.0877164676785469,
0.0541434... |
Inadequate\tdigestion\nPancreatic\tinsufficiency\nGastric\tacid\thypersecretion\nGastric\tresection\nAltered\tbile\tsalt\tmetabolism\twith\timpaired\tmicelle\tformation\nHepatobiliary\tdisease\nInterrupted\tenterohepatic\tcirculation\tof\tbile\tsalts\nBacterial\tovergrowth\nDrugs\tthat\tprecipitate\tbile\tsalts\nGeneti... | [
0.06953199207782745,
-0.09197244793176651,
0.027710793539881706,
0.014760282821953297,
-0.07618590444326401,
-0.02248430997133255,
-0.0014749368419870734,
0.09867531061172485,
-0.0759522095322609,
0.03326830640435219,
0.056653425097465515,
-0.037642717361450195,
0.053876373916864395,
0.046... |
Genetic\tabnormalities\tof\tmucosal\tcell\ttransport\nDisaccharidase\tdeficiency\nMonosaccharide\tmalabsorption\nSpecific\tdisorders\tof\tamino\tacid\tmalabsorption\nAbetalipoproteinemia\nVitamin\tB\n12\n\tmalabsorption\nCeliac\tdisease\nInflammatory\tor\tinfiltrative\tdisorders\nCrohn’s\tdisease\nAmyloidosis\nSclerode... | [
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-0.010063583962619305,
0.02171824872493744,
0.06628989428281784,
-0.06936482340097427,
0.06970449537038803,
0.09326989203691483,
0.004863927140831947,
0.018946653231978416,
0.03530... |
Amyloidosis\nScleroderma\nTropical\tsprue\nGastrointestinal\tallergy\nInfectious\tenteritis\nWhipple\tdisease\nIntestinal\tlymphoma\nRadiation\tenteritis\nDrug-induced\tenteritis\nEndocrine\tand\tmetabolic\tdisorders\nShort-bowel\tsyndrome\t(SBS)\nAbnormalities\tof\tintestinal\tlymphatics\tand\tvascular\tsystem\nIntest... | [
0.005860553123056889,
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0.0487305149435997,
0.018172169104218483,
0.017233725637197495,
0.06607... |
Intestinal\tlymphangiectasia\nMesenteric\tvascular\tinsufficiency\nChronic\tcongestive\theart\tfailure\nData\tfrom\tBeyer\tPL:\tShort\tbowel\tsyndrome.\tIn\tCoulston\tAM\tet\tal,\teditors:\t\nNutrition\tin\tthe\tprevention\tand\ntreatment\tof\tdisease\n,\ted\t1,\tSan\tDiego,\t2001,\tAcademic\tPress;\tBranski\tD\tet\tal... | [
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0.09698941558599472,
0.01316969282925129,
0.01676749624311924,
0.05635958... |
malabsorption,\t\nPediatr\tClin\tNorth\tAm\n\t43:307,\t1996;\tFine\tKD:\tDiarrhea.\tIn\tMitra\tAD\tet\tal:\n\tManagement\tof\ndiarrhea\tin\tHIV-infected\tpatients,\t\nInt\tJ\tSTD\tAIDS\n\t12:630,\t2001;\tPodolsky\tDK:\tInflammatory\tbowel\tdisease, | [
0.009698278270661831,
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0.03497599810361862,
0.028807619586586952,
0.025375155732035637,
0.09769601374864578,
0.0652... |
N\tEngl\tJ\tMed\n\t347:417,\t2002;\tSundarum\tA\tet\tal:\tNutritional\tmanagement\tof\tshort\tbowel\tsyndrome\tin\nadults,\t\nJ\tClin\tGastroenterol\n\t34:207,\t2002.\nIn\tthose\twith\tunderlying\tillnesses\tsuch\tas\thuman\timmunodeficiency\tvirus\t(HIV)\tand\tother\timmune\ndeficiency\tstates,\tthe\tcauses\n\tof\tdia... | [
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0.... |
of\tdiarrhea\tare\toften\tmultifactorial\tand\tcan\tinclude\tside\teffects\tof\nmedications,\tproliferation\tof\topportunistic\torganisms,\tand\tGI\tmanifestations\tof\tthe\tdisease\titself\n(\nPavie\tet\tal,\t2012\n)\t(see\t\nChapter\t36\n).\tIncreased\trisk\tof\topportunistic\tinfection\tis\talso\tassociated\twith | [
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).\tIncreased\trisk\tof\topportunistic\tinfection\tis\talso\tassociated\twith\nuse\tof\tantineoplastic\tagents\t(such\tas\tchemotherapy)\tor\tin\tthose\twith\tmalnutrition.\nAntibiotic-associated\tdiarrhea\nThe\thuman\n\tintestinal\ttract\tis\thome\tfor\ttrillions\tof\tbacteria\t\nmicrobiota\n\t(\nFig.\t27.2\n).\tIn\tt... | [
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microbiota\n\t(\nFig.\t27.2\n).\tIn\tthe\tnormal\tGI\ntract,\tcommensal\tgut\tmicrobiota\tferment\tsloughed\tintestinal\tcells\tand\tundigested\tfoodstuffs\tto\tgases\nand\tshort-chain\tfatty\tacids\t(SCFAs).\tAbsorption\tof\tSCFAs\tfacilitates\tabsorption\tof\telectrolytes\tand\nwater\tfrom\tthe\tcolon.\tBroad-spectru... | [
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0.03264514356851578,
0.02548328787088394,
0.042864684015512466,
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0.08318885415792465,
0.12995146214962006,
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0.016050467267632484,
0.097... |
bowel\n\tand\tmay\tresult\tin\tdecreased\tfermentation\tbyproducts,\treducing\tthe\tabsorption\tof\telectrolytes\nand\twater,\tthereby\tcausing\tdiarrhea.\nFIG.\t27.2\nThe\thuman\tgut\tmicrobiota\n\tSource:\t(Illustration\tby\tDavid\tSchumick,\tBS,\tCMI.\tCleveland\tClinic\tCenter\tfor\tMedical\nArt\t&\tPhotography\t©2... | [
0.004840696696192026,
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0.06196315214037895,
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0.050692103803157806,
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0.000007363914392044535,
0.03470930829644203,
0.09147125482559204,
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0.027484005317091942,
0.0... |
Some\tantibiotics\tallow\tproliferation\tof\topportunistic\tpathogenic\tmicroorganisms\tnormally\nsuppressed\tby\tcompetitive\tmicroorganisms\tin\tthe\tGI\ttract.\tThe\ttoxins\tproduced\tby\tsome\nopportunistic\n\tmicroorganisms\tcan\tcause\tcolitis\tand\tincreased\tsecretion\tof\tfluid\tand\telectrolytes.\tA\nrise\tin... | [
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rise\tin\tantibiotic\tuse\thas\tled\tto\tan\tincrease\tin\t\nantibiotic-associated\tdiarrhea\t(AAD)\n\tand\novergrowth\tof\t\nClostridium\tdifficile\n\twith\tresultant\t\nClostridium\tDifficile\t(C.\tDifficile)\n\tinfection\n(CDI)\n.\nC.\tdifficile\n\tis\ta\tspore-forming\torganism,\tand\tthe\tspores\tare\tresistant\tt... | [
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0.11186361312866211,
0.11715257912874222,
-0.06688721477985382,
0.00839271955192089,
0.0677... |
agents.\tThe\tspore-forming\n\tability\tof\t\nC.\tdifficile\n\tallows\tthe\torganism\tto\tbe\tspread\tinadvertently\tto\nother\tpatients\tby\thealth\tcare\tproviders\t(iatrogenic\tinfection)\tif\tstrict\tinfection\tcontrol\tprocedures\nare\tnot\tfollowed.\tThe\tpresence\tof\tthis\tinfection\tis\tdetected\tby\tanalysis\... | [
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0.08231927454471588,
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0.06632163375616074,
0.0742... |
presence\tof\tthe\ttoxin\tproduced\tby\tthe\torganisms.\tClindamycin,\tpenicillin,\tand\tcephalosporins\tare\nassociated\tmost\toften\twith\n\tthe\tdevelopment\tof\t\nC.\tdifficile\n\tinfection.\tIts\toccurrence\tdepends\ton\tthe\nnumber\tof\tantibiotics\tused,\tthe\tduration\tof\texposure\tto\tantibiotics,\tand\tthe\t... | [
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0.007670845836400986,
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0.023329151794314384,
0.05805797874927521,
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0.030335400253534317,
0.11445653438568115,
-0.028877969831228256,
0.05308546498417854,
0.105038... |
health.\tChronic\tsuppression\tof\tstomach\tacid\twith\tproton\tpump\tinhibitor\tmedications\tduring\tbroad-\nspectrum\tantibiotic\ttherapy\talso\tmay\tincrease\tsusceptibility\tto\tCDI\t(\nTarig\tet\tal,\t2017\n;\t\nTrifan\tet\tal,\n2017\n).\nC.\tdifficile\n\twas\n\thistorically\tconsidered\ta\tnosocomial\t(hospital-a... | [
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0.017370618879795074,
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0.12659892439842224,
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0.07... |
associated\twith\tantibiotic\texposure.\tMore\trecently,\tits\tprevalence\thas\tincreased\tto\tinclude\ta\thigher\nincidence\tin\tpopulations\tpreviously\tconsidered\tat\tlow\trisk\t(\nDePestel\tand\tAronoff,\t2013\n).\t\nC.\tdifficile\nmay\tcause\tcolitis,\tsecretory\tdiarrhea,\tsevere\tdilation\tof\tthe\tcolon\t(toxi... | [
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0.070... |
the\tbowel\twall,\n\tperitonitis,\tor\teven\tdeath\t(\nPattani\tet\tal,\t2013\n).\tAdding\tfurther\tcomplication\tto\neradicating\tCDI,\tresistant\tstrains\tare\tless\tsusceptible\tto\ttreatment\twith\tantimicrobials\tand\tcause\ta\nmore\tsevere\tform\tof\tthe\tdisease\twith\tincreased\thealth\tcare\tcosts\tand\thigher... | [
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0.060395050793886185,
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0.04683474823832512,
0.08814610540866852,
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0.025510424748063087,
0.055344... |
O’Keefe,\n2010\n).\nAccording\tto\tthe\tCenters\tfor\tDisease\tControl\tand\tPrevention\t(CDC),\t\nC.\tdifficile\n\twas\testimated\tto\ncause\talmost\n\t500,000\tinfections\tin\tthe\tUnited\tStates\tin\t2011\talone.\tOf\tthose,\t83,000\tpatients\npresented\twith\tat\tleast\tone\trecurrence,\tand\talmost\t29,000\tdied\t... | [
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0.033116232603788376,
0.10691145807504654,
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0.00... |
diagnosis.\tPrescribing\tunnecessary\tor\tincorrect\tantibiotics\toccurs\tin\t30%\tto\t50%\tof\thospitalized | [
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patients\twho\treceive\tthem.\tThis\toversight\tis\tthought\tto\tbe\tan\timportant\tcontributor\tto\tincreased\trisk\nfor\tthis\tlife-threatening\tinfection\n\t(\nCDC,\t2015\n).\tFortunately,\twith\tincreased\tinfection\trisk\tprotocols,\ngreater\tprecautions\twith\tantibiotic\tuse,\tand\tclinician\tawareness,\tthere\t... | [
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0.05... |
from\t2011\tto\t2014\t(\nCDC,\t2018\n).\tSee\t\nFig.\t27.3\n\tinfographic\treviewing\timportant\tdetails.\nFIG.\t27.3\nDeadly\tDiarrhea:\t\nC.\tDifficile\n\tcauses\timmense\tsuffering,\tdeath\t(CDC,\t2015).\nMedical\tmanagement\nBecause\tdiarrhea\tis\ta\tsymptom,\tnot\ta\tdisease,\tthe\tfirst\tstep\tin\tmedical\ttreatm... | [
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0.03203714266419411,
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0.02525... |
treat\tthe\tunderlying\tproblem.\tThe\tnext\tgoal\tis\tto\tmanage\tfluid\tand\telectrolyte\treplacement.\tIn\tcases\nof\tsevere\tdiarrhea,\trestoring\tfluid\tand\telectrolytes\tis\tfirst\tpriority.\tElectrolyte\n\tlosses,\tespecially\npotassium\tand\tsodium,\tshould\tbe\tcorrected\tearly\tby\tusing\toral\tglucose\telec... | [
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0.068733... |
added\tpotassium.\tOral\trehydration\tsolutions\t(ORS)\twork\tbecause\tthey\tcontain\tconcentrations\tof\nsodium\tand\tglucose\tthat\tare\toptimal\tfor\tinteraction\twith\tthe\tsodium-glucose\ttransport\t(SGLT)\nproteins\tin\tthe\tintestinal\tepithelial\tcells\t(see\t\nChapter\t1\n).\nWith\tintractable\tdiarrhea,\tespe... | [
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0.03... |
in\tan\tinfant\tor\tyoung\tchild,\tparenteral\tfeeding\tmay\tbe\nrequired.\tParenteral\tnutrition\t(PN)\tmay\teven\tbe\tnecessary\tif\texploratory\tsurgery\tis\tanticipated,\tor\tif\nthe\tpatient\tis\tnot\texpected\tto\tresume\tfull\toral\tintake\twithin\t5\tto\t7\tdays\t(see\t\nChapter\t12\n).\nSupplementation\twith\t... | [
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0.03785305470228195,
0.0511... |
research\tis\tongoing,\tbut\tthere\tare\tinadequate\tdata\n\tto\trecommend\tprobiotics\tas\ta\tprimary\ttreatment\nfor\tCDIs\t(\nPattani\tet\tal,\t2013\n)\t(see\t\nFocus\tOn:\n\tProbiotics\tand\tPrebiotics\tand\tthe\tGut\tMicrobiota\n).\nCurrently,\tthe\tbest\ttreatment\tfor\trefractory\tCDI\tis\tto\temploy\t\nfecal\tm... | [
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0.030268050730228424,
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0.02540374919772148,
0.0948... |
fecal\tmicrobiota\ttransplant\t(FMT)\n.\nWith\tthe\tconcept\tof\tthe\thuman\tgut\tmicrobiota\tas\tan\torgan,\tFMT\tmay\tbe\tconsidered\tan\torgan\ntransplant.\tIn\tthis\tprocedure,\tthe\tgut\tmicrobiota\tof\tthe\tperson\tinfected\n\twith\t\nC.\tdifficile\n\tis\treplaced\nwith\thealthy\tdonor\tstool,\ttypically\tfrom\ta... | [
0.006527232471853495,
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0.028289271518588066,
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0.04... |
recent\tstudy\tfound\ta\t>90%\tsuccess\trate\tin\tparticipants\treceiving\tFMT\tfor\teradication\tof\tCDI,\twith\nno\tdisease\trecurrence\tafter\tprocedure\t(\nKonturek\tet\tal,\t2016\n).\n\t\nFocus\tOn\nProbiotics\tand\tPrebiotics\n\tand\tthe\tGut\tMicrobiota\nSome\tgastrointestinal\tconditions\tsuch\tas\t\nClostridiu... | [
0.00468125706538558,
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0.09214971959590912,
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0.09011013060808182,
0.13384318351745605,
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0.018254753202199936,
0.07766... |
Clostridium\tdifficile\n\tinfection\t(CDI),\tsmall\tintestinal\nbacterial\tovergrowth\t(SIBO),\tantibiotic-associated\tdiarrhea,\tand\tperhaps\tinflammatory\tbowel\ndisease\tmay\tresult\tor\thave\texacerbated\tsymptoms\twhen\tthere\tare\talterations\tto\tthe\tcolonies\tof\nmicroorganisms\tthat\texist\tin\tthe\tsmall\to... | [
0.0102829085662961,
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0.017971977591514587,
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0.04092802479863167,
0.04598843306303024,
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0.08529254049062729,
0.11637947708368301,
-0.06477225571870804,
0.03370651230216026,
0.106... |
causes\tdramatic\talterations\tto\tgut\tmicrobiota,\tplacing\tthe\tpatient\tat\trisk\tfor\tovergrowth\tof\npotentially\tpathogenic\tmicrobes\tand\topportunistic\tgastrointestinal\t(GI)\tinfections. | [
0.027617087587714195,
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0.11855369061231613,
0.05867645889520645,
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A\t\nprobiotic\n\tis\tdefined\tby\tthe\tFood\tand\tAgriculture\tOrganization\tof\tthe\tUnited\tNations\tand\tthe\nWorld\tHealth\tOrganization\t(FAO/WHO)\tas\t“live\tnonpathogenic\torganisms\t(bacteria\tor\tyeast)\nwhich\twhen\tadministered\tin\tadequate\n\tamounts\tconfer\ta\thealth\tbenefit\ton\tthe\thost.”\tTo\tbe\ta | [
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0.1057516485452652,
0.12542414665222168,
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0.0720... |
amounts\tconfer\ta\thealth\tbenefit\ton\tthe\thost.”\tTo\tbe\ta\nprobiotic,\tmeaning\t“for\tlife,”\ta\tlive\tmicrobial\tstrain\tmust\tmeet\tvery\tstringent\tcriteria.\tAccording\nto\tthe\tFAO/WHO,\tthese\tcriteria\tinclude\tbeing\tsafe\tfor\thuman\tconsumption,\tbeing\ta\tlive\tand\tviable | [
0.007911589927971363,
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0.030467363074421883,
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0.009432... |
organism\twith\tstrain\tidentification,\tbeing\tof\thuman\torigin,\tbeing\tresistant\tto\tacid\tand\tbile,\tbeing\nable\tto\tsurvive\tthe\tupper\tintestinal\ttract\tenvironment\n\tand\treach\tthe\tdistal\tintestine\t(ileum\tand\ncolon)\tto\tattach\tto\tthe\tintestinal\tepithelium,\tand\tbeing\table\tto\tcolonize\tthe\t... | [
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0.057039279490709305,
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0.11323617398738861,
0.11197640746831894,
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0.0... |
health\tbenefit\tto\tthe\thost,\tand\thave\tscientifically\tproven\thealth\tbenefits\t(\nCresci\tand\tIzzo,\t2017\n).\nUnfortunately,\tsuch\ta\tregulatory\tframework\tdoes\tnot\texist\tin\tthe\tUnited\tStates\tat\tpresent.\nTherefore\tbecause\tof\tthese\tstrict\tcriteria,\tsome\tsupplements\n\ttermed\t“probiotics”\tare... | [
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0.05779146030545235,
0.005813732743263245,
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0.03499871864914894,
0.12071316689252853,
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termed\t“probiotics”\tare\tnot\ttruly\nprobiotics\tand\ttheir\tuse\tmay\tbe\tmisleading\tto\tclinicians\tand\tconsumers.\nCertain\tstrains\tof\tbacteria\thave\tbeen\tidentified\tas\tprobiotics.\tThese\tmay\tbe\tavailable\tin\nsupplement\tform\t(e.g.,\tcapsules,\tpowders)\tor\tincluded\tin\tfermented\tfood\tproducts\t(e... | [
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0.14514140784740448,
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0.0559743... |
kefir).\tThe\texact\tdose,\tmeans\tfor\tdelivery,\tor\tthe\tduration\tof\tviability\tare\tuncertain,\tprobably\tvary\nfor\tdifferent\tprobiotic\tstrains,\tand\tmay\tdepend\ton\tthe\tcondition\tto\tbe\ttreated.\tIt\thas\tbeen\nsuggested\tthat\tprobiotics\tmay\trestore\tthe\tbalance\tof\tintestinal\tmicrobes\tand\timprov... | [
0.0009638705523684621,
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0.041081689298152924,
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0.04829369857907295,
0.12140394747257233,
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0.03530... |
and\tprevent\tor\ttreat\tconditions\tin\twhich\ta\tgut\tdysbiosis\thas\toccurred,\tsuch\tas\tantibiotic-\nassociated\tdiarrhea\t(\nPattani\tet\tal,\t2013\n).\t\nSaccharomyces\tboulardii\n,\ta\tprobiotic\tyeast,\thas\tbeen\nshown\tto\treduce\trecurrence\n\tin\tthose\twith\tCDI\twhen\thigh-dose\toral\tvancomycin\twas\tal... | [
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0.030908294022083282,
0.10443123430013657,
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0.054725922644138336,
0.0745... |
(\nCresci\tand\tIzzo,\t2017\n).\tCertain\ttypes\tof\tprobiotics\tmay\tbe\teffective\tin\treducing\tthe\tduration\tof\nenterovirus-induced\tacute\tinfectious\tdiarrhea\tin\tpediatric\tand\tadult\tpatients\tand\tin\tthose\twith\ninflammatory\tbowel\tdisease\t(IBD).\nLike\tprobiotics,\tprebiotics\thave\tstrict\tcriteria\t... | [
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0.010022362694144249,
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0.07397986203432083,
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0.052803970873355865,
0.0938899964094162,
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0.07209908217191696,
0.100... |
polysaccharides,\n\tand\tsloughed\tproteins\tare\tthe\tfood\tsource\tfor\tthe\tcommensal\tgut\tmicrobiota.\nA\t\nprebiotic\n\tis\tdefined\tas\t“a\tselectively\tfermented\tingredient\tthat\tallows\tspecific\tchanges,\tboth\nin\tthe\tcomposition\tand\tactivity\tin\tthe\tgut\tmicrobiota,\tthat\tconfer\tbenefits\tupon\thos... | [
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0.08365828543901443,
0.1165541559457779,
-0.06132028251886368,
-0.026862122118473053,
0.03766256... |
and\thealth”\t(\nCresci\tand\tIzzo,\t2017\n).\tImportantly,\tprebiotics\tmust\tbe\tresistant\tto\tgastric\tacidity,\tto\nhydrolysis\tby\tmammalian\n\tenzymes,\tand\tto\tGI\tabsorption;\tmust\tbe\tfermented\tin\tthe\tGI\ttract\tby\tthe\ngut\tmicrobiota;\tand\tmust\tbe\tselective\tin\tthe\tstimulation\tof\tthe\tgut\tmicr... | [
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0.02308986522257328,
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0.0749780610203743,
0.13156774640083313,
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0.0065691485069692135,
0.0712... |
that\tcontribute\tto\thealth\tand\twell-being.\tPrebiotics\tare\tnaturally\toccurring\tor\tsynthetic\tsugars\nand\tare\tnot\tavailable\tto\tall\tgut\tmicrobial\tspecies.\tUpon\treaching\tthe\tdistal\tintestine\t(ileum\tand\ncolon),\tprebiotics\tare\tfermented\n\tby\tthe\tgut\tmicrobiota\tto\tyield\tshort-chain\tfatty\t... | [
0.01305893249809742,
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0.05281646177172661,
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0.006755282171070576,
0.030243471264839172,
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0.06498020142316818,
0.1133124977350235,
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0.006017172243446112,
0.0475... |
by\tthe\tgut\tmicrobiota\tto\tyield\tshort-chain\tfatty\tacids\t(SCFAs)\tand\ngases\t(carbon\tdioxide,\thydrogen,\tand\tmethane).\tSCFAs\t(acetate,\tpropionate,\tbutyrate)\tserve\nmany\tbiologic\troles,\tincluding\taiding\twith\twater\tand\telectrolyte\tabsorption,\tdecreasing\nintraluminal\tpH,\taltering\tcell\tprolif... | [
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0.04785837605595589,
0.12235638499259949,
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0.016300149261951447,
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and\tinflammatory\tprocesses\t(\nCresci\tand\tIzzo,\t2017\n).\n\tAlthough\tprobiotics\thave\treported\tsafety\nissues\twith\tselect\tclinical\tconditions,\tprebiotics\tcarry\tfew\tsafety\tconcerns.\tHowever,\tlike\nprobiotics,\tprebiotics\tmay\talso\tcontribute\tto\tGI\tdiscomfort\t(bloating,\tgas)\tif\tintroduced\ttoo... | [
0.0046716597862541676,
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0.04575760290026665,
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0.02730254828929901,
0.09481041878461838,
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0.03487950563430786,
0.079161636... |
into\tthe\tdiet.\nBecause\tthere\tis\tpromise\tin\ttheory\tand\tin\tselect\tstudies\tfor\timproving\tgut\tdysbiosis\twith\nsupplements,\tfurther\tstudies\tevaluating\tthe\toptimal\tdose,\n\ttiming,\tduration,\tand\tindications\tfor\nprobiotics,\tprebiotics,\tand\ttheir\tcombinations,\tare\twarranted.\tRegular\tintake\t... | [
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0.07874370366334915,
0.10027308762073517,
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0.05394784361124039,
0.0367482565... |
prebiotics\tand\tprobiotics\tcan\talso\tencourage\tincreased\tmicrobial\tdiversity\tin\tthe\tgut,\treducing\nreliance\ton\tsupplements\twhen\tappropriate.\nProducts\tthat\tcombine\tprobiotic\tmicroorganisms\tand\ta\tprebiotic\tfiber\tsource\thave\tbeen\tdescribed\nas\t\nsynbiotics\n\tfor\ttheir\n\tsynergistic\teffects.... | [
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0.05554831400513649,
0.10304442793130875,
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0.011780880391597748,
0.069699... |
prebiotics,\tand\tsynbiotics\tfor\timprovements\tin\tthe\tmicrobiota\tfor\ta\tvariety\tof\tdisorders.\tSynbiotics\nwere\tfound\teffective\tfor\thepatic\tencephalopathy,\timproved\thigh-density\tlipoprotein\t(HDL)\tand\nfasting\tglucose,\tbut\talso\tdemonstrated\tpositive\tresults\tfor\ttreating\tinfectious\tdiarrhea\ti... | [
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0.07034120708703995,
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0.02843143232166767,
0.091... |
(\nPatel\tand\tDuPont,\t2015\n).\nThere\n\tis\ta\tlong\thistory\tof\tsafe\tuse\tof\tmany\tstrains\tof\t“live\tactive\tcultures”\tin\tfoods\tin\thealthy\nhumans.\tHowever,\tthe\tbody\tof\tevidence\tis\tlimited\ton\tthe\tuse\tof\tlarge\tdoses\tof\tconcentrated\tprobiotic\nsupplements,\tespecially\tof\tspecific\tstrains\t... | [
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0.054382629692554474,
0.00441... |
increased\tability\tto\tproliferate\tin\tthe\tGI\ttract.\tLimited\tsafety\tdata\tsupport\tthe\tuse\tof\tconcentrated\nprobiotic\n\tsupplements\tin\tpatients\twith\timmunocompromised\tstates\tor\tcritical\tillness,\tor\twhen\nprobiotics\tare\tadministered\tdirectly\tinto\tthe\tsmall\tintestine,\tas\twith\tjejunal\tfeedi... | [
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0.011066053062677383,
0.09296412765979767,
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0.05578900873661041,
0.08702141046524048,
0.009635401889681816,
0.045503292232751846,
0.06... |
research\tin\tthis\tarea\tcontinues\t(\nStavrou\tet\tal,\t2015\n).\tA\tnumber\tof\tcase\treports\texist\tof\thospitalized\npatients\treceiving\tconcentrated\tstrains\tof\tprobiotics\tthat\thave\tbecome\tseptic\tbecause\tof\tinfection\tin\nthe\tbloodstream\n\twith\tthe\tvery\tsame\tstrain\tof\tprobiotic\tbeing\tadminist... | [
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0.04932168126106262,
0.03856248781085014,
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0.04798230901360512,
0.0905197262763977,
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0.05537509545683861,
0.0466... |
adverse\tevents\trelated\tto\tprobiotic\tadministration\tin\thospitalized\tpatients,\t25%\tof\tadverse\tevents\nresulted\tin\tpatient\tdeath\t(\nWhelan\tand\tMyers,\t2010\n).\tMany\tof\tthese\tcase\treports\tdo\tindicate\tthe\nculprit\tprobiotic\twas\ta\tnonpathogenic\tyeast,\tand\tsince\tthen\tproduct\tlabel\twarnings... | [
0.012117648497223854,
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0.033424261957407,
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0.011176650412380695,
0.08551684021949768,
0.10882988572120667,
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0.029584458097815514,
0.10201490670442581,
0.0020025228150188923,
0.05209648609161377,
0.051243... |
this\tsupplement\tto\n\tcritically\till\tpatients\thave\tbeen\tinstated\tto\tavoid\tsuch\tcomplications.\tIn\ta\tlarge\ndouble-blind,\trandomized\tstudy\tof\ta\thigh-dose\tmultispecies\tprobiotic\tadministered\tvia\tjejunal\nfeeding\ttube\tin\tpatients\twith\tsevere\tacute\tpancreatitis,\tthere\twere\tsignificantly\tmo... | [
0.024229582399129868,
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0.10157821327447891,
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0.10909873992204666,
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0.03641411289572716,
0.02... |
who\treceived\tprobiotics\tcompared\twith\tthose\treceiving\tthe\tinactive\tplacebo,\tand\ta\treduced\trisk\tof\ninfectious\tcomplications\n\twas\tnot\tdemonstrated\tin\tthe\tprobiotic\tgroup\t(\nBesselink\tet\tal,\t2008\n).\nAlthough\tthis\thistorical\tstudy\twas\tconcerning\tand\tprovides\twarning\tbefore\tadminister... | [
-0.024493282660841942,
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0.07336205989122391,
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0.03035498410463333,
0.08917753398418427,
0.026930799707770348,
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0.06399398297071457,
0.12103906273841858,
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0.01823199726641178,
0.0145925... |
cultures\tto\tcritically\till\tpatients,\tthere\twere\tstudy\tflaws\tand\tlimitations,\twhich\tlead\tto\tquestions\nwhether\tthe\tincreased\tmortality\twas\tsolely\tthe\tresult\tof\tprobiotic\tsupplementation;\tfurther\tstudy\tis\nneeded\tin\tthis\tarea.\nProbiotic\n\tpreparations\thold\tpromise\tas\tan\tadjunctive\tor... | [
0.042105358093976974,
0.002225172007456422,
0.04476750269532204,
0.011329040862619877,
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0.03735185042023659,
0.0403771810233593,
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0.04993901029229164,
0.13972623646259308,
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0.0354... |
gastrointestinal\tconditions,\tbut\tresearch\tis\tongoing\ton\tmodifying\tthe\tmicrobiota\tand\tthere\tremain | [
0.028934726491570473,
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0.06385017186403275,
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0.... |
inadequate\tdata\tthus\tfar\tto\tmake\tlarge\tgeneralizations\tregarding\tprobiotic\tsafety\tfor\tall\tpopulations\n(\nBafeta\tet\tal,\t2018\n).\tIn\tcontrast,\tas\tan\temerging\tarea\tof\tscientific\tresearch,\tthere\tis\talso\ta\tmovement\nto\tdetermine\thow\n\tmanipulating\tthe\tmicrobiota\tcan\tconfer\tbenefit\tto\... | [
0.03267384693026543,
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0.05149393528699875,
0.010263736359775066,
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0.043115437030792236,
0.12177809327840805,
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0.032060906291007996,
0.05220... |
Walsh\tet\tal,\t2014\n).\tTo\nlearn\tmore\tand\tfollow\tthis\texciting\tarea\tof\tnutrition\tresearch,\tthe\tInternational\tScientific\tAssociation\nfor\tProbiotics\tand\tPrebiotics\t(\nhttps://isappscience.org/\n)\tis\tan\texcellent\tresource.\nMedical\tnutrition\ttherapy\nAll\tnutrition\tinterventions\trelated\tto\td... | [
-0.0033346053678542376,
-0.0632692500948906,
0.03400246426463127,
-0.017279107123613358,
-0.05276433378458023,
0.010557355359196663,
0.09040097147226334,
0.005346650257706642,
-0.013819986023008823,
0.027466846629977226,
0.11169720441102982,
-0.0436910018324852,
-0.0012206013780087233,
-0.... |
pathologic\tcondition\tresponsible\tfor\tthe\tdiarrhea.\tReplacement\tof\tnecessary\tfluids\tand\telectrolytes\tis\nthe\tfirst\tstep,\tusing\tORS,\tsoups\tand\tbroths,\tvegetable\tjuices,\tand\tisotonic\tliquids.\tRestrictive\tdiets,\nsuch\tas\tthe\tBRAT\tdiet\tmade\tup\tof\tbananas,\trice,\tapplesauce,\tand\ttoast,\ta... | [
0.037125371396541595,
-0.04004940763115883,
0.05983482301235199,
-0.060433343052864075,
-0.11703875660896301,
-0.01381626632064581,
0.09500084072351456,
-0.004432475659996271,
0.004141413606703281,
0.09527698904275894,
0.07824887335300446,
-0.023146789520978928,
0.03750971704721451,
0.0117... |
evidence\tindicates\tthat\tthey\tare\tnecessary\tduring\tacute\tdiarrheal\tillness.\tAlthough\tthere\tis\tlimited\nresearch\tto\tsupport\tdoing\tso,\tsome\tclinicians\talso\trecommend\ta\tprogression\tof\tstarchy\ncarbohydrates\tsuch\tas\tcereals,\tbreads,\tand\tlow-fat\tmeats,\tfollowed\tby\tsmall\tamounts\tof\tvegeta... | [
0.006659392267465591,
-0.028869856148958206,
0.04005526378750801,
-0.01790023222565651,
0.03509256988763809,
0.04271665960550308,
0.02219746634364128,
0.016894260421395302,
0.017535772174596786,
0.10421112179756165,
0.08943460136651993,
-0.034689418971538544,
0.05237641558051109,
0.0503493... |
and\tfruits,\tfollowed\tby\tfats.\tThe\tgoal\twith\tthis\tprogression\tis\tto\tlimit\tlarge\tamounts\tof\thyperosmotic\ncarbohydrates\tthat\tmay\tbe\tmaldigested\tor\tmalabsorbed,\tfoods\tthat\tstimulate\tsecretion\tof\tfluids,\tand\nfoods\n\tthat\tspeed\tthe\trate\tof\tGI\ttransit.\nSugar\talcohols,\tlactose,\tfructos... | [
0.008514085784554482,
-0.08079221099615097,
0.018979372456669807,
0.011825953610241413,
-0.03062235191464424,
0.01081438735127449,
0.0627664178609848,
-0.0021671741269528866,
-0.005281873047351837,
0.028647439554333687,
0.126376211643219,
-0.03242027014493942,
0.04151773452758789,
-0.02028... |
may\talso\tbe\tassociated\twith\tdiarrhea\tor\ta\tmix\tof\tconstipation\tand\tdiarrhea.\tSeveral\tdiet\tchanges\nwithin\tthe\tlow\tFODMAP\tdiet\tsimilar\tto\tthe\tfoods\tmentioned\tabove\tmay\timprove\tsymptoms\t(see\nIrritable\tBowel\tSyndrome\n\tin\tthis\tchapter).\tBecause\tthe\tactivity\tof\tthe\tdisaccharidases\n\... | [
0.05092749372124672,
-0.08052591234445572,
0.07966937869787216,
0.005220466293394566,
-0.057718850672245026,
0.014093375764787197,
0.1407419741153717,
-0.03572164103388786,
0.001162571832537651,
0.050811730325222015,
0.1383359432220459,
-0.042182885110378265,
0.04408028721809387,
0.0335473... |
and\ttransport\nmechanisms\tdecrease\tduring\tinflammatory\tand\tinfectious\tintestinal\tdisease,\tsugars\tmay\thave\tto\tbe\nlimited,\tespecially\tin\tchildren.\tMalabsorption\tis\tonly\tone\tpotential\tcause\tof\tdiarrhea,\tand\tdiarrhea\nmay\toccur\twithout\tsignificant\tmalabsorption\tof\tmacronutrients\t(carbohydr... | [
0.028933845460414886,
-0.13420827686786652,
0.035642486065626144,
-0.03624234348535538,
-0.09376490116119385,
0.016171488910913467,
0.10400418192148209,
0.03052517957985401,
-0.021480973809957504,
0.05792922154068947,
0.08802246302366257,
-0.06494747847318649,
0.017217276617884636,
0.04793... |
Absorption\tof\tmost\tnutrients\toccurs\tin\tthe\tsmall\tintestine;\tdiarrhea\trelated\tto\n\tcolonic\tinflammation\nor\tdisease\tpreserves\tthe\tabsorption\tof\tmost\tingested\tnutrients.\nMinimal\tfiber\tand\tlow-residue\tdiets\tare\trarely\tindicated\t(\nTable\t27.1\n).\tPatients\tare\tencouraged\tto | [
0.011605129577219486,
-0.09095185995101929,
0.007070711813867092,
-0.019578777253627777,
-0.032097212970256805,
-0.014584571123123169,
0.12961536645889282,
0.08129040896892548,
0.013519318774342537,
0.006376385223120451,
0.07938527315855026,
-0.027189696207642555,
0.026495279744267464,
0.0... |
Table\t27.1\n).\tPatients\tare\tencouraged\tto\nresume\ta\tregular\tdiet\tas\ttolerated\tthat\tcontains\tmoderate\tamounts\tof\tsoluble\tfiber.\tThe\tmetabolism\nof\tsoluble\tfiber\tand\tresistant\tstarches\tby\tcolonic\tbacteria\tleads\tto\tproduction\tof\t\nshort-chain\tfatty\nacids\t(SCFAs)\n,\twhich\tin\tphysiologi... | [
0.01972198113799095,
-0.05018220096826553,
0.005972732324153185,
-0.00869890209287405,
-0.09468995034694672,
0.029752152040600777,
0.02230778895318508,
0.07841629534959793,
0.004953234456479549,
0.05130309239029884,
0.09908375144004822,
-0.017213884741067886,
0.053883761167526245,
0.053835... |
absorption\tof\tfluid\tand\tsalts,\tand\tmay\thelp\tto\tregulate\tGI\tmotility.\nTABLE\t27.1\nFood\tto\tLimit\tin\ta\tLow-Fiber\t(Minimal-Residue)\tDiet\nFood\nComments\nLactose\t(in\tlactose\nmalabsorbers)\n6\tto\t12\tg\tis\tnormally\ttolerated\tin\thealthy\tlactase-deficient\tindividuals\tbut\tmay\nnot\tbe\tin\tsome\... | [
0.004662101157009602,
-0.10623176395893097,
0.007619661744683981,
0.012440494261682034,
-0.010571086779236794,
0.000676555500831455,
0.09294202923774719,
0.08342147618532181,
-0.019630713388323784,
0.029803549870848656,
0.11540844291448593,
-0.015167277306318283,
-0.009508080780506134,
0.0... |
not\tbe\tin\tsome\tindividuals.\nInsoluble\n\tfiber\n(quantities\t>20\tg)\nModest\tamounts\t(10\tto\t15\tg)\tmay\thelp\tmaintain\tnormal\tconsistency\tof\ngastrointestinal\t(GI)\tcontents\tand\tnormal\tcolonic\tmucosa\tin\thealthy\tstates\nand\tGI\tdisease.\nSorbitol,\tmannitol,\tand\nxylitol\t(excess,\t>10\ng/day)\nWe... | [
-0.015934592112898827,
-0.029461825266480446,
0.05969182029366493,
0.028119966387748718,
-0.06827438622713089,
0.02189016342163086,
0.0887809619307518,
0.021613042801618576,
0.04024992883205414,
0.031204113736748695,
0.13364779949188232,
-0.04474392905831337,
0.06583193689584732,
0.0342157... |
diarrhea.\nFructose\t(excess,\t20\tto\n25\tg/meal)\nSucrose\t(excess,\t>25\tto\n50\tg/meal)\nCaffeine\nIncreases\tGI\tsecretions,\tcolonic\tmotility\nAlcoholic\tbeverages\n(especially\twine\tand\nbeer)\nIncrease\tGI\tsecretions\nFibrous\tmaterial\ttends\tto\tslow\tgastric\temptying,\tmoderate\toverall\tGI\ttransit,\tan... | [
-0.032272156327962875,
-0.09778489917516708,
0.048870135098695755,
0.04391409084200859,
-0.057027075439691544,
-0.028890026733279228,
0.07911576330661774,
0.058456216007471085,
-0.04422575980424881,
-0.011623183265328407,
0.023368682712316513,
-0.04200592264533043,
0.03338076174259186,
0.0... |
the\tintestinal\tlumen.\tProviding\tfiber\tto\tpatients\twith\tdiarrhea\tdoes\tincrease\tthe\tvolume\tof\tstool,\tand\nin\tsome\tcases\t(such\tas\tsmall\tintestinal\tbacterial\tovergrowth\t[SIBO])\n\tinitially\tcan\tincrease\tgas\tand\nbloating.\tModest\tintake\tof\tprebiotic\tcomponents\tand\tsoluble\tfibers\tsuch\tas... | [
-0.008484629914164543,
-0.04673377051949501,
0.02981289103627205,
-0.05171097069978714,
-0.10677659511566162,
0.01056730467826128,
0.12942445278167725,
0.033865731209516525,
0.028251858428120613,
0.045046769082546234,
0.13703453540802002,
-0.03958796337246895,
0.013730490580201149,
0.06042... |
transit\tthrough\tthe\tGI\ttract.\nSeveral\tprobiotics\thave\tbeen\tstudied\tfor\tpreventing\tAAD.\tCurrently,\tof\tthose\ttested,\nSaccharomyces\tboulardii\n\tand\t\nLactobacillus\n-based\tformulations\tappear\tto\tbe\tmost\teffective\tin\nreducing\tAAD\t(\nPattani\tet\tal,\t2013\n).\tA\tmore\trecent\tmeta-analysis\n\... | [
-0.015269279479980469,
-0.08307188004255295,
0.02900843508541584,
-0.03416256606578827,
-0.09786462038755417,
-0.012584608048200607,
0.030985472723841667,
0.014495992101728916,
0.007749311160296202,
0.04435281828045845,
0.09649132192134857,
-0.02010186016559601,
0.02400115132331848,
0.0621... |
specifically\tfound\t\nSaccharomyces\nboulardii\n\tto\tbe\teffective\tin\treducing\trisk\tof\tAAD\tin\tboth\tchildren\tand\tadults\twithout\tadverse\tside\neffects,\tbut\talso\tencouraged\tcaution\tin\tpatients\twho\tare\timmunocompromised\tor\twith\tlife-\nthreatening\tillnesses\tmanaged\tin\tthe\tintensive\tcare\tuni... | [
-0.026077358052134514,
-0.027042707428336143,
0.03482077643275261,
-0.03117356076836586,
-0.12469526380300522,
-0.003194462275132537,
0.07332764565944672,
0.01338654663413763,
0.0073027219623327255,
0.03130980581045151,
0.11054874211549759,
-0.0530218631029129,
0.05763821303844452,
0.04099... |
Szajewska\tand\tKotodziej,\n2015\n).\tStudies\tare\tstill\tneeded\tto\tfind\tthe\toptimal\tcombination\tof\tprobiotics\tand/or\n\tprebiotics,\ntesting\tfor\tdosing\tschedules,\tand\tconcentrations.\nSevere\tand\tchronic\tdiarrhea\tis\taccompanied\tby\tdehydration\tand\telectrolyte\tdepletion.\tIf\talso | [
-0.018936729058623314,
-0.03337111696600914,
0.006108367815613747,
-0.00814016256481409,
-0.03252797946333885,
0.04278400167822838,
0.10399731248617172,
0.037278611212968826,
-0.004940928891301155,
0.037908509373664856,
0.10035741329193115,
-0.03947164863348007,
-0.014981215819716454,
0.04... |
accompanied\tby\tprolonged\tinfectious,\timmunodeficiency,\tor\tinflammatory\tdisease,\tmalabsorption\tof\nvitamins,\tminerals,\tand\tprotein\tor\tfat\talso\tmay\toccur,\tand\tnutrients\tmay\thave\tto\tbe\treplaced\nparenterally\tor\tenterally.\tIn\tsome\tforms\tof\tinfectious\n\tdiarrhea,\tloss\tof\tiron\tfrom\tGI\tbl... | [
-0.017122751101851463,
-0.05944344401359558,
0.02584787644445896,
-0.001143180183134973,
-0.03399526700377464,
0.027462413534522057,
0.08363403379917145,
0.05618542432785034,
-0.03815707191824913,
0.05705263465642929,
0.13284960389137268,
0.012453482486307621,
0.03251691535115242,
0.047983... |
diarrhea,\tloss\tof\tiron\tfrom\tGI\tbleeding\tmay\tbe\nsevere\tenough\tto\tcause\tanemia.\tNutrient\tdeficiencies\tthemselves\tcause\tmucosal\tchanges\tsuch\tas\ndecreased\tvilli\theight\tand\treduced\tenzyme\tsecretion,\tfurther\tcontributing\tto\tmalabsorption.\tAs\tthe | [
0.0013086195103824139,
-0.056911494582891464,
0.04348812252283096,
0.006341379601508379,
-0.07824844866991043,
-0.02765144407749176,
0.09608262777328491,
0.05653037130832672,
-0.03568153455853462,
0.019874414429068565,
0.04485493525862694,
-0.04061673581600189,
0.02558906562626362,
0.07130... |
diarrhea\tbegins\tto\tresolve,\tthe\taddition\tof\tmore\tnormal\tamounts\tof\tfiber\tto\tthe\tdiet\tmay\thelp\tto\nrestore\tnormal\tmucosal\tfunction,\tincrease\telectrolyte\tand\n\twater\tabsorption,\tand\tincrease\tthe\nfirmness\tof\tthe\tstool.\nFood\tin\tthe\tlumen\tis\tneeded\tto\trestore\tthe\tcompromised\tGI\ttr... | [
0.008765198290348053,
-0.07768015563488007,
0.06989013403654099,
-0.023776251822710037,
-0.10062669962644577,
-0.03505688160657883,
0.13772045075893402,
0.045797474682331085,
0.004304507747292519,
0.02125018835067749,
0.06703804433345795,
-0.017700688913464546,
0.0675152912735939,
0.060404... |
fasting.\tEarly\trefeeding\tafter\trehydration\treduces\tstool\toutput\tand\tshortens\tthe\tduration\tof\tillness.\nMicronutrient\treplacement\tor\tsupplementation\talso\tmay\tbe\tuseful\tfor\tacute\tdiarrhea,\tprobably\nbecause\tit\taccelerates\tthe\tnormal\tregeneration\tof\n\tdamaged\tmucosal\tepithelial\tcells.\nTr... | [
0.023485850542783737,
-0.08166251331567764,
0.07646802812814713,
0.046041857451200485,
-0.09962736070156097,
0.02085954137146473,
0.09756037592887878,
-0.007063833996653557,
-0.04981856048107147,
0.02861359901726246,
0.12008693069219589,
-0.031176814809441566,
0.022462448105216026,
0.00273... |
Treating\tdiarrhea\tin\tinfants\tand\tchildren\nAcute\tdiarrhea\tis\tmost\tdangerous\tand\ta\tleading\tcause\tof\tmortality\tin\tinfants\tand\tsmall\tchildren,\twho\nare\teasily\tdehydrated\tby\tlarge\tfluid\tlosses.\tProvision\tof\textra\tfluids,\tincluding\tbreastmilk,\tcan\nprevent\tdehydration,\tbut\tin\tthe\tmost\... | [
-0.0015308239962905645,
-0.01956295780837536,
0.05121725797653198,
-0.061853788793087006,
-0.06522148847579956,
-0.04509304463863373,
0.06809160858392715,
0.01515691727399826,
-0.02439701557159424,
0.062298037111759186,
0.07141900062561035,
-0.013900690712034702,
0.0539899542927742,
0.0425... |
aggressive\tand\timmediate.\n\tSince\t1978,\tthe\tWorld\tHealth\tOrganization\t(WHO)\thas\trecommended\ta\nstandard\t\noral\trehydration\tsolution\t(ORS)\n\tfor\tthis\tacute\tsituation\tas\ta\tway\tfor\tparents\tto\tbe\table\nto\tparticipate\tin\ttheir\tchildren’s\tcare\tat\thome\twith\ta\treduced\tneed\tfor\tIV\thydra... | [
0.015793390572071075,
-0.008087723515927792,
0.04967761039733887,
-0.047222260385751724,
-0.11379143595695496,
0.02506517618894577,
0.07174060493707657,
-0.03201929107308388,
0.017479877918958664,
0.10042338818311691,
0.07747840881347656,
-0.010953073389828205,
0.06718841940164566,
0.01126... |
hospitalization.\tThe\tstandard\tWHO-recommended\tORS\thistorically\thad\tan\tosmolarity\tof\t311\tmOsm/L\nand\tcontained\tspecific\tconcentrations\tof\tsodium\t(90\n\tmEq),\tpotassium\t(20\tmEq/L),\tchloride\t(80\nmEq/L),\tand\tglucose\t(20\tg/L)\t(\nSuh\tet\tal,\t2010\n).\nFor\tover\t25\tyears,\tthe\tstandard\tsoluti... | [
-0.002837026957422495,
0.019274994730949402,
0.051076360046863556,
-0.012083960697054863,
-0.045771729201078415,
-0.00873607862740755,
0.06522484123706818,
0.05286743491888046,
-0.010350286029279232,
0.01020585186779499,
0.09630720317363739,
0.018500855192542076,
0.05008624866604805,
0.046... |
1.3\tmillion\tdeaths\tannually\t(\nWHO,\t2002\n).\tWhile\tincredibly\teffective\tat\trehydrating,\treducing\tfecal\nvolume\tor\tduration\tof\tillness\twas\tstill\tan\timportant\tconcern,\tleading\tto\tresearch\tand\tdevelopment\tof\na\tnew\tsolution.\n\tThe\tresult\tof\tthis\twork\tcame\tto\tfruition\tin\t2003,\twhen\t... | [
0.029699109494686127,
-0.03311830013990402,
0.08116168528795242,
-0.02273307926952839,
-0.09290970116853714,
0.004395277705043554,
0.10646648705005646,
-0.00675569660961628,
-0.008366347290575504,
0.059012219309806824,
0.09313719719648361,
-0.08009979128837585,
0.05121396481990814,
0.01909... |
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