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are\treduced\tin\tthe\tpresence\tof\tinfection.\tWeight\tloss\tleads\tto\tan\tincreased\tload\ton\tthe\trespiratory\nmuscles,\tcontributing\tto\tthe\tonset\tof\tacute\trespiratory\tfailure\t(\nHill\tet\tal,\t2013\n).\nMany\tfactors\taffect\tnutritional\tstatus\tduring\tthe\tprogression\n\tof\tCOPD.\tAlthough\tbody\twei... | [
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of\tCOPD.\tAlthough\tbody\tweight\tand\nBMI\tshould\tbe\tfollowed\tbecause\tthey\tare\teasily\tobtained\tmarkers\tof\tnutritional\tstatus\tin\tpatients,\nthey\tcan\tunderestimate\tthe\textent\tof\tnutritional\timpairment\t(\nHill\tet\tal,\t2013\n).\nCurrent\tevidence\tsuggests\tthat\ta\thealthy\tdiet\tpattern\thelps\ti... | [
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malnutrition.\tA\tcombination\tof\tnutritional\tcounseling\tand\tnicotine\treplacement\tseems\tto\toptimize\nsuccess\t(\nHill\tet\tal,\t2013\n).\nStudies\thave\tshown\tan\tinverse\trelationship\tbetween\tdietary\tiron\tand\tcalcium\tintake\tand\tCOPD\nrisk.\tIron\tdeficiency\tanemia\tis\tseen\tin\t10%\tto\t30%\tof\tpat... | [
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Silverberg\tet\tal,\t2014\n).\tIt\nhas\tbeen\tseen\tthat\tcorrecting\tthe\tanemia\tand\tiron\tdeficiency\tby\teither\tblood\ttransfusions\tor\nintravenous\tiron\ttherapy\timproves\tdyspnea\t(shortness\tof\tbreath)\tin\tCOPD\tpatients\t(\nSilverberg\tet\tal,\n2014\n).\tCOPD\tpatients\tare\talso\tat\thigher\trisk\tof\tde... | [
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smoking,\tand\tvitamin\tD\tdepletion.\tMaintaining\tadequate\tlevels\tof\t25(OH)D\tis\timportant\tfor\tCOPD\npatients\t(\nLee\tet\tal,\t2013\n;\tsee\t\nAppendix\t38\n).\nThe\tprimary\tgoals\tof\tnutrition\tcare\tfor\tpatients\twith\tCOPD\tare\tto\tfacilitate\tnutritional\twell-being,\nmaintain\tan\tappropriate\tratio\t... | [
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nutrient\tinteractions\t(see\t\nAppendix\t13\n),\tand\tprevent\tosteoporosis.\nNutritional\tdepletion\tmay\tbe\tevidenced\tclinically\tby\tlow\tbody\tweight\tfor\theight\tand\tdecreased\tgrip\nstrength.\tCalculation\tof\tBMI\tmay\tbe\tinsufficient\tto\tdetect\tchanges\tin\tfat\tand\tmuscle\tmass.\tInstead, | [
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0.0068... |
determination\tof\tbody\tcomposition\thelps\tto\tdifferentiate\tlean\tmuscle\tmass\tfrom\tadipose\ttissue\tand\noverhydration\n\tfrom\tdehydration.\tIn\tpatients\twith\t\ncor\tpulmonale\n\t(increased\tblood\tpressure\tthat\nleads\tto\tenlargement\tand\tfailure\tof\tthe\tright\tventricle\tof\tthe\theart)\tand\tthe\tresu... | [
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0.0806084... |
weight\tmaintenance,\tor\tgain\tfrom\tfluid\tmay\tcamouflage\tactual\twasting\tof\tLBM.\tThus\tfor\tpatients\nretaining\tfluids,\tcareful\tinterpretation\tof\tanthropometric\tmeasurements,\tbiochemical\tindicators,\tand\nfunctional\tmeasures\n\tof\tnutrition\tstatus\tare\tnecessary\t(see\t\nChapter\t5\n\tand\t\nAppendi... | [
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Chapter\t5\n\tand\t\nAppendices\t11\n\tand\t\n12\n).\nA\tcombination\tof\tprotein\trich\tsupplements\tand\tanabolic\tsteroids\tcan\tincrease\tmuscle\tmass\tand\nreverse\tany\tnegative\teffects\tof\tweight\tloss.\tExercise\ttolerance\thas\tbeen\tshown\tto\timprove\twith\ta\ndietary\tsupplement\tthat\tcontains\tomega-3\t... | [
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Berman,\t2011\n)\n(see\t\nChapter\t7\n).\nAdipokines\tis\n\ta\tgeneric\tterm\tfor\tthe\tbioactive\tproteins\tthat\tare\tsecreted\tby\tadipocytes.\tThey\ninclude\tadiponectin,\tleptin,\tIL-6,\tand\tTNF-α.\tThey\tplay\ta\tvital\trole\tin\tinfluencing\tthe\tnutritional\nstatus\tand\tregulating\tthe\tappetite.\t\nLeptin\n\... | [
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Leptin\n\t(satiety\thormone)\tis\tsecreted\tpromptly\tin\tresponse\tto\tfood\nintake\tand\tplays\ta\trole\tin\tsuppressing\tappetite\tand\tenhancing\tenergy\texpenditure.\tIt\thas\tbeen\nsuggested\tthat\tmeasuring\n\tlevels\tof\tleptin\tin\tthe\tsputum\tcan\tbe\tuseful\tin\tdetermining\tthe\tseverity\tof\nlung\tdisease... | [
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0.067587... |
Itoh\tet\tal,\t2013\n).\nAdiponectin\n\t(a\tprotein\tinvolved\tin\tfatty\tacid\tbreakdown\tand\tglucose\tregulation),\tlike\tleptin,\tis\nsecreted\tfrom\tadipocytes,\tbut\thas\tan\topposite\teffect.\tAdiponectin\tenhances\tappetite\tand\thas\tan\nantiinflammatory,\tantidiabetic,\n\tand\tantiatherosclerotic\teffect\tand... | [
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0.0372... |
Resistin\n,\nanother\tadipokine,\tinduces\tinflammation\tand\tinsulin\tresistance.\tIn\taddition\tto\tbeing\tan\tappetite\nstimulant,\t\nghrelin\n\talso\tstimulates\tgrowth\thormone\tsecretion,\twith\tantagonistic\teffects\tto\tleptin.\nTable\t33.2\n\tsummarizes\tthe\tfunctions\tand\tchange\tin\tthe\tblood\tlevels\tof\... | [
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0.0394... |
patients,\tand\thow\tthey\tcan\tinfluence\n\tmanagement\tand\trecovery\t(\nItoh\tet\tal,\t2013\n).\nTABLE\t33.2\nBlood\tLevels\tof\tHormones\tand\tAdipokines\tin\tPatients\twith\tChronic\tObstructive\tPulmonary\tDisease\t(COPD)\nHormone\nFunction\nChanges\tin\tBlood\tLevels\twith\tCOPD\nLeptin\n•\t\nSuppresses\tappetit... | [
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0.023875297978520393,
0.101523756980896,
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0.05609396... |
•\t\nPromotes\tinflammation\n•\t\nRegulates\thematopoiesis,\nangiogenesis,\tand\twound\thealing\nDecreased\tin\tpatients\twith\ta\tlow\tBMI\ncompared\twith\tpatients\twith\n\ta\tnormal\tand\nhigh\tBMI\nGhrelin\nStimulates\tappetite\tand\trelease\tof\ngrowth\thormone\nIncreased\tin\tunderweight\tpatients\ncompared\twith... | [
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0.05... |
Adiponectin\n•\t\nStimulates\tfatty\tacid\toxidation\n•\t\nIncreases\tinsulin\tsensitivity\tand\ninhibits\tinflammatory\tprocess\nIncreased\tduring\tacute\texacerbation\nDecreased\tlevels\tin\tcurrent\tsmokers\nResistin\nPromotes\tinflammation\tand\tinsulin\nresistance\n\tby\tthe\tproduction\tof\tIL-6\nand\tTNF-α\nInve... | [
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0.070706... |
and\tTNF-α\nInversely\tcorrelated\twith\tpredicted\tFEV\n1\n\t%\nTNF-α\nAntagonizes\tinsulin\tsignaling\tand\npromotes\tinflammation\nIncreased\tcompared\twith\thealthy\nindividuals\nIL-6\n•\t\nLoss\tof\tappetite\n•\t\nPromotes\tinflammation\nIncreased\tcompared\twith\thealthy\nindividuals\nBMI\n,\tBody\tmass\tindex;\t... | [
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0.05562... |
FEV1\n,\tforced\texpiratory\tvolume;\t\nIL-6\n,\tinterleukin-6;\t\nTNF-\nα,\ttumor\tnecrosis\tfactor\n\talpha.\nAdapted\tfrom\tItoh\tM,\tet\tal:\tUndernutrition\tin\tpatients\twith\tCOPD\tand\tits\ttreatment,\t\nNutrients\n\t5:1316,\t2013.\nMacronutrients\nIn\tstable\tCOPD,\trequirements\tfor\twater,\tprotein,\tfat,\ta... | [
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0.0532... |
underlying\tlung\tdisease,\toxygen\ttherapy,\tmedications,\tweight\tstatus,\tand\tany\tacute\tfluid\tfluctuations.\nAttention\tto\tthe\tmetabolic\tside\teffects\tof\tmalnutrition\tand\tthe\n\trole\tof\tindividual\tamino\tacids\tis\nnecessary.\tDetermination\tof\ta\tspecific\tpatient’s\tmacronutrient\tneeds\tis\tmade\to... | [
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with\tclose\tmonitoring\tof\toutcomes.\nEnergy\nMeeting\tenergy\tneeds\tcan\tbe\tdifficult.\tFor\tpatients\tparticipating\tin\tpulmonary\trehabilitation\nprograms,\tenergy\trequirements\tdepend\ton\tthe\tintensity\tand\tfrequency\tof\texercise\ttherapy\tand\tcan\nbe\tincreased\tor\tdecreased.\n\tIt\tis\tcrucial\tto\tre... | [
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intertwined.\tConsequently,\tmaintaining\toptimal\tenergy\tbalance\tis\tessential\tto\tpreserving\tvisceral\nand\tsomatic\tproteins.\tPreferably,\tindirect\tcalorimetry\tshould\tbe\tused\tto\tdetermine\tenergy\tneeds\tand\nto\tprescribe\tand\tmonitor\tthe\tprovision\tof\tsufficient,\tbut\tnot\texcessive\tcalories.\tWhe... | [
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0.0952... |
equations\tare\tused\tfor\tprediction\tof\n\tneeds,\tincreases\tfor\tphysiologic\tstress\tmust\tbe\tincluded.\tCaloric\nneeds\tmay\tvary\tsignificantly\tfrom\tone\tperson\tto\tthe\tnext\tand\teven\tin\tthe\tsame\tindividual\tover\ttime\n(see\t\nChapter\t2\n).\nFat\nOmega-3\tand\tomega-6\tare\tPUFAs\tthat\tare\tessentia... | [
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0.06422337144613266,
0.08755789697170258,
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0.0094991410151124,
0.03... |
acids\tare\tthe\tomega-6\tlinoleic\tacid\t(LA)\tand\talpha-linolenic\tacid\t(ALA).\tThe\tbody\tis\tunable\tto | [
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synthesize\tthem,\n\tand\tthey\tmust\tbe\tconsumed\tin\tthe\thuman\tdiet.\tThese\tfatty\tacids\tare\tdesaturated\tto\nform\tlong-chain\tomega-3\tPUFAs\tor\tomega-6\tPUFAs.\tDocosahexaenoic\tacid\t(DHA),\teicosapentaenoic\nacid\t(EPA),\tand\tALA\tare\tthe\tmajor\tomega-3\tPUFAs,\tand\tthe\tmajor\tlong-chain\tomega-6\tfa... | [
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LA\tand\tarachidonic\tacid\t(AA).\tSee\t\nAppendix\t26\n\tfor\tthe\tsources\tof\tthese\tfatty\tacids\tin\tthe\tdiet.\tIn\ntheory,\tintake\tof\tlong-chain\n\tomega-3\tPUFAs,\twhich\treduces\tinflammation,\tshould\timprove\tthe\nefficacy\tof\tCOPD\ttreatments.\tPUFA\tsupplementation\tis\tbeneficial\tin\tCOPD,\tbut\tvario... | [
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0.08064687252044678,
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0.009730936959385872,
0.0401978... |
as\tsupplement\tadherence,\tcomorbidities,\tand\tduration\tof\tthe\tsupplementation\tplay\tvital\troles\t(\nFulton\net\tal,\t2013\n).\nDietary\tsupplementation\tof\tDHA\tand\tAA\thas\tbeen\tshown\tto\tdelay\tand\treduce\trisk\tof\tupper\nrespiratory\tinfections\tand\tasthma,\n\twith\tlowering\tthe\tincidence\tof\tbronc... | [
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-0.09233890473842621,
0.01787307858467102,
0.12850014865398407,
-0.028985317796468735,
-0.033847738057374954,
0.06803449243307114,
0.10968947410583496,
-0.01360183022916317,
0.04122140631079674,
0.041857... |
of\tlife\t(\nShek\tet\tal,\t2012\n).\tData\tfrom\tvarious\tstudies\thave\tshown\tthe\tpositive\timpact\tof\tlong-chain\nPUFAs\tin\tinitiating\tand\tproviding\tresolution\tof\tinflammation\tin\trespiratory\tdiseases\t(\nShek\tet\tal,\n2012\n).\tIt\thas\tbeen\tshown\tthat\taspirin\thelps\tto\ttrigger\tresolvin,\ta\tmolec... | [
-0.003215064527466893,
-0.009707854129374027,
0.07563652843236923,
-0.04075747728347778,
-0.11736518144607544,
0.02512325905263424,
0.09333822876214981,
-0.011626314371824265,
-0.008101566694676876,
0.08104182779788971,
0.1054823249578476,
-0.06289035826921463,
0.0541778989136219,
0.015962... |
body\tfrom\tomega-3\tfatty\tacids.\t\nResolvin\n\tresolves\tor\tturns\toff\tthe\tinflammation\tin\tunderlying\ndestructive\tconditions\tsuch\tas\tinflammatory\tlung\tdiseases\t(\nDalli\tet\tal,\t2013\n).\tAt\tthis\ttime,\tthere\tare\nongoing\tlarge\tstudies\tevaluating\tthe\teffectiveness\tof\tomega-3\tPUFAs\tin\tthe\t... | [
-0.03518253564834595,
-0.03808576613664627,
0.06717554479837418,
-0.009450871497392654,
-0.12165473401546478,
-0.013026928529143333,
0.07588078826665878,
-0.0008360767387785017,
0.018988408148288727,
0.06751079857349396,
0.10636436194181442,
-0.08379822969436646,
0.007130484562367201,
0.02... |
Protein\nSufficient\tprotein\tof\t1.2\tto\t1.5\tg/kg\tof\tdry\tbody\tweight\tis\tnecessary\tto\tmaintain\tor\trestore\tlung\tand\nmuscle\tstrength,\tas\twell\tas\tto\tpromote\n\timmune\tfunction.\tOther\tconcurrent\tdisease\tprocesses\tsuch\tas\ncardiovascular\tor\trenal\tdisease,\tcancer,\tor\tdiabetes\taffect\tthe\tt... | [
-0.008903039619326591,
-0.11935561150312424,
0.011884083040058613,
-0.013550602830946445,
-0.09209151566028595,
0.008491088636219501,
0.08635080605745316,
0.07454585283994675,
-0.03693709895014763,
0.051063936203718185,
0.0775730088353157,
-0.02513931691646576,
0.018248483538627625,
0.0617... |
protein,\tfat,\tand\tcarbohydrate\tprescribed.\nVitamins\tand\tminerals\nAs\twith\tmacronutrients,\tvitamin\tand\tmineral\trequirements\tfor\tindividuals\twith\tstable\tCOPD\tdepend\non\tthe\tunderlying\tpathologic\tconditions\tof\tthe\tlung,\tother\tconcurrent\n\tdiseases,\tmedical\ttreatments, | [
-0.017230741679668427,
-0.10269578546285629,
0.036380402743816376,
-3.5768087514043145e-7,
-0.02520945481956005,
0.019689813256263733,
0.10631721466779709,
0.06584573537111282,
-0.04262293502688408,
0.012306014075875282,
0.056116390973329544,
-0.014828900806605816,
-0.0071081193163990974,
... |
diseases,\tmedical\ttreatments,\nweight\tstatus,\tand\tbone\tmineral\tdensity.\tFor\tpeople\tcontinuing\tto\tsmoke\ttobacco,\tadditional\tvitamin\nC\tis\tnecessary\t(see\t\nAppendix\t35\n).\tOne\tstudy\tindicated\tthat\tvitamin\tC’s\trole\tas\tan\tantioxidant\nimproved\tplasma\tglutathione\tlevels\t(\nPirabbasi\tet\tal... | [
-0.005660506431013346,
0.010330087505280972,
0.036297641694545746,
-0.01944568380713463,
-0.07506177574396133,
0.04945378005504608,
0.08962325006723404,
0.04004229977726936,
-0.04589105397462845,
0.08324805647134781,
0.12362225353717804,
0.0022372195962816477,
0.019588705152273178,
0.00727... |
improved\tplasma\tglutathione\tlevels\t(\nPirabbasi\tet\tal,\t2016\n).\nThe\trole\tof\tminerals\tsuch\tas\tmagnesium\tand\tcalcium\tin\tmuscle\tcontraction\tand\trelaxation\tmay\tbe\nimportant\tfor\tpeople\n\twith\tCOPD.\tIntakes\tat\tleast\tequivalent\tto\tthe\tdietary\treference\tintake\t(DRI) | [
-0.017495177686214447,
-0.0032089659944176674,
0.07489575445652008,
-0.06023531034588814,
-0.09460507333278656,
-0.019216103479266167,
0.10223212093114853,
0.031207649037241936,
-0.013076314702630043,
0.06752089411020279,
0.11269986629486084,
0.01084959227591753,
0.009012289345264435,
0.01... |
should\tbe\tprovided.\tDepending\ton\tbone\tmineral\tdensity\ttest\tresults,\tcoupled\twith\tfood\tintake\thistory\nand\tglucocorticoid\tmedications\tuse,\tadditional\tvitamins\tD\tand\tK\talso\tmay\tbe\tnecessary\t(see\t\nChapter\n23\n).\nPatients\twith\tcor\tpulmonale\tand\tsubsequent\tfluid\tretention\trequire\tsodi... | [
0.01610066182911396,
-0.017811832949519157,
0.06082215532660484,
-0.0699615553021431,
-0.08503838628530502,
0.01603374071419239,
0.06719288229942322,
0.026739994063973427,
-0.025579065084457397,
0.05971952900290489,
0.10540461540222168,
-0.04100450500845909,
0.02242128737270832,
0.07524156... |
Depending\ton\tthe\n\tdiuretics\tprescribed,\tincreased\tpotassium\tsupplementation\tmay\tbe\trequired\n(\nAppendix\t13\n).\tAnd\tother\twater-soluble\tvitamins,\tparticularly\tthiamin,\tmay\tneed\tto\tbe\tsupplemented.\nPatients\tare\trecommended\tto\tdrink\tadequate\tfluids\tand\tstay\thydrated\tto\thelp\tsputum\tcon... | [
-0.025990983471274376,
-0.07839097827672958,
0.05550474300980568,
-0.021014103665947914,
-0.04785451292991638,
-0.0028466067742556334,
0.062404878437519073,
0.05826602131128311,
-0.01893630623817444,
-0.010645744390785694,
0.07648617774248123,
-0.053655531257390976,
0.030233358964323997,
0... |
and\teasier\texpectoration.\tThe\tParenteral\tand\tEnteral\tNutrition\tGroup\t(PENG)\trecommends\ta\tfluid\nintake\tof\t35\tmL/kg\tbody\tweight\n\tdaily\tfor\tadults\t18\tto\t60\tyears\tand\t30\tmL\tof\tfluid/kg\tbody\tdaily\tfor\nadults\tover\t60\tyears\t(\nPENG,\t2011\n).\nCOPD\tpatients\treport\tdifficulties\twith\t... | [
-0.014049818739295006,
-0.05167137458920479,
0.04026655852794647,
-0.002487492747604847,
-0.10392774641513824,
-0.02139197289943695,
0.09491141140460968,
0.03012748435139656,
-0.02999584749341011,
0.006934800185263157,
0.12173087149858475,
-0.05765953287482262,
0.010357075370848179,
0.0471... |
when\teating,\tdifficulty\tshopping\tand\tpreparing\tmeals,\tdry\tmouth,\tearly\tsatiety\tand\tbloating,\tanxiety\nand\tdepression,\tand\tfatigue.\tIn\taddition\tto\tthe\tabove,\tinefficient\tand\toverworking\trespiratory\nmuscles\tlead\tto\tincreased\tnutritional\trequirements\t(\nEvans,\t2012\n).\nPatients\tin\tthe\t... | [
0.025412222370505333,
-0.016557801514863968,
0.104376882314682,
0.002376709133386612,
-0.10239528119564056,
-0.004674544092267752,
0.13230988383293152,
-0.019459985196590424,
-0.04764756187796593,
0.054402582347393036,
0.07079164683818817,
-0.04634181037545204,
0.024837736040353775,
0.0287... |
Evans,\t2012\n).\nPatients\tin\tthe\tadvanced\tstage\tof\tCOPD\nPatients\twith\tadvanced\tCOPD\tare\tundernourished\tand\tin\ta\tstate\tof\t\npulmonary\tcachexia\n,\twhich\tis\ndefined\tas\ta\tBMI\tof\tless\tthan\t17\tin\tmen\tand\tless\tthan\t14\tin\twomen\t(\nAllen\tet\tal,\t2017\n).\tThe\tcause\tof\ncachexia\tin\tad... | [
-0.001020966563373804,
-0.019678596407175064,
0.033360667526721954,
-0.04936734586954117,
-0.06966042518615723,
0.01257579866796732,
0.10498534142971039,
-0.011870456859469414,
-0.010499843396246433,
0.07159951329231262,
0.07711299508810043,
-0.017543496564030647,
0.022057143971323967,
0.0... |
Myostatin\n\tis\ta\tmember\tof\tthe\ttransforming\tgrowth\tfactor-beta\tsuperfamily\tthat\tfunctions\tas\ta\nnegative\tregulator\tof\tmuscle\tgrowth.\tThis\thas\tbeen\tsuggested\tby\tthe\tsignificantly\thigh\tlevels\tof\nmyostatin\tin\tpatients\twith\tstable\tCOPD\tcompared\twith\thealthy\tindividuals\t(\nBenedik\tet\t... | [
0.01077614352107048,
-0.060353320091962814,
0.03404683992266655,
-0.012719581834971905,
-0.09307211637496948,
-0.010023074224591255,
0.11242702603340149,
0.09006558358669281,
-0.019062845036387444,
0.02810380421578884,
0.07842711359262466,
0.0013541579246520996,
0.04479079693555832,
0.0407... |
Benedik\tet\tal,\t2011\n).\nThese\tcachectic\tpatients\thave\tanorexia\tas\ta\ttypical\tsymptom.\tPulmonary\tcachexia\tis\tan\nindependent\trisk\tfactor\tand\tis\tcommon\n\tin\tthe\tadvanced\tstage\tof\tCOPD.\tPharmacotherapy\tand\nnonpharmacotherapeutic\ttreatments\tsuch\tas\trespiratory\trehabilitation\tand\tnutritio... | [
0.046696994453668594,
-0.005994763225317001,
0.03642432019114494,
-0.01632399670779705,
-0.09631194919347763,
0.00955461710691452,
0.13497227430343628,
0.029633499681949615,
-0.007198717910796404,
0.031073015183210373,
0.08541180938482285,
-0.0407981276512146,
0.043249670416116714,
0.04493... |
the\tmainstays\tof\tCOPD\ttreatment\tin\tsuch\tpatients\t(\nItoh\tet\tal,\t2013\n).\tSarcopenia\tand\tcachexia\tresult\nfrom\tthe\taccelerated\tloss\tof\tlean\ttissue\t(\nRaguso\tand\tLuthy,\t2011\n).\tThis\tmuscle\twasting\thas\ta\ndetrimental\teffect\ton\tthe\trespiratory\tfunction\t(\nCollins\tet\tal,\t2012\n). | [
0.0031387689523398876,
0.004668595269322395,
0.06805236637592316,
-0.019506828859448433,
-0.1110793724656105,
0.026418952271342278,
0.0974675714969635,
0.00955994613468647,
-0.007333092391490936,
0.03620133176445961,
0.08121953159570694,
-0.01860072836279869,
0.050749771296978,
0.034432414... |
Collins\tet\tal,\t2012\n).\nOsteoporosis\texists\tas\ta\tsignificant\tproblem\tin\t24%\tto\t69%\tof\tpatients\twith\tadvanced\tCOPD\t(\nEvans\nand\tMorgan,\t2014\n).\tAny\tsudden\tdrop\tin\theight\tis\ta\tmark\tof\tdeveloping\tosteoporosis.\tAs\tCOPD\nprogresses,\tosteoporosis\tresults\tbecause\tof\timmobility,\twhich\... | [
0.012919064611196518,
-0.01539283525198698,
0.04986480250954628,
0.016362853348255157,
-0.04807298630475998,
-0.037699125707149506,
0.05846294388175011,
-0.0258103609085083,
-0.058909326791763306,
0.008078386075794697,
0.08361359685659409,
-0.004797370173037052,
-0.01664614863693714,
-0.01... |
dyspnea.\tSmoking,\tlow\tBMI,\tlow\tskeletal\tmuscle\tmass,\tand\tcorticosteroid\tusage\tcan\tlead\tto\tbone\nloss\talong\twith\n\tlow\tserum\tvitamin\tD\tlevels\t(\nEvans\tand\tMorgan,\t2014\n)\t(\nBox\t33.2\n).\nBOX\t33.2\nPlanning\tthe\tDiet\tfor\tthe\tPatient\twith\tPulmonary\tCachexia\nEnergy\trequirements\tduring... | [
0.012978766113519669,
-0.04647538438439369,
0.05380306392908096,
-0.007340712938457727,
-0.10402579605579376,
-0.06756182760000229,
0.04013979434967041,
0.06555052101612091,
-0.04000146687030792,
-0.014207164756953716,
0.042816273868083954,
0.019280191510915756,
0.0845705047249794,
0.06210... |
weight\t(pounds)\nProtein\t(g)/day\tduring\thealing\t=\t[(1.2\tg\t−\t1.4\tg)\t×\tbody\tweight\t(kg)\tor\t0.55\t×\tusual\tbody\nweight\t(pounds)\nFluid\trequirements\t=\tbody\tweight\t(lb)/2\n\t=\tounces\tper\tday\tor\tbody\tweight\t(lb)\t×\t9/16\t=\tcups | [
-0.0236508846282959,
0.03193601965904236,
0.03982985392212868,
0.03622651472687721,
-0.15872415900230408,
-0.04671299830079079,
0.0534396767616272,
0.034522801637649536,
-0.05922766774892807,
-0.03628208115696907,
0.029546121135354042,
-0.10557768493890762,
0.009185568429529667,
0.00599999... |
per\tday\nFluid\trequirements\tare\tincreased\tbecause\tof\tfever,\tchemotherapy\tregimen,\toxygen\tuse,\tand\npresence\tof\tchronic\tobstructive\tpulmonary\tdisease\t(COPD).\tLack\tof\tenergy\tor\tdehydration\nincreases\tfatigue\tand\tconstipation.\tFluid\tdeficits\tof\t1%\tbody\tweight\tlower\tmetabolic\tfunction\tby... | [
-0.014777426607906818,
-0.04383901506662369,
0.03136012330651283,
-0.001100009074434638,
-0.07913260906934738,
-0.014311973936855793,
0.13419903814792633,
0.07215380668640137,
-0.010472120717167854,
0.005304225720465183,
0.08563593029975891,
-0.029737988486886024,
0.049158062785863876,
0.0... |
5%.\nLevin\tRM:\t\nNutrition\tin\tthe\tpatient\twith\tlung\tcancer,\tcaring\n\tambassadors\tlung\tcancer\tchoices\n\t(website).\nhttp://lungcancercap.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Chapter_8_2014.pdf\n,\t2012.\nPulmonary\thypertension\nPulmonary\thypertension\t(PH)\n\tis\tdefined\tas\televated\tpressure\twithin\tthe\tp... | [
0.0570339672267437,
0.012247380800545216,
-0.025419780984520912,
-0.03407430648803711,
-0.03599882870912552,
-0.06693769246339798,
0.023356785997748375,
0.1345733404159546,
-0.008453617803752422,
0.03716294839978218,
0.08887770771980286,
-0.03254469111561775,
0.04261688143014908,
0.0935877... |
is\tdefined\tas\televated\tpressure\twithin\tthe\tpulmonary\tcirculation\nthat\tincludes\tthe\tpulmonary\tartery,\tcapillaries,\tand\tpulmonary\tveins.\tThe\tpulmonary\tartery\ttakes\ndeoxygenated\tblood\tfrom\tthe\tright\tventricle\tinto\tthe\n\tsmall\tcapillaries,\twhere\tgas\texchange\ttakes\nplace,\tand\toxygenated... | [
0.003347555873915553,
-0.0007155982893891633,
0.06692758947610855,
-0.034136999398469925,
-0.1010177880525589,
-0.01928599178791046,
0.09026286751031876,
-0.03984202444553375,
0.00658265920355916,
0.04349736124277115,
0.09568794071674347,
-0.07531598955392838,
0.04281724616885185,
0.012073... |
Patients\twith\tPH\tusually\tcomplain\tof\tshortness\tof\tbreath,\tmainly\ton\texertion.\tAs\tthe\tdisease\nadvances,\tthe\tshortness\tof\tbreath\tbecomes\tmore\tprominent\teven\tat\trest,\tand\tpatients\thave\nsymptoms\trelated\tto\thypoxia\tsuch\tas\theadache,\tdizziness,\tand\tchest\tpain.\tUpon\tevaluation\n\tby\ta | [
0.031777266412973404,
-0.004002633038908243,
0.016595635563135147,
-0.04734840616583824,
-0.09309963881969452,
0.004625264089554548,
0.07414331287145615,
0.05808563157916069,
-0.022637125104665756,
-0.0026940058451145887,
0.06849121302366257,
-0.01354222558438778,
0.03899145498871803,
0.01... |
by\ta\npulmonologist\tor\tcardiologist,\tsome\tof\tthe\timportant\tsigns\tto\tlook\tfor\twould\tinclude\tcardiac\tmurmur,\nright-sided\tventricular\theave\t(the\theel\tof\thand\tlifts\toff\tthe\tchest\twith\tevery\tbeat,\tindicating\tan\nenlarged\tright\tventricle),\tloud\theart\tsound,\tand\tan\televated\tjugular\tvei... | [
-0.00019090693967882544,
-0.004210688639432192,
0.0693546012043953,
-0.041744064539670944,
-0.13881520926952362,
-0.009724443778395653,
0.0985323116183281,
-0.035020701587200165,
-0.0025937375612556934,
0.07463403046131134,
0.09203152358531952,
-0.060288991779088974,
0.029719514772295952,
... |
Cyanosis\n\tcan\tbe\nevident\twith\tworsening\thypoxia.\tCyanosis\toccurs\twhen\themoglobin\tis\tinadequately\tsaturated\twith\noxygen,\tand\tit\tis\tcharacterized\tby\ta\tbluish\tdiscoloration\tof\tthe\tskin,\tnails,\tlips,\tor\taround\tthe\teyes.\nAn\techocardiogram\t(ECHO)\tis\tusually\tthe\tscreening\ttool\tfor\tPH... | [
-0.0315127857029438,
-0.03454748913645744,
0.06425677239894867,
-0.05926566570997238,
-0.10500094294548035,
0.0006767123704776168,
0.09688087552785873,
0.013658447191119194,
-0.012413466349244118,
0.05309804901480675,
0.08263999223709106,
-0.03557468205690384,
0.04712970182299614,
0.040401... |
right\tventricle\tfunction\tand\tto\tmeasure\tthe\tright\tventricle\tsystolic\tpressure\t(RVSP),\twhich\tcan\tbe\nused\tto\testimate\tpulmonary\tartery\tsystolic\tpressure.\tA\tRVSP\t>50\tmm\tHg\tsuggests\tan\televated\npulmonary\n\tsystolic\tpressure\tand\twill\tneed\tconfirmation\tby\tdirect\tmeasurements\tof\tthe\tp... | [
-0.005746226757764816,
-0.00605608569458127,
0.023144077509641647,
-0.011829053051769733,
-0.05999309942126274,
-0.029423464089632034,
0.09677985310554504,
0.007787743583321571,
0.009919760748744011,
0.05453668534755707,
0.12926509976387024,
-0.023847375065088272,
0.08081120252609253,
0.02... |
artery\tpressure,\tusing\tright\theart\tcatheterization.\nElevated\tpulmonary\tcirculation\tpressure\tcan\toccur\tdue\tto\tprimary\tpulmonary\tartery\tdisease\n(primary\tPH)\tor\tsecondary\tto\tpulmonary\tor\textrapulmonary\tdiseases.\tIn\t2013\tthe\tWorld\tHealth\nOrganization\t(WHO)\tclassified\tPH\tinto\tfive\tcateg... | [
-0.010287768207490444,
0.013970283791422844,
0.02339840680360794,
-0.04201008379459381,
-0.14727558195590973,
-0.031556542962789536,
-0.0062079294584691525,
-0.019128087908029556,
0.025696953758597374,
0.018083665519952774,
0.11302213370800018,
-0.046815041452646255,
-0.003894694847986102,
... |
Hopkins\tand\tRubin,\t2018\n).\nCategory\t1:\tPulmonary\tarterial\thypertension;\tPH\tdue\tto\tautoimmune\tdisorders,\thuman\nimmunodeficiency\tvirus\t(HIV),\ttoxins,\tdrugs,\tsickle\tcell\tdisease;\tporto-PH\nCategory\t2:\tPH\tdue\tto\tleft\theart\tdisease\nCategory\t3:\tPH\tdue\tto\tunderlying\tlung\tdisease\tsuch\ta... | [
-0.05623307451605797,
0.0006225819233804941,
0.01665443181991577,
-0.03698916360735893,
0.01198566984385252,
-0.016855601221323013,
-0.007212270516902208,
0.10108304023742676,
-0.0014647016068920493,
0.0005599060677923262,
0.061176847666502,
0.013383201323449612,
0.05245887488126755,
0.028... |
interstitial\tpulmonary\nfibrosis\n\t(scar\ttissue\tin\tthe\tlungs)\nCategory\t4:\tchronic\tthromboembolic\tPH\nCategory\t5:\tmultifactorial\tand\n\tunclear\tmechanisms\tleading\tto\tPH.\tExamples\tinclude\nsarcoidosis\t(a\tcondition\tthat\tcan\tlead\tto\tinflammation\tprimarily\tin\tthe\tlung\tand\tthe\tlymph\nnodes)\... | [
0.003188319271430373,
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0.09204074740409851,
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0.07248444110155106,
0.040024980902671814,
0.029473867267370224,
0.053087830543518066,
0.11365804821252823,
-0.051034145057201385,
0.014340310357511044,
0.0647... |
nodes)\nMedical\tmanagement\nTreatment\tof\tPH\tlargely\tdepends\ton\tthe\tcause\tof\tthe\televated\tpulmonary\tpressure.\tThose\twith\ncategory\t1\tcan\tbenefit\tfrom\tkeeping\toxygen\tabove\t90%\tand\twith\tmedical\ttherapy\tto\treduce\tthe\npressure\tby\tacting\tdirectly\ton\tpulmonary\n\tcirculation.\tThose\twith\t... | [
-0.005976532120257616,
-0.030490566045045853,
0.011820795945823193,
-0.02790996991097927,
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0.059969671070575714,
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0.046175964176654816,
0.09331271052360535,
-0.028905006125569344,
0.10215568542480469,
-... |
circulation.\tThose\twith\tcategories\t2\tand\t3\twill\tneed\tto\ttreat\nthe\tunderlying\tcause.\tPatients\twith\tcategory\t4\trequire\tanticoagulation\ttherapy\tand\tmay\tbenefit\tfrom\nmechanical\tor\tmedical\tthrombolysis\tof\ttheir\tclots.\tTreatment\tfor\tpatients\tin\tcategory\t5\tdepends\ton\nthe\tunderlying\tdi... | [
0.021169519051909447,
-0.026944546028971672,
0.057898372411727905,
-0.0197434164583683,
-0.12696696817874908,
-0.018088767305016518,
0.05728912353515625,
0.020864535123109818,
0.023974424228072166,
0.02149409055709839,
0.09297914057970047,
0.00553455576300621,
0.059019263833761215,
0.02623... |
the\tunderlying\tdisorder.\nMedical\tnutrition\ttherapy\nThere\tis\tno\tevidence-based\tguidelines\tor\tresearch\tin\tthis\tarea.\tNutrition\tinterventions\n\tshould\tbe\ndirected\tat\tthe\tunderlying\tcause\tof\tPH\tsuch\tas\tsodium\tand\tfluid\trestriction\tfor\tthose\twith\tleft-sided\nheart\tfailure\tor\timproving\... | [
-0.016431650146842003,
-0.025088220834732056,
0.07183334231376648,
-0.018895279616117477,
-0.07277354598045349,
-0.007335461676120758,
0.07592669874429703,
-0.051507338881492615,
-0.01904383860528469,
0.06403599679470062,
0.08804114162921906,
0.0009634807938709855,
0.029008351266384125,
0.... |
statuses\tranging\tfrom\tmalnutrition\tto\tovernutrition,\tso\tnutrition\tinterventions\tshould\tbe\tdesigned\tto\ndiagnose\tand\tcorrect\tthese\tissues\taccordingly.\nDiffuse\tparenchymal\tlung\tdisease\nDiffuse\tparenchymal\tlung\tdisease\t(DPLD)\t(also\tknown\tas\t\ninterstitial\tlung\tdiseases\n\t[ILD])\tis | [
0.019339704886078835,
-0.012616303749382496,
0.06841203570365906,
0.019554628059267998,
-0.07199463248252869,
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0.07264725118875504,
0.05644206702709198,
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0.04967004805803299,
0.09533727169036865,
0.003757997415959835,
0.00045386323472484946,
0.04... |
interstitial\tlung\tdiseases\n\t[ILD])\tis\ncommon\tand\tmore\trecognized\tnow\twith\tadvances\tthat\thave\tbeen\tmade\tin\timaging.\tDPLD\tcomprises\na\tlong\tlist\tof\tdiseases\tand\tcan\tbe\tprimary\tor\tsecondary\tdue\tto\tother\tsystemic\tdisorders\tor\nmedications.\tPatients\ttypically\tcomplain\tof\tchronic\tsho... | [
0.0007620090036652982,
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0.07093766331672668,
-0.024919966235756874,
-0.09883983433246613,
0.006041731219738722,
0.06854885071516037,
0.04165773093700409,
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0.04703409597277641,
0.09596089273691177,
-0.0031052546110004187,
0.030574120581150055,
0.0... |
fatigue.\tIf\tthe\tdisease\n\tadvances,\tpatients\tbecome\thypoxic,\trequiring\toxygen,\tand\tare\tlimited\tin\ttheir\nphysical\tactivity.\tThe\tprognosis\tfor\tthese\tdiseases\tvary\tdue\tto\tthe\tunderlying\tcause\tand\tthe\tresponse\nto\ttreatment.\nIdiopathic\tpulmonary\tfibrosis\t(IPF)\n\tis\tthe\tmost\tcommon\tIL... | [
0.0028214582707732916,
-0.05582059547305107,
0.057264383882284164,
0.0344499871134758,
-0.06535504758358002,
0.0011937287636101246,
0.07075809687376022,
0.06047183275222778,
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0.001609155093319714,
0.03019317053258419,
-0.018647683784365654,
0.03198758885264397,
0.01580... |
is\tthe\tmost\tcommon\tILD\tand\tis\tassociated\twith\tthe\tworst\nprognosis.\tIPF\tis\ta\tchronic\tprogressive\tdisease\tcharacterized\tby\tprogressive\tlung\tscarring.\tThe\nincidence\tof\n\tIPF\tis\t0.22\tto\t8.8/100,000\tin\tthe\tUnited\tStates.\tMen\tare\taffected\tmore\tthan\twomen.\nPatients\twith\tIPF\tcommonly... | [
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0.055096350610256195,
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0.09541082382202148,
0.05942486599087715,
-0.0605802908539772,
0.030438218265771866,
0.030242351... |
chronic\tshortness\tof\tbreath\tthat\tprogresses\tand\tnonproductive\tcough.\tPulmonary\tfunction\ttests\nshow\trestrictive\tpattern\twith\treduced\tvolumes.\tThe\tdiagnosis\tof\tIPF\tincludes\tthe\tfollowing: | [
0.05518443509936333,
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0.027563823387026787,
0.010595172643661499,
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0.0245058611035347,
0.08573047071695328,
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0.038101695477962494,
0.0520402... |
1.\t\nExclusion\tof\tknown\tcauses\n\tof\tILD\tsuch\tas\tmedication,\tenvironmental\texposure,\tor\tsystemic\ndisorders\n2.\t\nSymptoms\tthat\tare\tconsistent\twith\tIPF\tsuch\tas\tchronic\tprogressive\tshortness\tof\tbreath,\nnonproductive\tcough,\tand\thypoxia\n3.\t\nCT\tscan\tconsistent\twith\tIPF\tpattern\n4. | [
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0.07731287181377411,
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0.07698919624090195,
0.08064892888069153,
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0.04796665906906128,
0.0360... |
3.\t\nCT\tscan\tconsistent\twith\tIPF\tpattern\n4.\t\nIf\tdiagnosis\tremains\tuncertain,\tthen\topen\tlung\tbiopsy\tand\thistologic\tconfirmation\tare\nnecessary\nPathophysiology\nMost\tcases\tof\tIPF\tare\tsporadic\talthough\n\tsome\tgenetic\tcomponent\thas\tbeen\tdescribed.\tRisk\tfactors\nfor\tIPF\tinclude\tsmoking\... | [
0.008989272639155388,
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0.058325592428445816,
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0.06801947951316833,
0.07354161143302917,
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0.04458492249250412,
0.02615... |
may\tcontribute\tto\tthe\tprogression\tof\tthe\tdisease\t(\nLederer\tand\tMartinez,\t2018\n).\nMedical\tmanagement\nThe\tevaluation\tand\tmanagement\tof\tIPF\trequires\ta\tpulmonologist,\tradiologist,\tand\tpathologist.\nInvestigations\tneed\tto\trule\tout\tother\tdiseases\tthat\n\tcould\tmimic\tIPF\tand\tto\tassess\tt... | [
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0.07249552756547928,
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0.10262233763933182,
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0.03330245986580849,
0.09492993354797363,
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0.0... |
could\tmimic\tIPF\tand\tto\tassess\tthe\tseverity\tof\tthe\ndisease.\tLung\tbiopsy\tis\tnot\talways\trequired\tif\tsecondary\tcauses\twere\texcluded\tand\tCT\tscan\tis\nconsistent\twith\tall\tthe\tradiographic\tfeatures\tof\tIPF.\nThe\tmedical\tmanagement\tof\tIPF\tcan\tbe\tdivided\tinto\tacute\tand\tchronic\tcourses.\... | [
0.04471784457564354,
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0.07284233719110489,
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0.0803825855255127,
0.09084027260541916,
0.001741475542075932,
0.029630599543452263,
0.05488749... |
progresses\tover\ttime\twithout\tclear\tunderstanding.\tPatients\tare\tusually\trecommended\tto\tstart\ntreatment\twith\tantifibrotic\n\tmedications\tearly\tin\tthe\tcourse\twith\tthe\tgoal\tto\tslow\tdown\tprogression\tof\nthe\tdisease.\tCurrently,\ttwo\tantifibrotic\tmedications\tare\tused\tin\tthe\tUnited\tStates\t(... | [
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0.02876400575041771,
0.07298979163169861,
0.023288099095225334,
0.011167404241859913,
0.039059... |
nintedanib).\tPirfenidone\tis\tassociated\twith\trash,\tphotosensitivity,\tand\tpossible\tgastrointestinal\ndisturbances\tsuch\tas\tdiarrhea,\tnausea,\tvomiting,\tor\tabdominal\tdiscomfort.\tDose\tadjustment\tmay\nhelp\trelieve\tsome\tof\tthese\n\tsymptoms.\tNintedanib\tis\tassociated\twith\tmore\tgastrointestinal\tsid... | [
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0.03301071748137474,
0.020100567489862442,
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0.05166749283671379,
0.11228914558887482,
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0.011568084359169006,
0.029647... |
with\tdiarrhea\toccurring\tin\tup\tto\t60%\tof\tthe\tpatients;\tconsequently,\tantidiarrheal\tagents\tare\tusually\nprescribed\tat\tthe\tsame\ttime.\tOther\tless\tcommon\tadverse\teffects\tinclude\tnausea,\tvomiting,\tand\nelevated\tliver\tenzymes.\nThose\twith\tacute\tpresentation\tusually\tare\tadmitted\tto\tthe\tint... | [
0.009109986014664173,
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0.02386164665222168,
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0.0005307660321705043,
0.07771112024784088,
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0.0008775779861025512,
0.06975892186164856,
-0.03469435125589371,
0.07110783457756042,
0.050501... |
increased\toxygen\n\trequirements.\tTheir\tmanagement\tis\tmost\toften\tsupportive\tcare.\tHigh\tdoses\tof\nsteroids\twere\tused\tin\tthe\tpast\twith\tconflicting\tresults\tand\ttherefore\tare\tnot\talways\trecommended.\nPatients\twho\tbecome\tmore\tsymptomatic\tand\tworsen\tquickly\tmight\tbenefit\tfrom\tan\tearly\tre... | [
0.044303473085165024,
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0.06819117814302444,
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0.0828700140118599,
0.060576580464839935,
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0.07511170953512192,
0.06806537508964539,
0.024319810792803764,
0.02640974521636963,
0.0207754... |
lung\ttransplant\tcenter.\nPulmonary\tdiagnostic\ttests\nPulmonary\tFunction\tTests\t(PFT):\tincludes\tspirometry,\tmeasuring\tlung\n\tvolumes,\tand\tdiffusion\ncapacity.\tUsed\tto\tdiagnose\tasthma\tand\tCOPD\tand\tto\tassess\tseverity\tof\tlung\tdisease\tsuch\tas\nILD.\nChest\tRadiograph\t(chest\tx-ray) | [
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0.05252741277217865,
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0.03638051450252533,
0.086... |
ILD.\nChest\tRadiograph\t(chest\tx-ray)\nComputed\tTomography\t(CT)\tScan:\tscans\tcross-section\tof\tchest.\tMore\taccurate\tand\thigher\nsensitivity\tand\tspecificity\tcompared\twith\tchest\tx-ray.\tGreater\tradiation\texposure\tthan\tchest\nx-ray.\nBronchoscopy:\tScope\twith\ta\tcamera\tis\tinserted\tin\tthe\tmouth\... | [
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0.02261907048523426,
0.048775892704725266,
0.046... |
or\tnose\tand\tgoes\tthrough\tthe\nupper\tairways\tand\ttrachea.\tUsed\tfor\tairway\texamination,\tsampling\tfluid\tfor\tinfection\nworkup,\tand\tbiopsies\tto\trule\tout\tmalignancies\tor\tsarcoidosis.\nLung\tBiopsy:\teither\tby\tbronchoscopy\tor\tmore\tinvasive\tapproach\tin\tthe\toperating\troom\tby\nusing\tvideo-ass... | [
0.01664946787059307,
-0.026091162115335464,
0.04241981357336044,
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0.0871097519993782,
0.07018505781888962,
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0.002604295965284109,
0.08143734186887741,
0.033539656549692154,
0.033717941492795944,
0.05933... |
Medical\tnutrition\tmanagement\nAt\tthis\ttime,\n\tthere\tare\tneither\tevidenced-based\tguidelines\tnor\tresearch\tstudies\tspecifically\tfor\npatients\twith\tIPF.\tPatients\twith\tIPF\tcan\thave\tweights\tvarying\tfrom\tbeing\tunderweight\tto\tobese,\tso\nnutrition\tinterventions\tshould\tbe\tdesigned\tto\tdiagnose\t... | [
-0.0008250289829447865,
0.009290731512010098,
0.049748070538043976,
0.025993362069129944,
-0.06715035438537598,
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0.07218047976493835,
0.056076519191265106,
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-0.03124736249446869,
0.057842183858156204,
-0.0025657585356384516,
-0.01739615760743618,
... |
Pulmonary\tcachexia\tsyndrome\tcan\toccur\tsimilar\tto\tthat\tseen\tin\tpersons\twith\tCOPD\tand\tis\tdue\tto\nhypoxemia,\tlow-grade\tinflammation,\n\tand\tcorticosteroid\tuse\t(\nAllen\tet\tal,\t2017\n).\tAs\tshortness\tof\tbreath\nworsens,\toral\tintake\tbegins\tto\tdecline\tso\tthe\tsuggestions\tfor\timproving\tinta... | [
-0.022139590233564377,
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0.04789993539452553,
-0.042627137154340744,
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0.09783985465765,
0.06762702018022537,
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0.007728896103799343,
0.0736885592341423,
0.0040508415549993515,
0.031079428270459175,
0.058117... |
may\tbe\tappropriate\tfor\tpatients\twith\tIPF:\n•\t\nsmall\tfrequent\tmeals\n•\t\nconsumption\tof\tmain\tmeal\twhen\tenergy\tlevel\tis\tat\tits\thighest\n•\t\nadequate\tcalories,\tprotein,\tvitamins,\tand\tminerals\tto\tachieve\tappropriate\tweight\n•\t\nuse\tof\tfoods\n\tthat\tare\teasily\tprepared\t(i.e.,\tmicrowave... | [
0.003005924401804805,
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0.046436697244644165,
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-0.04459504410624504,
0.01828218251466751,
0.12103209644556046,
0.07565833628177643,
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0.0005611815140582621,
0.12566767632961273,
-0.014438452199101448,
0.07147939503192902,
0.032... |
•\t\nuse\tof\tfoods\n\tthat\tare\teasily\tprepared\t(i.e.,\tmicrowave)\n•\t\nuse\tof\tprotein\tand\tcalorie\tdense\tliquid\tnutritional\tsupplements,\thomemade\tor\tpremade,\tif\noral\tintake\tis\tpoor\nSometimes,\tchewing\tbecomes\ttiring\tfor\tpatients\twho\tare\tshort\tof\tbreath.\tChanging\tthe\tdiet\tto | [
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0.04520576819777489,
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0.023835590109229088,
0.10266067087650299,
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0.03576460853219032,
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0.10058360546827316,
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0.04065703973174095,
-0.... |
softer\tfoods\tor\trelying\tmore\ton\tnutritionally\tadequate\tliquid\tsupplements\tto\tensure\tadequate\nnutrition\tmay\tbe\tnecessary\tnutrition\tinterventions.\nTuberculosis\nMycobacterium\ttuberculosis\n,\tthe\tcausative\torganism\tof\t\ntuberculosis\t(TB)\n,\tis\tan\tintracellular | [
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0.031110748648643494,
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0.0392615869641304,
0.06644435971975327,
0.047925274819135666,
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0.06317022442817688,
0.1167445033788681,
-0.0625954121351242,
0.03137977421283722,
0.051045164... |
,\tthe\tcausative\torganism\tof\t\ntuberculosis\t(TB)\n,\tis\tan\tintracellular\nbacterial\tparasite,\thas\ta\tslow\trate\tof\tgrowth,\tis\tan\tobligate\taerobe,\tand\tinduces\ta\tgranulomatous | [
0.01083332858979702,
-0.0256380382925272,
0.027871279045939445,
0.01789005845785141,
-0.048008035868406296,
0.037117499858140945,
0.11057008057832718,
0.005551407113671303,
0.011466472409665585,
0.09341169893741608,
0.12696495652198792,
-0.04120334982872009,
-0.01925356313586235,
0.0458946... |
response\tin\tthe\ttissues\tof\ta\tnormal\thost.\nEven\tthough\tTB\tis\tnot\tas\tcommon\tin\tthe\tUnited\tStates\tas\tin\tsome\tother\tcountries,\tthere\thas\tbeen\ta\nresurgence\tassociated\twith\tHIV\tand\tdrug-resistant\n\tforms\tof\tTB\t(see\t\nChapter\t36\n).\tIn\t2017\tthe\tWHO\nestimated\tapproximately\t10.4\tmi... | [
-0.009285959415137768,
-0.01911269500851631,
0.0324709378182888,
-0.024103932082653046,
-0.06508484482765198,
0.0071640159003436565,
0.055272176861763,
0.01693536713719368,
-0.0233518835157156,
0.053069353103637695,
0.0806524008512497,
-0.057781413197517395,
0.06759806722402573,
0.02713747... |
to\tthe\tWHO,\tmultidrug\tresistant\tTB\taccounted\tfor\tapproximately\t600,000\tcases\tof\tTB\tworldwide.\nPathophysiology\nWhen\tan\tinfectious\tTB\tpatient\tcoughs,\tthe\tcough\tdroplets\tcontain\ttuberculous\tbacilli.\tSmall\tparticles\npenetrate\tdeep\tinto\tthe\tlungs.\tEach\n\tof\tthese\ttiny\tdroplets\tmay\tcar... | [
0.03028148040175438,
-0.0665585920214653,
0.04494994506239891,
-0.031716179102659225,
-0.15198081731796265,
-0.011713669635355473,
0.08358251303434372,
0.025542831048369408,
-0.0029000085778534412,
0.0494302473962307,
0.09623303264379501,
-0.004136045929044485,
0.05380498617887497,
0.05081... |
of\tthese\ttiny\tdroplets\tmay\tcarry\t1\tto\t5\tbacilli,\twhich\tare\tenough\nto\testablish\tinfection.\tThis\tis\tthe\treason\twhy\tcases\tof\tactive\tTB\tmust\tbe\tisolated\tin\tan\tairborne\ninfection\tisolation\troom\t(a\troom\twith\ta\tventilation\tsystem\tthat\tcreates\tnegative\tpressure\tby\tallowing | [
0.016956796869635582,
-0.026475798338651657,
0.08320481330156326,
-0.05188895761966705,
-0.06768989562988281,
0.02168620377779007,
0.08392111212015152,
-0.027340935543179512,
0.027406206354498863,
0.10426420718431473,
0.07380581647157669,
-0.03616722300648689,
0.0430731363594532,
0.0000380... |
air\tto\tenter\tthe\troom\tbut\tnot\tleave\tit).\tThis\tform\tof\tisolation\tshould\tcontinue\tuntil\tpatients\tbecome\nnoninfectious.\tIn\tabout\t5%\tof\tcases,\n\tthe\tinfection\tprogresses\tand\tproduces\tactive\tTB.\tIn\t95%\tof\ncases\twhen\ta\thost\thas\tan\teffective\tcell-mediated\timmune\tresponse,\tthe\tinfec... | [
0.025094209238886833,
-0.0661863461136818,
0.05052712559700012,
-0.0007197266677394509,
-0.057646140456199646,
0.0034076415468007326,
0.14924098551273346,
0.027108004316687584,
-0.005705608520656824,
0.04943817853927612,
0.09903654456138611,
-0.03950735926628113,
0.05303230136632919,
0.057... |
patients\twith\tactive\tTB\tare\tleft\tuntreated,\tthey\tcan\tdie\tas\ta\tresult\tof\tprogression\tand\tcomplications\n(\nHood,\t2013\n).\nAlthough\tthere\tmay\tbe\tminimal\tsymptoms\tand\tthe\tdiagnosis\tis\tsuspected\tbecause\tof\tan\tabnormal\nchest\tradiograph,\tmost\tpatients\n\twith\tpulmonary\tTB\tpresent\twith\... | [
0.018256576731801033,
-0.005941213574260473,
0.03589557856321335,
-0.01467179972678423,
-0.10066918283700943,
0.00006324300920823589,
0.06053170561790466,
0.036726176738739014,
-0.04833480343222618,
-0.029573293402791023,
0.07708948850631714,
0.012528756633400917,
0.029456455260515213,
0.0... |
night\tsweats,\tanorexia,\tand\tweight\tloss.\nMedical\tmanagement\nAn\timportant\tcomponent\tof\tmanagement\tis\tto\tplace\tthese\tpatients\tin\trespiratory\tisolation\tto\tprevent\nspread\tof\tinfection\tuntil\tthe\tsmear\tfor\tsputum\tacid\tfast\tbacillus\t(AFB)\tcomes\tback\tnegative.\tAs\tsoon\nas\tthe\tdiagnosis\... | [
0.014474520459771156,
-0.01706048659980297,
0.04089205339550972,
0.008957677520811558,
-0.07214726507663727,
0.005060937721282244,
0.10988052934408188,
0.01813964918255806,
-0.0640329048037529,
0.012397577986121178,
0.10298763960599899,
-0.03159676492214203,
0.04300334304571152,
0.02383159... |
rifampin,\npyrazinamide,\tand\tethambutol—is\tstarted.\tEach\tdrug\thas\tfood-nutrient\tinteractions\t(see\t\nAppendix\n13\n).\tThese\tmedications\tare\tcontinued\tfor\t2\tmonths,\tand\tthen\tonly\trifampin\tand\tINH\tare\tcontinued\nfor\tan\tadditional\t4\tmonths.\tDuration\tof\ttreatment\tmay\tbe\tlonger\tin\tsome\tp... | [
0.012621195986866951,
-0.06388165801763535,
0.02064233459532261,
0.00007713245577178895,
-0.09476498514413834,
0.00920200627297163,
0.09091551601886749,
0.05010757967829704,
0.007244288455694914,
-0.0029046449344605207,
0.10093407332897186,
0.011034023016691208,
0.021366866305470467,
0.036... |
Medical\tnutrition\ttherapy\nMalnutrition\tis\tcommon\tin\tpatients\twith\tpulmonary\tTB,\tand\tnutritional\tsupplementation\n\tis\tnecessary.\nProtein\tstatus\tcan\tbe\tassessed\tby\tlooking\tat\tblood\tlevels\tof\tacute\tphase\treactants\t(inflammatory\nproteins)\t(see\t\nTable\t5.4\n\tin\t\nChapter\t5\n),\tanthropom... | [
0.013211876153945923,
-0.055006902664899826,
0.036048561334609985,
0.02832808904349804,
-0.08871473371982574,
0.036645594984292984,
0.07165268063545227,
0.0940050557255745,
-0.030509475618600845,
0.02422550693154335,
0.07487856596708298,
0.003960834350436926,
0.03764769062399864,
0.0515282... |
patients\t(\nMiyata\tet\tal,\t2013\n).\nTB\tleads\tto\tor\tworsens\tany\tpreexisting\tcondition\tof\tmalnutrition\tand\tincreases\tcatabolism.\tThe\nWHO\tguidelines\tsuggest\thospitalization\tof\tpatients\twho\tare\n\tseverely\tundernourished\tdue\tto\nincreased\trisk\tof\tdeath.\tDietary\tsupplementation\tis\trecommen... | [
0.0011119031114503741,
0.0012538324808701873,
0.034081727266311646,
-0.020520051941275597,
-0.12255936861038208,
0.012415665201842785,
0.04535669460892677,
0.025420960038900375,
-0.024769103154540062,
-0.010582542978227139,
0.09436143934726715,
-0.0048829312436282635,
0.020796513184905052,
... |
18.5\t(\nBhargava\tet\tal,\t2013\n).\nActive\tTB\tis\tassociated\twith\tweight\tloss,\tcachexia,\tand\tlow\tserum\tconcentration\tof\tleptin.\tThere\tis\na\tsynergistic\tinteraction\tbetween\tmalnutrition\tand\tinfection.\tRecurrent\tinfection\tleads\tto\tworsening\nnutritional\tstatus\tand\tloss\tof\tbody\n\tnitrogen.... | [
0.047607216984033585,
-0.001888474216684699,
0.04215036332607269,
0.0479164682328701,
-0.08665937930345535,
0.012905818410217762,
0.10149412602186203,
0.020038889721035957,
-0.06842675805091858,
0.04429614171385765,
0.1050199493765831,
-0.06449425220489502,
-0.0050002471543848515,
0.005270... |
nitrogen.\tThe\tresulting\tmalnutrition,\tin\tturn,\tcreates\ta\thigher\nsusceptibility\tto\tinfection\t(\nMiyata\tet\tal,\t2013\n).\nIn\tthe\tshort\tterm,\tmalnutrition\tincreases\tthe\trisk\tof\tinfection\tand\tearly\tprogression\tof\tinfection\tto\nproduce\tactive\tTB.\tIn\tthe\tlong\tterm,\tmalnutrition\tincreases\... | [
-0.009685549885034561,
-0.05649532750248909,
0.029385091736912727,
-0.013892107643187046,
-0.048910558223724365,
0.024867217987775803,
0.09063474833965302,
0.023810097947716713,
-0.06504587829113007,
0.07026152312755585,
0.07218705862760544,
-0.07906423509120941,
0.013050575740635395,
0.00... |
Malnutrition\talso\tcan\tlower\tthe\teffectiveness\tof\tthe\tanti-TB\tdrug\tregime,\twhich\n\tpatients\thave\tto\tbe\non\tfor\tseveral\tmonths.\tThe\tefficacy\tof\tBacillus\tCalmette-Guerin\t(BCG)\tvaccine\tcan\talso\tbe\timpaired\nby\tmalnutrition.\nUpon\tcorrection\tof\tnutritional\tdeficiencies,\tmalnutrition-induce... | [
-0.003573366440832615,
-0.018058447167277336,
0.018863262608647346,
0.0473942756652832,
-0.11958394199609756,
0.04797610267996788,
0.04029630869626999,
0.10161680728197098,
-0.04142719507217407,
-0.014288327656686306,
0.06607029587030411,
-0.005285316146910191,
0.04265071079134941,
0.02894... |
can\tbe\treversed\trapidly.\tNutritional\tintervention\tin\tcombination\twith\tappropriate\tmedications\tdoes\nimprove\tthe\toutcome\tof\tmalnourished\tTB\tpatients.\nEnergy\nCurrent\n\tenergy\trecommendations\tare\tthose\tfor\tundernourished\tand\tcatabolic\tpatients,\t35\tto\t40\nkcal/kg\tof\tideal\tbody\tweight.\tFo... | [
0.01396710891276598,
-0.02539680339396,
0.04851651191711426,
-0.005311700981110334,
-0.09140878915786743,
0.0001139238229370676,
0.10332313925027847,
0.07264868170022964,
-0.08799660950899124,
-0.002961280755698681,
0.062369588762521744,
-0.002648779656738043,
0.04733945429325104,
0.064144... |
requirements\tincrease\tby\t20%\tto\t30%\tto\tmaintain\tbody\tweight.\nProtein\nProtein\tis\tvital\tin\tpreventing\tmuscle\twasting,\tand\tan\tintake\tof\t15%\tof\tenergy\tneeds\tor\t1.2\tto\t1.5\tg/kg\nideal\tbody\tweight,\tapproximately\t75\tto\t100\n\tg\tper\tday,\tis\trecommended.\nVitamins\tand\tminerals | [
-0.04592921584844589,
-0.0315767265856266,
0.07162356376647949,
-0.010579296387732029,
-0.06789562851190567,
-0.02903088927268982,
0.11199701577425003,
0.07703344523906708,
-0.15207034349441528,
-0.012927800416946411,
0.06529412418603897,
-0.07462041825056076,
-0.009548899717628956,
0.0515... |
g\tper\tday,\tis\trecommended.\nVitamins\tand\tminerals\nPoor\tnutritional\tintake\tassociated\twith\tTB\twill\tlikely\tpromote\tmicronutrient\tdeficiencies\t(\nKant\tet\tal,\n2015\n).\tProviding\tsupplemental\tzinc,\tvitamin\tD,\tvitamin\tE,\tand\tselenium\twill\tprobably\tincrease\tserum\nlevels\tof\tthese\tnutrients... | [
-0.028750471770763397,
-0.08883271366357803,
0.06483489274978638,
0.01932597905397415,
-0.023956239223480225,
0.024873441085219383,
0.0874689370393753,
0.06959493458271027,
-0.04690493270754814,
0.033959973603487015,
0.11011821776628494,
-0.04522721841931343,
0.0152010228484869,
0.02448378... |
Grobler\net\tal,\t2016\n).\tSupplementing\tthese\tnutrients\n\tabove\tthe\trecommended\tdaily\tamounts\tseems\tto\tbe\nunnecessary\tdue\tto\tthe\tunreliable\tevidence\t(\nGrobler\tet\tal,\t2016\n).\nIsoniazid\tis\tan\tantagonist\tof\tvitamin\tB\n6\n\t(pyridoxine)\tand\tis\tfrequently\tused\tin\tTB\ttreatment.\tIt\tmay | [
-0.019885485991835594,
-0.0479976162314415,
0.029758814722299576,
-0.02129311114549637,
-0.0764014795422554,
0.03907893970608711,
0.11771900206804276,
0.019545001909136772,
0.0011220473097637296,
0.04400341585278511,
0.10381331294775009,
-0.031549252569675446,
-0.02771962620317936,
0.02573... |
6\n\t(pyridoxine)\tand\tis\tfrequently\tused\tin\tTB\ttreatment.\tIt\tmay\ncause\trare\tinstances\tof\tperipheral\tneuropathy\tresulting\tfrom\tthe\tnutritional\tdepletion\tof\tvitamin\tB\n6\n.\nA\tstandard\tprocedure\tis\tto\tsupplement\tadults\twith\t25\tmg\tof\tvitamin\tB\n6\n\tper\tday\n\tto\tovercome\tthis\ndrug-n... | [
-0.02084340900182724,
-0.10650777071714401,
0.027261091396212578,
-0.005503488704562187,
-0.05494367703795433,
0.06111741438508034,
0.0834079384803772,
0.07798303663730621,
-0.03817939758300781,
0.05111456662416458,
0.08666609227657318,
-0.025585919618606567,
0.0030405153520405293,
0.04413... |
6\n\tper\tday\n\tto\tovercome\tthis\ndrug-nutrient\tinteraction.\tVitamin\tB\n6\n\tsupplementation\twill\tbe\tneeded\tfor\texclusively\tbreastfed\ninfants,\tmalnourished\tchildren,\tand\tHIV-infected\tchildren\tand\tadolescents\t(\nRodà\tet\tal,\t2016\n).\nResearch\tindicates\tsome\thealthy\tchildren\tcould\tdevelop\tm... | [
-0.05035805702209473,
-0.05530689284205437,
0.026255734264850616,
-0.054296668618917465,
0.008138934150338173,
0.04092012345790863,
0.07939386367797852,
0.07302109897136688,
-0.01718886010348797,
0.0763062983751297,
0.11412504315376282,
-0.025894934311509132,
0.04963723570108414,
0.0486868... |
Studies\thave\tdocumented\tan\tincreased\tprevalence\tof\tanemia\tin\tTB\tpatients,\n\twhich\tis\tassociated\nwith\tincreased\trisk\tof\tdeath.\tTo\tguide\tclinical\tdecision\tmaking\tand\tprovide\ttreatment\nrecommendations,\tfactors\tthat\tcontribute\tto\tthe\tTB-associated\tanemia\thave\tto\tbe\tdetermined. | [
0.02602270431816578,
-0.007395223714411259,
0.025435348972678185,
0.024262933060526848,
-0.06969643384218216,
0.01780574955046177,
0.07555560022592545,
0.0740717425942421,
-0.013037655502557755,
0.040826261043548584,
0.059534791857004166,
-0.029741985723376274,
-0.038143619894981384,
0.040... |
Although\tother\tcauses\tdo\tcoexist,\tiron\tdeficiency\tanemia\tis\tthe\tmost\timportant\tcontributor\tin\tthe\ndevelopment\tof\tanemia\tin\tTB\tpatients\t(\nIsanaka\tet\tal,\t2012\n).\nIron\tis\tan\tessential\tmicronutrient\tnot\n\tonly\tfor\thumans\tbut\talso\tfor\tbacteria\tsuch\tas\t\nM.\ttuberculosis\n;\nTB\tis\t... | [
-0.024687042459845543,
-0.012000370770692825,
0.02516063302755356,
-0.0338820144534111,
-0.102471724152565,
0.021897602826356888,
0.06099475547671318,
0.043365418910980225,
-0.009478890337049961,
0.057461172342300415,
0.1250481903553009,
-0.02406509779393673,
0.01284553948789835,
0.0621276... |
;\nTB\tis\tdependent\ton\tthe\thost’s\tiron\tsupply\t(\nCarver,\t2018\n).\tProviding\tiron\teither\tas\ta\tsupplement\tor\nblood\ttransfusion\tcould\tincrease\trisk\tof\tinfection\tbut\tat\tthis\ttime\tthis\tis\tcontroversial\t(\nCarver,\t2018\n).\nThe\tuse\tof\tiron\ttherapy\tis\tnot\tuniversally\trecommended.\tHoweve... | [
-0.01498411875218153,
-0.023383792489767075,
0.04620055854320526,
-0.08001836389303207,
-0.14774678647518158,
0.00986422784626484,
0.02560698613524437,
-0.009594363160431385,
0.00818641111254692,
0.07901236414909363,
0.10830347239971161,
-0.03174745664000511,
0.07855004817247391,
0.0110453... |
deficiency,\tiron\ttherapy\tis\tthen\tinitiated\n\t(see\t\nChapter\t31\n\tfor\tmanagement\tof\tiron\tdeficiency\tanemia).\nLung\tcancer\nLung\tcancer\tremains\tthe\tleading\tcause\tof\tcancer\tdeaths\tfor\tmales\tand\tfemales\tin\tthe\tUnited\tStates.\nIn\t2012\t1.8\tmillion\tpatients\tworldwide\twere\tdiagnosed\twith\... | [
-0.0042862617410719395,
-0.0318622961640358,
0.016790399327874184,
-0.006010803394019604,
-0.08244436234235764,
-0.035062287002801895,
0.04728559032082558,
0.10387248545885086,
-0.041301313787698746,
0.003413929371163249,
0.07291005551815033,
-0.006989709101617336,
0.006807616446167231,
0.... |
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