0 stringlengths 12 494 | embeddings listlengths 384 384 |
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Mannino,\t2014\n).\nNeoplasms\tof\tthe\tlower\trespiratory\ttract\tare\ta\theterogeneous\tgroup\tof\ttumors.\tThe\tgroup\ncommonly\tcalled\t\nbronchogenic\tcarcinomas\n\tcomprises\n\tsquamous\tcell\tcarcinoma,\tadenocarcinoma,\nsmall\tcell\tundifferentiated\tcarcinoma,\tand\tlarge\tcell\tundifferentiated\tcarcinoma\tan... | [
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of\tall\tthe\tneoplasms\tof\tthe\tlower\trespiratory\ttract.\tMortality\tis\tmore\tcommon\tin\tmales\tthan\tfemales,\nalthough\tthis\tdifference\tis\tdiminishing.\tWhile\tthe\tfemale\tincidence\trate\tis\tstabilizing,\tthe\tmale\nincidence\trate\tseems\tto\tbe\tdecreasing\t(\nBaldini,\t2014\n).\nPathophysiology | [
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Baldini,\t2014\n).\nPathophysiology\nOften\tlung\tcancer\tis\tdetected\ton\ta\troutine\tchest\tradiograph\tin\tan\tasymptomatic\tsmoker.\tOther\npatients\tmay\tpresent\twith\tsymptoms\trelated\tto\tthe\ttumor\titself,\tsymptoms\trelated\tto\tthe\tlocal\nextension\tof\tthe\ttumor\tor\twidespread\tmetastases,\tor\tsystem... | [
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loss,\tweakness,\tand\tparaneoplastic\tsyndromes.\nDyspnea\tis\tthe\tmost\tburdensome\tcancer\tsymptom\tand\toccurs\n\tin\t25%\tto\t40%\tof\tlung\tcancer\npatients\tat\tdiagnosis.\tIn\taddition\tto\tthe\ttumor,\tother\tfactors\tcontribute\tto\tthe\tsymptom\tof\tdyspnea—\nfactors\tsuch\tas\tpericardial\teffusion,\tanemi... | [
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other\torgans,\taspiration,\tanorexia-cachexia\tsyndrome,\tand\tpleural\teffusion.\nPatients\twith\tlung\tcancer\tsuffer\tfrom\tprogressive\tweight\tloss\twith\tchanges\tin\tbody\tcomposition.\nMalnutrition\timpairs\tthe\tcontractility\tof\tthe\trespiratory\tmuscles,\taffecting\tendurance\tand\trespiratory\nmechanics. | [
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mechanics.\nCough\tis\tpresent\tin\t50%\tto\t75%\tof\tlung\tcancer\tpatients\tat\tpresentation\tand\toccurs\tmost\tfrequently\nin\tsquamous\tcell\tand\tsmall\tcell\tcarcinoma\tbecause\tof\ttheir\ttendency\tto\tinvolve\tcentral\tairways\n(\nKocher\tet\tal,\t2015\n).\nPain\tand\tfatigue\tare\tcommon\tsymptoms\tassociated... | [
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The\ttumor\tmay\tproduce\npleuritic\tpain\tbecause\tof\ttumor\textension\tinto\tthe\tpleura,\tor\tmusculoskeletal\ttype\tpain\tbecause\tof\nextension\tinto\tthe\tchest\twall.\tBone\tpain\tmay\toccur\tas\ta\tresult\tof\tmetastases\tto\tthe\tbones.\tBone\nmetastases\tin\tpatients\twith\tlung\tcancer\taccount\tfor\t30%\tt... | [
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stage\tcancer\tand\t75%\tto\t100%\tof\tadvanced\tstage\tcancer\tpatients\treport\tfatigue\t(\nKocher\tet\tal,\t2015\n).\nPulmonary\tcachexia\tsyndrome\taffects\tpatients\twith\tadvanced\tlung\tdisease.\tIn\tlung\tcancer,\tweight\nloss\tis\tassociated\twith\tincreasing\tmortality,\tand\tweight\tloss\tof\teven\t5%\tindic... | [
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Although\tanorexia\tand\tcachexia\tare\ttwo\tdifferent\tentities,\tthey\toften\tare\tused\tinterchangeably\n(\nKocher\tet\tal,\t2015\n)\t(see\t\nChapter\t35\n).\nMedical\tmanagement\nThe\tchoice\tof\tdefinitive\tmanagement\tfor\n\ta\tparticular\tpatient\tis\tdetermined\tby\tnumerous\tfactors, | [
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a\tparticular\tpatient\tis\tdetermined\tby\tnumerous\tfactors,\nsuch\tas\tthe\ttumor\tcell\ttype,\ttumor\tstage,\tresectability\tof\tthe\ttumor,\tand\tsuitability\tof\tthe\tpatient\tfor\ngeneral\tanesthesia\tand\tsurgery.\tSome\tpatients\tneed\tgeneral\tpalliative\tcare\tin\tterms\tof\tpsychological | [
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support,\tcontrol\tof\tdistressing\tsymptoms,\tand\tpalliative\tradiation.\tNutritional\tsupport\tplays\ta\tvery\nimportant\trole\tin\tthe\tmanagement\tof\n\tadvanced\tlung\tcancer.\nMedical\tnutrition\ttherapy\nThe\tNational\tComprehensive\tCancer\tNetwork\t(NCCN)\tguidelines\tinclude\tnutritional\tassessments,\nmedic... | [
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1.\t\nTreat\tthe\treversible\tcauses\tof\tanorexia\tsuch\tas\tearly\tsatiety\n2.\t\nEvaluate\tthe\trate\tand\tseverity\tof\tweight\tloss\n3.\t\nTreat\tthe\tsymptoms\tinterfering\twith\tfood\tintake:\tnausea\tand\n\tvomiting,\tdyspnea,\tmucositis,\nconstipation,\tand\tpain\n4.\t\nAssess\tthe\tuse\tof\tappetite\tstimulan... | [
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5.\t\nProvide\tnutritional\tsupport\t(enteral\tor\tparenteral)\t(\nDel\tFerraro\tet\tal,\t2012\n)\nCancer\tcachexia\tsyndrome\t(CCS)\n\tis\tthe\tpresence\tof\ta\tmetabolic\tstate\tthat\tleads\tto\tenergy\tand\nmuscle\tstore\tdepletion\tin\tlung\tcancer\tpatients.\tWhen\tpatients\texperience\n\tCCS,\tthey\tlose\tadipose... | [
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CCS,\tthey\tlose\tadipose\tand\nskeletal\tmuscle\tmass.\tChanges\tin\thormone\tand\tcytokine\tlevels,\talong\twith\ttumor\tbyproducts,\tcause\nCCS.\tWeight\tloss\tseen\twith\tCCS,\tunlike\tstarvation,\tis\tirreversible\tand\tcontinues\tto\tworsen\tdespite\nincreased\tnutritional\tintake\t(\nHuhmann\tand\tCamporeale,\t2... | [
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Huhmann\tand\tCamporeale,\t2012\n)\t(see\t\nChapter\t35\n).\nHowever,\tdespite\tthese\tfindings,\treversible\tcauses\tof\tanorexia\tshould\tbe\tsought\tand\ttreated.\nAlthough\n\tnutritional\tsupport\tdoes\tnot\timprove\tspirometric\tvalues\tand\tarterial\tblood\tgas\tand\tdoes\tnot\nstop\tweight\tloss,\tit\tdoes\tmode... | [
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of\tlife,\tand\tinspiratory\tand\texpiratory\tmuscle\tstrength\t(\nBellini,\t2013\n). | [
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Nutrition\trepletion\tis\tproblematic\tin\tadvanced\tlung\tdisease\tbecause\tfatigue\tand\tdyspnea\ttend\tto\ninterfere\twith\tthe\tpreparation\tand\n\tconsumption\tof\tfood.\tAlterations\tin\tthe\ttaste\tof\tfood\tbecause\tof\nchronic\tsputum\tproduction,\tearly\tsatiety\tresulting\tfrom\tflattening\tof\tthe\tdiaphrag... | [
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indigestion\tresulting\tfrom\tside\teffects\tof\tmedications,\tand\tlack\tof\tmotivation\tto\teat\tbecause\tof\ndepression\tmake\tit\tdifficult\tfor\tthe\tpatient\tto\ttake\tadequate\tnutrition\tby\tthe\toral\troute.\tHowever,\naccepted\tcomponents\tof\toral\tnutrition\ttherapy\n\tare\tthe\tfollowing:\n1.\t\nSmall\tfre... | [
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1.\t\nSmall\tfrequent\tmeals\tthat\tare\tcalorie\tand\tprotein\tdense\n2.\t\nProvide\tcalorie\tlevel\tthat\tmeets\tor\texceeds\tthe\tresting\tenergy\texpenditure\t(REE)\n3.\t\nRest\tbefore\tmeals\n4.\t\nMeals\tthat\trequire\tminimal\tpreparation\n5.\t\nOral\tnutritional\tsupplements\t(homemade\tor\tpreprepared) | [
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5.\t\nOral\tnutritional\tsupplements\t(homemade\tor\tpreprepared)\nWith\tpulmonary\tCCS,\tpatients\tare\tunable\tto\tgain\tweight\twith\tnutritional\tinterventions\talone.\nProkinetic\n\tagents\tfor\tdelayed\tgastric\temptying\tcan\tbe\tused\twith\tcareful\tconsideration\tof\tside\teffects. | [
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Megestrol\tacetate,\tan\tappetite\tstimulant,\tmay\tresult\tin\tincreasing\tappetite\tand\tcaloric\tintake.\nGhrelin\t(a\tgrowth\thormone\treleasing\tpeptide)\tlowers\tfat\tuse\tand\tstimulates\tfeeding\tthrough\tgrowth\nhormone\tindependent\tmechanisms,\tthereby\tinducing\ta\tpositive\tenergy\tbalance.\tStudies\thave\... | [
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that\trepeated\tintravenous\n\t(IV)\tadministration\tof\tghrelin\timproves\tbody\tcomposition,\tlowers\tmuscle\nwasting,\tand\tincreases\tfunctional\tcapacity\t(\nBellini,\t2013\n).\nOne\tstudy\tsuggests\tthat\twhole\tbody\tprotein\tmetabolism\tin\tpulmonary\tpatients\tmay\tbenefit\tfrom | [
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0.051031... |
branched-chain\tamino\tacid\t(BCAA)\tsupplementation.\tThis\tstudy\twas\tthe\tfirst\tof\tits\tkind\tin\tassessing\nthe\tclinical\tbenefits\tof\tsupplementing\tBCAA\tin\ta\tpreoperative\tpulmonary\n\trehabilitation\tcenter;\t6.2\tg\nof\tBCAA\tsupplementation\twas\tthe\trecommended\tdaily\tdosage.\tHowever\tthe\teffect\t... | [
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supplementation\tfor\tlung\tcancer\tpatients\thas\tnot\tbeen\tclarified\tand\trequires\tfurther\tstudy\tbefore\nspecific\trecommendations\tcan\tbe\tmade.\tA\tcomprehensive\tpulmonary\trehabilitation\tprotocol\tincludes\nnutritional\tsupport\tand\tphysical\texercise\t(\nHarada\tet\tal,\t2013\n).\nObesity\thypoventilatio... | [
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syndrome\nObesity\thypoventilation\tsyndrome\t(OHS)\n\tis\tdefined\tas\ta\tBMI\tof\tmore\tthan\t30\tkg/m\n2\n\tand\talveolar\nhypoventilation\tdefined\tby\tarterial\tCO\n2\n\t(Paco\n2\n)\tlevel\tof\tmore\tthan\t45\tmm\tHg\tduring\twakefulness,\nwhich\toccurs\tin\tthe\tabsence\tof\tother\tconditions\tthat\tcause\thypove... | [
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Piper\tand\tGrunstein,\n2011\n).\nAlveolar\thypoventilation\tin\tOHS\tis\trelated\tto\tthe\tmultiple\tphysiologic\tabnormalities\tassociated\n\twith\nobesity:\tobstructive\tsleep\tapnea\t(OSA),\tincreased\twork\tof\tbreathing,\trespiratory\tmuscle\timpairment,\na\tdepressed\tcentral\tventilator\tdrive,\tand\treduced\te... | [
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0.023571263998746872,
0.06204109... |
(\nKoenig,\t2011\n;\t\nPiper\tand\tGrunstein,\t2011\n).\nObstructive\tsleep\tapnea\t(OSA)\n\tis\ta\tcommon\tchronic\tdisorder,\twhich\tis\tcharacterized\tby\tloud\nsnoring,\texcessive\tdaytime\tsleepiness,\tand\twitnessed\tbreathing\n\tinterruptions\tor\tawakenings\tbecause\nof\tgasping\tor\tchoking.\tThe\tpresence\tor... | [
-0.03402925282716751,
-0.02871689759194851,
0.05134737864136696,
-0.03241649642586708,
-0.047054439783096313,
0.016490258276462555,
0.05666325241327286,
-0.05335276946425438,
0.058142684400081635,
0.017792850732803345,
0.051840927451848984,
0.008524695411324501,
0.038181938230991364,
-0.01... |
sleep\tstudy\t(polysomnography)\tbefore\tinitiating\ttreatment\t(\nKapur\tet\tal,\t2017\n).\tThe\tpolysomnography\nalso\tserves\tas\ta\tbaseline\tto\testablish\tthe\teffectiveness\tof\tthe\tsubsequent\ttreatment\t(\nEpstein\tet\tal,\n2009\n).\nMedical\tmanagement\nDepending\ton\tthe\tnumber\tof\tepisodes\n\tof\tapnea\t... | [
0.02316271699965,
-0.06301344186067581,
0.07383885979652405,
0.039347656071186066,
-0.08720344305038452,
0.020023437216877937,
0.0738305151462555,
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0.009985481388866901,
0.015373027883470058,
0.061008818447589874,
0.00033109888317994773,
0.0294380784034729,
0.03495411... |
of\tapnea\tor\t\nhypopnea\n\t(overly\tshallow\tbreathing)\tper\thour,\nOSA\tis\tgraded\tas\tmild,\tmoderate,\tor\tsevere.\tPatients\twith\tOSA\tcommonly\tare\ttreated\twith\ta\ncontinuous\tpositive\tairway\tpressure\t(CPAP)\n\tmachine,\twhich\tincludes\ta\tmask\tworn\tover\tthe\tnose,\nor\tnose\tand\tmouth\tthat\tprovi... | [
-0.03054782748222351,
0.0051352656446397305,
0.05499318614602089,
-0.015174949541687965,
-0.08393491804599762,
-0.000763610762078315,
0.0884239673614502,
0.0006889671785756946,
0.028559572994709015,
0.007896116934716702,
0.07314770668745041,
0.01831074431538582,
0.09162236005067825,
0.0531... |
modalities\tfor\tOSA\tmust\tbe\tused\tin\taddition\tto\tweight\tloss\n\tbecause\tof\tthe\tlow\tsuccess\tand\tlow\tcure\nrates\tby\tdietary\tapproach\talone.\nMedical\tnutrition\ttherapy\nWeight\treduction\tby\tMNT\tor\tby\tbariatric\tsurgery\tremains\tan\timportant\tcomponent\tof\tmanagement\nof\tthese\tcases\t(see\t\n... | [
-0.015481964685022831,
-0.039343610405921936,
0.04186374694108963,
-0.030526626855134964,
-0.06425897032022476,
-0.005648283753544092,
0.07890208810567856,
-0.02911999076604843,
-0.029588378965854645,
0.05890227481722832,
0.12997931241989136,
-0.028257016092538834,
0.06034475937485695,
0.0... |
).\tA\tguideline\tfrom\tthe\tAmerican\tThoracic\tSociety\trecommends\ta\nlifestyle\tintervention\tconsisting\tof\treduced\tcalorie\tintake,\texercise\tor\tincreased\tphysical\tactivity,\tand\nbehavioral\n\tguidance,\tstating\tthat\tweight\tloss\tis\tassociated\twith\timprovements\tin\trespiratory\nfunction,\tcardiometa... | [
0.014220958575606346,
-0.05904814600944519,
0.07025377452373505,
0.008823240175843239,
-0.1273530125617981,
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0.0855787992477417,
-0.034061480313539505,
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0.0630807876586914,
0.09692372381687164,
-0.07383985072374344,
0.0318622924387455,
0.027845533... |
Hudgel\tet\tal,\t2018\n).\tIn\ta\tmulticenter\nstudy\tof\tpatients\twith\tOSA\tundergoing\tRoux-en-Y\tgastric\tbypass\tsurgery,\tOSA\twas\treduced\tfrom\t71%\nto\t44%\tone\tyear\tlater\tin\tthese\tpatients;\thowever,\tmoderate\tto\tsevere\tOSA\tremained\tin\t20%\tof\tthe\npatients\t(\nPeromaa-Haavisto\tet\tal,\t2017\n)... | [
0.009943721815943718,
-0.032795507460832596,
0.03083631582558155,
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0.03368622437119484,
0.04218318313360214,
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0.015683015808463097,
0.11707942187786102,
-0.031141873449087143,
0.04607824236154556,
-0.009... |
Peromaa-Haavisto\tet\tal,\t2017\n).\nPleural\teffusion\nPleural\teffusion\n\tis\tthe\taccumulation\tof\tthe\tfluid\tin\tthe\tpleural\tspace.\tThe\tpleura,\twhich\tis\tthe\tlayer\nthat\tsurrounds\tthe\tlung,\tis\tdivided\tinto\tvisceral\tand\tparietal\tlayers\tand\tin\tbetween\tis\ta\tsmall\tspace | [
0.012567308731377125,
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0.05944720283150673,
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-0.10215037316083908,
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0.06571498513221741,
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0.03681162744760513,
0.0776059702038765,
0.09179363399744034,
-0.05293918028473854,
-0.002734840614721179,
0.0345888... |
that\tcontains\tabout\t10\tto\t20\tmL\tfluid.\tIf\tthere\tis\tincreased\tproduction\tor\tdecreased\tdrainage\tin\tthe\npleural\tspace,\tfluid\tcan\taccumulate.\tPleural\teffusion\tcan\tbe\teither\n\ttransudate\tor\texudate\t(\nFeller-\nKopman\tand\tLight,\t2018\n).\tTransudate\teffusion\tis\tusually\tdue\tto\tcongestiv... | [
-0.01132480800151825,
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0.04270872101187706,
-0.06334472447633743,
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0.05238499492406845,
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0.028449539095163345,
0.061655182391405106,
0.09033335000276566,
-0.032963648438453674,
0.07832875847816467,
0.00... |
disease,\tor\tkidney\tdisease,\twhile\texudate\teffusion\tmay\toccur\tdue\tto\tinfection,\tmalignancy,\tand\nautoimmune\tdisorders.\nPleural\teffusion\tcan\tbe\tfound\tincidentally\ton\tchest\timaging\tin\tpatients\twho\tare\tasymptomatic\tor\ncan\tpresent\twith\tshortness\tof\tbreath,\tchest\tpain,\tor\tsymptoms\n\tre... | [
0.013279259204864502,
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0.04279875010251999,
-0.04566749557852745,
-0.11349964886903763,
-0.005217694211751223,
0.0782088041305542,
0.057467106729745865,
-0.024602966383099556,
0.050925448536872864,
0.11622195690870285,
-0.019974537193775177,
0.06080019101500511,
0.034... |
as\tpneumonia\tor\tcongestive\theart\tfailure.\tEffusions\tcan\tbe\tunilateral\tor\tbilateral.\t\nFig.\t33.9\n\tis\ta\tCT\nscan\tof\ta\tpatient\twith\tbilateral\tpleural\teffusion.\nFIG.\t33.9\nComputed\ttomography\t(CT)\tscan\tshowing\tbilateral\tpleural\teffusions.\nMedical\tmanagement\nThe\tmanagement\tof\tpleural\t... | [
0.006913410034030676,
-0.03470423072576523,
0.055782414972782135,
-0.04011881351470947,
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-0.01580081507563591,
0.017365748062729836,
0.050754666328430176,
0.005925372242927551,
0.018704093992710114,
0.11675630509853363,
0.01526928786188364,
0.05143661051988602,
0.04142... |
the\tfluid\teither\tto\tmake\ta\tdiagnosis\tor\tto\trelieve\tsymptoms\tin\tthose\twith\tlarge\teffusions.\tFluid\tcan\tbe\ndrained\tby\ta\tprocedure\tcalled\tthoracentesis,\twhich\tcan\tbe\tdone\tas\tan\toutpatient\tor\tinpatient\n\tat\tthe\nbedside.\tThose\twho\thave\trecurrent\teffusion\tmight\tbenefit\tfrom\ta\tlong... | [
0.0280587337911129,
-0.03072104975581169,
0.05132332071661949,
-0.04780437424778938,
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-0.026173928752541542,
0.054910268634557724,
0.04247177392244339,
0.019315486773848534,
0.024214891716837883,
0.1124182641506195,
-0.0015206225216388702,
0.04613659530878067,
0.052900... |
placement\tof\tan\tindwelling\tpleural\tcatheter\tto\tdrain\tthe\tfluid\tas\tneeded\tor\tthrough\tmore\tinvasive\nprocedures\tsuch\tas\tinjection\tof\tchemicals\t(talc\tor\tdoxycycline)\tto\tachieve\tpleurodesis,\twhich\tis\tan\nobliteration\tof\tthe\tpleural\tspace\tto\tprevent\taccumulation\tof\tfluid\tor\trecurrent\... | [
0.021445993334054947,
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0.05153340846300125,
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-0.09214998036623001,
-0.018601350486278534,
0.09606122225522995,
-0.011192171834409237,
0.012081188149750233,
0.07805617898702621,
0.09698852151632309,
-0.018881378695368767,
0.07512424141168594,
0.05... |
Medical\n\tnutrition\ttherapy\nNeither\tevidence-based\tguidelines\tnor\tresearch\texists\tfor\tappropriate\tMNT\tfor\tthe\tpatient\twith\ta\npleural\teffusion.\tHowever,\tMNT\tinterventions\tshould\tbe\tdirected\ttoward\tthe\tunderlying\tdisorder\ncausing\tthe\tpleural\teffusion;\tfor\texample,\tsodium\tand\tfluid\tre... | [
0.0030841222032904625,
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0.052409686148166656,
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-0.03929058834910393,
0.05252591520547867,
0.04279092699289322,
-0.0013058895710855722,
-0.017659220844507217,
0.07143156230449677,
0.030785737559199333,
0.02020948752760887,
0.... |
heart\tfailure.\tMalnutrition\tmay\texist\tdue\tto\tthe\tprimary\tdisorder\tand\tshould\tbe\tappropriately\ndiagnosed\tand\ttreated.\nChylothorax\nChylothorax\n\tis\ta\trare\tcause\tof\tpleural\teffusion.\tIt\tis\tcaused\tby\tthe\tdisruption\tor\tobstruction\tof\tthe\nthoracic\tduct,\twhich\tresults\tin\tthe\tleakage\t... | [
0.019573189318180084,
0.01052859053015709,
0.06302252411842346,
-0.03678682819008827,
-0.03564276918768883,
0.01575895957648754,
0.02955399453639984,
0.027194462716579437,
-0.019825458526611328,
0.07136839628219604,
0.09450169652700424,
-0.04548991098999977,
0.06310701370239258,
0.06800770... |
pleural\tspace.\tThe\tfluid\ttypically\thas\ta\tmilky\tappearance.\tA\tpleural\tfluid\ttriglyceride\tconcentration\tof\nmore\tthan\t110\tmg/dL\tstrongly\tsupports\tthe\tdiagnosis\n\tof\ta\tchylothorax\t(\nHeffner,\t2018\n).\nChylothorax\tcan\tresult\tfrom\tnontraumatic\tcauses\tsuch\tas\tsarcoidosis\tor\tbenign\tidiopa... | [
0.00022344831086229533,
-0.06808415800333023,
0.04065743461251259,
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0.019652200862765312,
0.09325491636991501,
0.00246499665081501,
0.04974523186683655,
0.06577180325984955,
-0.007679040543735027,
0.05438069999217987,
0.0919... |
chylothorax.\tIt\tcan\toccur\tbecause\tof\tsurgical\ttrauma\tsuch\tas\tpostoperative\tchylothorax\tor\npostpneumonectomy\tchylothorax.\nMedical\tmanagement\nThe\tprinciples\tof\tmanagement\tof\tchylothorax\tare\t(1)\ttreatment\tof\tthe\tunderlying\tcondition\tsuch\tas\nsarcoidosis,\tinfection,\tlymphoma,\n\tor\tmetasta... | [
-0.007221944164484739,
-0.004872003570199013,
0.02920157089829445,
-0.02943131886422634,
-0.06922325491905212,
0.01597047597169876,
0.00026749909739010036,
0.05465184524655342,
0.006473129149526358,
0.08475997298955917,
0.04894757643342018,
0.005682929884642363,
0.10108362138271332,
0.0700... |
or\tmetastatic\tcarcinoma\tand\t(2)\tpleural\tdrainage\tto\trelieve\ndyspnea.\tThose\tpatients\twho\tdo\tnot\timprove\tby\tthoracentesis\tand\tdietary\tcontrol\tmeasures\tmay\thave\nto\tbe\ttreated\tby\tpleurodesis\tor\tthoracic\tduct\tligation\t(\nHeffner,\t2018\n).\nMedical\tnutrition\ttherapy | [
0.0026323685888201,
-0.0392741858959198,
0.038851410150527954,
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-0.11489176750183105,
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0.061571069061756134,
0.04769599810242653,
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0.026043463498353958,
0.08772628009319305,
0.035536885261535645,
0.06167948991060257,
0.044188... |
Heffner,\t2018\n).\nMedical\tnutrition\ttherapy\nThe\tgoal\tof\tMNT\tis\tto\treduce\tthe\tflow\tof\tchyle,\tparticularly\tin\tpatients\twith\tlow\tvolume\tchylous\ndrainage\t(less\tthan\tone\tliter\tdaily),\tby\n\tconsuming\ta\thigh-protein,\tlow-fat\t(less\tthan\t10\tgrams)\tdiet\n(\nHeffner,\t2018\n).\tDecreasing\tfa... | [
0.02245270274579525,
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0.03273915499448776,
-0.042113374918699265,
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-0.019920630380511284,
0.04939214140176773,
0.06640022248029709,
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0.008063009940087795,
0.08185194432735443,
-0.013630560599267483,
0.03877002000808716,
0.0455557... |
tract\tand\ttherefore\treduces\tchyle\tproduction.\tLong-chain\ttriglycerides\tshould\tbe\tavoided.\tThe | [
0.03216634318232536,
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0.0041573382914066315,
0.04598422348499298,
0.01801154389977455,
0.04925418272614479,
0.1073305755853653,
-0.023437175899744034,
-0.02771858684718609,
0.048589... |
restrictive\tvery-low-fat\tdiets\tmay\tpromote\tvitamin,\tparticularly\tfat-soluble\tvitamin,\tand\tessential\nfatty\tacid\tdeficiencies\tso\tintravenous\tvitamins\n\tand\tlipid\temulsions\tmay\tbe\tneeded.\tVery-low-fat\nenteral\tformulas\tare\talso\tavailable.\tIf\tthe\tpleural\tdrainage\tdecreases,\tmedium-chain\ttr... | [
0.016588348895311356,
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0.058250728994607925,
0.01140583399683237,
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0.0725996121764183,
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0.11724124103784561,
-0.03056792914867401,
-0.027608374133706093,
0.025... |
(MCTs)\tcould\tbe\tadded\tto\tthe\tdiet\tor\tenteral\tformula\tbecause\tMCTs,\tafter\tabsorption\tin\tthe\ngastrointestinal\ttract,\tbypass\tthe\tlymphatic\tsystem\tand\tare\tdirectly\ttransported\tto\tthe\tliver\tvia\tthe\nportal\tvein.\tMCTs\tare\tnot\tvery\tpalatable\tand\tthey\thave\n\tside\teffects\tsuch\tas\tgast... | [
0.02650112845003605,
-0.10015798360109329,
0.061938874423503876,
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0.1034863144159317,
0.05348576232790947,
0.008731956593692303,
0.04637613147497177,
0.11373952776193619,
-0.01271966565400362,
0.04767896234989166,
0.02988718... |
side\teffects\tsuch\tas\tgastrointestinal\tupset,\nsteatorrhea,\tand\thyperlipidemia.\tAs\tthe\tchylous\tdrainage\tdeclines,\tfat\tintake\tcan\tbe\tgradually\nincreased.\tIt\tmay\ttake\t7\tto\t10\tdays\tfor\tthe\tchylous\tdrainage\tto\tclear.\tPatients\twith\thigh\tvolume\nchylous\tdrainage\t(greater\tthan\tone\tliter)... | [
0.009193879552185535,
-0.06742080301046371,
0.042609889060258865,
-0.01226072758436203,
-0.07760122418403625,
-0.019856644794344902,
0.01821039617061615,
0.06274113059043884,
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0.03767134249210358,
0.05484294891357422,
0.037557147443294525,
0.061504218727350235,
0.04541... |
may\tbe\tneeded\tfor\tpatients\twith\thigh\tvolume\tdrainage\tand\n\tfor\tthose\twho\tdo\tnot\trespond\tto\ta\tvery-\nlow-fat\tintake.\nAcute\trespiratory\tdistress\tsyndrome\nAcute\trespiratory\tdistress\tsyndrome\t(ARDS)\n\tis\ta\tclinical\tstate\tin\twhich\tpatients\tdevelop\tdiffuse\npulmonary\tinfiltrates,\tsevere... | [
0.030862905085086823,
0.01081822719424963,
0.050411101430654526,
-0.006051939912140369,
-0.033302877098321915,
-0.022251054644584656,
0.09211872518062592,
0.009503091685473919,
-0.08267518877983093,
0.04456082731485367,
0.10663394629955292,
-0.026975078508257866,
0.0744750127196312,
0.0620... |
sepsis\tor\ttrauma\tthat\tlead\tto\tthe\tdevelopment\tof\tARDS\talso\tresult\tin\ta\thypermetabolic\tstate\tthat\nmarkedly\n\tincreases\tnutritional\trequirements\t(\nARDS\tDefinition\tTask\tForce\tet\tal,\t2012\n).\nPathophysiology\nFor\tnormal\tgas\texchange,\tit\tis\tessential\tthat\tdry,\tpatent\talveoli\tbe\tin\tc... | [
0.007406183984130621,
-0.08545385301113129,
0.07030747085809708,
-0.022317292168736458,
-0.08190371096134186,
0.02978840470314026,
0.05023140087723732,
0.03015064261853695,
-0.033923808485269547,
0.08731947094202042,
0.12250964343547821,
-0.02272144705057144,
-0.005513669457286596,
0.07463... |
When\tan\tinjury\tproduces\tdiffuse\talveolar\tdamage,\tproinflammatory\tcytokines\tare\treleased.\tThese\ncytokines\tpromote\tmigration\tof\tneutrophils\tto\tthe\tlungs,\twhere\tthey\tbecome\tactivated\tand\trelease\ntoxic\n\tmediators,\twhich\tproduce\tfurther\tdamage\tto\tthe\talveolar\tepithelium\tand\tcapillary\te... | [
0.008040374144911766,
-0.0716014951467514,
-0.013490854762494564,
-0.020431693643331528,
-0.03570050373673439,
0.019222337752580643,
0.08847427368164062,
0.07396059483289719,
0.012244981713593006,
0.060988061130046844,
0.1091240644454956,
-0.001052692998200655,
0.03260912373661995,
0.08059... |
This\tdamage\tallows\tprotein\tto\tescape\tinto\tthe\tinterstitium.\tAlveoli\tget\tfilled\twith\tbloody,\nproteinaceous\tfluid\twhich\tinterferes\twith\tgas\texchange,\tand\tsevere,\trefractory\thypoxemia\tresults.\nVarious\tclinical\tconditions\tcan\tlead\tto\tthe\tdevelopment\tof\tARDS\t(\nTable\t33.3\n).\nTABLE\t33.... | [
-0.02965436317026615,
-0.019312797114253044,
0.0441402792930603,
-0.03547719120979309,
-0.04911669343709946,
-0.041464921087026596,
0.06834734976291656,
0.032593969255685806,
-0.02556549198925495,
0.055634669959545135,
0.10216701775789261,
-0.049657661467790604,
0.014108272269368172,
0.028... |
Table\t33.3\n).\nTABLE\t33.3\nCommon\tClinical\tConditions\n\tAssociated\twith\tAcute\tRespiratory\tDistress\tSyndrome\t(ARDS)\nMost\tCommon\nLess\tCommon\nPneumonia\nSepsis\nDrug\ttoxicity\nAspiration\nInhalation\tinjury\nNear\tdrowning\nRespiratory\tsyncytial\tvirus\nTransfusion\trelated\tacute\tlung\tinjury\nTrauma | [
0.021137572824954987,
-0.029436063021421432,
0.009879665449261665,
-0.04165145382285118,
-0.0597713403403759,
-0.005369105376303196,
0.06916444003582001,
0.05137386918067932,
-0.03777599707245827,
0.08263816684484482,
0.10427211225032806,
-0.02214457094669342,
0.04700102657079697,
0.094632... |
Transfusion\trelated\tacute\tlung\tinjury\nTrauma\nAdapted\tfrom\tSaguil\tA,\tFargo\tM:\tAcute\trespiratory\tdistress\tsyndrome:\tdiagnosis\tand\tmanagement,\t\nAm\tFam\tPhys\n\t85:352,\t2012.\nPatients\twith\tARDS\tpresent\n\twith\tacute\tonset\tof\tshortness\tof\tbreath,\ttachypnea,\tand\thypoxemia,\nwhich\tis\trefra... | [
0.008212019689381123,
0.008042427711188793,
0.019309017807245255,
-0.019964464008808136,
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0.015267311595380306,
0.02333856374025345,
0.07227019220590591,
-0.05972449854016304,
0.04068296030163765,
0.06960079073905945,
-0.013933355920016766,
0.016996042802929878,
0.0332... |
which\tis\trefractory\tto\toxygen\tsupplementation.\nMedical\tmanagement\nThe\tprinciples\tof\tARDS\tmanagement\tare\tthe\tfollowing\t(\nSiegel,\t2013\n):\n•\t\nTreatment\tof\tunderlying\tcause\tsuch\tas\tsepsis,\taspiration,\tor\tbacterial\tpneumonia\n•\t\nMechanical\tventilatory\tsupport\n•\t\nICU\tincluding\tsedatio... | [
-0.0337003730237484,
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0.050358839333057404,
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0.020255491137504578,
0.038944438099861145,
0.03170124813914299,
-0.007633233908563852,
0.057484839111566544,
0.11789221316576004,
0.02205819822847843,
0.029953215271234512,
0.05215... |
•\t\nEnsuring\themodynamic\n\tstability\n•\t\nPrevention\tof\tcomplications\tsuch\tas\tstress\tulcers\t(gastrointestinal\tprophylaxis),\nhyperglycemia,\tdeep\tvenous\tthrombosis,\tand\taspiration\tpneumonia\n•\t\nNutritional\tsupport\n•\t\nTherapies\twith\tcorticosteroids,\texogenous\tsurfactant,\tantioxidants,\tand\ti... | [
0.016539113596081734,
-0.07327810674905777,
0.029709534719586372,
0.04568019136786461,
-0.03630857169628143,
0.048907920718193054,
0.07417185604572296,
0.07774101942777634,
-0.0394628643989563,
0.054321788251399994,
0.10622040927410126,
-0.012712785974144936,
0.017920227721333504,
0.030727... |
have\tbeen\tused\tbut\thave\tnot\tshown\tconsistent\tbenefit.\nMedical\tnutrition\ttherapy\nMalnutrition\tis\tcommon\tin\tthese\n\tpatients\twho\trequire\tmechanical\tventilation.\tPatients\twith\tsevere\nrespiratory\tdisease\thave\tincreased\tmetabolic\tneeds\tand\trequire\tprompt\tinitiation\tof\tsupplemental | [
0.03730031102895737,
-0.013789034448564053,
0.0611879825592041,
0.027611039578914642,
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0.036232974380254745,
0.11643889546394348,
0.020461658015847206,
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0.01752806268632412,
0.08866937458515167,
-0.04713177680969238,
0.026550589129328728,
0.025655... |
nutrition.\tIt\tis\timportant\tto\tconsider\tissues\trelated\tto\tenergy\tand\tprotein\tuse.\nNutrition\tsupport\tin\tARDS\tpatients\tis\tnecessary\tfor\tpreventing\tcumulative\tcaloric\tdeficits,\tloss\tof\nLBM,\tmalnutrition,\tand\tdeterioration\tof\trespiratory\n\tmuscle\tstrength\t(\nKrzak\tet\tal,\t2011\n).\tAccor... | [
0.002253577345982194,
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0.06558309495449066,
0.020645715296268463,
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0.02982315607368946,
0.12209787219762802,
0.07027199864387512,
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0.04421164095401764,
0.0757727324962616,
-0.05402086675167084,
0.01410642359405756,
0.0224970262... |
muscle\tstrength\t(\nKrzak\tet\tal,\t2011\n).\tAccording\tto\nthe\t2016\tSociety\tof\tCritical\tCare\tMedicine\tand\tAmerican\tSociety\tfor\tParenteral\tand\tEnteral\nNutrition\t(SCCM/ASPEN)\tguidelines,\ta\tstandard\tenteral\tformula\tcan\tbe\tadministered\tand\ta\nconcentrated\tformula\tmay\tbe\tneeded\tfor\tthose\tw... | [
-0.014291010797023773,
-0.026537282392382622,
0.0560610294342041,
-0.008737439289689064,
-0.07425219565629959,
-0.008914492093026638,
0.031147506088018417,
0.03846241161227226,
-0.0411955825984478,
0.037832748144865036,
0.09078197926282883,
-0.025007393211126328,
0.004668906796723604,
0.04... |
(\nMcClave\tet\tal,\t2016\n).\nPatients\twith\tARDS\tare\tat\thigh\trisk\tfor\tcomplications\n\tas\ta\tresult\tof\tunderfeeding\tor\toverfeeding\n(\nTable\t33.4\n).\tReduction\tin\trespiratory\tmuscle\tstrength\tis\ta\tnegative\tconsequence\tof\tunderfeeding,\nwhich\tleads\tto\tproblems\tin\tweaning\tfrom\tmechanical\t... | [
-0.007669137325137854,
-0.019693581387400627,
0.07090987265110016,
-0.049797628074884415,
-0.0747336596250534,
0.0037487163208425045,
0.057606808841228485,
0.004727297928184271,
-0.07231289148330688,
0.08956608176231384,
0.11127986013889313,
-0.06550004333257675,
0.031656816601753235,
0.02... |
immunosuppression,\tand\trisk\tof\tnosocomial\t(hospital\tacquired)\tinfections\tincrease\trelated\tto\ninadequate\tcalories\tand\tprotein.\tOverfeeding\tleads\tto\tundesirable\n\toutcomes\tsuch\tas\tstress | [
0.0026526600122451782,
-0.03367253765463829,
0.023201972246170044,
-0.03826465085148811,
-0.08812461048364639,
0.04369619861245155,
0.14373816549777985,
0.08060961961746216,
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0.06421444565057755,
0.08755195140838623,
-0.03461106866598129,
0.029390757903456688,
0.07485... |
hyperglycemia,\tdelayed\tweaning\tfrom\tmechanical\tventilation,\tand\tdelayed\twound\thealing\t(\nKrzak\tet\nal,\t2011\n).\tEffective\tMNT\trequires\tcareful\tassessment\tand\tmonitoring.\tSee\t\nChapter\t37\n\tfor\tfurther\ndiscussion\ton\tMNT\tfor\tmetabolically\tstressed\tpatients.\nTABLE\t33.4 | [
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0.033327385783195496,
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0.10886165499687195,
0.054150260984897614,
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0.0739419236779213,
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-0... |
discussion\ton\tMNT\tfor\tmetabolically\tstressed\tpatients.\nTABLE\t33.4\nComplications\tResulting\tfrom\tOverfeeding\tand\tUnderfeeding\tin\tAcute\tRespiratory\tDistress\tSyndrome\n(ARDS)\tPatients\nOverfeeding\nUnderfeeding\nNosocomial\tinfections\nHypercapnia\nImmunosuppression\nFailure\tin\tweaning\tfrom\tmechanic... | [
0.0022932819556444883,
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0.041813917458057404,
0.0024656974710524082,
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-0.023046040907502174,
0.06396809965372086,
0.05969027429819107,
-0.02792677842080593,
0.02063947170972824,
0.08700496703386307,
-0.02278238907456398,
0.03642166033387184,
0.0762... |
Poor\twound\thealing\nElectrolyte\timbalance\nAzotemia\nNosocomial\tinfections\nImmunosuppression\nDepressed\trespiratory\tmuscle\tstrength\nFailure\tin\tweaning\tfrom\tmechanical\tventilator\nLow\tventilatory\tdrive\nAdapted\tfrom\tKrzak\tA,\tet\tal:\tNutrition\ttherapy\tfor\tALI\n\tand\tARDS,\t\nCrit\tCare\tClin\n\t2... | [
0.040131825953722,
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0.07919428497552872,
0.03166370838880539,
-0.09725483506917953,
-0.009450016543269157,
0.09636133164167404,
0.0700855478644371,
-0.08403684943914413,
0.042458441108465195,
0.0701792761683464,
-0.043496452271938324,
0.07024911046028137,
0.0245215706... |
and\tARDS,\t\nCrit\tCare\tClin\n\t27:647,\t2011.\nPneumonia\nAn\tinflammatory\tcondition\tof\tthe\tlungs\tthat\tcauses\tchest\tpain,\tfever,\tcough,\tand\tdyspnea\tis\tcalled\npneumonia\n.\tIn\tthe\tclinical\tsetting\tthere\tare\tvarious\tkinds\tof\tpneumonias,\tsuch\tas\tcommunity-\nacquired\tpneumonia,\twhich\tmay\tb... | [
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0.05483466386795044,
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0.011874940246343613,
0.04721124842762947,
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0.041923779994249344,
0.10560935735702515,
-0.02982289344072342,
0.06634442508220673,
0.02... |
immune\tcompromised\thost;\tventilator-associated\tpneumonia\n\t(VAP);\tand\taspiration\tpneumonia,\twhich\nwill\tbe\tdiscussed\there.\tAspiration\tis\ta\tcommon\tevent\teven\tin\thealthy\tadults\tand\tusually\tcauses\tno\ndeleterious\teffects.\tAt\tleast\tone\thalf\tof\thealthy\tadults\taspirate\tduring\tsleep.\tHowev... | [
0.03956136852502823,
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0.08410054445266724,
-0.03373098000884056,
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0.03086816892027855,
0.10129933804273605,
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-0.050426747649908066,
0.07165659964084625,
0.1117522194981575,
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0.08372573554515839,
0.0179789... |
aspirate\tresults\tin\tpulmonary\tinfection,\tit\tresults\tin\t\naspiration\tpneumonia\n\t(\nBox\t33.3\n).\nBOX\t33.3\nConditions\tThat\tPredispose\ta\tPatient\tto\tAspiration\tPneumonia\n•\t\nImpaired\tlevel\tof\tconsciousness,\twith\tcompromised\tclosure\tof\tglottis\tand\timpaired\tcough\nreflex\n•\t\nDysphagia\tfro... | [
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0.05427614971995354,
-0.002033413387835026,
-0.1356922835111618,
-0.00129789300262928,
0.0937657281756401,
0.03437161445617676,
-0.018108563497662544,
0.034697555005550385,
0.11077451705932617,
-0.05865874141454697,
0.0698825940489769,
0.01127179... |
reflex\n•\t\nDysphagia\tfrom\tneurologic\tconditions\t(i.e.,\tstroke)\n•\t\nGastric\treflux,\tdisorders\tof\tor\tsurgery\ton\tthe\tupper\tgastrointestinal\ttract\n•\t\nMechanical\tdisruption\tof\tthe\tglottis\tclosure\tbecause\tof\tendotracheal\ttube,\ttracheostomy,\nbronchoscopy,\tand\tinterference\twith\tthe\tcardiac... | [
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0.03677956759929657,
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-0.029302779585123062,
0.02014688402414322,
0.06539814174175262,
-0.013138258829712868,
0.03582312911748886,
0.0924462378025055,
0.05770212411880493,
0.07208438217639923,
0.0567430... |
endoscopy\tor\nplacement\tof\ta\tnasogastric\ttube\n•\t\nMiscellaneous\tconditions\tsuch\tas\tprotracted\tvomiting,\tfeeding\tvia\tgastrostomy\tat\tless\tthan\ta\n45-degree\tangle,\tand\tpersistent\trecumbent\tposition\nBartlett\tJG:\tAspiration\tpneumonia\tin\tadults.\tIn\tBaslow\tDS,\teditor:\tWolters\tKluwer:\t\nUpT... | [
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0.0674930065870285,
0.004842889960855246,
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0.05091166868805885,
0.13079886138439178,
-0.005208453629165888,
-0.0011659166775643826,
0.0... |
UpToDate\n,\tWaltham,\nMass,\t2012.\tRetrieved\tfrom\t\nhttp://www.uptodate.com/contents/aspiration-pneumonia-in-adults\n.\nPathophysiology\nTwo\tconditions\tmust\texist\tfor\taspiration\tpneumonia\tto\tdevelop.\tFirst,\tthere\tis\ta\tbreach\tin\tthe\tnormal\ndefense\tmechanisms,\tsuch\tas\tfailure\tof\tglottis\tclosur... | [
0.02872711792588234,
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0.027849500998854637,
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0.005897196941077709,
0.02031690999865532,
0.09120095521211624,
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0.038489930331707,
0.08951687812805176,
-0.010405857115983963,
0.06349596381187439,
0.05426143... |
enough\tinoculum\tenters\tthe\tlungs.\tThe\taspirate\tcontains\tgastric\tacid,\twhich\thas\ta\tdirect\ttoxic\teffect\non\tthe\tlungs,\tparticulate\tmatter\tthat\tmay\tcause\tairway\tobstruction\tand\tatelectasis,\n\tand\toral\tbacteria,\nwhich\tcan\tresult\tin\tinfection\tand\tpneumonia.\tPathogens\tsuch\tas\t\nS.\tpne... | [
0.04199118912220001,
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0.04296677187085152,
-0.04262411594390869,
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0.004199328366667032,
0.043543100357055664,
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0.024071525782346725,
0.06742466241121292,
0.12724246084690094,
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0.037470076233148575,
0.05676905... |
,\t\nHaemophilus\ninfluenzae\n,\tgram-negative\tbacilli,\tand\t\nS.\taureus\n\tare\tvirulent,\tand\tonly\ta\tsmall\tinoculum\tis\tneeded\tto\ncause\tpneumonia.\tBy\tconvention,\taspiration\tpneumonia\tis\tcaused\tby\tless-virulent\torganisms\tsuch\tas\nanaerobes,\twhich\tare\tpart\tof\tthe\tnormal\toral\tflora,\twith\t... | [
0.03722258284687996,
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0.07474526762962341,
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0.007768692448735237,
0.04158642888069153,
-0.020742110908031464,
0.007486796472221613,
0.05825548991560936,
0.14760713279247284,
-0.07782638072967529,
0.013661587610840797,
0.0403... |
Medical\n\tmanagement\nThree\tclinical\tsyndromes\texist\twithin\tthe\tcategory\tof\taspiration\tpneumonia:\t(1)\tchemical\npneumonitis\tresulting\tfrom\taspiration\tof\tacid,\t(2)\tbacterial\tinfection,\tand\t(3)\tairway\tobstruction.\tThe\nclinical\tfeatures\tdepend\ton\twhich\tof\tthese\tpredominates,\tbut\toften\tt... | [
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0.07648169994354248,
0.0006920559098944068,
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0.08801628649234772,
0.01100313849747181,
-0.0033428736496716738,
0.05135996639728546,
0.0934653952717781,
-0.04716794565320015,
0.05188644677400589,
0.02603... |
the\tmanagement\tof\tthese\tsyndromes\tis\tbeyond\tthe\tscope\tof\tthis\tchapter\tbut\tan\tunderstanding\n\tof\npathophysiology\tand\tpredisposing\tconditions\thelps\tin\tthe\teffective\ttreatment\tand\tprevention\tof\naspiration\tpneumonia.\nPatients\twho\tare\tobserved\tto\thave\taspirated\tshould\tbe\tcleared\tof\tt... | [
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0.07611380517482758,
0.007656320929527283,
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0.0017008668510243297,
0.06961172819137573,
-0.0103257792070508,
0.03707687556743622,
0.06139379367232323,
0.08374457061290741,
-0.026478633284568787,
0.04566849395632744,
0.041578378... |
tracheal\tsuction.\tHowever,\tthis\tmaneuver\twill\tnot\tnecessarily\tprotect\tthe\tlungs\tfrom\tchemical\tinjury,\nwhich\toccurs\tinstantly\t(\nBartlett,\t2012\n).\tThe\tmain\ttreatment\tin\tthis\tsituation\n\tis\tantibiotics\tand\tto\nsupport\tthe\tpulmonary\tfunction.\tUse\tof\tglucocorticoids\tin\tchemical\tpneumon... | [
0.017770325765013695,
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0.04722776636481285,
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0.09494911879301071,
0.04449019953608513,
0.010344820097088814,
0.04379850998520851,
0.08537601679563522,
-0.008676702156662941,
0.040630389004945755,
0.0713... |
not\tusually\trecommended.\nAspiration\tpneumonia\tusually\tpresents\twith\tindolent\tsymptoms.\tMany\tpatients\tpresent\twith\ncomplications\tsuch\tas\tlung\tabscess,\temphysema,\tand\tnecrotizing\tpneumonia.\tOnce\ta\tpatient\thas | [
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0.025132086127996445,
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0.011013932526111603,
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0.02856062352657318,
0.11004085838794708,
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0.034596215933561325,
0.072... |
been\tdiagnosed\twith\taspiration\tpneumonia,\tantibiotic\ttherapy\tshould\n\tinclude\tcoverage\tfor\tanaerobic\npathogens\tbecause\tthey\tmay\tcause\tsignificant\tdisease\twhen\tpresent\t(\nAllen\tet\tal,\t2013\n).\nMedical\tnutrition\ttherapy\nPatients\twith\taspiration\tpneumonia\tmay\thave\tdysphagia\tso\ta\tswallo... | [
0.04406656697392464,
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0.07133286446332932,
0.1262248158454895,
-0.05118417739868164,
0.011806395836174488,
0.047... |
pathologist\twill\tbe\tneeded\tbefore\tallowing\toral\tintake.\tDiet\ttextures\tand\tliquid\tviscosities\tmay\tneed\nmodification\tto\tprevent\tfurther\taspiration.\tDysphagia\tdiets\n\tare\tdescribed\tin\t\nChapter\t39\n\tand\nAppendix\t20\n.\nIf\tthe\tpatient\thas\tdysphagia\tand\tmust\thave\tnothing\tby\tmouth,\tthe... | [
0.03495677560567856,
-0.05636470392346382,
0.09233162552118301,
0.0006696265190839767,
-0.13390083611011505,
-0.0236208513379097,
0.09996002912521362,
0.017514076083898544,
-0.006669827736914158,
0.026408877223730087,
0.0720149502158165,
0.00527661107480526,
0.026988189667463303,
0.0538594... |
preferred\troute\tof\tfeeding.\tAs\tper\tthe\t2016\tSCCM/ASPEN\tand\tthe\tAmerican\tCollege\tof\nGastroenterology\tguidelines\t(\nMcClave\tet\tal,\t2016\n),\tnutritional\tinterventions\tfor\tpreventing\taspiration\npneumonia\tand\tmanaging\tit\twhen\tit\texists\tin\tthe\tpatient\tin\tthe\tacute\n\tcare\tsetting\tare\tt... | [
0.020784815773367882,
-0.022389089688658714,
0.08782076090574265,
0.004463570192456245,
-0.050196919590234756,
-0.0161663256585598,
0.04871208965778351,
-0.0045234449207782745,
-0.03189452365040779,
0.022873293608427048,
0.09332949668169022,
-0.0038627053145319223,
-0.0547664575278759,
0.0... |
care\tsetting\tare\tthe\tfollowing:\n•\t\nDirect\ttube\tfeedings\tinto\tthe\tsmall\tbowel\trather\tthan\tthe\tstomach\tfor\tthose\twho\tare\tat\thigh\nrisk\tfor\taspiration\n•\t\nImplement\tcontinuous\tfeedings\trather\tthan\tbolus\tfeedings\n•\t\nElevate\tthe\thead\tof\tthe\tpatient’s\tbed\tto\t30\tto\t45\tdegrees\n•\... | [
-0.004776231478899717,
-0.01928524114191532,
0.06610270589590073,
-0.005133606027811766,
-0.0722467303276062,
-0.03726797178387642,
0.07493141293525696,
0.011295447126030922,
-0.0361592173576355,
-0.0196191668510437,
0.07056152075529099,
0.014870023354887962,
0.0566740408539772,
0.00681789... |
•\t\nUse\tprokinetic\tagents\n•\t\nMinimize\tuse\tof\tsedatives\n•\t\nOptimize\toral\thygiene\tusing\tchlorhexidine\tmouthwash\nGastric\tresiduals\n\tvolumes\thave\tbeen\tfound\tnot\tto\tcorrelate\twith\tincidences\tof\taspiration.\tAlso\ncoloring\tagents,\tincluding\tblue\tfood\tcoloring,\tshould\tnot\tbe\tused\tas\tm... | [
0.009949121624231339,
-0.0673677921295166,
0.040891967713832855,
-0.039870485663414,
-0.08232089877128601,
0.0029544979333877563,
0.0858960747718811,
0.029610425233840942,
-0.005530570168048143,
0.06027531251311302,
0.09900583326816559,
-0.02906983718276024,
0.07979056984186172,
0.06203327... |
their\tpotential\ttoxicity.\nLung\ttransplantation\nLung\ttransplantation\twas\tdone\tfor\tthe\tfirst\ttime\tin\t1963\twith\tgood\tpulmonary\tresults\tbut\tthe\tpatient\ndied\t18\tdays\tafter\ttransplant\tdue\tto\tcomorbidities\tand\tmalnutrition.\n\tSubsequently,\tmultiple\tlung\ntransplants\twere\tdone\twithout\teval... | [
0.007155696861445904,
-0.006127911154180765,
0.0448605976998806,
-0.03599972277879715,
-0.13464532792568207,
-0.008684409782290459,
0.08907512575387955,
0.03591117262840271,
0.01444524247199297,
0.006439227610826492,
0.13509956002235413,
-0.0010026574600487947,
0.05919543281197548,
0.05054... |
the\tpast,\tone\tof\tthe\tmain\tobstacles\tassociated\twith\tlung\ttransplantation\twas\tthe\ttype\tof\nimmunosuppression\trequired\twith\tthe\thigh\tdose\tof\tsteroids\tthat\tcan\taffect\tairway\tanastomosis\nhealing.\tOver\tthe\tlast\t20\tyears,\tthe\tnumber\tof\tlung\ttransplants\tperformed\tincreased\trapidly\n\twi... | [
0.036328185349702835,
-0.06566152721643448,
0.08150050044059753,
-0.028393827378749847,
-0.11090517044067383,
-0.0071814036928117275,
0.09694403409957886,
-0.00624543521553278,
-0.006012887693941593,
0.06826867163181305,
0.09247825294733047,
-0.023474648594856262,
0.03944181650876999,
0.02... |
with\n4122\tlung\ttransplants\tdone\tin\t2015.\tOutcomes\thave\timproved\twith\tbetter\tdonor\tand\trecipient\nselection,\tsurgical\ttechniques,\tand\tmedical\ttherapy.\tThe\tcurrent\tmedian\tsurvival\tfor\tlung\ttransplant\npatients\tis\tabout\t5.5\tyears\twith\tchronic\trejection\tbeing\tthe\tmost\tcommon\tcomplicati... | [
0.011638970114290714,
-0.007994541898369789,
0.04941527545452118,
-0.07023226469755173,
-0.12270064651966095,
-0.0214285459369421,
0.09172054380178452,
0.0017753408756107092,
0.037714578211307526,
0.04833509773015976,
0.08015328645706177,
0.023134592920541763,
0.06193588674068451,
0.025402... |
Major\tindications\tfor\tlung\ttransplant\tare\tthe\tfollowing:\n•\t\nCOPD\n•\t\nIdiopathic\tinterstitial\tpneumonia\t(most\n\tcommonly\tIPF)\n•\t\nCF\n•\t\nPulmonary\tarterial\thypertension\n•\t\nAlpha-1\tantitrypsin\tdeficiency\nMultiple\tfactors\tare\tconsidered\twhen\ta\tpatient\tis\tbeing\tevaluated\tfor\tlung\ttr... | [
0.01805935986340046,
-0.018285086378455162,
0.05243023484945297,
-0.0064162989147007465,
-0.06855402141809464,
-0.013300358317792416,
0.035628899931907654,
0.0861566960811615,
-0.01597142592072487,
0.022258780896663666,
0.09846346825361252,
0.016166364774107933,
-0.003839423879981041,
0.05... |
nutritional\tstatus\tis\tan\timportant\tfactor.\tPatients\tusually\tget\treferred\tto\ta\tregistered\tdietitian\nnutritionist\t(RDN)\tbefore\tbeing\tlisted\tfor\ttransplant.\tNutritional\tstatus\tcan\tadversely\timpact\nposttransplant\toutcomes.\n\tPatients\twith\tclass\tI\tobesity\t(BMI:\t30\tto\t34.9\tkg/m\n2\n)\tare... | [
-0.023073619231581688,
-0.01818564534187317,
0.02372385561466217,
0.031116580590605736,
-0.09966031461954117,
0.007228977512568235,
0.09459255635738373,
0.07355328649282455,
-0.07192334532737732,
-0.030747951939702034,
0.07163281738758087,
-0.05970599502325058,
-0.01693730056285858,
0.0066... |
2\n)\tare\trelatively\ncontraindicated\twhile\tthose\twith\tclass\tII\tobesity\t(BMI:\t>35\tkg/m\n2\n)\tare\tabsolutely\tcontraindicated.\tA\nlow\tBMI\thas\tnot\tbeen\ta\trisk\tfactor\tfor\tmortality\tafter\tlung\ttransplantation\t(\nWeill\tet\tal,\t2015\n).\nHowever,\tmultiple\tstudies\thave\tshown\tthat\tmalnutrition... | [
0.006883329711854458,
-0.014120208099484444,
0.06899517774581909,
-0.03592726215720177,
-0.10536462813615799,
0.025648051872849464,
0.06634768098592758,
0.03259296342730522,
-0.024165775626897812,
0.05556497350335121,
0.11497235298156738,
-0.05964304879307747,
0.04722153767943382,
0.009232... |
2\n\tcan\tbe\tassociated\nwith\tworse\toutcomes\t(\nChristie\tet\tal,\t2012\n;\t\nLederer\tet\tal,\t2009\n).\nMedical\tnutrition\ttherapy\nAs\tstated\tabove,\tnutritional\tstatus\tplays\ta\tcrucial\trole\tin\ta\tpatient’s\thospital\tcourse\tand\tsurvival\tafter\nlung\ttransplantation.\tThe\tpretransplant\tassessment\tb... | [
0.032395850867033005,
-0.04716702550649643,
0.06414908915758133,
-0.031159494072198868,
-0.14794419705867767,
0.029863255098462105,
0.07651538401842117,
0.025578666478395462,
0.029269469901919365,
0.02481604553759098,
0.11214809119701385,
-0.0027018547989428043,
0.03966465964913368,
0.0170... |
malnutrition,\tand\tthe\tnutrition\tinterventions\tshould\tinclude\tplans\tto\tcorrect\tthe\tnutritional\tstatus.\nPostoperatively,\tthe\timmediate\tconcern\tis\n\tadequate\tnutrition\tfor\twound\thealing\tand\trecovery.\nImmunosuppressant\tmedications\thave\tmultiple\tadverse\teffects,\tsome\tof\twhich\thave\tnutritio... | [
0.032850224524736404,
-0.006205936428159475,
0.09471515566110611,
0.0429682694375515,
-0.08840383589267731,
0.03716999292373657,
0.11847216635942459,
0.012796434573829174,
-0.052392877638339996,
0.056038763374090195,
0.10582555830478668,
-0.03455021232366562,
0.0029962328262627125,
0.01106... |
implications\tthat\twill\tneed\tattention,\tincluding\tthe\tneed\tfor\teducation\tabut\tfood\tsafety.\nBronchopulmonary\tdysplasia\nBronchopulmonary\tdysplasia\t(BPD)\n\tis\ta\tchronic\tlung\tdisease\tmost\tcommonly\tseen\tin\tpremature\ninfants\twho\trequire\tmechanical\tventilation\n\tand\toxygen\ttherapy\tfor\tacute... | [
0.01613815873861313,
-0.006527608726173639,
0.060667168349027634,
-0.026653578504920006,
-0.08062233030796051,
0.017594346776604652,
0.037962377071380615,
0.030834320932626724,
-0.025865279138088226,
0.0965636670589447,
0.14577648043632507,
-0.010979832150042057,
0.007676089182496071,
0.07... |
and\toxygen\ttherapy\tfor\tacute\trespiratory\tdistress.\tBPD\noccurs\tin\t40%\tof\tpreterm\tneonates\tless\tthan\tor\tequal\tto\t28\tweeks\tgestational\tage\t(\nDavidson\tet\tal,\n2017\n).\tBPD\tis\ta\tlung\tdevelopment\tdisorder\tcharacterized\tby\timpairment\tof\talveolarization.\tThis\tleads\nto\tpulmonary\tand\tva... | [
-0.028017736971378326,
0.0069897957146167755,
0.046006932854652405,
-0.03188183158636093,
-0.05329810827970505,
0.016227835789322853,
0.03609654679894447,
0.044060926884412766,
-0.04266851767897606,
0.0842810645699501,
0.14870554208755493,
0.022830147296190262,
0.08529479056596756,
0.10477... |
Jobe,\t2011\n).\nCommon\tinterventions\thave\tlittle\timpact\ton\n\tlong-term\toutcomes,\twith\trespiratory\tcare\tremaining\nsupportive.\tDecreased\tlung\tcompliance\tand\tincreased\tneed\tfor\trespiratory\tsupport\texists\tin\tthese\npatients\t(\nDani\tand\tPoggi,\t2012\n).\nMedical\tmanagement | [
-0.019321750849485397,
0.034524280577898026,
0.0806923359632492,
-0.02184067666530609,
-0.08913836628198624,
0.005740584805607796,
0.10545502603054047,
-0.02436811849474907,
-0.06269129365682602,
0.035805266350507736,
0.06903348118066788,
-0.05280937999486923,
0.02121313102543354,
0.002845... |
Management\tshould\tminimize\tany\tfurther\tinjuries,\twhile\tproviding\tan\toptimal\tenvironment\tfor\ngrowth\tand\trecovery\t(\nAdams\tand\tStark,\t2014\n).\nOngoing\tpulse\toximetry\tis\tused\tto\tmonitor\toxygenation,\n\twhereas\tintermittent\tblood\tgas\tsampling\nmonitors\tpH\tand\tPaco\n2\n.\tPeriodic\tattempts\... | [
0.019328836351633072,
0.004068747628480196,
0.05277017131447792,
-0.008614148013293743,
-0.05946825444698334,
-0.0024994611740112305,
0.08609098196029663,
-0.033210813999176025,
-0.03620050847530365,
0.05954204872250557,
0.12199030071496964,
-0.05276881530880928,
0.02981104701757431,
0.031... |
support.\tProlonged\tventilation\tis\tassociated\twith\tlaryngeal\tinjury\tand\tsubglottic\tstenosis,\tespecially\nwith\tinfants\twho\trequire\tmultiple\tintubations.\tSuctioning\tshould\tbe\tlimited\tto\tonly\twhen\tneeded\nbecause\tit\tis\tassociated\twith\ttracheal\tand\tbronchial\tinjury\t(\nAdams\tand\tStark,\t201... | [
-0.010633035562932491,
-0.015805073082447052,
0.03902743011713028,
-0.004499449860304594,
-0.09517299383878708,
0.01714223437011242,
0.09623536467552185,
0.03470314294099808,
-0.012588681653141975,
0.025334639474749565,
0.09789454936981201,
-0.004478574264794588,
-0.009055498987436295,
0.0... |
Adams\tand\tStark,\t2014\n).\nThe\tuse\tof\tsupplemental\toxygen\tis\tchallenging\tin\tpatients\twith\tBPD\tbecause\tof\tthe\tneed\tto\ttreat\nhypoxemia\ton\tone\thand,\tand\ton\tthe\tother,\tto\tavoid\texposure\tto\texcess\toxygen.\tIncreasing\tthe\tinhaled\noxygen\tconcentrations\tcould\thave\ta\tnegative\taffect\tby... | [
-0.030754229053854942,
-0.03183303400874138,
0.044558167457580566,
-0.02487187273800373,
-0.12271087616682053,
0.004817384295165539,
0.10515259951353073,
0.029694944620132446,
-0.033405106514692307,
0.022478222846984863,
0.07904891669750214,
-0.010087349452078342,
0.04219946637749672,
0.01... |
edema,\tor\tinflammation.\nMost\tinfants\tare\tmanaged\twith\ta\tmodest\tfluid\trestriction\tof\t140\tto\t150\tmL/kg\n\tper\tday.\tAlthough\ndiuretic\ttherapy\tmay\timprove\tshort-term\tpulmonary\tstatus,\tthere\tis\tno\tevidence\tthat\tit\timproves\nclinical\toutcomes.\tUse\tof\tdiuretics\tleads\tto\tserum\telectrolyt... | [
-0.001858862116932869,
-0.06086356192827225,
0.03903191536664963,
-0.030062716454267502,
-0.08486080169677734,
-0.019517244771122932,
0.048095703125,
0.060179803520441055,
0.007590588182210922,
0.05734096094965935,
0.11402759701013565,
-0.028999868780374527,
0.054003551602363586,
0.0078916... |
and\thypokalemia\t(\nAdams\tand\tStark,\t2014\n).\nMedical\tnutrition\ttherapy\nUsing\tthe\tcriteria\tin\t\nBox\t33.4\n,\tassessment\tof\tthe\tinfant\twith\tBPD\tbegins\twith\tMNT.\tEnergy\tneeds\tof\ninfants\twith\tBPD\n\tare\t15%\tto\t20%\thigher\tthan\tthose\tof\thealthy\tinfants,\tand\tthey\tbenefit\tfrom\t140\tto\... | [
-0.01749257557094097,
0.009938210248947144,
0.05813419818878174,
-0.04159901291131973,
-0.06552577018737793,
-0.005214514676481485,
0.06277801841497421,
0.037594862282276154,
-0.04098852351307869,
0.03295714408159256,
0.07921885699033737,
-0.06731078773736954,
0.053444769233465195,
0.01241... |
Dani\tand\tPoggi,\t2012\n).\tInadequate\tcaloric\tintake\nleads\tto\ta\tcatabolic\tstate\tand\tmuscle\tfatigue\tof\tthe\tdiaphragm.\tAdequate\tnutrition\tis\tessential\tfor\nlung\tgrowth,\talveolar\tdevelopment,\tsurfactant\tproduction,\tand\tprotection\tagainst\tinfections.\nBOX\t33.4\nComponents\n\t\nof\tNutrition\tA... | [
-0.0024025815073400736,
-0.016976332291960716,
0.0291916374117136,
-0.041626106947660446,
-0.08783093094825745,
0.008799232542514801,
0.08370133489370346,
0.06272634863853455,
-0.01836596056818962,
0.0745798647403717,
0.12440493702888489,
-0.037140361964702606,
0.022368380799889565,
0.0539... |
Bronchopulmonary\tDysplasia\nHistory\nBirthweight\nGestational\tage\nMedical\thistory\nNutrition\thistory\nPrevious\tgrowth\tpattern\nMedical\tstatus\nRespiratory\tstatus\nOxygen\tsaturation\nUse\tof\tmedications\nEmesis\nStool\tpattern\nUrine\toutput\nUrine\tspecific\tgravity\nVentilator\tdependency\nNutrition-biochem... | [
0.05942366272211075,
-0.0311550572514534,
0.01777167059481144,
0.025227349251508713,
-0.08474744856357574,
0.012752026319503784,
0.02897961623966694,
0.04659358039498329,
-0.12069776654243469,
0.07570835202932358,
0.07434341311454773,
-0.026154136285185814,
0.02110869251191616,
0.021739510... |
Nutrition-biochemical\tmeasures\nAnthropometrics\nWeight\nLength\nGrowth\tpercentiles\nHead\tcircumference\nHemoglobin\nHematocrit\nSerum\telectrolytes\nC-reactive\tprotein\nFeeding\thistory\nVolume\tof\tintake\nFrequency\tof\tfeedings\nBehavior\tduring\tfeedings\nFormula\tcomposition\nUse\tof\tsolid\tfoods\nDevelopmen... | [
0.0003413449740037322,
-0.07858482003211975,
0.033405888825654984,
-0.01365191675722599,
-0.03436717391014099,
0.01519040297716856,
0.0363958477973938,
0.052431389689445496,
-0.07080386579036713,
0.08029057085514069,
0.09073053300380707,
-0.09784699976444244,
0.0002779118367470801,
0.02197... |
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