text string | id string | dump string | url string | file_path string | language string | language_score float64 | token_count int64 | score float64 | int_score int64 | embedding list | count int64 | Content string | Tokens int64 | Top_Lang string | Top_Conf float64 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
World History Biography: Queen Elizabeth I and the “Era of the Golden Rule”
The Golden Age is an era backdating to over four centuries ago when Queen Elizabeth I ruled England which was an economic powerhouse across Europe. She is among the most admired rulers in history as she was a legend during her lifetime. Queen Elizabeth, I was not only popular due to her authority but also due to her selfless dedication to serving. As a Queen, she won battles and influenced the cultural values of her people. The Queen made tremendous achievements through diligent leadership. Nonetheless, the Queen was simply known for her status and there is very little information on her as a woman and she is an enigma in society. This biography recalls the significant leadership roles that the Queen played in what is referred to as the Elizabethan England as a zenith of cultures that stand to define the English rule.
Elizabeth was born to Anne Boleyn, the second wife to King Henry VIII back on September 7, 1533. She was born in Greenwich Palace; but ironically, the birth of Elizabeth was a disaster to the king as he was expecting a son to inherit his throne. Elizabeth was born after the birth of Mary whose mother Katherine was the first wife of King Henry VIII. Her birth was a disappointment to the father because King Henry VIII married the second wife without divorcing Katherine of Aragon. In addition, the king was forced to change his religion only to have a daughter with his second wife. Anne Boleyn’s failure to give birth to a son led to her execution on the false pretense of incest and adultery back almost three years after the birth of Elizabeth. King Henry VIII’s marriage to Anne was ended and this marked the beginning of woes for Elizabeth and her sister Mary. They were both declared illegitimate to succeed the king. The execution of Elizabeth’s mother was too painful to bear. The birth of Elizabeth and the subsequent divorce of her mother showed that in the olden days the girl child was less importance in succession (Doernberg, 1961, p. 81). The boy child was a symbol of succession and authority and this explains that the king had to remarry several other wives in search of a son.
Getting a son was the most treasured thing in society especially for a king. It was considered important in the succession as less significance was attributed to the giving birth to daughters. A son was considered an automatic heir of the throne after the death of a king. The importance of male heir led to the other cultural practices in the old English society. It encouraged polygamy among men. Men could marry and remarry when their wives did not give birth to sons. Moreover, in the process, women were mistreated and seen as less significant. They faced potential execution like the case for Anne Boleyn with King Henry the VIII.
Anne Boleyn is considered among the most famous queens in the history of England amid her short-lived period in the throne that only lasted for three years. She was the daughter of a knight and the Duke of Norfolk was her uncle. The charming and tender nature of Anne that even attracted King Henry was molded in France where she spent time as an adolescent. Her return to England following the tension between France and England was a culmination of the formation of a witty, stylish and charming young woman. She entered the service of Katherine of Aragon and this is where she caught the eyes of the King. Her tragic end as a queen is attributed to failure to give birth to a son, which the King cherished as a part of the succession. She gave birth to a daughter who would defy the odds to become the greatest Queen of England (Ives, 2008).
For the most part of her life, King Henry VIII had made her illegitimate in the succession rule of the day. However, before the King’s death, the daughters had been reinstated and were eligible to take over in the succession line. In the succession, Elizabeth was to follow Edward and Mary. With Edward as the King, Elizabeth was now the second in the line of succession. Elizabeth found herself in a tight corner following her Uncle’s attempt to marry her without the consent of the King. She managed to convince her interrogators that she was innocent.
Edwards also passed on after long illness in 1553, Mary took over the throne, and she was not a so popular monarch. Her rule witnessed religious battles as she preferred the Catholic religion. The Protestants were oppressed during Queen Mary’s throne. According to Pumfrey (2012) “Leonard Digges and Rowland Dee, were prominent Protestants who were arrested and had their estates confiscated under Mary” (p. 450). The reign of Mary has built relationships between England and Spain as Mary’s husband, Philip intervened on freeing Elizabeth who was imprisoned for a conspiracy to outs Queen Mary. This intervention would be critical as Elizabeth’s health deteriorated at a time when she was next in succession; hence, it can be argued that Philip played an important role in the life of Elizabeth and the rule of Queen Elizabeth I.
On January 15, 1559, Elizabeth has crowned the Queen and it only took a month before she rebuilt the Protestant Church of England. She also brought back the debased coinage. The Queen was weary of the society’s perception of a woman’s rule and due to this, she made herself the Supreme Governor of the Church of England.
In Elizabethan England, the waves of anti-Catholic sentiments were once again rife. This is after Queen Mary restored the mainstream religion to Catholic. Queen Elizabeth was following in the footsteps of her father King Henry VIII who was an ardent Protestant. According to Scott (2008), religious matters and social mobility were as important as “They were issues that affected politics, religion, and society,” (p. 5). The Queen had to put strategic measures that favored Protestants; though this was done indirectly. She used Marlowe as an agent of spreading anti-Catholic sentiments. Restoring Catholic as mainstream religion would imply that the throne of the Queen was under papacy authority. Religion and politics now took a social perspective as the English people in a Catholic country would bear the tax burden imposed by local cardinals.
Queen Elizabeth remained non-committal to the many marriage proposals that she received when she was at the throne (The British Monarchy, 2008-2009). The decision to remain single was another leadership tool she used in her favor. Her decision was based on the experience she had as her own mother was executed for failure to sire a male heir. Her country benefited from her single state as she could negotiate political deals using marriage as bait to either draw enemies or scare them away by suggesting she would marry their foes. Of all her suitors, the most serious one was Robert Dudley whom she knew in her while in prison in the Tower of London. They were both in the same prison. Even though Dudley expressed genuine love for the Queen and political implications made it impossible. The created Earl of Leicester was the son of Northumberland. Moreover, there were allegations that he murdered his wife so that he could marry the Queen. The Queen’s personal preference and the complicated relationships meant that succession was an unsettled issue. Just as she never wanted her religious preferences to be discussed, the Queen tried so hard to suppress any discussions on succession regardless of the people’s call for someone to take over in case she died. Regardless of the Queen’s desire not to let her affairs and marriage be discussed, the public was right to be worried about their future. The Queen should have just given up and clarified the matter to the subjects.
The reign of Queen Elizabeth I symbolizes an era of significant roles played by female patrons and brokers. In the late 1500s, a significant number of natural philosophers faced exclusion from institutions of learning on grounds of marriage or religion. Harkness (1997) observes that “work moved into the household and into domestic and female sphere” in the analysis of gender relations,” (Pumfrey, 2012, p. 450). Women were patrons and the Queen too was a very influential patron of John Dee, the greatest Chemistry scholar. This helped Dee to lure more women and this, later on, played to be important gender roles. The elites in England now accepted women’s rule at the national level and at in the judicial system. The church leaders, noblemen, and courtiers were male-dominated but the women took over the operation of patronage. Elizabeth’s influence led to the rising number of female patronages as she devolved more females than during the King’s reign. Women had the right of entry into the monarch and according to Pumfrey (2012), “The gentlemen of the bedchambers were now the gentlewomen, and ladies-in-waiting became an important route to the Queen’s attention,” (p. 451).
Plays were a very significant form of entertainment in Elizabethan England. During her rule, plays were partially legal as most people preferred going to the theatres for entertainment. Entertainers played a crucial role during the epidemics; for instance, when London was ravaged with diseases, it was the responsibility of actors to traverse the countryside and entertain the farmers. Songs and dances were popular as people got into the pubs for sing-alongs. Reading as a culture was in the society is evidenced by the Queen’s own life and fellow countrymen. The well-educated people could read their preferred literature in more than one language. While the upper class loved the tournament of fencing, the bear-baiting was loved by everybody as a form of entertainment and it is considered the Queen’s best pastime event. The gentility was expected to offer hospitality, and to entertain the royal family when the Queen made a progress through the country (Scott, 2008, p. 5). This went on despite the expensive nature of the events and the expected lifestyle of the gentry as they had to use very expensive dressing. The gentility was not only under social pressure to have a lavish lifestyle but also succumbed to the Queen’s political undertones, something that led to the surging number of the gentry in the House of Commons (Scott, 2008, p. 5).
The education in the Elizabethan Inns of Court was never influenced by the external aspects like the availability of reading materials. Moots and readings were the conventional form of legal education, which according to Raffield (2010), “J. H. Baker has noted that the readings themselves contributed to the corpus of English law, particularly in relation to criminal jurisdiction,” (p. 258). Knowledge acquisition in common law was significant during the reign of Queen Elizabeth and it took the form of moots and readings. This is an indication that the Inns had incorporated the principles of the Aristotelian commonwealth to which the polis was founded on the basis of friendship. Moreover, the cultural tenets in the Inns were an extension of the whole sector of education that was intricately bonded with rites of hall dining (Raffield, 2010, p. 258). The legal profession was approved; in the Inns, there was a training to create technocrats and rhetoricians in favor of philosophers or humanists. In the last moments of the Queen’s reign, the sacerdotal purpose of the lawyer had been conquered by the imperatives of a fully regimented legal profession. This made the lawyers not to be perceived as prophetic and divine beings but as legal technocrats with ordinary rhetoric skills. The era of Queen Elizabeth I had a significant impact on the cultural perception of legal education given the peculiarities of English law and custom in the Elizabethan and early Jacobean ages (Gurnham, 2010, p. 441).
The Queen’s rule transformed England from an impoverished nation into one big prosperous nation (Briscoe, 2011). She won significant battles in Europe, for example, the war with Spain under King Phillip that started from religious differences. The defeat of Spain made its popularity to reach its zenith. She showed that women could not just rule but rule with dedication and live up to the political conundrums of the day. She made a name for England as it became one of the most successful and powerful countries across Europe and the entire world. Queen Elizabeth died at Richmond Palace on 24 March 1603. The “Era of the Golden Rule” was indeed the story of a successful period when Queen Elizabeth I was at the throne. The Queen was an enigma to be emulated in the modern world. | <urn:uuid:238ec0c3-ca9a-403d-9a1e-1b430274c6df> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://supreme-thesis.com/essays/world-history-biography-queen-elizabeth-i-and-the-era-of-the-golden-rule/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251672537.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125131641-20200125160641-00551.warc.gz | en | 0.986214 | 2,589 | 3.8125 | 4 | [
0.10195732861757278,
0.5452328324317932,
0.7568665146827698,
-0.02804788202047348,
-0.18519172072410583,
0.23148658871650696,
0.2764425277709961,
-0.06790982186794281,
0.06019597128033638,
0.2606959640979767,
-0.1559339314699173,
-0.18655413389205933,
0.2472238838672638,
0.3051928877830505... | 2 | World History Biography: Queen Elizabeth I and the “Era of the Golden Rule”
The Golden Age is an era backdating to over four centuries ago when Queen Elizabeth I ruled England which was an economic powerhouse across Europe. She is among the most admired rulers in history as she was a legend during her lifetime. Queen Elizabeth, I was not only popular due to her authority but also due to her selfless dedication to serving. As a Queen, she won battles and influenced the cultural values of her people. The Queen made tremendous achievements through diligent leadership. Nonetheless, the Queen was simply known for her status and there is very little information on her as a woman and she is an enigma in society. This biography recalls the significant leadership roles that the Queen played in what is referred to as the Elizabethan England as a zenith of cultures that stand to define the English rule.
Elizabeth was born to Anne Boleyn, the second wife to King Henry VIII back on September 7, 1533. She was born in Greenwich Palace; but ironically, the birth of Elizabeth was a disaster to the king as he was expecting a son to inherit his throne. Elizabeth was born after the birth of Mary whose mother Katherine was the first wife of King Henry VIII. Her birth was a disappointment to the father because King Henry VIII married the second wife without divorcing Katherine of Aragon. In addition, the king was forced to change his religion only to have a daughter with his second wife. Anne Boleyn’s failure to give birth to a son led to her execution on the false pretense of incest and adultery back almost three years after the birth of Elizabeth. King Henry VIII’s marriage to Anne was ended and this marked the beginning of woes for Elizabeth and her sister Mary. They were both declared illegitimate to succeed the king. The execution of Elizabeth’s mother was too painful to bear. The birth of Elizabeth and the subsequent divorce of her mother showed that in the olden days the girl child was less importance in succession (Doernberg, 1961, p. 81). The boy child was a symbol of succession and authority and this explains that the king had to remarry several other wives in search of a son.
Getting a son was the most treasured thing in society especially for a king. It was considered important in the succession as less significance was attributed to the giving birth to daughters. A son was considered an automatic heir of the throne after the death of a king. The importance of male heir led to the other cultural practices in the old English society. It encouraged polygamy among men. Men could marry and remarry when their wives did not give birth to sons. Moreover, in the process, women were mistreated and seen as less significant. They faced potential execution like the case for Anne Boleyn with King Henry the VIII.
Anne Boleyn is considered among the most famous queens in the history of England amid her short-lived period in the throne that only lasted for three years. She was the daughter of a knight and the Duke of Norfolk was her uncle. The charming and tender nature of Anne that even attracted King Henry was molded in France where she spent time as an adolescent. Her return to England following the tension between France and England was a culmination of the formation of a witty, stylish and charming young woman. She entered the service of Katherine of Aragon and this is where she caught the eyes of the King. Her tragic end as a queen is attributed to failure to give birth to a son, which the King cherished as a part of the succession. She gave birth to a daughter who would defy the odds to become the greatest Queen of England (Ives, 2008).
For the most part of her life, King Henry VIII had made her illegitimate in the succession rule of the day. However, before the King’s death, the daughters had been reinstated and were eligible to take over in the succession line. In the succession, Elizabeth was to follow Edward and Mary. With Edward as the King, Elizabeth was now the second in the line of succession. Elizabeth found herself in a tight corner following her Uncle’s attempt to marry her without the consent of the King. She managed to convince her interrogators that she was innocent.
Edwards also passed on after long illness in 1553, Mary took over the throne, and she was not a so popular monarch. Her rule witnessed religious battles as she preferred the Catholic religion. The Protestants were oppressed during Queen Mary’s throne. According to Pumfrey (2012) “Leonard Digges and Rowland Dee, were prominent Protestants who were arrested and had their estates confiscated under Mary” (p. 450). The reign of Mary has built relationships between England and Spain as Mary’s husband, Philip intervened on freeing Elizabeth who was imprisoned for a conspiracy to outs Queen Mary. This intervention would be critical as Elizabeth’s health deteriorated at a time when she was next in succession; hence, it can be argued that Philip played an important role in the life of Elizabeth and the rule of Queen Elizabeth I.
On January 15, 1559, Elizabeth has crowned the Queen and it only took a month before she rebuilt the Protestant Church of England. She also brought back the debased coinage. The Queen was weary of the society’s perception of a woman’s rule and due to this, she made herself the Supreme Governor of the Church of England.
In Elizabethan England, the waves of anti-Catholic sentiments were once again rife. This is after Queen Mary restored the mainstream religion to Catholic. Queen Elizabeth was following in the footsteps of her father King Henry VIII who was an ardent Protestant. According to Scott (2008), religious matters and social mobility were as important as “They were issues that affected politics, religion, and society,” (p. 5). The Queen had to put strategic measures that favored Protestants; though this was done indirectly. She used Marlowe as an agent of spreading anti-Catholic sentiments. Restoring Catholic as mainstream religion would imply that the throne of the Queen was under papacy authority. Religion and politics now took a social perspective as the English people in a Catholic country would bear the tax burden imposed by local cardinals.
Queen Elizabeth remained non-committal to the many marriage proposals that she received when she was at the throne (The British Monarchy, 2008-2009). The decision to remain single was another leadership tool she used in her favor. Her decision was based on the experience she had as her own mother was executed for failure to sire a male heir. Her country benefited from her single state as she could negotiate political deals using marriage as bait to either draw enemies or scare them away by suggesting she would marry their foes. Of all her suitors, the most serious one was Robert Dudley whom she knew in her while in prison in the Tower of London. They were both in the same prison. Even though Dudley expressed genuine love for the Queen and political implications made it impossible. The created Earl of Leicester was the son of Northumberland. Moreover, there were allegations that he murdered his wife so that he could marry the Queen. The Queen’s personal preference and the complicated relationships meant that succession was an unsettled issue. Just as she never wanted her religious preferences to be discussed, the Queen tried so hard to suppress any discussions on succession regardless of the people’s call for someone to take over in case she died. Regardless of the Queen’s desire not to let her affairs and marriage be discussed, the public was right to be worried about their future. The Queen should have just given up and clarified the matter to the subjects.
The reign of Queen Elizabeth I symbolizes an era of significant roles played by female patrons and brokers. In the late 1500s, a significant number of natural philosophers faced exclusion from institutions of learning on grounds of marriage or religion. Harkness (1997) observes that “work moved into the household and into domestic and female sphere” in the analysis of gender relations,” (Pumfrey, 2012, p. 450). Women were patrons and the Queen too was a very influential patron of John Dee, the greatest Chemistry scholar. This helped Dee to lure more women and this, later on, played to be important gender roles. The elites in England now accepted women’s rule at the national level and at in the judicial system. The church leaders, noblemen, and courtiers were male-dominated but the women took over the operation of patronage. Elizabeth’s influence led to the rising number of female patronages as she devolved more females than during the King’s reign. Women had the right of entry into the monarch and according to Pumfrey (2012), “The gentlemen of the bedchambers were now the gentlewomen, and ladies-in-waiting became an important route to the Queen’s attention,” (p. 451).
Plays were a very significant form of entertainment in Elizabethan England. During her rule, plays were partially legal as most people preferred going to the theatres for entertainment. Entertainers played a crucial role during the epidemics; for instance, when London was ravaged with diseases, it was the responsibility of actors to traverse the countryside and entertain the farmers. Songs and dances were popular as people got into the pubs for sing-alongs. Reading as a culture was in the society is evidenced by the Queen’s own life and fellow countrymen. The well-educated people could read their preferred literature in more than one language. While the upper class loved the tournament of fencing, the bear-baiting was loved by everybody as a form of entertainment and it is considered the Queen’s best pastime event. The gentility was expected to offer hospitality, and to entertain the royal family when the Queen made a progress through the country (Scott, 2008, p. 5). This went on despite the expensive nature of the events and the expected lifestyle of the gentry as they had to use very expensive dressing. The gentility was not only under social pressure to have a lavish lifestyle but also succumbed to the Queen’s political undertones, something that led to the surging number of the gentry in the House of Commons (Scott, 2008, p. 5).
The education in the Elizabethan Inns of Court was never influenced by the external aspects like the availability of reading materials. Moots and readings were the conventional form of legal education, which according to Raffield (2010), “J. H. Baker has noted that the readings themselves contributed to the corpus of English law, particularly in relation to criminal jurisdiction,” (p. 258). Knowledge acquisition in common law was significant during the reign of Queen Elizabeth and it took the form of moots and readings. This is an indication that the Inns had incorporated the principles of the Aristotelian commonwealth to which the polis was founded on the basis of friendship. Moreover, the cultural tenets in the Inns were an extension of the whole sector of education that was intricately bonded with rites of hall dining (Raffield, 2010, p. 258). The legal profession was approved; in the Inns, there was a training to create technocrats and rhetoricians in favor of philosophers or humanists. In the last moments of the Queen’s reign, the sacerdotal purpose of the lawyer had been conquered by the imperatives of a fully regimented legal profession. This made the lawyers not to be perceived as prophetic and divine beings but as legal technocrats with ordinary rhetoric skills. The era of Queen Elizabeth I had a significant impact on the cultural perception of legal education given the peculiarities of English law and custom in the Elizabethan and early Jacobean ages (Gurnham, 2010, p. 441).
The Queen’s rule transformed England from an impoverished nation into one big prosperous nation (Briscoe, 2011). She won significant battles in Europe, for example, the war with Spain under King Phillip that started from religious differences. The defeat of Spain made its popularity to reach its zenith. She showed that women could not just rule but rule with dedication and live up to the political conundrums of the day. She made a name for England as it became one of the most successful and powerful countries across Europe and the entire world. Queen Elizabeth died at Richmond Palace on 24 March 1603. The “Era of the Golden Rule” was indeed the story of a successful period when Queen Elizabeth I was at the throne. The Queen was an enigma to be emulated in the modern world. | 2,616 | ENGLISH | 1 |
8 March 2015
Born in 1835, in the small coastal town of Dunfermline Scotland, Andrew Carnegie would later become one of the richest men on earth. If alive today, his fortune would be worth an estimated value of $309 billion dollars. Andrew was not born into wealth as one might guess. He was the son of a small business owner, who like many other small business owners, was forced to close their doors because of the rapid industrialization of the textile trade. After his father closed up shop, his family decided to immigrate to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Although Carnegie grew up in poverty, he was very interested in learning and he worked very hard. He frequented the library as often as he could but libraries often cost money, something that he had little of. He was once heard saying, “I began to learn what poverty meant.” Fortunately for Carnegie, there was a generous, very rich man named Colonel James Anderson, who allowed local kids to attend his library for free. Carnegie would never forget this man’s generosity. After his family immigration to Pittsburgh, Carnegie held many jobs. The most influential job, which would ultimately shape his future, would be his job at The Pennsylvania Railroad Company. A man named Thomas A. Scott, took Carnegie under his wing, and introduced him to the Steel business. After years of learning, combined with his strong desire for wealth, Carnegie used his abilities along with the Bessemer process to fulfill his career. The Bessemer process, named after its’ developer, Henry Bessemer, was the process of making steel from iron ore. Due to this incredible development, Carnegie’s business was underway! Carnegie was responsible for producing nearly all steel that was manufactured. He did this by using vertical and horizontal integration which created a monopoly. He was now on top of the world, as the richest man, with an enormous business. Carnegie was concerned about the environment he was raised in, and also with other causes. So, in 1901, at the age of 66, he retired in order to pursue his philanthropist interests. Imagine being the richest man on earth, but then giving nearly all your money away. Carnegie was dedicated to making the world a better place using his wealth. He believed in the “Gospel of Wealth,” which meant that wealthy people were morally obligated to give their money back to others in society. Carnegie founded the Carnegie Institution to fund scientific research. He had also established the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, which houses the World Court, in the Netherlands. Carnegie also supported education by giving money to towns to build more than 2,000 public libraries (he never forgot Colonel James Anderson’s generosity). By 1922, Carnegie had given away ninety percent of his wealth. Carnegie’s childhood played a huge part in shaping his morals and philosophies. Being raised in a poverty stricken society, he knew what it felt like to be needy. He also knew what it was like to be given a chance because of someone’s generosity. Because of this, Carnegie was determined to be wealthy and then give back to the society. Carnegie was the richest man in the world and because of his overwhelming generosity, he became one of the most caring, charitable philanthropists of all time!
Samuel Gompers Samuel Gompers was born in London, England in 1850. He was born into a very poor family. They were not even considered middle class. His father was a cigar maker, a trade that paid very low wages. He grew up in a family of seven who lived in a one room apartment. In order to contribute to the family’s yearly income, at age 10, Samuel had to discontinue his education and go to work to help support his family. The economy in the 1860’s was very poor, and thus the Gompers family had chosen to immigrate to America, and settle in New York City. Gompers’ family had to borrow money just to get on the… | <urn:uuid:1d7b2ee4-1188-4bc8-8049-b0036c74ea3c> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.majortests.com/essay/Carnegie-Gompers-589967.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250592636.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118135205-20200118163205-00445.warc.gz | en | 0.992949 | 816 | 3.84375 | 4 | [
-0.11137999594211578,
0.3785248398780823,
0.0318295881152153,
-0.09746399521827698,
0.15293778479099274,
-0.2621172368526459,
0.46669089794158936,
0.26900312304496765,
-0.2195500135421753,
0.2139521837234497,
0.09946584701538086,
-0.13026008009910583,
0.3498679995536804,
0.0728970542550087... | 1 | 8 March 2015
Born in 1835, in the small coastal town of Dunfermline Scotland, Andrew Carnegie would later become one of the richest men on earth. If alive today, his fortune would be worth an estimated value of $309 billion dollars. Andrew was not born into wealth as one might guess. He was the son of a small business owner, who like many other small business owners, was forced to close their doors because of the rapid industrialization of the textile trade. After his father closed up shop, his family decided to immigrate to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Although Carnegie grew up in poverty, he was very interested in learning and he worked very hard. He frequented the library as often as he could but libraries often cost money, something that he had little of. He was once heard saying, “I began to learn what poverty meant.” Fortunately for Carnegie, there was a generous, very rich man named Colonel James Anderson, who allowed local kids to attend his library for free. Carnegie would never forget this man’s generosity. After his family immigration to Pittsburgh, Carnegie held many jobs. The most influential job, which would ultimately shape his future, would be his job at The Pennsylvania Railroad Company. A man named Thomas A. Scott, took Carnegie under his wing, and introduced him to the Steel business. After years of learning, combined with his strong desire for wealth, Carnegie used his abilities along with the Bessemer process to fulfill his career. The Bessemer process, named after its’ developer, Henry Bessemer, was the process of making steel from iron ore. Due to this incredible development, Carnegie’s business was underway! Carnegie was responsible for producing nearly all steel that was manufactured. He did this by using vertical and horizontal integration which created a monopoly. He was now on top of the world, as the richest man, with an enormous business. Carnegie was concerned about the environment he was raised in, and also with other causes. So, in 1901, at the age of 66, he retired in order to pursue his philanthropist interests. Imagine being the richest man on earth, but then giving nearly all your money away. Carnegie was dedicated to making the world a better place using his wealth. He believed in the “Gospel of Wealth,” which meant that wealthy people were morally obligated to give their money back to others in society. Carnegie founded the Carnegie Institution to fund scientific research. He had also established the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, which houses the World Court, in the Netherlands. Carnegie also supported education by giving money to towns to build more than 2,000 public libraries (he never forgot Colonel James Anderson’s generosity). By 1922, Carnegie had given away ninety percent of his wealth. Carnegie’s childhood played a huge part in shaping his morals and philosophies. Being raised in a poverty stricken society, he knew what it felt like to be needy. He also knew what it was like to be given a chance because of someone’s generosity. Because of this, Carnegie was determined to be wealthy and then give back to the society. Carnegie was the richest man in the world and because of his overwhelming generosity, he became one of the most caring, charitable philanthropists of all time!
Samuel Gompers Samuel Gompers was born in London, England in 1850. He was born into a very poor family. They were not even considered middle class. His father was a cigar maker, a trade that paid very low wages. He grew up in a family of seven who lived in a one room apartment. In order to contribute to the family’s yearly income, at age 10, Samuel had to discontinue his education and go to work to help support his family. The economy in the 1860’s was very poor, and thus the Gompers family had chosen to immigrate to America, and settle in New York City. Gompers’ family had to borrow money just to get on the… | 829 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Who was William Isaac Thomas and what was he known for?
William Thomas is best known for the Thomas Theorem, which is a sociological theory about what is and is not real. Thomas’s theorem holds that situations can have real consequences whenever people define them as real. His theorem helps to explain why some things happen even when they objectively should not happen.
For example, let us look at the fears among many conservative Americans that the government will take away all of their firearms. This fear is, by most objective standards, unreasonable. However, they still believe in it and act on it in real ways, because they believe that it is true. These people have believed for some time that President Obama is not a true American and wants to erode their freedoms. They now believe that one way he wants to do that is by depriving them of their guns. Because they believe these things, they take actions such as buying more guns and stridently (verbally) attacking the government.
The Thomas Theorem helps to explain such things. It says that people will act on situations that they think are real. When this happens, things that are objectively false can have consequences that are as real as they would be if they were true.
check Approved by eNotes Editorial | <urn:uuid:6545cb93-c292-4a0a-b8a9-39a5096a8b72> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.enotes.com/homework-help/who-was-william-isaac-thomas-what-was-he-known-422419 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250613416.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123191130-20200123220130-00467.warc.gz | en | 0.987978 | 259 | 3.90625 | 4 | [
-0.16597075760364532,
0.12168541550636292,
0.03477766364812851,
-0.06594652682542801,
-0.13215386867523193,
-0.15340480208396912,
0.9814138412475586,
0.0873444527387619,
-0.21187736093997955,
0.034265026450157166,
0.30535972118377686,
0.023961292579770088,
-0.16753745079040527,
0.202226400... | 1 | Who was William Isaac Thomas and what was he known for?
William Thomas is best known for the Thomas Theorem, which is a sociological theory about what is and is not real. Thomas’s theorem holds that situations can have real consequences whenever people define them as real. His theorem helps to explain why some things happen even when they objectively should not happen.
For example, let us look at the fears among many conservative Americans that the government will take away all of their firearms. This fear is, by most objective standards, unreasonable. However, they still believe in it and act on it in real ways, because they believe that it is true. These people have believed for some time that President Obama is not a true American and wants to erode their freedoms. They now believe that one way he wants to do that is by depriving them of their guns. Because they believe these things, they take actions such as buying more guns and stridently (verbally) attacking the government.
The Thomas Theorem helps to explain such things. It says that people will act on situations that they think are real. When this happens, things that are objectively false can have consequences that are as real as they would be if they were true.
check Approved by eNotes Editorial | 253 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Description of Upsilon Cross
The Upsilon Cross is derived from the Greek letter Y. Some also refer to this as the Thieves Cross in reference to the two thieves that were crucified on either side of Jesus. Many paintings depict a cross of this type when showing the crucifixion of Jesus. The Upsilon Cross is also seen as a representation of the trinity – the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost.
General Christianity description
Christianity has consistently remained one of the largest religions in the world. Christianity is steeped in history and rich symbology. Followers have used Christian symbols for a variety of reasons. These symbols have been used over time to express identity and beliefs. For over two thousand years, Christians have used a variety of symbols as an expression of their beliefs, their religious identity and to recognize the sacrifices made over the centuries for their religion. Symbols were commonly used to identify other Christians, especially in times when Christianity was banned and to subtly express their own beliefs without drawing too much scrutiny to themselves. The early community had a special reliance on holy iconography as a symbolic way of representing Christian ideas and stories in the artwork that was produced during these eras. Though the most common and widely recognized symbol is the cross, there are many other symbols that hold importance in the religion. These symbols can be found carved on ancient tombs, hidden in medieval art and a variety of other places. These symbols have their roots in pre-Christian times and were adapted and modified for use in Christianity. In early times, the symbolism of Christianity was mainly seen as learning for initiates only. Once Christianity was legalized in the 4th century, symbols become more common in their use even today. | <urn:uuid:d52e86a1-c4f1-450c-a34d-1cf2ef54faf2> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://symbolikon.com/downloads/upsilon-cross-christianity/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251690095.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126165718-20200126195718-00435.warc.gz | en | 0.980056 | 343 | 3.734375 | 4 | [
-0.14755640923976898,
0.2247442603111267,
0.2151547521352768,
-0.12606675922870636,
-0.28907567262649536,
-0.058174170553684235,
0.08061501383781433,
0.014307044446468353,
-0.14125847816467285,
0.19901856780052185,
-0.34649723768234253,
-0.3699955642223358,
-0.2900227904319763,
-0.30690187... | 1 | Description of Upsilon Cross
The Upsilon Cross is derived from the Greek letter Y. Some also refer to this as the Thieves Cross in reference to the two thieves that were crucified on either side of Jesus. Many paintings depict a cross of this type when showing the crucifixion of Jesus. The Upsilon Cross is also seen as a representation of the trinity – the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost.
General Christianity description
Christianity has consistently remained one of the largest religions in the world. Christianity is steeped in history and rich symbology. Followers have used Christian symbols for a variety of reasons. These symbols have been used over time to express identity and beliefs. For over two thousand years, Christians have used a variety of symbols as an expression of their beliefs, their religious identity and to recognize the sacrifices made over the centuries for their religion. Symbols were commonly used to identify other Christians, especially in times when Christianity was banned and to subtly express their own beliefs without drawing too much scrutiny to themselves. The early community had a special reliance on holy iconography as a symbolic way of representing Christian ideas and stories in the artwork that was produced during these eras. Though the most common and widely recognized symbol is the cross, there are many other symbols that hold importance in the religion. These symbols can be found carved on ancient tombs, hidden in medieval art and a variety of other places. These symbols have their roots in pre-Christian times and were adapted and modified for use in Christianity. In early times, the symbolism of Christianity was mainly seen as learning for initiates only. Once Christianity was legalized in the 4th century, symbols become more common in their use even today. | 343 | ENGLISH | 1 |
English Civil War
The term covers a period between 1642 and 1651 in which there was fighting in England[a], Scotland and Ireland, three separate countries that were ruled by the same king. The fighting that took place in each of these countries broke out at different times and for several different reasons. Some people consider all this fighting to be one big war, while others think it should be seen as several different wars that were linked. These are sometimes known as the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, including earlier fighting such as the Bishops' Wars in Scotland in 1639. These would be the First English Civil War (1642-46), the Second English Civil War (1648-49) and the Third English Civil War (1649-51).
At the centre, there was a struggle between King Charles I and the Parliament of England over how the country should be ruled. The King wanted to rule without Parliament telling him what to do. At first Parliament wanted to reduce the king's power, but later it decided to abolish the monarchy altogether. The King's supporters were known as the Royalists, and were nicknamed "Cavaliers". Parliament's supporters were known as the Parliamentarians, and were nicknamed "Roundheads".
The Parliamentarians won the war. Charles I was captured, put on trial and in 1649 he was executed. His son Charles II then tried to take over the country, but lost and escaped abroad. As a result, the three kingdoms spent 11 years without a king. For most of this time, they were run by Oliver Cromwell, a former Parliamentarian general. After Cromwell's death, the monarchy was restored under Charles II. However, kings were never as powerful as they had been before the war.
Causes[change | change source]
Power and money[change | change source]
In the 17th century, the king had a lot of power over England with one exception: he could only raise taxes if the English Parliament agreed to it. This was because Parliament represented the gentry (middle class), and no king could raise taxes without the help of the gentry. Scotland and Ireland also had parliaments, but with not nearly as much power. When King James VI of Scotland inherited the throne (becoming James I of England), he disliked having to work with parliament. He was more used to ruling in Scotland, where the king was far more powerful. James I also spent more money than previous kings and queens.
Both James I and his son Charles I believed in the "divine right of kings", meaning that they believed that God gave kings the right to do anything they wanted over their lands. But there was a difference between the two: James I accepted that he could not get what he wanted all the time, whereas Charles I always wanted to get his own way.
After becoming king in 1625, Charles I quickly got into arguments with members of Parliament. From 1629 to 1640, he shut Parliament down and ruled without it. This was legal, as long as he did not raise taxes. He used some legal tricks to raise money without bringing back Parliament. For example, he used "ship money", a tax that had been paid by coastal towns in times of war. Charles I started charging it to all towns when there was no war. This was unpopular, but judges decided that it was legal. The period from 1629 to 1640 was known as the "Eleven Years' Tyranny" by the king's enemies.
Religion[change | change source]
In the previous century, the Protestant Reformation and England's break with the Catholic Church had encouraged new ideas and struggles. In England, there was movement called the Puritans, because they wanted a "pure" religion. They believed that the Church of England was too much like the Roman Catholic Church it had broken away from.
On the other hand, Charles I tried to change Church of England services, introducing incense and bells, things associated with Catholic services. This worried many people (especially Puritans), who hated Catholicism. He also married a French princess, Henrietta Maria, who was a Catholic.
Build-up[change | change source]
In 1637, Charles I tried to introduce a new prayer book in Scotland that was very similar to the English Book of Common Prayer, without asking Scottish Parliament or the Church of Scotland. Many Scots hated the prayer book, seeing it as an attempt to change the religion of their country. Riots broke out in Edinburgh, and unrest spread throughout Scotland. A rebellion movement began in Scotland, which became known as the Covenanters.
In 1639, the rebellion led to the Bishops' War. The war cost so much money that the King called a new Parliament to raise taxes. But members of Parliament did not want to work with Charles, and instead focussed on complaining about the king's actions (such as ship money) during the "Eleven Years' Tyranny". Charles I shut Parliament down again, but later that year he had no choice but to call another one to raise taxes. This became known as the "Long Parliament". Over two-thirds of the elected members of the Long Parliament were opposed to the king. John Pym was their leader.
The Long Parliament passed laws to stop the king from shutting it down and removed many of the king's allies. In 1641, a rebellion broke out in Ireland. The rebellion was caused by Irish Catholics who were fearful of the Protestants in the Long Parliament and the Scottish Covenanters. The need to raise money to fight the rebellion strengthened Parliament. Parliament also took control of the army in 1642, to deal with the Irish Rebellion.
In January 1642, Charles I marched into Parliament with guards, to arrest five members (including Pym) who disagreed with him. The five men found out he was coming and escaped. This was a disaster for Charles. No king had ever entered the main chamber of Parliament before, and they were shocked that he would do this. Many people who did not mind the king became his enemies.
The war[change | change source]
The King moved out of London and took the royal court to Oxford, where he had more loyal followers than in London. The first war was fought between King Charles's army and the army of Parliament. King Charles's army soldiers were called "Cavaliers", and the army of Parliament's soldiers were called "Roundheads". Parliament won the first war, and King Charles was put in prison, but he escaped and a second war broke out. Parliament won the second war also, and they put King Charles on trial because they did not want any more fighting. He was found guilty of treason and was executed in 1649. Parliament declared the Commonwealth of England. Fighting continued.
During the war, Parliament found a new leader, a man called Oliver Cromwell, who was very good at leading an army and also had ideas about how to rule the country. Not everyone liked him, but he was the strongest leader and in time he became the ruler of the whole country. Cromwell took the title of "Lord Protector" rather than King, because he did not think the country needed another king. His government was called "the Protectorate". In the meantime, King Charles I's eldest son, the Prince of Wales, had left Britain and set up his own royal court in Holland, calling himself King Charles II of England. He came back to fight another battle against the army of Parliament. His father, King Charles I, had been born in Scotland, and Scots who were loyal to the royal family were among his most important supporters. The Third Civil War (1649 - 1651) was fought between supporters of King Charles II and supporters of the Rump Parliament. The Civil War ended when Parliament won the Battle of Worcester on 3 September 1651. Charles II had to disguise himself in order to escape.
Oliver Cromwell ruled the country until he died in 1658. Cromwell's son, Richard, took over as Lord Protector. However, he was not as tough as his father. People begged King Charles's son to come back. Charles II came back from Holland and became King again. This was the English Restoration.
Notes[change | change source]
- At the time, Wales was part of England.
References[change | change source]
- McClelland 1996, p. 224.
- Cust 2005, p. 194; Gregg 1981, pp. 301–302; Quintrell 1993, pp. 65–66.
- Cust 2005, pp. 223–224; Gregg 1981, p. 288; Sharpe 1992, pp. 783–784; Starkey 2006, p. 107.
- Carlton 1995, p. 195; Trevelyan 1922, pp. 186–187.
- Carlton 1995, p. 216; Gregg 1981, pp. 317–319.
- Purkiss 2007, pp. 109–113.
- Loades 1974, p. 418; Starkey 2006, pp. 114–115.
- Gregg 1981, p. 344.
- Loades 1974, p. 418. | <urn:uuid:00ad8575-8592-4979-b70e-7b2eea1d9623> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Civil_War | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251799918.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129133601-20200129163601-00188.warc.gz | en | 0.986969 | 1,874 | 4.28125 | 4 | [
-0.2391289621591568,
0.1876274049282074,
0.3476804494857788,
-0.07430034130811691,
-0.2138778269290924,
0.010990558192133904,
0.017964040860533714,
-0.22621141374111176,
0.03873974457383156,
0.15397194027900696,
-0.10468342900276184,
-0.4388754963874817,
0.009921392425894737,
0.24925701320... | 1 | English Civil War
The term covers a period between 1642 and 1651 in which there was fighting in England[a], Scotland and Ireland, three separate countries that were ruled by the same king. The fighting that took place in each of these countries broke out at different times and for several different reasons. Some people consider all this fighting to be one big war, while others think it should be seen as several different wars that were linked. These are sometimes known as the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, including earlier fighting such as the Bishops' Wars in Scotland in 1639. These would be the First English Civil War (1642-46), the Second English Civil War (1648-49) and the Third English Civil War (1649-51).
At the centre, there was a struggle between King Charles I and the Parliament of England over how the country should be ruled. The King wanted to rule without Parliament telling him what to do. At first Parliament wanted to reduce the king's power, but later it decided to abolish the monarchy altogether. The King's supporters were known as the Royalists, and were nicknamed "Cavaliers". Parliament's supporters were known as the Parliamentarians, and were nicknamed "Roundheads".
The Parliamentarians won the war. Charles I was captured, put on trial and in 1649 he was executed. His son Charles II then tried to take over the country, but lost and escaped abroad. As a result, the three kingdoms spent 11 years without a king. For most of this time, they were run by Oliver Cromwell, a former Parliamentarian general. After Cromwell's death, the monarchy was restored under Charles II. However, kings were never as powerful as they had been before the war.
Causes[change | change source]
Power and money[change | change source]
In the 17th century, the king had a lot of power over England with one exception: he could only raise taxes if the English Parliament agreed to it. This was because Parliament represented the gentry (middle class), and no king could raise taxes without the help of the gentry. Scotland and Ireland also had parliaments, but with not nearly as much power. When King James VI of Scotland inherited the throne (becoming James I of England), he disliked having to work with parliament. He was more used to ruling in Scotland, where the king was far more powerful. James I also spent more money than previous kings and queens.
Both James I and his son Charles I believed in the "divine right of kings", meaning that they believed that God gave kings the right to do anything they wanted over their lands. But there was a difference between the two: James I accepted that he could not get what he wanted all the time, whereas Charles I always wanted to get his own way.
After becoming king in 1625, Charles I quickly got into arguments with members of Parliament. From 1629 to 1640, he shut Parliament down and ruled without it. This was legal, as long as he did not raise taxes. He used some legal tricks to raise money without bringing back Parliament. For example, he used "ship money", a tax that had been paid by coastal towns in times of war. Charles I started charging it to all towns when there was no war. This was unpopular, but judges decided that it was legal. The period from 1629 to 1640 was known as the "Eleven Years' Tyranny" by the king's enemies.
Religion[change | change source]
In the previous century, the Protestant Reformation and England's break with the Catholic Church had encouraged new ideas and struggles. In England, there was movement called the Puritans, because they wanted a "pure" religion. They believed that the Church of England was too much like the Roman Catholic Church it had broken away from.
On the other hand, Charles I tried to change Church of England services, introducing incense and bells, things associated with Catholic services. This worried many people (especially Puritans), who hated Catholicism. He also married a French princess, Henrietta Maria, who was a Catholic.
Build-up[change | change source]
In 1637, Charles I tried to introduce a new prayer book in Scotland that was very similar to the English Book of Common Prayer, without asking Scottish Parliament or the Church of Scotland. Many Scots hated the prayer book, seeing it as an attempt to change the religion of their country. Riots broke out in Edinburgh, and unrest spread throughout Scotland. A rebellion movement began in Scotland, which became known as the Covenanters.
In 1639, the rebellion led to the Bishops' War. The war cost so much money that the King called a new Parliament to raise taxes. But members of Parliament did not want to work with Charles, and instead focussed on complaining about the king's actions (such as ship money) during the "Eleven Years' Tyranny". Charles I shut Parliament down again, but later that year he had no choice but to call another one to raise taxes. This became known as the "Long Parliament". Over two-thirds of the elected members of the Long Parliament were opposed to the king. John Pym was their leader.
The Long Parliament passed laws to stop the king from shutting it down and removed many of the king's allies. In 1641, a rebellion broke out in Ireland. The rebellion was caused by Irish Catholics who were fearful of the Protestants in the Long Parliament and the Scottish Covenanters. The need to raise money to fight the rebellion strengthened Parliament. Parliament also took control of the army in 1642, to deal with the Irish Rebellion.
In January 1642, Charles I marched into Parliament with guards, to arrest five members (including Pym) who disagreed with him. The five men found out he was coming and escaped. This was a disaster for Charles. No king had ever entered the main chamber of Parliament before, and they were shocked that he would do this. Many people who did not mind the king became his enemies.
The war[change | change source]
The King moved out of London and took the royal court to Oxford, where he had more loyal followers than in London. The first war was fought between King Charles's army and the army of Parliament. King Charles's army soldiers were called "Cavaliers", and the army of Parliament's soldiers were called "Roundheads". Parliament won the first war, and King Charles was put in prison, but he escaped and a second war broke out. Parliament won the second war also, and they put King Charles on trial because they did not want any more fighting. He was found guilty of treason and was executed in 1649. Parliament declared the Commonwealth of England. Fighting continued.
During the war, Parliament found a new leader, a man called Oliver Cromwell, who was very good at leading an army and also had ideas about how to rule the country. Not everyone liked him, but he was the strongest leader and in time he became the ruler of the whole country. Cromwell took the title of "Lord Protector" rather than King, because he did not think the country needed another king. His government was called "the Protectorate". In the meantime, King Charles I's eldest son, the Prince of Wales, had left Britain and set up his own royal court in Holland, calling himself King Charles II of England. He came back to fight another battle against the army of Parliament. His father, King Charles I, had been born in Scotland, and Scots who were loyal to the royal family were among his most important supporters. The Third Civil War (1649 - 1651) was fought between supporters of King Charles II and supporters of the Rump Parliament. The Civil War ended when Parliament won the Battle of Worcester on 3 September 1651. Charles II had to disguise himself in order to escape.
Oliver Cromwell ruled the country until he died in 1658. Cromwell's son, Richard, took over as Lord Protector. However, he was not as tough as his father. People begged King Charles's son to come back. Charles II came back from Holland and became King again. This was the English Restoration.
Notes[change | change source]
- At the time, Wales was part of England.
References[change | change source]
- McClelland 1996, p. 224.
- Cust 2005, p. 194; Gregg 1981, pp. 301–302; Quintrell 1993, pp. 65–66.
- Cust 2005, pp. 223–224; Gregg 1981, p. 288; Sharpe 1992, pp. 783–784; Starkey 2006, p. 107.
- Carlton 1995, p. 195; Trevelyan 1922, pp. 186–187.
- Carlton 1995, p. 216; Gregg 1981, pp. 317–319.
- Purkiss 2007, pp. 109–113.
- Loades 1974, p. 418; Starkey 2006, pp. 114–115.
- Gregg 1981, p. 344.
- Loades 1974, p. 418. | 2,042 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Scientists and researchers have been trying to create a vaccine that fights against cancer for so long, and finally, some great news have been published recently as the Mayo Clinic in Jacksonville, Florida announced that they have been working on a vaccine that can prevent ovarian and breast cancer from occurring. They also stated how it would help prevent this type of cancer from affecting those who already had the disease.
The vaccine was said to work by harnessing the body’s immune system to detect cancer cells and kill them.
Success has been marked with the first human patient who received the vaccine but it will take at least several years for the study to be completely finished and the medicine be available for patients other than those included in the trial.
“It is reasonable to say that we could have a vaccine within eight years that may be available to patients through their pharmacy or their doctor,” said Keith L. Knutson, Ph.D., who is part of the Mayo Clinic.
When a woman named Lee Mercker was diagnosed with stage 0 breast cancer, she was offered to take part in the clinical trial and she was more than eager to accept the opportunity. In her case, the cancer was diagnosed very early and its cells were confined to her milk ducts.
“They always took your blood, you had a physical, they’d make your shot right there on the spot for you,” Mercker said. “It was three shots, all in a row, alternating arms, four shots, two weeks apart.”
Releasing more information regarding the clinical trial, one of the doctors involved in the study, Dr. Saranya Chumsri said:
“It’s supposed to stimulate a patient’s own immune response so that the immune cells like t-cells would go in and attack the cancer.”
Patient Mercker had to undergo a mastectomy as it was part of the trial. Using her breast tissue, researchers further examined the effects of the vaccine.
“That is the only way we know that everything was removed properly,” Chumsri said.
Great news came as it was determined that the vaccine did its part of the job and triggered the immune system to fight against the affected cells. As a result, the tumor was completely eliminated.
Mercker was happy she gave this trial a chance as it helped her get rid of the awful disease.
“I feel like I walked on the moon,” she said. “I worked in an industry with tons of women and I saw all kinds of stories, and it’d just be really nice to stamp this [breast cancer] out.”
Mayo Clinic is constantly working on finding cure for cancer and they are happy this vaccine may save many lives. Compared to other vaccines, this one is very easy to administer.
“It’s supposed to be just off the shelf, kind of similar to when you get the flu shot or pneumonia shot,” Chumsri said.
Currently, they are trying the vaccine they developed on two other patients. We hope it will work for them as it did for Mercker as it will give hope to many.
“We have seen early signals that our vaccines have a very positive impact on disease. We are building on that foundation,” Knutson said. | <urn:uuid:78b06d17-4d51-4159-90cc-81413c9e8266> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://boreddaddy.com/breast-cancer-vaccine-has-eliminated-cancer-in-its-first-human-patient/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594101.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119010920-20200119034920-00438.warc.gz | en | 0.989326 | 694 | 3.40625 | 3 | [
-0.36771321296691895,
0.2166484296321869,
-0.20062559843063354,
-0.19345858693122864,
-0.25147905945777893,
0.20214566588401794,
0.3845192790031433,
0.49272555112838745,
-0.3604526221752167,
-0.09913618862628937,
0.03812701627612114,
-0.19890250265598297,
0.11014772951602936,
0.15934424102... | 4 | Scientists and researchers have been trying to create a vaccine that fights against cancer for so long, and finally, some great news have been published recently as the Mayo Clinic in Jacksonville, Florida announced that they have been working on a vaccine that can prevent ovarian and breast cancer from occurring. They also stated how it would help prevent this type of cancer from affecting those who already had the disease.
The vaccine was said to work by harnessing the body’s immune system to detect cancer cells and kill them.
Success has been marked with the first human patient who received the vaccine but it will take at least several years for the study to be completely finished and the medicine be available for patients other than those included in the trial.
“It is reasonable to say that we could have a vaccine within eight years that may be available to patients through their pharmacy or their doctor,” said Keith L. Knutson, Ph.D., who is part of the Mayo Clinic.
When a woman named Lee Mercker was diagnosed with stage 0 breast cancer, she was offered to take part in the clinical trial and she was more than eager to accept the opportunity. In her case, the cancer was diagnosed very early and its cells were confined to her milk ducts.
“They always took your blood, you had a physical, they’d make your shot right there on the spot for you,” Mercker said. “It was three shots, all in a row, alternating arms, four shots, two weeks apart.”
Releasing more information regarding the clinical trial, one of the doctors involved in the study, Dr. Saranya Chumsri said:
“It’s supposed to stimulate a patient’s own immune response so that the immune cells like t-cells would go in and attack the cancer.”
Patient Mercker had to undergo a mastectomy as it was part of the trial. Using her breast tissue, researchers further examined the effects of the vaccine.
“That is the only way we know that everything was removed properly,” Chumsri said.
Great news came as it was determined that the vaccine did its part of the job and triggered the immune system to fight against the affected cells. As a result, the tumor was completely eliminated.
Mercker was happy she gave this trial a chance as it helped her get rid of the awful disease.
“I feel like I walked on the moon,” she said. “I worked in an industry with tons of women and I saw all kinds of stories, and it’d just be really nice to stamp this [breast cancer] out.”
Mayo Clinic is constantly working on finding cure for cancer and they are happy this vaccine may save many lives. Compared to other vaccines, this one is very easy to administer.
“It’s supposed to be just off the shelf, kind of similar to when you get the flu shot or pneumonia shot,” Chumsri said.
Currently, they are trying the vaccine they developed on two other patients. We hope it will work for them as it did for Mercker as it will give hope to many.
“We have seen early signals that our vaccines have a very positive impact on disease. We are building on that foundation,” Knutson said. | 631 | ENGLISH | 1 |
When we refer to the word performance, we are basically talking about the action and effect of exercising, assimilating, exercising functions, doing or producing a certain effect, in other words, of acting. The word is generally used to give name to the staging that is done by an actor, who is the person who plays a particular role whether in theater, film, television or other medium. Its etymological origin tells us that the word comes from the Latin language, and that it comes from the verb actuare, which in turn comes from another different verb "agere", which has the meaning of the word "to do".
Performance or acting is the action and the effect of putting into action a certain result, it is the staging that is done by an actor either within the theater, cinema, television or any other means of communication.
In order to know what performance consists of, it is important to know that the most important part of acting are the actors and actresses who participate in different activities such as theatre, cinema, radio and television. They are people who use a series of movements and imagination to shape different characters within a particular story that has been written by the writer. It is the work that is done by the actors whose function is to represent a specific character. This process begins with an approach of the actor to his character in order to know him and integrate fully with him.
Among the most outstanding characteristics that we can observe in the performance we can mention the following:
Many of the investigations that have been carried out over time have reached the conclusion that the first manifestations of performance arise in Greece with the first actor known as Thespis. But the profession as such originated in Europe during the 16th century, specifically in Italy.
As mentioned above, the Greek Thespis was the first actor to exist and perform at the Dionysus Theatre in 534 BC. On stage, Thespis spoke in first person, thus playing a character. Until then, stories had been told in front of an audience, but everything was always done in the third person and in a sung form. The professionalization of acting began in Europe during the sixteenth century, in the country of Italy, and was born with the first professional companies of Commedia dell’Arte and the companies protected during Queen Elizabeth’s reign. During the 17th century acting roles could only be played by men as it was disgusting for a woman to perform on stage. In Venice’s theatres, the change that allowed women to perform theatrical performances began.
The techniques used to perform the action are as follows:
The importance of performance is based on how important the characters are within a given work, because it is through them, their gestures, the way of acting that you get in contact with the viewers, making them feel a great number of emotions that can then be expressed as well. | <urn:uuid:9696e259-4cbc-4984-9ce7-766ea897f055> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.euston96.com/en/performance/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251700988.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127143516-20200127173516-00349.warc.gz | en | 0.983074 | 588 | 3.671875 | 4 | [
0.19064509868621826,
0.07579630613327026,
0.3618399500846863,
-0.040117762982845306,
-0.5052734613418579,
0.08361493051052094,
0.5932049751281738,
0.2232496291399002,
0.365168035030365,
0.08360213041305542,
0.011329744942486286,
0.12463738769292831,
0.025844508782029152,
0.1060604751110076... | 3 | When we refer to the word performance, we are basically talking about the action and effect of exercising, assimilating, exercising functions, doing or producing a certain effect, in other words, of acting. The word is generally used to give name to the staging that is done by an actor, who is the person who plays a particular role whether in theater, film, television or other medium. Its etymological origin tells us that the word comes from the Latin language, and that it comes from the verb actuare, which in turn comes from another different verb "agere", which has the meaning of the word "to do".
Performance or acting is the action and the effect of putting into action a certain result, it is the staging that is done by an actor either within the theater, cinema, television or any other means of communication.
In order to know what performance consists of, it is important to know that the most important part of acting are the actors and actresses who participate in different activities such as theatre, cinema, radio and television. They are people who use a series of movements and imagination to shape different characters within a particular story that has been written by the writer. It is the work that is done by the actors whose function is to represent a specific character. This process begins with an approach of the actor to his character in order to know him and integrate fully with him.
Among the most outstanding characteristics that we can observe in the performance we can mention the following:
Many of the investigations that have been carried out over time have reached the conclusion that the first manifestations of performance arise in Greece with the first actor known as Thespis. But the profession as such originated in Europe during the 16th century, specifically in Italy.
As mentioned above, the Greek Thespis was the first actor to exist and perform at the Dionysus Theatre in 534 BC. On stage, Thespis spoke in first person, thus playing a character. Until then, stories had been told in front of an audience, but everything was always done in the third person and in a sung form. The professionalization of acting began in Europe during the sixteenth century, in the country of Italy, and was born with the first professional companies of Commedia dell’Arte and the companies protected during Queen Elizabeth’s reign. During the 17th century acting roles could only be played by men as it was disgusting for a woman to perform on stage. In Venice’s theatres, the change that allowed women to perform theatrical performances began.
The techniques used to perform the action are as follows:
The importance of performance is based on how important the characters are within a given work, because it is through them, their gestures, the way of acting that you get in contact with the viewers, making them feel a great number of emotions that can then be expressed as well. | 581 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Augusta Christine Savage
Augusta Christine Savage
Despite a lifetime spent combatting the effects of racism and sexism, Augusta Savage's accomplishments were many. She was a talented sculptor, an admired teacher, and a fighter for the rights of African Americans. Her circumstances were never easy, though she was afforded financial help and artistic encouragement from several sources. In addition to her achievements in sculpture, she contributed to the history of art in America by helping to launch the careers of a number of other artists during the 1930s and 1940s.
The topsoil in the area where Augusta Christine Fells (later Savage) grew up in Florida was made of red clay, and the major industry there was brick making. It was in her own backyard that Savage learned to model with clay. Her family was very poor. She and her 13 brothers and sisters had no toys. But Savage found that she could amuse herself and others by making clay ducks, pigs, and other animals. She loved working the clay so much that she sometimes missed school to visit the town's clay pit. Savage's father was a minister, a deeply religious and very strict man. He did not approve of his daughter making images of "God's creatures" out of clay.
When Savage was about 15, her family moved to West Palm Beach, Florida. Their life improved greatly there. The principal of Savage's new school discovered her modeling talents and offered her a dollar a day to teach clay modeling classes. During this time Savage married John T. Moore and the couple had a daughter, born in 1908. Moore died a few years later. Savage continued to live with her parents. She was married again around 1915, to James Savage, a carpenter. They were divorced in 1921.
Wowed county fair with clay animals
During this period Savage attended a state teacher's school (now Florida A & M University) for one year in Tallahassee, Florida. To earn money she convinced the superintendent of the local county fair, George Currie, to let her set up a booth to sell her animal sculptures. Fair officials at first objected to a black woman having her own booth, but they finally agreed. Savage's animals were very popular and she made about $150, more money than she'd ever had. Fair officials also awarded her a $25 prize for the most original exhibit.
Currie believed that Savage had a lot of talent. He encouraged her to go to New York and gave her a letter of introduction to a sculptor he knew in the city. Savage arrived in New York in 1921 with less than five dollars. But Currie's friend arranged for her to take art classes at a tuition-free school called the Cooper Union. She landed a job as an apartment caretaker to cover living expenses. Three months later, though, she lost her job and soon found herself penniless. Recognizing her talent, the Cooper Union Advisory Board voted to supply funds to meet Savage's living expenses. This was the first time the school sponsored a student.
Sculpted bust of W. E. B. DuBois
In New York Savage became interested in African art and spent a lot of time at the public library reading and doing research. She befriended the librarian there. When the librarian found out about Savage's dire financial straits, she arranged for the library to hire Savage to sculpt a bust of the famous African American thinker and writer W. E. B. Du Bois. This was Savage's first commission; several others followed, including one of another black leader, Marcus Garvey. These works earned Savage considerable recognition among the important figures of the Harlem Renaissance. Harlem was the predominantly African American neighborhood of New York. During the 1920s and 1930s this community was experiencing a particularly active and exciting period of creativity in the arts.
Stung by racism
In 1923 Savage's career received a setback when she encountered a fierce incident of racial prejudice. The French government was offering scholarships to 100 American women to study at a summer art school in Paris. Savage applied for the $500 scholarship and gathered pledges from friends and acquaintances to pay for her travel and other expenses. Her application was returned when the committee learned she was of African descent. Savage was disappointed and outraged. She decided to fight the rejection and gathered many prominent people behind her. Her cause garnered considerable publicity. In an article in the New York World, Savage explained that she was not raising a fuss just for herself. "Other and better colored students might wish to apply sometime… . I don't like to see them establish a precedent." Still, Savage felt personally stung. "My brother was good enough to be … [in a] regiment that saw service in France during the war, but it seems his sister is not good enough to be a guest of the country for which he fought… . How am I to compete with other American artists if I am not to be given the same opportunity?"
This experience inspired Savage to become active in the political and social issues concerning African Americans. Eventually, some factions of the art world began to consider her a "troublemaker"; a few historians have even surmised that she was purposely excluded from exhibits and galleries because of the flap over the scholarship. But through the efforts of W. E. B. Du Bois, Savage was awarded a scholarship in 1925 to study in Italy. She desperately longed to go, knowing that European study would refine her sculpting techniques. But the little money she was earning working in a laundry was needed to feed her family, who had left Florida to join her in New York. This time she was not able to raise money from those who had supported her in the past.
Work earned needed scholarships
In the meantime, Savage continued to develop her style. She produced many small clay figures of people around the city. One became especially popular and is considered among her best works. It is the head of a boy, with his hat turned at a jaunty angle and a streetwise expression on his face. Savage called this piece Gamin. When it was featured on the cover of a magazine, it caught the eye of the head of the National Urban League. He asked the Julius Rosenwald Fund, a philanthropic organization established by the founder of the department store Sears Roebuck, to award Savage a scholarship. The grant afforded her enough money to cover living and travel expenses for two years. When her scholarship awards were announced, other groups raised money for her as well, including African American women's groups and teachers at her former school, Florida A & M. They understood the discrimination she had suffered at the hands of the French scholarship board and wished to support her.
Nurtured careers of budding artists
Savage's dream to study in Europe finally came true. In 1930 and 1931 she studied sculpture in Paris and traveled throughout the Continent. Her works were shown in numerous exhibitions and won awards from two. Moreover, an African figure she designed was selected to adorn a medal for an important French exposition. Savage continued sculpting on her return to New York in 1931. The Great Depression was making life very hard then, especially for African Americans. Nonetheless, the early 1930s were a very busy time for Savage; they found her creating portraits of many prominent African Americans, including abolitionist Frederick Douglass, poet James Weldon Johnson, composer W. C. Handy, and others. It was also during this period that she founded the Savage Studio of Arts and Crafts in Harlem, where she taught many classes, several for children. This studio became the focus of her career in the 1930s. She encountered many talented young people in Harlem and was instrumental in starting their careers. Her students described Savage as a very inspirational teacher, while also acknowledging that she could be very stern and demanding. Jacob Lawrence, Gwendolyn Knight, and Norman Lewis are just three who benefited from Savage's help and encouragement.
As the 1930s continued, Savage spent less and less time on her own artworks and more on teaching and community activities. In 1937 she was appointed the first director of the Harlem Community Art Center, where she organized classes in art, education, and recreation. She also became an important figure in the government-sponsored programs of the Works Progress Administration, which were designed to help artists financially during the Depression. In 1939 Savage opened the Salon of Contemporary Negro Art, a gallery specializing in the art of African Americans. Despite her growing prominence in the community, it closed after a few years.
Created sculptures for World's Fair
The last major commission Savage received came when she was one of four women, and the only African American, asked to create sculptures for the 1939 New York World's Fair. She took as inspiration a line from a song known as the "Negro National Anthem." Called Lift Every Voice and Sing, the huge sculpture bore the shape of a harp, each string a figure of a child with his or her mouth open in song. The piece became one of the most popular attractions at the fair. Nonetheless, the plaster cast displayed there was never rendered in stone or metal. It was destroyed after the event. This was the fate of many of Savage's works as her meager funds rarely enabled her to permanently cast them. Only a few of her many creations survive.
Around 1940 Savage moved to a farm in upstate New York; she cut all ties to friends and the art world. She produced few works, preferring to spend her hours laboring on the farm or teaching an occasional art class for local children. Perhaps the years of financial and artistic struggle, much of it the result of racism, exhausted her. When her health declined in the early 1960s, she returned to New York to live with her daughter. She died there in 1962.
At an exhibition of African American art in 1967, the largest ever held up to that time, Savage's spirit could be detected. Many of the artworks were by her former students. According to collage artist Romare Bearden, the work that "attracted the most attention, the most favorable comments, was Gamin… created by Augusta Savage." Though often thwarted in her own artistic desires, her refusal to bow to the racism she encountered and her commitment to the black community, as well as the beauty of her sculpture, have remained an inspiration to artists of all colors.
Bearden, Romare, and Harry Henderson, A History of African-American Artists: From 1792 to the Present, Pantheon, 1993, pp. 168-80.
Bibby, Deirdre L., Augusta Savage and the Art Schools of Harlem, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, 1988.
Ebony, August 1966, pp. 90-94; February 1968, pp. 116-22. □
February 29, 1892
March 26, 1962
The seventh of fourteen children, portrait sculptor and educator Augusta Christine Fells was born in Green Cove Springs, Florida, to Cornelia and Edward Fells. Fells, a Methodist minister, initially punished his young daughter for making figurines in the local red clay, then came to accept her talent. Augusta attended public schools and the state normal school in Tallahassee (now Florida A&M) briefly. At sixteen she married John T. Moore, who died within a few years of the birth of their only child. In the mid-1910s she married James Savage, a laborer and carpenter; the two divorced in the early 1920s. In 1915 Savage moved to West Palm Beach, where one of her clay pieces won twenty-five dollars at a county fair. Public support encouraged Savage to move north in the Great Migration to New York, where she arrived in 1921 with just $4.60 and a letter of recommendation from the superintendent of the county fair to sculptor Solon Borglum, director of the School of American Sculpture.
Through Borglum's influence Savage was admitted to the tuition-free college Cooper Union ahead of 142 women on the waiting list. She completed the four-year program in three years, specializing in portraiture. In the early 1920s she sculpted realistic busts of W. E. B. Du Bois, Frederick Douglass, W. C. Handy, and Marcus Garvey. In 1923 she married Robert L. Poston, a Garveyite journalist who died five months later. The same year, Savage was one of a hundred American women who received a $500 scholarship from the French government for summer study at the palace of Fontainebleau. However, when the American committee of seven white men discovered her racial identity, they withdrew the offer. One committee member, Hermon A. MacNeil, gave her private instruction instead. Two years later Countess Irene Di Robilant of the Italian-American Society gave Savage a scholarship for study at the Royal Academy of Fine Arts in Rome, but Savage was unable to raise money for expenses abroad as she struggled to support her parents while working at a laundry.
In 1926 Savage exhibited her work in three locations—at the New York Public Library, at the Frederick Douglass High School in Baltimore, and at the sesquicentennial exhibition in Philadelphia. The following year she studied privately with sculptor Onorio Ruotolo, former dean of the Leonardo da Vinci Art School. She also worked with sculptor Antonio Salemme and taught soap sculpture classes to children at Procter & Gamble.
In 1928, recognition from the Harmon Foundation, which exhibited her Evening and Head of a Negro, brought Savage sales. Eugene Kinckle Jones, executive secretary of the National Urban League, was so impressed with his purchase of a baby's bust Savage had sculpted that he asked the Carnegie Corporation to sponsor her training. Through Carnegie Savage began study with sculptor Victor Salvatore, who urged her to continue her studies in France.
In the fall of 1929 Savage went to Paris with funds from both Carnegie and the Julius Rosenwald Fund. There she studied privately with Felix Benneteau and created realistic portrait busts in plaster and clay. The most notable works Savage created abroad are of black female nudes, such as Amazon (a female warrior holding a spear) and Mourning Victory (a standing nude who gazes at a decapitated head on the ground), and works that celebrate her African heritage, such as The Call (in response to Alain Locke's call for racially representative art) and Divinité nègre (a female figurine with four faces, arms, and legs). In 1930 La dépêche africaine, a French journal, ran a cover story on Savage, and three of her figurative works were exhibited at the Salon d'Automne. Savage also sent works to the United States for display; the Harmon Foundation exhibited Gamin in 1930 and Bust and The Chase (in palm wood) in 1931. In 1931 Savage won a gold medal for a piece at the Colonial Exposition and exhibited two female nudes (Nu in bronze, and Martiniquaise in plaster) at the Société des Artistes Français.
After her return to New York Savage exhibited three works (Gamin, Envy, and Woman of Martinique ) at the American Art–Anderson Galleries in 1932. That same year she opened the Savage School of Arts and Crafts. Some of her students, who included Jacob Lawrence, Norman Lewis, William Artis, and Ernest Crichlow, participated in Vanguard, a group Savage founded in 1933 to discuss art and progressive causes. She disbanded the group the following year when membership became communist-controlled.
In 1934 Argent Galleries and the Architectural League exhibited Savage's work, and she became the first African American elected to the National Association of Women Painters and Sculptors. Two years later Savage supervised artists in the WPA's Federal Art Projects and organized classes and exhibitions at the Uptown Art Laboratory. In 1937 she became the first director of the Harlem Community Art Center. After receiving a commission from the New York World's Fair Board of Design, she left that position in 1938 to sculpt a sixteen-foot plaster harp, the strings of which were the folds of choir robes on singing black youths. Named after James Weldon Johnson's poem/song (also called the Negro National Anthem), Lift Every Voice and Sing was exhibited at the New York World's Fair of 1939 but was bulldozed afterward. (Savage could not afford to have it cast in bronze.)
In June 1939 Savage opened the Salon of Contemporary Art, the first gallery devoted to the exhibition and sale of works by African-American artists. It folded within a few months for lack of funds. The same year, she exhibited fifteen works in a solo show at Argent Galleries; among them were Green Apples, Sisters in the Rain, Creation, Envy, Martyr, The Cat, and a bust of James Weldon Johnson. She also exhibited at the American Negro Exposition and at Perrin Hall in Chicago in 1940.
Around 1945 Savage retired to Saugerties, New York, where she taught children in nearby summer camps, occasionally sold her work, and wrote children's stories and murder mysteries. She died of cancer in New York City.
Bearden, Romare, and Harry Henderson. A History of African-American Artists: From 1792 to the Present. New York: Pantheon, 1993.
Bibby, Deirdre. Augusta Savage and the Art Schools of Harlem. New York: Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, 1988.
Poston, T. R. "Augusta Savage." Metropolitan Magazine (January 1935): 28–31, 55, 66–67.
theresa leininger-miller (1996) | <urn:uuid:ca62a654-afab-4372-851a-19bf6de6eabb> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/historians-and-chronicles/historians-miscellaneous-biographies/augusta-savage | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251783000.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128184745-20200128214745-00308.warc.gz | en | 0.980014 | 3,619 | 3.640625 | 4 | [
-0.23188787698745728,
0.026505570858716965,
0.46042221784591675,
0.27187755703926086,
-0.2038099765777588,
0.33144840598106384,
-0.01796669326722622,
-0.02057822048664093,
-0.04420023411512375,
-0.029931344091892242,
-0.3174021542072296,
-0.24610929191112518,
-0.25264543294906616,
0.329343... | 3 | Augusta Christine Savage
Augusta Christine Savage
Despite a lifetime spent combatting the effects of racism and sexism, Augusta Savage's accomplishments were many. She was a talented sculptor, an admired teacher, and a fighter for the rights of African Americans. Her circumstances were never easy, though she was afforded financial help and artistic encouragement from several sources. In addition to her achievements in sculpture, she contributed to the history of art in America by helping to launch the careers of a number of other artists during the 1930s and 1940s.
The topsoil in the area where Augusta Christine Fells (later Savage) grew up in Florida was made of red clay, and the major industry there was brick making. It was in her own backyard that Savage learned to model with clay. Her family was very poor. She and her 13 brothers and sisters had no toys. But Savage found that she could amuse herself and others by making clay ducks, pigs, and other animals. She loved working the clay so much that she sometimes missed school to visit the town's clay pit. Savage's father was a minister, a deeply religious and very strict man. He did not approve of his daughter making images of "God's creatures" out of clay.
When Savage was about 15, her family moved to West Palm Beach, Florida. Their life improved greatly there. The principal of Savage's new school discovered her modeling talents and offered her a dollar a day to teach clay modeling classes. During this time Savage married John T. Moore and the couple had a daughter, born in 1908. Moore died a few years later. Savage continued to live with her parents. She was married again around 1915, to James Savage, a carpenter. They were divorced in 1921.
Wowed county fair with clay animals
During this period Savage attended a state teacher's school (now Florida A & M University) for one year in Tallahassee, Florida. To earn money she convinced the superintendent of the local county fair, George Currie, to let her set up a booth to sell her animal sculptures. Fair officials at first objected to a black woman having her own booth, but they finally agreed. Savage's animals were very popular and she made about $150, more money than she'd ever had. Fair officials also awarded her a $25 prize for the most original exhibit.
Currie believed that Savage had a lot of talent. He encouraged her to go to New York and gave her a letter of introduction to a sculptor he knew in the city. Savage arrived in New York in 1921 with less than five dollars. But Currie's friend arranged for her to take art classes at a tuition-free school called the Cooper Union. She landed a job as an apartment caretaker to cover living expenses. Three months later, though, she lost her job and soon found herself penniless. Recognizing her talent, the Cooper Union Advisory Board voted to supply funds to meet Savage's living expenses. This was the first time the school sponsored a student.
Sculpted bust of W. E. B. DuBois
In New York Savage became interested in African art and spent a lot of time at the public library reading and doing research. She befriended the librarian there. When the librarian found out about Savage's dire financial straits, she arranged for the library to hire Savage to sculpt a bust of the famous African American thinker and writer W. E. B. Du Bois. This was Savage's first commission; several others followed, including one of another black leader, Marcus Garvey. These works earned Savage considerable recognition among the important figures of the Harlem Renaissance. Harlem was the predominantly African American neighborhood of New York. During the 1920s and 1930s this community was experiencing a particularly active and exciting period of creativity in the arts.
Stung by racism
In 1923 Savage's career received a setback when she encountered a fierce incident of racial prejudice. The French government was offering scholarships to 100 American women to study at a summer art school in Paris. Savage applied for the $500 scholarship and gathered pledges from friends and acquaintances to pay for her travel and other expenses. Her application was returned when the committee learned she was of African descent. Savage was disappointed and outraged. She decided to fight the rejection and gathered many prominent people behind her. Her cause garnered considerable publicity. In an article in the New York World, Savage explained that she was not raising a fuss just for herself. "Other and better colored students might wish to apply sometime… . I don't like to see them establish a precedent." Still, Savage felt personally stung. "My brother was good enough to be … [in a] regiment that saw service in France during the war, but it seems his sister is not good enough to be a guest of the country for which he fought… . How am I to compete with other American artists if I am not to be given the same opportunity?"
This experience inspired Savage to become active in the political and social issues concerning African Americans. Eventually, some factions of the art world began to consider her a "troublemaker"; a few historians have even surmised that she was purposely excluded from exhibits and galleries because of the flap over the scholarship. But through the efforts of W. E. B. Du Bois, Savage was awarded a scholarship in 1925 to study in Italy. She desperately longed to go, knowing that European study would refine her sculpting techniques. But the little money she was earning working in a laundry was needed to feed her family, who had left Florida to join her in New York. This time she was not able to raise money from those who had supported her in the past.
Work earned needed scholarships
In the meantime, Savage continued to develop her style. She produced many small clay figures of people around the city. One became especially popular and is considered among her best works. It is the head of a boy, with his hat turned at a jaunty angle and a streetwise expression on his face. Savage called this piece Gamin. When it was featured on the cover of a magazine, it caught the eye of the head of the National Urban League. He asked the Julius Rosenwald Fund, a philanthropic organization established by the founder of the department store Sears Roebuck, to award Savage a scholarship. The grant afforded her enough money to cover living and travel expenses for two years. When her scholarship awards were announced, other groups raised money for her as well, including African American women's groups and teachers at her former school, Florida A & M. They understood the discrimination she had suffered at the hands of the French scholarship board and wished to support her.
Nurtured careers of budding artists
Savage's dream to study in Europe finally came true. In 1930 and 1931 she studied sculpture in Paris and traveled throughout the Continent. Her works were shown in numerous exhibitions and won awards from two. Moreover, an African figure she designed was selected to adorn a medal for an important French exposition. Savage continued sculpting on her return to New York in 1931. The Great Depression was making life very hard then, especially for African Americans. Nonetheless, the early 1930s were a very busy time for Savage; they found her creating portraits of many prominent African Americans, including abolitionist Frederick Douglass, poet James Weldon Johnson, composer W. C. Handy, and others. It was also during this period that she founded the Savage Studio of Arts and Crafts in Harlem, where she taught many classes, several for children. This studio became the focus of her career in the 1930s. She encountered many talented young people in Harlem and was instrumental in starting their careers. Her students described Savage as a very inspirational teacher, while also acknowledging that she could be very stern and demanding. Jacob Lawrence, Gwendolyn Knight, and Norman Lewis are just three who benefited from Savage's help and encouragement.
As the 1930s continued, Savage spent less and less time on her own artworks and more on teaching and community activities. In 1937 she was appointed the first director of the Harlem Community Art Center, where she organized classes in art, education, and recreation. She also became an important figure in the government-sponsored programs of the Works Progress Administration, which were designed to help artists financially during the Depression. In 1939 Savage opened the Salon of Contemporary Negro Art, a gallery specializing in the art of African Americans. Despite her growing prominence in the community, it closed after a few years.
Created sculptures for World's Fair
The last major commission Savage received came when she was one of four women, and the only African American, asked to create sculptures for the 1939 New York World's Fair. She took as inspiration a line from a song known as the "Negro National Anthem." Called Lift Every Voice and Sing, the huge sculpture bore the shape of a harp, each string a figure of a child with his or her mouth open in song. The piece became one of the most popular attractions at the fair. Nonetheless, the plaster cast displayed there was never rendered in stone or metal. It was destroyed after the event. This was the fate of many of Savage's works as her meager funds rarely enabled her to permanently cast them. Only a few of her many creations survive.
Around 1940 Savage moved to a farm in upstate New York; she cut all ties to friends and the art world. She produced few works, preferring to spend her hours laboring on the farm or teaching an occasional art class for local children. Perhaps the years of financial and artistic struggle, much of it the result of racism, exhausted her. When her health declined in the early 1960s, she returned to New York to live with her daughter. She died there in 1962.
At an exhibition of African American art in 1967, the largest ever held up to that time, Savage's spirit could be detected. Many of the artworks were by her former students. According to collage artist Romare Bearden, the work that "attracted the most attention, the most favorable comments, was Gamin… created by Augusta Savage." Though often thwarted in her own artistic desires, her refusal to bow to the racism she encountered and her commitment to the black community, as well as the beauty of her sculpture, have remained an inspiration to artists of all colors.
Bearden, Romare, and Harry Henderson, A History of African-American Artists: From 1792 to the Present, Pantheon, 1993, pp. 168-80.
Bibby, Deirdre L., Augusta Savage and the Art Schools of Harlem, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, 1988.
Ebony, August 1966, pp. 90-94; February 1968, pp. 116-22. □
February 29, 1892
March 26, 1962
The seventh of fourteen children, portrait sculptor and educator Augusta Christine Fells was born in Green Cove Springs, Florida, to Cornelia and Edward Fells. Fells, a Methodist minister, initially punished his young daughter for making figurines in the local red clay, then came to accept her talent. Augusta attended public schools and the state normal school in Tallahassee (now Florida A&M) briefly. At sixteen she married John T. Moore, who died within a few years of the birth of their only child. In the mid-1910s she married James Savage, a laborer and carpenter; the two divorced in the early 1920s. In 1915 Savage moved to West Palm Beach, where one of her clay pieces won twenty-five dollars at a county fair. Public support encouraged Savage to move north in the Great Migration to New York, where she arrived in 1921 with just $4.60 and a letter of recommendation from the superintendent of the county fair to sculptor Solon Borglum, director of the School of American Sculpture.
Through Borglum's influence Savage was admitted to the tuition-free college Cooper Union ahead of 142 women on the waiting list. She completed the four-year program in three years, specializing in portraiture. In the early 1920s she sculpted realistic busts of W. E. B. Du Bois, Frederick Douglass, W. C. Handy, and Marcus Garvey. In 1923 she married Robert L. Poston, a Garveyite journalist who died five months later. The same year, Savage was one of a hundred American women who received a $500 scholarship from the French government for summer study at the palace of Fontainebleau. However, when the American committee of seven white men discovered her racial identity, they withdrew the offer. One committee member, Hermon A. MacNeil, gave her private instruction instead. Two years later Countess Irene Di Robilant of the Italian-American Society gave Savage a scholarship for study at the Royal Academy of Fine Arts in Rome, but Savage was unable to raise money for expenses abroad as she struggled to support her parents while working at a laundry.
In 1926 Savage exhibited her work in three locations—at the New York Public Library, at the Frederick Douglass High School in Baltimore, and at the sesquicentennial exhibition in Philadelphia. The following year she studied privately with sculptor Onorio Ruotolo, former dean of the Leonardo da Vinci Art School. She also worked with sculptor Antonio Salemme and taught soap sculpture classes to children at Procter & Gamble.
In 1928, recognition from the Harmon Foundation, which exhibited her Evening and Head of a Negro, brought Savage sales. Eugene Kinckle Jones, executive secretary of the National Urban League, was so impressed with his purchase of a baby's bust Savage had sculpted that he asked the Carnegie Corporation to sponsor her training. Through Carnegie Savage began study with sculptor Victor Salvatore, who urged her to continue her studies in France.
In the fall of 1929 Savage went to Paris with funds from both Carnegie and the Julius Rosenwald Fund. There she studied privately with Felix Benneteau and created realistic portrait busts in plaster and clay. The most notable works Savage created abroad are of black female nudes, such as Amazon (a female warrior holding a spear) and Mourning Victory (a standing nude who gazes at a decapitated head on the ground), and works that celebrate her African heritage, such as The Call (in response to Alain Locke's call for racially representative art) and Divinité nègre (a female figurine with four faces, arms, and legs). In 1930 La dépêche africaine, a French journal, ran a cover story on Savage, and three of her figurative works were exhibited at the Salon d'Automne. Savage also sent works to the United States for display; the Harmon Foundation exhibited Gamin in 1930 and Bust and The Chase (in palm wood) in 1931. In 1931 Savage won a gold medal for a piece at the Colonial Exposition and exhibited two female nudes (Nu in bronze, and Martiniquaise in plaster) at the Société des Artistes Français.
After her return to New York Savage exhibited three works (Gamin, Envy, and Woman of Martinique ) at the American Art–Anderson Galleries in 1932. That same year she opened the Savage School of Arts and Crafts. Some of her students, who included Jacob Lawrence, Norman Lewis, William Artis, and Ernest Crichlow, participated in Vanguard, a group Savage founded in 1933 to discuss art and progressive causes. She disbanded the group the following year when membership became communist-controlled.
In 1934 Argent Galleries and the Architectural League exhibited Savage's work, and she became the first African American elected to the National Association of Women Painters and Sculptors. Two years later Savage supervised artists in the WPA's Federal Art Projects and organized classes and exhibitions at the Uptown Art Laboratory. In 1937 she became the first director of the Harlem Community Art Center. After receiving a commission from the New York World's Fair Board of Design, she left that position in 1938 to sculpt a sixteen-foot plaster harp, the strings of which were the folds of choir robes on singing black youths. Named after James Weldon Johnson's poem/song (also called the Negro National Anthem), Lift Every Voice and Sing was exhibited at the New York World's Fair of 1939 but was bulldozed afterward. (Savage could not afford to have it cast in bronze.)
In June 1939 Savage opened the Salon of Contemporary Art, the first gallery devoted to the exhibition and sale of works by African-American artists. It folded within a few months for lack of funds. The same year, she exhibited fifteen works in a solo show at Argent Galleries; among them were Green Apples, Sisters in the Rain, Creation, Envy, Martyr, The Cat, and a bust of James Weldon Johnson. She also exhibited at the American Negro Exposition and at Perrin Hall in Chicago in 1940.
Around 1945 Savage retired to Saugerties, New York, where she taught children in nearby summer camps, occasionally sold her work, and wrote children's stories and murder mysteries. She died of cancer in New York City.
Bearden, Romare, and Harry Henderson. A History of African-American Artists: From 1792 to the Present. New York: Pantheon, 1993.
Bibby, Deirdre. Augusta Savage and the Art Schools of Harlem. New York: Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, 1988.
Poston, T. R. "Augusta Savage." Metropolitan Magazine (January 1935): 28–31, 55, 66–67.
theresa leininger-miller (1996) | 3,827 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Children who witness violence often think it is normal, a development that can lead to violent behavior, says a new study in the journal Social Psychological and Personality Science. The researchers, who surveyed 800 children between the ages of 8 and 12, asked the children if they had witnessed violence on television, at home or at school. Six months later they were polled a second time. Children who said they had witnessed violence were aggressive, according to the study. “People exposed to a heavy diet of violence come to believe that aggression is a normal way to solve conflict and get what you want in life,” the study’s authors wrote. “These beliefs lower their inhibitions against aggression against others.” The full study is available by subscription only, but you can read more at ScienceDaily. | <urn:uuid:c562ad46-fa59-4b86-91bd-d9954480ecbb> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://jjie.org/tag/agression/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250613416.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123191130-20200123220130-00178.warc.gz | en | 0.986781 | 162 | 3.484375 | 3 | [
0.039947930723428726,
0.04535059258341789,
0.03565453737974167,
-0.13404402136802673,
-0.09178855270147324,
0.587043285369873,
0.014152267947793007,
0.2456265389919281,
0.18229679763317108,
0.01934177242219448,
0.4124721586704254,
0.11552996933460236,
0.15043577551841736,
0.316302627325058... | 1 | Children who witness violence often think it is normal, a development that can lead to violent behavior, says a new study in the journal Social Psychological and Personality Science. The researchers, who surveyed 800 children between the ages of 8 and 12, asked the children if they had witnessed violence on television, at home or at school. Six months later they were polled a second time. Children who said they had witnessed violence were aggressive, according to the study. “People exposed to a heavy diet of violence come to believe that aggression is a normal way to solve conflict and get what you want in life,” the study’s authors wrote. “These beliefs lower their inhibitions against aggression against others.” The full study is available by subscription only, but you can read more at ScienceDaily. | 160 | ENGLISH | 1 |
5. Punishment Reforms
Initially, punishment was one of the worst components of military life. Courts-martial had unrestrained power and overused it at the behest of the leadership of the day. Reforms to bring these excesses under check started way back in 1829 when for the very first time, physical punishment was limited to a maximum of 500 whips. Even a beast would still find it unbearable to take all that lash.
Further reform saw this number reduced severally to an eventual 50 whiplashes in 1846. At around this time, there was also a smaller number of men receiving this sort of punishment. Instead, incarceration slowly started replacing the punishment as a more humane option.
At first, soldiers would be deported to Australia as a form of punishment, ripping them off their right to be with their families at home. This, however, ended with the introduction of more humane alternatives such as imprisonment.
So did branding which remained in use up to 1871. Then it was used no more, followed by flogging which ended completely in 1881.
4. Good Conduct Pay
Logic has it that stressing on the wrong deeds only serve to glorify them. Rewarding good deeds, on the other hand, is a more effective way to promote and encourage proper conduct. This wisdom was conspicuously missing in the early Victorian military establishment. Discipline then focused on punishing awkward behavior and not rewarding good conduct. Changing this state of affairs was one of the main things Howick did.
As Secretary of War, he sought to bring about performance appraisal in the forces by introducing good conduct badges. Ordinary soldiers’ good conduct would be overtly acknowledged and praised. This led it to being a status above the default. It was tremendously humane and yielded pragmatic outcomes and a better disciplinary alternative to the deadly whiplash. There was a good conduct pay that accompanied the title and the prospect of the reward actually heightened good behavior within the forces. Everyone wants material rewards and would do anything to get it. | <urn:uuid:186b03fd-9d9f-4a46-adec-f74b2895cb0c> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://historycollection.co/7-reforms-improved-lives-victorian-british-soldiers/2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250628549.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125011232-20200125040232-00362.warc.gz | en | 0.980616 | 409 | 3.890625 | 4 | [
-0.4993540346622467,
0.03332710266113281,
0.28592073917388916,
0.03735748678445816,
-0.02261860854923725,
0.002543862210586667,
-0.03401545062661171,
0.12619544565677643,
0.13741649687290192,
0.4374847114086151,
0.5864436030387878,
-0.15051908791065216,
0.013871745206415653,
0.206472605466... | 2 | 5. Punishment Reforms
Initially, punishment was one of the worst components of military life. Courts-martial had unrestrained power and overused it at the behest of the leadership of the day. Reforms to bring these excesses under check started way back in 1829 when for the very first time, physical punishment was limited to a maximum of 500 whips. Even a beast would still find it unbearable to take all that lash.
Further reform saw this number reduced severally to an eventual 50 whiplashes in 1846. At around this time, there was also a smaller number of men receiving this sort of punishment. Instead, incarceration slowly started replacing the punishment as a more humane option.
At first, soldiers would be deported to Australia as a form of punishment, ripping them off their right to be with their families at home. This, however, ended with the introduction of more humane alternatives such as imprisonment.
So did branding which remained in use up to 1871. Then it was used no more, followed by flogging which ended completely in 1881.
4. Good Conduct Pay
Logic has it that stressing on the wrong deeds only serve to glorify them. Rewarding good deeds, on the other hand, is a more effective way to promote and encourage proper conduct. This wisdom was conspicuously missing in the early Victorian military establishment. Discipline then focused on punishing awkward behavior and not rewarding good conduct. Changing this state of affairs was one of the main things Howick did.
As Secretary of War, he sought to bring about performance appraisal in the forces by introducing good conduct badges. Ordinary soldiers’ good conduct would be overtly acknowledged and praised. This led it to being a status above the default. It was tremendously humane and yielded pragmatic outcomes and a better disciplinary alternative to the deadly whiplash. There was a good conduct pay that accompanied the title and the prospect of the reward actually heightened good behavior within the forces. Everyone wants material rewards and would do anything to get it. | 419 | ENGLISH | 1 |
When first asked to think about the terms race, ethnicity and discrimination I thought I had a good understanding of which each of these terms meant. However, when it came to writing these definitions down I couldn’t write anything as I found it very difficult to put into words what I was thinking.
This input really opened my eyes into the disgusting behaviour that people of colour have had to face in the past and still have to in today’s modern society. Throughout this input examples such as Rosa Parks and Martin Luther King Jr. were discussed along with other stories such as the murder of Emmett Till, which I was unaware of. The stories I was unaware of have strengthened my understanding of the horrific actions taken towards people of colour both then and now.
Being white, racism is not something I have typically had to face, therefore causing a great struggle in understanding exactly what people, facing racism or discrimination, feel in their day to day lives. In the reading materials for this input there was the Ted talk (How to raise a black son in America) which really gave me a great insight and new way of thinking towards what people with just a different colour of skin to me, have to face in their day to day lives. The way the man talks about not being able “to act like my white friends” is upsetting to think that as a little boy this was what he was thinking and having to deal with. The fact this is then seen as “normal” for these people of colour to think like that no matter what age is disgusting and that just because of the colour of your skin you are treated in such a different manner in the whole of society.
This input has really made me think more about these terms and this has helped me clarify each definition, ensuring I have a good understanding of each term and how they each affect different people in society.
This has then made me really think about what different people have to go through everyday because racism and discrimination is everywhere whether it be within the legal system, other social institutions or by people you meet in your day to day lives. Therefore, I want to make sure that every child in my classroom is fully educated on just how wrong racism and discrimination is to insure that just because of a different colour of skin or religious background, no child is left out or is left feeling like they aren’t as good as the next person because every child in any class should be on a level playing field. | <urn:uuid:e388db90-8e9e-49dd-9658-5c97f9354772> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://blogs.glowscotland.org.uk/glowblogs/mwattuod/2017/10/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250597458.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120052454-20200120080454-00043.warc.gz | en | 0.986437 | 501 | 3.359375 | 3 | [
0.023695241659879684,
0.04559815302491188,
0.022018209099769592,
-0.010505620390176773,
-0.2803792655467987,
0.2909463346004486,
0.6231448650360107,
0.008751395158469677,
0.11454372107982635,
0.17749197781085968,
0.2512131333351135,
-0.36194097995758057,
-0.19414876401424408,
0.22854332625... | 11 | When first asked to think about the terms race, ethnicity and discrimination I thought I had a good understanding of which each of these terms meant. However, when it came to writing these definitions down I couldn’t write anything as I found it very difficult to put into words what I was thinking.
This input really opened my eyes into the disgusting behaviour that people of colour have had to face in the past and still have to in today’s modern society. Throughout this input examples such as Rosa Parks and Martin Luther King Jr. were discussed along with other stories such as the murder of Emmett Till, which I was unaware of. The stories I was unaware of have strengthened my understanding of the horrific actions taken towards people of colour both then and now.
Being white, racism is not something I have typically had to face, therefore causing a great struggle in understanding exactly what people, facing racism or discrimination, feel in their day to day lives. In the reading materials for this input there was the Ted talk (How to raise a black son in America) which really gave me a great insight and new way of thinking towards what people with just a different colour of skin to me, have to face in their day to day lives. The way the man talks about not being able “to act like my white friends” is upsetting to think that as a little boy this was what he was thinking and having to deal with. The fact this is then seen as “normal” for these people of colour to think like that no matter what age is disgusting and that just because of the colour of your skin you are treated in such a different manner in the whole of society.
This input has really made me think more about these terms and this has helped me clarify each definition, ensuring I have a good understanding of each term and how they each affect different people in society.
This has then made me really think about what different people have to go through everyday because racism and discrimination is everywhere whether it be within the legal system, other social institutions or by people you meet in your day to day lives. Therefore, I want to make sure that every child in my classroom is fully educated on just how wrong racism and discrimination is to insure that just because of a different colour of skin or religious background, no child is left out or is left feeling like they aren’t as good as the next person because every child in any class should be on a level playing field. | 486 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Rousseau felt the absence of application of psychological principles of education in his days. “I wish”, says Rousseau, “that some discreet person would give us a treatise on the art of observing children an art which would be of immense value to us, but of which the fathers and school masters have not as yet learnt the very first rudiments.”
According to Pestalozzi the aim of education is harmonious, natural, and progressive development of the pupil. To fulfill this aim the teacher must have an insight into the working of the child’s mind. He must know his needs, desires and capacities. He must know how children behave in particular circumstances and what is natural for them to do.
Herbart believed that the system of instruction prevalent in his days was defective because it was not based on a sound psychology. He rightly realized that a correct theory of education depended on a correct psychology and so he directed his efforts to teaching what he considered to be correct psychology, i.e., a correct knowledge of the working of a human mind.
Froebel realized that a teacher must acquire the knowledge of the innate human tendencies, of the natural impulses and inclinations of children. He thought that the pupil can be made easily interested in his lessons by stimulating his spontaneous acting, and by appealing to his inner tendencies.
Froebel insisted that each period of life must be regarded not only as a means to something beyond, but also as an end in itself, that “the boy has not become a boy nor has the youth become a youth, reaching a certain age but only by having lived through childhood, and, further on through boyhood.
True to the requirements of his mind, his feelings and his body,” and that “similarly, adult man has not become an adult man by reaching a certain age, but only by faithfully satisfying the requirements of his childhood, boyhood, and youth”
By the days of Montessori, psychology had grown into an independent branch of science in laboratories. According to her, knowledge of experimental psychology is essential for a teacher in the successful performance of his duties.
The Montessori Method of teaching cannot be practiced without a thorough knowledge of psychology. With a deep psychological insight the teacher would easily understand when he is to interfere in the pupil’s behaviour in order to make the response satisfying. | <urn:uuid:1afce7bc-58eb-44ae-bde3-387f9f75fd70> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://taxteaparty.com/the-relationship-between-psychology-and-education-as-described-by-different-educators/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250625097.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124191133-20200124220133-00102.warc.gz | en | 0.980215 | 492 | 3.90625 | 4 | [
0.27101922035217285,
0.42630910873413086,
0.1938839554786682,
-0.21319888532161713,
-0.5441468954086304,
0.4172618091106415,
0.6701921820640564,
-0.060504358261823654,
0.2307322472333908,
-0.062465500086545944,
0.27682051062583923,
-0.14469046890735626,
0.2421468049287796,
0.81775027513504... | 3 | Rousseau felt the absence of application of psychological principles of education in his days. “I wish”, says Rousseau, “that some discreet person would give us a treatise on the art of observing children an art which would be of immense value to us, but of which the fathers and school masters have not as yet learnt the very first rudiments.”
According to Pestalozzi the aim of education is harmonious, natural, and progressive development of the pupil. To fulfill this aim the teacher must have an insight into the working of the child’s mind. He must know his needs, desires and capacities. He must know how children behave in particular circumstances and what is natural for them to do.
Herbart believed that the system of instruction prevalent in his days was defective because it was not based on a sound psychology. He rightly realized that a correct theory of education depended on a correct psychology and so he directed his efforts to teaching what he considered to be correct psychology, i.e., a correct knowledge of the working of a human mind.
Froebel realized that a teacher must acquire the knowledge of the innate human tendencies, of the natural impulses and inclinations of children. He thought that the pupil can be made easily interested in his lessons by stimulating his spontaneous acting, and by appealing to his inner tendencies.
Froebel insisted that each period of life must be regarded not only as a means to something beyond, but also as an end in itself, that “the boy has not become a boy nor has the youth become a youth, reaching a certain age but only by having lived through childhood, and, further on through boyhood.
True to the requirements of his mind, his feelings and his body,” and that “similarly, adult man has not become an adult man by reaching a certain age, but only by faithfully satisfying the requirements of his childhood, boyhood, and youth”
By the days of Montessori, psychology had grown into an independent branch of science in laboratories. According to her, knowledge of experimental psychology is essential for a teacher in the successful performance of his duties.
The Montessori Method of teaching cannot be practiced without a thorough knowledge of psychology. With a deep psychological insight the teacher would easily understand when he is to interfere in the pupil’s behaviour in order to make the response satisfying. | 469 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Early European settlers in Canada, primarily French and English, were faced with the same difficulties as those in what became the United States. No local sources of silver or gold were discovered, so alternative sources of wealth had to be developed in order to encourage new settlers. European demand for beaver pelts became the catalyst for permanent settlement in Canada. The fur trade was profitable for over two centuries and was a major factor in French, English and Native American relations in the region.
Early Canadian settlers relied on furs and other commodities as money, supplemented with whatever coinage was available through trade, including tokens and counterfeit issues from the American colonies. The first coins struck for Canada were silver 5 and 15 sol pieces produced by France in 1670. These were followed by copper coins in 1717 of 6 and 12 deniers, and later 9 deniers. English-speaking Canada was left to its own resources.
Modern Canadian coinage began with provincial tokens in the 1820s issued by banks in Upper (primarily English speaking) and Lower (primarily French speaking) Canada. Regular coinage was first issued in 1858 by the provinces of New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland – all struck by the Royal Mint in dollar and cent denominations. The coins featured Queen Victoria on the obverse and the denomination on the reverse. Under the Dominion of Canada, a united coinage was struck for the first time in 1870. A branch of the Royal Mint was established in Ottawa in 1908, which became the Royal Canadian Mint in 1931.
The earliest Canadian paper currency was in the form of playing cards issued by the Governor General of New France during the 1680s. The system collapsed in the 1690s, leaving private promissory notes known as “bons” (for bon pour – “good for”). Emergency notes issued by the British military during the War of 1812 were widely accepted due to their gold backing and were followed by notes issued by Canadian private banks. The first Canadian dollar notes were issued by the Montreal Bank in 1817, beginning a chartered banknote period lasting until 1944. Many early private notes were issued with dual denominations in dollars and pounds sterling, but the dollar eventually became standard on all Canadian money. Colonial notes were issued by provincial governments from 1841 until the formation of the Dominion of Canada in 1867. Dominion notes were the first Canadian national paper currency and were replaced by Bank of Canada notes in 1935 that are still in use today.
Same as text above
Click on the items in the case image below for an enhanced view | <urn:uuid:214c14b8-be94-4f50-9067-1800a871e9aa> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.money.org/money-museum/virtual-exhibits/moe/case19 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250591431.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20200117234621-20200118022621-00279.warc.gz | en | 0.988522 | 522 | 3.78125 | 4 | [
-0.33751600980758667,
0.13768982887268066,
0.3695894777774811,
-0.22692900896072388,
-0.3062460124492645,
-0.23462733626365662,
-0.17224055528640747,
0.10100402683019638,
0.283235102891922,
0.35706937313079834,
0.38423559069633484,
-0.23479552567005157,
0.04797794297337532,
0.0238776709884... | 9 | Early European settlers in Canada, primarily French and English, were faced with the same difficulties as those in what became the United States. No local sources of silver or gold were discovered, so alternative sources of wealth had to be developed in order to encourage new settlers. European demand for beaver pelts became the catalyst for permanent settlement in Canada. The fur trade was profitable for over two centuries and was a major factor in French, English and Native American relations in the region.
Early Canadian settlers relied on furs and other commodities as money, supplemented with whatever coinage was available through trade, including tokens and counterfeit issues from the American colonies. The first coins struck for Canada were silver 5 and 15 sol pieces produced by France in 1670. These were followed by copper coins in 1717 of 6 and 12 deniers, and later 9 deniers. English-speaking Canada was left to its own resources.
Modern Canadian coinage began with provincial tokens in the 1820s issued by banks in Upper (primarily English speaking) and Lower (primarily French speaking) Canada. Regular coinage was first issued in 1858 by the provinces of New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland – all struck by the Royal Mint in dollar and cent denominations. The coins featured Queen Victoria on the obverse and the denomination on the reverse. Under the Dominion of Canada, a united coinage was struck for the first time in 1870. A branch of the Royal Mint was established in Ottawa in 1908, which became the Royal Canadian Mint in 1931.
The earliest Canadian paper currency was in the form of playing cards issued by the Governor General of New France during the 1680s. The system collapsed in the 1690s, leaving private promissory notes known as “bons” (for bon pour – “good for”). Emergency notes issued by the British military during the War of 1812 were widely accepted due to their gold backing and were followed by notes issued by Canadian private banks. The first Canadian dollar notes were issued by the Montreal Bank in 1817, beginning a chartered banknote period lasting until 1944. Many early private notes were issued with dual denominations in dollars and pounds sterling, but the dollar eventually became standard on all Canadian money. Colonial notes were issued by provincial governments from 1841 until the formation of the Dominion of Canada in 1867. Dominion notes were the first Canadian national paper currency and were replaced by Bank of Canada notes in 1935 that are still in use today.
Same as text above
Click on the items in the case image below for an enhanced view | 571 | ENGLISH | 1 |
The 1820’s and 1830’s were times where the Jacksonian Democrats dominated politics in the United States. Jacksonian Democrats saw themselves as guardians of the United States Constitution, political democracy, individual liberty, and equality of economic opportunity. With a few exceptions, Jacksonian Democrats did indeed live up to these goals and values. Jacksonian Democrats followed some of the principles of Thomas Jefferson in that they were more interested in commoners and farmers, and that they also had a strict interpretation of the Constitution.
Jacksonian Democrats kept the United States together through the 1820s and 1830s and successfully protected the rights stated in the Constitution. Andrew Jackson as President gave Americans more land, granted that all white males had the right to vote, and successfully got rid of the Bank of the United States because it was not beneficial for the country as a whole. A major problem for Jackson was what to do with Native Americans living in the South and on this issue Jackson decided he had to do what was best for his people. Document G)Native Americans living in the South were driven away from their lands to Oklahoma on a path known as the Trail of Tears. This allowed southerners to expand their farms and made available more growing space. Andrew Jackson fought against the Supreme Court to get this approved; this only proved that Jackson was for his people. The Jacksonians believed that voting rights should be extended to all white men. By 1820, universal white male suffrage was common in the United States. Other countries started noticing the freedom and independence that America was starting to give to its citizens.
Taken from the opinion of Harriet Martineau, who was a British author, in one of her reports she stated how amazed she was by the sovereignty and liberty. She also mentioned the One of the Jacksonian Democrats’ attempts to reduce the influence of the rich was by vetoing the charter to the Bank of the United States. Jackson stated his reasons in Document B mainly as a precaution of the rich taking over. Jacksonians simply wanted equal economic opportunity for every citizen. Jackson also instituted the spoils system | <urn:uuid:14bb5bea-fb8c-4eaa-b8a2-fcd369709974> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://indybedbugpros.com/jacksonian-democrats-5269/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250599718.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120165335-20200120194335-00159.warc.gz | en | 0.984664 | 424 | 4.21875 | 4 | [
-0.43510186672210693,
-0.1255687177181244,
0.31475362181663513,
-0.5230122208595276,
0.1275559663772583,
0.21965767443180084,
0.07900930196046829,
0.2584189474582672,
-0.16282163560390472,
-0.030344363301992416,
0.11197572201490402,
0.40096715092658997,
0.1552838534116745,
-0.1556320041418... | 1 | The 1820’s and 1830’s were times where the Jacksonian Democrats dominated politics in the United States. Jacksonian Democrats saw themselves as guardians of the United States Constitution, political democracy, individual liberty, and equality of economic opportunity. With a few exceptions, Jacksonian Democrats did indeed live up to these goals and values. Jacksonian Democrats followed some of the principles of Thomas Jefferson in that they were more interested in commoners and farmers, and that they also had a strict interpretation of the Constitution.
Jacksonian Democrats kept the United States together through the 1820s and 1830s and successfully protected the rights stated in the Constitution. Andrew Jackson as President gave Americans more land, granted that all white males had the right to vote, and successfully got rid of the Bank of the United States because it was not beneficial for the country as a whole. A major problem for Jackson was what to do with Native Americans living in the South and on this issue Jackson decided he had to do what was best for his people. Document G)Native Americans living in the South were driven away from their lands to Oklahoma on a path known as the Trail of Tears. This allowed southerners to expand their farms and made available more growing space. Andrew Jackson fought against the Supreme Court to get this approved; this only proved that Jackson was for his people. The Jacksonians believed that voting rights should be extended to all white men. By 1820, universal white male suffrage was common in the United States. Other countries started noticing the freedom and independence that America was starting to give to its citizens.
Taken from the opinion of Harriet Martineau, who was a British author, in one of her reports she stated how amazed she was by the sovereignty and liberty. She also mentioned the One of the Jacksonian Democrats’ attempts to reduce the influence of the rich was by vetoing the charter to the Bank of the United States. Jackson stated his reasons in Document B mainly as a precaution of the rich taking over. Jacksonians simply wanted equal economic opportunity for every citizen. Jackson also instituted the spoils system | 434 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Lester R. Brown
In 1938, Walter Lowdermilk, a senior official in the Soil Conservation Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, traveled abroad to look at lands that had been cultivated for thousands of years, seeking to learn how these older civilizations had coped with soil erosion. He found that some had managed their land well, maintaining its fertility over long stretches of history, and were thriving. Others had failed to do so and left only remnants of their illustrious pasts.
In a section of his report entitled “The Hundred Dead Cities,” he described a site in northern Syria, near Aleppo, where ancient buildings were still standing in stark isolated relief, but they were on bare rock.
For full article, visit:
Current World Population
Net Growth During Your Visit | <urn:uuid:594b0a8f-9e36-43f7-b12e-3958c5d91704> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.populationmedia.org/2007/07/24/earth-policy-news-losing-soil/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251690379.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126195918-20200126225918-00557.warc.gz | en | 0.985972 | 165 | 3.4375 | 3 | [
-0.23903800547122955,
-0.053762443363666534,
0.2542943060398102,
0.10180442035198212,
0.4579785466194153,
-0.3174123764038086,
-0.2607738971710205,
0.05896517634391785,
-0.5636351704597473,
0.22129447758197784,
0.008271783590316772,
-0.5365990996360779,
0.2349201887845993,
0.57597875595092... | 8 | Lester R. Brown
In 1938, Walter Lowdermilk, a senior official in the Soil Conservation Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, traveled abroad to look at lands that had been cultivated for thousands of years, seeking to learn how these older civilizations had coped with soil erosion. He found that some had managed their land well, maintaining its fertility over long stretches of history, and were thriving. Others had failed to do so and left only remnants of their illustrious pasts.
In a section of his report entitled “The Hundred Dead Cities,” he described a site in northern Syria, near Aleppo, where ancient buildings were still standing in stark isolated relief, but they were on bare rock.
For full article, visit:
Current World Population
Net Growth During Your Visit | 162 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Albert Einstein Facts
Albert Einstein was a German-born physicist who made some groundbreaking inventions in the field of physics. He is one of the most influential physicists of 20th century. He was born in Ulm, Germany in 1879. He was the eldest child of the Jewish couple Hermann and Pauline Einstein. He received his primary education at a Catholic school. He was a leading figure in the World government movement after World War II. He was offered the Presidency of the State of Israel but he denied. In 1902, he was going through a bad phase and took lowly jobs like tutoring children but he was fired from even these jobs. 1905 is known as the ‘miracle year’ for him as five of his papers in the field of modern physics got published.
Quick Facts: –
- On January 6, 1903, he married a former fellow student Mileva Maric. He divorced Mileva in 1919.
- He was appointed as a technical assistant in the Swiss Patent Office.
- Einstein obtained his doctor’s degree in 1905 from the University of Zurich.
- He published ‘The Foundation of the General Theory of Relativity’ in 1916.
- Einstein made several important contributions to quantum theory and began to work on a unified field theory.
- His most important discoveries include Law of the Photoelectric Effect, General Theory of Relativity, Special theory of Relativity etc.
- He was appointed as the president of the German Physical Society in 1916.
- In 1999, Albert Einstein was named as the Person of the Century by the Time Magazine.
- He is best known as the Father of Modern Physics. Now his surname has been adjudged with the meaning ‘genius’.
- He was a talented violin player.
- Einstein died on April 18, 1955 when he was 76 years old. | <urn:uuid:413b1d7c-d878-4b2d-8f07-ababad1d0087> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://easyscienceforkids.com/albert-einstein-facts-for-kids-video/?print=1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251783000.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128184745-20200128214745-00355.warc.gz | en | 0.989688 | 380 | 3.3125 | 3 | [
0.12127631902694702,
0.3515676259994507,
-0.06579349935054779,
0.18140104413032532,
-0.1735132783651352,
0.08571767807006836,
0.3807600140571594,
-0.035290442407131195,
-0.08510912209749222,
-0.14721167087554932,
0.7070720195770264,
-0.4493749141693115,
0.012414000928401947,
0.507129073143... | 2 | Albert Einstein Facts
Albert Einstein was a German-born physicist who made some groundbreaking inventions in the field of physics. He is one of the most influential physicists of 20th century. He was born in Ulm, Germany in 1879. He was the eldest child of the Jewish couple Hermann and Pauline Einstein. He received his primary education at a Catholic school. He was a leading figure in the World government movement after World War II. He was offered the Presidency of the State of Israel but he denied. In 1902, he was going through a bad phase and took lowly jobs like tutoring children but he was fired from even these jobs. 1905 is known as the ‘miracle year’ for him as five of his papers in the field of modern physics got published.
Quick Facts: –
- On January 6, 1903, he married a former fellow student Mileva Maric. He divorced Mileva in 1919.
- He was appointed as a technical assistant in the Swiss Patent Office.
- Einstein obtained his doctor’s degree in 1905 from the University of Zurich.
- He published ‘The Foundation of the General Theory of Relativity’ in 1916.
- Einstein made several important contributions to quantum theory and began to work on a unified field theory.
- His most important discoveries include Law of the Photoelectric Effect, General Theory of Relativity, Special theory of Relativity etc.
- He was appointed as the president of the German Physical Society in 1916.
- In 1999, Albert Einstein was named as the Person of the Century by the Time Magazine.
- He is best known as the Father of Modern Physics. Now his surname has been adjudged with the meaning ‘genius’.
- He was a talented violin player.
- Einstein died on April 18, 1955 when he was 76 years old. | 406 | ENGLISH | 1 |
DACA, The Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals Policy, is a policy based on the age old issue of illegal immigration. The policy was put into place by President Obama in June of 2012. The policy gives immigrants that came into the United States at a young age the chance to have a two year grace period. This grace period is known as deferred action. This was also extended to people who had come into the US or had been staying in the United States illegally. Deferred action meant that the individual was protected from being deported and they were able to receive a work permit. The work permit could be renewed every two years based on the individual’s behavior. Research on DACA shows that it has increased the pay of people who participated, as well as, labor force participation from the immigrants who took part in DACA. DACA also increased the mental stability of the participants and their families. (Wikipedia) It has been shown that DACA has no ill effects on native born American employment and that DACA shows no damage to the US economy, in fact, it has shown positive effects. 91% of DACA recipients hold jobs and 63% of those workers have moved onto higher paying jobs. (Center for American Progress)The eligibility for DACA is rather strict, but is necessary for the opportunity that it grants immigrants. For an immigrant to be able to participate in the program, they must have proof of identity, such as a passport or birth certificate. The applicant must have proof that they entered the United States before their sixteenth birthday, like school records for a United States school or a Form I-94, I-95, or I-94 W. They must also show proof that they had resided in the United States since June 15, 2007 and that they were present in the United States on June 15, 2012. Ways to show this would include rent receipts, employment records like a W-2 form, or school or military (Form DD-214 or NGB Form 22) records. The applicant must also show if they have taken part in deportation proceedings or have been arrested by police or a government agency such as the FBI. (USCIS)There are certain requirements for DACA participants to travel outside of the United States. For that, they must pay an extra fee of $575.00 plus the original $465.00 to the United States Citizenship and Immigration Services, USCIS. (Wikipedia) They must also turn in a Form I-131 Type D. A Form I-131 is a form necessary for reapplying for reentry, refuge travelling, or advance parole travel. (USCIS) A Form I-131 is required from everyone who applies for a Green Card, regardless of how they arrived in America. Within the form, the applicant will apply for “advance parole”. Advance parole is an application to the USCIS that immigrants can apply for to allow them to travel outside of the United States and return lawfully with no problems. In order to be approved for advance parole, the applicant must be traveling for one of three reasons; educational: studying abroad, employment: such as interviews or training, or for humanitarian purposes: like medicine or a sick/deceased relative. Advanced parole applicants will not be accepted for leisurely trips, such as vacations. (Wikipedia) The reason for travel outside of the United States must be of importance and the application must be approved prior to their travel.DACA is a great opportunity for the children of immigrants. Children do not get to pick their parents and they have no control over what their parents do. In most cases, parents bring their family over to the United States for a better life, a fresh start. With DACA, children are able to get a glimpse of all the incredible opportunities America has to offer them. A chance to make a way for themselves, be successful, and be able to provide for themselves and their family. The American Dream is called that because it is only possible in America, but that does not mean that it is exclusive to Americans. DACA not only shows children how great their life could be, it also shows the parents and adults what their lives had been missing. It shows them what their life can be and how it could be so much better. It gives everyone admitted a chance to not only start new, but start running. They are given the chance to find employment and provide for their family. Immigrant workers were paid originally $10.29, but the workers were given an increase of seven dollars when DACA was introduced giving the workers $17.46 an hour.After the first year of DACA being implemented, there was great success! The USCIS received over 573,000 applications for the program and over $430,000 were accepted. (Immigration Impact) Young adults who were eligible for DACA received a high increase of opportunities for economic and social involvement. DACA gives young immigrants a chance to pursue parts of life that they are not able to where they are from. There are able to take those special steps into adulthood all the way from getting a job to opening a bank account or getting a credit card. In fact, based on the National UnDACAmented Research Project (NURP), the study shows that, of those who received DACA, 61% got a new job, 54% opened their own bank account, 61% were able to get their driver’s license, and 38% applied and received their first credit card. (Immigration Impact) This program shows that if a young immigrant is given the opportunity to make a better life for themselves and those in their family, they will take it and they will flourish. DACA is a great program that has given many people a chance to start over and make the American Dream come true for themselves. DACA takes all the necessary steps to ensure that America’s national security is intact by making those who apply show the necessary forms such as birth certificates, school or military records, and police records. DACA gives people the chance to live the life they never could and thrive. DACA shows that it is extremely successful in not only giving immigrants jobs, but helping them improve their life in many aspects. | <urn:uuid:13eda26f-a6ea-49d5-9362-909890f3b292> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://taxteaparty.com/daca-able-to-receive-a-work-permit-the/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251783000.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128184745-20200128214745-00544.warc.gz | en | 0.982697 | 1,241 | 3.28125 | 3 | [
-0.5785399675369263,
-0.17153027653694153,
0.006943495478481054,
-0.367909699678421,
-0.20141035318374634,
0.6412715315818787,
-0.48242393136024475,
-0.01181778684258461,
-0.3966529071331024,
-0.17785678803920746,
0.6685038805007935,
0.3482469916343689,
-0.11333094537258148,
-0.11383881419... | 1 | DACA, The Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals Policy, is a policy based on the age old issue of illegal immigration. The policy was put into place by President Obama in June of 2012. The policy gives immigrants that came into the United States at a young age the chance to have a two year grace period. This grace period is known as deferred action. This was also extended to people who had come into the US or had been staying in the United States illegally. Deferred action meant that the individual was protected from being deported and they were able to receive a work permit. The work permit could be renewed every two years based on the individual’s behavior. Research on DACA shows that it has increased the pay of people who participated, as well as, labor force participation from the immigrants who took part in DACA. DACA also increased the mental stability of the participants and their families. (Wikipedia) It has been shown that DACA has no ill effects on native born American employment and that DACA shows no damage to the US economy, in fact, it has shown positive effects. 91% of DACA recipients hold jobs and 63% of those workers have moved onto higher paying jobs. (Center for American Progress)The eligibility for DACA is rather strict, but is necessary for the opportunity that it grants immigrants. For an immigrant to be able to participate in the program, they must have proof of identity, such as a passport or birth certificate. The applicant must have proof that they entered the United States before their sixteenth birthday, like school records for a United States school or a Form I-94, I-95, or I-94 W. They must also show proof that they had resided in the United States since June 15, 2007 and that they were present in the United States on June 15, 2012. Ways to show this would include rent receipts, employment records like a W-2 form, or school or military (Form DD-214 or NGB Form 22) records. The applicant must also show if they have taken part in deportation proceedings or have been arrested by police or a government agency such as the FBI. (USCIS)There are certain requirements for DACA participants to travel outside of the United States. For that, they must pay an extra fee of $575.00 plus the original $465.00 to the United States Citizenship and Immigration Services, USCIS. (Wikipedia) They must also turn in a Form I-131 Type D. A Form I-131 is a form necessary for reapplying for reentry, refuge travelling, or advance parole travel. (USCIS) A Form I-131 is required from everyone who applies for a Green Card, regardless of how they arrived in America. Within the form, the applicant will apply for “advance parole”. Advance parole is an application to the USCIS that immigrants can apply for to allow them to travel outside of the United States and return lawfully with no problems. In order to be approved for advance parole, the applicant must be traveling for one of three reasons; educational: studying abroad, employment: such as interviews or training, or for humanitarian purposes: like medicine or a sick/deceased relative. Advanced parole applicants will not be accepted for leisurely trips, such as vacations. (Wikipedia) The reason for travel outside of the United States must be of importance and the application must be approved prior to their travel.DACA is a great opportunity for the children of immigrants. Children do not get to pick their parents and they have no control over what their parents do. In most cases, parents bring their family over to the United States for a better life, a fresh start. With DACA, children are able to get a glimpse of all the incredible opportunities America has to offer them. A chance to make a way for themselves, be successful, and be able to provide for themselves and their family. The American Dream is called that because it is only possible in America, but that does not mean that it is exclusive to Americans. DACA not only shows children how great their life could be, it also shows the parents and adults what their lives had been missing. It shows them what their life can be and how it could be so much better. It gives everyone admitted a chance to not only start new, but start running. They are given the chance to find employment and provide for their family. Immigrant workers were paid originally $10.29, but the workers were given an increase of seven dollars when DACA was introduced giving the workers $17.46 an hour.After the first year of DACA being implemented, there was great success! The USCIS received over 573,000 applications for the program and over $430,000 were accepted. (Immigration Impact) Young adults who were eligible for DACA received a high increase of opportunities for economic and social involvement. DACA gives young immigrants a chance to pursue parts of life that they are not able to where they are from. There are able to take those special steps into adulthood all the way from getting a job to opening a bank account or getting a credit card. In fact, based on the National UnDACAmented Research Project (NURP), the study shows that, of those who received DACA, 61% got a new job, 54% opened their own bank account, 61% were able to get their driver’s license, and 38% applied and received their first credit card. (Immigration Impact) This program shows that if a young immigrant is given the opportunity to make a better life for themselves and those in their family, they will take it and they will flourish. DACA is a great program that has given many people a chance to start over and make the American Dream come true for themselves. DACA takes all the necessary steps to ensure that America’s national security is intact by making those who apply show the necessary forms such as birth certificates, school or military records, and police records. DACA gives people the chance to live the life they never could and thrive. DACA shows that it is extremely successful in not only giving immigrants jobs, but helping them improve their life in many aspects. | 1,290 | ENGLISH | 1 |
How far is New Zealand from Australia
If you lived in New Zealand before 1606, it would have been hard to travel to any other hard-land like traveling to the end of the world, regardless of whether it was near or far. Native people lived on the island in complete isolation, no one able to in or out until it was discovered in 1642 and transportation was very limited at that time only possible in a very difficult way.
By the time the first Europeans arrived, Māori had settled the land, every corner of which came within the interest and influence of a tribal (iwi) or sub-tribal (hapū) grouping. Abel Tasman was the first of the European explorers known to have reached New Zealand, in December 1642. His time here was brief. His only encounter with Māori ended badly, with four of his crew killed and Māori fired upon in retaliation. Tasman named the place we now call Golden Bay ‘Moordenaers’ (Murderers’) Bay. After he left in early January 1643, Tasman’s New Zealand became a ragged line on the world map. The Māori response to this visit is less well-known, except for fragments of stories recorded in the 19th century.
Traveling between Australia and New Zealand at that time required about 30 days to ship and was not available to all people like ours today. The island is about 1,200 miles from Australia and bordered by water from all sides which makes it difficult to reach. You can reach it now via a lot of public transport and it has become a destination for those who are looking for calm and relaxation.
There are basically many different types of cruises in Australia and New Zealand. One of than that, you can fly into a major airport in Australia or New Zealand (normally Sydney or Auckland), embark on a cruise of 10-15 days to various ports in Australia, New Zealand or Tasmania. | <urn:uuid:101aba31-78fe-42cd-adc1-26c0fc5a57a7> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://visa-worldwide.com/2019/11/07/how-far-is-new-zealand-from-australia/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251700675.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127112805-20200127142805-00248.warc.gz | en | 0.982444 | 404 | 3.3125 | 3 | [
0.2199060171842575,
0.1981397420167923,
-0.005828963592648506,
0.1740470677614212,
-0.3346560299396515,
0.05936981737613678,
0.17934399843215942,
-0.17172831296920776,
-0.18738125264644623,
-0.021439407020807266,
0.3317073583602905,
-0.41369807720184326,
0.05126488208770752,
0.639854073524... | 15 | How far is New Zealand from Australia
If you lived in New Zealand before 1606, it would have been hard to travel to any other hard-land like traveling to the end of the world, regardless of whether it was near or far. Native people lived on the island in complete isolation, no one able to in or out until it was discovered in 1642 and transportation was very limited at that time only possible in a very difficult way.
By the time the first Europeans arrived, Māori had settled the land, every corner of which came within the interest and influence of a tribal (iwi) or sub-tribal (hapū) grouping. Abel Tasman was the first of the European explorers known to have reached New Zealand, in December 1642. His time here was brief. His only encounter with Māori ended badly, with four of his crew killed and Māori fired upon in retaliation. Tasman named the place we now call Golden Bay ‘Moordenaers’ (Murderers’) Bay. After he left in early January 1643, Tasman’s New Zealand became a ragged line on the world map. The Māori response to this visit is less well-known, except for fragments of stories recorded in the 19th century.
Traveling between Australia and New Zealand at that time required about 30 days to ship and was not available to all people like ours today. The island is about 1,200 miles from Australia and bordered by water from all sides which makes it difficult to reach. You can reach it now via a lot of public transport and it has become a destination for those who are looking for calm and relaxation.
There are basically many different types of cruises in Australia and New Zealand. One of than that, you can fly into a major airport in Australia or New Zealand (normally Sydney or Auckland), embark on a cruise of 10-15 days to various ports in Australia, New Zealand or Tasmania. | 417 | ENGLISH | 1 |
- Created by: Kapil Pau
- Created on: 24-12-11 15:25
He was employed as a civil servant in the 1800s by the Poor Law Commission and was asked to produce a report on living conditions for the rich and poor in rural and "urban" areas. He discovered that the conditions for the working class in cities was awful, the worst was in Liverpool and the best was for the upper/middle classes in the countryside. He realised that the workers would be more effecient if they were healthier and this could be achieved by improving working conditions and public health; they lived in crowded areas
1842 - Report on sanitory conditions of the labouring population
1848 - Public Health Act passed which encouraged local councils to improve living conditions in inner-city areas
1854 & 1865 - Cholera returned
1875 - Public Health Act passed which made improving living conditions compuldory
The Problem of Pain
In the 1800s, there were no effective anaesthetics. Many surgeons would give their patients drugs such as opium or mandrake, some would try to get their patients drunk and some would use "mesmerism" (hypnosis) hoping the patient would ignore the pain. All surgery had to be done quickly-deep, internal operations were out of the question. Surgery was usually limited to removing growths or amputating. Even then, many patients would die from the trauma of the pain.
Traditional painkillers included alcoho, opium and mandrake. Some surgeons didn't like anaesthetics as being a skilled surgeon meant you could do operations quickly with minimum pain; however, this skill was made redundant by the elimination of pain. With the elimination of pain more complex operations could now be undertaken but this led to a higher chance of infection.
1799 - Humphry Davy indetified nitous oxide (laughing gas) as a possible anaesthetic but this was ignored by surgeons of the times
1846 - John Warren did a public demonstration of the use of ether as an anaesthic. Although it worked, it irritated the lungs, caused coughing and was unstable forcing people to search for an alternative.
1847 - James Simpson discovered that chloroform was an effective anaesthetic; however, it faced opposition as it was untested but this died down when it was used and then praised by Queen Victoria. Later, it was found to cause liver damage leading to a return to ether.
How This Was Solved
The problem of pain surgery was solved by the discovery and development of anaesthetics. Humphrey Davy experiment with nitrous oxide and discovered that it relieved toothache (1799). Robert Liston began to use ether during surgery - it was effective but had many nasty side-effects. James Simpson was experimenting with many chemicals one night and he discovered that chloroform was an effective anaesthetic. He began to use it for women during childbirth. There was a lot of opposition to chloroform when in 1848 15 year old Hannah Greener became the first person to die from chloroform. Much of this opposition was overcome when in 1853 Queen Victoria used chloroform during the birth of Prince Leopold.
The Problem Of Infection
Now that surgeons had solved the problem of pain during surgery, they felt confident about longer, more complex operations; however, this lead to the time between 1846 to 1870 being known as the 'Black Period' of surgery. Operations were still being carried out under unhygienic conditions, because this was before Louis Pasteur proved the Germ Theory correct, surgeons did not understand the need for cleanliness. As a result, many patients would die from infections developed after the operation.
How This Was Solved
1847 - Ignaz Semmelweiss reduced death rates on his maternity ward by insisting that his doctors washed their hands before operating. His discovery was mostly ignored
1861 - Louis Pasteur published his Germ Theory, which proved that germs caused disease and infection.
1865 - Joseph Lister developed and used a carbolic spray to kill germs in the operating theatre. At first he faced opposition because the spray was awkward to use and many surgeons were cynical about its effectiveness.
1866 onwards - Opposition to his work was slowly overcome.
1890 - William Halstead recommended that rubber gloves be used during surgery - this was the beginning of aseptic surgery.
1890s - Robert Koch discovered that hot steam killed more germs than carbolic acid.
The Problem Of Bleeding
The idea of transfusing blood had been considered for centuries. Jean-Baptist Deyns successfully transfused blood from a lamb to a young man in 1667. The man lived, but because the next patient died, the practice was prohibited. By 1818, doctors in London were successfully transfusing blood from human to human, but most transfusions were disastrous because the red blood cells would clot together and the patients would die. There was no knowledge of blood groups and as a result, many patients were given the wrong blood, which would then clot. There was also no way to store blood, so there had to be on-the-stop donors, which was not effective or practical.
How This Was Solved
1901 - The four blood groups were discovered by Karl Landsteiner. He realised that transfusions would only work if the donor's blood matched the receiver's blood.
1914 - Albert Hustin found that sodium citrate stopped blood clotting, making transfusions easier.
1917 - The storage of blood in blood banks began.
WWII - The Nation Blood Transfusion Service was set up.
Blood transfusions became essential in saving the lives of thousands of soldiers on the battlefield.
CHANGES IN MEDICINE THROUGH TIME
Government: There was no settled government so people lived nomadic lifestyles. Planning, intervention or funding of medicine was not possible due to the lack of a government.
Technology: Primitive tools such as flints and arrow heads.
Education and Communication: There was no written language, no schools, no records of prior knowledge of medicine or education about medicine and skills and ideas were passed along simply by word of mouth.
Religion: A belief in the spirit world was an important influence on pre-historic life. They believed that good spirits caused good things and bad things, such as disease and illnesses. Due to a strong belief in the supernatural, there was no reason for people to search for natural, rational explanations about the causes of disease and cures were restricted to supernatural ones, such as charms and amulets and chantings from the Medicine Man. Trephanny, although an early form of surgery, was carried out for religious reasons - pre-historic people believed that trephanny released the evil spirit inside somebodies skull which was the cause of illnesses such as headaches. | <urn:uuid:3e581670-dea9-4b43-9704-c0e045698bde> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://getrevising.co.uk/revision-cards/medicine_important_dates_and_people | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594391.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119093733-20200119121733-00463.warc.gz | en | 0.980967 | 1,408 | 3.421875 | 3 | [
-0.008792055770754814,
0.045785218477249146,
0.5477635860443115,
0.2500104308128357,
-0.23144195973873138,
-0.20006094872951508,
0.3265659213066101,
0.4181520342826843,
-0.4800582528114319,
-0.002475007902830839,
0.051477186381816864,
-0.21279913187026978,
0.037183552980422974,
0.169388294... | 2 | - Created by: Kapil Pau
- Created on: 24-12-11 15:25
He was employed as a civil servant in the 1800s by the Poor Law Commission and was asked to produce a report on living conditions for the rich and poor in rural and "urban" areas. He discovered that the conditions for the working class in cities was awful, the worst was in Liverpool and the best was for the upper/middle classes in the countryside. He realised that the workers would be more effecient if they were healthier and this could be achieved by improving working conditions and public health; they lived in crowded areas
1842 - Report on sanitory conditions of the labouring population
1848 - Public Health Act passed which encouraged local councils to improve living conditions in inner-city areas
1854 & 1865 - Cholera returned
1875 - Public Health Act passed which made improving living conditions compuldory
The Problem of Pain
In the 1800s, there were no effective anaesthetics. Many surgeons would give their patients drugs such as opium or mandrake, some would try to get their patients drunk and some would use "mesmerism" (hypnosis) hoping the patient would ignore the pain. All surgery had to be done quickly-deep, internal operations were out of the question. Surgery was usually limited to removing growths or amputating. Even then, many patients would die from the trauma of the pain.
Traditional painkillers included alcoho, opium and mandrake. Some surgeons didn't like anaesthetics as being a skilled surgeon meant you could do operations quickly with minimum pain; however, this skill was made redundant by the elimination of pain. With the elimination of pain more complex operations could now be undertaken but this led to a higher chance of infection.
1799 - Humphry Davy indetified nitous oxide (laughing gas) as a possible anaesthetic but this was ignored by surgeons of the times
1846 - John Warren did a public demonstration of the use of ether as an anaesthic. Although it worked, it irritated the lungs, caused coughing and was unstable forcing people to search for an alternative.
1847 - James Simpson discovered that chloroform was an effective anaesthetic; however, it faced opposition as it was untested but this died down when it was used and then praised by Queen Victoria. Later, it was found to cause liver damage leading to a return to ether.
How This Was Solved
The problem of pain surgery was solved by the discovery and development of anaesthetics. Humphrey Davy experiment with nitrous oxide and discovered that it relieved toothache (1799). Robert Liston began to use ether during surgery - it was effective but had many nasty side-effects. James Simpson was experimenting with many chemicals one night and he discovered that chloroform was an effective anaesthetic. He began to use it for women during childbirth. There was a lot of opposition to chloroform when in 1848 15 year old Hannah Greener became the first person to die from chloroform. Much of this opposition was overcome when in 1853 Queen Victoria used chloroform during the birth of Prince Leopold.
The Problem Of Infection
Now that surgeons had solved the problem of pain during surgery, they felt confident about longer, more complex operations; however, this lead to the time between 1846 to 1870 being known as the 'Black Period' of surgery. Operations were still being carried out under unhygienic conditions, because this was before Louis Pasteur proved the Germ Theory correct, surgeons did not understand the need for cleanliness. As a result, many patients would die from infections developed after the operation.
How This Was Solved
1847 - Ignaz Semmelweiss reduced death rates on his maternity ward by insisting that his doctors washed their hands before operating. His discovery was mostly ignored
1861 - Louis Pasteur published his Germ Theory, which proved that germs caused disease and infection.
1865 - Joseph Lister developed and used a carbolic spray to kill germs in the operating theatre. At first he faced opposition because the spray was awkward to use and many surgeons were cynical about its effectiveness.
1866 onwards - Opposition to his work was slowly overcome.
1890 - William Halstead recommended that rubber gloves be used during surgery - this was the beginning of aseptic surgery.
1890s - Robert Koch discovered that hot steam killed more germs than carbolic acid.
The Problem Of Bleeding
The idea of transfusing blood had been considered for centuries. Jean-Baptist Deyns successfully transfused blood from a lamb to a young man in 1667. The man lived, but because the next patient died, the practice was prohibited. By 1818, doctors in London were successfully transfusing blood from human to human, but most transfusions were disastrous because the red blood cells would clot together and the patients would die. There was no knowledge of blood groups and as a result, many patients were given the wrong blood, which would then clot. There was also no way to store blood, so there had to be on-the-stop donors, which was not effective or practical.
How This Was Solved
1901 - The four blood groups were discovered by Karl Landsteiner. He realised that transfusions would only work if the donor's blood matched the receiver's blood.
1914 - Albert Hustin found that sodium citrate stopped blood clotting, making transfusions easier.
1917 - The storage of blood in blood banks began.
WWII - The Nation Blood Transfusion Service was set up.
Blood transfusions became essential in saving the lives of thousands of soldiers on the battlefield.
CHANGES IN MEDICINE THROUGH TIME
Government: There was no settled government so people lived nomadic lifestyles. Planning, intervention or funding of medicine was not possible due to the lack of a government.
Technology: Primitive tools such as flints and arrow heads.
Education and Communication: There was no written language, no schools, no records of prior knowledge of medicine or education about medicine and skills and ideas were passed along simply by word of mouth.
Religion: A belief in the spirit world was an important influence on pre-historic life. They believed that good spirits caused good things and bad things, such as disease and illnesses. Due to a strong belief in the supernatural, there was no reason for people to search for natural, rational explanations about the causes of disease and cures were restricted to supernatural ones, such as charms and amulets and chantings from the Medicine Man. Trephanny, although an early form of surgery, was carried out for religious reasons - pre-historic people believed that trephanny released the evil spirit inside somebodies skull which was the cause of illnesses such as headaches. | 1,462 | ENGLISH | 1 |
This was the first campaign to force the Cheyenne into reservations. The battle took place in November of 1868, three years after the Civil War ended. The battle was fought at the Washita River in Oklahoma. The Cheyenne Indians had raided a white settlement in Kansas killing ended with fifteen settlers, wounding many more and raped the women were raped after taking them prisoner. Lt. Col. Custer was ordered to go out and find the tribe responsible for what happened to the settlers.
A small percent of the raiders were from a Cheyenne chief, Black Kettle’s tribe, but not all. Black Kettle was known to most as the peaceful leader who did not want to fight with the U.S. Army.
General Philip Sheridan decided to launch a winter
military campaign because he knew that during the winter the Cheyenne would be
hunkered down in their homes, and it would be an opportune time to strike. As
General Sheridan had planned for this strike, Black Kettle found out the plans
of an attack, and he held a council meeting with all the warriors and elders in
the tribe that lasted the whole night on November 26th. They decided
send out some of their men to go to the fort where General Sheridan was to
explain there has been a misunderstanding, and all Black Kettle wanted was
peace, but they were going to have to wait for some of the snow to clear before
they were able to go out. They had no time because the next day they would be
attacked by Lt. Col. Custer.
On November 26, Lt. Col. Custer and
the 7th U.S. Cavalry found the Indian camp. They were able to follow
a hunting trail that was spotted by the Indian Osage scout that the village
made. Custer was able to follow the trail all the way to the village and he had
the element of surprise. When the sun came up on November 27th, the
only thing the Cheyenne’s heard were the galloping horse, gun fire, and Lt.
Col. Custer’s favorite tune, “Garry Owen” (1) which started the attack. Custer had caught Black
Kettle’s warriors by surprise, and more than 700 Cavalry soldiers rode in and
attacked the village. This was a slaughter! Not one Cheyenne survived. Custer’s
men cut down women and children. The Indians would not go down without a fight,
they started to pick up their weapons and fired back at the charging 7th
Cavalry. Captain Louis Hamilton was killed during the engagement and Captain
Albert Barnitz was wounded.
As Custer rode through the village
he killed many of the tribe’s warriors, but he did not stay in the village he
kept going and finally stopped on a hill that was a quarter mile away from the
village so he could look back and command his troops from there. Before the
shooting started, Custer had split his regiment into three different groups.
Major Joel Elliot led groups G, H, and M who were ordered to enter the village
from the north; Captain William Thompson led groups B, and F who were to attack
the village from the south, and Captain Edward Myers who led groups E and I, attacked
the village from the west. This left Custer in charge of the larger group.
Captain Thompson arrived last to the village, leaving a hole on the left in the
charge, allowing many of the Cheyenne able to escape.
The 7th Cavalry was able
to take the village in less than ten minutes. That did not mean the fighting
was over, many Cheyenne were still putting up a resistance in the nearby woods.
Major Elliot went to Custer on the ridge, where he stayed until he noticed a
group of Cheyenne trying to run away. Major Elliot took seventeen men to go
after them. Elliot did not return. Custer sent out another group to see if they
could find them, but they were not able to do so. Custer ended up leaving them
behind because it was too risky with all the other villages out there. Captain
Frederick Benteen was angry with Custer for leaving Major Elliot behind, and
that may have showed itself during the Battle of Little Bighorn. Elliot and his
men ran into a large
party of Cheyenne, Kiowa, and Arapaho warriors who were rushing from villages
up the river to aid Black Kettle's encampment. The Indians quickly overran
Elliot’s men with no survivors, mutilating the corpses afterwards.(2)
This was a very one-sided battle; Custer and his men
slaughtered everyone in the village, including Black Kettle. This was one of
many army raids on the Native Americans, as more homesteaders were moved west,
the Indians were losing more and more of their land every day. Every treaty
signed with the government, purportedly to protect the Indians, was broken, as
soon as needed resources were discovered on their guaranteed lands.(3) | <urn:uuid:41611705-d861-456e-b035-6c1696d528d6> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.theclio.com/entry/8447 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251788528.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129041149-20200129071149-00079.warc.gz | en | 0.988693 | 1,081 | 3.484375 | 3 | [
-0.31737592816352844,
0.13829392194747925,
0.04602700471878052,
0.055007100105285645,
-0.2186214029788971,
-0.08975757658481598,
-0.13945969939231873,
0.05674527585506439,
-0.18370777368545532,
-0.22719790041446686,
0.21085429191589355,
-0.13637074828147888,
-0.020606644451618195,
0.230005... | 1 | This was the first campaign to force the Cheyenne into reservations. The battle took place in November of 1868, three years after the Civil War ended. The battle was fought at the Washita River in Oklahoma. The Cheyenne Indians had raided a white settlement in Kansas killing ended with fifteen settlers, wounding many more and raped the women were raped after taking them prisoner. Lt. Col. Custer was ordered to go out and find the tribe responsible for what happened to the settlers.
A small percent of the raiders were from a Cheyenne chief, Black Kettle’s tribe, but not all. Black Kettle was known to most as the peaceful leader who did not want to fight with the U.S. Army.
General Philip Sheridan decided to launch a winter
military campaign because he knew that during the winter the Cheyenne would be
hunkered down in their homes, and it would be an opportune time to strike. As
General Sheridan had planned for this strike, Black Kettle found out the plans
of an attack, and he held a council meeting with all the warriors and elders in
the tribe that lasted the whole night on November 26th. They decided
send out some of their men to go to the fort where General Sheridan was to
explain there has been a misunderstanding, and all Black Kettle wanted was
peace, but they were going to have to wait for some of the snow to clear before
they were able to go out. They had no time because the next day they would be
attacked by Lt. Col. Custer.
On November 26, Lt. Col. Custer and
the 7th U.S. Cavalry found the Indian camp. They were able to follow
a hunting trail that was spotted by the Indian Osage scout that the village
made. Custer was able to follow the trail all the way to the village and he had
the element of surprise. When the sun came up on November 27th, the
only thing the Cheyenne’s heard were the galloping horse, gun fire, and Lt.
Col. Custer’s favorite tune, “Garry Owen” (1) which started the attack. Custer had caught Black
Kettle’s warriors by surprise, and more than 700 Cavalry soldiers rode in and
attacked the village. This was a slaughter! Not one Cheyenne survived. Custer’s
men cut down women and children. The Indians would not go down without a fight,
they started to pick up their weapons and fired back at the charging 7th
Cavalry. Captain Louis Hamilton was killed during the engagement and Captain
Albert Barnitz was wounded.
As Custer rode through the village
he killed many of the tribe’s warriors, but he did not stay in the village he
kept going and finally stopped on a hill that was a quarter mile away from the
village so he could look back and command his troops from there. Before the
shooting started, Custer had split his regiment into three different groups.
Major Joel Elliot led groups G, H, and M who were ordered to enter the village
from the north; Captain William Thompson led groups B, and F who were to attack
the village from the south, and Captain Edward Myers who led groups E and I, attacked
the village from the west. This left Custer in charge of the larger group.
Captain Thompson arrived last to the village, leaving a hole on the left in the
charge, allowing many of the Cheyenne able to escape.
The 7th Cavalry was able
to take the village in less than ten minutes. That did not mean the fighting
was over, many Cheyenne were still putting up a resistance in the nearby woods.
Major Elliot went to Custer on the ridge, where he stayed until he noticed a
group of Cheyenne trying to run away. Major Elliot took seventeen men to go
after them. Elliot did not return. Custer sent out another group to see if they
could find them, but they were not able to do so. Custer ended up leaving them
behind because it was too risky with all the other villages out there. Captain
Frederick Benteen was angry with Custer for leaving Major Elliot behind, and
that may have showed itself during the Battle of Little Bighorn. Elliot and his
men ran into a large
party of Cheyenne, Kiowa, and Arapaho warriors who were rushing from villages
up the river to aid Black Kettle's encampment. The Indians quickly overran
Elliot’s men with no survivors, mutilating the corpses afterwards.(2)
This was a very one-sided battle; Custer and his men
slaughtered everyone in the village, including Black Kettle. This was one of
many army raids on the Native Americans, as more homesteaders were moved west,
the Indians were losing more and more of their land every day. Every treaty
signed with the government, purportedly to protect the Indians, was broken, as
soon as needed resources were discovered on their guaranteed lands.(3) | 1,072 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Wheeling’s first market was built at this location in 1822 and consisted of a town hall on the second floor and a market that operated twice a week on the first floor. For many years prior to the Civil War, hundreds of enslaved persons were sold at the market . The market was demolish in 1911 and was replaced by the Market Auditorium shortly after.
The Second Ward Market House was building to accommodate the growing commercial economy in Wheeling which was quickly outgrowing the city’s original market, located at the east end of the Wheeling suspension bridge. Local landowner and entrepreneur Noah Zane donated the land to the city for the purpose of building a larger public market. Vendors rented the eight stalls on the first floor while the second floor served as the first home of Wheeling's City Hall. Prior to the Civil War, hundreds of enslaved persons were sold outside of the market on the corner of 10th Street. The market was replaced in 1911 with the Market Auditorium which was demolished in 1964. The market was expanded several times in the 19th century, growing to a total of 76 stalls.
In 1911, the original building was torn down and replaced with the much larger Market Auditorium building in 1912. This new building was significantly larger and housed both market space and an auditorium. The building was designed to hold around 3,500 people with 64 indoor stalls and 23 outdoor spaces for venders. Like the original Second War Market House, this building had a second story with office space. The Market Auditorium was demolished in 1964. | <urn:uuid:ece30623-f3c6-4f31-9d69-1b246cee3f64> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.theclio.com/entry/72587 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251783621.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129010251-20200129040251-00361.warc.gz | en | 0.985736 | 317 | 3.484375 | 3 | [
-0.06605111807584763,
-0.06172666326165199,
0.2682662308216095,
0.010190584696829319,
-0.10239815711975098,
0.4058505594730377,
-0.033370643854141235,
0.2765134274959564,
-0.18110822141170502,
-0.34018081426620483,
0.19233299791812897,
-0.19808518886566162,
0.04526888206601143,
0.031061537... | 1 | Wheeling’s first market was built at this location in 1822 and consisted of a town hall on the second floor and a market that operated twice a week on the first floor. For many years prior to the Civil War, hundreds of enslaved persons were sold at the market . The market was demolish in 1911 and was replaced by the Market Auditorium shortly after.
The Second Ward Market House was building to accommodate the growing commercial economy in Wheeling which was quickly outgrowing the city’s original market, located at the east end of the Wheeling suspension bridge. Local landowner and entrepreneur Noah Zane donated the land to the city for the purpose of building a larger public market. Vendors rented the eight stalls on the first floor while the second floor served as the first home of Wheeling's City Hall. Prior to the Civil War, hundreds of enslaved persons were sold outside of the market on the corner of 10th Street. The market was replaced in 1911 with the Market Auditorium which was demolished in 1964. The market was expanded several times in the 19th century, growing to a total of 76 stalls.
In 1911, the original building was torn down and replaced with the much larger Market Auditorium building in 1912. This new building was significantly larger and housed both market space and an auditorium. The building was designed to hold around 3,500 people with 64 indoor stalls and 23 outdoor spaces for venders. Like the original Second War Market House, this building had a second story with office space. The Market Auditorium was demolished in 1964. | 352 | ENGLISH | 1 |
This blog post about the abolitionist Frederick Douglass is part of a series called “Hidden Folklorists,” which examines the folklore work of surprising people, including people better known for other pursuits. This is part one of a two-part article, part two, “Frederick Douglass: ‘I Am a Man,’” can be found at the link.
I have often been utterly astonished, since I came to the north, to find persons who could speak of the singing, among slaves, as evidence of their contentment and happiness. It is impossible to conceive of a greater mistake. Slaves sing most when they are most unhappy. The songs of the slave represent the sorrows of his heart; and he is relieved by them, only as an aching heart is relieved by its tears.
— Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave, chapter 2. 1845, digitized by the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.
Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey was born on the Eastern Shore of Maryland, the property of Aaron Anthony who managed lands of Edward Lloyd V, at the time a former Governor of Maryland. His free name was Frederick Douglass. In his first autobiography, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave, he says that he does not know the day of his birth, but estimates that he was born in 1818. He chose Valentine’s Day as his birthday. Information at the Maryland State Archives supports his guess. A ledger owned by Anthony lists his slaves and notes the birth of Frederick Augustus to a slave, Harriet, in February 1818. So this February we celebrate the 200th anniversary of the birth of a remarkable American, who did all he could to enlighten his country and advocate for the rights of all human beings within its borders.
I grew up in Maryland as Douglass did and I know my abolitionist great-grandmother heard him speak at least once, as she wrote about it in a letter to my great-grandfather. So for me he is not only a national hero, but a personal one. I have walked in places where he walked and recognize places he wrote about in his autobiographies.
Douglass grew up being told that his father was a white man and it was whispered that he was the son of his master. He was taken away from his mother as an infant so that she could go back to work in the fields as quickly as possible. She was also sent away to work on a different property while he was young, so he saw very little of her. This breaking apart of infants from their mothers was not uncommon during slavery. Douglass grew up cared for by his grandmother, Betsy, during his early years. But he remembers that slept on the ground, he had nothing to wear but a coarse linen shift, and was fed on a poor diet with other children:
Our food was coarse corn meal boiled. This was called mush. It was put into a large wooden tray or trough, and set down upon the ground. The children were then called, like so many pigs, and like so many pigs they would come and devour the mush; some with oyster-shells, others with pieces of shingle, some with naked hands, and none with spoons. He that ate fastest got most; he that was strongest secured the best place; and few left the trough satisfied. — Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, chapter 5.
He recalls hiding in a closet as a small child, terrified, while his master horribly whipped his Aunt Hester. He calls this event “the blood stained gate, the entrance to the hell of slavery through which I was about to pass” (chapter 1). He also gives a detailed description of an incident where a slave he knew as Demby was shot and killed by an overseer (chapter 4). These incidents, which must have been profoundly traumatic for him, he recounts so that his reader will understand that in the world of the plantation, no law restrains the treatment of slaves and that terror is part of what kept slaves in bondage.
Douglass wrote of the culture of the slaves and the culture of slave ownership much as an ethnographer would. He gives remarkable detail of the life he had before he escaped to freedom. Whippings were ritual and witnessing them was initiation for the very young. Even a brief holiday at Christmas was an exercise in bondage, as he describes the drinking contests forced on slaves as part of the entertainment for slave owners. “The holidays are part and parcel of the gross fraud, wrong, and inhumanity of slavery,” he wrote (chapter 10). What he told his readers was a shock to them, a reality of slavery that few in the north fully realized.
Douglass was about 7 he was sent by Anthony to work for the Auld family in Baltimore. He was given to Anthony’s daughter and Thomas Auld’s wife, Lucretia Auld, who was given charge of him. She began to teach Douglass the alphabet. The lessons were abruptly stopped by Mr. Auld who said, as Douglass listened, that once a slave was taught to read he could not be kept. ” From that moment, I understood the pathway from slavery to freedom,” Douglass recalled. So he set out on his own to learn to read, getting help as he could from white boys. As he secretly read, he was inspired to teach other slaves how to read — an extraordinarily dangerous activity. He remembered being caught reading the newspaper by Lucretia Auld more than once. Her rage at this was a lesson for him in how slave-owning could turn a kind person into an unkind one.
Anthony died in 1826 and Douglass was sent back as part of the Anthony estate to be assessed. He was deemed part of the inheritance that went to Lucretia Auld, and so returned to Baltimore. When Lucretia died he was assessed again as part of an estate and then became the property of Lucretia’s husband, Thomas Auld, who sent him to work as a field hand when Douglass was about 15. He was unhappy working in the fields and met with the wrath of a slave-breaker, as he called him, determined to beat him into obedience.
Douglass planned an escape with other slaves, was stopped, and dragged back to Auld. He was set to work at the docks in Baltimore where he began learning a trade and planning a better escape. He met and fell in love with Anna Murray, a free African American living in Baltimore. She provided him with money for his escape. He obtained papers showing that he was free and a sailor’s uniform from a Black sailor. In September 1838, Douglass boarded a train and made his way to freedom in New York city within one day. Anna Murray traveled to New York and they were married. Douglass was 20.
I think about these early years of Douglass, what little we know about them, and I imagine a young man hungry for knowledge about the world and about himself. To know that he had a white father who lived in a world cut off from him, to have his mother taken from him, to live among slaves while imagining freedom, to be twice assessed as property in an estate while still a child, and to meet with the most brutal aspects of life in slavery, must all have been important forces shaping the man we know he became. I know that many of the things he experienced were also described by other slaves, as survivors of slavery were interviewed for the Slave Narrative Project for the Federal Writer’s Project in the 1930s, and some former slaves were recorded by ethnographers at about the same time (see Voices from the Days of Slavery). But Douglass’s account is unique in the detail he provides, in his understanding of the point of view of the slave-holders, and his description of slavery as a dehumanizing system for profit. He realized that his own life experience was a moment in the history of the United States that needed to be told. It makes me wonder at what point these keen observation skills were switched on so that he began thinking about how society around him worked. He cared about how slavery affected others, not just himself, and most surprisingly, cared how it affected slave owners. These skills are those of an ethnographer, and he arrived at the ability for keen observation, as he arrived at reading, largely untaught.
Douglass worked for a time on the docks as he had in Baltimore. He became a licensed preacher in 1839, a decision that would greatly influence his public speaking career. His first speech to an abolitionist group was in 1840. It was abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison who heard about this eloquent former slave in 1841 and encouraged him to speak at more anti-slavery events. Garrison was so impressed that he urged Douglass to write down his experiences as a slave.
With some trepidation, Douglass began his first autobiography. It seems unlikely that he knew much of his audience as he began writing. Most Americans were surrounded by propaganda and popular media that painted an idyllic picture of plantation life, with kind masters and slaves contented with their life like children who needed guidance from kind parents to live their lives. The emerging popular performances that became the minstrel shows featured black-faced performers who depicted slaves as ignorant and foolish and free African Americans as buffoonish dandies. The belief that people with dark skins were inferior to those with light skins was a necessary part of the social lie that perpetuated slavery. To understand otherwise would make slavery too terrible to contemplate. Even abolitionists, who understood that slavery was evil, often failed to understand the daily terror that was the true condition of slavery.
While he worked at writing down his story, Douglass spoke at abolitionist events, becoming a popular speaker. As he learned about the abolitionist movement and experienced prejudice among northerners, he developed more material to speak directly to his audience about their own false cultural ideas about slaves and African Americans. He also developed humorous ways of addressing his audience. He used his own experience and texts of sermons designed for slaves, and performed an impersonation of the kind of sermons slaves were likely to hear. Wolfgang Mieder, in his work on the proverbs Douglass used, noted that he often demonstrated the twisted ways that slave holders used biblical passages about obedience to God as, instead, obedience to a master (“No Struggle, No Progress”: Frederick Douglass and His Proverbial Rhetoric for Civil Rights, 2001). This was the core of the sermon satire Douglass performed, punctuated with the repeated line “Obey your masters.” It also included the idea of predestination, that strong African people needed to do the work for frail white Europeans who otherwise would not be able to cope, so it must be God’s will. Audiences of the time knew their Bible and recognized the false use of biblical passages and the false arguments for justifying slavery. (See Granville Ganter, “He Made Us Laugh Some: Frederick Douglass’s Humor,” African American Review, Vol. 7, #4, pp. 535-552, 2003.)
Few free people of color dared speak out about the realities of slavery and none had a voice like Frederick Douglass. His book, published in 1845, was a sensation. It was somewhat controversial in that some readers doubted that a slave could have written so eloquently. This suspicion was undermined any time Douglass stood up to speak. Douglass cultivated a speaking persona that shattered all cultural stereotypes of the ignorant slave and the dandyish freedman.
Success put Douglass’s continued freedom in danger. Even though he changed his last name from Bailey to Douglass, there were enough details in the book to identify him. He was still a runaway slave and could be captured for a bounty at any time. So he fled to Great Britain and began a 20 month speaking tour of England, Scotland and Ireland. English abolitionists not only welcomed him as a speaker at their events, they collected money to buy Douglass’s freedom.
This is part one of a two-part article, part two, “Frederick Douglass: ‘I Am a Man,’” can be found at the link. | <urn:uuid:1a2a5ac4-8edd-4cc0-8a3d-6862f8ef66b4> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://blogs.loc.gov/folklife/2018/02/frederick-douglass-free-folklorist/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251671078.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125071430-20200125100430-00496.warc.gz | en | 0.989739 | 2,560 | 3.34375 | 3 | [
-0.024251457303762436,
0.39655399322509766,
0.43455925583839417,
0.26163482666015625,
0.128444105386734,
-0.07696299254894257,
0.4356173872947693,
-0.3113602101802826,
-0.17512741684913635,
-0.12192317843437195,
0.12302318215370178,
-0.20229221880435944,
-0.3427639901638031,
-0.01983971893... | 8 | This blog post about the abolitionist Frederick Douglass is part of a series called “Hidden Folklorists,” which examines the folklore work of surprising people, including people better known for other pursuits. This is part one of a two-part article, part two, “Frederick Douglass: ‘I Am a Man,’” can be found at the link.
I have often been utterly astonished, since I came to the north, to find persons who could speak of the singing, among slaves, as evidence of their contentment and happiness. It is impossible to conceive of a greater mistake. Slaves sing most when they are most unhappy. The songs of the slave represent the sorrows of his heart; and he is relieved by them, only as an aching heart is relieved by its tears.
— Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave, chapter 2. 1845, digitized by the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.
Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey was born on the Eastern Shore of Maryland, the property of Aaron Anthony who managed lands of Edward Lloyd V, at the time a former Governor of Maryland. His free name was Frederick Douglass. In his first autobiography, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave, he says that he does not know the day of his birth, but estimates that he was born in 1818. He chose Valentine’s Day as his birthday. Information at the Maryland State Archives supports his guess. A ledger owned by Anthony lists his slaves and notes the birth of Frederick Augustus to a slave, Harriet, in February 1818. So this February we celebrate the 200th anniversary of the birth of a remarkable American, who did all he could to enlighten his country and advocate for the rights of all human beings within its borders.
I grew up in Maryland as Douglass did and I know my abolitionist great-grandmother heard him speak at least once, as she wrote about it in a letter to my great-grandfather. So for me he is not only a national hero, but a personal one. I have walked in places where he walked and recognize places he wrote about in his autobiographies.
Douglass grew up being told that his father was a white man and it was whispered that he was the son of his master. He was taken away from his mother as an infant so that she could go back to work in the fields as quickly as possible. She was also sent away to work on a different property while he was young, so he saw very little of her. This breaking apart of infants from their mothers was not uncommon during slavery. Douglass grew up cared for by his grandmother, Betsy, during his early years. But he remembers that slept on the ground, he had nothing to wear but a coarse linen shift, and was fed on a poor diet with other children:
Our food was coarse corn meal boiled. This was called mush. It was put into a large wooden tray or trough, and set down upon the ground. The children were then called, like so many pigs, and like so many pigs they would come and devour the mush; some with oyster-shells, others with pieces of shingle, some with naked hands, and none with spoons. He that ate fastest got most; he that was strongest secured the best place; and few left the trough satisfied. — Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, chapter 5.
He recalls hiding in a closet as a small child, terrified, while his master horribly whipped his Aunt Hester. He calls this event “the blood stained gate, the entrance to the hell of slavery through which I was about to pass” (chapter 1). He also gives a detailed description of an incident where a slave he knew as Demby was shot and killed by an overseer (chapter 4). These incidents, which must have been profoundly traumatic for him, he recounts so that his reader will understand that in the world of the plantation, no law restrains the treatment of slaves and that terror is part of what kept slaves in bondage.
Douglass wrote of the culture of the slaves and the culture of slave ownership much as an ethnographer would. He gives remarkable detail of the life he had before he escaped to freedom. Whippings were ritual and witnessing them was initiation for the very young. Even a brief holiday at Christmas was an exercise in bondage, as he describes the drinking contests forced on slaves as part of the entertainment for slave owners. “The holidays are part and parcel of the gross fraud, wrong, and inhumanity of slavery,” he wrote (chapter 10). What he told his readers was a shock to them, a reality of slavery that few in the north fully realized.
Douglass was about 7 he was sent by Anthony to work for the Auld family in Baltimore. He was given to Anthony’s daughter and Thomas Auld’s wife, Lucretia Auld, who was given charge of him. She began to teach Douglass the alphabet. The lessons were abruptly stopped by Mr. Auld who said, as Douglass listened, that once a slave was taught to read he could not be kept. ” From that moment, I understood the pathway from slavery to freedom,” Douglass recalled. So he set out on his own to learn to read, getting help as he could from white boys. As he secretly read, he was inspired to teach other slaves how to read — an extraordinarily dangerous activity. He remembered being caught reading the newspaper by Lucretia Auld more than once. Her rage at this was a lesson for him in how slave-owning could turn a kind person into an unkind one.
Anthony died in 1826 and Douglass was sent back as part of the Anthony estate to be assessed. He was deemed part of the inheritance that went to Lucretia Auld, and so returned to Baltimore. When Lucretia died he was assessed again as part of an estate and then became the property of Lucretia’s husband, Thomas Auld, who sent him to work as a field hand when Douglass was about 15. He was unhappy working in the fields and met with the wrath of a slave-breaker, as he called him, determined to beat him into obedience.
Douglass planned an escape with other slaves, was stopped, and dragged back to Auld. He was set to work at the docks in Baltimore where he began learning a trade and planning a better escape. He met and fell in love with Anna Murray, a free African American living in Baltimore. She provided him with money for his escape. He obtained papers showing that he was free and a sailor’s uniform from a Black sailor. In September 1838, Douglass boarded a train and made his way to freedom in New York city within one day. Anna Murray traveled to New York and they were married. Douglass was 20.
I think about these early years of Douglass, what little we know about them, and I imagine a young man hungry for knowledge about the world and about himself. To know that he had a white father who lived in a world cut off from him, to have his mother taken from him, to live among slaves while imagining freedom, to be twice assessed as property in an estate while still a child, and to meet with the most brutal aspects of life in slavery, must all have been important forces shaping the man we know he became. I know that many of the things he experienced were also described by other slaves, as survivors of slavery were interviewed for the Slave Narrative Project for the Federal Writer’s Project in the 1930s, and some former slaves were recorded by ethnographers at about the same time (see Voices from the Days of Slavery). But Douglass’s account is unique in the detail he provides, in his understanding of the point of view of the slave-holders, and his description of slavery as a dehumanizing system for profit. He realized that his own life experience was a moment in the history of the United States that needed to be told. It makes me wonder at what point these keen observation skills were switched on so that he began thinking about how society around him worked. He cared about how slavery affected others, not just himself, and most surprisingly, cared how it affected slave owners. These skills are those of an ethnographer, and he arrived at the ability for keen observation, as he arrived at reading, largely untaught.
Douglass worked for a time on the docks as he had in Baltimore. He became a licensed preacher in 1839, a decision that would greatly influence his public speaking career. His first speech to an abolitionist group was in 1840. It was abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison who heard about this eloquent former slave in 1841 and encouraged him to speak at more anti-slavery events. Garrison was so impressed that he urged Douglass to write down his experiences as a slave.
With some trepidation, Douglass began his first autobiography. It seems unlikely that he knew much of his audience as he began writing. Most Americans were surrounded by propaganda and popular media that painted an idyllic picture of plantation life, with kind masters and slaves contented with their life like children who needed guidance from kind parents to live their lives. The emerging popular performances that became the minstrel shows featured black-faced performers who depicted slaves as ignorant and foolish and free African Americans as buffoonish dandies. The belief that people with dark skins were inferior to those with light skins was a necessary part of the social lie that perpetuated slavery. To understand otherwise would make slavery too terrible to contemplate. Even abolitionists, who understood that slavery was evil, often failed to understand the daily terror that was the true condition of slavery.
While he worked at writing down his story, Douglass spoke at abolitionist events, becoming a popular speaker. As he learned about the abolitionist movement and experienced prejudice among northerners, he developed more material to speak directly to his audience about their own false cultural ideas about slaves and African Americans. He also developed humorous ways of addressing his audience. He used his own experience and texts of sermons designed for slaves, and performed an impersonation of the kind of sermons slaves were likely to hear. Wolfgang Mieder, in his work on the proverbs Douglass used, noted that he often demonstrated the twisted ways that slave holders used biblical passages about obedience to God as, instead, obedience to a master (“No Struggle, No Progress”: Frederick Douglass and His Proverbial Rhetoric for Civil Rights, 2001). This was the core of the sermon satire Douglass performed, punctuated with the repeated line “Obey your masters.” It also included the idea of predestination, that strong African people needed to do the work for frail white Europeans who otherwise would not be able to cope, so it must be God’s will. Audiences of the time knew their Bible and recognized the false use of biblical passages and the false arguments for justifying slavery. (See Granville Ganter, “He Made Us Laugh Some: Frederick Douglass’s Humor,” African American Review, Vol. 7, #4, pp. 535-552, 2003.)
Few free people of color dared speak out about the realities of slavery and none had a voice like Frederick Douglass. His book, published in 1845, was a sensation. It was somewhat controversial in that some readers doubted that a slave could have written so eloquently. This suspicion was undermined any time Douglass stood up to speak. Douglass cultivated a speaking persona that shattered all cultural stereotypes of the ignorant slave and the dandyish freedman.
Success put Douglass’s continued freedom in danger. Even though he changed his last name from Bailey to Douglass, there were enough details in the book to identify him. He was still a runaway slave and could be captured for a bounty at any time. So he fled to Great Britain and began a 20 month speaking tour of England, Scotland and Ireland. English abolitionists not only welcomed him as a speaker at their events, they collected money to buy Douglass’s freedom.
This is part one of a two-part article, part two, “Frederick Douglass: ‘I Am a Man,’” can be found at the link. | 2,545 | ENGLISH | 1 |
On the third Monday of every January, we observe Martin Luther King Jr. Day. This is a day for the nation to reflect upon the legacy of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., a minister, civil rights activist and nonviolent leader. Dr. King was considered the most influential leader in the Civil Rights movement, which aimed to end the systematic racial segregation and discrimination against African Americans that plagued the country.
Dr. King (often referred to as MLK) played a key role in creating the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965. He received many awards and honors – most notably the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964. Dr. King was assassinated in 1968. Despite his early passing, Dr. King had enormous, lasting influence on the Civil Rights movement and continues to be remembered as one of the most influential nonviolent leaders in world history.
Dr. King's Life and Major Achievements
Martin Luther King Jr. was born in Atlanta, Georgia, in 1929. As a boy, he attended legally segregated public schools, and graduated from high school at the age of 15. He obtained a B.A. from Morehouse College, attended the Crozer Theological Seminary for three years, and went on to earn his Ph.D. at Boston University. Following in his father's and grandfather's footsteps, he became pastor of the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church. As a minister, Dr. King was always a strong advocate for equality, and worked toward civil rights equality.
In 1955, he was recruited to serve as a leader for the Montgomery Bus Boycott. The Alabama city's bus lines were segregated by race, and African Americans were forced to sit at the back of the bus. When a 42-year-old woman named Rosa Parks refused to give her seat to a white man, she was arrested and fined. Four days after this event, African Americans around the city boycotted the bus service, often walking miles to work and suffering harrassment and intimidation along the way, for 381 days. As a result, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that racial segregation in transportation was unconstitutional.
Inspired by Gandhi's success with nonviolent activism, Dr. King continued to organize nonviolent protests and civil disobedience as a way to fight for social change in Birmingham, Alabama, which was considered the "most segregated city in America" at the time. For example, "sit-ins" at racially segregated lunch counters and civil rights marches were organized. However, these efforts by the African-American community were often met with violence from the police. During a march, images of Birmingham police assaulting young African Americans with water hoses and dogs, injuring and bloodying them, sparked national outrage and a collective push for civil rights legislation. Dr. King was arrested, and it was during his time in prison that he drafted the "Letter from a Birmingham Jail," in which he explained his theory of nonviolence.
Dr. King was also instrumental in the 1963 March on Washington, in which more than 250,000 people demonstrated in the nation's capital. It was here that Dr. King delivered his "I Have a Dream" speech, in which he addressed the current situation and expressed his ideas of equality. Read this inspiring call to justice.
In 1964, at the age of 35, Dr. King became the youngest person to ever win the Nobel Peace Prize. In the same year, Congress passed the Civil Rights Act. This act made it illegal to discriminate on the basis of race in hiring, education, transportation, or any other sphere of public life. It also authorized the government to enforce desegregation, and outlawed segregation in any public place. Because segregation was so common, this act was extremely important. The March on Washington, along with the other movements in which Dr. King played a role, strongly influenced the passage of this act. One year later, in 1965, Congress passed the Voting Rights Act. Dr. King's voting rights marches from Selma to Montgomery, Alabama, were influential in this passage.
Toward the end of Dr. King's life, he began to widen his focus to economic justice and international peace. He was tragically killed by a sniper outside of his motel room in Memphis, Tennessee, in 1968. Despite his early and untimely death, Dr. King's tremendous accomplishments are remembered and celebrated.
MLK Day of Service
In 1994, Congress designated the Martin Luther King Jr. Federal Holiday as a national day of service. As a way to honor Dr. King's tireless efforts in the pursuit of social justice, as well as to embrace his teachings on community service, the MLK Day of Service urges people of all ages and walks of life to "make it a day on, not a day off."
We encourage you to join in your community and participate in the MLK Day of Service! You can find a project near you, as well as read more about Dr. King's life and legacy here. | <urn:uuid:53d86962-c1bf-479d-bef4-6c16f4628b8b> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.interexchange.org/articles/au-pair-usa/why-do-we-honor-dr-martin-luther-king-jr/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251801423.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129164403-20200129193403-00389.warc.gz | en | 0.980887 | 1,005 | 4.3125 | 4 | [
-0.1538524329662323,
0.41071611642837524,
0.47062617540359497,
-0.3788217306137085,
-0.5152727365493774,
0.22883160412311554,
0.16607007384300232,
0.03225415199995041,
-0.3568985164165497,
0.4413795471191406,
0.04471080005168915,
0.4605334997177124,
0.09349420666694641,
-0.2334851920604705... | 1 | On the third Monday of every January, we observe Martin Luther King Jr. Day. This is a day for the nation to reflect upon the legacy of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., a minister, civil rights activist and nonviolent leader. Dr. King was considered the most influential leader in the Civil Rights movement, which aimed to end the systematic racial segregation and discrimination against African Americans that plagued the country.
Dr. King (often referred to as MLK) played a key role in creating the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965. He received many awards and honors – most notably the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964. Dr. King was assassinated in 1968. Despite his early passing, Dr. King had enormous, lasting influence on the Civil Rights movement and continues to be remembered as one of the most influential nonviolent leaders in world history.
Dr. King's Life and Major Achievements
Martin Luther King Jr. was born in Atlanta, Georgia, in 1929. As a boy, he attended legally segregated public schools, and graduated from high school at the age of 15. He obtained a B.A. from Morehouse College, attended the Crozer Theological Seminary for three years, and went on to earn his Ph.D. at Boston University. Following in his father's and grandfather's footsteps, he became pastor of the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church. As a minister, Dr. King was always a strong advocate for equality, and worked toward civil rights equality.
In 1955, he was recruited to serve as a leader for the Montgomery Bus Boycott. The Alabama city's bus lines were segregated by race, and African Americans were forced to sit at the back of the bus. When a 42-year-old woman named Rosa Parks refused to give her seat to a white man, she was arrested and fined. Four days after this event, African Americans around the city boycotted the bus service, often walking miles to work and suffering harrassment and intimidation along the way, for 381 days. As a result, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that racial segregation in transportation was unconstitutional.
Inspired by Gandhi's success with nonviolent activism, Dr. King continued to organize nonviolent protests and civil disobedience as a way to fight for social change in Birmingham, Alabama, which was considered the "most segregated city in America" at the time. For example, "sit-ins" at racially segregated lunch counters and civil rights marches were organized. However, these efforts by the African-American community were often met with violence from the police. During a march, images of Birmingham police assaulting young African Americans with water hoses and dogs, injuring and bloodying them, sparked national outrage and a collective push for civil rights legislation. Dr. King was arrested, and it was during his time in prison that he drafted the "Letter from a Birmingham Jail," in which he explained his theory of nonviolence.
Dr. King was also instrumental in the 1963 March on Washington, in which more than 250,000 people demonstrated in the nation's capital. It was here that Dr. King delivered his "I Have a Dream" speech, in which he addressed the current situation and expressed his ideas of equality. Read this inspiring call to justice.
In 1964, at the age of 35, Dr. King became the youngest person to ever win the Nobel Peace Prize. In the same year, Congress passed the Civil Rights Act. This act made it illegal to discriminate on the basis of race in hiring, education, transportation, or any other sphere of public life. It also authorized the government to enforce desegregation, and outlawed segregation in any public place. Because segregation was so common, this act was extremely important. The March on Washington, along with the other movements in which Dr. King played a role, strongly influenced the passage of this act. One year later, in 1965, Congress passed the Voting Rights Act. Dr. King's voting rights marches from Selma to Montgomery, Alabama, were influential in this passage.
Toward the end of Dr. King's life, he began to widen his focus to economic justice and international peace. He was tragically killed by a sniper outside of his motel room in Memphis, Tennessee, in 1968. Despite his early and untimely death, Dr. King's tremendous accomplishments are remembered and celebrated.
MLK Day of Service
In 1994, Congress designated the Martin Luther King Jr. Federal Holiday as a national day of service. As a way to honor Dr. King's tireless efforts in the pursuit of social justice, as well as to embrace his teachings on community service, the MLK Day of Service urges people of all ages and walks of life to "make it a day on, not a day off."
We encourage you to join in your community and participate in the MLK Day of Service! You can find a project near you, as well as read more about Dr. King's life and legacy here. | 1,054 | ENGLISH | 1 |
The pantheon of Pre-Hispanic deities was composed of a wide variety of gods, to which the ancient inhabitants of Mexico worshiped, having one deity for every aspect of their lives. According to the research carried out over the years by multiple archaeologists and historians, upon the arrival of the Spaniards, there were more than 100 gods, at least for the Mayan and Aztec pantheons.
Quetzalcoatl and Tezcatlipoca, Codex Borbonicus, Ca XVI century AD.
Similar to what happened with the gods of the Greek and Roman cultures, there is usually some confusion when it comes to pointing out several aspects of any Mesoamerican civilization, like the Aztec calendar for instance, which is frequently associated with the Mayan people.
The same happens when the attempt is made at pointing out who is who among the Pre-Hispanic gods and to which culture they belong, since they usually have the same role despite having many names, and have the same supernatural abilities conferred by their respective followers.
To clarify this, we will analyze in this short article, the similarities between the most important gods and goddesses of the Mayan and Aztec cultures, to show how similar their religious ideologies were, and how they were depicted in diverse cultural expressions.
Birthplace and area of influence.
The Mayans settled in southeastern Mexico, occupying the current states of Yucatan, Campeche, Quintana Roo, Chiapas and Tabasco and the countries of Guatemala, Honduras, and El Salvador; while the Aztecs occupied the Mexican central highlands and part of the Gulf of Mexico, along with portions of Guatemala and Nicaragua.
It is heavily implied by many archaeologists and historians, that around the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, the Aztecs and the Mayans had a common ground near the state of Chiapas in Mexico, where a limited cultural exchange between both cultures took place.
By the time the Aztecs were in the zenith of their territorial expansion and greatest splendor during the fourteenth century, the Mayans were already in a cultural decline, reaching their peak about 400 years earlier, during the Mesoamerican period known as “The Classic Period” between 600 and 1000 A.D. By that time, only a few sustainable Mayan city-states remained.
Kukulkán – Quetzalcoatl
We can begin our analysis with the most important deities shared by both cultures, we refer to Kukulkán – Quetzalcoatl because these two gods can be found embodied in many artistic expressions.
In the Mayan myths, it is said that Kukulkan helped lay the foundations of their culture, with the creation of Chichen Itza, the very first important milestone in their history, as it was the most important capital of the region, flourishing around the years 800 – 1100 AD.
For the Aztecs, Quetzalcoatl occupied a primordial place within the Aztec pantheon, but it is said that this deity didn’t belong to them, as it has its possible origins within the Toltec culture, who settled north of the central highlands where the Aztecs thrived.
As with the Mayans, Quetzalcoatl was a very important foundation character, since the legendary Topiltzin Quetzalcoatl was said to have been one of the founders of Tula – Teotihuacan, the famed city of the gods, a place where the universe was created according to Aztec myths.
We can appreciate then, that both deities are meant to portray Promethean guides who lent their help to human civilizations in different ways, allowing the Mayans and the Aztecs to develop as powerful civilizations during their respective times, and in exchange, the people began to worship these gods as a form of gratitude.
Chaac – Tlaloc
These deities are also heavyweights in the pantheon of traditional deities of pre-Columbian Mesoamerica since in both cultures, they were worshiped for their association with water and the rain cycle, vital for the continued success of their agricultural practices. Human sacrifices were constantly dedicated to both deities so that their worshipers could be blessed with the natural miracle of water pouring from the skies, to maintain an abundant population of faithful followers.
For the ancient Mayans, Chaac played the role of an agriculture and fertility god within their belief system, as he was able to control the rain and the storms. It was also believed that he had the power to command at will other destructive natural phenomena, like floods and hurricanes, a feat that commanded great respect.
Tlaloc, the Aztec equivalent of Chaac, also had a place of great regard among his people, as he was believed to be the ruler of the fourth heaven known as “Tlálocan”, which was thought to be the eternal destination of those who perished under any circumstances related to water, such as drowning, due to natural disasters.
This god also had access to a devastating array of powers and abilities, such as the ability to bring gentle rains to water the crops of his followers and at the same time unleash powerful storms that could destroy everything in its path, therefore his followers always sought to keep him content to appease his anger.
Although Tlaloc and Chaac were rain gods and were frequently represented with reptilian features, such as fangs and blinders or “goggles”, the physical representation varied in both cultures. For the Aztecs, he was depicted as a half jaguar, capable of generating thunder with his powerful roar, while for the Mayans, Chaac was presented in human form, and was able to produce powerful lighting while hitting the clouds with his ax.
Kinich Ahau – Ehecatl
For the next case, we have a deity that serves to represent two gods in one since both Itzanmá and Quetzalcoatl have different avocations or representations in the works of art in both cultures.
The first example would be Ehécatl, alter ego of Quetzalcoatl who also represents the god of wind in Aztec mythology. Kinich Ahau, on the other hand, was an alter ego of the Mayan god Itzanmá, who represents the sun and war in this invocation.
This situation is not something extraordinary or unusual within the religious imaginary of the ancient Mesoamericans, as it was common to find representations of deities who took one or more roles and were embodied in different characters depending on different needs and different facets of life, establishing them as omnipotent and perhaps omnipresent gods.
Ixchel – Coatlicue
Among the Pre-Hispanic inhabitants of Mesoamerica, fertility and its artistic and ideological representations were closely related to the feminine side of humanity, since women in both cultures played a fundamental role in the creation of the world and mankind.
In this case, we have two goddesses who represent fertility, Ixchel, and Coatlicue, who also were very important within the Mayan and Aztec pantheons. Coatlicue, which in Nahuatl means “the one with the snake skirt”, was considered among the Aztecs as the mother of all gods and humans and had the moniker of “Nuestra Madrecita”, which means “Our loved mother”.
The god of war Huitzilopochtli was said to have been born when his mother Coatlicue, became pregnant one day after keeping in her clothes a ball of feathers that she found while sweeping her courtyard. Her children, enraged with this unexpected situation, decided to kill their mother as punishment, however, Huitzilopochtli suddenly came out of his mother womb, wearing battle gear and a flame serpent that was used as a sword, and killed his siblings, creating in the process the moon and the stars.
For the Mayans, Ixchel was the primordial mother from whom all beings in the universe were born. She was represented (as it was the case with Tlaloc) as a deity who could be on one hand a nurturing mother, and on the other, as a destroyer of worlds; therefore she was often depicted as a young woman, carrying a rabbit representing the crescent moon, but also as an old woman wearing a skirt with crossed bones and a snake on top of her head, sometimes confused with her head.
From these two descriptions, it can be concluded that both goddesses shared remarkable similarities regarding their role as symbols of life and fertility.
In each of the examples presented here, it is possible to appreciate the way people of ancient times saw the universe. And, both civilizations sought to make sense of the world around them, by creating beings that possessed extraordinary abilities that met their ideological and daily life needs. | <urn:uuid:de4ea138-855b-4741-a245-335b4656c14a> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://thecollector.com/similarities-between-mayan-and-aztec-gods-and-goddesses/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594333.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119064802-20200119092802-00266.warc.gz | en | 0.981403 | 1,829 | 3.625 | 4 | [
-0.0010285668540745974,
0.659239649772644,
0.2501431405544281,
0.15896177291870117,
-0.03469301015138626,
0.12556803226470947,
0.09743493050336838,
0.1745867133140564,
0.30497223138809204,
-0.3989775776863098,
-0.18595446646213531,
-0.22693675756454468,
-0.05809544399380684,
0.168028026819... | 2 | The pantheon of Pre-Hispanic deities was composed of a wide variety of gods, to which the ancient inhabitants of Mexico worshiped, having one deity for every aspect of their lives. According to the research carried out over the years by multiple archaeologists and historians, upon the arrival of the Spaniards, there were more than 100 gods, at least for the Mayan and Aztec pantheons.
Quetzalcoatl and Tezcatlipoca, Codex Borbonicus, Ca XVI century AD.
Similar to what happened with the gods of the Greek and Roman cultures, there is usually some confusion when it comes to pointing out several aspects of any Mesoamerican civilization, like the Aztec calendar for instance, which is frequently associated with the Mayan people.
The same happens when the attempt is made at pointing out who is who among the Pre-Hispanic gods and to which culture they belong, since they usually have the same role despite having many names, and have the same supernatural abilities conferred by their respective followers.
To clarify this, we will analyze in this short article, the similarities between the most important gods and goddesses of the Mayan and Aztec cultures, to show how similar their religious ideologies were, and how they were depicted in diverse cultural expressions.
Birthplace and area of influence.
The Mayans settled in southeastern Mexico, occupying the current states of Yucatan, Campeche, Quintana Roo, Chiapas and Tabasco and the countries of Guatemala, Honduras, and El Salvador; while the Aztecs occupied the Mexican central highlands and part of the Gulf of Mexico, along with portions of Guatemala and Nicaragua.
It is heavily implied by many archaeologists and historians, that around the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, the Aztecs and the Mayans had a common ground near the state of Chiapas in Mexico, where a limited cultural exchange between both cultures took place.
By the time the Aztecs were in the zenith of their territorial expansion and greatest splendor during the fourteenth century, the Mayans were already in a cultural decline, reaching their peak about 400 years earlier, during the Mesoamerican period known as “The Classic Period” between 600 and 1000 A.D. By that time, only a few sustainable Mayan city-states remained.
Kukulkán – Quetzalcoatl
We can begin our analysis with the most important deities shared by both cultures, we refer to Kukulkán – Quetzalcoatl because these two gods can be found embodied in many artistic expressions.
In the Mayan myths, it is said that Kukulkan helped lay the foundations of their culture, with the creation of Chichen Itza, the very first important milestone in their history, as it was the most important capital of the region, flourishing around the years 800 – 1100 AD.
For the Aztecs, Quetzalcoatl occupied a primordial place within the Aztec pantheon, but it is said that this deity didn’t belong to them, as it has its possible origins within the Toltec culture, who settled north of the central highlands where the Aztecs thrived.
As with the Mayans, Quetzalcoatl was a very important foundation character, since the legendary Topiltzin Quetzalcoatl was said to have been one of the founders of Tula – Teotihuacan, the famed city of the gods, a place where the universe was created according to Aztec myths.
We can appreciate then, that both deities are meant to portray Promethean guides who lent their help to human civilizations in different ways, allowing the Mayans and the Aztecs to develop as powerful civilizations during their respective times, and in exchange, the people began to worship these gods as a form of gratitude.
Chaac – Tlaloc
These deities are also heavyweights in the pantheon of traditional deities of pre-Columbian Mesoamerica since in both cultures, they were worshiped for their association with water and the rain cycle, vital for the continued success of their agricultural practices. Human sacrifices were constantly dedicated to both deities so that their worshipers could be blessed with the natural miracle of water pouring from the skies, to maintain an abundant population of faithful followers.
For the ancient Mayans, Chaac played the role of an agriculture and fertility god within their belief system, as he was able to control the rain and the storms. It was also believed that he had the power to command at will other destructive natural phenomena, like floods and hurricanes, a feat that commanded great respect.
Tlaloc, the Aztec equivalent of Chaac, also had a place of great regard among his people, as he was believed to be the ruler of the fourth heaven known as “Tlálocan”, which was thought to be the eternal destination of those who perished under any circumstances related to water, such as drowning, due to natural disasters.
This god also had access to a devastating array of powers and abilities, such as the ability to bring gentle rains to water the crops of his followers and at the same time unleash powerful storms that could destroy everything in its path, therefore his followers always sought to keep him content to appease his anger.
Although Tlaloc and Chaac were rain gods and were frequently represented with reptilian features, such as fangs and blinders or “goggles”, the physical representation varied in both cultures. For the Aztecs, he was depicted as a half jaguar, capable of generating thunder with his powerful roar, while for the Mayans, Chaac was presented in human form, and was able to produce powerful lighting while hitting the clouds with his ax.
Kinich Ahau – Ehecatl
For the next case, we have a deity that serves to represent two gods in one since both Itzanmá and Quetzalcoatl have different avocations or representations in the works of art in both cultures.
The first example would be Ehécatl, alter ego of Quetzalcoatl who also represents the god of wind in Aztec mythology. Kinich Ahau, on the other hand, was an alter ego of the Mayan god Itzanmá, who represents the sun and war in this invocation.
This situation is not something extraordinary or unusual within the religious imaginary of the ancient Mesoamericans, as it was common to find representations of deities who took one or more roles and were embodied in different characters depending on different needs and different facets of life, establishing them as omnipotent and perhaps omnipresent gods.
Ixchel – Coatlicue
Among the Pre-Hispanic inhabitants of Mesoamerica, fertility and its artistic and ideological representations were closely related to the feminine side of humanity, since women in both cultures played a fundamental role in the creation of the world and mankind.
In this case, we have two goddesses who represent fertility, Ixchel, and Coatlicue, who also were very important within the Mayan and Aztec pantheons. Coatlicue, which in Nahuatl means “the one with the snake skirt”, was considered among the Aztecs as the mother of all gods and humans and had the moniker of “Nuestra Madrecita”, which means “Our loved mother”.
The god of war Huitzilopochtli was said to have been born when his mother Coatlicue, became pregnant one day after keeping in her clothes a ball of feathers that she found while sweeping her courtyard. Her children, enraged with this unexpected situation, decided to kill their mother as punishment, however, Huitzilopochtli suddenly came out of his mother womb, wearing battle gear and a flame serpent that was used as a sword, and killed his siblings, creating in the process the moon and the stars.
For the Mayans, Ixchel was the primordial mother from whom all beings in the universe were born. She was represented (as it was the case with Tlaloc) as a deity who could be on one hand a nurturing mother, and on the other, as a destroyer of worlds; therefore she was often depicted as a young woman, carrying a rabbit representing the crescent moon, but also as an old woman wearing a skirt with crossed bones and a snake on top of her head, sometimes confused with her head.
From these two descriptions, it can be concluded that both goddesses shared remarkable similarities regarding their role as symbols of life and fertility.
In each of the examples presented here, it is possible to appreciate the way people of ancient times saw the universe. And, both civilizations sought to make sense of the world around them, by creating beings that possessed extraordinary abilities that met their ideological and daily life needs. | 1,809 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Lord ByronGeorge Gordon Byron, the 6th Baron Byron (22 January 1788 – 19 April 1824), known simply as Lord Byron, was an English poet, peer, and politician who became a revolutionary in the Greek War of Independence, and is considered one of the leading figures of the Romantic movement. He is regarded as one of the greatest English poets and remains widely read and influential. Among his best-known works are the lengthy narrative poems ''Don Juan'' and ''Childe Harold's Pilgrimage''; many of his shorter lyrics in ''Hebrew Melodies'' also became popular.
He travelled extensively across Europe, especially in Italy, where he lived for seven years in the cities of Venice, Ravenna and Pisa. During his stay in Italy he frequently visited his friend and fellow poet Percy Bysshe Shelley. Later in life Byron joined the Greek War of Independence fighting the Ottoman Empire and died of disease leading a campaign during that war, for which Greeks revere him as a national hero. He died in 1824 at the age of 36 from a fever contracted after the First and Second Siege of Missolonghi.
His only legitimate child, Ada Lovelace, is regarded as a foundational figure in the field of computer programming based on her notes for Charles Babbage's Analytical Engine. Byron's illegitimate children include Allegra Byron, who died in childhood, and possibly Elizabeth Medora Leigh. Provided by Wikipedia | <urn:uuid:e1fbce70-b603-424d-a819-667e0dd9403b> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://find.uoc.ac.in/Author/Home?author=Byron%2C+George+Gordon+Byron%2C+Baron%2C+1788-1824 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250607314.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122161553-20200122190553-00113.warc.gz | en | 0.982832 | 289 | 3.703125 | 4 | [
-0.07963987439870834,
-0.3286704421043396,
0.25760212540626526,
-0.22753210365772247,
-0.04551314190030098,
-0.3637770116329193,
0.30118468403816223,
-0.05867474153637886,
-0.4640432298183441,
-0.3105699121952057,
0.2099050134420395,
0.04375708848237991,
0.11283046752214432,
0.236805453896... | 1 | Lord ByronGeorge Gordon Byron, the 6th Baron Byron (22 January 1788 – 19 April 1824), known simply as Lord Byron, was an English poet, peer, and politician who became a revolutionary in the Greek War of Independence, and is considered one of the leading figures of the Romantic movement. He is regarded as one of the greatest English poets and remains widely read and influential. Among his best-known works are the lengthy narrative poems ''Don Juan'' and ''Childe Harold's Pilgrimage''; many of his shorter lyrics in ''Hebrew Melodies'' also became popular.
He travelled extensively across Europe, especially in Italy, where he lived for seven years in the cities of Venice, Ravenna and Pisa. During his stay in Italy he frequently visited his friend and fellow poet Percy Bysshe Shelley. Later in life Byron joined the Greek War of Independence fighting the Ottoman Empire and died of disease leading a campaign during that war, for which Greeks revere him as a national hero. He died in 1824 at the age of 36 from a fever contracted after the First and Second Siege of Missolonghi.
His only legitimate child, Ada Lovelace, is regarded as a foundational figure in the field of computer programming based on her notes for Charles Babbage's Analytical Engine. Byron's illegitimate children include Allegra Byron, who died in childhood, and possibly Elizabeth Medora Leigh. Provided by Wikipedia | 303 | ENGLISH | 1 |
This article about what exactly is daylight saving time was updated on 25 Oct 2019 by the GB Mag Contents team.
It’s that time of year again when we turn the clocks backwards and all get one hour more in bed!
The clocks will be going backward on Sunday 25th October at 2am – But why exactly do we observe Daylight Saving Time? The original reason was to make the most of the daylight as we transition into winter. And the idea to move the clocks came from the America politician and inventor Benjamin Franklin.
He first came up with the idea while in Paris in 1784 and wrote an anonymous paper suggesting there were many monetary and social benefits of rising early. In fact, he famously published the proverb “Early to bed, and early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise.”
It didn’t quite take-off with the Parisians, but an Englishmen called William Willett, who happens to be Coldplay singer Chris Martin’s great-great-grandfather, heard about the concept and thought it was a good idea.
Apparently in 1905, during a pre-breakfast ride, he observed with dismay how many Londoners slept through a large part of a summer day. And in1907 he published a leaflet called The Waste of Daylight, encouraging people to get out of bed earlier.
When did we start changing our clocks for daylight saving time?
The idea of moving the clocks forwards and backwards was discussed by the British government in 1908, but many people didn’t like it, so it wasn’t made a law. In fact, it was first introduced by the Germans in 1914 during World War One.
Willett spent his life trying to convince people that it was a good idea, but it was only introduced in the UK in 1916 – a year after he died.
Now, the UK’s clocks always go back by one hour on the last Sunday in October and forward by one hour on the last Sunday in March.
Check out other “Ask a Brits” like the lowdown on Brits and their teeth. | <urn:uuid:0e052be6-fb47-4f48-8aa3-6327b154b58b> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://greatbritishmag.co.uk/ask-a-brit/what-is-daylight-saving-time/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250605075.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121192553-20200121221553-00332.warc.gz | en | 0.98188 | 438 | 3.46875 | 3 | [
-0.8015819787979126,
0.08398257941007614,
0.03365408256649971,
0.16839087009429932,
0.30266109108924866,
0.41559898853302,
-0.16243132948875427,
-0.31145596504211426,
0.2027604728937149,
-0.17889973521232605,
-0.15882109105587006,
0.3256005346775055,
-0.3019619584083557,
0.3146403729915619... | 2 | This article about what exactly is daylight saving time was updated on 25 Oct 2019 by the GB Mag Contents team.
It’s that time of year again when we turn the clocks backwards and all get one hour more in bed!
The clocks will be going backward on Sunday 25th October at 2am – But why exactly do we observe Daylight Saving Time? The original reason was to make the most of the daylight as we transition into winter. And the idea to move the clocks came from the America politician and inventor Benjamin Franklin.
He first came up with the idea while in Paris in 1784 and wrote an anonymous paper suggesting there were many monetary and social benefits of rising early. In fact, he famously published the proverb “Early to bed, and early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise.”
It didn’t quite take-off with the Parisians, but an Englishmen called William Willett, who happens to be Coldplay singer Chris Martin’s great-great-grandfather, heard about the concept and thought it was a good idea.
Apparently in 1905, during a pre-breakfast ride, he observed with dismay how many Londoners slept through a large part of a summer day. And in1907 he published a leaflet called The Waste of Daylight, encouraging people to get out of bed earlier.
When did we start changing our clocks for daylight saving time?
The idea of moving the clocks forwards and backwards was discussed by the British government in 1908, but many people didn’t like it, so it wasn’t made a law. In fact, it was first introduced by the Germans in 1914 during World War One.
Willett spent his life trying to convince people that it was a good idea, but it was only introduced in the UK in 1916 – a year after he died.
Now, the UK’s clocks always go back by one hour on the last Sunday in October and forward by one hour on the last Sunday in March.
Check out other “Ask a Brits” like the lowdown on Brits and their teeth. | 439 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Front Street, Dawson City. The boomtown Dawson City emerges as the heart of the story.
The Klondike Gold Rush was an event of migration by an estimatedpeople prospecting to the Klondike region of north-western Canada in the Yukon region between and Reports of the gold in newspapers created a hysteria that was nation-wide and many people quit their jobs and then left for the Klondike to become gold-diggers.
Because of the harsh terrain and even harsher weather, it took gold rushers a year to reach the Klondike. The long climb over mountainous terrain and frozen rivers, coupled with the intense cold and frequent snowstorms, made for a long and arduous journey.
In the summer ofgold rushers arrived in the Klondike region by the thousands. Around 30, of theor so prospectors that set out for the Klondike actually made it there. Many gave up to due to the difficulties of The klondike journey and returned home; some were not able to survive the extreme temperatures and died.
Those that made it to the Klondike still had their work cut out for them, as the gold was not easy to find or extract.
Mining was challenging due to pretty unpredictable distribution of gold and digging was slowed by permafrost.
Because of this, there were minors that decided to buy and sell their claims so they could build an investment on the backs of others. Some set up and sold claims rather than digging for gold themselves.
Along the The klondike river, boom towns formed that were supported by the miners. Those that found gold spent their time and money in saloons, while those that found nothing continued to labor. Inminers received news that gold had been discovered in Nome and that it was much easier to get, causing the departure of the majority of the miners and the decline of the boom towns.
Over the next two years, at leasteager would-be prospectors from all over the world set out for the new gold fields with dreams of a quick fortune dancing in their heads.
Only about 40, actually made it to the Klondike, and precious few of them ever found their fortune. Swept along on this tide of gold seekers was a smaller and cannier contingent, also seeking their fortunes but in a far more practical fashion.
They were the entrepreneurs, the men and women who catered to the Klondike fever. George Carmack, the man who began it all, was neither a die-hard prospector nor a keen businessman.
The California native was simply in the right place at the right time. Not that this son of a Forty-Niner had anything against being rich. There had been rumors of gold in the Yukon as far back as the s, but little was done about it. Bythere were perhaps miners panning fine placer gold from the sandbars along the Yukon River.
Ingold was found in paying quantities on the bars of the Stewart River, south of the Klondike River. The next year, coarse gold was found on the Forty Mile River, and a trading post, called Fortymile, then sprang up where the river joins the Yukon River.
But when news of the strike on Rabbit Creek soon to be renamed Bonanza Creek reached the citizens of Circle City, they decamped in droves. So law enforcement was in place just in time to greet the droves of prospectors who would soon be stampeding to the Klondike region of the Yukon District, which would become a separate territory on June 13, Like his Indian friends, George Carmack believed in visions.
Shortly before his dramatic discovery, he had a vision in which two salmon with golden scales and gold nuggets for eyes appeared before him.
So lacking in mercenary impulses was he that he interpreted this as a sign that he should take up salmon fishing. Henderson insulted the Indians again by refusing to sell them tobacco.
While cleaning a dishpan, one of the three unearthed the thumb-sized chunk of gold that set the great rush in motion. On the way, he bragged to everyone he saw of his good luck.
Most of the old-timers just scoffed. But a few cheechakos newcomers went to investigate, and the word spread. Within five days, the valley was swarming with prospectors. By the end of August, the whole length of Bonanza Creek was staked out in claims; then an even richer vein was found on a tributary that became known as Eldorado Creek.
If all this had come about early in the year, the news would have reached civilization within a few weeks. But winter was already closing in. Once the rivers froze and the heavy snows fell, communication with the outside was nearly impossible.
William Ogilvie, a Canadian government surveyor, sent off two separate messages to Ottawa, telling of the magnitude of the strike, but both were lost in the bureaucratic shuffle.
The fever quickly reached epidemic proportions. The amount of gold in circulation had dropped, helping to cause the deep economic depression that had been eating at the United States for 30 years. The Pacific Northwest had been hit especially hard.Jan 20, · Title: Klondike (–) / Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site?
Use the HTML below/10(K). Seattle Post Intelligencer Klondike Edition, July 17, With cries of "Gold! Gold!
in the Klondike!" there unfolded in the Yukon and Alaska a brief but fascinating adventure, which has captured the imagination of people around the world ever since.
The Klondike Gold Rush was a migration by an estimated , prospectors to the Klondike region of the Yukon in north-western Canada between and Gold was discovered there by local miners on August 16, , and, when news reached Seattle and San Francisco the following year, it triggered a stampede of prospectors.
Aug 21, · The Klondike Gold Rush, often called the Yukon Gold Rush, was a mass exodus of prospecting migrants from their hometowns to Canadian Yukon Territory and Alaska after gold was discovered there in With that pronouncement, the Klondike Gold Rush was on!
Within six months, approximately , gold-seekers set off for the Yukon. Only 30, completed the trip. The Klondike Gold Rush is a production of Gold Rush Productions Inc. in association with Rogers Broadcasting Limited and WNED-TV Buffalo/Toronto, made possible by . | <urn:uuid:36042f29-0d58-47b5-80cf-e17b7923b113> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://pyxiniguwihi.kaja-net.com/the-klondike-17056ry.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251728207.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127205148-20200127235148-00546.warc.gz | en | 0.980995 | 1,346 | 3.734375 | 4 | [
-0.12853316962718964,
0.09766559302806854,
0.5851666331291199,
0.3754105865955353,
0.09540287405252457,
-0.38592615723609924,
0.05164773389697075,
0.07841702550649643,
-0.5084980726242065,
-0.007672050967812538,
0.45022788643836975,
-0.17303290963172913,
0.02547881379723549,
-0.15047824382... | 1 | Front Street, Dawson City. The boomtown Dawson City emerges as the heart of the story.
The Klondike Gold Rush was an event of migration by an estimatedpeople prospecting to the Klondike region of north-western Canada in the Yukon region between and Reports of the gold in newspapers created a hysteria that was nation-wide and many people quit their jobs and then left for the Klondike to become gold-diggers.
Because of the harsh terrain and even harsher weather, it took gold rushers a year to reach the Klondike. The long climb over mountainous terrain and frozen rivers, coupled with the intense cold and frequent snowstorms, made for a long and arduous journey.
In the summer ofgold rushers arrived in the Klondike region by the thousands. Around 30, of theor so prospectors that set out for the Klondike actually made it there. Many gave up to due to the difficulties of The klondike journey and returned home; some were not able to survive the extreme temperatures and died.
Those that made it to the Klondike still had their work cut out for them, as the gold was not easy to find or extract.
Mining was challenging due to pretty unpredictable distribution of gold and digging was slowed by permafrost.
Because of this, there were minors that decided to buy and sell their claims so they could build an investment on the backs of others. Some set up and sold claims rather than digging for gold themselves.
Along the The klondike river, boom towns formed that were supported by the miners. Those that found gold spent their time and money in saloons, while those that found nothing continued to labor. Inminers received news that gold had been discovered in Nome and that it was much easier to get, causing the departure of the majority of the miners and the decline of the boom towns.
Over the next two years, at leasteager would-be prospectors from all over the world set out for the new gold fields with dreams of a quick fortune dancing in their heads.
Only about 40, actually made it to the Klondike, and precious few of them ever found their fortune. Swept along on this tide of gold seekers was a smaller and cannier contingent, also seeking their fortunes but in a far more practical fashion.
They were the entrepreneurs, the men and women who catered to the Klondike fever. George Carmack, the man who began it all, was neither a die-hard prospector nor a keen businessman.
The California native was simply in the right place at the right time. Not that this son of a Forty-Niner had anything against being rich. There had been rumors of gold in the Yukon as far back as the s, but little was done about it. Bythere were perhaps miners panning fine placer gold from the sandbars along the Yukon River.
Ingold was found in paying quantities on the bars of the Stewart River, south of the Klondike River. The next year, coarse gold was found on the Forty Mile River, and a trading post, called Fortymile, then sprang up where the river joins the Yukon River.
But when news of the strike on Rabbit Creek soon to be renamed Bonanza Creek reached the citizens of Circle City, they decamped in droves. So law enforcement was in place just in time to greet the droves of prospectors who would soon be stampeding to the Klondike region of the Yukon District, which would become a separate territory on June 13, Like his Indian friends, George Carmack believed in visions.
Shortly before his dramatic discovery, he had a vision in which two salmon with golden scales and gold nuggets for eyes appeared before him.
So lacking in mercenary impulses was he that he interpreted this as a sign that he should take up salmon fishing. Henderson insulted the Indians again by refusing to sell them tobacco.
While cleaning a dishpan, one of the three unearthed the thumb-sized chunk of gold that set the great rush in motion. On the way, he bragged to everyone he saw of his good luck.
Most of the old-timers just scoffed. But a few cheechakos newcomers went to investigate, and the word spread. Within five days, the valley was swarming with prospectors. By the end of August, the whole length of Bonanza Creek was staked out in claims; then an even richer vein was found on a tributary that became known as Eldorado Creek.
If all this had come about early in the year, the news would have reached civilization within a few weeks. But winter was already closing in. Once the rivers froze and the heavy snows fell, communication with the outside was nearly impossible.
William Ogilvie, a Canadian government surveyor, sent off two separate messages to Ottawa, telling of the magnitude of the strike, but both were lost in the bureaucratic shuffle.
The fever quickly reached epidemic proportions. The amount of gold in circulation had dropped, helping to cause the deep economic depression that had been eating at the United States for 30 years. The Pacific Northwest had been hit especially hard.Jan 20, · Title: Klondike (–) / Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site?
Use the HTML below/10(K). Seattle Post Intelligencer Klondike Edition, July 17, With cries of "Gold! Gold!
in the Klondike!" there unfolded in the Yukon and Alaska a brief but fascinating adventure, which has captured the imagination of people around the world ever since.
The Klondike Gold Rush was a migration by an estimated , prospectors to the Klondike region of the Yukon in north-western Canada between and Gold was discovered there by local miners on August 16, , and, when news reached Seattle and San Francisco the following year, it triggered a stampede of prospectors.
Aug 21, · The Klondike Gold Rush, often called the Yukon Gold Rush, was a mass exodus of prospecting migrants from their hometowns to Canadian Yukon Territory and Alaska after gold was discovered there in With that pronouncement, the Klondike Gold Rush was on!
Within six months, approximately , gold-seekers set off for the Yukon. Only 30, completed the trip. The Klondike Gold Rush is a production of Gold Rush Productions Inc. in association with Rogers Broadcasting Limited and WNED-TV Buffalo/Toronto, made possible by . | 1,330 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Why was the Thirty Years War fought? To what extent did politics determined the outcome of the war? Discuss the treaty of Westphalia in 1848. Could matters have been resolved without war?
The Thirty Years War is a series of wars fought between 1618 to1648 for reasons that range from religious to territorial. It devastated most of Europe especially Germany and ended with the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648.
It began with the resistance of Protestant nobles in Bohemia against the Hapsburgs, the family which headed the Holy Roman Empire. Since its beginning, political affiliations among states played a role in the causes and the outcomes of the series of wars. When the war started, the German Protestants allied with Austria. They were defeated by another alliance, that of Brussel and Spain, which was sent by King Ferdinand II. In 1625, Denmark renewed the war but was defeated by General Wallenstein’s army, also sent by Ferdinand. Wallenstein was a Bohemian, but who sided with the Roman Empire in return for the spoils of war. The final phases of the war were initiated by Denmark, Sweden and France, all of whom were led to the fray in concern with the increasing Hapsburg power in their territories.
The Peace of Westphalia, two treaties which ended the war, returned the German states which were seized by the Holy Roman Empire in the duration of the war to their former rulers. It also allowed them to practice and choose their religions. Countries like Switzerland and Netherland were granted independence. The treaty introduced religious tolerance and ended religious warfare.
Matters could have been resolved earlier during the conflict, avoiding the death and destruction that it inflicted upon the affected countries has the Holy Roman Empire been not driven by ambition and greed for more land. The reason why states waged the wars against the empire was their fear of the increasing power of the Hapsburg over Europe threatening their very borders. King Ferdinand could have also appeased the Protestants within Germany; that he would leave them alone, way before the war expanded outside Germany.
The Columbia Encyclopia, (2001) Sixth Edition, 2001-2007. Columbia University Press. Retrieved on May 21, 2008. http://www.bartleby.com/65/th/ThirtyYe.html. | <urn:uuid:d4b6034e-fc56-4d03-a749-bbb0723374da> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://bereavementpractitioners.org/essay-thirty-years-war-fought/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250597458.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120052454-20200120080454-00537.warc.gz | en | 0.980377 | 467 | 4.40625 | 4 | [
-0.3501474857330322,
0.61702561378479,
0.14143098890781403,
-0.09226185828447342,
-0.17484723031520844,
-0.22333011031150818,
-0.3684912621974945,
0.3553001880645752,
-0.10057093948125839,
-0.280468225479126,
0.31749415397644043,
-0.514922022819519,
-0.08183594048023224,
0.2133776396512985... | 2 | Why was the Thirty Years War fought? To what extent did politics determined the outcome of the war? Discuss the treaty of Westphalia in 1848. Could matters have been resolved without war?
The Thirty Years War is a series of wars fought between 1618 to1648 for reasons that range from religious to territorial. It devastated most of Europe especially Germany and ended with the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648.
It began with the resistance of Protestant nobles in Bohemia against the Hapsburgs, the family which headed the Holy Roman Empire. Since its beginning, political affiliations among states played a role in the causes and the outcomes of the series of wars. When the war started, the German Protestants allied with Austria. They were defeated by another alliance, that of Brussel and Spain, which was sent by King Ferdinand II. In 1625, Denmark renewed the war but was defeated by General Wallenstein’s army, also sent by Ferdinand. Wallenstein was a Bohemian, but who sided with the Roman Empire in return for the spoils of war. The final phases of the war were initiated by Denmark, Sweden and France, all of whom were led to the fray in concern with the increasing Hapsburg power in their territories.
The Peace of Westphalia, two treaties which ended the war, returned the German states which were seized by the Holy Roman Empire in the duration of the war to their former rulers. It also allowed them to practice and choose their religions. Countries like Switzerland and Netherland were granted independence. The treaty introduced religious tolerance and ended religious warfare.
Matters could have been resolved earlier during the conflict, avoiding the death and destruction that it inflicted upon the affected countries has the Holy Roman Empire been not driven by ambition and greed for more land. The reason why states waged the wars against the empire was their fear of the increasing power of the Hapsburg over Europe threatening their very borders. King Ferdinand could have also appeased the Protestants within Germany; that he would leave them alone, way before the war expanded outside Germany.
The Columbia Encyclopia, (2001) Sixth Edition, 2001-2007. Columbia University Press. Retrieved on May 21, 2008. http://www.bartleby.com/65/th/ThirtyYe.html. | 495 | ENGLISH | 1 |
It all started with eight men who wanted change. These eight men were sick of the labor laws and the disrespect in people’s rights so they decided to do something about it. They wanted a place of solidarity and strength for every person working in America. The men wanted to create an organization that went against capitalism and the regulations of the government. They invited other leaders of radical labor to a meeting in Chicago which started the Industrial Workers of the World. The eight men held the conference exchanging their opinions and views on the labor laws to American workers which led to a larger gathering in Chicago with working leaders to discuss the present issues with the labor laws. The industrial workers wanted to promote solidarity for the workers in overthrowing the employing class. “An injury to one is an injury to all” was a popular saying. They created component parts to show some laws of what they want done. The Industrial Branches of the union were divided into shop section, language sections, departments divisions, district subdivisions, and an industrial direct council. The IWW was mostly organized because of the belief with many people that the American Federation of Labor was dividing us as a union and has failed to effectively organize the U.S. working class. The Wobblies think that every single worker should be organized as a single class. The working class and the employing class create a struggle between the two because they are separating the union by a label. Women could be in the same organization along with African American, Asians, and even immigrants. This was the only American union that did this. Politicians saw them as a threat to the market systems. Factory owners employed violent and non-violent to interrupt their meetings. People were often arrested and or killed for public speeches which only created activism. The organization had 25,000 members among dock workers, agricultural workers in the central states, and in textile and mining areas by 1912. The IWW made more than 900 unions located in many cities and towns in 38 territories of the United States and 5 Canadian provinces. Members of the IWW were active throughout the country and were involved in the Seattle General Strike, were arrested or killed in the Everett Massacre, organized among Mexican workers in the Southwest, became a largest and powerful longshoremen’s union in Philadelphia, and more. As you can see the IWW was very successful in their accomplishments.
All Research Proposal
- WRITTEN Piaget believes in certain principles of development. His
- I assistant trainee manager in which the skills that
- Abstract—In parameter. In addition, weevaluated the performance of the
- To contraception (Oudshoorn, 2004). Over the past 50 years,
- Background policies focus on extension of the centralised grid.
- ICICI EPS increased to 32.19 and after that company
- Dagens i 1600-1700 tallet, var det veldig mye overtroiske
- Mental is concerned in the cognizance of their abilities,
- Årsakene Kroatia, Slovenia og Bosnia-Herzegovina, som var katolsk dominert. | <urn:uuid:e1ebfa61-5227-459a-b498-eec1928b5218> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://nanoandes.org/it-injury-to-one-is-an-injury-to-all/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250624328.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124161014-20200124190014-00292.warc.gz | en | 0.980535 | 642 | 3.40625 | 3 | [
-0.49959781765937805,
-0.03458883613348007,
-0.16178308427333832,
0.08185404539108276,
0.0344524122774601,
0.494993656873703,
-0.08337607979774475,
0.02204064466059208,
-0.36986905336380005,
-0.1599600613117218,
0.053214482963085175,
0.32793915271759033,
-0.38871055841445923,
0.04389885067... | 1 | It all started with eight men who wanted change. These eight men were sick of the labor laws and the disrespect in people’s rights so they decided to do something about it. They wanted a place of solidarity and strength for every person working in America. The men wanted to create an organization that went against capitalism and the regulations of the government. They invited other leaders of radical labor to a meeting in Chicago which started the Industrial Workers of the World. The eight men held the conference exchanging their opinions and views on the labor laws to American workers which led to a larger gathering in Chicago with working leaders to discuss the present issues with the labor laws. The industrial workers wanted to promote solidarity for the workers in overthrowing the employing class. “An injury to one is an injury to all” was a popular saying. They created component parts to show some laws of what they want done. The Industrial Branches of the union were divided into shop section, language sections, departments divisions, district subdivisions, and an industrial direct council. The IWW was mostly organized because of the belief with many people that the American Federation of Labor was dividing us as a union and has failed to effectively organize the U.S. working class. The Wobblies think that every single worker should be organized as a single class. The working class and the employing class create a struggle between the two because they are separating the union by a label. Women could be in the same organization along with African American, Asians, and even immigrants. This was the only American union that did this. Politicians saw them as a threat to the market systems. Factory owners employed violent and non-violent to interrupt their meetings. People were often arrested and or killed for public speeches which only created activism. The organization had 25,000 members among dock workers, agricultural workers in the central states, and in textile and mining areas by 1912. The IWW made more than 900 unions located in many cities and towns in 38 territories of the United States and 5 Canadian provinces. Members of the IWW were active throughout the country and were involved in the Seattle General Strike, were arrested or killed in the Everett Massacre, organized among Mexican workers in the Southwest, became a largest and powerful longshoremen’s union in Philadelphia, and more. As you can see the IWW was very successful in their accomplishments.
All Research Proposal
- WRITTEN Piaget believes in certain principles of development. His
- I assistant trainee manager in which the skills that
- Abstract—In parameter. In addition, weevaluated the performance of the
- To contraception (Oudshoorn, 2004). Over the past 50 years,
- Background policies focus on extension of the centralised grid.
- ICICI EPS increased to 32.19 and after that company
- Dagens i 1600-1700 tallet, var det veldig mye overtroiske
- Mental is concerned in the cognizance of their abilities,
- Årsakene Kroatia, Slovenia og Bosnia-Herzegovina, som var katolsk dominert. | 651 | ENGLISH | 1 |
This weekend marks anniversaries of two very significant cavalry battles that took place during the Civil War. Saturday will be 149th anniversary of the Battle of Brandy Station in Virginia. It was the largest cavalry battle to ever take place on American soil, and yet, it is obscure in that most people have never heard of it. The battle was a confrontation between Confederate cavalry commanded by General J.E.B. Stuart, and Union cavalry under General David Gregg. It was considered a Confederate victory, even though it was more like a draw, and the Rebels were taken by surprise, which nearly cost them the battle. For more information, please read my novel, A Beckoning Hellfire.
On the battlefield is a fascinating piece of history that was nearly lost. The Graffiti House stands near the Orange & Alexandria Railroad. After years of neglect, the building was almost demolished, but in 1993, a discovery was made. Under layers of paint, signatures of both Union and Confederate soldiers, along with drawings they made, were written in charcoal on the walls, one of which was by General Stuart himself. Since that time, the structure has become part of the Brandy Station Foundation, and is in the process of being restored.
Another significant event, which took place on June 10, 1864, was the Battle of Brice’s Crossroads in Lee County, Mississippi. Major General Nathan Bedford Forrest’s 4,787 cavalrymen confronted the 8,100 troopers of Union General Samuel D. Sturgis. Despite the odds, Forrest came out victorious. It is a remarkable example of how his genius prevailed by the use of better military tactics, mastery of the terrain, and aggressive use of offensive action. | <urn:uuid:7bbf8414-441c-47bf-81ce-5f67fb2ba067> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://jdrhawkins.com/tag/samuel-sturgis/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250625097.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124191133-20200124220133-00148.warc.gz | en | 0.982918 | 347 | 3.3125 | 3 | [
-0.3396652340888977,
0.27596160769462585,
0.25484657287597656,
0.3553828299045563,
0.11968168616294861,
-0.30669069290161133,
-0.3796814978122711,
0.2232530564069748,
-0.6266100406646729,
0.10417697578668594,
-0.12195369601249695,
-0.029219498857855797,
0.15201064944267273,
0.4997106194496... | 5 | This weekend marks anniversaries of two very significant cavalry battles that took place during the Civil War. Saturday will be 149th anniversary of the Battle of Brandy Station in Virginia. It was the largest cavalry battle to ever take place on American soil, and yet, it is obscure in that most people have never heard of it. The battle was a confrontation between Confederate cavalry commanded by General J.E.B. Stuart, and Union cavalry under General David Gregg. It was considered a Confederate victory, even though it was more like a draw, and the Rebels were taken by surprise, which nearly cost them the battle. For more information, please read my novel, A Beckoning Hellfire.
On the battlefield is a fascinating piece of history that was nearly lost. The Graffiti House stands near the Orange & Alexandria Railroad. After years of neglect, the building was almost demolished, but in 1993, a discovery was made. Under layers of paint, signatures of both Union and Confederate soldiers, along with drawings they made, were written in charcoal on the walls, one of which was by General Stuart himself. Since that time, the structure has become part of the Brandy Station Foundation, and is in the process of being restored.
Another significant event, which took place on June 10, 1864, was the Battle of Brice’s Crossroads in Lee County, Mississippi. Major General Nathan Bedford Forrest’s 4,787 cavalrymen confronted the 8,100 troopers of Union General Samuel D. Sturgis. Despite the odds, Forrest came out victorious. It is a remarkable example of how his genius prevailed by the use of better military tactics, mastery of the terrain, and aggressive use of offensive action. | 358 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Subscribe to Christianity Today
Pushing the Bear: After the Trail of Tears (Volume 54) (American Indian Literature and Critical Studies Series)
208 pp., $16.95
After the Trail of Tears
This major novel by the Cherokee writer Diane Glancy, a companion piece to her 1996 novel Pushing the Bear: A Novel of the Trail of Tears, provides an exploration of faith, love and loss in the context of what is still one of the most disturbing events in American history.
In 1838, American soldiers rounded up the Cherokee still living in Georgia and North Carolina, and drove them into stockades. These were, in effect, concentration camps. Around 2,000 people died in their cramped, disease-ridden conditions, including hundreds of infants. Those who survived were then forced to march from their ancestral homelands to the new land that had been promised them. Guarded by American soldiers, they walked the 900 miles to "Indian Territory," modern Oklahoma. At least 1,500 of those who set off did not complete the journey, whether due to death or to slipping their guards en route. Estimates vary, but when added to the earlier forced migrations of 1817, it seems likely that around 3,500-4,000 Cherokees died as a direct result of an American policy of ethnic cleansing, carried out in direct breach of several binding treaties that recognized Cherokee governance and sovereignty.
Just as important for the people, their land, from which had flowed their religion, their social customs, their very sense of themselves as a people, was taken from them forever. Their towns were destroyed, their sacred lakes, meeting grounds, and graveyards barred to them, their farms given to European settlers. The Nation had been split, not once but several times. Historian Robert Conley records in his monumental The Cherokee Nation: A History (2005) that in 1839 there were as many as five distinct groups, each with its own leaders and politics. Some Cherokee, under Younaguska, had evaded removal and remained in North Carolina; to these outliers can be added the group living in the independent Republic of Texas. In Oklahoma, where the Trail of Tears had ended, there were the Old Settlers, who had agreed ... | <urn:uuid:432fd9b4-4627-4d1a-a4c1-7649911d7903> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.booksandculture.com/articles/2013/julaug/after-trail-of-tears.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594209.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119035851-20200119063851-00296.warc.gz | en | 0.981676 | 458 | 3.296875 | 3 | [
0.09190905094146729,
0.16524027287960052,
0.25545454025268555,
0.07785294950008392,
0.015565386041998863,
0.1646362990140915,
-0.09623080492019653,
-0.2555304765701294,
-0.06610602140426636,
0.13551747798919678,
0.17767030000686646,
-0.015815863385796547,
0.005350438412278891,
0.0672840625... | 1 | Subscribe to Christianity Today
Pushing the Bear: After the Trail of Tears (Volume 54) (American Indian Literature and Critical Studies Series)
208 pp., $16.95
After the Trail of Tears
This major novel by the Cherokee writer Diane Glancy, a companion piece to her 1996 novel Pushing the Bear: A Novel of the Trail of Tears, provides an exploration of faith, love and loss in the context of what is still one of the most disturbing events in American history.
In 1838, American soldiers rounded up the Cherokee still living in Georgia and North Carolina, and drove them into stockades. These were, in effect, concentration camps. Around 2,000 people died in their cramped, disease-ridden conditions, including hundreds of infants. Those who survived were then forced to march from their ancestral homelands to the new land that had been promised them. Guarded by American soldiers, they walked the 900 miles to "Indian Territory," modern Oklahoma. At least 1,500 of those who set off did not complete the journey, whether due to death or to slipping their guards en route. Estimates vary, but when added to the earlier forced migrations of 1817, it seems likely that around 3,500-4,000 Cherokees died as a direct result of an American policy of ethnic cleansing, carried out in direct breach of several binding treaties that recognized Cherokee governance and sovereignty.
Just as important for the people, their land, from which had flowed their religion, their social customs, their very sense of themselves as a people, was taken from them forever. Their towns were destroyed, their sacred lakes, meeting grounds, and graveyards barred to them, their farms given to European settlers. The Nation had been split, not once but several times. Historian Robert Conley records in his monumental The Cherokee Nation: A History (2005) that in 1839 there were as many as five distinct groups, each with its own leaders and politics. Some Cherokee, under Younaguska, had evaded removal and remained in North Carolina; to these outliers can be added the group living in the independent Republic of Texas. In Oklahoma, where the Trail of Tears had ended, there were the Old Settlers, who had agreed ... | 490 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Remember that wise words are important
8:1This is the second of Solomon's three poems. This poem is a speech. The speaker is the woman called Wisdom. Everyone should listen to her words.
1 Listen. You should be able to hear the wise words. Wisdom is like a woman who is causing people to hear her.
2 You will hear these words high on the hills along the way. You will hear these words where the paths meet.
3 Next to the gates that go into the city, you will hear these words. Someone will be shouting them aloud at the doors where you go in.
4 ‘I shout out to all of you, to everyone on earth.
5 You who do not have wisdom, be wise. You who are fools, learn to understand.
6 Listen to my very good words. All that I tell you is right.
7 What I say is true. I hate words that are not true.
8 Everything that I say is true. None of my words are false. They do not turn people on to the wrong path.
9 Wise words are clear to people who understand. Wise words are easy to understand for people who want to learn.
10 Choose my wise words rather than silver. Choose to learn rather than the best gold.
11 Wisdom is more valuable than valuable stones. Nothing that you want can be equal to it.
12 I, wisdom, am like a woman who lives with careful people. She knows many important things. And she knows when to speak.
13 Those who are afraid of the Lord hate wrong things. Some people think that they are great. They think of themselves as better than they really are. And they say false things. I do not like those people.
14 I tell people how to do the right things. I am wise and I am strong.
15 I help kings to rule, and I help rulers to make fair rules.
16 I help rulers to rule. And I help officers who work for the king. I help all the fair judges in the world to do their work.
17 I love those who love me. Whoever looks for me will find me.
18 I make people rich and great. I help people not to waste their money. And I help them to do the right things.
19 What you get from me is better than gold. It is better even than the best gold. It is better than the best silver.
20 I walk the way that is good. I follow the paths that are fair.
21 I make those people rich who love me. I fill their houses with valuable things.
22 A long time ago, the Lord had me. He had me before he created anything.
23 The Lord chose me in the beginning, before the world began.
24 I appeared before he created the seas. I appeared when there was no water on earth.
25 I appeared before he created the mountains. I appeared before he created the hills.
26 I was with him before he created the earth and its fields or even the ground.
27 I was there when he created the sky. I was there when he made the sky separate from the sea.
28 I was there when he put the clouds in the sky. I was there when he opened the streams of waters in the sea.
29 He said how high the waters of the sea should rise. They must not rise any higher than what he said. I was there when he created the earth.
30 I was next to him and I was a help to him every day. I gave him pleasure always. I was happy to be with him.
31 I was happy in his whole world and all the people gave me pleasure.
32 So, my sons, listen to me. Do as I say. If you do, you will be happy.
33 Listen to your teacher. If you are wise, you will not forget his words.
34 Happy is the man who listens to me. He watches every day at my gates, and he waits at my door.
35 Those who find me find life. The Lord will enjoy them.
36 Those who do not obey me hurt themselves. Everybody who does not like me loves death.’ | <urn:uuid:3b89456e-4d76-4e12-bde5-2572b99b0d67> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.easyenglish.bible/bible/easy/proverbs/8/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250597458.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120052454-20200120080454-00047.warc.gz | en | 0.987974 | 873 | 3.28125 | 3 | [
-0.01541062816977501,
-0.5419908761978149,
0.07844490557909012,
0.08525672554969788,
0.015856154263019562,
0.20307235419750214,
0.9339550733566284,
0.06066157668828964,
-0.23570701479911804,
0.13093003630638123,
-0.02715718001127243,
-0.026813892647624016,
0.10627739131450653,
0.0375195741... | 5 | Remember that wise words are important
8:1This is the second of Solomon's three poems. This poem is a speech. The speaker is the woman called Wisdom. Everyone should listen to her words.
1 Listen. You should be able to hear the wise words. Wisdom is like a woman who is causing people to hear her.
2 You will hear these words high on the hills along the way. You will hear these words where the paths meet.
3 Next to the gates that go into the city, you will hear these words. Someone will be shouting them aloud at the doors where you go in.
4 ‘I shout out to all of you, to everyone on earth.
5 You who do not have wisdom, be wise. You who are fools, learn to understand.
6 Listen to my very good words. All that I tell you is right.
7 What I say is true. I hate words that are not true.
8 Everything that I say is true. None of my words are false. They do not turn people on to the wrong path.
9 Wise words are clear to people who understand. Wise words are easy to understand for people who want to learn.
10 Choose my wise words rather than silver. Choose to learn rather than the best gold.
11 Wisdom is more valuable than valuable stones. Nothing that you want can be equal to it.
12 I, wisdom, am like a woman who lives with careful people. She knows many important things. And she knows when to speak.
13 Those who are afraid of the Lord hate wrong things. Some people think that they are great. They think of themselves as better than they really are. And they say false things. I do not like those people.
14 I tell people how to do the right things. I am wise and I am strong.
15 I help kings to rule, and I help rulers to make fair rules.
16 I help rulers to rule. And I help officers who work for the king. I help all the fair judges in the world to do their work.
17 I love those who love me. Whoever looks for me will find me.
18 I make people rich and great. I help people not to waste their money. And I help them to do the right things.
19 What you get from me is better than gold. It is better even than the best gold. It is better than the best silver.
20 I walk the way that is good. I follow the paths that are fair.
21 I make those people rich who love me. I fill their houses with valuable things.
22 A long time ago, the Lord had me. He had me before he created anything.
23 The Lord chose me in the beginning, before the world began.
24 I appeared before he created the seas. I appeared when there was no water on earth.
25 I appeared before he created the mountains. I appeared before he created the hills.
26 I was with him before he created the earth and its fields or even the ground.
27 I was there when he created the sky. I was there when he made the sky separate from the sea.
28 I was there when he put the clouds in the sky. I was there when he opened the streams of waters in the sea.
29 He said how high the waters of the sea should rise. They must not rise any higher than what he said. I was there when he created the earth.
30 I was next to him and I was a help to him every day. I gave him pleasure always. I was happy to be with him.
31 I was happy in his whole world and all the people gave me pleasure.
32 So, my sons, listen to me. Do as I say. If you do, you will be happy.
33 Listen to your teacher. If you are wise, you will not forget his words.
34 Happy is the man who listens to me. He watches every day at my gates, and he waits at my door.
35 Those who find me find life. The Lord will enjoy them.
36 Those who do not obey me hurt themselves. Everybody who does not like me loves death.’ | 861 | ENGLISH | 1 |
English sailing ships were among the best ships in the 17th-19th centuries.
battleship, British warship, galleon, HMS Victory, Admiral Lord Nelson, watercraft, sailboat, navy, Battle of Trafalgar, England, war, warfare, sea, history, modern history
Even in Antiquity and the Middle Ages, legendary battles took place at sea. In the Modern Age, in the race for colonization, warships played an even more important role than previously. This age is often called the Age of Sail.
Initially, it was the Portuguese and the Spanish who built the most excellent ships and thus were the first to colonize areas outside Europe. Later, England built the strongest fleet of the era and took the leading role in colonization, becoming the "Queen of the seas."
The legendary ships of the line in the 18th-century Royal Navy developed from 17th-century galleons. The term 'ship of the line' refers to the role of these ships in battles. The ships in the fleet formed a line from end to end, so each ship in the line could fire their rows of guns set up on the side of the hull, which could only fire to one side. Ships of the line were heavy, full-rigged sailing ships with the most powerful guns.
The largest ships carried over a hundred guns, which were set up on the gun decks and the main deck. The hull consisted of several decks, the topmost being the main deck, below that were the gun decks and various other decks, while the lowest level, which stored gunpowder and ballast, was called the bilge. These ships were operated by large crews, often consisting of several hundred.
HMS Victory, launched in 1765, was one of the best known and most successful ships of the line in the English Royal Navy. She is most famous as Lord Nelson's legendary flagship at the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805. | <urn:uuid:4bffb8ae-fb57-44e6-aff3-9cbc0a8a148b> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.mozaweb.com/en_US/Extra-3D_scenes-English_battleship_18th_century-109437 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251776516.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128060946-20200128090946-00327.warc.gz | en | 0.985408 | 402 | 3.578125 | 4 | [
0.018536733463406563,
0.05366512015461922,
0.4304910898208618,
-0.7425874471664429,
-0.28855419158935547,
-0.3281334936618805,
-0.09928862750530243,
0.12061642855405807,
-0.1163451075553894,
-0.4301685094833374,
0.020451711490750313,
-0.37015047669410706,
-0.42930135130882263,
0.1134863719... | 1 | English sailing ships were among the best ships in the 17th-19th centuries.
battleship, British warship, galleon, HMS Victory, Admiral Lord Nelson, watercraft, sailboat, navy, Battle of Trafalgar, England, war, warfare, sea, history, modern history
Even in Antiquity and the Middle Ages, legendary battles took place at sea. In the Modern Age, in the race for colonization, warships played an even more important role than previously. This age is often called the Age of Sail.
Initially, it was the Portuguese and the Spanish who built the most excellent ships and thus were the first to colonize areas outside Europe. Later, England built the strongest fleet of the era and took the leading role in colonization, becoming the "Queen of the seas."
The legendary ships of the line in the 18th-century Royal Navy developed from 17th-century galleons. The term 'ship of the line' refers to the role of these ships in battles. The ships in the fleet formed a line from end to end, so each ship in the line could fire their rows of guns set up on the side of the hull, which could only fire to one side. Ships of the line were heavy, full-rigged sailing ships with the most powerful guns.
The largest ships carried over a hundred guns, which were set up on the gun decks and the main deck. The hull consisted of several decks, the topmost being the main deck, below that were the gun decks and various other decks, while the lowest level, which stored gunpowder and ballast, was called the bilge. These ships were operated by large crews, often consisting of several hundred.
HMS Victory, launched in 1765, was one of the best known and most successful ships of the line in the English Royal Navy. She is most famous as Lord Nelson's legendary flagship at the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805. | 412 | ENGLISH | 1 |
The first time a railway was built through the middle of a town. George Stephenson, the pioneer of railways and steam trains, engineered this route through Belper. In the 1840s this was the only route for trains to York and the North-East from London.
Belper developed rapidly as an industrial town from the 1770s and blocked the planned route for the railway along the valley. George Benson Strutt did not want the line to wreck his mills or upset the flow of water in the river that powered them. Stephenson’s solution still has the eleven original bridges that he built to carry the roads that crossed the route at the time.
The massive stone walls that you can see were built so that the cutting was narrower than it would have been with bare earth, as is the case in the station area. This saved many houses from demolition.
Compare the print with the view from the end of the platform today. Belper Station was moved here in 1878 from the south end of town.
This is now the main line from London to Sheffield with high speed trains as well as the Derwent Valley line service and freight trains. | <urn:uuid:dec32ce8-d76a-47d0-9a1b-54ac56eb61ec> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.wondersofthepeak.org.uk/facts/trains-through-the-town-centre/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251690379.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126195918-20200126225918-00286.warc.gz | en | 0.990079 | 232 | 3.75 | 4 | [
0.01561682764440775,
-0.012698776088654995,
0.5874691605567932,
0.24990856647491455,
-0.222818523645401,
-0.23824146389961243,
-0.23020264506340027,
0.010475719347596169,
-0.4141502380371094,
-0.49277135729789734,
0.20125193893909454,
-0.49559542536735535,
-0.1293923705816269,
0.3096909224... | 4 | The first time a railway was built through the middle of a town. George Stephenson, the pioneer of railways and steam trains, engineered this route through Belper. In the 1840s this was the only route for trains to York and the North-East from London.
Belper developed rapidly as an industrial town from the 1770s and blocked the planned route for the railway along the valley. George Benson Strutt did not want the line to wreck his mills or upset the flow of water in the river that powered them. Stephenson’s solution still has the eleven original bridges that he built to carry the roads that crossed the route at the time.
The massive stone walls that you can see were built so that the cutting was narrower than it would have been with bare earth, as is the case in the station area. This saved many houses from demolition.
Compare the print with the view from the end of the platform today. Belper Station was moved here in 1878 from the south end of town.
This is now the main line from London to Sheffield with high speed trains as well as the Derwent Valley line service and freight trains. | 237 | ENGLISH | 1 |
On December 24, 1818 the first performance of “Silent Night” took place in the church of St. Nikolaus in Oberndorf, Austria. “Silent Night” was composed by Franz Gruber with words by Joseph Mohr. The young priest Mohr had written the lyrics in 1816 in Mariapfarr, another small town in Salzburg.
Frans Gruber was an elementary school music teacher. He was born on November 25, 1787, the son of weavers and worked as a weaver until the age of 18. In 1805 he began his musical training with the church organist of Burghausen and in 1807 he became a teacher in Arnsdorf as well as church caretaker and organist.
Joseph Mohr was born in Salzburg on December 11, 1792, to an unmarried embroiderer, Anna Schoiberin, and Franz Mohr, a mercenary soldier and deserter, who abandoned Joseph’s mother before his birth.
The vicar of Salzburg Cathedral enabled Mohr to have an education and encouraged him in music. As a boy, Mohr served as a singer and violinist in the choirs of the University Church. In 1811, he entered the seminary. Since he was of illegitimate birth, a special dispensation was required for him to attend seminary, but on August 21, 1815, Mohr graduated and was ordained as a priest.
Father Mohr was a generous man who donated most of his salary to charity. He created a fund to allow children from poor families to attend school and set up a system for the care of the elderly. He died in 1848, at the age of 55.
On Christmas Eve in 1818, Mohr walked the three kilometres from his home in Oberndorf bei Salzburg to visit his friend Gruber. Mohr brought with him a poem he had written some two years earlier. He needed a carol for the Christmas Eve midnight Mass that was only a few hours away and hoped his friend could set his poem to music. Gruber composed the melody for Mohr’s “Stille Nacht” in just a few hours. The song was sung at Midnight Mass in a simple arrangement for guitar and choir.
As the hymn gained popularity, many people assumed it was composed by a famous musician, and it is variously attributed to Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven. However, a manuscript was discovered in 1995 in Mohr’s handwriting and dated by researchers as c. 1820. It states that Mohr wrote the words in 1816 when he was assigned to a pilgrim church in Mariapfarr, Austria, and shows that the music was composed by Gruber in 1818. This is the earliest manuscript that exists and the only one in Mohr’s handwriting.
So our most beloved carol, which was declared an intangible cultural heritage by UNESCO in 2011, was written by a poor school teacher and a humble and generous priest.
These posts are true to the best of my knowledge at the time of writing. I make no claims as to their accuracy. The purpose is to inform, educate, amuse, and make people aware of causes and opportunities around the world. I also encourage civil debate in the comment section. | <urn:uuid:cdbed3cd-22ce-46e8-b497-69243c9071c7> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://365holidaysayear.com/2019/12/24/first-performance-of-silent-night/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250620381.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124130719-20200124155719-00080.warc.gz | en | 0.990112 | 693 | 3.625 | 4 | [
0.42053741216659546,
0.45555979013442993,
-0.15363377332687378,
-0.18319140374660492,
-0.19084280729293823,
-0.19813644886016846,
-0.11559940874576569,
0.040680885314941406,
0.4585263133049011,
-0.4762578308582306,
0.19802626967430115,
-0.14568237960338593,
0.2554311752319336,
0.3025575280... | 1 | On December 24, 1818 the first performance of “Silent Night” took place in the church of St. Nikolaus in Oberndorf, Austria. “Silent Night” was composed by Franz Gruber with words by Joseph Mohr. The young priest Mohr had written the lyrics in 1816 in Mariapfarr, another small town in Salzburg.
Frans Gruber was an elementary school music teacher. He was born on November 25, 1787, the son of weavers and worked as a weaver until the age of 18. In 1805 he began his musical training with the church organist of Burghausen and in 1807 he became a teacher in Arnsdorf as well as church caretaker and organist.
Joseph Mohr was born in Salzburg on December 11, 1792, to an unmarried embroiderer, Anna Schoiberin, and Franz Mohr, a mercenary soldier and deserter, who abandoned Joseph’s mother before his birth.
The vicar of Salzburg Cathedral enabled Mohr to have an education and encouraged him in music. As a boy, Mohr served as a singer and violinist in the choirs of the University Church. In 1811, he entered the seminary. Since he was of illegitimate birth, a special dispensation was required for him to attend seminary, but on August 21, 1815, Mohr graduated and was ordained as a priest.
Father Mohr was a generous man who donated most of his salary to charity. He created a fund to allow children from poor families to attend school and set up a system for the care of the elderly. He died in 1848, at the age of 55.
On Christmas Eve in 1818, Mohr walked the three kilometres from his home in Oberndorf bei Salzburg to visit his friend Gruber. Mohr brought with him a poem he had written some two years earlier. He needed a carol for the Christmas Eve midnight Mass that was only a few hours away and hoped his friend could set his poem to music. Gruber composed the melody for Mohr’s “Stille Nacht” in just a few hours. The song was sung at Midnight Mass in a simple arrangement for guitar and choir.
As the hymn gained popularity, many people assumed it was composed by a famous musician, and it is variously attributed to Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven. However, a manuscript was discovered in 1995 in Mohr’s handwriting and dated by researchers as c. 1820. It states that Mohr wrote the words in 1816 when he was assigned to a pilgrim church in Mariapfarr, Austria, and shows that the music was composed by Gruber in 1818. This is the earliest manuscript that exists and the only one in Mohr’s handwriting.
So our most beloved carol, which was declared an intangible cultural heritage by UNESCO in 2011, was written by a poor school teacher and a humble and generous priest.
These posts are true to the best of my knowledge at the time of writing. I make no claims as to their accuracy. The purpose is to inform, educate, amuse, and make people aware of causes and opportunities around the world. I also encourage civil debate in the comment section. | 722 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Siesta was first used in the English language by English people who had experienced an afternoon sleep in Spain. It relates to the sixth hour, or the hottest part of the day.
In a seventeenth century letter written by writer and historian James Howell, he remarks humorously on how to keep a siesta down to an acceptable level. The trick was to relax in a seated posture with a gold ball in one’s hands; this would drop into a copper pot upon sleep and make so much noise that the sleeping person would wake immediately.
The next time that the word siesta appeared in English writing was some twenty years later in the play, Elvira. Its author George Digby (also Earl of Bristol) had a colourful life as one of the leading politicians, diplomats and soldiers in England in the middle of the sixteenth century. He was born in Spain and also travelled there as a diplomat. In his play, the character Don Julio accuses his sister of having a siesta. It appears that the word was not generally known at this time since a comment was included in the footnotes, “The heat of the day, from noon forwards. So called from Hora Sexta, noon-day, a time when the Spanish ladies retire to sleep.”
Did you like the article? Then please like and share it on Facebook, tweet it on Twitter or add it in Google+. | <urn:uuid:d2591f9f-ed33-4310-be3a-9dc604f3f94c> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://evs-translations.com/blog/siesta/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250608295.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123041345-20200123070345-00080.warc.gz | en | 0.985549 | 287 | 3.59375 | 4 | [
-0.1822856366634369,
0.28036031126976013,
0.5735138654708862,
-0.01293904148042202,
0.11902767419815063,
0.02654864825308323,
0.33205071091651917,
-0.03325067460536957,
0.3799538016319275,
0.027481526136398315,
-0.17617644369602203,
-0.04423004761338234,
-0.10181360691785812,
0.69155156612... | 3 | Siesta was first used in the English language by English people who had experienced an afternoon sleep in Spain. It relates to the sixth hour, or the hottest part of the day.
In a seventeenth century letter written by writer and historian James Howell, he remarks humorously on how to keep a siesta down to an acceptable level. The trick was to relax in a seated posture with a gold ball in one’s hands; this would drop into a copper pot upon sleep and make so much noise that the sleeping person would wake immediately.
The next time that the word siesta appeared in English writing was some twenty years later in the play, Elvira. Its author George Digby (also Earl of Bristol) had a colourful life as one of the leading politicians, diplomats and soldiers in England in the middle of the sixteenth century. He was born in Spain and also travelled there as a diplomat. In his play, the character Don Julio accuses his sister of having a siesta. It appears that the word was not generally known at this time since a comment was included in the footnotes, “The heat of the day, from noon forwards. So called from Hora Sexta, noon-day, a time when the Spanish ladies retire to sleep.”
Did you like the article? Then please like and share it on Facebook, tweet it on Twitter or add it in Google+. | 277 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Last week’s #WomenInSTEMWednesday took us into space, this week we’ll come back down to Earth and head back in time to Ada Lovelace.
Ada Lovelace had a gift for mathematics and is considered to be one of the first computer programmers. She was taught math and science beginning at a young age and continued to learn some of the STEM fields as she grew up.
She became friends with Charles Babbage who was known as the father of the computer. He invented a “difference engine” meant to perform calculations and an “analytical engine” which was for more complex calculations.
Lovelace was fascinated! She was asked to translate an article on Babbage’s analytical engine and ended up adding her own thoughts making the article three times longer!
Her notes included how codes could be created to handle letters and symbols and the idea of the machine would be able to repeat a set of instructions (what we now know as looping).
Most of her work wasn’t discovered in depth until the 1900s. Since then, Ada Lovelace, the Countess of Lovelace has been given many honors posthumously and a computer language named after her. #WomenInSTEM | <urn:uuid:67a8615e-812f-42a6-ae73-c6b20e111d2e> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://meganmcclellanwx.wordpress.com/2018/10/24/womeninstemwednesday-ada-lovelace/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250589861.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20200117152059-20200117180059-00034.warc.gz | en | 0.981708 | 259 | 3.265625 | 3 | [
-0.5841994881629944,
-0.19842113554477692,
-0.07912087440490723,
-0.31390780210494995,
-0.3915955424308777,
0.11113574355840683,
-0.13782618939876556,
0.5034523010253906,
-0.12033099681138992,
-0.380480021238327,
0.007527721580117941,
-0.0210418738424778,
0.01761770062148571,
0.14242804050... | 2 | Last week’s #WomenInSTEMWednesday took us into space, this week we’ll come back down to Earth and head back in time to Ada Lovelace.
Ada Lovelace had a gift for mathematics and is considered to be one of the first computer programmers. She was taught math and science beginning at a young age and continued to learn some of the STEM fields as she grew up.
She became friends with Charles Babbage who was known as the father of the computer. He invented a “difference engine” meant to perform calculations and an “analytical engine” which was for more complex calculations.
Lovelace was fascinated! She was asked to translate an article on Babbage’s analytical engine and ended up adding her own thoughts making the article three times longer!
Her notes included how codes could be created to handle letters and symbols and the idea of the machine would be able to repeat a set of instructions (what we now know as looping).
Most of her work wasn’t discovered in depth until the 1900s. Since then, Ada Lovelace, the Countess of Lovelace has been given many honors posthumously and a computer language named after her. #WomenInSTEM | 243 | ENGLISH | 1 |
By Tim Lambert
Religion in Ancient Egypt
The Egyptians were polytheists. That is, they worshiped many gods. Gods and goddesses were usually depicted as human beings though sometimes they had animal heads. Among Egyptian gods were Amun-Re , the sun god and the leader of the gods. Nut was the sky goddess. Her brother Geb was the earth god. Osiris was in charge of the underworld. His wife was Isis and his son was Horus (who was sometimes depicted with a falcons head). Hathor was the goddess of joy and love. They also worshiped Anubis, the god of the dead and mummification. He was a man with a jackal's head and Egyptians believed he guarded the places where the dead were buried. Other gods included Thoth, a man with an ibis head, who was the god of the moon and wisdom. Ptah was the god of craftsmen. Taweret, a pregnant hippo, was the goddess of childbirth. Maat was the goddess of law and order and truth. Hapi was the god who made the Nile flood. The Ancient Egyptians had a goddess of reading, writing, and arithmetic. Her name was Seshat. The Egyptians believed that the gods 'lived' in temples (the god's spirit was believed to inhabit a statue). Three times a day priests cleaned the statue, changed its clothes and placed fresh food before it for it to 'eat'. (After a while priests removed the food and ate it).
After death Egyptians believed they would be judged. Their heart was placed in a balance and weighed against an ostrich feather (a symbol of truth and justice). If the heart was good it would balance the feather and the person was granted eternal happiness. If it was evil the feather would outweigh it. In that case, the heart was fed to a monster called Ammit, who was a part lion, part crocodile, and part hippo. If Ammit ate your heart you ceased to exist.
Egyptians tried to preserve dead bodies by mummifying them so the owners could use them in the next life. The dead were also buried with 'grave goods' to use in the next life. Animals, especially cats, were also mummified. To mummify a body the Egyptians first removed its internal organs (otherwise they would rot). They rinsed the cavities with palm wine then covered the body with a salt paste called natron to dry it. After 70 days the body was washed and wrapped in linen bandages.
Life in Ancient Egypt
Religion in Palestine
The peoples of ancient Palestine were polytheists (they worshiped many gods). The chief god of the Philistines was Dagon. The chief god of the Moabites was Chemosh. The Canaanites worshiped Baal, the god of rain and storms. They worshiped Baal on high places such as hilltops. They also worshiped his wife, Asherah, a fertility goddess. They worshiped wooden poles dedicated to her. The Canaanites also worshiped a god called Moloch or Molech and they sacrificed children to him.
Religion in Ancient Greece
The Greeks were polytheists (they worshiped many gods). The Greeks imagined that gods and goddesses were like human beings. Often they behaved just as badly! Among the gods were Aphrodite, goddess of beauty and love, Athena, goddess of wisdom, Artemis goddess of hunting, the moon and childbirth. They also worshiped Dionysus god of wine, (he was also the god of music, dancing, and the theater), Demeter goddess of crops, Hephaestus the blacksmith of the gods and Hermes the messenger of the gods. Other gods were Poseidon god of the sea and Hades the god of the dead who ruled over a gloomy underworld where the spirits of the dead dwelt. Apollo was the god of the sun, music, and poetry. The chief god was Zeus. His wife was Hera, goddess of marriage. Every city had many temples. People went to the temple to pray. Outside them were altars were offerings were made and animals were sacrificed. Very often Greek houses also had an altar in the courtyard where they made offerings to the gods.
When Greeks died they were either buried or they were cremated and their ashes were then buried. Food, drink, and goods were buried with the dead person and from time to time the family of the dead person made offerings on the grave. The Greeks believed that when you died a ferryman called Charon rowed your spirit across a river called the Styx to the entrance of the underworld. The entrance was guarded by a three-headed dog called Cerberus, who prevented anyone from leaving! If you were very bad during your life then after your death you went to a place called Tartarus to be punished. If you were very good you went to a beautiful place to be rewarded. However, most people were neither particularly good nor bad. After death, they went to a dull and dismal place. The Greeks believed that if they made offerings to a dead relative it would temporarily brighten their existence in the dreary underworld.
Life in Ancient Greece
Ancient Roman Religion
The Etruscans were a highly civilized people who lived in central Italy from about 800 BC until the Romans conquered them. The Etruscans were polytheists (they worshiped many gods) including Tinia the ruler of the gods and god of thunder, Fufluns the god of vegetation, Nethuns the god of water and Tiv the moon god.
The Romans too were polytheists. They worshiped many gods. Jupiter was king of the gods. His wife Juno was the goddess of women and marriage. Minerva was the goddess of wisdom and crafts. Mars was the god of war and Mercury was the messenger of the gods. Neptune was the god of the sea and Bacchus was the god of wine. Diana was the goddess of the moon and of hunting. Ceres was the goddess of crops. Saturn was the god of farming. Venus was the goddess of love and beauty and Vulcan was the god of blacksmiths. Pluto was the god of the underworld, where the dead dwelt. The Romans believed it was important to keep the gods happy. To do this sacrifices were made outside the god's temple. Houses usually had a shrine called a lararium where the family made offerings of food and wine to the gods who, they believed, protected their household. Children were also given a charm called a bulla to protect them from evil.
The Romans were usually tolerant in religion but they sometimes persecuted Christians. The Romans also introduced religions from the east. By the 3rd century, Mithraism was popular. It involved the worship of the Persian god Mithras, god of light and the sun. In the late 1st and 2nd centuries the Romans practices cremation. However, in the 3rd century, they began to bury the dead. Citizens were buried in cemeteries outside the walls. The persecution of Christians ended in 312 when Constantine converted to the new faith. In 395 Christianity became the official religion of the Roman Empire.
Life in Rome
The Romans claimed that the Druids practiced human sacrifice but this claim is doubtful. (See The Druids).The Celts had priests called Druids. The Druids were very important in Celtic society. As well as being priests they were scholars, judges, and advisers to the kings. The Celts were polytheists (they worshiped many gods and goddesses). They did not build temples but instead worshiped at natural sites such as groves of trees, springs, rivers, and lakes. Sometimes the Celts sacrificed valuable goods by throwing them into lakes and rivers.
The Romans claimed that the Druids practiced human sacrifice but this claim is doubtful. (See The Druids).In Celtic times the practice of building barrows died out. Instead, people were interned in individual graves. They were still buried with grave goods showing the Celts had a strong belief in an afterlife. They believed that when you died your spirit went to a place called the Other World.
The Romans claimed that the Druids practiced human sacrifice but this claim is doubtful. (See The Druids).Unfortunately, although the Celts did have a system of writing most of what we know about their religion comes from Roman writers. Since they conquered the Celts the Romans were likely to have been biased. The Romans claimed that the Druids practiced human sacrifice but this claim is doubtful. (See The Druids). The main Celtic festivals were Imbolc at the beginning of February at the start of the lambing season, Beltane at the beginning of May, when cattle were sent out to graze in the fields after being kept indoors and fed on hay during the Winter, Lughnasadh in August when the crops were growing ripe and Samhain at the beginning of November. That was the time when animals were brought in from the fields for the Winter. The Celts could not grow enough hay to feed them all so those not needed for breeding were slaughtered.
Women in the Ancient World | <urn:uuid:5ad4e3e0-51ee-469a-845f-89e13eeccae3> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | http://localhistories.org/ancientreligion.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250607407.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122191620-20200122220620-00513.warc.gz | en | 0.990031 | 1,867 | 3.578125 | 4 | [
0.024576030671596527,
0.9311923980712891,
-0.003422459587454796,
-0.018716152757406235,
-0.7259438037872314,
0.009288277477025986,
0.7021801471710205,
-0.084195576608181,
0.21191051602363586,
0.20039492845535278,
-0.32123851776123047,
-0.841230034828186,
0.1250084787607193,
0.1061179935932... | 2 | By Tim Lambert
Religion in Ancient Egypt
The Egyptians were polytheists. That is, they worshiped many gods. Gods and goddesses were usually depicted as human beings though sometimes they had animal heads. Among Egyptian gods were Amun-Re , the sun god and the leader of the gods. Nut was the sky goddess. Her brother Geb was the earth god. Osiris was in charge of the underworld. His wife was Isis and his son was Horus (who was sometimes depicted with a falcons head). Hathor was the goddess of joy and love. They also worshiped Anubis, the god of the dead and mummification. He was a man with a jackal's head and Egyptians believed he guarded the places where the dead were buried. Other gods included Thoth, a man with an ibis head, who was the god of the moon and wisdom. Ptah was the god of craftsmen. Taweret, a pregnant hippo, was the goddess of childbirth. Maat was the goddess of law and order and truth. Hapi was the god who made the Nile flood. The Ancient Egyptians had a goddess of reading, writing, and arithmetic. Her name was Seshat. The Egyptians believed that the gods 'lived' in temples (the god's spirit was believed to inhabit a statue). Three times a day priests cleaned the statue, changed its clothes and placed fresh food before it for it to 'eat'. (After a while priests removed the food and ate it).
After death Egyptians believed they would be judged. Their heart was placed in a balance and weighed against an ostrich feather (a symbol of truth and justice). If the heart was good it would balance the feather and the person was granted eternal happiness. If it was evil the feather would outweigh it. In that case, the heart was fed to a monster called Ammit, who was a part lion, part crocodile, and part hippo. If Ammit ate your heart you ceased to exist.
Egyptians tried to preserve dead bodies by mummifying them so the owners could use them in the next life. The dead were also buried with 'grave goods' to use in the next life. Animals, especially cats, were also mummified. To mummify a body the Egyptians first removed its internal organs (otherwise they would rot). They rinsed the cavities with palm wine then covered the body with a salt paste called natron to dry it. After 70 days the body was washed and wrapped in linen bandages.
Life in Ancient Egypt
Religion in Palestine
The peoples of ancient Palestine were polytheists (they worshiped many gods). The chief god of the Philistines was Dagon. The chief god of the Moabites was Chemosh. The Canaanites worshiped Baal, the god of rain and storms. They worshiped Baal on high places such as hilltops. They also worshiped his wife, Asherah, a fertility goddess. They worshiped wooden poles dedicated to her. The Canaanites also worshiped a god called Moloch or Molech and they sacrificed children to him.
Religion in Ancient Greece
The Greeks were polytheists (they worshiped many gods). The Greeks imagined that gods and goddesses were like human beings. Often they behaved just as badly! Among the gods were Aphrodite, goddess of beauty and love, Athena, goddess of wisdom, Artemis goddess of hunting, the moon and childbirth. They also worshiped Dionysus god of wine, (he was also the god of music, dancing, and the theater), Demeter goddess of crops, Hephaestus the blacksmith of the gods and Hermes the messenger of the gods. Other gods were Poseidon god of the sea and Hades the god of the dead who ruled over a gloomy underworld where the spirits of the dead dwelt. Apollo was the god of the sun, music, and poetry. The chief god was Zeus. His wife was Hera, goddess of marriage. Every city had many temples. People went to the temple to pray. Outside them were altars were offerings were made and animals were sacrificed. Very often Greek houses also had an altar in the courtyard where they made offerings to the gods.
When Greeks died they were either buried or they were cremated and their ashes were then buried. Food, drink, and goods were buried with the dead person and from time to time the family of the dead person made offerings on the grave. The Greeks believed that when you died a ferryman called Charon rowed your spirit across a river called the Styx to the entrance of the underworld. The entrance was guarded by a three-headed dog called Cerberus, who prevented anyone from leaving! If you were very bad during your life then after your death you went to a place called Tartarus to be punished. If you were very good you went to a beautiful place to be rewarded. However, most people were neither particularly good nor bad. After death, they went to a dull and dismal place. The Greeks believed that if they made offerings to a dead relative it would temporarily brighten their existence in the dreary underworld.
Life in Ancient Greece
Ancient Roman Religion
The Etruscans were a highly civilized people who lived in central Italy from about 800 BC until the Romans conquered them. The Etruscans were polytheists (they worshiped many gods) including Tinia the ruler of the gods and god of thunder, Fufluns the god of vegetation, Nethuns the god of water and Tiv the moon god.
The Romans too were polytheists. They worshiped many gods. Jupiter was king of the gods. His wife Juno was the goddess of women and marriage. Minerva was the goddess of wisdom and crafts. Mars was the god of war and Mercury was the messenger of the gods. Neptune was the god of the sea and Bacchus was the god of wine. Diana was the goddess of the moon and of hunting. Ceres was the goddess of crops. Saturn was the god of farming. Venus was the goddess of love and beauty and Vulcan was the god of blacksmiths. Pluto was the god of the underworld, where the dead dwelt. The Romans believed it was important to keep the gods happy. To do this sacrifices were made outside the god's temple. Houses usually had a shrine called a lararium where the family made offerings of food and wine to the gods who, they believed, protected their household. Children were also given a charm called a bulla to protect them from evil.
The Romans were usually tolerant in religion but they sometimes persecuted Christians. The Romans also introduced religions from the east. By the 3rd century, Mithraism was popular. It involved the worship of the Persian god Mithras, god of light and the sun. In the late 1st and 2nd centuries the Romans practices cremation. However, in the 3rd century, they began to bury the dead. Citizens were buried in cemeteries outside the walls. The persecution of Christians ended in 312 when Constantine converted to the new faith. In 395 Christianity became the official religion of the Roman Empire.
Life in Rome
The Romans claimed that the Druids practiced human sacrifice but this claim is doubtful. (See The Druids).The Celts had priests called Druids. The Druids were very important in Celtic society. As well as being priests they were scholars, judges, and advisers to the kings. The Celts were polytheists (they worshiped many gods and goddesses). They did not build temples but instead worshiped at natural sites such as groves of trees, springs, rivers, and lakes. Sometimes the Celts sacrificed valuable goods by throwing them into lakes and rivers.
The Romans claimed that the Druids practiced human sacrifice but this claim is doubtful. (See The Druids).In Celtic times the practice of building barrows died out. Instead, people were interned in individual graves. They were still buried with grave goods showing the Celts had a strong belief in an afterlife. They believed that when you died your spirit went to a place called the Other World.
The Romans claimed that the Druids practiced human sacrifice but this claim is doubtful. (See The Druids).Unfortunately, although the Celts did have a system of writing most of what we know about their religion comes from Roman writers. Since they conquered the Celts the Romans were likely to have been biased. The Romans claimed that the Druids practiced human sacrifice but this claim is doubtful. (See The Druids). The main Celtic festivals were Imbolc at the beginning of February at the start of the lambing season, Beltane at the beginning of May, when cattle were sent out to graze in the fields after being kept indoors and fed on hay during the Winter, Lughnasadh in August when the crops were growing ripe and Samhain at the beginning of November. That was the time when animals were brought in from the fields for the Winter. The Celts could not grow enough hay to feed them all so those not needed for breeding were slaughtered.
Women in the Ancient World | 1,887 | ENGLISH | 1 |
The First Crusade which took place between 1096 and 1099 was an expedition of western Christian military personnel to reclaim their holy lands that had been taken by Muslims after conquering Levant. It commenced in 1095 when Pope Urban called people in response to an appeal that had been made by Byzantine Emperor (Gabrieli 41).
He had requested the Western people to assist him in fighting the Turks who were propelling invasions. From this initial goal, there arose another goal of recapturing Jerusalem from the hands of Islam which became the main goal. This essay will focus on First Crusade art and architecture.
The Genesis of the First Crusade
Following the conquest of England by the Normans, England and France became even stronger as compared to the time of Charlemagne. Their kings and queens started laying strategies of conquering the Mediterranean and improving the Roman Empire. They were particularly interested in capturing Jerusalem which was referred to as the city of Jesus Christ (Hillenbrand 54).
The city was under the rule of Islamic Fatimids but Normans wanted to take it from them. In 1095 AD, a famous speech was given by Pope Urban at Clermont, Southern France. In his speech, he made a clarion call for people to get armed and move on to reclaim Jerusalem from the Fatimids. People ranging from small children to adults unanimously agreed hearkened to the call and they all wanted to go and fight.
The enthusiasm was so high that a number of groups started their journey to Jerusalem way before the main group was constituted. They were strongly convicted that once they were in Jerusalem, God would destroy the doors of Jerusalem hence there was no need for them to have weapons or to get involved in any fight.
Some of the people in the groups did not even bother to carry money for themselves. On the way, majority discovered that the journey was not as easy as they had expected and most of them died before they got to their destination. One group deemed the journey to Jerusalem to go and fight the Fatimids as an impossible mission hence they decided to stop In Germany where they started fighting the Jews. Many Jews were robbed of their property by the crusaders and killed for the simple reason that they were not Christians
Styles of Art during First Crusade
During the period of the First Crusade, different styles of art were produced by the Crusaders. During this period, there are two artistic appearances that were most popular. The first one is Romanesque while the other one is Gothic.
The military Crusaders were not actively involved in matters concerning art and most of their artistic impressions were destroyed after the collapse of their kingdoms hence very few survive today. One of the most sterling art styles associated with the Crusaders is the Crusader castles which were admired for their beauty. They came up with Byzantine methods of fortifying their cities with castles which were the largest ever witnessed.
There was a great artistic influence of the Crusaders from the places they captured towards the end of 11th century. Byzantine Art and the Islamic Art were the most popular art styles found in Crusader states although there were other forms of indigenous art.
The indigenous forms of art were incorporated with the other forms of art that the Crusaders acquired from Europe. Crusader art just like the historical background of the Crusader kingdoms is categorized into two or three periods. The first period was during the first crusade which led to the bloody recapture of Jerusalem and other Northern states.
Art and Architecture during the First Crusade
In the Byzantine Empire, art and architecture started developing as early as the fifth century. First Crusade architecture is characterized by many square based domes, spires, round arches and mosaics which were made of glass. The art and architecture designs started in Constantinople and spread in the Christian world until Constantinople was taken by Turks.
The most outstanding art during the First Crusade is the dome which was used in covering plans for tombs and churches with square and polygon shapes. The placing of a large number of domes in one building is contrasted with Romanesque design which basically involved use of vaulted roofs. There is no clear separation between Byzantine Art and Early Christian art.
Byzantine Concrete and Brickwork
Initially, construction using bricks was used by the Romans but it was adopted by the Byzantines in the First Crusade. The mixture of concrete and brickwork was finished first before being allowed to settle then slabs of marble were added. This use of independent component parts is a style of architecture that was used by the Byzantines. Brickwork was in addition used for decorating external caprices and internal decoration where it covered mosaic and marble decorations.
The Byzantines used a lot of effort in preparing bricks which were used in military and home architecture (Gabrieli 366).The normal bricks made by Byzantines during the First Crusade were similar to those of Romans with similar dimensions and size. The general application of bricks made it necessary for great care to be exercised during the preparation of mortar which comprised of sand and lime.
The decorations in external facades were determined by the patterns of facing bricks. The arrangement of the bricks was not always horizontal but at times it took the form of meander frets. The Byzantines also tried to beautify the exterior parts of bricks that were rough by applying stone bands and other arches used in decoration. The walls of the buildings were covered with sheets of marble in the inside mixed with domes.
The dome which was mostly used traditionally in the East turned to be an important architecture component among the Byzantines in the First Crusade. This was a combination of construction of domes and the classical columnar art. Different types of domes were put on square compartments in the form of pendetives as opposed to their use in Roman Architecture where they were only used in circular or structures with the shape of a polygon.
Domes were mostly constructed using bricks or light stones like pumice. It is believed that domes among the Byzantines were constructed in the absence of centering or support by using enormous flat bricks. In the lower part of the domes is where windows were placed. The Byzantine churches during the First Crusade were characterized by small domes surrounding a central big dome. This made the vaults and domes clearly seen from the external hence the Byzantine style of art has an exterior which is very close to the interior.
Early Christian art influences
Early Christian art is said to have emerged owing to the importance that was attached to images in the culture of Romans. As Christianity continued to get new members, many Christians new the importance of images from their past cultural inclinations hence they were willing to continue with their culture.
For example, the Romans changed some of their cultural activities such as cremation to inhumation. As a result, Romans started having tombs carved from marble to bury their dead. Those who converted to Christianity wanted the same for their people hence this became a great influence of early Christian art.
Geological factors are also said to have had an indirect influence on early Christian art and architecture. The remains of Roman buildings were a source of materials for early Christian architecture (Madden 25).This had a great influence on both the construction and the decorative aspects. Columns and various features of architecture were converted into the emergent Basilican churches.
Another influence of early Christian art is the religious history. Christianity was the inspiring force behind some of the greatest architectural constructions. The purpose of churches for Christians was to have a place to shelter after making prayers. This led to various places being adopted for worship. Consequently, there was disappearance of pagan temples before churches started being constructed.
The First Crusade is one of the most remarkable historical events which have remained in record for the longest period of time. The Crusaders succeeded in capturing Jerusalem together with other cities located near the Mediterranean coast. They made settlements in their new land and became kings of Jerusalem.
This made the First Crusade a big success for the Europeans and a failure for the Fatimids. Apart from the success of the Crusades, art and architecture are important aspects of the First Crusade. This period was characterized by architectural designs such as domes concrete, brickwork and sculptures.
Gabrieli, Francesco. Arab historians of the Crusades. California: University of California Press, 1984.Print
Hillenbrand, Carole. The Crusades: Islamic perspectives. New York: Routledge, 2000.Print
Madden, Thomas. The new concise history of the Crusades. Oxford: Rowman & Littlefield, 2005.Print | <urn:uuid:9e07b434-839f-4217-8c97-901f9a36fda9> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://ivypanda.com/essays/the-first-crusade/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251799918.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129133601-20200129163601-00366.warc.gz | en | 0.984317 | 1,739 | 3.75 | 4 | [
-0.4089116156101227,
0.5976749658584595,
-0.06418468803167343,
-0.3391171097755432,
-0.5131937265396118,
0.2668612599372864,
-0.4378320276737213,
0.31974950432777405,
0.36196765303611755,
0.09906370937824249,
-0.1769789457321167,
-0.18764320015907288,
0.1361316591501236,
0.2027775049209594... | 1 | The First Crusade which took place between 1096 and 1099 was an expedition of western Christian military personnel to reclaim their holy lands that had been taken by Muslims after conquering Levant. It commenced in 1095 when Pope Urban called people in response to an appeal that had been made by Byzantine Emperor (Gabrieli 41).
He had requested the Western people to assist him in fighting the Turks who were propelling invasions. From this initial goal, there arose another goal of recapturing Jerusalem from the hands of Islam which became the main goal. This essay will focus on First Crusade art and architecture.
The Genesis of the First Crusade
Following the conquest of England by the Normans, England and France became even stronger as compared to the time of Charlemagne. Their kings and queens started laying strategies of conquering the Mediterranean and improving the Roman Empire. They were particularly interested in capturing Jerusalem which was referred to as the city of Jesus Christ (Hillenbrand 54).
The city was under the rule of Islamic Fatimids but Normans wanted to take it from them. In 1095 AD, a famous speech was given by Pope Urban at Clermont, Southern France. In his speech, he made a clarion call for people to get armed and move on to reclaim Jerusalem from the Fatimids. People ranging from small children to adults unanimously agreed hearkened to the call and they all wanted to go and fight.
The enthusiasm was so high that a number of groups started their journey to Jerusalem way before the main group was constituted. They were strongly convicted that once they were in Jerusalem, God would destroy the doors of Jerusalem hence there was no need for them to have weapons or to get involved in any fight.
Some of the people in the groups did not even bother to carry money for themselves. On the way, majority discovered that the journey was not as easy as they had expected and most of them died before they got to their destination. One group deemed the journey to Jerusalem to go and fight the Fatimids as an impossible mission hence they decided to stop In Germany where they started fighting the Jews. Many Jews were robbed of their property by the crusaders and killed for the simple reason that they were not Christians
Styles of Art during First Crusade
During the period of the First Crusade, different styles of art were produced by the Crusaders. During this period, there are two artistic appearances that were most popular. The first one is Romanesque while the other one is Gothic.
The military Crusaders were not actively involved in matters concerning art and most of their artistic impressions were destroyed after the collapse of their kingdoms hence very few survive today. One of the most sterling art styles associated with the Crusaders is the Crusader castles which were admired for their beauty. They came up with Byzantine methods of fortifying their cities with castles which were the largest ever witnessed.
There was a great artistic influence of the Crusaders from the places they captured towards the end of 11th century. Byzantine Art and the Islamic Art were the most popular art styles found in Crusader states although there were other forms of indigenous art.
The indigenous forms of art were incorporated with the other forms of art that the Crusaders acquired from Europe. Crusader art just like the historical background of the Crusader kingdoms is categorized into two or three periods. The first period was during the first crusade which led to the bloody recapture of Jerusalem and other Northern states.
Art and Architecture during the First Crusade
In the Byzantine Empire, art and architecture started developing as early as the fifth century. First Crusade architecture is characterized by many square based domes, spires, round arches and mosaics which were made of glass. The art and architecture designs started in Constantinople and spread in the Christian world until Constantinople was taken by Turks.
The most outstanding art during the First Crusade is the dome which was used in covering plans for tombs and churches with square and polygon shapes. The placing of a large number of domes in one building is contrasted with Romanesque design which basically involved use of vaulted roofs. There is no clear separation between Byzantine Art and Early Christian art.
Byzantine Concrete and Brickwork
Initially, construction using bricks was used by the Romans but it was adopted by the Byzantines in the First Crusade. The mixture of concrete and brickwork was finished first before being allowed to settle then slabs of marble were added. This use of independent component parts is a style of architecture that was used by the Byzantines. Brickwork was in addition used for decorating external caprices and internal decoration where it covered mosaic and marble decorations.
The Byzantines used a lot of effort in preparing bricks which were used in military and home architecture (Gabrieli 366).The normal bricks made by Byzantines during the First Crusade were similar to those of Romans with similar dimensions and size. The general application of bricks made it necessary for great care to be exercised during the preparation of mortar which comprised of sand and lime.
The decorations in external facades were determined by the patterns of facing bricks. The arrangement of the bricks was not always horizontal but at times it took the form of meander frets. The Byzantines also tried to beautify the exterior parts of bricks that were rough by applying stone bands and other arches used in decoration. The walls of the buildings were covered with sheets of marble in the inside mixed with domes.
The dome which was mostly used traditionally in the East turned to be an important architecture component among the Byzantines in the First Crusade. This was a combination of construction of domes and the classical columnar art. Different types of domes were put on square compartments in the form of pendetives as opposed to their use in Roman Architecture where they were only used in circular or structures with the shape of a polygon.
Domes were mostly constructed using bricks or light stones like pumice. It is believed that domes among the Byzantines were constructed in the absence of centering or support by using enormous flat bricks. In the lower part of the domes is where windows were placed. The Byzantine churches during the First Crusade were characterized by small domes surrounding a central big dome. This made the vaults and domes clearly seen from the external hence the Byzantine style of art has an exterior which is very close to the interior.
Early Christian art influences
Early Christian art is said to have emerged owing to the importance that was attached to images in the culture of Romans. As Christianity continued to get new members, many Christians new the importance of images from their past cultural inclinations hence they were willing to continue with their culture.
For example, the Romans changed some of their cultural activities such as cremation to inhumation. As a result, Romans started having tombs carved from marble to bury their dead. Those who converted to Christianity wanted the same for their people hence this became a great influence of early Christian art.
Geological factors are also said to have had an indirect influence on early Christian art and architecture. The remains of Roman buildings were a source of materials for early Christian architecture (Madden 25).This had a great influence on both the construction and the decorative aspects. Columns and various features of architecture were converted into the emergent Basilican churches.
Another influence of early Christian art is the religious history. Christianity was the inspiring force behind some of the greatest architectural constructions. The purpose of churches for Christians was to have a place to shelter after making prayers. This led to various places being adopted for worship. Consequently, there was disappearance of pagan temples before churches started being constructed.
The First Crusade is one of the most remarkable historical events which have remained in record for the longest period of time. The Crusaders succeeded in capturing Jerusalem together with other cities located near the Mediterranean coast. They made settlements in their new land and became kings of Jerusalem.
This made the First Crusade a big success for the Europeans and a failure for the Fatimids. Apart from the success of the Crusades, art and architecture are important aspects of the First Crusade. This period was characterized by architectural designs such as domes concrete, brickwork and sculptures.
Gabrieli, Francesco. Arab historians of the Crusades. California: University of California Press, 1984.Print
Hillenbrand, Carole. The Crusades: Islamic perspectives. New York: Routledge, 2000.Print
Madden, Thomas. The new concise history of the Crusades. Oxford: Rowman & Littlefield, 2005.Print | 1,778 | ENGLISH | 1 |
William Bradford was born to an influential and wealthy English family in 1590. In his childhood, Bradford had to endure the loss of several of his close family members. His father died when he was barely a year old and his mother died when he was seven years of age.
It is claimed that his lack of close family bonds may have led to the development of his determined personality later in life. For example, his joining the nonconformist religious group, which would later be referred to as the Pilgrims, may have resulted from this. Throughout his life, Bradford exhibited a resolute personality in what he believed in.
Since both his parents had passed away, Bradford went to stay with his uncles who had the intention of him helping them on their farm. However, because of his sickness he was unable to work and turned to reading spiritual books. This also played a critical role in the development of his intellectual inquisitiveness and his ultimate liking of the Separatist congregation.
When Bradford was twelve years old, a friend introduced him to a separatist congregation who believed that the Church of England needed strict reforms so as to do away with every vestige practice of the Catholic church. Consequently, in search of religious freedom, the group, together with Bradford, relocated to Holland in August 1608 (Doherty, 26).
After living there for about eleven years, the Separatists, with the assistance of Bradford, planned for the Mayflower’s voyage to America in 1620. In order to restructure the movement into a political body, he assisted in the formulation of the Mayflower Compact en route to the New World. Upon arrival, he assisted in choosing the best site for the establishment of the colony.
One year after arrival, he was unanimously given the responsibility of serving as the colony’s governor (Bradford and Davis, 10). He held that position for thirty years between 1621 and 1656. “His remarkable tact, honesty, and political ability proved indispensable in assuring the colony’s survival, and he helped avert numerous potential disasters.
He was instrumental in establishing and fostering the principles of self-government and religious freedom that characterized later American colonial government” (“Mayflower Compact,” para. 2). The success he had in the leadership position was largely due to his resolute personality.
Even though Bradford did not have adequate training in formal education, he had a native literary capability that made him write a number of books. His most renowned literary work is Of Plymouth Plantation, which was an elaborate description in manuscript form of the events that took place in the early years of the establishment of the Colony.
The book was published in 1865, two hundred years after his death. Received well by his contemporaries, the book demonstrates his determined confidence in the Pilgrim Mission (Bradford and Morison, 3).
Besides this, he also wrote poems, which mostly criticized the self-interest of the new generation. Bradford’s Dialogues, written in the form of conversations between the old and the young people, are a dramatization of his thoughts concerning the differences between the old and the new generation.
In conclusion, Bradford demonstrated a resolute personality throughout his life. He was part of the persecuted separatist congregation who fought for religious freedom. His position as one of the longest serving Plymouth governors was successful because of his unwavering character traits. In addition, his literary works also testify of this.
Bradford, William, and Davis, William T. Bradford’s history of Plymouth Plantation, 1606-1646. Chestnut Hill, Mass. :Elibron Classics, 2005. Print.
Bradford, William, and Morison, Samuel E. Of Plymouth Plantation, 1620-1647. New York : Knopf, 2006. Print.
Doherty, Kieran, William Bradford: rock of Plymouth. Brookfield, Conn. : Twenty-First Century Books, 1999. Print.
“Mayflower Compact.” C-Span. American Writers. 2010. Web. 27 Oct. 2010. | <urn:uuid:cc4973d9-e317-4237-aa1d-f523c90d042a> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://virginiaangerclass.com/william-bradfords-personality/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250590107.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20200117180950-20200117204950-00185.warc.gz | en | 0.98392 | 839 | 4.15625 | 4 | [
0.2520082890987396,
0.3746473789215088,
0.4462069571018219,
-0.3624724745750427,
-0.21585485339164734,
-0.12609530985355377,
-0.35199660062789917,
0.21888631582260132,
-0.09552837908267975,
-0.31483566761016846,
-0.23783695697784424,
0.17712408304214478,
0.16682139039039612,
0.161494851112... | 2 | William Bradford was born to an influential and wealthy English family in 1590. In his childhood, Bradford had to endure the loss of several of his close family members. His father died when he was barely a year old and his mother died when he was seven years of age.
It is claimed that his lack of close family bonds may have led to the development of his determined personality later in life. For example, his joining the nonconformist religious group, which would later be referred to as the Pilgrims, may have resulted from this. Throughout his life, Bradford exhibited a resolute personality in what he believed in.
Since both his parents had passed away, Bradford went to stay with his uncles who had the intention of him helping them on their farm. However, because of his sickness he was unable to work and turned to reading spiritual books. This also played a critical role in the development of his intellectual inquisitiveness and his ultimate liking of the Separatist congregation.
When Bradford was twelve years old, a friend introduced him to a separatist congregation who believed that the Church of England needed strict reforms so as to do away with every vestige practice of the Catholic church. Consequently, in search of religious freedom, the group, together with Bradford, relocated to Holland in August 1608 (Doherty, 26).
After living there for about eleven years, the Separatists, with the assistance of Bradford, planned for the Mayflower’s voyage to America in 1620. In order to restructure the movement into a political body, he assisted in the formulation of the Mayflower Compact en route to the New World. Upon arrival, he assisted in choosing the best site for the establishment of the colony.
One year after arrival, he was unanimously given the responsibility of serving as the colony’s governor (Bradford and Davis, 10). He held that position for thirty years between 1621 and 1656. “His remarkable tact, honesty, and political ability proved indispensable in assuring the colony’s survival, and he helped avert numerous potential disasters.
He was instrumental in establishing and fostering the principles of self-government and religious freedom that characterized later American colonial government” (“Mayflower Compact,” para. 2). The success he had in the leadership position was largely due to his resolute personality.
Even though Bradford did not have adequate training in formal education, he had a native literary capability that made him write a number of books. His most renowned literary work is Of Plymouth Plantation, which was an elaborate description in manuscript form of the events that took place in the early years of the establishment of the Colony.
The book was published in 1865, two hundred years after his death. Received well by his contemporaries, the book demonstrates his determined confidence in the Pilgrim Mission (Bradford and Morison, 3).
Besides this, he also wrote poems, which mostly criticized the self-interest of the new generation. Bradford’s Dialogues, written in the form of conversations between the old and the young people, are a dramatization of his thoughts concerning the differences between the old and the new generation.
In conclusion, Bradford demonstrated a resolute personality throughout his life. He was part of the persecuted separatist congregation who fought for religious freedom. His position as one of the longest serving Plymouth governors was successful because of his unwavering character traits. In addition, his literary works also testify of this.
Bradford, William, and Davis, William T. Bradford’s history of Plymouth Plantation, 1606-1646. Chestnut Hill, Mass. :Elibron Classics, 2005. Print.
Bradford, William, and Morison, Samuel E. Of Plymouth Plantation, 1620-1647. New York : Knopf, 2006. Print.
Doherty, Kieran, William Bradford: rock of Plymouth. Brookfield, Conn. : Twenty-First Century Books, 1999. Print.
“Mayflower Compact.” C-Span. American Writers. 2010. Web. 27 Oct. 2010. | 868 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Ancients, including Jews, believed their god functions only in their territory
Many scholars contend that in the ancient Near East people believed that there were many gods, the power and presence of a god was localized in the territory inhabited by the worshiper, and did not know that all lands belong to God.
There is, for example, the remarkable, often overlooked story of Mesha, king of Moab. The story is told in two seemingly conflicting sources, the Mesha Stele and II Kings 3. A Stele is an upright stone slab with an inscription. It was apparently set up by the king to advertise his victory. It tells that Moab was captured by Omri, the king of Israel, but Mesha defeated Israel and ended the suzerainty of Israel.
II Kings 3 offers a more detailed report. Mesha was forced to give the wool of 100,000 lambs and 100,000 rams as tribute to Ahab, the then king of Israel. When Ahab died, Mesha rebelled against Jehoram his son who was now Israel’s king. Jehoram sent a request to Jehoshaphat, king of Judea, asking if he would lead his army and join in war against the rebellious Moabites. Jehoshaphat agreed and the two armies were joined by the army of Edom and the three attacked Moab.
II Kings describes a problem that three armies had: they had no water. The kings of Israel and Judea summoned the prophet Elisha who, after some discussion, agreed to seek a prophecy, which he could do if a minstrel played music for him. The minstrel was brought, and when the minstrel played, Elisha heard the word of God. Elisha told the kings to dig trenches because water is coming. He also predicted that the three kings would defeat Moab. The first prophecy occurred, but not the second.
Mesha heard that the three kings had come up against him. He mobilized his army at his border. In the morning he saw the sun’s rays shining on the water in the trenches and it looked red. He thought that the three nations had fought each other, the trenches were filled with blood, and the enemy forces were weakened, so he attacked. But he was defeated.
Mesha retreated, but then tried to fight just the army of Edom. He lost again. “Then,” II Kings states: “he took his eldest son that should have reigned in his stead, and offered him as a burnt-offering upon the wall. And there came a great wrath upon Israel; and they departed from him, and returned to their own land.”
This verse raises two problems. First, who is “his eldest son”? The chapter mentions Mesha’s attack on Edom in the prior sentence. Was this the son of the Edomite king who Mesha, following the tradition of the time, took captive years earlier as security to assure that Edom would not attack him? This is the view of some scholars who suppose that this act caused Edom to retreat, and once Edom left the battlefield, Israel and Judea were unnerved and left as well. This interpretation seems counter-intuitive because one would imagine that the king of Edom would have stayed to seek revenge rather than leaving.
The more accepted view is that Mesha sacrificed his own son to his god saying in effect, “Please god help me. I love you so much that I am willing to give you my son, my heir.”
The second problem is what was the “great wrath” that came upon Israel and why did the three armies leave?
Scholars, as mentioned earlier, explain that the ancients, including Israel, believed in the existence of many gods and that their god only had power in their own territory. When they saw that Mesha had made such an enormous sacrifice to his god, they felt sure that the god would aid the king and defeat them, so they rushed home.
This understanding of the mind-set of the ancients explains other biblical passages.
For example, why did Jonah try to escape God by leaving Israel? According to this understanding of the ancient mind-set, Jonah felt that if he left Israel, God would no longer have power over him and he could avoid the divine mission God demanded to go to Nineveh and tell the people that in forty days their city would be destroyed. The narrator of the book of Jonah reveals the foolishness of Jonah’s view of a limited deity, for he relates how God acted with Jonah outside of Israel.
II Kings 5:17 is another example. After the prophet Elisha cured Naaman, the captain of the army of Aram, of leprosy, Naaman told Elisha that he was returning to Aram. He asked Elisha to give him “two mules’ burden of earth” of the land of Israel. He said he would no longer worship other gods, but only the Lord. Henceforth whenever he worships the Lord, he will stand on Israel’s earth. Naaman is making this request because he understood that the only way he could communicate with the God of Israel was in Israel or on earth from this land.
In I Samuel 26:19, to cite a final example, King Saul had been pursuing David trying to kill him. David begs the king to see reason; he should stop hounding him and stop causing him to flee Israel. David says that Saul caused people to drive “me out this day that I should not cleave unto the inheritance of the Lord, saying: ‘Go serve other gods.’” David is saying: these people are driving me from Israel, the land where God exerts divine power, to a land where there is another functioning god.
Scholars date the end of the battle around 850 BCE.
Moab was defeated by King David, but when his kingdom was split into the northern kingdom of Israel and the southern kingdom of Judea, when his grandson Rehoboam became king, it became necessary for Omri, king of Israel, years latter to recapture Moab. Mesha mentions the defeat to Omri in his Stele, but not the prior history.
Why was this prophecy never achieved? Tosafot on Yevamot 50a notes that virtually all biblical prophecies never materialized and explains that a prophecy is not what will be but what should be.
In the Jewish Publication Society translation, The Holy Scriptures, The Jewish Publication Society of America, 1960.
F.L. Andersen and D. N. Freedman, The Anchor Bible, Amos, Doubleday, 1989, page 288; and A. Chacham, Trei Asar, Sefer Amos, Da’at Mikra, Mossad HaRav Kook, 1973, page9. Kimchi has a novel interpretation of the “great wrath” that came upon Israel. He states that when the king of Edom saw that the king of Moab sacrificed his son, who he was holding as a hostage to assure that Edom would not attack Moab, in revenge for Edom joining Israel and Judea in the attack against Moab, the king of Edom became very angry at Israel and Judea for persuading him to break his treaty with Moab.
Jonah 1.
JPS translation. The Torah uses the metaphor “inheritance” frequently for “a divine gift,” in this case the land of Israel. | <urn:uuid:e09238c6-1aac-4f3c-a0c1-cd1e3a35a13f> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://booksnthoughts.com/ancients-including-jews-believed-their-god-functions-only-in-their-territory/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250597458.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120052454-20200120080454-00536.warc.gz | en | 0.981858 | 1,580 | 3.875 | 4 | [
-0.039199259132146835,
0.766602098941803,
-0.037338294088840485,
0.18222162127494812,
-0.23563256859779358,
-0.14978432655334473,
0.07482119649648666,
0.24573534727096558,
-0.009530855342745781,
0.3116721510887146,
-0.2444775104522705,
-0.7190373539924622,
0.09870816022157669,
-0.172734469... | 8 | Ancients, including Jews, believed their god functions only in their territory
Many scholars contend that in the ancient Near East people believed that there were many gods, the power and presence of a god was localized in the territory inhabited by the worshiper, and did not know that all lands belong to God.
There is, for example, the remarkable, often overlooked story of Mesha, king of Moab. The story is told in two seemingly conflicting sources, the Mesha Stele and II Kings 3. A Stele is an upright stone slab with an inscription. It was apparently set up by the king to advertise his victory. It tells that Moab was captured by Omri, the king of Israel, but Mesha defeated Israel and ended the suzerainty of Israel.
II Kings 3 offers a more detailed report. Mesha was forced to give the wool of 100,000 lambs and 100,000 rams as tribute to Ahab, the then king of Israel. When Ahab died, Mesha rebelled against Jehoram his son who was now Israel’s king. Jehoram sent a request to Jehoshaphat, king of Judea, asking if he would lead his army and join in war against the rebellious Moabites. Jehoshaphat agreed and the two armies were joined by the army of Edom and the three attacked Moab.
II Kings describes a problem that three armies had: they had no water. The kings of Israel and Judea summoned the prophet Elisha who, after some discussion, agreed to seek a prophecy, which he could do if a minstrel played music for him. The minstrel was brought, and when the minstrel played, Elisha heard the word of God. Elisha told the kings to dig trenches because water is coming. He also predicted that the three kings would defeat Moab. The first prophecy occurred, but not the second.
Mesha heard that the three kings had come up against him. He mobilized his army at his border. In the morning he saw the sun’s rays shining on the water in the trenches and it looked red. He thought that the three nations had fought each other, the trenches were filled with blood, and the enemy forces were weakened, so he attacked. But he was defeated.
Mesha retreated, but then tried to fight just the army of Edom. He lost again. “Then,” II Kings states: “he took his eldest son that should have reigned in his stead, and offered him as a burnt-offering upon the wall. And there came a great wrath upon Israel; and they departed from him, and returned to their own land.”
This verse raises two problems. First, who is “his eldest son”? The chapter mentions Mesha’s attack on Edom in the prior sentence. Was this the son of the Edomite king who Mesha, following the tradition of the time, took captive years earlier as security to assure that Edom would not attack him? This is the view of some scholars who suppose that this act caused Edom to retreat, and once Edom left the battlefield, Israel and Judea were unnerved and left as well. This interpretation seems counter-intuitive because one would imagine that the king of Edom would have stayed to seek revenge rather than leaving.
The more accepted view is that Mesha sacrificed his own son to his god saying in effect, “Please god help me. I love you so much that I am willing to give you my son, my heir.”
The second problem is what was the “great wrath” that came upon Israel and why did the three armies leave?
Scholars, as mentioned earlier, explain that the ancients, including Israel, believed in the existence of many gods and that their god only had power in their own territory. When they saw that Mesha had made such an enormous sacrifice to his god, they felt sure that the god would aid the king and defeat them, so they rushed home.
This understanding of the mind-set of the ancients explains other biblical passages.
For example, why did Jonah try to escape God by leaving Israel? According to this understanding of the ancient mind-set, Jonah felt that if he left Israel, God would no longer have power over him and he could avoid the divine mission God demanded to go to Nineveh and tell the people that in forty days their city would be destroyed. The narrator of the book of Jonah reveals the foolishness of Jonah’s view of a limited deity, for he relates how God acted with Jonah outside of Israel.
II Kings 5:17 is another example. After the prophet Elisha cured Naaman, the captain of the army of Aram, of leprosy, Naaman told Elisha that he was returning to Aram. He asked Elisha to give him “two mules’ burden of earth” of the land of Israel. He said he would no longer worship other gods, but only the Lord. Henceforth whenever he worships the Lord, he will stand on Israel’s earth. Naaman is making this request because he understood that the only way he could communicate with the God of Israel was in Israel or on earth from this land.
In I Samuel 26:19, to cite a final example, King Saul had been pursuing David trying to kill him. David begs the king to see reason; he should stop hounding him and stop causing him to flee Israel. David says that Saul caused people to drive “me out this day that I should not cleave unto the inheritance of the Lord, saying: ‘Go serve other gods.’” David is saying: these people are driving me from Israel, the land where God exerts divine power, to a land where there is another functioning god.
Scholars date the end of the battle around 850 BCE.
Moab was defeated by King David, but when his kingdom was split into the northern kingdom of Israel and the southern kingdom of Judea, when his grandson Rehoboam became king, it became necessary for Omri, king of Israel, years latter to recapture Moab. Mesha mentions the defeat to Omri in his Stele, but not the prior history.
Why was this prophecy never achieved? Tosafot on Yevamot 50a notes that virtually all biblical prophecies never materialized and explains that a prophecy is not what will be but what should be.
In the Jewish Publication Society translation, The Holy Scriptures, The Jewish Publication Society of America, 1960.
F.L. Andersen and D. N. Freedman, The Anchor Bible, Amos, Doubleday, 1989, page 288; and A. Chacham, Trei Asar, Sefer Amos, Da’at Mikra, Mossad HaRav Kook, 1973, page9. Kimchi has a novel interpretation of the “great wrath” that came upon Israel. He states that when the king of Edom saw that the king of Moab sacrificed his son, who he was holding as a hostage to assure that Edom would not attack Moab, in revenge for Edom joining Israel and Judea in the attack against Moab, the king of Edom became very angry at Israel and Judea for persuading him to break his treaty with Moab.
Jonah 1.
JPS translation. The Torah uses the metaphor “inheritance” frequently for “a divine gift,” in this case the land of Israel. | 1,551 | ENGLISH | 1 |
The Navigation Acts were an indirect cause for the American Revolution. Historyplex tells you what the purpose of the Navigation Acts were, using their summary and significance.
Did You Know?
Despite igniting the American Revolution, the Navigation Acts had a few benefits for American settlers, such as giving a boost to the shipbuilding industry.
History is rife with examples of powerful nations conquering different parts of the world to set up their own colonies. Such powers include Great Britain, France, Sweden, and Spain, who colonized countries in Asia, Africa, and the Americas. It is quite obvious that the mother nations, or the superpowers, became quite wealthy at the cost of these colonies, most of which are still developing nations today. However, some of these colonies governed themselves even before their independence, such as the British colonies in North America and Australia. Under such circumstances, how did the colonial powers ensure that all economic benefits from their colonies went solely to them, and not to any rival powers? The Navigation Acts passed by the British Parliament in the 17th century, help us understand this.
What Were the Navigation Acts?
The Navigation Acts were a series of British acts active from 1651 and 1854, passed to ensure that Great Britain obtained the maximum profits in trade with her colonies and with other European countries.
From the early part of the 17th century, the Dutch had gradually achieved supremacy in shipping. They had overtaken Great Britain in trade across Europe, between Britain and her colonies, and even dominated the British coast itself. This was due to the fact that they offered cheaper rates, and had significant financial capital to invest in shipping. Needless to say, Great Britain wished to regain her old position in marine trade by dethroning the Dutch.
Most Europeans at the time, including the British, believed that a nation could become powerful by restricting its imports and increasing exports to accumulate more wealth. This policy, called ‘mercantilism’, also gave importance to setting up colonies, which would provide raw materials for the mother nation, and serve as a market for the goods she produced. Therefore, Great Britain sought to restrict her colonies from trading with other nations, so that she alone profited from them.
The first Navigation Act restricted the ships used in trade between Great Britain and her colonies to only British or colonial ships. For trade between Great Britain and other European countries, ships had to be British, or built in the European country which produced the goods. This move was directly aimed at reducing Dutch influence in shipping.
The Navigation Act of 1660 reinforced the conditions of the 1651 Act, but added a few more restrictions. It declared a list of products which colonies could export only to Great Britain or her colonies, and to no other country. These products included wool, rice, cotton, tobacco, dyed woods, and indigo. Moreover, the Act declared only those ships built in Great Britain or her colonies as ‘British’ (purchased ships were forbidden), and the ships’ captain along with three-fourths of the crew had to be British or colonial citizens.
The Navigation Act of 1663, also called the Staple Act, added more restrictions to the previous Acts. It prevented the colonies from importing goods from other European countries, unless the goods were first sent to British ports, where they would be inspected, repacked, and taxed. This increased the cost and shipping time for colonial merchants.
The last of the Navigation Acts were passed in 1673, 1696, and 1764. These removed the loopholes in earlier laws, added more goods to the list which could only be supplied to Britain, and appointed Vice-admiralty courts in colonies to ensure that these Acts were enforced.
The Navigation Acts helped British shipping grow in isolation, and within just half a century, it had become the leader in Transatlantic trade by overtaking the Dutch. By 1790, its fleet was second to none. The growth of its merchant fleet helped Great Britain focus its attention to developing a strong navy, which ensured that it became a global superpower right till the mid-20th century.
First Anglo-Dutch War
These Acts had a significant impact on the Dutch, who did not produce any major goods themselves, and whose ships were forbidden in British trade. Initially, they ignored the 1651 Act, which led to the British navy apprehending more than 150 Dutch ships in subsequent years. The rising tensions between the two superpowers led to the First Anglo-Dutch War, after which the Dutch were forced to accept the Act.
The Acts did not have much impact on the colonies initially, as they were not enforced, partly because Great Britain needed the support of its colonists to fight French settlers. This led to the widespread smuggling of goods. However, after the French defeat in 1763, these Acts were enforced, and additional taxes were imposed on essential goods like sugar and paper. The widespread resentment caused ultimately led to the American Revolution.
With the independence of the United States, the policy of mercantilism went into decline. Moreover, by the middle of the 18th century, Great Britain already had the shipping supremacy it desired. So, the Navigation Acts were gradually canceled by 1854. | <urn:uuid:f19db798-8642-4848-bc98-292146f70063> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://historyplex.com/navigation-acts-purpose-summary-significance | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250626449.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124221147-20200125010147-00149.warc.gz | en | 0.980819 | 1,063 | 4.15625 | 4 | [
0.04216833412647247,
-0.06440319865942001,
0.5288547277450562,
-0.45491066575050354,
-0.3144724369049072,
-0.17562207579612732,
0.2917892336845398,
0.25822699069976807,
-0.18613801896572113,
-0.16022184491157532,
0.07230719178915024,
-0.25562867522239685,
-0.3390834331512451,
0.14589530229... | 7 | The Navigation Acts were an indirect cause for the American Revolution. Historyplex tells you what the purpose of the Navigation Acts were, using their summary and significance.
Did You Know?
Despite igniting the American Revolution, the Navigation Acts had a few benefits for American settlers, such as giving a boost to the shipbuilding industry.
History is rife with examples of powerful nations conquering different parts of the world to set up their own colonies. Such powers include Great Britain, France, Sweden, and Spain, who colonized countries in Asia, Africa, and the Americas. It is quite obvious that the mother nations, or the superpowers, became quite wealthy at the cost of these colonies, most of which are still developing nations today. However, some of these colonies governed themselves even before their independence, such as the British colonies in North America and Australia. Under such circumstances, how did the colonial powers ensure that all economic benefits from their colonies went solely to them, and not to any rival powers? The Navigation Acts passed by the British Parliament in the 17th century, help us understand this.
What Were the Navigation Acts?
The Navigation Acts were a series of British acts active from 1651 and 1854, passed to ensure that Great Britain obtained the maximum profits in trade with her colonies and with other European countries.
From the early part of the 17th century, the Dutch had gradually achieved supremacy in shipping. They had overtaken Great Britain in trade across Europe, between Britain and her colonies, and even dominated the British coast itself. This was due to the fact that they offered cheaper rates, and had significant financial capital to invest in shipping. Needless to say, Great Britain wished to regain her old position in marine trade by dethroning the Dutch.
Most Europeans at the time, including the British, believed that a nation could become powerful by restricting its imports and increasing exports to accumulate more wealth. This policy, called ‘mercantilism’, also gave importance to setting up colonies, which would provide raw materials for the mother nation, and serve as a market for the goods she produced. Therefore, Great Britain sought to restrict her colonies from trading with other nations, so that she alone profited from them.
The first Navigation Act restricted the ships used in trade between Great Britain and her colonies to only British or colonial ships. For trade between Great Britain and other European countries, ships had to be British, or built in the European country which produced the goods. This move was directly aimed at reducing Dutch influence in shipping.
The Navigation Act of 1660 reinforced the conditions of the 1651 Act, but added a few more restrictions. It declared a list of products which colonies could export only to Great Britain or her colonies, and to no other country. These products included wool, rice, cotton, tobacco, dyed woods, and indigo. Moreover, the Act declared only those ships built in Great Britain or her colonies as ‘British’ (purchased ships were forbidden), and the ships’ captain along with three-fourths of the crew had to be British or colonial citizens.
The Navigation Act of 1663, also called the Staple Act, added more restrictions to the previous Acts. It prevented the colonies from importing goods from other European countries, unless the goods were first sent to British ports, where they would be inspected, repacked, and taxed. This increased the cost and shipping time for colonial merchants.
The last of the Navigation Acts were passed in 1673, 1696, and 1764. These removed the loopholes in earlier laws, added more goods to the list which could only be supplied to Britain, and appointed Vice-admiralty courts in colonies to ensure that these Acts were enforced.
The Navigation Acts helped British shipping grow in isolation, and within just half a century, it had become the leader in Transatlantic trade by overtaking the Dutch. By 1790, its fleet was second to none. The growth of its merchant fleet helped Great Britain focus its attention to developing a strong navy, which ensured that it became a global superpower right till the mid-20th century.
First Anglo-Dutch War
These Acts had a significant impact on the Dutch, who did not produce any major goods themselves, and whose ships were forbidden in British trade. Initially, they ignored the 1651 Act, which led to the British navy apprehending more than 150 Dutch ships in subsequent years. The rising tensions between the two superpowers led to the First Anglo-Dutch War, after which the Dutch were forced to accept the Act.
The Acts did not have much impact on the colonies initially, as they were not enforced, partly because Great Britain needed the support of its colonists to fight French settlers. This led to the widespread smuggling of goods. However, after the French defeat in 1763, these Acts were enforced, and additional taxes were imposed on essential goods like sugar and paper. The widespread resentment caused ultimately led to the American Revolution.
With the independence of the United States, the policy of mercantilism went into decline. Moreover, by the middle of the 18th century, Great Britain already had the shipping supremacy it desired. So, the Navigation Acts were gradually canceled by 1854. | 1,091 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Born in west Africa in 1753, Phillis was brought to America as a slave and sold to the family of John and Susannah Wheatley in Boston. Her initial role in this family was to be a servant and attendant to Wheatley's wife who were kind enough to teach her how to read and write. In the course of teaching the young slave how to read and write, a duty that was performed by Wheatley's daughter, Mary, it emerged that Phillis was more talented than they expected and at the age of just twelve years old, she was able to read and write English, Greek and Latin and could comfortably read fairly difficult verses from the bible. This diversity in languaages was emminent her poems “IsaiahLXIII”, “Ode To Neptune” and “A rebus”. At thirteen years old, she wrote her first poem and this made her the first African American to have her poems published alongside being the third woman to do so. This show of talent led to her acceptance into the Wheatley’s family who embraced her beyond the average slave (Doak, 2006).
Buy Phillis Wheatley essay paper online
* Final order price might be slightly different depending on the current exchange rate of chosen payment system.
The poems she wrote were about her experiences as a slave and a person of a different race. She questioned the Christian faith, a faith that she had been introduced to and wondered why there was racial discrimination in this noble religion. This set precedence in the African American society who later, during the 1960s civil rights movement distanced themselves from Christianity and moved to Islam. The reason for this change of heart by activists like Malcom X, were the same reasons as those that Phillis could not comprehend hundredsof years earlier (Shields & John 2008). Her works puts into perspective why white members of the Christian faith could not live by the teachings of the Bible and treat their black counterparts as equalls and with humanity.
Being a partialy accepted member of the Wheatley family, she was granted privileges that many slaves did not enjoy and in as much as she was still a slave, her situation was fairly different from others. This is one reason for her great achievements because the privileges enabled her to acquire education that was exclusive to white people. Thanks to her education, she could write what she felt and observed, the end result was her timeless poems. She was caught between not being part of this white family and not sharing into the experiences of other slaves and this created a big identity crisis for her, something that influenced a good part of her poetic work.
The effect of the American Revolution on her career was adverse because at the time, many people in Boston paid attention to other topics related to the revolution instead of her poems. Her visit to London in 1773 which caught the attention of Lord Mayor of London who gave her audience did not only cement her career as a poet, but also served in giving her a voice that enabled to write with certain level of authority and repect, as a result, she wrote poems, “A Farewel To America to Mrs. S. W.” and “To the University of Cambridge”. This changed the entire society’s view on her work. Prior to her London vist, George Washinghton had invited her to his residdence for a poem she published in his honour titled, "His Exellency George Washington" in 1775. Phillis clearly puts into perspective the act of believing in oneself and looking at her career then, we can draw conclusions that Phillis brought down walls that were beyond human imagination at the time with the power of poetry something sparked the journey to the emancipation of the African American slaves (Gates, Henry & Louis 2003).
When her owner died in 1778 and she was as a result freed, she went on to marry John Peters who later was imprisoned in 1784 over debt, something that left her impoverished and miserable, she also lost two children during this difficult time and to that effect, the poem “Afuneral Poem on The Death Of C.E. An Infant Of Twelve Months” was written. This period of difficulty impacted her work in a big way and gave a totally new point of view as seen in poems written during this period. At the time of Wheatley's poetic work, gave more attention to the human struggle and not racial divide that had for years been her favourite topic.
Wheatley overcame identity and racial difficulties to become on of the greatest poets of all time, achieveing things that could not be accomplished even by the children of her privileged white owners. She took the opportunity granted by the Wheatley family and made the best out of it. This is a clear lesson that the human race can convert challenges to strengths and make the best out of them, this is one lesson Phillis left in our hearts (Wheatley, Phillis, and Julian D. Mason 1989).
Related literature essays
- Othello: Jealous
- Samuel Becketts Waiting for Godot
- Source Document Essay
- Italian Romantic Comedies vs. Northern European Tragedies
- The Handkerchief and Infidelity
- Themes in Romantic Literature
- A Dolls House
- The Enlightenment and Literature
- The Personal Development of Gilgamesh as a Human Being
Most popular orders | <urn:uuid:744496b0-c217-4b46-871c-a9d7b60d4ae0> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://prime-writing.com/essays/literature/phillis-wheatley.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251783342.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128215526-20200129005526-00216.warc.gz | en | 0.983567 | 1,104 | 3.65625 | 4 | [
-0.13286523520946503,
0.6814184188842773,
-0.20857559144496918,
0.07489733397960663,
-0.40668803453445435,
0.2357781082391739,
-0.20378488302230835,
-0.0029199649579823017,
0.06750395148992538,
-0.02917652390897274,
0.12885741889476776,
0.1410570740699768,
-0.21281376481056213,
-0.04655800... | 1 | Born in west Africa in 1753, Phillis was brought to America as a slave and sold to the family of John and Susannah Wheatley in Boston. Her initial role in this family was to be a servant and attendant to Wheatley's wife who were kind enough to teach her how to read and write. In the course of teaching the young slave how to read and write, a duty that was performed by Wheatley's daughter, Mary, it emerged that Phillis was more talented than they expected and at the age of just twelve years old, she was able to read and write English, Greek and Latin and could comfortably read fairly difficult verses from the bible. This diversity in languaages was emminent her poems “IsaiahLXIII”, “Ode To Neptune” and “A rebus”. At thirteen years old, she wrote her first poem and this made her the first African American to have her poems published alongside being the third woman to do so. This show of talent led to her acceptance into the Wheatley’s family who embraced her beyond the average slave (Doak, 2006).
Buy Phillis Wheatley essay paper online
* Final order price might be slightly different depending on the current exchange rate of chosen payment system.
The poems she wrote were about her experiences as a slave and a person of a different race. She questioned the Christian faith, a faith that she had been introduced to and wondered why there was racial discrimination in this noble religion. This set precedence in the African American society who later, during the 1960s civil rights movement distanced themselves from Christianity and moved to Islam. The reason for this change of heart by activists like Malcom X, were the same reasons as those that Phillis could not comprehend hundredsof years earlier (Shields & John 2008). Her works puts into perspective why white members of the Christian faith could not live by the teachings of the Bible and treat their black counterparts as equalls and with humanity.
Being a partialy accepted member of the Wheatley family, she was granted privileges that many slaves did not enjoy and in as much as she was still a slave, her situation was fairly different from others. This is one reason for her great achievements because the privileges enabled her to acquire education that was exclusive to white people. Thanks to her education, she could write what she felt and observed, the end result was her timeless poems. She was caught between not being part of this white family and not sharing into the experiences of other slaves and this created a big identity crisis for her, something that influenced a good part of her poetic work.
The effect of the American Revolution on her career was adverse because at the time, many people in Boston paid attention to other topics related to the revolution instead of her poems. Her visit to London in 1773 which caught the attention of Lord Mayor of London who gave her audience did not only cement her career as a poet, but also served in giving her a voice that enabled to write with certain level of authority and repect, as a result, she wrote poems, “A Farewel To America to Mrs. S. W.” and “To the University of Cambridge”. This changed the entire society’s view on her work. Prior to her London vist, George Washinghton had invited her to his residdence for a poem she published in his honour titled, "His Exellency George Washington" in 1775. Phillis clearly puts into perspective the act of believing in oneself and looking at her career then, we can draw conclusions that Phillis brought down walls that were beyond human imagination at the time with the power of poetry something sparked the journey to the emancipation of the African American slaves (Gates, Henry & Louis 2003).
When her owner died in 1778 and she was as a result freed, she went on to marry John Peters who later was imprisoned in 1784 over debt, something that left her impoverished and miserable, she also lost two children during this difficult time and to that effect, the poem “Afuneral Poem on The Death Of C.E. An Infant Of Twelve Months” was written. This period of difficulty impacted her work in a big way and gave a totally new point of view as seen in poems written during this period. At the time of Wheatley's poetic work, gave more attention to the human struggle and not racial divide that had for years been her favourite topic.
Wheatley overcame identity and racial difficulties to become on of the greatest poets of all time, achieveing things that could not be accomplished even by the children of her privileged white owners. She took the opportunity granted by the Wheatley family and made the best out of it. This is a clear lesson that the human race can convert challenges to strengths and make the best out of them, this is one lesson Phillis left in our hearts (Wheatley, Phillis, and Julian D. Mason 1989).
Related literature essays
- Othello: Jealous
- Samuel Becketts Waiting for Godot
- Source Document Essay
- Italian Romantic Comedies vs. Northern European Tragedies
- The Handkerchief and Infidelity
- Themes in Romantic Literature
- A Dolls House
- The Enlightenment and Literature
- The Personal Development of Gilgamesh as a Human Being
Most popular orders | 1,110 | ENGLISH | 1 |
The Germans wanted to control the size of the Jewish population by forcing Jews to lived in segregated sections of towns call Jewish residential quarters or ghettos. They created over 400 ghettos where Jewish adults and children were forced to reside and survive. Most ghettos were located in the oldest, most run-down places in town, that German soldiers to pick to make life in the ghetto as hard as possible. Overcrowding was frequent, several families lived in one apartment, plumbing was apprehended, human excrement was thrown out with the garbage, contagious diseases ran rapid, and hunger was everywhere. During the winter, heating was scarce, and many did not have the appropriate clothing to survive. Jerry Koenig, a Polish Jewish child, remembers: “The situation in the Warsaw Ghetto was truly horrendous- food, water, and sanitary conditions were non-existent. You couldn’t wash, people were hungry, and very susceptible to disease...
... middle of paper ...
... everyone with a purpose, and that purpose was to do God’s Will. God’s Will is meant to glorify God, not persecute innocent people for their ethnic and religious background. One of God’s most repeated commands is to love our neighbor as yourself. God wants us as Christians to display God’s love through how we treat others. The Holocaust was one display of how one should not treat another person.
The Holocaust was one of the biggest disasters the world has ever seen. More than 1.5 million children were murdered 1.2 Jewish children, along with thousands of gypsy children, and thousands of handicapped children. The effects of the Holocaust can be felt today, not only by what we learn and read, but by those who have endured the pain of the Holocaust and saw their friends and family being tortured and killed. They victims will never forget, they will always remember.
Need Writing Help?
Get feedback on grammar, clarity, concision and logic instantly.Check your paper »
- “One of the most extraordinary aspects of Nazi genocide was the cold deliberate intention to kill children in numbers so great that there is no historical precedent for it.” (Lukas, 13 Kindle) About 1.5 million children were murdered by the Nazis during the Holocaust—one million being killed because they were Jews (ushmm.org) The Germans had a clearly defined goal of killing the Jewish children so that there would be no remnants of their race to reproduce, resulting in extinction. Not only were the children that were victimized in the Holocaust persecuted and murdered, but they were all stripped of their childhood.... [tags: Slaughter of Children, Nazi Extermination Camps]
985 words (2.8 pages)
- The children of the Holocaust had plenty of experiences throughout their lives in the Holocaust. They went through very hard times as children from the time when they lived in the ghettos, living conditions, and there transport to safety. What experiences did children who lived in the Holocaust have. The General way kids lived in the Holocaust was very bad and what they went through. Children would be forced out of their houses with their families. The first group of kids that were transported out of their countries were the ones who lived in Poland.... [tags: ghettos, racial struggle, nazi]
982 words (2.8 pages)
- Regine Donner, a famous Holocaust survivor, once said, “I had to keep my Jewishness hidden, secret, and never to be revealed on penalty of death. I missed out on my childhood and the best of my adolescent years. I was robbed of my name, my religion, and my Zionist idealism” (“Hidden Children”). Jewish children went through a lot throughout the Holocaust- physically, mentally, and emotionally. Life was frightening and difficult for children who were in hiding during the rule of Adolf Hitler. The children during the holocaust had many struggles with their physical health.... [tags: WWII, SHOAH, jews]
1308 words (3.7 pages)
- Hidden Children When we talk about world war 2 the first thing that comes to mind is usually the Holocaust, and little attention is paid to the many children who survived the war by hiding. The children themselves wouldn’t talk about for years to come because they thought that since they weren’t actually in the war or in a camp, their story isn’t important.When you 're little you believe in the good in everyone. Though there are some kids that know early on how bad the world can be. Concentration camps were places where hundreds of thousands of jewish people were forced to labor under terrifying conditions, treated like dirt, then stuffed into gas chambers to die.... [tags: World War II, Nazi Germany, Israel, Jews]
1681 words (4.8 pages)
- Over one million Jewish children died during the Holocaust. They were ripped out of their homes and taken away from their families, and stripped of their childhoods. Innocent lives were caught in a war that they were not able to stop. When Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933, he promised Germany that he would improve life their by getting rid of the one race that caused the problems, the Jews. Jews, including Jewish children, were sent to concentration camps, inspected, and if approved, were sent to work.... [tags: Jewish History Jew]
1649 words (4.7 pages)
- ... They were being taken in by strangers and had no idea what was going to happen to their other family. The stress of not knowing if their parents or siblings were even alive was something that they thought about constantly and they always had the agonizing fear that they would get caught and killed. (Hidden Children of the Holocaust). Not only was separation hard for the children, but they were often times killed first. Before the war, there was approximately 1.6 million Jewish children living in the area and by the end of the war at least one million of them were dead (Hidden Children of the Holocaust).... [tags: Jewish genocide, World War II]
1072 words (3.1 pages)
- In the years after the Holocaust the survivors from the concentration camps tried to cope with the horrors of the camps and what they went through and their children tried to understand not only what happened to their parents. In the story of Maus, these horrors are written down by the son of a Holocaust survivor, Vladek. Maus is not only a story of the horrors of the concentration camps, but of a son, Artie, working through his issues with his father, Vladek. These issues are shown from beginning to end and in many instances show the complexity of the father-son relationship that was affected from the Holocaust.... [tags: Jewish genocide aftermath]
593 words (1.7 pages)
Effects of War on Children: Comparing Experiences of Children During the Holocaust and Children Affected by the War on Terrorism
- Pope John Paul II once said “We wish to remember. But we wish to remember for a purpose, namely to ensure that never again will evil prevail, as it did for the millions of innocent victims of Nazism.” (Paul, 2000) This speech goes with all wars that occurred in the past and present. This synopsis will focus on the effects of war on children and the different ways they survived through it. It will compare the children of the Holocaust and the children of the war on terrorism. War has a great effect on children and can harm them socially, mentally, and physically.... [tags: war]
1742 words (5 pages)
- There is one thing all hidden children of the holocaust have in common, silence. Lola Rein Kaufman is one of those hidden children. And she is done being silent. Lola Rein was a hidden child during the holocaust. She was one of the lucky ones; one of the 10,000- 500,000 that survived. Her family wasn’t as lucky. Lola endured, los, abandonment, and constant fear, but has now chosen to shed her cloak of silence. There were two types of hidden children: the children that didn’t look like the stereotypical Jew, and were hidden in plain sight, in an orphanage or maybe with a family who pretended the child was an orphaned family member.... [tags: hidden children, holocaust, nazi germany]
1057 words (3 pages)
- The disastrous World War II began on September 1st 1939. The devastating Holocaust was in full swing around this time and only got worse soon after. This mortifying pogrom assassinated an overwhelming amount of people, injured so many others, and continually haunts the lives of the survivors. As terrible an event that this was, thankfully some were saved. Many youth escaped the destructiveness of war through the great Kindertransport. The Kindertransport was the name given to the transporting of children from soon to be war infested locations to safe places where they would be taken care of.... [tags: war, escape, children]
711 words (2 pages) | <urn:uuid:66a081f8-418d-4044-b333-523144442d0b> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.123helpme.com/children-of-the-holocaust-preview.asp?id=155690 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250614086.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123221108-20200124010108-00556.warc.gz | en | 0.980728 | 1,889 | 3.296875 | 3 | [
0.06633155047893524,
0.4006419777870178,
0.0686681792140007,
0.06352811306715012,
0.19306907057762146,
0.5021259784698486,
-0.03224683552980423,
0.37984833121299744,
-0.1007542610168457,
0.04476245120167732,
0.21126693487167358,
0.0182925034314394,
-0.2675338387489319,
0.1300288736820221,
... | 1 | The Germans wanted to control the size of the Jewish population by forcing Jews to lived in segregated sections of towns call Jewish residential quarters or ghettos. They created over 400 ghettos where Jewish adults and children were forced to reside and survive. Most ghettos were located in the oldest, most run-down places in town, that German soldiers to pick to make life in the ghetto as hard as possible. Overcrowding was frequent, several families lived in one apartment, plumbing was apprehended, human excrement was thrown out with the garbage, contagious diseases ran rapid, and hunger was everywhere. During the winter, heating was scarce, and many did not have the appropriate clothing to survive. Jerry Koenig, a Polish Jewish child, remembers: “The situation in the Warsaw Ghetto was truly horrendous- food, water, and sanitary conditions were non-existent. You couldn’t wash, people were hungry, and very susceptible to disease...
... middle of paper ...
... everyone with a purpose, and that purpose was to do God’s Will. God’s Will is meant to glorify God, not persecute innocent people for their ethnic and religious background. One of God’s most repeated commands is to love our neighbor as yourself. God wants us as Christians to display God’s love through how we treat others. The Holocaust was one display of how one should not treat another person.
The Holocaust was one of the biggest disasters the world has ever seen. More than 1.5 million children were murdered 1.2 Jewish children, along with thousands of gypsy children, and thousands of handicapped children. The effects of the Holocaust can be felt today, not only by what we learn and read, but by those who have endured the pain of the Holocaust and saw their friends and family being tortured and killed. They victims will never forget, they will always remember.
Need Writing Help?
Get feedback on grammar, clarity, concision and logic instantly.Check your paper »
- “One of the most extraordinary aspects of Nazi genocide was the cold deliberate intention to kill children in numbers so great that there is no historical precedent for it.” (Lukas, 13 Kindle) About 1.5 million children were murdered by the Nazis during the Holocaust—one million being killed because they were Jews (ushmm.org) The Germans had a clearly defined goal of killing the Jewish children so that there would be no remnants of their race to reproduce, resulting in extinction. Not only were the children that were victimized in the Holocaust persecuted and murdered, but they were all stripped of their childhood.... [tags: Slaughter of Children, Nazi Extermination Camps]
985 words (2.8 pages)
- The children of the Holocaust had plenty of experiences throughout their lives in the Holocaust. They went through very hard times as children from the time when they lived in the ghettos, living conditions, and there transport to safety. What experiences did children who lived in the Holocaust have. The General way kids lived in the Holocaust was very bad and what they went through. Children would be forced out of their houses with their families. The first group of kids that were transported out of their countries were the ones who lived in Poland.... [tags: ghettos, racial struggle, nazi]
982 words (2.8 pages)
- Regine Donner, a famous Holocaust survivor, once said, “I had to keep my Jewishness hidden, secret, and never to be revealed on penalty of death. I missed out on my childhood and the best of my adolescent years. I was robbed of my name, my religion, and my Zionist idealism” (“Hidden Children”). Jewish children went through a lot throughout the Holocaust- physically, mentally, and emotionally. Life was frightening and difficult for children who were in hiding during the rule of Adolf Hitler. The children during the holocaust had many struggles with their physical health.... [tags: WWII, SHOAH, jews]
1308 words (3.7 pages)
- Hidden Children When we talk about world war 2 the first thing that comes to mind is usually the Holocaust, and little attention is paid to the many children who survived the war by hiding. The children themselves wouldn’t talk about for years to come because they thought that since they weren’t actually in the war or in a camp, their story isn’t important.When you 're little you believe in the good in everyone. Though there are some kids that know early on how bad the world can be. Concentration camps were places where hundreds of thousands of jewish people were forced to labor under terrifying conditions, treated like dirt, then stuffed into gas chambers to die.... [tags: World War II, Nazi Germany, Israel, Jews]
1681 words (4.8 pages)
- Over one million Jewish children died during the Holocaust. They were ripped out of their homes and taken away from their families, and stripped of their childhoods. Innocent lives were caught in a war that they were not able to stop. When Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933, he promised Germany that he would improve life their by getting rid of the one race that caused the problems, the Jews. Jews, including Jewish children, were sent to concentration camps, inspected, and if approved, were sent to work.... [tags: Jewish History Jew]
1649 words (4.7 pages)
- ... They were being taken in by strangers and had no idea what was going to happen to their other family. The stress of not knowing if their parents or siblings were even alive was something that they thought about constantly and they always had the agonizing fear that they would get caught and killed. (Hidden Children of the Holocaust). Not only was separation hard for the children, but they were often times killed first. Before the war, there was approximately 1.6 million Jewish children living in the area and by the end of the war at least one million of them were dead (Hidden Children of the Holocaust).... [tags: Jewish genocide, World War II]
1072 words (3.1 pages)
- In the years after the Holocaust the survivors from the concentration camps tried to cope with the horrors of the camps and what they went through and their children tried to understand not only what happened to their parents. In the story of Maus, these horrors are written down by the son of a Holocaust survivor, Vladek. Maus is not only a story of the horrors of the concentration camps, but of a son, Artie, working through his issues with his father, Vladek. These issues are shown from beginning to end and in many instances show the complexity of the father-son relationship that was affected from the Holocaust.... [tags: Jewish genocide aftermath]
593 words (1.7 pages)
Effects of War on Children: Comparing Experiences of Children During the Holocaust and Children Affected by the War on Terrorism
- Pope John Paul II once said “We wish to remember. But we wish to remember for a purpose, namely to ensure that never again will evil prevail, as it did for the millions of innocent victims of Nazism.” (Paul, 2000) This speech goes with all wars that occurred in the past and present. This synopsis will focus on the effects of war on children and the different ways they survived through it. It will compare the children of the Holocaust and the children of the war on terrorism. War has a great effect on children and can harm them socially, mentally, and physically.... [tags: war]
1742 words (5 pages)
- There is one thing all hidden children of the holocaust have in common, silence. Lola Rein Kaufman is one of those hidden children. And she is done being silent. Lola Rein was a hidden child during the holocaust. She was one of the lucky ones; one of the 10,000- 500,000 that survived. Her family wasn’t as lucky. Lola endured, los, abandonment, and constant fear, but has now chosen to shed her cloak of silence. There were two types of hidden children: the children that didn’t look like the stereotypical Jew, and were hidden in plain sight, in an orphanage or maybe with a family who pretended the child was an orphaned family member.... [tags: hidden children, holocaust, nazi germany]
1057 words (3 pages)
- The disastrous World War II began on September 1st 1939. The devastating Holocaust was in full swing around this time and only got worse soon after. This mortifying pogrom assassinated an overwhelming amount of people, injured so many others, and continually haunts the lives of the survivors. As terrible an event that this was, thankfully some were saved. Many youth escaped the destructiveness of war through the great Kindertransport. The Kindertransport was the name given to the transporting of children from soon to be war infested locations to safe places where they would be taken care of.... [tags: war, escape, children]
711 words (2 pages) | 1,870 | ENGLISH | 1 |
“Jane Elizabeth Manning James,” Friend, Sept. 1997, 38
Thousands of converts to The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints arrived in Nauvoo, Illinois, during the early 1840s. Probably none arrived more exhausted than did the band of nine Black members led by a free Black woman, Jane Elizabeth Manning. When they reached the city in 1843, they had walked over eight hundred miles.
Born to Isaac and Eliza Manning in Wilton, Connecticut, Jane Elizabeth learned early how to work, and to work hard. As a young girl, she was employed as a servant—not a slave—to a farmer’s family.
While still a child, she joined the Presbyterian Church. Later, when two Mormon elders preached the gospel near her home, Jane immediately felt the Spirit of the Holy Ghost and asked to be baptized. Following her example, several members of her family were also baptized.
Wishing to join the Saints in Nauvoo, Jane and eight members of her family joined other converts and traveled from Connecticut to Buffalo, New York, in October 1843. There the others in their group boarded a boat to continue the journey, but the Manning family were denied passage because of their race. Jane and her family began walking the eight hundred miles to Nauvoo.
In her journal, she wrote, “We walked until our shoes were worn out and our feet became sore and cracked open.”
When the Manning family reached Peoria, Illinois, the sheriff threatened to put them in jail because they did not have papers to prove that they were free. Finally Jane convinced him that they had never been slaves.
Frightened by the experience, they moved on. They came to a river and crossed it by walking into the stream until the icy water swirled around their necks. As they continued their trek, they were often cold, hungry, and frightened. Sometimes they found shelter, but often they had to sleep in the open, even when snow fell. They relied on their faith and each other, and when conditions became unbearable, singing hymns and praying kept them going.
When they reached Nauvoo, Orson Spencer directed them to the home of the Prophet. Joseph and Emma Smith welcomed them, inviting the Mannings to stay at the Mansion House until they found homes. Eventually all the members of the Manning family found jobs except Jane. The Prophet and his wife urged her to stay with them.
Jane did stay for several months. When the Prophet was martyred, Jane grieved for him, saying, he was “the finest man I ever saw on earth.”
Following Joseph’s death, Jane lived with President Brigham Young’s family until the Saints fled Nauvoo. During that time, she met and married Isaac James, another free Black, who was also a member of the Church.
After the Saints left Nauvoo in 1846, Jane gave birth to a son, Silas, at Winter Quarters. When the first pioneers left Winter Quarters in 1847, the James family were in the lead company of the main encampment.
Jane’s family struggled during their first years in the Salt Lake Valley, and though they lacked even the most basic necessities, Jane shared what little she did have with her neighbors. When Brother Lyman, a neighbor, received a call to serve a mission in California, he left his family with few provisions. His wife, Eliza Partridge Lyman, wrote, “Jane James let me have two pounds of flour, it being half of what she had.”
Jane worked hard to provide for her family, spinning and weaving cloth, making her own soap, and raising a large garden. She also worked as a laundress to earn much needed cash. Just as it seemed the family was starting to prosper, Jane’s husband left them. Twenty years later, he returned and made his peace with Jane and the Church. Jane held his funeral in her home when he died in 1891.
Despite her meager earnings, Jane James donated to the building funds of the Logan, St. George, and Manti temples, as well as to the Lamanite Mission. When asked how she managed to care for her family and still contribute to the building of the kingdom, she replied, “I pay my tithes and offerings, keep the Word of Wisdom, go to bed early, and rise early. I try in my feeble way to set a good example to all.”
Jane died in 1908. President Joseph F. Smith and other General Authorities spoke at her funeral, praising her unwavering faith and commitment to the gospel. | <urn:uuid:54ee1286-2244-4d7c-a7ef-6080cb2ba392> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/friend/1997/09/jane-elizabeth-manning-james?lang=eng | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251778168.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128091916-20200128121916-00328.warc.gz | en | 0.989608 | 962 | 3.515625 | 4 | [
-0.02928859367966652,
0.1772393435239792,
-0.2624015212059021,
-0.06976661831140518,
-0.20113559067249298,
0.04802798107266426,
-0.10931441932916641,
-0.26161468029022217,
-0.21803584694862366,
-0.2939578592777252,
0.14427979290485382,
0.24717476963996887,
0.35778218507766724,
-0.131183892... | 2 | “Jane Elizabeth Manning James,” Friend, Sept. 1997, 38
Thousands of converts to The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints arrived in Nauvoo, Illinois, during the early 1840s. Probably none arrived more exhausted than did the band of nine Black members led by a free Black woman, Jane Elizabeth Manning. When they reached the city in 1843, they had walked over eight hundred miles.
Born to Isaac and Eliza Manning in Wilton, Connecticut, Jane Elizabeth learned early how to work, and to work hard. As a young girl, she was employed as a servant—not a slave—to a farmer’s family.
While still a child, she joined the Presbyterian Church. Later, when two Mormon elders preached the gospel near her home, Jane immediately felt the Spirit of the Holy Ghost and asked to be baptized. Following her example, several members of her family were also baptized.
Wishing to join the Saints in Nauvoo, Jane and eight members of her family joined other converts and traveled from Connecticut to Buffalo, New York, in October 1843. There the others in their group boarded a boat to continue the journey, but the Manning family were denied passage because of their race. Jane and her family began walking the eight hundred miles to Nauvoo.
In her journal, she wrote, “We walked until our shoes were worn out and our feet became sore and cracked open.”
When the Manning family reached Peoria, Illinois, the sheriff threatened to put them in jail because they did not have papers to prove that they were free. Finally Jane convinced him that they had never been slaves.
Frightened by the experience, they moved on. They came to a river and crossed it by walking into the stream until the icy water swirled around their necks. As they continued their trek, they were often cold, hungry, and frightened. Sometimes they found shelter, but often they had to sleep in the open, even when snow fell. They relied on their faith and each other, and when conditions became unbearable, singing hymns and praying kept them going.
When they reached Nauvoo, Orson Spencer directed them to the home of the Prophet. Joseph and Emma Smith welcomed them, inviting the Mannings to stay at the Mansion House until they found homes. Eventually all the members of the Manning family found jobs except Jane. The Prophet and his wife urged her to stay with them.
Jane did stay for several months. When the Prophet was martyred, Jane grieved for him, saying, he was “the finest man I ever saw on earth.”
Following Joseph’s death, Jane lived with President Brigham Young’s family until the Saints fled Nauvoo. During that time, she met and married Isaac James, another free Black, who was also a member of the Church.
After the Saints left Nauvoo in 1846, Jane gave birth to a son, Silas, at Winter Quarters. When the first pioneers left Winter Quarters in 1847, the James family were in the lead company of the main encampment.
Jane’s family struggled during their first years in the Salt Lake Valley, and though they lacked even the most basic necessities, Jane shared what little she did have with her neighbors. When Brother Lyman, a neighbor, received a call to serve a mission in California, he left his family with few provisions. His wife, Eliza Partridge Lyman, wrote, “Jane James let me have two pounds of flour, it being half of what she had.”
Jane worked hard to provide for her family, spinning and weaving cloth, making her own soap, and raising a large garden. She also worked as a laundress to earn much needed cash. Just as it seemed the family was starting to prosper, Jane’s husband left them. Twenty years later, he returned and made his peace with Jane and the Church. Jane held his funeral in her home when he died in 1891.
Despite her meager earnings, Jane James donated to the building funds of the Logan, St. George, and Manti temples, as well as to the Lamanite Mission. When asked how she managed to care for her family and still contribute to the building of the kingdom, she replied, “I pay my tithes and offerings, keep the Word of Wisdom, go to bed early, and rise early. I try in my feeble way to set a good example to all.”
Jane died in 1908. President Joseph F. Smith and other General Authorities spoke at her funeral, praising her unwavering faith and commitment to the gospel. | 961 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Before building airplanes[ change change source ] The Wrights grew up in Dayton, Ohio. They were sons of a minister. Sometimes their father would ask them to argue for a topic, then switch sides and argue for the opposite point of view. They went to high school, but did not go to college; they started a newspaper instead.
Order Assignment This order has already been completed on Studybay On Studybay you can order your academic assignment from one of our professional writers. Hire your writer directly, without overpaying for agencies and affiliates! Check price for your assignment 1 bids submitted.
Wright Brothers' Biography The brothers Wilbur and Orville Wright born Wilbur Wright and the English Orville Wright - are two Americans, who are actually icons of the invention and the construction of the first airplane, able to fly, as well as the performing the first flight of man in the powered engine machine heavier than air on 17 December Two years later, brothers were able to develop the project of the first controlled practical airplane.
Despite the fact that the Wright brothers were the first who built and made an experimental flight on the airplane, they were the first who could manage to control such a flight in the air, which made possible the further development of aircraft construction in the world.
The Wright brothers were born in a big family with diverse ancestry. Their father being a bishop of the church traveled a lot and one day he brought home a toy helicopter for his younger sons. Wilbur and Orville enjoyed it a lot, however very soon it broke. They decided to create a new one.
That was a reason to spark the interest in flying. Both of them attended high school, but without a success. Orville managed to drop the school being a teenager, and then he opened a printing business. Besides, the printing machine for the business was also built be brothers in cooperation.
In after aeronautical discoveries brothers got seriously interested in inventing a plane. The most successful design reminds actually a kite, controlled with cords.
Day after day they improved their masterpiece, till the time they received a stable and controlled glide flight. In they added an engine to their machine. They managed to make an engine not so immersive and with a help of Charlie Taylor, who in a six-week term built an engine with a low weight, but with a power enough to allow a man to fly.
After several attempts they managed to take off, to cover the distance of meters and to make a circle. The flight lasted only for several minutes, however, 17 December became the major day in the history of the whole aircraft.
The brothers Wilbur and Orville Wright born Wilbur Wright and the English Orville Wright - are two Americans, who are actually icons of the invention and the construction of the first airplane, able to fly, as well as the performing the first flight of man in the powered engine machine heavier than air on 17 December On December 17, , Orville Wright piloted the first powered airplane 20 feet above a wind-swept beach in North Carolina.
The flight lasted 12 seconds and covered feet.
A B C D E F G H I J - R S - Z. A. Abernant /85 By The Mekons.A tribute to miners and the British Miners' Strike of "The wind and the rain beat on his fair. Nov 04, · When Wilbur and Orville Wright finished their flight at Kitty Hawk, Americans celebrated the brotherly bond. The brothers had grown up playing together, they had been in .
THE SPIKE. It was late-afternoon. Forty-nine of us, forty-eight men and one woman, lay on the green waiting for the spike to open. We were too tired to talk much. The Life and Times of Glenn Hammond Curtiss by David Langley Glenn H.
Curtiss was a noted motorcycle builder and racer, who built and produced engines for airships as early as Introduction Though perhaps best known throughout the world for his science fiction, Isaac Asimov was also regarded as one of the great explainers of science. | <urn:uuid:34e4d9a1-6bcb-4b79-bee9-de8a3b62eaef> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://videsahaze.torosgazete.com/first-flight-wright-brothers-essay-41611uo.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251802249.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129194333-20200129223333-00485.warc.gz | en | 0.981887 | 834 | 3.875 | 4 | [
-0.002261507324874401,
0.2572687268257141,
0.14887486398220062,
-0.09571895003318787,
-0.2697365880012512,
0.28636252880096436,
-0.1177772507071495,
0.3766639232635498,
-0.15754011273384094,
0.23016022145748138,
0.06021852791309357,
0.24646854400634766,
0.15354853868484497,
0.1916900575160... | 1 | Before building airplanes[ change change source ] The Wrights grew up in Dayton, Ohio. They were sons of a minister. Sometimes their father would ask them to argue for a topic, then switch sides and argue for the opposite point of view. They went to high school, but did not go to college; they started a newspaper instead.
Order Assignment This order has already been completed on Studybay On Studybay you can order your academic assignment from one of our professional writers. Hire your writer directly, without overpaying for agencies and affiliates! Check price for your assignment 1 bids submitted.
Wright Brothers' Biography The brothers Wilbur and Orville Wright born Wilbur Wright and the English Orville Wright - are two Americans, who are actually icons of the invention and the construction of the first airplane, able to fly, as well as the performing the first flight of man in the powered engine machine heavier than air on 17 December Two years later, brothers were able to develop the project of the first controlled practical airplane.
Despite the fact that the Wright brothers were the first who built and made an experimental flight on the airplane, they were the first who could manage to control such a flight in the air, which made possible the further development of aircraft construction in the world.
The Wright brothers were born in a big family with diverse ancestry. Their father being a bishop of the church traveled a lot and one day he brought home a toy helicopter for his younger sons. Wilbur and Orville enjoyed it a lot, however very soon it broke. They decided to create a new one.
That was a reason to spark the interest in flying. Both of them attended high school, but without a success. Orville managed to drop the school being a teenager, and then he opened a printing business. Besides, the printing machine for the business was also built be brothers in cooperation.
In after aeronautical discoveries brothers got seriously interested in inventing a plane. The most successful design reminds actually a kite, controlled with cords.
Day after day they improved their masterpiece, till the time they received a stable and controlled glide flight. In they added an engine to their machine. They managed to make an engine not so immersive and with a help of Charlie Taylor, who in a six-week term built an engine with a low weight, but with a power enough to allow a man to fly.
After several attempts they managed to take off, to cover the distance of meters and to make a circle. The flight lasted only for several minutes, however, 17 December became the major day in the history of the whole aircraft.
The brothers Wilbur and Orville Wright born Wilbur Wright and the English Orville Wright - are two Americans, who are actually icons of the invention and the construction of the first airplane, able to fly, as well as the performing the first flight of man in the powered engine machine heavier than air on 17 December On December 17, , Orville Wright piloted the first powered airplane 20 feet above a wind-swept beach in North Carolina.
The flight lasted 12 seconds and covered feet.
A B C D E F G H I J - R S - Z. A. Abernant /85 By The Mekons.A tribute to miners and the British Miners' Strike of "The wind and the rain beat on his fair. Nov 04, · When Wilbur and Orville Wright finished their flight at Kitty Hawk, Americans celebrated the brotherly bond. The brothers had grown up playing together, they had been in .
THE SPIKE. It was late-afternoon. Forty-nine of us, forty-eight men and one woman, lay on the green waiting for the spike to open. We were too tired to talk much. The Life and Times of Glenn Hammond Curtiss by David Langley Glenn H.
Curtiss was a noted motorcycle builder and racer, who built and produced engines for airships as early as Introduction Though perhaps best known throughout the world for his science fiction, Isaac Asimov was also regarded as one of the great explainers of science. | 832 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Smoke is a complicated substance. Most people who live in or near western forests have a good feel for how it affects people. But what's less well known is that it affects plants, too.
Experiments have shown that trees exposed to smoke respond as most people do: they try to limit their exposure. Trees do this by shutting the stomata in their leaves - the small pores through which they respire.
That reduces their leaves' exposure to potentially toxic compounds - but it also means that trees exposed to smoke for long periods have reduced rates of photosynthesis and growth.
For seeds, the story is different. Experiments in fire-prone ecosystems from Australia to Arizona have shown that smoke helps some kinds of seeds germinate. Biologists aren't sure why, though they think that some compounds in smoke may serve as a chemical signal or help seeds take in water.
Greenhouse experiments at Northern Arizona University have shown that some of the seeds most stimulated by smoke are light-loving species such as penstemons that can thrive after fire. It's been tough, though, to replicate greenhouse results in the field.
It's likely that exposure to smoke is only one of an array of factors - such as changed availability of light and water - that regulates which species do well after a fire has swept through. But it's good to keep in mind that the smoke that we often find irritating may play a positive role in how forest ecosystems recover after a fire. | <urn:uuid:cc8abeb6-ca8a-4c47-9eed-642aec847846> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.knau.org/post/earth-notes-where-theres-smoke-plants-notice | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250603761.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121103642-20200121132642-00138.warc.gz | en | 0.980561 | 298 | 4.125 | 4 | [
0.19333310425281525,
0.20247124135494232,
0.2497265636920929,
-0.02790982648730278,
0.7969623804092407,
0.0407085083425045,
0.24039623141288757,
-0.1493089646100998,
-0.3774462342262268,
0.2162269800901413,
-0.06607609987258911,
-0.36598169803619385,
0.16176654398441315,
0.627292811870575,... | 1 | Smoke is a complicated substance. Most people who live in or near western forests have a good feel for how it affects people. But what's less well known is that it affects plants, too.
Experiments have shown that trees exposed to smoke respond as most people do: they try to limit their exposure. Trees do this by shutting the stomata in their leaves - the small pores through which they respire.
That reduces their leaves' exposure to potentially toxic compounds - but it also means that trees exposed to smoke for long periods have reduced rates of photosynthesis and growth.
For seeds, the story is different. Experiments in fire-prone ecosystems from Australia to Arizona have shown that smoke helps some kinds of seeds germinate. Biologists aren't sure why, though they think that some compounds in smoke may serve as a chemical signal or help seeds take in water.
Greenhouse experiments at Northern Arizona University have shown that some of the seeds most stimulated by smoke are light-loving species such as penstemons that can thrive after fire. It's been tough, though, to replicate greenhouse results in the field.
It's likely that exposure to smoke is only one of an array of factors - such as changed availability of light and water - that regulates which species do well after a fire has swept through. But it's good to keep in mind that the smoke that we often find irritating may play a positive role in how forest ecosystems recover after a fire. | 289 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Why the Skull of Saint John Chrysostom has one ear incorrupt after more than 1600 years? – A Photo Journal
Saint John Chrysostom was renowned for his explanations of the Holy Scriptures. He also interpreted the Epistles of Saint Paul, whom he admired greatly. In order to assure himself that the interpretation of the Epistles were correct, he asked God to offer him a sign.
At that same time, a nobleman had risen against Emperor Arcadius. The Emperor, in turn, confiscated all of the man’s possessions and threatened to execute him. The nobleman became desperate and decided to ask for Saint John’s assistance. When he arrived at the Patriarchate, Saint John could not offer him an audience immediately, but instructed him to return that evening. Saint John told the assistant priest, Proclos (who later succeeded Saint John as Patriarch), to show the nobleman to the Saint’s room when he arrived. That evening, the nobleman returned and Proclos went to inform the Patriarch of his arrival. The door to the room was shut, so – because Proclos heard voices inside – he looked through the keyhole. He saw Saint John sitting at his desk writing, with a bald-headed man, slightly bent, looking and speaking to Saint over his shoulder. Seeing this, Proclos returned to the nobleman and told him that the Patriarch was in conference. Proclos returned to the Patriarch’s room several times during the night, but the man was still talking with John. Thus the nobleman waited the entire night to see Saint John but without success.
That morning the nobleman returned to the Patriarchate since it was of the utmost importance for him to see the Patriach. Proclos went again to inform John of the nobleman’s arrival, but again saw the same man in the Patriarch’s room. John looked extremely interested in what the man was telling him. Proclos was bewildered on how the man was entering, since everyone had to come by him.
The nobleman returned for the fourth time and Proclos assured him that the Patriarch was alone, for he had made certain that no one passed without his knowledge. When Proclos went to the Patriarch’s room, he was shocked to find the same man still there. He returned to the nobleman and told him to go to his home for it was impossible for him to see John.
That day, the Saint had remembered the nobleman and inquired about him. Proclos told John that the man had come three times, but each time, the Patriarch was busy talking to the same man. John asked Proclos whom he had seen in the room. Proclos told him that it looked as if it were the Apostle Paul, whose icon sat on the Saint’s desk. Joyously, Saint John realized that this was the sign he had asked for from God concerning his interpretations of the Apostle’s epistles.
After conferring with the nobleman, the Patriarch agreed to act as mediator between the nobleman and the Emperor. Within a short time, the differences were settled and the nobleman was again granted his confiscated property.
The holy skull of Saint John Chrysostom has one ear – the ear at which Saint Paul spoke – incorrupt after more than 1600 years while the other ear is decomposed according with the law of the nature.
In the photos you see moments from the departure of Saint John’s skull in Greece.
If you want to pray for you or to donate, click here. | <urn:uuid:8b27865d-71d0-4ec8-ad74-223460c32b2e> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://asceticexperience.com/2019/11/why-the-skull-of-saint-john-chrysostom-has-one-ear-incorrupt-after-more-than-1600-years-a-photo-journal/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250591763.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118023429-20200118051429-00204.warc.gz | en | 0.988196 | 742 | 3.28125 | 3 | [
-0.11489000171422958,
0.6857344508171082,
-0.13952518999576569,
0.04628254845738411,
-0.2618456482887268,
-0.2138661891222,
0.40072423219680786,
-0.0051875426433980465,
-0.11570854485034943,
-0.2073938250541687,
0.056270599365234375,
0.09449028968811035,
0.010575181804597378,
0.24216650426... | 11 | Why the Skull of Saint John Chrysostom has one ear incorrupt after more than 1600 years? – A Photo Journal
Saint John Chrysostom was renowned for his explanations of the Holy Scriptures. He also interpreted the Epistles of Saint Paul, whom he admired greatly. In order to assure himself that the interpretation of the Epistles were correct, he asked God to offer him a sign.
At that same time, a nobleman had risen against Emperor Arcadius. The Emperor, in turn, confiscated all of the man’s possessions and threatened to execute him. The nobleman became desperate and decided to ask for Saint John’s assistance. When he arrived at the Patriarchate, Saint John could not offer him an audience immediately, but instructed him to return that evening. Saint John told the assistant priest, Proclos (who later succeeded Saint John as Patriarch), to show the nobleman to the Saint’s room when he arrived. That evening, the nobleman returned and Proclos went to inform the Patriarch of his arrival. The door to the room was shut, so – because Proclos heard voices inside – he looked through the keyhole. He saw Saint John sitting at his desk writing, with a bald-headed man, slightly bent, looking and speaking to Saint over his shoulder. Seeing this, Proclos returned to the nobleman and told him that the Patriarch was in conference. Proclos returned to the Patriarch’s room several times during the night, but the man was still talking with John. Thus the nobleman waited the entire night to see Saint John but without success.
That morning the nobleman returned to the Patriarchate since it was of the utmost importance for him to see the Patriach. Proclos went again to inform John of the nobleman’s arrival, but again saw the same man in the Patriarch’s room. John looked extremely interested in what the man was telling him. Proclos was bewildered on how the man was entering, since everyone had to come by him.
The nobleman returned for the fourth time and Proclos assured him that the Patriarch was alone, for he had made certain that no one passed without his knowledge. When Proclos went to the Patriarch’s room, he was shocked to find the same man still there. He returned to the nobleman and told him to go to his home for it was impossible for him to see John.
That day, the Saint had remembered the nobleman and inquired about him. Proclos told John that the man had come three times, but each time, the Patriarch was busy talking to the same man. John asked Proclos whom he had seen in the room. Proclos told him that it looked as if it were the Apostle Paul, whose icon sat on the Saint’s desk. Joyously, Saint John realized that this was the sign he had asked for from God concerning his interpretations of the Apostle’s epistles.
After conferring with the nobleman, the Patriarch agreed to act as mediator between the nobleman and the Emperor. Within a short time, the differences were settled and the nobleman was again granted his confiscated property.
The holy skull of Saint John Chrysostom has one ear – the ear at which Saint Paul spoke – incorrupt after more than 1600 years while the other ear is decomposed according with the law of the nature.
In the photos you see moments from the departure of Saint John’s skull in Greece.
If you want to pray for you or to donate, click here. | 720 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Christopher Columbus, it has been claimed, is one of history's greatest monsters--a fraud who doesn't deserve either the credit for "discovering" the New World or his own holiday.
Yet this isn't a modern liberal claim; it was first made by the Ku Klux Klan in the 1920s as it attempted to block Italian-American efforts to make Columbus Day a federal holiday. The Klan despised the Italian-American immigrants and children of immigrants behind this effort, especially since most of them were Catholic--a religion the Klan hated with a passion.
Because of this hatred, the Klan tried to get rid of Columbus Day as a state holiday in Oregon, temporarily blocked the erection of a Columbus statue in Virginia, and even burned a cross in an effort at disrupting a Columbus Day celebration in Pennsylvania.
Little to modern liberals know how proud the Klan would have been of their vandalism of Columbus statues and attempts at getting rid of Columbus Day altogether.
Article continues below audio version
The Christopher Columbus Association (CCA) has had altogether too much of these attacks on the famed explorer, and has set up a new website, TruthAboutColumbus.com, to combat some of the most pernicious myths about him.
The most notable one, of course, was that he systematically attempted to commit genocide against the native peoples he encountered. As the CCA notes, this is demonstrably false:
Columbus did not commit genocide. He sought to form good relationships with the native peoples of the New World and had no intention of doing them any harm. He had intended to sail to Asia, a land both populous and technologically advanced. His intent was trade and evangelization, not conquest. In exploring and settling the New World, Columbus frequently ordered his men to treat the natives well and not commit injustices or atrocities against them. Columbus punished and even executed some of the settlers who went against his orders and abused the natives. Scholars like Stanford professor emeritus Carol Delaney describe his interactions with the native peoples as generally benign and his motivations as religious; he was not violent, hostile, or cruel to those he encountered. Furthermore, the vast majority of the natives who died in the years after Columbus’ arrival succumbed to communicable diseases inadvertently transmitted by the Europeans rather than from any intentional act on the part of Columbus, his men or the settlers.
Far from being the brutal despot he is often depicted as today, Columbus was actually a fair and just man who advocated for adequate treatment of the indigenous tribes he met. In fact, he "often sought to restrain his men from mistreating the native peoples."
Columbus was a deeply religious man who believed in the sanctity of all human life and, as a result, "in a time when some would question whether the native peoples of America were truly human, Columbus immediately acknowledged their humanity and innate dignity. He recognized them as humans with immortal souls and was concerned for their salvation and their right to choose freely to embrace the Christian faith. He even adopted the son of a native chief as his own son."
Does that sound like a genocidal madman whom the natives feared?
While Columbus was indeed eventually arrested and returned to Spain in chains, it wasn't for of his mistreatment of the natives, but rather for his treatment of his fellow Europeans because of their mistreatment of the natives:
After his third voyage, while he was governor of Hispaniola, Columbus was indeed arrested and taken back to Spain in chains, but it was for actions taken against rebellious European settlers. He had punished and even executed some of the Europeans for abusing the natives. Bartolomé de las Casas, although sometimes critical of aspects of Columbus’ administration, wrote of the “sweetness and benignity” of the explorer and added: “Truly, I would not dare blame the admiral’s intentions, for I know him well and I know his intentions were good.”
Those intentions, it seems, were largely lost to history. Columbus today regarded with about as much reverence as a tinpot dictator, but demonization of him is a largely modern construct--and one that the Christopher Columbus Association is finally starting to debunk.
Learn more about the real Christopher Columbus at TruthAboutColumbus.com | <urn:uuid:65e8967a-faa6-45e4-8ad2-8e58598c6405> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://newstalk1130.iheart.com/featured/common-sense-central/content/2017-10-09-the-truth-about-christopher-columbus/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250597230.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120023523-20200120051523-00449.warc.gz | en | 0.982879 | 867 | 3.390625 | 3 | [
-0.23268181085586548,
0.34199774265289307,
0.3164466321468353,
0.5042206048965454,
-0.2441103160381317,
-0.2707481384277344,
0.3016587495803833,
0.1107749193906784,
-0.09941118210554123,
0.11487816274166107,
0.3486331105232239,
0.18833889067173004,
-0.2404821664094925,
0.2592204511165619,
... | 1 | Christopher Columbus, it has been claimed, is one of history's greatest monsters--a fraud who doesn't deserve either the credit for "discovering" the New World or his own holiday.
Yet this isn't a modern liberal claim; it was first made by the Ku Klux Klan in the 1920s as it attempted to block Italian-American efforts to make Columbus Day a federal holiday. The Klan despised the Italian-American immigrants and children of immigrants behind this effort, especially since most of them were Catholic--a religion the Klan hated with a passion.
Because of this hatred, the Klan tried to get rid of Columbus Day as a state holiday in Oregon, temporarily blocked the erection of a Columbus statue in Virginia, and even burned a cross in an effort at disrupting a Columbus Day celebration in Pennsylvania.
Little to modern liberals know how proud the Klan would have been of their vandalism of Columbus statues and attempts at getting rid of Columbus Day altogether.
Article continues below audio version
The Christopher Columbus Association (CCA) has had altogether too much of these attacks on the famed explorer, and has set up a new website, TruthAboutColumbus.com, to combat some of the most pernicious myths about him.
The most notable one, of course, was that he systematically attempted to commit genocide against the native peoples he encountered. As the CCA notes, this is demonstrably false:
Columbus did not commit genocide. He sought to form good relationships with the native peoples of the New World and had no intention of doing them any harm. He had intended to sail to Asia, a land both populous and technologically advanced. His intent was trade and evangelization, not conquest. In exploring and settling the New World, Columbus frequently ordered his men to treat the natives well and not commit injustices or atrocities against them. Columbus punished and even executed some of the settlers who went against his orders and abused the natives. Scholars like Stanford professor emeritus Carol Delaney describe his interactions with the native peoples as generally benign and his motivations as religious; he was not violent, hostile, or cruel to those he encountered. Furthermore, the vast majority of the natives who died in the years after Columbus’ arrival succumbed to communicable diseases inadvertently transmitted by the Europeans rather than from any intentional act on the part of Columbus, his men or the settlers.
Far from being the brutal despot he is often depicted as today, Columbus was actually a fair and just man who advocated for adequate treatment of the indigenous tribes he met. In fact, he "often sought to restrain his men from mistreating the native peoples."
Columbus was a deeply religious man who believed in the sanctity of all human life and, as a result, "in a time when some would question whether the native peoples of America were truly human, Columbus immediately acknowledged their humanity and innate dignity. He recognized them as humans with immortal souls and was concerned for their salvation and their right to choose freely to embrace the Christian faith. He even adopted the son of a native chief as his own son."
Does that sound like a genocidal madman whom the natives feared?
While Columbus was indeed eventually arrested and returned to Spain in chains, it wasn't for of his mistreatment of the natives, but rather for his treatment of his fellow Europeans because of their mistreatment of the natives:
After his third voyage, while he was governor of Hispaniola, Columbus was indeed arrested and taken back to Spain in chains, but it was for actions taken against rebellious European settlers. He had punished and even executed some of the Europeans for abusing the natives. Bartolomé de las Casas, although sometimes critical of aspects of Columbus’ administration, wrote of the “sweetness and benignity” of the explorer and added: “Truly, I would not dare blame the admiral’s intentions, for I know him well and I know his intentions were good.”
Those intentions, it seems, were largely lost to history. Columbus today regarded with about as much reverence as a tinpot dictator, but demonization of him is a largely modern construct--and one that the Christopher Columbus Association is finally starting to debunk.
Learn more about the real Christopher Columbus at TruthAboutColumbus.com | 853 | ENGLISH | 1 |
No Products in the Cart
“What happened to my chrysalis?” “Why didn’t my butterfly come out and why is there a tiny hole in the chrysalis?” People often ask about butterfly chrysalises and chalcid wasps.
When given Monarch chrysalises from a person who was not experienced with chalcid wasps, we knew immediately that there were serious issues with them. They were off-color and softer than normal.
We isolated them from the good chrysalises from the same person.
Instead of Monarch butterflies emerging, chalcid wasps emerged. When one chrysalis was broken open, we could see the chalcid wasp larvae inside.
We have experimented with chalcid wasps, primarily to be able to detect an infected chrysalis that we may find when we buy plants from nurseries that grow their plants outdoors. Many people write to ask us about their empty chrysalis shells that have a tiny hole in them but a butterfly never emerges. We needed photos and detailed personal answers, drawn from our own experiences.
We allowed some of the wasps to emerge in a mesh popup in a sealed room. A video camera was placed in the popup focused on the chrysalis. When the wasps began emerging, the video camera was turned on.
Two of our videos are on YouTube. You can watch the males emerge first by clicking on this sentence. You can watch the females emerge by clicking on this sentence.
Male chalcid wasps are smaller than female chalcid wasps. Male chalcid wasps emerged first. When most male wasps had emerged, a female tried to emerge. Because males are ready to pair as soon as they emerge, they gathered around the opening in the chrysalis, waiting for the females to emerge. When a female approached the opening, males began to bite at the opening to enlarge it. It was too small for a female wasp. As each female emerged, a male would crawl upon her back and begin to touch her antennae, a courtship ritual.
The chalcid wasps that emerged from these chrysalises were moved to another area. Two Monarch caterpillars were placed into the popup with the wasps. One caterpillar was ready to find a place to pupate. The other was two days younger and still wanted to eat. A few milkweed leaves were placed in the bottom of the popup. This was done in a room without other caterpillars.
The older caterpillar immediately headed to the top of the popup and wandered to select a spot to attach itself to pupate. The younger caterpillar crawled to the milkweed leaves and began eating.
Within a few minutes, the wasps were gathering around and on the caterpillar at the top of the popup. Everywhere it crawled, they followed. They totally ignored the younger caterpillar at the bottom of the popup.
The older caterpillar selected its spot, laid its mat of silk, and hung in a J. The wasps stayed on and around it. When it pupated, they began laying eggs in the chrysalis. So many eggs were laid that the chrysalis died within a few days.
It was immediately clear that: | <urn:uuid:0ea9a04f-6310-48b5-a443-80518d77512a> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://butterflyconservationsupplies.com/pages/chalcid-wasps-and-monarch-butterfly-caterpillars-and-chrysalises | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251688806.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126104828-20200126134828-00162.warc.gz | en | 0.981811 | 687 | 3.453125 | 3 | [
-0.18925891816616058,
-0.35923099517822266,
-0.002343231113627553,
0.023872526362538338,
-0.15907688438892365,
0.17300063371658325,
0.7037403583526611,
0.42464596033096313,
-0.029377304017543793,
0.04343539476394653,
0.1620512157678604,
-0.1942637860774994,
0.1651414930820465,
0.2334406673... | 8 | No Products in the Cart
“What happened to my chrysalis?” “Why didn’t my butterfly come out and why is there a tiny hole in the chrysalis?” People often ask about butterfly chrysalises and chalcid wasps.
When given Monarch chrysalises from a person who was not experienced with chalcid wasps, we knew immediately that there were serious issues with them. They were off-color and softer than normal.
We isolated them from the good chrysalises from the same person.
Instead of Monarch butterflies emerging, chalcid wasps emerged. When one chrysalis was broken open, we could see the chalcid wasp larvae inside.
We have experimented with chalcid wasps, primarily to be able to detect an infected chrysalis that we may find when we buy plants from nurseries that grow their plants outdoors. Many people write to ask us about their empty chrysalis shells that have a tiny hole in them but a butterfly never emerges. We needed photos and detailed personal answers, drawn from our own experiences.
We allowed some of the wasps to emerge in a mesh popup in a sealed room. A video camera was placed in the popup focused on the chrysalis. When the wasps began emerging, the video camera was turned on.
Two of our videos are on YouTube. You can watch the males emerge first by clicking on this sentence. You can watch the females emerge by clicking on this sentence.
Male chalcid wasps are smaller than female chalcid wasps. Male chalcid wasps emerged first. When most male wasps had emerged, a female tried to emerge. Because males are ready to pair as soon as they emerge, they gathered around the opening in the chrysalis, waiting for the females to emerge. When a female approached the opening, males began to bite at the opening to enlarge it. It was too small for a female wasp. As each female emerged, a male would crawl upon her back and begin to touch her antennae, a courtship ritual.
The chalcid wasps that emerged from these chrysalises were moved to another area. Two Monarch caterpillars were placed into the popup with the wasps. One caterpillar was ready to find a place to pupate. The other was two days younger and still wanted to eat. A few milkweed leaves were placed in the bottom of the popup. This was done in a room without other caterpillars.
The older caterpillar immediately headed to the top of the popup and wandered to select a spot to attach itself to pupate. The younger caterpillar crawled to the milkweed leaves and began eating.
Within a few minutes, the wasps were gathering around and on the caterpillar at the top of the popup. Everywhere it crawled, they followed. They totally ignored the younger caterpillar at the bottom of the popup.
The older caterpillar selected its spot, laid its mat of silk, and hung in a J. The wasps stayed on and around it. When it pupated, they began laying eggs in the chrysalis. So many eggs were laid that the chrysalis died within a few days.
It was immediately clear that: | 668 | ENGLISH | 1 |
During the growth of Christianity in Africa in the late 1800s and early 1900s, there was a phase where African “prophets” appeared. One of them was William Wade Harris, a Liberian man who had fallen out of favor with the church and had even spent time in prison where he had a vision from the Angel Gabriel telling him to preach repentance and the destruction of objects used in traditional African religion; then baptize those who received his message. So in July 1913 at the age of 53, he set off on foot with a small entourage for the neighboring French colony. He was not backed by any church or missionary agency.
They ended up walking across the whole coast of what is now the country of Côte d’Ivoire and on into what is now Ghana. They must have been quite a site in their bare feet, white garments with and crosses, especially Harris who always carried a large staff with a cross on top in his right hand and a Bible in his left. They walked all the way to what is now the country of Ghana. It is estimated that 200,000 people heeded Harris’ preaching and abandoned their traditional religious practices. This was a sizable portion of the total population.
His message was often opposed by traditional religious leaders, leading to power encounters reminiscent of stories in the Old Testament such as Elijah on Mount Carmel. Harris would triumph and large scale destruction of the objects of traditional religion would follow. Some of these events were recorded by French colonial administrators.
Prior to Harris, small churches had started in some towns, but they had little impact. Harris spoke in local languages and stripped western trappings from Christianity while targeting his preaching at the heart of traditional beliefs and practices. It got him in trouble with the French colonial administrators. He was arrested several times. He apparently made a miraculous escape from jail in Grand Lahou, the colonial capitol at the time. It is said that he pronounced a curse on the capitol when he left. Today, it is a deserted ghost town.
Harris instructed converts to worship on Sunday, to pray in their own languages, to keep the Sunday for worship, to pray in their own tongues, and to praise God with their own music. He named local elders and he told people that white missionaries would come later can give them the Bible in their languages. When Methodist missionaries arrived, they found churches full of believers waiting for them.
Today, the Harrist church is found across the area where Harris ministered. It still uses local languages and still has solid teaching, for the most part. Early Western missionaries falsely considered it a cult, probably because of its different worship practices, which you can see in the photos below. Where the Bible has been translated into the local languages, the Harrist church uses those translations avidly. Unfortunately, more than 100 years after Harris started his trek, a number of those languages still don’t have translations of the Bible. Harris’ promise has not yet been fulfilled, although slow progress is being made.
During the months we spent in Côte d’Ivoire in 2016, we were privileged to be in a position to help the translations in some of those languages on their way. | <urn:uuid:4ac514a7-5539-4e31-bd47-79fc7a5df19c> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://heartlanguage.org/category/christianity/bible/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251783621.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129010251-20200129040251-00159.warc.gz | en | 0.984779 | 657 | 3.328125 | 3 | [
0.007913603447377682,
0.8403342962265015,
-0.20311889052391052,
-0.1987811028957367,
0.16895481944084167,
0.11873552203178406,
-0.19456031918525696,
-0.200580433011055,
0.10614322125911713,
0.32431820034980774,
-0.11435489356517792,
-0.0013894392177462578,
0.128628671169281,
0.112354949116... | 9 | During the growth of Christianity in Africa in the late 1800s and early 1900s, there was a phase where African “prophets” appeared. One of them was William Wade Harris, a Liberian man who had fallen out of favor with the church and had even spent time in prison where he had a vision from the Angel Gabriel telling him to preach repentance and the destruction of objects used in traditional African religion; then baptize those who received his message. So in July 1913 at the age of 53, he set off on foot with a small entourage for the neighboring French colony. He was not backed by any church or missionary agency.
They ended up walking across the whole coast of what is now the country of Côte d’Ivoire and on into what is now Ghana. They must have been quite a site in their bare feet, white garments with and crosses, especially Harris who always carried a large staff with a cross on top in his right hand and a Bible in his left. They walked all the way to what is now the country of Ghana. It is estimated that 200,000 people heeded Harris’ preaching and abandoned their traditional religious practices. This was a sizable portion of the total population.
His message was often opposed by traditional religious leaders, leading to power encounters reminiscent of stories in the Old Testament such as Elijah on Mount Carmel. Harris would triumph and large scale destruction of the objects of traditional religion would follow. Some of these events were recorded by French colonial administrators.
Prior to Harris, small churches had started in some towns, but they had little impact. Harris spoke in local languages and stripped western trappings from Christianity while targeting his preaching at the heart of traditional beliefs and practices. It got him in trouble with the French colonial administrators. He was arrested several times. He apparently made a miraculous escape from jail in Grand Lahou, the colonial capitol at the time. It is said that he pronounced a curse on the capitol when he left. Today, it is a deserted ghost town.
Harris instructed converts to worship on Sunday, to pray in their own languages, to keep the Sunday for worship, to pray in their own tongues, and to praise God with their own music. He named local elders and he told people that white missionaries would come later can give them the Bible in their languages. When Methodist missionaries arrived, they found churches full of believers waiting for them.
Today, the Harrist church is found across the area where Harris ministered. It still uses local languages and still has solid teaching, for the most part. Early Western missionaries falsely considered it a cult, probably because of its different worship practices, which you can see in the photos below. Where the Bible has been translated into the local languages, the Harrist church uses those translations avidly. Unfortunately, more than 100 years after Harris started his trek, a number of those languages still don’t have translations of the Bible. Harris’ promise has not yet been fulfilled, although slow progress is being made.
During the months we spent in Côte d’Ivoire in 2016, we were privileged to be in a position to help the translations in some of those languages on their way. | 669 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Over the following decades most countries with any substantial military capability established their own independent air forces. The South African Air Force was formed on 1 February 1920 and the Royal Australian Air Force was formed shortly afterwards on 31 March 1921, although it was not until 1922 that the head of the Service was titled as Chief of the Air Staff, placing him on a par with his Australian Army and Navy counterparts. The Canadian Air Force was formed at the end of World War I, and was abolished and reorganized several times between 1918 and 1924. It became the permanent Royal Canadian Air Force when it received the "Royal" title by royal proclamation on 1 April 1924. It did not however become independent of the Canadian Army until 1938 when its head was also designated as Chief of the Air Staff. Similarly, the Royal New Zealand Air Force was established in 1923 as the New Zealand Permanent Air Force but did not become independent of the New Zealand Army until 1937. Other British-influenced countries also established their own independent air forces. For example, the Royal Egyptian Air Force was created in 1937 when Egyptian military aviation was separated from Army command. The Afghan Air Force was established on 22 August 1924, with support from the Soviet Union and Great Britain, but a civil war destroyed most of the planes and it wasn't reestablished until 1937, when King Mohammed Nadir Shah took power. | <urn:uuid:b0cfc830-25e0-473d-a385-f9da01f8b6a7> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | http://maxss.info/fashion/air-force-pilot-uniform.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250601040.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120224950-20200121013950-00012.warc.gz | en | 0.989188 | 271 | 3.40625 | 3 | [
-0.4453337788581848,
0.6919282674789429,
0.24394679069519043,
-0.06974396109580994,
-0.662781298160553,
0.30531081557273865,
0.017970284447073936,
0.13756053149700165,
0.029986603185534477,
0.39472517371177673,
0.36982521414756775,
-0.3453991413116455,
0.57213294506073,
0.3200875222682953,... | 3 | Over the following decades most countries with any substantial military capability established their own independent air forces. The South African Air Force was formed on 1 February 1920 and the Royal Australian Air Force was formed shortly afterwards on 31 March 1921, although it was not until 1922 that the head of the Service was titled as Chief of the Air Staff, placing him on a par with his Australian Army and Navy counterparts. The Canadian Air Force was formed at the end of World War I, and was abolished and reorganized several times between 1918 and 1924. It became the permanent Royal Canadian Air Force when it received the "Royal" title by royal proclamation on 1 April 1924. It did not however become independent of the Canadian Army until 1938 when its head was also designated as Chief of the Air Staff. Similarly, the Royal New Zealand Air Force was established in 1923 as the New Zealand Permanent Air Force but did not become independent of the New Zealand Army until 1937. Other British-influenced countries also established their own independent air forces. For example, the Royal Egyptian Air Force was created in 1937 when Egyptian military aviation was separated from Army command. The Afghan Air Force was established on 22 August 1924, with support from the Soviet Union and Great Britain, but a civil war destroyed most of the planes and it wasn't reestablished until 1937, when King Mohammed Nadir Shah took power. | 325 | ENGLISH | 1 |
October 29, 1862 – The Skirmish at Island Mound was a skirmish of the American Civil War, occurring on October 29, 1862, in Bates County, Missouri. This Union victory was notable as the first known engagement of an African-American regiment during the Civil War. Even before the Emancipation Proclamation, Captain (soon to be Colonel) James M. Williams had been forming a regiment in Kansas of former slaves from Missouri and Arkansas. In August 1862, these men were mustered into Kansas service as the 1st Kansas Colored Volunteers. The United States was not ready to accept black troops, so they were not mustered into United States service until January 13, 1863. Despite the uncertainty of their future as a federal military force, Kansas ensured the men were armed with a mix of good Austrian and Prussian muskets with bayonets. Captain Richard G. Ward’s 170-man battalion and Captain Henry C. Seaman’s 70-man battalion were ordered by Maj. B.S. Henning to proceed to Bates County, Missouri. They were accompanied by members of the 5th Kansas Cavalry serving as scouts. The objective was to break up a guerrilla army near the Toothman homestead, about nine miles on the other side of the Kansas-Missouri border. John Toothman had been identified as a guerrilla and imprisoned at Fort Lincoln, a Civil War prison camp near Fulton, Kansas. As the Kansans approached on Monday, October 27, the scouts identified a large party ahead as local Confederate guerrillas under Bill Truman and Dick Hancock, as well as Missouri State Guard recruits under Colonel Jeremiah “Vard” Cockrell (all mounted.) The guerrillas and recruits had been using nearby Hog Island (also known as Osage Island) as a base of operations. Finding the enemy in greater force than anticipated, the Kansans fortified the Toothman homestead and used fence rails to create breastworks. The soldiers dubbed the works, “Fort Africa.” Tuesday passed with occasional skirmishing. The superior range of the Austrian muskets kept the guerrilla cavalry, with lesser arms, at bay. By Wednesday, October 29, the Kansans’ rations were running low. Runners had been sent back to Kansas requesting assistance. A foraging party was dispatched while skirmishers pushed forward to create a diversion. When the foragers returned, the men ate. While the Kansans ate, the guerrillas set a prairie fire south of the camp, driving in the skirmishers. Seaman responded by back burning to prevent the fire from reaching the camp. He sent out a scouting party, consisting of the Cherokee, John Six-Killer, and his slaves, who had enlisted with him. The party was to move beyond the edge of the fire, but remain in sight of the camp. Instead, they were drawn into skirmishing and advanced out of sight. A party under Lieutenant Joseph Gardner (soon accompanied by several other officers) was dispatched to their aid and to recall them. This group also soon became engaged out of sight. Captain Ward was dispatched to their aid and could soon see the others engaged far from camp in the river bottoms. He called for the rest of the command to be brought up. In response Seaman sent his force forward on the flanks in support. The mounted guerrillas appeared in force, moving to a point between Gardner and Ward. Gardner’s men attempted to make it back to camp. When they could not, they formed a line and fired a volley into the charging cavalry. A general melee ensued, in which most of the Kansans losses occurred. Southern cavalry who swept past Gardner found themselves hemmed in by volleys from the rest of the approaching Kansans. Gardner’s detachment moved toward the advancing line, and the guerrillas were forced to withdraw. Union casualties were 8 killed (1 white officer, 6 black 1 Cherokee) and 11 men wounded. Among the dead were John Six-Killer and Captain A.G. Crew. Guerrilla losses are unknown, although some Kansans claimed up to 40 killed. | <urn:uuid:62b6ae9f-27ad-41b1-bd17-3abd1ea4e95a> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://mwh52.wordpress.com/2013/10/29/october-29-this-day-during-the-american-civil-war-3/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251799918.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129133601-20200129163601-00232.warc.gz | en | 0.983552 | 850 | 3.296875 | 3 | [
-0.3895971179008484,
0.258271187543869,
0.4495058059692383,
-0.0711202621459961,
-0.25610095262527466,
-0.5261895656585693,
0.07644180953502655,
0.053921010345220566,
-0.5326660871505737,
0.01830882579088211,
0.05308876186609268,
-0.25751373171806335,
-0.1513579785823822,
0.641966938972473... | 2 | October 29, 1862 – The Skirmish at Island Mound was a skirmish of the American Civil War, occurring on October 29, 1862, in Bates County, Missouri. This Union victory was notable as the first known engagement of an African-American regiment during the Civil War. Even before the Emancipation Proclamation, Captain (soon to be Colonel) James M. Williams had been forming a regiment in Kansas of former slaves from Missouri and Arkansas. In August 1862, these men were mustered into Kansas service as the 1st Kansas Colored Volunteers. The United States was not ready to accept black troops, so they were not mustered into United States service until January 13, 1863. Despite the uncertainty of their future as a federal military force, Kansas ensured the men were armed with a mix of good Austrian and Prussian muskets with bayonets. Captain Richard G. Ward’s 170-man battalion and Captain Henry C. Seaman’s 70-man battalion were ordered by Maj. B.S. Henning to proceed to Bates County, Missouri. They were accompanied by members of the 5th Kansas Cavalry serving as scouts. The objective was to break up a guerrilla army near the Toothman homestead, about nine miles on the other side of the Kansas-Missouri border. John Toothman had been identified as a guerrilla and imprisoned at Fort Lincoln, a Civil War prison camp near Fulton, Kansas. As the Kansans approached on Monday, October 27, the scouts identified a large party ahead as local Confederate guerrillas under Bill Truman and Dick Hancock, as well as Missouri State Guard recruits under Colonel Jeremiah “Vard” Cockrell (all mounted.) The guerrillas and recruits had been using nearby Hog Island (also known as Osage Island) as a base of operations. Finding the enemy in greater force than anticipated, the Kansans fortified the Toothman homestead and used fence rails to create breastworks. The soldiers dubbed the works, “Fort Africa.” Tuesday passed with occasional skirmishing. The superior range of the Austrian muskets kept the guerrilla cavalry, with lesser arms, at bay. By Wednesday, October 29, the Kansans’ rations were running low. Runners had been sent back to Kansas requesting assistance. A foraging party was dispatched while skirmishers pushed forward to create a diversion. When the foragers returned, the men ate. While the Kansans ate, the guerrillas set a prairie fire south of the camp, driving in the skirmishers. Seaman responded by back burning to prevent the fire from reaching the camp. He sent out a scouting party, consisting of the Cherokee, John Six-Killer, and his slaves, who had enlisted with him. The party was to move beyond the edge of the fire, but remain in sight of the camp. Instead, they were drawn into skirmishing and advanced out of sight. A party under Lieutenant Joseph Gardner (soon accompanied by several other officers) was dispatched to their aid and to recall them. This group also soon became engaged out of sight. Captain Ward was dispatched to their aid and could soon see the others engaged far from camp in the river bottoms. He called for the rest of the command to be brought up. In response Seaman sent his force forward on the flanks in support. The mounted guerrillas appeared in force, moving to a point between Gardner and Ward. Gardner’s men attempted to make it back to camp. When they could not, they formed a line and fired a volley into the charging cavalry. A general melee ensued, in which most of the Kansans losses occurred. Southern cavalry who swept past Gardner found themselves hemmed in by volleys from the rest of the approaching Kansans. Gardner’s detachment moved toward the advancing line, and the guerrillas were forced to withdraw. Union casualties were 8 killed (1 white officer, 6 black 1 Cherokee) and 11 men wounded. Among the dead were John Six-Killer and Captain A.G. Crew. Guerrilla losses are unknown, although some Kansans claimed up to 40 killed. | 867 | ENGLISH | 1 |
An introduction to john brown and harpers ferry raid
Where was john brown born
To the south lay Virginia and the Shenandoah River. The impact of the Civil War on slave resistance was extensive even where armed conflict was not yet occurring. Yet a train passing through town carried the news, and by the next day forces began to arrive. His passion for eliminating slavery became the focus of his life. I could live for the slave, John Brown could die for the slave. The outbreak of Civil War and especially the invasion of the Confederacy by Union forces resulted in two distinct changes for abolitionists. Additionally, he was not guilty of murder since he had not killed anyone himself, and the failure of the raid clearly indicated he had not conspired with slaves. Brown released Pate to Colonel Edwin Sumner , but was furious to discover that the release of his sons was delayed until September. Brown and his family moved to the town of North Elba, New York, to establish a farm and to be part of a community of relocated slaves attempting to build a community there.
The men quarreled over many of the details. Chapman was the acting vice president; Delany, the corresponding secretary. They would then head south, drawing off more and more slaves from plantations, and fighting only in self-defense.
An introduction to john brown and harpers ferry raid
The letter was initially published in the London News and was widely reprinted. Enter John Brown, an ardent abolitionist and deeply moral man who had clashed with proslavery militants on several occasions before. As he went westward, Brown found more militant support in his home state of Ohio, particularly in the strongly anti-slavery Western Reserve section where he had been reared. The numerous anti-slavery supporters who had pledged their support for the raid never materialized so Brown did the best he could with his few loyal followers. Debate ensued over how Brown should be viewed, deepening the divide between North and South and having profound implications for the direction of the country. In speeches, he pointed to the martyrs Elijah Lovejoy and Charles Turner Torrey as whites "ready to help blacks challenge slave-catchers. To prevent suspicion from his neighbors, he and his small army of twenty-one men--five black and sixteen white--and two women had to stay inside during the day, going out after dark for drills and exercise. In Brown moved to Kansas, where five of his sons had relocated as well.
During a few years of fame before his fateful raid on the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Americans either regarded him as a noble hero or a dangerous fanatic. John Brown became a household name in a struggle that increasingly divided the country by the s:whether slavery would spread, or even survive, in the United States.
As Douglass and Brown's family testified, his strategy was essentially to deplete Virginia of its slaves, causing the institution to collapse in one county after another, until the movement spread into the South, wreaking havoc on the economic viability of the pro-slavery states.
Brown, who believed in using violent means to end slavery, became involved in the conflict; inhe and several of his men killed five pro-slavery settlers in a retaliatory attack at Pottawatomie Creek.
Brown supposedly told Silas that, aged 59, he was too old to live a life on the run from the federal authorities as a fugitive and that he was ready to die as a martyr. Kagi's draft plan called for a brigade of 4, men, but Brown had only 21 men 16 white and 5 black: three free blacks, one freed slave, and a fugitive slave.
Robert E. Introduction One person there was.
John brown nfl
His intention was to lead enslaved people away from slavery, arm them to fight defensively while they liberated still more people, fighting in small groups in the mountains, until the economy of slavery collapsed. To prevent suspicion from his neighbors, he and his small army of twenty-one men--five black and sixteen white--and two women had to stay inside during the day, going out after dark for drills and exercise. When his money ran out, he returned home to Ohio. Brown and his men took refuge in the engine works of the arsenal to wait for local slaves to revolt and join their cause. Geary , ordered the warring parties to disarm and disband, and offered clemency to former fighters on both sides. The raiders cut telegraph wires and quickly overcame the watchman at the armory, effectively seizing the building. The situation continued to get worse. Some say Brown was a divinely inspired martyr for the antislavery cause; others viewed him as a revolutionary terrorist--apparently, he was both. One of Brown's men was killed during the retreat and four were captured. The men walked quietly in the dark so as not to draw attention to themselves. They would steal as many arms as they could, then liberate and arm the slaves in the area. And it certainly increased the success of the Underground Railroad if a slave catcher knew that a trip into strongly abolitionist areas might end with a bullet in his chest. While a draft plan for the Harpers Ferry raid called for thousands of men, on the day of the raid Brown had only twenty-one, both white and black. Brown forced Pate to sign a treaty, exchanging the freedom of Pate and his men for the promised release of Brown's two captured sons.
based on 22 review | <urn:uuid:8ea2d210-2c13-4f74-ad9b-84bf013f71a0> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://cuvoqagely.anygivenchildtulsa.com/an-introduction-to-john-brown-and-harpers-ferry-raid116515912nz.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594391.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119093733-20200119121733-00551.warc.gz | en | 0.984568 | 1,121 | 3.5625 | 4 | [
-0.34299641847610474,
0.15018709003925323,
0.16281932592391968,
0.24533958733081818,
0.09978444874286652,
0.2071732133626938,
0.00452125258743763,
-0.2845228314399719,
-0.43028783798217773,
0.21220606565475464,
0.5838423371315002,
0.15193797647953033,
-0.3313333988189697,
0.238336265087127... | 2 | An introduction to john brown and harpers ferry raid
Where was john brown born
To the south lay Virginia and the Shenandoah River. The impact of the Civil War on slave resistance was extensive even where armed conflict was not yet occurring. Yet a train passing through town carried the news, and by the next day forces began to arrive. His passion for eliminating slavery became the focus of his life. I could live for the slave, John Brown could die for the slave. The outbreak of Civil War and especially the invasion of the Confederacy by Union forces resulted in two distinct changes for abolitionists. Additionally, he was not guilty of murder since he had not killed anyone himself, and the failure of the raid clearly indicated he had not conspired with slaves. Brown released Pate to Colonel Edwin Sumner , but was furious to discover that the release of his sons was delayed until September. Brown and his family moved to the town of North Elba, New York, to establish a farm and to be part of a community of relocated slaves attempting to build a community there.
The men quarreled over many of the details. Chapman was the acting vice president; Delany, the corresponding secretary. They would then head south, drawing off more and more slaves from plantations, and fighting only in self-defense.
An introduction to john brown and harpers ferry raid
The letter was initially published in the London News and was widely reprinted. Enter John Brown, an ardent abolitionist and deeply moral man who had clashed with proslavery militants on several occasions before. As he went westward, Brown found more militant support in his home state of Ohio, particularly in the strongly anti-slavery Western Reserve section where he had been reared. The numerous anti-slavery supporters who had pledged their support for the raid never materialized so Brown did the best he could with his few loyal followers. Debate ensued over how Brown should be viewed, deepening the divide between North and South and having profound implications for the direction of the country. In speeches, he pointed to the martyrs Elijah Lovejoy and Charles Turner Torrey as whites "ready to help blacks challenge slave-catchers. To prevent suspicion from his neighbors, he and his small army of twenty-one men--five black and sixteen white--and two women had to stay inside during the day, going out after dark for drills and exercise. In Brown moved to Kansas, where five of his sons had relocated as well.
During a few years of fame before his fateful raid on the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Americans either regarded him as a noble hero or a dangerous fanatic. John Brown became a household name in a struggle that increasingly divided the country by the s:whether slavery would spread, or even survive, in the United States.
As Douglass and Brown's family testified, his strategy was essentially to deplete Virginia of its slaves, causing the institution to collapse in one county after another, until the movement spread into the South, wreaking havoc on the economic viability of the pro-slavery states.
Brown, who believed in using violent means to end slavery, became involved in the conflict; inhe and several of his men killed five pro-slavery settlers in a retaliatory attack at Pottawatomie Creek.
Brown supposedly told Silas that, aged 59, he was too old to live a life on the run from the federal authorities as a fugitive and that he was ready to die as a martyr. Kagi's draft plan called for a brigade of 4, men, but Brown had only 21 men 16 white and 5 black: three free blacks, one freed slave, and a fugitive slave.
Robert E. Introduction One person there was.
John brown nfl
His intention was to lead enslaved people away from slavery, arm them to fight defensively while they liberated still more people, fighting in small groups in the mountains, until the economy of slavery collapsed. To prevent suspicion from his neighbors, he and his small army of twenty-one men--five black and sixteen white--and two women had to stay inside during the day, going out after dark for drills and exercise. When his money ran out, he returned home to Ohio. Brown and his men took refuge in the engine works of the arsenal to wait for local slaves to revolt and join their cause. Geary , ordered the warring parties to disarm and disband, and offered clemency to former fighters on both sides. The raiders cut telegraph wires and quickly overcame the watchman at the armory, effectively seizing the building. The situation continued to get worse. Some say Brown was a divinely inspired martyr for the antislavery cause; others viewed him as a revolutionary terrorist--apparently, he was both. One of Brown's men was killed during the retreat and four were captured. The men walked quietly in the dark so as not to draw attention to themselves. They would steal as many arms as they could, then liberate and arm the slaves in the area. And it certainly increased the success of the Underground Railroad if a slave catcher knew that a trip into strongly abolitionist areas might end with a bullet in his chest. While a draft plan for the Harpers Ferry raid called for thousands of men, on the day of the raid Brown had only twenty-one, both white and black. Brown forced Pate to sign a treaty, exchanging the freedom of Pate and his men for the promised release of Brown's two captured sons.
based on 22 review | 1,120 | ENGLISH | 1 |
World Donkey Day and Week was created to pay homage to a creature who has played and still plays a pivotal role in the rural economy and urban goods transport in many parts of the world.
While donkeys (Equus asinus) display many horse-like characteristics, they are more closely related to wild asses which originated in Africa and parts of Asia. Donkeys were brought to Australia from 1866 for use as pack and haulage animals. Until that point, Australians had been using the horse as their main mode of transportation. However, problems arose when the horses used in transportation began to become sickened by some of the native poisonous plants. When hardy donkeys proved invulnerable to the native plants, more were brought in. Escape was common because of the lack of fences, and there were reported herds of feral donkeys by the 1920s.
This tartan was commissioned by Australian donkey breeders to recognise all breeds of donkeys and to commemorate their assistance with man throughout history. This tartan was officially released on the 4th of October 2006, the Feast of St Francis, patron Saint of animals. For more about Australia's wild donkeys, click the picture above. | <urn:uuid:2cbb289c-577d-400a-b410-68f3fad7e5fe> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.curiousandunusualtartans.com/daysoftheyear/Australian-Donkey | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250604849.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121162615-20200121191615-00360.warc.gz | en | 0.985124 | 238 | 3.5 | 4 | [
0.20823034644126892,
-0.14172028005123138,
0.3876543343067169,
0.3567752540111542,
-0.10927203297615051,
0.031172646209597588,
0.053844861686229706,
0.2653864920139313,
-0.13578809797763824,
0.5202339291572571,
-0.11112438142299652,
-0.4489070475101471,
0.5645439624786377,
0.33518365025520... | 1 | World Donkey Day and Week was created to pay homage to a creature who has played and still plays a pivotal role in the rural economy and urban goods transport in many parts of the world.
While donkeys (Equus asinus) display many horse-like characteristics, they are more closely related to wild asses which originated in Africa and parts of Asia. Donkeys were brought to Australia from 1866 for use as pack and haulage animals. Until that point, Australians had been using the horse as their main mode of transportation. However, problems arose when the horses used in transportation began to become sickened by some of the native poisonous plants. When hardy donkeys proved invulnerable to the native plants, more were brought in. Escape was common because of the lack of fences, and there were reported herds of feral donkeys by the 1920s.
This tartan was commissioned by Australian donkey breeders to recognise all breeds of donkeys and to commemorate their assistance with man throughout history. This tartan was officially released on the 4th of October 2006, the Feast of St Francis, patron Saint of animals. For more about Australia's wild donkeys, click the picture above. | 251 | ENGLISH | 1 |
By Leif K And Luke C., 8th Grade
The goal of our project was to program a simple game that people would enjoy playing over and over again. We decided (when we were still in the planning stage) that the person would play as a shield that moves left and right to protect the core from projectiles. There would also be a barrier around the core itself that would have three layers, split into fourths. As projectiles hit the barriers, they destroy them. As more barriers are destroyed, the core becomes exposed, and a warning sign alerts you the core is exposed. If the core was hit, it was game over. The longer you lasted, the more projectiles came at you. Also, there would be power- ups along the way.
What we needed to complete this project was a game-programing software. This, we decided on, was Scratch. Scratch is a good way to make games for amature programmers and game developers. We also had the help from other programmers that use Scratch. If we were stuck, we would post a question about our program, and have others help us figure out the solution. Without their help, our finished game would probably not be as good or nicely made as what we have now.
There were a few steps we took to complete this project. What we first did was log in to Scratch, and create a new game. We then made all the sprites (pictures) for the various objects. Then, we started programming. We first made the shield move when you clicked the right or left arrow keys, or a and d keys. We then made the projectile go to the core, and disappear when it hit the shield. It took us a while to figure out how to make it randomly appear, and subtract points off core variable, but, with the help of others on Scratch, we figured it out and made it work (it took a few weeks). After that, we made a power-up move towards the projectile (that way, the shield would get it more randomly). We also had to make the shield change from one shield to two. The problem was, when this ‘power-up shield’ up, no points were added to the score. We did, in the end, figure out how to add to the score, and our project was complete. Even though it was not like what we had originally planned, it still turned out to be a great game. We are very happy with our final product, and hope you enjoy it as much as we do!
(P.S., see if you can do as well as Luke did! ( 950 points)) | <urn:uuid:593ebc03-3400-480e-8c1e-b33a14a05b69> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | http://www.mscomputerteacher.com/game-design.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250607407.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122191620-20200122220620-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.989665 | 542 | 3.5 | 4 | [
-0.634384274482727,
0.21370013058185577,
0.13655072450637817,
-0.5599097609519958,
-0.24454453587532043,
0.04895235598087311,
-0.13465112447738647,
0.14067569375038147,
-0.009305228479206562,
-0.01451894361525774,
0.00034741160925477743,
-0.5135838389396667,
0.1526290774345398,
0.182038277... | 3 | By Leif K And Luke C., 8th Grade
The goal of our project was to program a simple game that people would enjoy playing over and over again. We decided (when we were still in the planning stage) that the person would play as a shield that moves left and right to protect the core from projectiles. There would also be a barrier around the core itself that would have three layers, split into fourths. As projectiles hit the barriers, they destroy them. As more barriers are destroyed, the core becomes exposed, and a warning sign alerts you the core is exposed. If the core was hit, it was game over. The longer you lasted, the more projectiles came at you. Also, there would be power- ups along the way.
What we needed to complete this project was a game-programing software. This, we decided on, was Scratch. Scratch is a good way to make games for amature programmers and game developers. We also had the help from other programmers that use Scratch. If we were stuck, we would post a question about our program, and have others help us figure out the solution. Without their help, our finished game would probably not be as good or nicely made as what we have now.
There were a few steps we took to complete this project. What we first did was log in to Scratch, and create a new game. We then made all the sprites (pictures) for the various objects. Then, we started programming. We first made the shield move when you clicked the right or left arrow keys, or a and d keys. We then made the projectile go to the core, and disappear when it hit the shield. It took us a while to figure out how to make it randomly appear, and subtract points off core variable, but, with the help of others on Scratch, we figured it out and made it work (it took a few weeks). After that, we made a power-up move towards the projectile (that way, the shield would get it more randomly). We also had to make the shield change from one shield to two. The problem was, when this ‘power-up shield’ up, no points were added to the score. We did, in the end, figure out how to add to the score, and our project was complete. Even though it was not like what we had originally planned, it still turned out to be a great game. We are very happy with our final product, and hope you enjoy it as much as we do!
(P.S., see if you can do as well as Luke did! ( 950 points)) | 530 | ENGLISH | 1 |
St Stephen Biography, Life, Interesting Facts
Died On :
Birth Place :
The first martyr of the Christian school of beliefs, St. Stephen was originally a Hellenistic Jew. He spoke in Greek language and was one of the first Christian converts in his community. As per the information available in the New Testament book of the Acts of the Apostles, the Apostles had conferred upon Stephen the holy orders and made him one of the seven members of the diaconate, more popularly known as the deacon. Stephen was the eldest amongst the deacons. Hence, the Apostles regarded him as the ‘archdeacon’.
Stephen's well-wishers described him as a man full of faith and holiness. His reputation of being a Holy Spirit led the Apostles to appoint him as one of the members who would serve the Church at Jerusalem. The members of the early Church distributed food and other charitable aids to the poor people in the community. However, the Greek widows did not find satisfaction in the service provided to them. They felt that the members of the Church gave preferential treatment to the Jewish widows and were neglecting their needs. Due to the growing dissatisfaction amongst the Greek widows, the Apostles decided to appoint deacons for ensuring better service to the widows.
Stephen was an evangelist. He preached the teachings of Christ to the Greek-speaking Jews. With his profound teachings, Stephen successfully managed to convert many of them into followers of Christ by engaging them in religious discussions. This enraged some of the members of the local synagogues. They could not bear the Gospel of Christ and hence, they repeatedly tried to prove Stephen wrong. But all their efforts went in vain. Unable to challenge the holy preachings of Stephen, they began lying to the people about him and tried to malign his image. Ultimately, they accused Stephen of trying to destroy their traditions and dragged him to the court of Sanhedrin. Sanhedrin was the highest legal court comprising of all elders of the Jewish community.
THE SAINT’S TRIAL AT SANHEDRIN
St Stephen did not lose his composure even after being summoned to the highest court of Sanhedrin. At the court, he delivered a long speech in his defense. The crux of his speech comprised of two crucial points. One established his severe criticism on the idea of the temple. People regarded a temple as the dwelling of God. Stephen, however, believed that the temple was an idolatry concept and that God did not dwell in a single place. The second important part of his speech talked about Israel’s past. It reiterated how Israel had earlier been hostile towards God’s grace. He even accused the religious authorities of not having faith in the Messiah. Stephen’s rebukes infuriated the members of the Sanhedrin council. They unleashed their fury on the offending mortal and dragged him away outside the city of Jerusalem.
STONING OF THE SAINT
Tradition says that Stephen’s stoning happened near the Damascus Gate. The Jews stoned Stephen to death while he vehemently prayed to Jesus to forgive his killers for their sins. They mercilessly left his body so that the dogs could eat it up. However, Apostle Paul and Apostle Barnabas’s teacher Gamaliel came on the second night and took Stephen’s body to his own place called Capharganda. The stoning of Stephen was the first Christian martyrdom. It is notable also because it was overseen by his own kinsman Saul who is believed to have consented to his death.
As per history, long after the people had forgotten about St. Stephen and his stoning, Father Lucian, the then priest at Capharganda received a message from Gamaliel. Gamaliel had informed him about the burial place of St. Stephen and had asked him to disentomb the graves of the saints. Fr. Lucian dug out the relics of St. Stephen and gave him an honorable burial. Some of his relics acted as healers for the sick. Three of his relics were kept at a church located on top of a cave on the hill. The rest of the relics were converted to Zion and eventually were transcribed into Constantinople.
The Latin Church pays homage to St. Stephen by observing 26th December as St. Stephen's Day. On the other hand, in Eastern Christianity, St. Stephen's Day or the Feast of St. Stephen's is celebrated on 27th December. | <urn:uuid:e25eb20a-3043-42f0-9c14-ebf7add2a996> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.sunsigns.org/famousbirthdays/profile/st-stephen/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251694176.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127020458-20200127050458-00292.warc.gz | en | 0.987094 | 921 | 3.359375 | 3 | [
-0.1793718934059143,
0.6171417832374573,
0.09036895632743835,
-0.3825392723083496,
-0.16671118140220642,
0.05402575433254242,
0.4037056267261505,
0.308585524559021,
0.08877451717853546,
0.23302188515663147,
-0.35357773303985596,
-0.023882165551185608,
0.03471822291612625,
0.651913642883300... | 9 | St Stephen Biography, Life, Interesting Facts
Died On :
Birth Place :
The first martyr of the Christian school of beliefs, St. Stephen was originally a Hellenistic Jew. He spoke in Greek language and was one of the first Christian converts in his community. As per the information available in the New Testament book of the Acts of the Apostles, the Apostles had conferred upon Stephen the holy orders and made him one of the seven members of the diaconate, more popularly known as the deacon. Stephen was the eldest amongst the deacons. Hence, the Apostles regarded him as the ‘archdeacon’.
Stephen's well-wishers described him as a man full of faith and holiness. His reputation of being a Holy Spirit led the Apostles to appoint him as one of the members who would serve the Church at Jerusalem. The members of the early Church distributed food and other charitable aids to the poor people in the community. However, the Greek widows did not find satisfaction in the service provided to them. They felt that the members of the Church gave preferential treatment to the Jewish widows and were neglecting their needs. Due to the growing dissatisfaction amongst the Greek widows, the Apostles decided to appoint deacons for ensuring better service to the widows.
Stephen was an evangelist. He preached the teachings of Christ to the Greek-speaking Jews. With his profound teachings, Stephen successfully managed to convert many of them into followers of Christ by engaging them in religious discussions. This enraged some of the members of the local synagogues. They could not bear the Gospel of Christ and hence, they repeatedly tried to prove Stephen wrong. But all their efforts went in vain. Unable to challenge the holy preachings of Stephen, they began lying to the people about him and tried to malign his image. Ultimately, they accused Stephen of trying to destroy their traditions and dragged him to the court of Sanhedrin. Sanhedrin was the highest legal court comprising of all elders of the Jewish community.
THE SAINT’S TRIAL AT SANHEDRIN
St Stephen did not lose his composure even after being summoned to the highest court of Sanhedrin. At the court, he delivered a long speech in his defense. The crux of his speech comprised of two crucial points. One established his severe criticism on the idea of the temple. People regarded a temple as the dwelling of God. Stephen, however, believed that the temple was an idolatry concept and that God did not dwell in a single place. The second important part of his speech talked about Israel’s past. It reiterated how Israel had earlier been hostile towards God’s grace. He even accused the religious authorities of not having faith in the Messiah. Stephen’s rebukes infuriated the members of the Sanhedrin council. They unleashed their fury on the offending mortal and dragged him away outside the city of Jerusalem.
STONING OF THE SAINT
Tradition says that Stephen’s stoning happened near the Damascus Gate. The Jews stoned Stephen to death while he vehemently prayed to Jesus to forgive his killers for their sins. They mercilessly left his body so that the dogs could eat it up. However, Apostle Paul and Apostle Barnabas’s teacher Gamaliel came on the second night and took Stephen’s body to his own place called Capharganda. The stoning of Stephen was the first Christian martyrdom. It is notable also because it was overseen by his own kinsman Saul who is believed to have consented to his death.
As per history, long after the people had forgotten about St. Stephen and his stoning, Father Lucian, the then priest at Capharganda received a message from Gamaliel. Gamaliel had informed him about the burial place of St. Stephen and had asked him to disentomb the graves of the saints. Fr. Lucian dug out the relics of St. Stephen and gave him an honorable burial. Some of his relics acted as healers for the sick. Three of his relics were kept at a church located on top of a cave on the hill. The rest of the relics were converted to Zion and eventually were transcribed into Constantinople.
The Latin Church pays homage to St. Stephen by observing 26th December as St. Stephen's Day. On the other hand, in Eastern Christianity, St. Stephen's Day or the Feast of St. Stephen's is celebrated on 27th December. | 909 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Two military graves lying only feet apart in a Belgian cemetery commemorate the lives of two iconic literary figures: the greatest Welsh and the greatest Irish poets of the Great War.
They died on the same day (102 years ago today) in the same battle, but the paths that led them into British Army uniform could not have been more different.
Elis Humphrey Evans – “Hedd Wyn” – was born into a farming family in Trawsfynydd. The war had torn open a split in Welsh non-conformism, causing a major clash between those who opposed and those who supported the conflict.
His poetry, which was inspired by the Romantic work of Shelley, quickly began to tackle the subject of the war. He wrote his war poetry before he enlisted.
Hedd Wyn was a Christian pacifist, but he joined the British Army so that his younger brother would not have to fight.
Francis Ledwidge is known in Ireland as the “poet of the blackbirds”. Born into a poverty-stricken family, he became a political activist and union leader while still a teenager. His poetry earned him the patronage of Lord Dunsany, who introduced him to WB Yeats.
A keen patriot and nationalist, he joined the Irish Volunteers, a pro-Home Rule force. On the outbreak of war the Irish Volunteers became split between those who supported the British cause and those who did not.
Ledwidge initially opposed the war but changed his mind, believing that if Britain won the war Ireland would get its Home Rule. He said he could not stand by while others fought for Irish freedom.
The stories of these two men’s “paths to glory” and violent death are set against the backdrop of the history of the Edwardian and First World War Wales and Ireland: the 1904-05 religious revival, the power of the Chapel to oppose and support war, Irish Catholicism and Nationalism, the Easter Rising and the promotion of the war as a Christian fight against paganism.
In Wales, whilst poet T Gwynn Jones and Socialist preacher TE Nicholas were campaigning against the war, the chapels with the help of ministers like John Williams, Brynsiecyn, ensured the youth of Wales enlisted in their thousands.
In Ireland, Nationalism developed into a failed revolution. But Ledwidge now considered himself a soldier and wondered in his poetry if he would have a soldier’s death.
On July 31, 1917, on the opening day of the Third Battle of Ypres, a shell landed in the trench where Ledwidge was drinking tea. His chaplain recorded: “Ledwidge killed, blown to bits”.
Nearby, as Hedd Wyn – who had only recently arrived at the front – advanced with his comrades on Pilckem Ridge, the Welshman was struck down. He died soon after at a first-aid post.
The Birkenhead National Eisteddfod of 1917 became known as “Eisteddfod y Gadair Ddu” (Eisteddfod of the Black Chair) in recognition of Hedd Wyn’s being posthumously awarded the Chair for his long poem, Yr Arwr. He is regarded as the iconic Welsh poet of the First World War.
In Ireland, the thousands who had died for the British Army – people like Francis Ledwidge – were forgotten. It was said by leaders of the new Republic of Ireland that although their sacrifice was great but they “did not die for this State”.
*First published at https://jonkilkade.com/
Finally getting a chance to round up some of the reviews and responses to Defying Hitler.
USA Today made it one of their Five Books Not To Miss, noting that Publishers Weekly says the book is “an informative counterpoint to accounts of widespread German complicity with the Holocaust.”
And the New York Post marked it as one of their Books of the Week. “A fascinating look at the everyday Germans who resisted Hitler’s rule in ways big and small (all dangerous), from helping to forge passports that helped Jews escape to those who passed secrets to Allied spies.”
Newsday described it as an “important book” and Forward magazine says it is a “powerful book” which features the “adept interweaving of diverse and complicated narrative threads” to make “a gripping read”. | <urn:uuid:850e30a0-0365-49e6-b6bd-c92deb06c6db> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://greglewisinfo.com/tag/war/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250590107.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20200117180950-20200117204950-00031.warc.gz | en | 0.98057 | 927 | 3.375 | 3 | [
-0.2062082290649414,
0.24523937702178955,
0.2449512481689453,
0.24079352617263794,
0.05249989777803421,
-0.024587951600551605,
0.01062946580350399,
0.01253955066204071,
-0.37409135699272156,
-0.47685670852661133,
-0.3781338334083557,
-0.1073751151561737,
0.10535742342472076,
0.480560213327... | 5 | Two military graves lying only feet apart in a Belgian cemetery commemorate the lives of two iconic literary figures: the greatest Welsh and the greatest Irish poets of the Great War.
They died on the same day (102 years ago today) in the same battle, but the paths that led them into British Army uniform could not have been more different.
Elis Humphrey Evans – “Hedd Wyn” – was born into a farming family in Trawsfynydd. The war had torn open a split in Welsh non-conformism, causing a major clash between those who opposed and those who supported the conflict.
His poetry, which was inspired by the Romantic work of Shelley, quickly began to tackle the subject of the war. He wrote his war poetry before he enlisted.
Hedd Wyn was a Christian pacifist, but he joined the British Army so that his younger brother would not have to fight.
Francis Ledwidge is known in Ireland as the “poet of the blackbirds”. Born into a poverty-stricken family, he became a political activist and union leader while still a teenager. His poetry earned him the patronage of Lord Dunsany, who introduced him to WB Yeats.
A keen patriot and nationalist, he joined the Irish Volunteers, a pro-Home Rule force. On the outbreak of war the Irish Volunteers became split between those who supported the British cause and those who did not.
Ledwidge initially opposed the war but changed his mind, believing that if Britain won the war Ireland would get its Home Rule. He said he could not stand by while others fought for Irish freedom.
The stories of these two men’s “paths to glory” and violent death are set against the backdrop of the history of the Edwardian and First World War Wales and Ireland: the 1904-05 religious revival, the power of the Chapel to oppose and support war, Irish Catholicism and Nationalism, the Easter Rising and the promotion of the war as a Christian fight against paganism.
In Wales, whilst poet T Gwynn Jones and Socialist preacher TE Nicholas were campaigning against the war, the chapels with the help of ministers like John Williams, Brynsiecyn, ensured the youth of Wales enlisted in their thousands.
In Ireland, Nationalism developed into a failed revolution. But Ledwidge now considered himself a soldier and wondered in his poetry if he would have a soldier’s death.
On July 31, 1917, on the opening day of the Third Battle of Ypres, a shell landed in the trench where Ledwidge was drinking tea. His chaplain recorded: “Ledwidge killed, blown to bits”.
Nearby, as Hedd Wyn – who had only recently arrived at the front – advanced with his comrades on Pilckem Ridge, the Welshman was struck down. He died soon after at a first-aid post.
The Birkenhead National Eisteddfod of 1917 became known as “Eisteddfod y Gadair Ddu” (Eisteddfod of the Black Chair) in recognition of Hedd Wyn’s being posthumously awarded the Chair for his long poem, Yr Arwr. He is regarded as the iconic Welsh poet of the First World War.
In Ireland, the thousands who had died for the British Army – people like Francis Ledwidge – were forgotten. It was said by leaders of the new Republic of Ireland that although their sacrifice was great but they “did not die for this State”.
*First published at https://jonkilkade.com/
Finally getting a chance to round up some of the reviews and responses to Defying Hitler.
USA Today made it one of their Five Books Not To Miss, noting that Publishers Weekly says the book is “an informative counterpoint to accounts of widespread German complicity with the Holocaust.”
And the New York Post marked it as one of their Books of the Week. “A fascinating look at the everyday Germans who resisted Hitler’s rule in ways big and small (all dangerous), from helping to forge passports that helped Jews escape to those who passed secrets to Allied spies.”
Newsday described it as an “important book” and Forward magazine says it is a “powerful book” which features the “adept interweaving of diverse and complicated narrative threads” to make “a gripping read”. | 884 | ENGLISH | 1 |
* Parents' active involvement with their child's education at home and in school brings great rewards and can have a significant impact on their children's lives. According to research studies, the children of involved parents are absent less frequently, behave better, do better academically from pre-school through high school, go farther in school, and go to better schools. * American parents tend to be very engaged in their child’s schooling when they have access to school officials’ information about their child’s curriculum, and when they feel invited to engage in their child’s school and capable of doing so. Access, curriculum information, and comfort in school relations are the three most important dimensions involved in parent involvement. * Various demographic factors predict parental involvement. Parents are more involved if there are girls as compared to boys and fathers are generally less involved than mothers. Mothers in single parent households are slightly more involved in their children’s education than fathers.
MEXICO (The country’s family role in their education and challenges they face in bringing their children into a different culture.) * Parental involvement in the schooling activities of nonimmigrant families is also gendered, with mothers usually undertaking the bulk of tending to their children's educational needs and the day-to-day school activities and administrative requirements such as enrollment, parent-teacher conferences, afterschool activities, and homework. * Most Mexican children are major players in their households when it comes to assisting their parents in three broad areas. These three primary tasks summarize the roles that children undertake in assisting their household settlement. * The first is as tutors--children served as translators, interpreters, and teachers for their parents and younger siblings. * A second important activity that children undertake in assisting their immigrant households to settle is as advocates, a role in which children intervene, mediate, or advocate on behalf of their parents or their households during difficult financial, legal, or other complicated transactions or situations. * Third and last, children actively participate in their household settlement as surrogate parents where they undertake nanny or parent like activities in the caring of younger household members and in other household tasks. * Today, when an immigrant family arrives in the United States it is important because it allows them to explore whether there might be differences in the degree to which children assist their households to settle, based on the availability of local or regional institutional resources. (To assist with their settlement, immigrants are able to use both community-based and familial/kin resources at much higher rates today than, during the immediate post-World War II immigrant era in which immigration was not nearly as high as in the post-1965 era) * Families who immigrated to the United States prior to 1965 actually relied on their children to a larger degree because of the fewer immigrant resources available to newcomer households in places such as Los Angeles, during that era. Immigration is not an easy process even now, but the context of a receiving community is much different and perhaps allows for less reliance on children to perform complex tasks and interventions as parents and households maneuver through settlement than in the past. * First, young girls seemed to participate at higher rates than boys in those tasks that required detailed explanations or translations. Second, boys, even though they assisted their households in numerous activities related to settlement, did not have the same responsibility roles or influence as did the girls. Third, the eldest child, regardless of gender, often took the lead role in assisting younger siblings with what is usually done in the household by the mother, such as feeding and caring for younger siblings, getting the brothers and sisters dressed for school, transporting them to and from school, and baby-sitting. * There is the misperception that schooling has a lower priority for immigrant families but, rather, the children themselves are more apt to deal with irregularities or regular activities related to schools than are their working parents. Children walk with their older siblings to school, act as interpreters between teachers and their parents, and often take a larger role among their siblings in school success or failure. Parents are not, however, completely uninvolved in their children's school activities. * Immigrant families are often poor or have two adults working to make ends meet, or they merely do not understand the particularities and varied processes of schooling in the United States. As a result, their children, especially older siblings, are utilized to take over the adult responsibilities of school-related activities.
From the United States to Mexico
* The U.S. Embassy in Mexico City estimates that there are more than 1,000,000 Americans living in Mexico. Some are working, of course, for U.S., Mexican, or other foreign corporations. You’ll find them in cities like Mexico City, Queretaro, and Monterrey. * In all, 1.4 million Mexicans — including about 300,000 children born in the United States — moved to Mexico between 2005 and 2010, according to Mexican census figures. These are deportees who were sent back to the U.S. and now their children have to adapt to Mexican schools. The result is an entire generation of children who blur the line between Mexican and American. * Unlike Mexicans, American adults tend not to depend upon their children to assimilate into society. American adults are more likely to attend classes to learn the language and navigate the culture for themselves. * For many students coming from schools in the U. S., life is so different. There, most schools had a playground; but in Mexico it is often just a concrete slab. In the U.S. computers were common; but in Mexico there are none. * The educational disparities between Mexico and the United States are not always so stark. At the elementary level, some of Mexico’s schools are on par with, or even stronger than, the overcrowded, underfinanced American schools that serve many immigrant children, education experts say. * But Mexican schools lag when it comes to secondary education. In many areas of Mexico, especially places where the tradition of migration is not as well established, Mexico’s educational bureaucracy can make life difficult for new arrivals. It is not uncommon for American students to be barred from enrollment for a year or more because they lack proper documents. * Low high school graduation rates in the northern industrial states of Baja California and Chihuahua hinder development of a highly educated work force. * Many American as well as Mexican students illegally cross the border into San Francisco to attend an American high school. | <urn:uuid:20491939-0c9f-4186-af72-d3530ba4ab3d> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.studymode.com/essays/families-role-in-education-mexico-1478380.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251690379.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126195918-20200126225918-00059.warc.gz | en | 0.980547 | 1,313 | 3.65625 | 4 | [
0.5728410482406616,
0.11756078898906708,
0.32626086473464966,
-0.7145717144012451,
-0.05541028082370758,
0.14799439907073975,
-0.00579869095236063,
0.22526705265045166,
-0.11486754566431046,
-0.33932024240493774,
-0.026252292096614838,
0.0020386981777846813,
0.4207099676132202,
-0.07531245... | 1 | * Parents' active involvement with their child's education at home and in school brings great rewards and can have a significant impact on their children's lives. According to research studies, the children of involved parents are absent less frequently, behave better, do better academically from pre-school through high school, go farther in school, and go to better schools. * American parents tend to be very engaged in their child’s schooling when they have access to school officials’ information about their child’s curriculum, and when they feel invited to engage in their child’s school and capable of doing so. Access, curriculum information, and comfort in school relations are the three most important dimensions involved in parent involvement. * Various demographic factors predict parental involvement. Parents are more involved if there are girls as compared to boys and fathers are generally less involved than mothers. Mothers in single parent households are slightly more involved in their children’s education than fathers.
MEXICO (The country’s family role in their education and challenges they face in bringing their children into a different culture.) * Parental involvement in the schooling activities of nonimmigrant families is also gendered, with mothers usually undertaking the bulk of tending to their children's educational needs and the day-to-day school activities and administrative requirements such as enrollment, parent-teacher conferences, afterschool activities, and homework. * Most Mexican children are major players in their households when it comes to assisting their parents in three broad areas. These three primary tasks summarize the roles that children undertake in assisting their household settlement. * The first is as tutors--children served as translators, interpreters, and teachers for their parents and younger siblings. * A second important activity that children undertake in assisting their immigrant households to settle is as advocates, a role in which children intervene, mediate, or advocate on behalf of their parents or their households during difficult financial, legal, or other complicated transactions or situations. * Third and last, children actively participate in their household settlement as surrogate parents where they undertake nanny or parent like activities in the caring of younger household members and in other household tasks. * Today, when an immigrant family arrives in the United States it is important because it allows them to explore whether there might be differences in the degree to which children assist their households to settle, based on the availability of local or regional institutional resources. (To assist with their settlement, immigrants are able to use both community-based and familial/kin resources at much higher rates today than, during the immediate post-World War II immigrant era in which immigration was not nearly as high as in the post-1965 era) * Families who immigrated to the United States prior to 1965 actually relied on their children to a larger degree because of the fewer immigrant resources available to newcomer households in places such as Los Angeles, during that era. Immigration is not an easy process even now, but the context of a receiving community is much different and perhaps allows for less reliance on children to perform complex tasks and interventions as parents and households maneuver through settlement than in the past. * First, young girls seemed to participate at higher rates than boys in those tasks that required detailed explanations or translations. Second, boys, even though they assisted their households in numerous activities related to settlement, did not have the same responsibility roles or influence as did the girls. Third, the eldest child, regardless of gender, often took the lead role in assisting younger siblings with what is usually done in the household by the mother, such as feeding and caring for younger siblings, getting the brothers and sisters dressed for school, transporting them to and from school, and baby-sitting. * There is the misperception that schooling has a lower priority for immigrant families but, rather, the children themselves are more apt to deal with irregularities or regular activities related to schools than are their working parents. Children walk with their older siblings to school, act as interpreters between teachers and their parents, and often take a larger role among their siblings in school success or failure. Parents are not, however, completely uninvolved in their children's school activities. * Immigrant families are often poor or have two adults working to make ends meet, or they merely do not understand the particularities and varied processes of schooling in the United States. As a result, their children, especially older siblings, are utilized to take over the adult responsibilities of school-related activities.
From the United States to Mexico
* The U.S. Embassy in Mexico City estimates that there are more than 1,000,000 Americans living in Mexico. Some are working, of course, for U.S., Mexican, or other foreign corporations. You’ll find them in cities like Mexico City, Queretaro, and Monterrey. * In all, 1.4 million Mexicans — including about 300,000 children born in the United States — moved to Mexico between 2005 and 2010, according to Mexican census figures. These are deportees who were sent back to the U.S. and now their children have to adapt to Mexican schools. The result is an entire generation of children who blur the line between Mexican and American. * Unlike Mexicans, American adults tend not to depend upon their children to assimilate into society. American adults are more likely to attend classes to learn the language and navigate the culture for themselves. * For many students coming from schools in the U. S., life is so different. There, most schools had a playground; but in Mexico it is often just a concrete slab. In the U.S. computers were common; but in Mexico there are none. * The educational disparities between Mexico and the United States are not always so stark. At the elementary level, some of Mexico’s schools are on par with, or even stronger than, the overcrowded, underfinanced American schools that serve many immigrant children, education experts say. * But Mexican schools lag when it comes to secondary education. In many areas of Mexico, especially places where the tradition of migration is not as well established, Mexico’s educational bureaucracy can make life difficult for new arrivals. It is not uncommon for American students to be barred from enrollment for a year or more because they lack proper documents. * Low high school graduation rates in the northern industrial states of Baja California and Chihuahua hinder development of a highly educated work force. * Many American as well as Mexican students illegally cross the border into San Francisco to attend an American high school. | 1,312 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Charlotte Perkins Gilman's "The Yellow Wallpaper" is a sad story about the cruelty that women faced in the late 1800's. The narrator is a married woman who wants to do something important with her life. However, she is limited by the restrictions of a male-dominated society. She is ignored and treated unkindly by her husband, leading to aggravation that is diagnosed as an "illness." She escapes her own reality as a way to escape this undesirable situation, and also as a means of revenge against her husband and all others who would not allow her to pursue her dreams. The story consists of several major symbolic elements, including the marriage bed nailed to the floor, the yellow wallpaper, as well as the women who hide behind the wallpaper. Each of these symbols support the major theme of this story; that is, women will do what they feel they must in order to free themselves from the limitations of society, even if it means going mad to achieve their personal goals.
The "heavy bedstead" in the story represents an immovable obstacle for generations of married women. It is nailed to the floor, with no way to get around it. It cannot go unnoticed, and it cannot be changed. In that time, the bed was a place where the man of the house was in charge, and any woman who would not obey the sexual "rights" of her husband was seen as ultimately wrong. In this story, the bed nailed to the floor is a symbol of everything holding the narrator back from achieving her dreams. No matter what she does or how she does it, she cannot move the bed, not even a tiny bit. She must gain control and realize her rights, while society tries to tell her that she has no rights when it comes to this aspect, or any other aspect, of her marriage. The narrator makes realizations about the injustices she is living, and each of these act as the back of a hammer, trying desperately to pry the nails from the floor. However, she must have a very strong will, because no matter how hard she tries, the nails will not budge, and the bed will stay in its place, because the real thing that must be changed are the ideals of this male-dominated society. | <urn:uuid:f5776b55-700d-44c2-977e-b1995997f4ff> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.exampleessays.com/viewpaper/7106.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250592636.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118135205-20200118163205-00270.warc.gz | en | 0.987167 | 458 | 3.421875 | 3 | [
0.04776306822896004,
0.4449063539505005,
0.13817760348320007,
0.6092722415924072,
-0.18160535395145416,
0.4585915207862854,
0.17557567358016968,
0.1383468508720398,
0.1715267151594162,
0.03913922235369682,
0.05391031131148338,
0.22345717251300812,
0.18589068949222565,
0.27213427424430847,
... | 2 | Charlotte Perkins Gilman's "The Yellow Wallpaper" is a sad story about the cruelty that women faced in the late 1800's. The narrator is a married woman who wants to do something important with her life. However, she is limited by the restrictions of a male-dominated society. She is ignored and treated unkindly by her husband, leading to aggravation that is diagnosed as an "illness." She escapes her own reality as a way to escape this undesirable situation, and also as a means of revenge against her husband and all others who would not allow her to pursue her dreams. The story consists of several major symbolic elements, including the marriage bed nailed to the floor, the yellow wallpaper, as well as the women who hide behind the wallpaper. Each of these symbols support the major theme of this story; that is, women will do what they feel they must in order to free themselves from the limitations of society, even if it means going mad to achieve their personal goals.
The "heavy bedstead" in the story represents an immovable obstacle for generations of married women. It is nailed to the floor, with no way to get around it. It cannot go unnoticed, and it cannot be changed. In that time, the bed was a place where the man of the house was in charge, and any woman who would not obey the sexual "rights" of her husband was seen as ultimately wrong. In this story, the bed nailed to the floor is a symbol of everything holding the narrator back from achieving her dreams. No matter what she does or how she does it, she cannot move the bed, not even a tiny bit. She must gain control and realize her rights, while society tries to tell her that she has no rights when it comes to this aspect, or any other aspect, of her marriage. The narrator makes realizations about the injustices she is living, and each of these act as the back of a hammer, trying desperately to pry the nails from the floor. However, she must have a very strong will, because no matter how hard she tries, the nails will not budge, and the bed will stay in its place, because the real thing that must be changed are the ideals of this male-dominated society. | 456 | ENGLISH | 1 |
The Battle of Red Cliffs (or Battle of Chibi) was fought during the Han Dynasty. The Han Dynasty had ruled China for four centuries.
They united China but they could not keep their power forever. The Battle of Red Cliffs was fought to try to reunite China.
It was fought between Cao’s army and an alliance of warlords from the southern states.
The Han Dynasty in trouble
The grip on Han power was weakening in the 2nd century AD. There were lots of corrupt monarchs who were not doing a good job of keeping people fed, safe and happy.
They were not looking after their people after floods and famine. People did not have enough to eat.
In 184 AD, a disaster struck the Han rulers. A group called the Yellow Turbans launched a rebellion against the Han monarchs.
These rebels were put down and did not take over the rule of the country.
However, the ruling monarchs lost a lot of their control over China. The Han Dynasty was now weakened.
A fight for control
A lot of the military commanders who had fought in the war took advantage of the Han’s weakness. They created little mini kingdoms for themselves all over the country called fiefdoms.
When Emperor Ling died in 189 AD, lots of different groups were trying to gain control. In 196 AD, a court official called Cao Cao had the Emperor under his control.
Trying to unify the country under one ruler was an enormous task. After everything that happened, China was on the brink of a civil war.
A civil war is when different groups within the same country fight for control.
Cao Cao, Sun Quan, Lui Bei and Zhou Yu
Cao did very well in putting down the rebellious warlords. He managed to reunite much of northern China.
However, he still needed to reunite the south. In the south, southern warlords, Sun Quan and Liu Bei, had created an alliance.
Sun Quan and Liu Bei were led by Cheng Pu and Zhou Yu.
In 208 AD, Cao decided to cross the Yangtze River to try to reunite all of the Eastern Han Dynasty. Cao’s army had 200,000 men.
He was the clear favourite to win. Cao now had to cross the Yangtze River.
A clever trick
The southern warlords and their army were waiting on Red Cliffs and Cao’s ships were on the River Yangtze.
The southern warlords sent a note to say they had surrendered. Cao’s men thought they saw 10 warships sail away.
Suddenly, the ten ships set fire. It had all been a trick. There was no one on the ships, only oil and straw.
These blazing ships were heading towards Cao’s ships and there was nothing they could do.
Their ships were all tied together so they could not move. Cao’s ships caught fire and chaos followed.
Sun Quan and Lui Bei exploited this chaos and ordered a full-scale attack. Cao had no choice and had to retreat. Some people even changed sides and went to fight for the south.
The Three Kingdoms
Cao’s plan to reunite the south with the north had failed. Cao Cao was in control of the North. His kingdom was called the Kingdom of Wei.
Lui Bei created the Kingdom of Shu and Sun Quan started the Kingdom of Wu. These were three separate kingdoms, rather than a united China.
This battle marked the end of the Han Dynasty and China moved towards the period of the Three Kingdoms.
This was when the three warlords strengthened their rule. | <urn:uuid:c62205a2-ca0a-4b68-a059-f179902c360e> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.savvyleo.com/world-history/ancient-china/battle-of-red-cliffs/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250607407.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122191620-20200122220620-00210.warc.gz | en | 0.98893 | 756 | 3.703125 | 4 | [
-0.7628802061080933,
0.2961548864841461,
-0.05772031843662262,
0.1372297704219818,
-0.27435094118118286,
0.18328458070755005,
0.28448486328125,
0.09230414032936096,
-0.08929723501205444,
-0.33974355459213257,
0.3510214388370514,
-0.6031253337860107,
0.18920879065990448,
0.4293394088745117,... | 15 | The Battle of Red Cliffs (or Battle of Chibi) was fought during the Han Dynasty. The Han Dynasty had ruled China for four centuries.
They united China but they could not keep their power forever. The Battle of Red Cliffs was fought to try to reunite China.
It was fought between Cao’s army and an alliance of warlords from the southern states.
The Han Dynasty in trouble
The grip on Han power was weakening in the 2nd century AD. There were lots of corrupt monarchs who were not doing a good job of keeping people fed, safe and happy.
They were not looking after their people after floods and famine. People did not have enough to eat.
In 184 AD, a disaster struck the Han rulers. A group called the Yellow Turbans launched a rebellion against the Han monarchs.
These rebels were put down and did not take over the rule of the country.
However, the ruling monarchs lost a lot of their control over China. The Han Dynasty was now weakened.
A fight for control
A lot of the military commanders who had fought in the war took advantage of the Han’s weakness. They created little mini kingdoms for themselves all over the country called fiefdoms.
When Emperor Ling died in 189 AD, lots of different groups were trying to gain control. In 196 AD, a court official called Cao Cao had the Emperor under his control.
Trying to unify the country under one ruler was an enormous task. After everything that happened, China was on the brink of a civil war.
A civil war is when different groups within the same country fight for control.
Cao Cao, Sun Quan, Lui Bei and Zhou Yu
Cao did very well in putting down the rebellious warlords. He managed to reunite much of northern China.
However, he still needed to reunite the south. In the south, southern warlords, Sun Quan and Liu Bei, had created an alliance.
Sun Quan and Liu Bei were led by Cheng Pu and Zhou Yu.
In 208 AD, Cao decided to cross the Yangtze River to try to reunite all of the Eastern Han Dynasty. Cao’s army had 200,000 men.
He was the clear favourite to win. Cao now had to cross the Yangtze River.
A clever trick
The southern warlords and their army were waiting on Red Cliffs and Cao’s ships were on the River Yangtze.
The southern warlords sent a note to say they had surrendered. Cao’s men thought they saw 10 warships sail away.
Suddenly, the ten ships set fire. It had all been a trick. There was no one on the ships, only oil and straw.
These blazing ships were heading towards Cao’s ships and there was nothing they could do.
Their ships were all tied together so they could not move. Cao’s ships caught fire and chaos followed.
Sun Quan and Lui Bei exploited this chaos and ordered a full-scale attack. Cao had no choice and had to retreat. Some people even changed sides and went to fight for the south.
The Three Kingdoms
Cao’s plan to reunite the south with the north had failed. Cao Cao was in control of the North. His kingdom was called the Kingdom of Wei.
Lui Bei created the Kingdom of Shu and Sun Quan started the Kingdom of Wu. These were three separate kingdoms, rather than a united China.
This battle marked the end of the Han Dynasty and China moved towards the period of the Three Kingdoms.
This was when the three warlords strengthened their rule. | 756 | ENGLISH | 1 |
The murderers of St. Thomas Becket entered Canterbury Cathedral on 29 December 1170. They called out for the archbishop, and finding him, they came at him with their swords. When one of the swords was brandished at the head of Thomas, a young cleric named Edward Grim reached out to protect the archbishop. As the sword came down, Edward's arm was severed. He survived, however, and left this account of that terrible day.
After the monks took [Thomas] through the doors of the church, the four aforementioned knights followed behind with a rapid pace. A certain subdeacon, Hugh the Evil-clerk, named for his wicked offense and armed with their malice, went with them - showing no reverence for either God or the saints because by following them he condoned their deed. When the holy archbishop entered the cathedral the monks who were glorifying God abandoned vespers - which they had begun to celebrate for God - and ran to their father whom they had heard was dead but they saw alive and unharmed. They hastened to close the doors of the church in order to bar the enemies from slaughtering the bishop, but the wondrous athlete turned toward them and ordered that the doors be opened. "It is not proper," he said, "that a house of prayer, a church of Christ, be made a fortress since although it is not shut up, it serves as a fortification for his people; we will triumph over the enemy through suffering rather than by fighting - and we come to suffer, not to resist." Without delay the sacrilegious men entered the house of peace and reconciliation with swords drawn; indeed the sight alone as well as the rattle of arms inflicted not a small amount of horror on those who watched. And those knights who approached the confused and disordered people who had been observing vespers but, by now, had run toward the lethal spectacle exclaimed in a rage: "Where is Thomas Becket, traitor of the king and kingdom?" No one responded and instantly they cried out more loudly, "Where is the archbishop?" Unshaken he replied to this voice as it is written, "The righteous will be like a bold lion and free from fear," he descended from the steps to which he had been taken by the monks who were fearful of the knights and said in an adequately audible voice, "Here I am, not a traitor of the king but a priest; why do you seek me?" And [Thomas], who had previously told them that he had no fear of them added, "Here I am ready to suffer in the name of He who redeemed me with His blood; God forbid that I should flee on account of your swords or that I should depart from righteousness." With these words - at the foot of a pillar - he turned to the right. On one side was the altar of the blessed mother of God, on the other the altar of the holy confessor Benedict - through whose example and prayers he had been crucified to the world and his lusts; he endured whatever the murderers did to him with such constancy of the soul that he seemed as if he were not of flesh. The murderers pursued him and asked, "Absolve and restore to communion those you have excommunicated and return to office those who have been suspended." To these words [Thomas] replied, "No penance has been made, so I will not absolve them." "Then you," they said, "will now die and will suffer what you have earned." "And I," he said, "am prepared to die for my Lord, so that in my blood the church will attain liberty and peace; but in the name of Almighty God I forbid that you hurt my men, either cleric or layman, in any way." The glorious martyr acted conscientiously with foresight for his men and prudently on his own behalf, so that no one near him would be hurt as he hastened toward Christ. It was fitting that the soldier of the Lord and the martyr of the Savior adhered to His words when he was sought by the impious, "If it is me you seek, let them leave."With rapid motion they laid sacrilegious hands on him, handling and dragging him roughly outside of the walls of the church so that there they would slay him or carry him from there as a prisoner, as they later confessed. But when it was not possible to easily move him from the column, he bravely pushed one [of the knights] who was pursuing and drawing near to him; he called him a panderer saying, "Don't touch me, Rainaldus, you who owes me faith and obedience, you who foolishly follow your accomplices." On account of the rebuff the knight was suddenly set on fire with a terrible rage and, wielding a sword against the sacred crown said, "I don't owe faith or obedience to you that is in opposition to the fealty I owe my lord king." The invincible martyr - seeing that the hour which would bring the end to his miserable mortal life was at hand and already promised by God to be the next to receive the crown of immortality - with his neck bent as if he were in prayer and with his joined hands elevated above - commended himself and the cause of the Church to God, St. Mary, and the blessed martyr St. Denis.He had barely finished speaking when the impious knight, fearing that [Thomas] would be saved by the people and escape alive, suddenly set upon him and, shaving off the summit of his crown which the sacred chrism consecrated to God, he wounded the sacrificial lamb of God in the head; the lower arm of the writer was cut by the same blow. Indeed [the writer] stood firmly with the holy archbishop, holding him in his arms - while all the clerics and monks fled - until the one he had raised in opposition to the blow was severed. Behold the simplicity of the dove, behold the wisdom of the serpent in this martyr who presented his body to the killers so that he might keep his head, in other words his soul and the church, safe; nor would he devise a trick or a snare against the slayers of the flesh so that he might preserve himself because it was better that he be free from this nature! O worthy shepherd who so boldly set himself against the attacks of wolves so that the sheep might not be torn to pieces! and because he abandoned the world, the world - wanting to overpower him - unknowingly elevated him. Then, with another blow received on the head, he remained firm. But with the third the stricken martyr bent his knees and elbows, offering himself as a living sacrifice, saying in a low voice, "For the name of Jesus and the protection of the church I am ready to embrace death." But the third knight inflicted a grave wound on the fallen one; with this blow he shattered the sword on the stone and his crown, which was large, separated from his head so that the blood turned white from the brain yet no less did the brain turn red from the blood; it purpled the appearance of the church with the colors of the lily and the rose, the colors of the Virgin and Mother and the life and death of the confessor and martyr. The fourth knight drove away those who were gathering so that the others could finish the murder more freely and boldly. The fifth - not a knight but a cleric who entered with the knights - so that a fifth blow might not be spared him who had imitated Christ in other things, placed his foot on the neck of the holy priest and precious martyr and (it is horrible to say) scattered the brains with the blood across the floor, exclaiming to the rest, "We can leave this place, knights, he will not get up again."But during all these incredible things the martyr displayed the virtue of perseverance. Neither his hand nor clothes indicated that he had opposed a murderer - as is often the case in human weakness; nor when stricken did he utter a word, nor did he let out a cry or a sigh, or a sign signaling any kind of pain; instead he held still the head that he had bent toward the unsheathed swords. As his body - which had been mingled with blood and brain - laid on the ground as if in prayer, he placed his soul in Abraham's bosom. Having risen above himself, without doubt, out of love for the Creator and wholly striving for celestial sweetness, he easily received whatever pain, whatever malice, the bloody murderer was able to inflict. And how intrepidly - how devotedly and courageously - he offered himself for the murder when it was made clear that for his salvation and faith this martyr should fight for the protection of others so that the affairs of the church might be managed according to its paternal traditions and decrees. | <urn:uuid:c23940bd-fcb0-4d47-beb5-1809993a5012> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://atonementparish.blogspot.com/2012/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250601241.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121014531-20200121043531-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.987799 | 1,807 | 3.296875 | 3 | [
-0.058347929269075394,
0.10332651436328888,
0.006699687801301479,
-0.015967853367328644,
0.12233729660511017,
-0.2009430080652237,
0.40851694345474243,
0.08817069232463837,
0.3006059527397156,
0.16411222517490387,
0.09922252595424652,
-0.0716463178396225,
0.23883919417858124,
0.06817330420... | 5 | The murderers of St. Thomas Becket entered Canterbury Cathedral on 29 December 1170. They called out for the archbishop, and finding him, they came at him with their swords. When one of the swords was brandished at the head of Thomas, a young cleric named Edward Grim reached out to protect the archbishop. As the sword came down, Edward's arm was severed. He survived, however, and left this account of that terrible day.
After the monks took [Thomas] through the doors of the church, the four aforementioned knights followed behind with a rapid pace. A certain subdeacon, Hugh the Evil-clerk, named for his wicked offense and armed with their malice, went with them - showing no reverence for either God or the saints because by following them he condoned their deed. When the holy archbishop entered the cathedral the monks who were glorifying God abandoned vespers - which they had begun to celebrate for God - and ran to their father whom they had heard was dead but they saw alive and unharmed. They hastened to close the doors of the church in order to bar the enemies from slaughtering the bishop, but the wondrous athlete turned toward them and ordered that the doors be opened. "It is not proper," he said, "that a house of prayer, a church of Christ, be made a fortress since although it is not shut up, it serves as a fortification for his people; we will triumph over the enemy through suffering rather than by fighting - and we come to suffer, not to resist." Without delay the sacrilegious men entered the house of peace and reconciliation with swords drawn; indeed the sight alone as well as the rattle of arms inflicted not a small amount of horror on those who watched. And those knights who approached the confused and disordered people who had been observing vespers but, by now, had run toward the lethal spectacle exclaimed in a rage: "Where is Thomas Becket, traitor of the king and kingdom?" No one responded and instantly they cried out more loudly, "Where is the archbishop?" Unshaken he replied to this voice as it is written, "The righteous will be like a bold lion and free from fear," he descended from the steps to which he had been taken by the monks who were fearful of the knights and said in an adequately audible voice, "Here I am, not a traitor of the king but a priest; why do you seek me?" And [Thomas], who had previously told them that he had no fear of them added, "Here I am ready to suffer in the name of He who redeemed me with His blood; God forbid that I should flee on account of your swords or that I should depart from righteousness." With these words - at the foot of a pillar - he turned to the right. On one side was the altar of the blessed mother of God, on the other the altar of the holy confessor Benedict - through whose example and prayers he had been crucified to the world and his lusts; he endured whatever the murderers did to him with such constancy of the soul that he seemed as if he were not of flesh. The murderers pursued him and asked, "Absolve and restore to communion those you have excommunicated and return to office those who have been suspended." To these words [Thomas] replied, "No penance has been made, so I will not absolve them." "Then you," they said, "will now die and will suffer what you have earned." "And I," he said, "am prepared to die for my Lord, so that in my blood the church will attain liberty and peace; but in the name of Almighty God I forbid that you hurt my men, either cleric or layman, in any way." The glorious martyr acted conscientiously with foresight for his men and prudently on his own behalf, so that no one near him would be hurt as he hastened toward Christ. It was fitting that the soldier of the Lord and the martyr of the Savior adhered to His words when he was sought by the impious, "If it is me you seek, let them leave."With rapid motion they laid sacrilegious hands on him, handling and dragging him roughly outside of the walls of the church so that there they would slay him or carry him from there as a prisoner, as they later confessed. But when it was not possible to easily move him from the column, he bravely pushed one [of the knights] who was pursuing and drawing near to him; he called him a panderer saying, "Don't touch me, Rainaldus, you who owes me faith and obedience, you who foolishly follow your accomplices." On account of the rebuff the knight was suddenly set on fire with a terrible rage and, wielding a sword against the sacred crown said, "I don't owe faith or obedience to you that is in opposition to the fealty I owe my lord king." The invincible martyr - seeing that the hour which would bring the end to his miserable mortal life was at hand and already promised by God to be the next to receive the crown of immortality - with his neck bent as if he were in prayer and with his joined hands elevated above - commended himself and the cause of the Church to God, St. Mary, and the blessed martyr St. Denis.He had barely finished speaking when the impious knight, fearing that [Thomas] would be saved by the people and escape alive, suddenly set upon him and, shaving off the summit of his crown which the sacred chrism consecrated to God, he wounded the sacrificial lamb of God in the head; the lower arm of the writer was cut by the same blow. Indeed [the writer] stood firmly with the holy archbishop, holding him in his arms - while all the clerics and monks fled - until the one he had raised in opposition to the blow was severed. Behold the simplicity of the dove, behold the wisdom of the serpent in this martyr who presented his body to the killers so that he might keep his head, in other words his soul and the church, safe; nor would he devise a trick or a snare against the slayers of the flesh so that he might preserve himself because it was better that he be free from this nature! O worthy shepherd who so boldly set himself against the attacks of wolves so that the sheep might not be torn to pieces! and because he abandoned the world, the world - wanting to overpower him - unknowingly elevated him. Then, with another blow received on the head, he remained firm. But with the third the stricken martyr bent his knees and elbows, offering himself as a living sacrifice, saying in a low voice, "For the name of Jesus and the protection of the church I am ready to embrace death." But the third knight inflicted a grave wound on the fallen one; with this blow he shattered the sword on the stone and his crown, which was large, separated from his head so that the blood turned white from the brain yet no less did the brain turn red from the blood; it purpled the appearance of the church with the colors of the lily and the rose, the colors of the Virgin and Mother and the life and death of the confessor and martyr. The fourth knight drove away those who were gathering so that the others could finish the murder more freely and boldly. The fifth - not a knight but a cleric who entered with the knights - so that a fifth blow might not be spared him who had imitated Christ in other things, placed his foot on the neck of the holy priest and precious martyr and (it is horrible to say) scattered the brains with the blood across the floor, exclaiming to the rest, "We can leave this place, knights, he will not get up again."But during all these incredible things the martyr displayed the virtue of perseverance. Neither his hand nor clothes indicated that he had opposed a murderer - as is often the case in human weakness; nor when stricken did he utter a word, nor did he let out a cry or a sigh, or a sign signaling any kind of pain; instead he held still the head that he had bent toward the unsheathed swords. As his body - which had been mingled with blood and brain - laid on the ground as if in prayer, he placed his soul in Abraham's bosom. Having risen above himself, without doubt, out of love for the Creator and wholly striving for celestial sweetness, he easily received whatever pain, whatever malice, the bloody murderer was able to inflict. And how intrepidly - how devotedly and courageously - he offered himself for the murder when it was made clear that for his salvation and faith this martyr should fight for the protection of others so that the affairs of the church might be managed according to its paternal traditions and decrees. | 1,819 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Frederick managed to work his way up from the deepest humiliation after his arch-enemy Sigismund of Luxembourg had had him outlawed and imprisoned. Under his rule Tyrol enjoyed a period of prosperity.
Frederick succeeded in effecting a dramatic escape from his prison, reportedly fleeing disguised in peasant’s clothing and only revealing his true identity to his last remaining loyal followers when he reached Tyrol. This is the origin of the nickname ‘with the empty pockets’, as he had lost almost all of his reserves.
The Habsburg monarch only recovered his rulership over Tyrol with great difficulty. As a result of this crisis the Habsburg ancestral lands in the Aargau, including the family seat, were also lost to the Confederates.
However, through a combination of great persistence and enormous political skill, Frederick was gradually able to secure his position once again. In Tyrol he mainly gained support among the townspeople and farmers, whom he used as allies in the struggle against the nobility. Frederick was seen as the people’s ruler, imposing a strict regime in Tyrol at the cost of the nobility. He succeeded in acquiring jurisdiction over the farmers from the nobility, placing them directly under the local ruler. The Tyrolean nobility – including the poet Oswald von Wolkenstein – had no choice but to accept.
Since this time farming communities and courts have had seats and votes in the Tyrolean Diet, a unique situation in the Austrian federal states and the source of the special sense of pride common to Tyrolean farmers. The Tyrolean farmers also played an active part in defending their region: it was during this period that the peasants’ army of the Tiroler Schützen was created.
Frederick IV was the first Habsburg to reside permanently in Tyrol, establishing Innsbruck as his seat of residence in 1420. During the Late Middle Ages, Tyrol experienced an economic boom that is still evident in the artistic treasures from the late Gothic era that can be found throughout the region. It also profited from trade with Italy, for before overseas trade was introduced following the discovery of America, the link from the North to the South via the Inn Valley and the Brenner Pass constituted one of the most important trade routes in Europe.
Furthermore, in the fifteenth century mining for precious metals was in full swing in the Inn Valley. The silver deposits in Schwaz made it one of the most productive mines of the age, and, in fact, the town of Schwaz was in terms of population the second largest settlement in Austria, surpassed only by Vienna.
Frederick’s nickname ‘Frederick of the Empty Pockets’ contrasts starkly (at least once he had regained his position of power) with his enormous wealth, which was based on the flourishing silver mines in Schwaz. At that time Frederick was the richest member of the family by a very long way.
Frederick married twice. His first wife, whom he married in 1406, was Elizabeth of the Palatinate (1381–1408), a daughter of Prince-Elector Rupert of the Palatinate, who had had himself proclaimed anti-king to Wenceslas of Luxembourg. Frederick thus positioned himself in the opposing camp to the Luxembourgs, one of the reasons that led to his later confrontation with Emperor Sigismund, who was once again finally able to consolidate the imperial title for his dynasty. In 1408 Elizabeth died giving birth to her first child, a girl, who was to follow her mother to the grave shortly afterwards.
Frederick’s second wife was Anne of Brunswick-Lüneburg (1390–1432), who bore Frederick’s successor Siegmund (1427–1496), destined to be the only surviving child of this marriage.
Frederick is buried in the Cistercian abbey at Stams in the Upper Inn Valley in Tyrol, in the crypt that he had built for himself, his wives and his offspring. | <urn:uuid:291bbef7-bdbc-4bb2-9eb6-81aec92d5339> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.habsburger.net/de/node/15141 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251694176.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127020458-20200127050458-00337.warc.gz | en | 0.985991 | 827 | 4.03125 | 4 | [
-0.2907499074935913,
0.6195551156997681,
-0.10881806164979935,
0.2364492416381836,
-0.3175066113471985,
-0.10039962828159332,
0.37927836179733276,
-0.06571348011493683,
-0.1722085326910019,
-0.2648875117301941,
-0.20914244651794434,
-0.501771092414856,
0.3521330952644348,
-0.11857129633426... | 2 | Frederick managed to work his way up from the deepest humiliation after his arch-enemy Sigismund of Luxembourg had had him outlawed and imprisoned. Under his rule Tyrol enjoyed a period of prosperity.
Frederick succeeded in effecting a dramatic escape from his prison, reportedly fleeing disguised in peasant’s clothing and only revealing his true identity to his last remaining loyal followers when he reached Tyrol. This is the origin of the nickname ‘with the empty pockets’, as he had lost almost all of his reserves.
The Habsburg monarch only recovered his rulership over Tyrol with great difficulty. As a result of this crisis the Habsburg ancestral lands in the Aargau, including the family seat, were also lost to the Confederates.
However, through a combination of great persistence and enormous political skill, Frederick was gradually able to secure his position once again. In Tyrol he mainly gained support among the townspeople and farmers, whom he used as allies in the struggle against the nobility. Frederick was seen as the people’s ruler, imposing a strict regime in Tyrol at the cost of the nobility. He succeeded in acquiring jurisdiction over the farmers from the nobility, placing them directly under the local ruler. The Tyrolean nobility – including the poet Oswald von Wolkenstein – had no choice but to accept.
Since this time farming communities and courts have had seats and votes in the Tyrolean Diet, a unique situation in the Austrian federal states and the source of the special sense of pride common to Tyrolean farmers. The Tyrolean farmers also played an active part in defending their region: it was during this period that the peasants’ army of the Tiroler Schützen was created.
Frederick IV was the first Habsburg to reside permanently in Tyrol, establishing Innsbruck as his seat of residence in 1420. During the Late Middle Ages, Tyrol experienced an economic boom that is still evident in the artistic treasures from the late Gothic era that can be found throughout the region. It also profited from trade with Italy, for before overseas trade was introduced following the discovery of America, the link from the North to the South via the Inn Valley and the Brenner Pass constituted one of the most important trade routes in Europe.
Furthermore, in the fifteenth century mining for precious metals was in full swing in the Inn Valley. The silver deposits in Schwaz made it one of the most productive mines of the age, and, in fact, the town of Schwaz was in terms of population the second largest settlement in Austria, surpassed only by Vienna.
Frederick’s nickname ‘Frederick of the Empty Pockets’ contrasts starkly (at least once he had regained his position of power) with his enormous wealth, which was based on the flourishing silver mines in Schwaz. At that time Frederick was the richest member of the family by a very long way.
Frederick married twice. His first wife, whom he married in 1406, was Elizabeth of the Palatinate (1381–1408), a daughter of Prince-Elector Rupert of the Palatinate, who had had himself proclaimed anti-king to Wenceslas of Luxembourg. Frederick thus positioned himself in the opposing camp to the Luxembourgs, one of the reasons that led to his later confrontation with Emperor Sigismund, who was once again finally able to consolidate the imperial title for his dynasty. In 1408 Elizabeth died giving birth to her first child, a girl, who was to follow her mother to the grave shortly afterwards.
Frederick’s second wife was Anne of Brunswick-Lüneburg (1390–1432), who bore Frederick’s successor Siegmund (1427–1496), destined to be the only surviving child of this marriage.
Frederick is buried in the Cistercian abbey at Stams in the Upper Inn Valley in Tyrol, in the crypt that he had built for himself, his wives and his offspring. | 833 | ENGLISH | 1 |
If there is one thing our eyes cannot do, it would be to zoom in. This means that when trying to view things at a distance, we will need to rely on devices like cameras with a zoom lens or a set of binoculars. However, thanks to scientists at the University of California San Diego, they have created a set of contact lenses that allows the wearer to zoom in just by blinking their eyes.
This was accomplished by creating a lens made out of stretchy polymer films that can respond to electric signals generated by our eyes whenever it moves, like when we blink. This means that all it would take to operate these contact lenses is just by blinking, where we would be able to zoom in to objects at a distance without having to rely on external accessories or gadgets.
However, before you get too excited at the prospect of being able to zoom using a pair of contact lenses, think again. This is because development on these contact lenses are still in its early stages, where during the testing, the prototype had to be rigged up using a series of electrodes placed around the eye, meaning that it is hardly ready to be used in real life.
According to the researchers, they are hoping that eventually these lenses could potentially be used for things like adjustable glasses, prostheses, or maybe even remotely operated robotics in the future. | <urn:uuid:63d6d58b-2bc2-4d33-bc5a-bc777abf6e14> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.ubergizmo.com/2019/07/contact-lenses-zoom-in-on-command/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250595282.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119205448-20200119233448-00114.warc.gz | en | 0.980086 | 270 | 3.484375 | 3 | [
-0.2040759027004242,
-0.26616281270980835,
0.2510378658771515,
0.09732097387313843,
-0.07593808323144913,
0.12333351373672485,
0.6734867095947266,
0.23817259073257446,
-0.37701842188835144,
0.005371976178139448,
0.15052738785743713,
-0.1496468484401703,
0.02956605702638626,
0.3099804520606... | 3 | If there is one thing our eyes cannot do, it would be to zoom in. This means that when trying to view things at a distance, we will need to rely on devices like cameras with a zoom lens or a set of binoculars. However, thanks to scientists at the University of California San Diego, they have created a set of contact lenses that allows the wearer to zoom in just by blinking their eyes.
This was accomplished by creating a lens made out of stretchy polymer films that can respond to electric signals generated by our eyes whenever it moves, like when we blink. This means that all it would take to operate these contact lenses is just by blinking, where we would be able to zoom in to objects at a distance without having to rely on external accessories or gadgets.
However, before you get too excited at the prospect of being able to zoom using a pair of contact lenses, think again. This is because development on these contact lenses are still in its early stages, where during the testing, the prototype had to be rigged up using a series of electrodes placed around the eye, meaning that it is hardly ready to be used in real life.
According to the researchers, they are hoping that eventually these lenses could potentially be used for things like adjustable glasses, prostheses, or maybe even remotely operated robotics in the future. | 268 | ENGLISH | 1 |
One day at the Brownington school in Orleans County, Vermont, a youngster approached the front of the class to answer an arithmetic question. His classmates, as a joke, pinned a handkerchief to his back and he unknowingly proceeded to the front of the class with it trailing behind, leaving a ripple of giggles in its wake. The school’s principal, Alexander Twilight, was not pleased.
The year would have been around 1853, and Twilight, no stranger to schoolboy pranks, sat silent for a bit before he spoke up: “It is a fool that laughs at the folly of a fool,” he said. The words were calculated to silence the classroom, and they did. They made such an impression that at least one student carried the lesson his whole life.
The man who delivered the lesson was the first black man in America ever to receive a college degree.
Twilight was a Vermonter from birth. Researchers believe his father was Ichabod Twilight, a soldier who served in the Revolutionary War representing Warner, N.H. It may have been the chance to earn his freedom as reward for his service as a soldier that drew Ichabod into the New Hampshire militia.
Following the war, Ichabod established a family in Corinth, Vt., where Alexander was born on Sept. 23, 1795. As a young man, Alexander worked on a farm as an indentured servant early in his life, but he was accepted as a student at Middlebury College on the strength of his strong mind and schooling at Randolph Academy.
Though census records identified him as black, his racial heritage was mixed and he might well have appeared to be white at first glance. It’s not clear whether Middlebury knew it was educating a black man or not. Nevertheless, he graduated and went on to be a minister and teacher.
The Brownington grammar school was established in 1823 when the citizens of Orleans County threw open the doors of their newly built schoolhouse and welcomed the first class. The school survived mainly on the funds raised by renting out land that it had been granted for the purposes of supporting education.
In 1829, the school’s trustees reached out to hire Twilight. He was by then a seasoned teacher, with several years’ experience following his graduation in 1823. The school itself was in dire need of new leadership, and Twilight began immediately making improvements.
But without a dormitory-style boarding house, students were left to board with local farmers. The environment that Twilight wanted for the school required a more formal dormitory and classrooms. When the trustees declined to fund it, he insisted. Relations grew very tense for several years, but the trustees declined to fund the larger facility.
Twilight decided to build it himself. He paid for it with a combination of his own funds and money borrowed from others. He quarried granite blocks from the surrounding area and, working with an ox to provide power for a system of pulleys, he and anyone he could corral to help built a large stone structure from the ground up.
By 1836, the structure was finished: a large four-story, granite building with dormitory, kitchen, classrooms and assembly hall. Twilight named it Athenian Hall.
The school would prosper under Twilight’s leadership. Classes cost $2 to $3 each for a term, and Twilight’s reputation kept the school full. Before he departed in 1847, more than 3,000 students would pass through the school.
Twilight would also be elected to the state Legislature and represent the county in attempting to stop the state from stripping its school of its funding.
One of his students would recall Twilight later: “His peculiar gift was in the management of a school. He seldom failed to get the good will and high esteem of his pupils,. His power to stimulate and direct them in regard to their character, studies and future pursuits was very great, He governed them wholly by appeals to their honor and manliness, but could use sterner persuasives when they were called for. Sometimes, when the subject and occasion demanded it, and all other measures failed, his power of invective, sarcasm, satire and ridicule were tremendous. No sensible rogue would wish to encounter it but once.”
He left in 1847 because of a falling out with the school’s trustees and the deacons of his church. After his departure, the school closed for several years. Orleans residents eventually persuaded Twilight to return[s2If !is_user_logged_in()]
To Continue Reading . . .
[s2If current_user_can(access_s2member_level0)] from Canada, where he had moved after the dispute, and the school reopened in 1852. Twilight would only preach one more year after his return, but he ran the school through 1855, when he finally closed it for good for lack of students.
Twilight would die two years later, on June 19, 1857, at the age of 62. His wife, Mercy Ladd Merrill Twilight, would live on for 21 more years. When she perished, her body was buried next to his at the foot of the hill below the stone building.
Today, a building at Middlebury College bears Twilight’s name, and his achievements, thanks largely to his own determination and character, are still celebrated to this day. And the stone school house that he built is still standing and open for visitors; its website has an interesting collection of his sermons.[/s2If]
This story was updated from a previous version. | <urn:uuid:6938ca1f-acc1-45e9-98c0-fa43679dd5f6> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.newenglandhistoricalsociety.com/vermonts-alexander-twilight-first-black-college-graduate-america/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250614086.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123221108-20200124010108-00147.warc.gz | en | 0.986559 | 1,157 | 3.421875 | 3 | [
-0.12808668613433838,
0.3931182026863098,
-0.09361840784549713,
-0.06730878353118896,
-0.3223183751106262,
-0.23264652490615845,
0.07441378384828568,
0.35523825883865356,
0.016249369829893112,
0.15101423859596252,
-0.09568299353122711,
-0.2808605432510376,
0.1371845006942749,
0.51673245429... | 2 | One day at the Brownington school in Orleans County, Vermont, a youngster approached the front of the class to answer an arithmetic question. His classmates, as a joke, pinned a handkerchief to his back and he unknowingly proceeded to the front of the class with it trailing behind, leaving a ripple of giggles in its wake. The school’s principal, Alexander Twilight, was not pleased.
The year would have been around 1853, and Twilight, no stranger to schoolboy pranks, sat silent for a bit before he spoke up: “It is a fool that laughs at the folly of a fool,” he said. The words were calculated to silence the classroom, and they did. They made such an impression that at least one student carried the lesson his whole life.
The man who delivered the lesson was the first black man in America ever to receive a college degree.
Twilight was a Vermonter from birth. Researchers believe his father was Ichabod Twilight, a soldier who served in the Revolutionary War representing Warner, N.H. It may have been the chance to earn his freedom as reward for his service as a soldier that drew Ichabod into the New Hampshire militia.
Following the war, Ichabod established a family in Corinth, Vt., where Alexander was born on Sept. 23, 1795. As a young man, Alexander worked on a farm as an indentured servant early in his life, but he was accepted as a student at Middlebury College on the strength of his strong mind and schooling at Randolph Academy.
Though census records identified him as black, his racial heritage was mixed and he might well have appeared to be white at first glance. It’s not clear whether Middlebury knew it was educating a black man or not. Nevertheless, he graduated and went on to be a minister and teacher.
The Brownington grammar school was established in 1823 when the citizens of Orleans County threw open the doors of their newly built schoolhouse and welcomed the first class. The school survived mainly on the funds raised by renting out land that it had been granted for the purposes of supporting education.
In 1829, the school’s trustees reached out to hire Twilight. He was by then a seasoned teacher, with several years’ experience following his graduation in 1823. The school itself was in dire need of new leadership, and Twilight began immediately making improvements.
But without a dormitory-style boarding house, students were left to board with local farmers. The environment that Twilight wanted for the school required a more formal dormitory and classrooms. When the trustees declined to fund it, he insisted. Relations grew very tense for several years, but the trustees declined to fund the larger facility.
Twilight decided to build it himself. He paid for it with a combination of his own funds and money borrowed from others. He quarried granite blocks from the surrounding area and, working with an ox to provide power for a system of pulleys, he and anyone he could corral to help built a large stone structure from the ground up.
By 1836, the structure was finished: a large four-story, granite building with dormitory, kitchen, classrooms and assembly hall. Twilight named it Athenian Hall.
The school would prosper under Twilight’s leadership. Classes cost $2 to $3 each for a term, and Twilight’s reputation kept the school full. Before he departed in 1847, more than 3,000 students would pass through the school.
Twilight would also be elected to the state Legislature and represent the county in attempting to stop the state from stripping its school of its funding.
One of his students would recall Twilight later: “His peculiar gift was in the management of a school. He seldom failed to get the good will and high esteem of his pupils,. His power to stimulate and direct them in regard to their character, studies and future pursuits was very great, He governed them wholly by appeals to their honor and manliness, but could use sterner persuasives when they were called for. Sometimes, when the subject and occasion demanded it, and all other measures failed, his power of invective, sarcasm, satire and ridicule were tremendous. No sensible rogue would wish to encounter it but once.”
He left in 1847 because of a falling out with the school’s trustees and the deacons of his church. After his departure, the school closed for several years. Orleans residents eventually persuaded Twilight to return[s2If !is_user_logged_in()]
To Continue Reading . . .
[s2If current_user_can(access_s2member_level0)] from Canada, where he had moved after the dispute, and the school reopened in 1852. Twilight would only preach one more year after his return, but he ran the school through 1855, when he finally closed it for good for lack of students.
Twilight would die two years later, on June 19, 1857, at the age of 62. His wife, Mercy Ladd Merrill Twilight, would live on for 21 more years. When she perished, her body was buried next to his at the foot of the hill below the stone building.
Today, a building at Middlebury College bears Twilight’s name, and his achievements, thanks largely to his own determination and character, are still celebrated to this day. And the stone school house that he built is still standing and open for visitors; its website has an interesting collection of his sermons.[/s2If]
This story was updated from a previous version. | 1,148 | ENGLISH | 1 |
The period of enlightenment in the 16th century did not only spark the American Revolution but also led to political upheavals. Consequently, the battle of Cowpens is among the American historical civil wars. To emerge victorious, both the British and Americans had to gather enough military personnel, weapons and fighting tactics. Therefore, the next discussion gives a detailed description of the military personnel and intelligence applied during the battle.
The Americans gathered army personnel through acquiring volunteers.
In addition, each army group was aware of the military weapons acquired by their opponents. Due to competition, the army leaders had to acquire guns competitively and other military equipments like vehicles. Therefore, the army group on each side new about military personnel, location, movement and fighting tools. However, some information was difficult to retrieve from the opponents. For instance, the American troops were unaware that the Britain army moved in columns. The British army moved in small groups for easier attacks, administration or leadership and control. For example, Lincoln had to give up his army men in Carolina after the British, put them under siege. Critically, none of the two fighting groups was aware of the tactics the armies will employ while in the battlefield. The skills and tactics each group used to attack was confidential information each group had to keep to itself. Some army men especially the militia in South Carolina used brutality and terror to inflict psychological sufferings in their opponents. Therefore, most of the army men had to keep discrete information, which was crucial for their victory during the battle. Depending on the secretive nature of the group, intelligence services and ability to analyze the information from the spies, either group had opportunity to emerge victorious.
The British Army did not know several aspects about their opponents. The British Army did not know that they were going to fight against one of the most tactful army commanders of America during that time, Morgan. General Nathanael Greene appointed Morgan four days before the battle. This meant that the American troops would use tactics that the British army had not experienced before. Tarleton’s troops did not have an idea that Morgan had incorporated some militiamen to be part of his troops. According to Morgan, the militiamen’s expertise in war was instrumental for the Americans to win the battle. Additionally, they were very conversant with the chosen battlefield, Hannah’s Cowpens, and would be of great importance in winning the battle. Tarleton had no idea that the initial retreating of the men in the frontline was not a sign of defeat on the American side but rather one of their tactics in winning the battle. Additionally, Tarleton’s troops did not know that the leader of the opponents strategically chose the battlefield. This gave the American troops the advantage of an ambusher over the British troops.
Unlike the British army, the American troops, led by Dan Morgan knew much information about their opponents. By reputation, Morgan knew the methods that the British army applied in their battles. This means that he had vast knowledge about the weaknesses of the British troops, which he would apply to win the battle. Additionally, Morgan through his intelligence unit, knew that the plan of Tarleton and Lord Cornwallis to attack the American troops in their camps. This gave him the chance to prepare in advance for the upcoming battle. American troops knew the time that the British troops would arrive in the battlefield. It helped them to prepare adequately for the battle at Hannah’s Cowpens without the knowledge of Tarleton’s troops.
Both the British and American armies employed relentless efforts to enhance their victory. Just like any other battle, only one party can emerge as a winner. From the above discussion, it is evident that the efforts of Morgan’s troops turned out to be successful. His efforts to assemble his troops strategically in the battlefield, which included the militiamen, were not in vain. He also ensured that his troops had ample time to prepare for the battle by taking them to Hannah’s Cowpens in time. On the other hand, the efforts of their opponents did not yield any success. This is because success in any battle means the ability of the troops to win. The failure of the British troops can be attributed to their inability to come up with tactful battle strategies irrespective of the fact that they had large numbers of well-trained army officers. | <urn:uuid:8b26387b-c02b-4c33-964e-e9fb063a6c2a> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.wowessays.com/free-samples/military-history-civil-war-cowpens-report-sample/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250601628.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121074002-20200121103002-00131.warc.gz | en | 0.982231 | 881 | 3.609375 | 4 | [
-0.3304007649421692,
0.6203298568725586,
0.11377198994159698,
-0.0004874968435615301,
-0.05783373489975929,
-0.12023364007472992,
0.16454336047172546,
-0.0019145053811371326,
-0.3078395128250122,
0.04121195524930954,
-0.1014227420091629,
0.05185946077108383,
0.42404812574386597,
0.22964981... | 3 | The period of enlightenment in the 16th century did not only spark the American Revolution but also led to political upheavals. Consequently, the battle of Cowpens is among the American historical civil wars. To emerge victorious, both the British and Americans had to gather enough military personnel, weapons and fighting tactics. Therefore, the next discussion gives a detailed description of the military personnel and intelligence applied during the battle.
The Americans gathered army personnel through acquiring volunteers.
In addition, each army group was aware of the military weapons acquired by their opponents. Due to competition, the army leaders had to acquire guns competitively and other military equipments like vehicles. Therefore, the army group on each side new about military personnel, location, movement and fighting tools. However, some information was difficult to retrieve from the opponents. For instance, the American troops were unaware that the Britain army moved in columns. The British army moved in small groups for easier attacks, administration or leadership and control. For example, Lincoln had to give up his army men in Carolina after the British, put them under siege. Critically, none of the two fighting groups was aware of the tactics the armies will employ while in the battlefield. The skills and tactics each group used to attack was confidential information each group had to keep to itself. Some army men especially the militia in South Carolina used brutality and terror to inflict psychological sufferings in their opponents. Therefore, most of the army men had to keep discrete information, which was crucial for their victory during the battle. Depending on the secretive nature of the group, intelligence services and ability to analyze the information from the spies, either group had opportunity to emerge victorious.
The British Army did not know several aspects about their opponents. The British Army did not know that they were going to fight against one of the most tactful army commanders of America during that time, Morgan. General Nathanael Greene appointed Morgan four days before the battle. This meant that the American troops would use tactics that the British army had not experienced before. Tarleton’s troops did not have an idea that Morgan had incorporated some militiamen to be part of his troops. According to Morgan, the militiamen’s expertise in war was instrumental for the Americans to win the battle. Additionally, they were very conversant with the chosen battlefield, Hannah’s Cowpens, and would be of great importance in winning the battle. Tarleton had no idea that the initial retreating of the men in the frontline was not a sign of defeat on the American side but rather one of their tactics in winning the battle. Additionally, Tarleton’s troops did not know that the leader of the opponents strategically chose the battlefield. This gave the American troops the advantage of an ambusher over the British troops.
Unlike the British army, the American troops, led by Dan Morgan knew much information about their opponents. By reputation, Morgan knew the methods that the British army applied in their battles. This means that he had vast knowledge about the weaknesses of the British troops, which he would apply to win the battle. Additionally, Morgan through his intelligence unit, knew that the plan of Tarleton and Lord Cornwallis to attack the American troops in their camps. This gave him the chance to prepare in advance for the upcoming battle. American troops knew the time that the British troops would arrive in the battlefield. It helped them to prepare adequately for the battle at Hannah’s Cowpens without the knowledge of Tarleton’s troops.
Both the British and American armies employed relentless efforts to enhance their victory. Just like any other battle, only one party can emerge as a winner. From the above discussion, it is evident that the efforts of Morgan’s troops turned out to be successful. His efforts to assemble his troops strategically in the battlefield, which included the militiamen, were not in vain. He also ensured that his troops had ample time to prepare for the battle by taking them to Hannah’s Cowpens in time. On the other hand, the efforts of their opponents did not yield any success. This is because success in any battle means the ability of the troops to win. The failure of the British troops can be attributed to their inability to come up with tactful battle strategies irrespective of the fact that they had large numbers of well-trained army officers. | 861 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Jack Roosevelt Robinson (January 31, 1919 – October 24, 1972) was an American professional baseball player who became the first African American to play in Major League Baseball (MLB) in the modern era. Robinson broke the baseball color line when he started at first base for the Brooklyn Dodgers on April 15, 1947. When the Dodgers signed Robinson, they heralded the end of racial segregation in professional baseball that had relegated black players to the Negro leagues since the 1880s. Robinson was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1962.During his 10-year MLB career, Robinson won the inaugural Rookie of the Year Award in 1947, was an All-Star for six consecutive seasons from 1949 through 1954, and won the National League Most Valuable Player Award in 1949—the first black player so honored. Robinson played in six World Series and contributed to the Dodgers’ 1955 World Series championship.
In 1997, MLB retired his uniform number 42 across all major league teams; he was the first professional athlete in any sport to be so honored. MLB also adopted a new annual tradition, “Jackie Robinson Day”, for the first time on April 15, 2004, on which every player on every team wears No. 42.
Robinson’s character, his use of nonviolence, and his unquestionable talent challenged the traditional basis of segregation that had then marked many other aspects of American life. He influenced the culture of and contributed significantly to the civil rights movement. Robinson also was the first black television analyst in MLB and the first black vice president of a major American corporation, Chock full o’Nuts. In the 1960s, he helped establish the Freedom National Bank, an African-American-owned financial institution based in Harlem, New York. After his death in 1972, Robinson was posthumously awarded the Congressional Gold Medal and Presidential Medal of Freedom in recognition of his achievements on and off the field. | <urn:uuid:e0ec62eb-cca7-4b99-87c9-30e56cac34c9> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://goodquotes.me/authors/jackie-robinson/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250591763.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118023429-20200118051429-00313.warc.gz | en | 0.982965 | 389 | 3.53125 | 4 | [
-0.32192710041999817,
0.6286703944206238,
0.11852841079235077,
-0.34225761890411377,
0.1420217603445053,
0.34041836857795715,
0.2809707820415497,
0.10146323591470718,
0.18216648697853088,
-0.07427636533975601,
0.29890939593315125,
0.04344698414206505,
-0.20051053166389465,
0.23444016277790... | 2 | Jack Roosevelt Robinson (January 31, 1919 – October 24, 1972) was an American professional baseball player who became the first African American to play in Major League Baseball (MLB) in the modern era. Robinson broke the baseball color line when he started at first base for the Brooklyn Dodgers on April 15, 1947. When the Dodgers signed Robinson, they heralded the end of racial segregation in professional baseball that had relegated black players to the Negro leagues since the 1880s. Robinson was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1962.During his 10-year MLB career, Robinson won the inaugural Rookie of the Year Award in 1947, was an All-Star for six consecutive seasons from 1949 through 1954, and won the National League Most Valuable Player Award in 1949—the first black player so honored. Robinson played in six World Series and contributed to the Dodgers’ 1955 World Series championship.
In 1997, MLB retired his uniform number 42 across all major league teams; he was the first professional athlete in any sport to be so honored. MLB also adopted a new annual tradition, “Jackie Robinson Day”, for the first time on April 15, 2004, on which every player on every team wears No. 42.
Robinson’s character, his use of nonviolence, and his unquestionable talent challenged the traditional basis of segregation that had then marked many other aspects of American life. He influenced the culture of and contributed significantly to the civil rights movement. Robinson also was the first black television analyst in MLB and the first black vice president of a major American corporation, Chock full o’Nuts. In the 1960s, he helped establish the Freedom National Bank, an African-American-owned financial institution based in Harlem, New York. After his death in 1972, Robinson was posthumously awarded the Congressional Gold Medal and Presidential Medal of Freedom in recognition of his achievements on and off the field. | 446 | ENGLISH | 1 |
The Stonewall riots were an important part of American history, and an even more important part of the homosexual community of the nation. It was the first violent demonstration for gay rights in the United States.
In the 1960s’, Greenwich Village had quite a large population of gay and lesbian residents, and had ever since the end of World War I. In the 1960s’, however, homosexuals suffered worse discrimination in the United States than many other oppressed groups throughout our nation’s history. Our legal system did not support their rights, and many establishments did not welcome members of the LGBTQ community. The Stonewall Inn, however, did welcome this community, and, in the early morning of June 28, 1969, several police officers started a raid that incited what is today known as the Stonewall riots.
Raids of this nature were typically carried out by a few police officers who would enter the establishment, line up the patrons, and ask for their identification. Those dressed as women would be taken to a more private place for the police officers to check their gender, and anyone found to be a man dressed as a woman would be arrested. At the Stonewall Inn, people refused to show their identification, and those dressed as women refused to go with the officers. When the police officers started bringing patrons out of the bar and to the police cars to be arrested, they fought back. By that time, a crowd had surrounded the bar, and violence erupted on the street.
The Stonewall riots were the first violent protests against the way the LGBTQ community was being treated in this country. As the violence escalated, the crowd grew. People saw what was going on, and many joined to take part. Most participants who have been interviewed about the event say that the riot that erupted that night was completely spontaneous; no group or organization started it, just a community of people who were fed up with the denial of their civil liberties.
The next nights, more rioting took place near the site of the previous night’s activities. The riots made the cover of the New York Daily News and several other newspapers covered the activity with both favorable and not favorable reactions.
In the aftermath of the riots, the gay community began to organize. They formed the Gay Liberation Front, the first LGBTQ organization to use the word “gay” in its name. People were out and proud, now, and there was no sense to them in hiding it anymore. Several newspapers were started to spread the word, and newsletters were formed to pass around information. However, raids on gay bars did not stop, but neither did the public dissent.
On the first anniversary of the Stonewall riots, the nation’s very first Gay Pride Parade was held on the very same street where the riots took place. This parade received coverage on the front page of The New York Times. There was little resistance from onlookers or the police. Parades were also held that day in Chicago and Los Angeles. In the years following, more and more cities held Pride Parades.
Now, Pride is an event around the world, with many, many cities hosting parades and festivities at the end of June to commemorate the Stonewall riots. Many people and groups march in the parade, some with floats and some without. In many cities, this parade is still seen as an event of activism. In cities that are more accepting of their LGBTQ population, these parades are notably more jovial. Either way, these parades are an important part of a vital community in the United States and abroad. They are a time to celebrate equal rights and love. | <urn:uuid:174fd5af-2d26-401a-8a15-3880732d28f5> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://opinionfront.com/the-stonewall-riots | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250606269.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122012204-20200122041204-00120.warc.gz | en | 0.988872 | 744 | 3.3125 | 3 | [
0.014848146587610245,
0.0019651888869702816,
-0.048077166080474854,
-0.1472853124141693,
-0.21955327689647675,
1.0622403621673584,
0.1427646279335022,
0.05851145088672638,
0.11032737791538239,
0.06752264499664307,
0.06385236978530884,
0.6049753427505493,
0.0636289119720459,
-0.126664727926... | 6 | The Stonewall riots were an important part of American history, and an even more important part of the homosexual community of the nation. It was the first violent demonstration for gay rights in the United States.
In the 1960s’, Greenwich Village had quite a large population of gay and lesbian residents, and had ever since the end of World War I. In the 1960s’, however, homosexuals suffered worse discrimination in the United States than many other oppressed groups throughout our nation’s history. Our legal system did not support their rights, and many establishments did not welcome members of the LGBTQ community. The Stonewall Inn, however, did welcome this community, and, in the early morning of June 28, 1969, several police officers started a raid that incited what is today known as the Stonewall riots.
Raids of this nature were typically carried out by a few police officers who would enter the establishment, line up the patrons, and ask for their identification. Those dressed as women would be taken to a more private place for the police officers to check their gender, and anyone found to be a man dressed as a woman would be arrested. At the Stonewall Inn, people refused to show their identification, and those dressed as women refused to go with the officers. When the police officers started bringing patrons out of the bar and to the police cars to be arrested, they fought back. By that time, a crowd had surrounded the bar, and violence erupted on the street.
The Stonewall riots were the first violent protests against the way the LGBTQ community was being treated in this country. As the violence escalated, the crowd grew. People saw what was going on, and many joined to take part. Most participants who have been interviewed about the event say that the riot that erupted that night was completely spontaneous; no group or organization started it, just a community of people who were fed up with the denial of their civil liberties.
The next nights, more rioting took place near the site of the previous night’s activities. The riots made the cover of the New York Daily News and several other newspapers covered the activity with both favorable and not favorable reactions.
In the aftermath of the riots, the gay community began to organize. They formed the Gay Liberation Front, the first LGBTQ organization to use the word “gay” in its name. People were out and proud, now, and there was no sense to them in hiding it anymore. Several newspapers were started to spread the word, and newsletters were formed to pass around information. However, raids on gay bars did not stop, but neither did the public dissent.
On the first anniversary of the Stonewall riots, the nation’s very first Gay Pride Parade was held on the very same street where the riots took place. This parade received coverage on the front page of The New York Times. There was little resistance from onlookers or the police. Parades were also held that day in Chicago and Los Angeles. In the years following, more and more cities held Pride Parades.
Now, Pride is an event around the world, with many, many cities hosting parades and festivities at the end of June to commemorate the Stonewall riots. Many people and groups march in the parade, some with floats and some without. In many cities, this parade is still seen as an event of activism. In cities that are more accepting of their LGBTQ population, these parades are notably more jovial. Either way, these parades are an important part of a vital community in the United States and abroad. They are a time to celebrate equal rights and love. | 739 | ENGLISH | 1 |
A few weeks later his eldest son, Philip William, count of Buren, a student at the university of Louvain, was kidnapped and carried off to Madrid.
He was again returned to the Senate in 1813, and was re-elected in 1819 as the result of a struggle between the Van Buren and Clinton factions of the Democratic - Republican party.
In 1837-1839, as a Union Democrat, he was a member of the national House of Representatives, and there ably opposed Van Buren's financial policy in spite of the enthusiasm in South Carolina for the sub-treasury project.
Martin Van Buren, then in the Crawford interest, came to the conclusion that the candidate for the second place, by his foreign origin, weakened the ticket, and in October Gallatin retired from the contest.
In politics Field was originally an anti-slavery Democrat, and he supported Van Buren in the Free Soil campaign of 1848.
MARTIN VAN BUREN (1782-1862), eighth president of the United States, was born at Kinderhook, New York, on the 5th of December 1782, of Dutch descent.
Van Buren made the acquaintance of Burr, but did not fall under his influence.
Van Buren, who early allied himself with the Clintonians, was surrogate of Columbia county from 1808 until 1813, when he was removed.
It is at this point that Van Buren's connexion began with so-called "machine politics," a connexion which has made his name odious to some historians of the period.
Van Buren did not originate the system, for it was already well developed when he entered public life; but the nickname of "Little Magician" which presently attached to him testifies to the skill with which he exploited it, and to the popular impression which his political methods produced.
Van Buren was not an orator, but... the oft-repeated charge that he refrained from declaring himself on crucial questions is hardly borne out by an examination of his senatorial career.
In 1828 Van Buren was elected governor of New York for the term beginning on the 1st of January 1829, and resigned his seat in the Senate.
After the breach between Jackson and Calhoun, Van Buren was clearly the most prominent candidate for the vice-presidency.
Jackson in December 1829 had already made known his own wish that Van Buren should receive the nomination.
In April 1831 Van Buren resigned, though he did not leave office until June.
The rejection, ostensibly attributed in large part to Van Buren's instructions to Louis McLane, the American minister to England, regarding the opening of the West India trade, in which reference had been made to the results of the election of 1828, was in fact the work of Calhoun, the vice-president; and when the vote was taken enough of the majority refrained from voting to produce a tie and give Calhoun his longed-for "vengeance."
No greater impetus than this could have been given to Van Buren's candidacy for the vice-presidency.
Jackson now determined to make Van Buren president in 1836, and bent all his energies to that end.
In May 1835 Van Buren was unanimously nominated by the Democratic convention at Baltimore.
In the election Van Buren received 170 electoral votes against 73 for William Henry Harrison, his principal opponent; but the popular vote showed a plurality of less than 25,000 in a total vote of about 1,500,000.
The election was in fact a victory for Jackson rather than for Van Buren.
The details of Van Buren's administration belong to the history of the United States.
Nevertheless, Van Buren was unanimously renominated by the Democrats in 1840.
On the expiration of his term Van Buren retired to his estate at Kinderhook, but he did not withdraw from politics or cease to be a figure of national importance.
Van Buren married in 1807 Hannah Hoes (1782-1819), by whom he had four sons.
Van Buren's son Abraham (1807-1873) graduated at West Point in 1827, served under General Winfield Scott against the Seminole Indians in 1836, and was made captain of the First Dragoons.
The best biography of Van Buren is by Edward M.
C. Smith's Parties and Slavery (the last three in the "American Nation Series") give much attention to Van Buren's public career.
The Van Buren manuscripts are in the Library of Congress.
of Tiel is the small town of Buren, which contains some interesting old houses and is an important market for horses.
Buren was the seat of an independent lordship which is mentioned as early as 1152.
On the failure of this confederation it opened its gates to the imperial general Buren on the 29th of December 1546, although he had passed by the city, which he considered too strong for the forces under his command.
He was ardently opposed to the extension of slavery and supported Martin Van Buren, the Free Soil candidate for the presidency in 1848.
During his public life he had become a leader of the Democratic party in New York, Martin Van Buren being his closest associate.
Polk to the presidency, instead of Martin Van Buren, Wright and the state organization took an attitude of armed neutrality towards the new administration.
In 1848, largely on account of his personal attachment to Martin Van Buren, he participated in the revolt of the "Barnburner" or free-soil faction of the New York Democrats, and in 1855 was the candidate of the "softshell," or anti-slavery, faction for attorney-general of the state.
As governor he devoted his energies to the construction of the canal, but the opposition to his administration, led by Martin Van Buren and Tammany Hall, became so formidable by 1822 that he declined to seek a third term.
The opposing groups were known as " Bucktails," whose leaders were Governor Tompkins and Martin Van Buren, and " Clintonians " or supporters of De Witt Clinton.
The election of Martin Van Buren as governor in 1828 marked the beginning of the long ascendancy in the state of the " Albany Regency," a political coterie in which Van Buren, W.
Harrison against Van Buren in 1840.
Up to the election of Seward as governor, New York had usually been Democratic, largely through the predominating influence of Van Buren and the " Albany Regency."
The split broke up the rule of the "regency," Marcy accepting the " Hunker " support and a seat in Polk's cabinet, while Wright, Butler and Van Buren joined the " Barnburners," a step preliminary to Van Buren's acceptance of the " Free Soil " nomination for president in the campaign of 1848.
The new court party followed Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren and became Democrats.
Subsequently Paulding was navy agent in New York City from 1825 to 1837, and from 1837 to 1841 was secretary of the navy in the cabinet of President Van Buren.
Though his favourite leaders became Whigs, Johnson remained a Democrat, and in 1840 canvassed the state for Van Buren for president.
At Buffalo in 1848 met the Free-Soil convention that nominated Martin van Buren for the presidency and Charles Francis Adams for the vice-presidency.
White of Tennessee, the Democratic candidate opposed to Martin Van Buren, and received 47 votes, none of them from Virginia.
He was by this time reckoned a Whig, and his refusal to favour the Van Buren administration lent colour to that view.
He stood, however, as it were, midway between the two great parties, without the leadership or support of either; Van Buren, whose influence in the practical working of politics was still great, refused to recognize him as a Democrat, and the Whigs repudiated him as a Whig; while with Clay leading the majority in Congress, harmony between that body and the executive was from the first impossible.
The majority of the annexationists, however, would not support him, and he had further to meet the opposition of Van Buren, who had failed to secure the nomination in the regular Democratic convention, and of James K.
In the ensuing presidential election Van Buren and Adams received a popular vote of 291,263, of which 120,510 were cast in New York.
By this time he was influential in the councils of his party, and President Van Buren appointed him collector of the port of Boston, a position which he filled with success.
Realizing in time that a third party movement could not succeed, he took the lead during the campaign of 1848 in combining the Liberty party with the Barnburners or Van Buren Democrats of New York to form the Free-Soilers.
He drafted the famous Free-Soil platform, and it was largely through his influence that Van Buren was nominated for the presidency.
After the dissolution of the Federalist party, of which he had been a member, he supported the Jackson-Van Buren faction, and soon came to be definitely associated with the Democrats.
Arnold was at first successful and Adolf had to go into exile; but he returned, and in 1465, having taken his father prisoner by treachery, interned him in the castle of Buren.
Van Buren was the most adroit politician of his time; and Jackson was in the hands of very astute men, who advised and controlled him.
His administration is rather the date at which a system of democracy, organized by the use of patronage, was introduced into the federal arena by Van Buren.
Adams. The administration itself had two factions in it from the first, the faction of Van Buren, the secretary of state in 1829-1831, and that of Calhoun, vice-president in 1829-1832.
Van Buren, a widower, sided with the president in this affair and grew in his favour.
The result was that Jackson transferred to Van Buren his support for succession in the presidency.
The crash came just as Jackson was leaving office; the whole burden fell on his successor, Van Buren.
In this period he usually voted with the Whigs, but in 1837 he went over to the Democrats and supported the "independent treasury" scheme of President Van Buren.
In the party conflicts which succeeded the presidential election of 1824 he sided with the Jackson-Van Buren faction, and soon became recognized as leader of the Democratic forces.
Finding it impossible under the two-thirds rule to nominate their candidate, the followers of Van Buren brought forward Polk, who was popular in the South, in order to defeat Lewis Cass and James Buchanan.
The independent treasury plan originated during Van Buren's administration as a Democratic measure; it had been repealed by the Whigs in 1841, and was now re-enacted.
In the election of the following year he attracted a large part of the "Whig and Anti-Masonic vote of the Middle and Western states and led among the candidates opposing Van Buren, but received only 73 electoral votes while Van Buren received 170.
The convention adjourned without adopting any " platform " of principles, the party shrewdly deciding to make its campaign merely on the issue of whether the Van Buren administration should be continued in power and thus to take full advantage of the popular discontent with the administration, to which was attributed the responsibility for the panic of 1837 and the subsequent business depression.
The campaign was marked by the extraordinary enthusiasm exhibited by the Whigs, and by their skill in attacking Van Buren without binding themselves to any definite policy.
Harrison's canvass was conspicuous for the immense Whig processions and mass meetings, the numerous " stump " speeches (Harrison himself addressing meetings at Dayton, Chillicothe, Columbus and other places), and the use of campaign songs, of party insignia, and of campaign cries (such as " Tippecanoe and Tyler too "); and in the election he won by an overwhelming majority of 234 electoral votes to 60 cast for Van Buren.
He was president of the North Carolina constitutional convention in 1835, and was an elector on the Van Buren ticket in 1836.
As editor of the Troy Budget (daily) he was a vigorous supporter of Martin Van Buren, and when Van Buren's followers acquired control of the legislature in 1821 Marcy was made adjutant-general of the New York militia.
In a speech in the Senate defending Van Buren against an attack by Henry Clay, Marcy made the unfortunate remark that " to the victors belong the spoils of the enemy," and thereby became widely known as a champion of the proscription of political opponents.
In1839-1842Marcy was a member of a commission appointed by President Van Buren, in accordance with the treaty of 1839 between the United States and Mexico to " examine and decide upon " certain claims of citizens of the United States again'st Mexico.
Wilmot supported Van Buren in 1848 and entered the Republican party at the time of its formation, and was a delegate to the national conventions of 1856 and 1860.
In 1848 he actively supported Martin van Buren, the Free Soil candidate, for the presidency, and in 1852 he supported Franklin Pierce, but soon afterwards helped to organize the new Republican party, and presided at its preliminary convention at Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, in February 1856.
In 1837 he was appointed by President Van Buren registrar of the land office at Springfield, which had just become the state capital.
In 1840 he did much to carry the state for Van Buren; and for a few months he was secretary of state of Illinois.
White's followers called themselves AntiVan Buren Democrats, but the proscription which they suffered drove most of them into the Whig party, which carried the state in presidential elections until 1856, when the vote was cast for James Buchanan, the Democratic candidate.
Van Buren was not an orator, but his more important speeches show careful preparation and his opinions carried weight; and the oft-repeated charge that he refrained from declaring himself on crucial questions is hardly borne out by an examination of his senatorial career.
At the national convention held in Buffalo, N.Y., on the 9th and Toth of August 1848, they secured the nomination to the presidency of exPresident Martin Van Buren, who had failed to secure nomination by the Democrats in 1844 because of his opposition to the annexation of Texas, and of Charles Francis Adams, of Massachusetts, for the vice-presidency, taking as their "platform" a Declaration that Congress, having "no more power to make a slave than to make a king," was bound to restrict slavery to the slave states, and concluding, "we inscribe on our banner `Free Soil, Free Speech,Free Labor and Free Man,' and under it we will fight on and fight ever, until a triumphant victory shall reward our exertions."
Martin Van Buren and others, going into opposition under his banner, waged from the first a relentless and factious war on the administration.
The Southwest Michigan Obituary Index has over 89,000 listings from Allegan, Berrien, Cass, Kalamazoo and Van Buren Counties through the year 2000.
She lives in Van Buren, Arkansas, where she worked as a pharmaceutical sales representative before embarking on her Survivor adventure.
The word usage examples above have been gathered from various sources to reflect current and historial usage. They do not represent the opinions of YourDictionary.com. | <urn:uuid:98f36dd1-4def-42fd-8074-683071c2e9b3> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://sentence.yourdictionary.com/buren | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250610004.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123101110-20200123130110-00336.warc.gz | en | 0.981484 | 3,293 | 3.28125 | 3 | [
-0.2732950747013092,
0.2579047679901123,
0.15506914258003235,
-0.026409970596432686,
0.03468307852745056,
-0.2772999405860901,
0.24435284733772278,
0.09672217071056366,
-0.12195754051208496,
0.06138180196285248,
0.5206440687179565,
0.3622512221336365,
-0.05556873977184296,
0.23968237638473... | 1 | A few weeks later his eldest son, Philip William, count of Buren, a student at the university of Louvain, was kidnapped and carried off to Madrid.
He was again returned to the Senate in 1813, and was re-elected in 1819 as the result of a struggle between the Van Buren and Clinton factions of the Democratic - Republican party.
In 1837-1839, as a Union Democrat, he was a member of the national House of Representatives, and there ably opposed Van Buren's financial policy in spite of the enthusiasm in South Carolina for the sub-treasury project.
Martin Van Buren, then in the Crawford interest, came to the conclusion that the candidate for the second place, by his foreign origin, weakened the ticket, and in October Gallatin retired from the contest.
In politics Field was originally an anti-slavery Democrat, and he supported Van Buren in the Free Soil campaign of 1848.
MARTIN VAN BUREN (1782-1862), eighth president of the United States, was born at Kinderhook, New York, on the 5th of December 1782, of Dutch descent.
Van Buren made the acquaintance of Burr, but did not fall under his influence.
Van Buren, who early allied himself with the Clintonians, was surrogate of Columbia county from 1808 until 1813, when he was removed.
It is at this point that Van Buren's connexion began with so-called "machine politics," a connexion which has made his name odious to some historians of the period.
Van Buren did not originate the system, for it was already well developed when he entered public life; but the nickname of "Little Magician" which presently attached to him testifies to the skill with which he exploited it, and to the popular impression which his political methods produced.
Van Buren was not an orator, but... the oft-repeated charge that he refrained from declaring himself on crucial questions is hardly borne out by an examination of his senatorial career.
In 1828 Van Buren was elected governor of New York for the term beginning on the 1st of January 1829, and resigned his seat in the Senate.
After the breach between Jackson and Calhoun, Van Buren was clearly the most prominent candidate for the vice-presidency.
Jackson in December 1829 had already made known his own wish that Van Buren should receive the nomination.
In April 1831 Van Buren resigned, though he did not leave office until June.
The rejection, ostensibly attributed in large part to Van Buren's instructions to Louis McLane, the American minister to England, regarding the opening of the West India trade, in which reference had been made to the results of the election of 1828, was in fact the work of Calhoun, the vice-president; and when the vote was taken enough of the majority refrained from voting to produce a tie and give Calhoun his longed-for "vengeance."
No greater impetus than this could have been given to Van Buren's candidacy for the vice-presidency.
Jackson now determined to make Van Buren president in 1836, and bent all his energies to that end.
In May 1835 Van Buren was unanimously nominated by the Democratic convention at Baltimore.
In the election Van Buren received 170 electoral votes against 73 for William Henry Harrison, his principal opponent; but the popular vote showed a plurality of less than 25,000 in a total vote of about 1,500,000.
The election was in fact a victory for Jackson rather than for Van Buren.
The details of Van Buren's administration belong to the history of the United States.
Nevertheless, Van Buren was unanimously renominated by the Democrats in 1840.
On the expiration of his term Van Buren retired to his estate at Kinderhook, but he did not withdraw from politics or cease to be a figure of national importance.
Van Buren married in 1807 Hannah Hoes (1782-1819), by whom he had four sons.
Van Buren's son Abraham (1807-1873) graduated at West Point in 1827, served under General Winfield Scott against the Seminole Indians in 1836, and was made captain of the First Dragoons.
The best biography of Van Buren is by Edward M.
C. Smith's Parties and Slavery (the last three in the "American Nation Series") give much attention to Van Buren's public career.
The Van Buren manuscripts are in the Library of Congress.
of Tiel is the small town of Buren, which contains some interesting old houses and is an important market for horses.
Buren was the seat of an independent lordship which is mentioned as early as 1152.
On the failure of this confederation it opened its gates to the imperial general Buren on the 29th of December 1546, although he had passed by the city, which he considered too strong for the forces under his command.
He was ardently opposed to the extension of slavery and supported Martin Van Buren, the Free Soil candidate for the presidency in 1848.
During his public life he had become a leader of the Democratic party in New York, Martin Van Buren being his closest associate.
Polk to the presidency, instead of Martin Van Buren, Wright and the state organization took an attitude of armed neutrality towards the new administration.
In 1848, largely on account of his personal attachment to Martin Van Buren, he participated in the revolt of the "Barnburner" or free-soil faction of the New York Democrats, and in 1855 was the candidate of the "softshell," or anti-slavery, faction for attorney-general of the state.
As governor he devoted his energies to the construction of the canal, but the opposition to his administration, led by Martin Van Buren and Tammany Hall, became so formidable by 1822 that he declined to seek a third term.
The opposing groups were known as " Bucktails," whose leaders were Governor Tompkins and Martin Van Buren, and " Clintonians " or supporters of De Witt Clinton.
The election of Martin Van Buren as governor in 1828 marked the beginning of the long ascendancy in the state of the " Albany Regency," a political coterie in which Van Buren, W.
Harrison against Van Buren in 1840.
Up to the election of Seward as governor, New York had usually been Democratic, largely through the predominating influence of Van Buren and the " Albany Regency."
The split broke up the rule of the "regency," Marcy accepting the " Hunker " support and a seat in Polk's cabinet, while Wright, Butler and Van Buren joined the " Barnburners," a step preliminary to Van Buren's acceptance of the " Free Soil " nomination for president in the campaign of 1848.
The new court party followed Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren and became Democrats.
Subsequently Paulding was navy agent in New York City from 1825 to 1837, and from 1837 to 1841 was secretary of the navy in the cabinet of President Van Buren.
Though his favourite leaders became Whigs, Johnson remained a Democrat, and in 1840 canvassed the state for Van Buren for president.
At Buffalo in 1848 met the Free-Soil convention that nominated Martin van Buren for the presidency and Charles Francis Adams for the vice-presidency.
White of Tennessee, the Democratic candidate opposed to Martin Van Buren, and received 47 votes, none of them from Virginia.
He was by this time reckoned a Whig, and his refusal to favour the Van Buren administration lent colour to that view.
He stood, however, as it were, midway between the two great parties, without the leadership or support of either; Van Buren, whose influence in the practical working of politics was still great, refused to recognize him as a Democrat, and the Whigs repudiated him as a Whig; while with Clay leading the majority in Congress, harmony between that body and the executive was from the first impossible.
The majority of the annexationists, however, would not support him, and he had further to meet the opposition of Van Buren, who had failed to secure the nomination in the regular Democratic convention, and of James K.
In the ensuing presidential election Van Buren and Adams received a popular vote of 291,263, of which 120,510 were cast in New York.
By this time he was influential in the councils of his party, and President Van Buren appointed him collector of the port of Boston, a position which he filled with success.
Realizing in time that a third party movement could not succeed, he took the lead during the campaign of 1848 in combining the Liberty party with the Barnburners or Van Buren Democrats of New York to form the Free-Soilers.
He drafted the famous Free-Soil platform, and it was largely through his influence that Van Buren was nominated for the presidency.
After the dissolution of the Federalist party, of which he had been a member, he supported the Jackson-Van Buren faction, and soon came to be definitely associated with the Democrats.
Arnold was at first successful and Adolf had to go into exile; but he returned, and in 1465, having taken his father prisoner by treachery, interned him in the castle of Buren.
Van Buren was the most adroit politician of his time; and Jackson was in the hands of very astute men, who advised and controlled him.
His administration is rather the date at which a system of democracy, organized by the use of patronage, was introduced into the federal arena by Van Buren.
Adams. The administration itself had two factions in it from the first, the faction of Van Buren, the secretary of state in 1829-1831, and that of Calhoun, vice-president in 1829-1832.
Van Buren, a widower, sided with the president in this affair and grew in his favour.
The result was that Jackson transferred to Van Buren his support for succession in the presidency.
The crash came just as Jackson was leaving office; the whole burden fell on his successor, Van Buren.
In this period he usually voted with the Whigs, but in 1837 he went over to the Democrats and supported the "independent treasury" scheme of President Van Buren.
In the party conflicts which succeeded the presidential election of 1824 he sided with the Jackson-Van Buren faction, and soon became recognized as leader of the Democratic forces.
Finding it impossible under the two-thirds rule to nominate their candidate, the followers of Van Buren brought forward Polk, who was popular in the South, in order to defeat Lewis Cass and James Buchanan.
The independent treasury plan originated during Van Buren's administration as a Democratic measure; it had been repealed by the Whigs in 1841, and was now re-enacted.
In the election of the following year he attracted a large part of the "Whig and Anti-Masonic vote of the Middle and Western states and led among the candidates opposing Van Buren, but received only 73 electoral votes while Van Buren received 170.
The convention adjourned without adopting any " platform " of principles, the party shrewdly deciding to make its campaign merely on the issue of whether the Van Buren administration should be continued in power and thus to take full advantage of the popular discontent with the administration, to which was attributed the responsibility for the panic of 1837 and the subsequent business depression.
The campaign was marked by the extraordinary enthusiasm exhibited by the Whigs, and by their skill in attacking Van Buren without binding themselves to any definite policy.
Harrison's canvass was conspicuous for the immense Whig processions and mass meetings, the numerous " stump " speeches (Harrison himself addressing meetings at Dayton, Chillicothe, Columbus and other places), and the use of campaign songs, of party insignia, and of campaign cries (such as " Tippecanoe and Tyler too "); and in the election he won by an overwhelming majority of 234 electoral votes to 60 cast for Van Buren.
He was president of the North Carolina constitutional convention in 1835, and was an elector on the Van Buren ticket in 1836.
As editor of the Troy Budget (daily) he was a vigorous supporter of Martin Van Buren, and when Van Buren's followers acquired control of the legislature in 1821 Marcy was made adjutant-general of the New York militia.
In a speech in the Senate defending Van Buren against an attack by Henry Clay, Marcy made the unfortunate remark that " to the victors belong the spoils of the enemy," and thereby became widely known as a champion of the proscription of political opponents.
In1839-1842Marcy was a member of a commission appointed by President Van Buren, in accordance with the treaty of 1839 between the United States and Mexico to " examine and decide upon " certain claims of citizens of the United States again'st Mexico.
Wilmot supported Van Buren in 1848 and entered the Republican party at the time of its formation, and was a delegate to the national conventions of 1856 and 1860.
In 1848 he actively supported Martin van Buren, the Free Soil candidate, for the presidency, and in 1852 he supported Franklin Pierce, but soon afterwards helped to organize the new Republican party, and presided at its preliminary convention at Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, in February 1856.
In 1837 he was appointed by President Van Buren registrar of the land office at Springfield, which had just become the state capital.
In 1840 he did much to carry the state for Van Buren; and for a few months he was secretary of state of Illinois.
White's followers called themselves AntiVan Buren Democrats, but the proscription which they suffered drove most of them into the Whig party, which carried the state in presidential elections until 1856, when the vote was cast for James Buchanan, the Democratic candidate.
Van Buren was not an orator, but his more important speeches show careful preparation and his opinions carried weight; and the oft-repeated charge that he refrained from declaring himself on crucial questions is hardly borne out by an examination of his senatorial career.
At the national convention held in Buffalo, N.Y., on the 9th and Toth of August 1848, they secured the nomination to the presidency of exPresident Martin Van Buren, who had failed to secure nomination by the Democrats in 1844 because of his opposition to the annexation of Texas, and of Charles Francis Adams, of Massachusetts, for the vice-presidency, taking as their "platform" a Declaration that Congress, having "no more power to make a slave than to make a king," was bound to restrict slavery to the slave states, and concluding, "we inscribe on our banner `Free Soil, Free Speech,Free Labor and Free Man,' and under it we will fight on and fight ever, until a triumphant victory shall reward our exertions."
Martin Van Buren and others, going into opposition under his banner, waged from the first a relentless and factious war on the administration.
The Southwest Michigan Obituary Index has over 89,000 listings from Allegan, Berrien, Cass, Kalamazoo and Van Buren Counties through the year 2000.
She lives in Van Buren, Arkansas, where she worked as a pharmaceutical sales representative before embarking on her Survivor adventure.
The word usage examples above have been gathered from various sources to reflect current and historial usage. They do not represent the opinions of YourDictionary.com. | 3,436 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Biography of Karl Marx
Only in the course of the world’s history can a person born over a hundred years ago be as famous today as they were back then. Karl Marx is one person that fits this category. He paved the way for people of the same political background as his own. Marx’s ideas were unique and started uproar all over Europe. Marx helped write the Communist Manifesto one of the most important pieces of literature on Communism ever written. At one time people feared Communism as a power, which prompted Marx to write the Communist Manifesto and explain his ideas. How Communism should be used as type of government. He was seen as kind of an outlaw, having to move from country to country to avoid troubles with the local governments. Karl Marx truly had a different view of how government should be run. His view was that the government should run everything that way there would be no rich and no poor, everything would be equal. He believed that the only way to make peoples lives more bearable was too eliminate classes and give everyone a fair chance at life; this was his view of Communism. Marx believed this because he saw classes as an evil creation, and that the gap was just widening between the rich and the poor. Take away a materialistic ideals and no one will be better off than someone else everything will be equal.
Karl Marx was born in Moselle, Germany on May 15, 1818 into a middle class home. On both sides of Marx’s family was a long line of Rabbis. But the only way for his father to keep his job as a lawyer in Trier, Germany was to be baptized as a Protestant. He had no choice but to go along with this so that he could still be one of the most respected lawyers in Trier. When Karl Marx was 17 he enrolled at University of Bonn in the Faculty of Law. At this university Marx was engaged to Jenny von Westphalen, the daughter of Baron von Westphlen. The Baron introduced him into Romantic literature and Saint-Simonian. Marx’s dad sent him to the University of Berlin for four years. While in Berlin he traded in his views of Romanticism to views of the Hegelianism, which ruled Berlin at this point in history. When Marx’s college career was cut short by the opposition of the Prussian Government he moved to journalism. Marx became the editor of the Rheinische Zeitung a liberal newspaper in Cologne, Germany in 1842. His views on economic questions made the Prussian Government uncomfortable and they closed the paper. This is where Marx first got his ideas of how classes make life harsh for certain people and the only way to fix this is to eliminate classes all together.
After that Marx moved to France, where in a few months he became a communist. He developed his ideas in his writings, which he titled Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts. It was in Paris that Marx met his partner for life Friedrich Engel’s. Both of them moved to Brussels, and visited Engel’s family in England from time to time. During his time here... | <urn:uuid:37ab65b9-8572-44e7-b67e-e290fec3d89a> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://brightkite.com/essay-on/biography-of-karl-marx-5 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251773463.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128030221-20200128060221-00208.warc.gz | en | 0.986984 | 637 | 3.859375 | 4 | [
0.017701290547847748,
0.7649879455566406,
-0.24673491716384888,
0.16482481360435486,
-0.04816760495305061,
0.33912378549575806,
-0.04213087260723114,
0.30803045630455017,
-0.10457749664783478,
-0.10499592870473862,
0.10482444614171982,
0.19601434469223022,
0.22035285830497742,
0.1274493932... | 1 | Biography of Karl Marx
Only in the course of the world’s history can a person born over a hundred years ago be as famous today as they were back then. Karl Marx is one person that fits this category. He paved the way for people of the same political background as his own. Marx’s ideas were unique and started uproar all over Europe. Marx helped write the Communist Manifesto one of the most important pieces of literature on Communism ever written. At one time people feared Communism as a power, which prompted Marx to write the Communist Manifesto and explain his ideas. How Communism should be used as type of government. He was seen as kind of an outlaw, having to move from country to country to avoid troubles with the local governments. Karl Marx truly had a different view of how government should be run. His view was that the government should run everything that way there would be no rich and no poor, everything would be equal. He believed that the only way to make peoples lives more bearable was too eliminate classes and give everyone a fair chance at life; this was his view of Communism. Marx believed this because he saw classes as an evil creation, and that the gap was just widening between the rich and the poor. Take away a materialistic ideals and no one will be better off than someone else everything will be equal.
Karl Marx was born in Moselle, Germany on May 15, 1818 into a middle class home. On both sides of Marx’s family was a long line of Rabbis. But the only way for his father to keep his job as a lawyer in Trier, Germany was to be baptized as a Protestant. He had no choice but to go along with this so that he could still be one of the most respected lawyers in Trier. When Karl Marx was 17 he enrolled at University of Bonn in the Faculty of Law. At this university Marx was engaged to Jenny von Westphalen, the daughter of Baron von Westphlen. The Baron introduced him into Romantic literature and Saint-Simonian. Marx’s dad sent him to the University of Berlin for four years. While in Berlin he traded in his views of Romanticism to views of the Hegelianism, which ruled Berlin at this point in history. When Marx’s college career was cut short by the opposition of the Prussian Government he moved to journalism. Marx became the editor of the Rheinische Zeitung a liberal newspaper in Cologne, Germany in 1842. His views on economic questions made the Prussian Government uncomfortable and they closed the paper. This is where Marx first got his ideas of how classes make life harsh for certain people and the only way to fix this is to eliminate classes all together.
After that Marx moved to France, where in a few months he became a communist. He developed his ideas in his writings, which he titled Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts. It was in Paris that Marx met his partner for life Friedrich Engel’s. Both of them moved to Brussels, and visited Engel’s family in England from time to time. During his time here... | 634 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Following the Civil War, Knoxville gained a reputation as a peaceful city and a model of the New South. Though the black population lived segregated from the white population, race relations were significantly better in Knoxville than many other Southern communities. However, the summer of 1919 saw intense racial hatred and violence in Knoxville that were part of the nationwide series of attacks against black citizens that spread into race riots in nearly every major city in the country. Similar to the attacks that began with false accusations against black citizens in Chicago, Omaha, and other cities, economic tensions mixed with accusations and rumors raised tensions in Knoxville throughout the summer of 1919.
On August 30, Bertie Lindsay’s home was broken into by a man with a gun and flashlight. Lindsay’s husband was out of town, and the man who broke in her house followed the same routine of previous crimes that summer in Knoxville. Lindsay was shot dead by the perpetrator after she resisted his attempts to molest her. Officer Andy White arrived at the scene of the crime and believed that murder had been committed by Maurice Mays. Mays, a mixed-race resident of Knoxville. Mays had previously been picked up on “suspicion of prowling outside a white woman’s home.” By the next day, accusation became evidence in the minds of most white residents and a mob formed and grew.
Demanding vengeance, the white mob began a riot. The 4th Infantry Regiment of Tennessee was called into Knoxville to suppress the riot. During the next few days, racial violence perpetrated by white men led to the death of an unknown number of persons.
While official sources recorded only two deaths during the riot, police officers estimated that two dozen had perished and some believe that the number might be as high as forty. There were also dozens of serious injuries. The victims included African Americans who lived and worked in this part of the city and also included many of the soldiers who were called to the city to restore order. The violence centered on this part of the city which was home to many black businesses and citizens who were targeted in the attacks. There were numerous shootings reported at this intersection, now home to a small park. As of February 2019, there is no historical marker to commemorate the tragic event.
Over thirty-six white citizens were arrested in the riots which spread throughout the downtown area, but all were acquitted while Maurice Mays was executed despite a growing belief by some law enforcement officials that he was innocent.
Knoxville, Tennessee, founded in 1786 quickly grew into a transportation hub for the eastern part of the state. As railroads entered Knoxville, the city became a commercial center, but the Civil War changed the city’s dynamics. Many residents of Knoxville favored secession due to ties with southern trading. However, there were many residents who opposed joining the Confederacy and established a strong Underground Railroad network. Following the Civil War Knoxville’s black population grew rapidly due to the industrial jobs available in the city. “Blacks were segregated and did not have all rights afforded whites, but within the framework of Jim Crow, they did well.” Black residents of Knoxville could vote if a poll tax were paid, serve on the police force, and hold political office. A strong black middle class developed in the city witnessing black-owned businesses, restaurants, newspaper, library, and the Knoxville College. Heading into the twentieth century Knoxville continued to grow industrially, economically, and in population. As World War I started many of Knoxville’s residents, black and white, went off to Europe to fight.
Following the war, Knoxville’s black population decreased, and an influx of white people from the mountains moved to the city. Many of the migrant whites knew little of black people except predominant stereotypes. The city’s dynamics changed as competition for industrial jobs intensified along with increased segregated unionization. The city’s Mayor, John E. McMillan gained a reputation for appealing to both white and black voters. McMillan faced reelection in 1919 looking to secure as many votes as possible. Crime in Knoxville during 1919 increased and local newspaper sensationalized crime editorials. The hunt for a serial rapist kept the city on edge. Reports from victims described the perpetrator as a light-skinned black man that broke into homes with a gun and flashlight to rape white women. “Alarmed whites blamed Mayor McMillan for what they considered a feeble police response.” Despite the tensions and city-wide fear, black and white residents prepared for separate Labor Day celebrations in the two city parks. Festivities included baseball games, free movies, fireworks, and a combined parade through the city. However, on Saturday morning, Bertie Lindsay’s home was broken into by a man with a gun and flashlight.
Lindsay and her cousin Ora Smyth awoke to a noise and man standing at the end of the bed. He ordered Lindsay to lay on the floor, she complied but resisted when he tried to rape her. The intruder shot Lindsay as she tried escape and then turned his attention to Smyth. The man threatened to rape Smyth, but she pleaded with him and gave him her purse. The man fled the scene of the crime. Officer Andy White arrived shortly after the crime happened. Accompanying White was Jim Smith a black, non-officer driver, he later said the White told him, “God damned Maurice Mays killed that women.” Ten days prior to the murder of Bertie Lindsay, police picked up Mays on for suspiciously prowling outside a white woman’s house. Mays had a history of run-ins with White, who was considered flamboyant and controversial in Knoxville. Mays was known for his dapper dress and operated a nightclub called the Stroller’s Café. The club had a reputation for allowing blacks and whites to dance together. However, several months before Lindsay’s murder the city of Knoxville shut down Mays’ club for code violations.
Following the closing of his club, Mays was arrested multiple times for petty crimes. That Friday before the murder Mays campaigned for May McMillan perpetuating rumors that Mays was McMillan’s bastard child. About an hour after the murder police arrived at Mays home roughly a mile away. Police accused Mays, claiming his pants were damp; his gun had been recently fired and replaced with a new cartridge. Police officers took Mays back to the scene of the crime where he stood under a street light as Ora Smyth claimed he was the assailant. Mays objected to Smyth’s claim and she said that she could identify Mays by his soft voice. Mays was taken to the city jail located in the Market Square district.
As news spread that a black man had murdered Lindsay, a mob of white people gathered around the jail Saturday morning. The police chief, Edward Haynes quickly became anxious due to the riots in Chicago and Washington. Knoxville’s population in 1919 was 77,000 people and the police force only had 75-100 officers on duty. Chief Haynes obtained permission from a judge to move Mays to a Chattanooga jail. Haynes left J. Carroll Cate in charge, along with Cate’s son. The police assumed with Mays being in Chattanooga the angry mob would disperse. However, the mob grew angrier by the afternoon, and more people gathered at the jail, while others roamed Market Square. By the evening the angry mob demanded Maurice Mays and the deputies told the mob he was in Chattanooga. The angry mob wanted to search the jail for Mays, at this point Chief Deputy Cate came out and pulled out his gun, and threatened to shoot anyone who attacked the jail. “Cate fired a shot, and a dozen in the crowd fired back. Cate ran inside and bolted the jail’s heavy riot doors.” The drunken mob went to the river and rammed the jail door while others threw rocks and shot their guns at windows and locks.
Some rioters looted dynamite from a hardware store and used it to blow the bars off a window at the jail. With entry to the jail, rioters rushed in and opened the heavy door, hundreds more entered the building. The rioters cuffed one deputy while others looted guns, whiskey, money, food, medicine, and bedding. The telephone line was disconnected, furniture destroyed, and lights were smashed out. The mob released all of the white prisoners, including a murder suspect, but left black prisoners in their cells. After the jail had been nearly destroyed Deputy Hall escaped and called Mayor McMillan who called the Tennessee 4th Infantry Regiment to come to the city. Initially, sixty troops arrived in Knoxville, the soldiers were overwhelmed and many of their weapons were captured by the mob. The mob did not stop their, beating soldiers and even taking their uniforms.
Eventually, Adjutant General Edward Baxter Sweeny arrived with 150 men. He sympathized with the angry mob, told them Mays would be executed, and ordered the mob to disperse. They did not listen to Sweeny’s demand but they refrained from attacking him. The mob demanded to search Sheriff Cate’s home and Sweeny complied with their demands. Three groups of twenty-five people searched Cate’s home finding nothing. The mob eventually overwhelmed guards ransacking the house, destroyed furniture, and stole anything of value, they even stole Cate’s children’s clothes. Rioters eventually left Sheriff Cate’s home and continued roaming the streets looking for Mays.
While the angry mob ransacked Sheriff Cate’s home, black residents a few blocks away, prepared defenses. The black residents purchased ammunition all day until one hardware store owner refused to sell any ammunition to African Americans. Northwest of the downtown area, black residents fortified a street corner, street lights were shot out, and a gravel truck was overturned to serve as a barricade. Roughly 100 black men stood armed waiting for the white mob to come. Around 11:30 pm, a group of armed rioters appeared, the two sides engaged in gunfire. The white rioters ran back to the court house and asked the militia to help. As the riot transitioned to a full-fledged battle, white rioters looted hardware stores for weapons and bullets. The militia set up two machine guns on tripods at Vine and State Streets. The machine gunners joined the white rioters and attempted to shoot black snipers. Eventually at behest of drunken white mob members the machine gunners opened fire on fellow militia.
The fighting continued between the two groups moving in between alleys and side streets. “Prostitutes and johns ran out of buildings; patrons fled illegal saloons.” Residents trembled in their homes, black residents fled the city, hiding in nearby churches and forests. The militia fought the black defenders and did nothing to stop the white mob that destroyed a police station. Eventually 1,100 additional militia arrived and drove off remaining defenders from their barricades. Sweeny ordered the militia to not let the whit mob attack the black neighborhood. Troops with machine guns formed a barrier around the entrance to the black neighborhood preventing white residents from entering and stopping black residents from leaving. The riot was over and the city suffered immense damage.
The white mob destroyed a police station, a sheriff’s home, many businesses, assaulted law officers and soldiers, and killed many innocent people. The riot caused a panic among black residents of Tennessee. Newspapers reported, that black people were taking trains, and taxis to leave the state. The following a night Mayor McMillan imposed a 10pm curfew. Jumpy militia fired at black residents causing people to stay home instead of going to work. No official death count emerged as the coroner refused to release the information. However, estimates of contemporary police placed the death toll in the dozens along with roughly $50,000 worth of damage to the city. Maurice Mays throughout the riot was in Chattanooga. Mays’ trial lasted until 1920 where he was sentenced to death despite Police Chief Haynes instance that Mays was innocent.
Knoxville joined Chicago, Washington, Omaha, Carswell Grove, Cleveland, and Charleston in the Red Summer of 1919. Each of these cities experienced intense race riots that derived from trumped-up felonious accusations against black people. | <urn:uuid:3a0fb1f8-8a02-47af-9aa1-08f38014ab4c> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.theclio.com/entry/14465 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251778168.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128091916-20200128121916-00192.warc.gz | en | 0.980787 | 2,569 | 3.703125 | 4 | [
-0.2885974049568176,
0.11075503379106522,
0.17590846121311188,
0.08657540380954742,
0.13843593001365662,
0.3669862747192383,
0.21552561223506927,
0.09547190368175507,
0.3006684482097626,
0.16592161357402802,
0.7705415487289429,
0.4480985701084137,
-0.09405702352523804,
0.21240326762199402,... | 2 | Following the Civil War, Knoxville gained a reputation as a peaceful city and a model of the New South. Though the black population lived segregated from the white population, race relations were significantly better in Knoxville than many other Southern communities. However, the summer of 1919 saw intense racial hatred and violence in Knoxville that were part of the nationwide series of attacks against black citizens that spread into race riots in nearly every major city in the country. Similar to the attacks that began with false accusations against black citizens in Chicago, Omaha, and other cities, economic tensions mixed with accusations and rumors raised tensions in Knoxville throughout the summer of 1919.
On August 30, Bertie Lindsay’s home was broken into by a man with a gun and flashlight. Lindsay’s husband was out of town, and the man who broke in her house followed the same routine of previous crimes that summer in Knoxville. Lindsay was shot dead by the perpetrator after she resisted his attempts to molest her. Officer Andy White arrived at the scene of the crime and believed that murder had been committed by Maurice Mays. Mays, a mixed-race resident of Knoxville. Mays had previously been picked up on “suspicion of prowling outside a white woman’s home.” By the next day, accusation became evidence in the minds of most white residents and a mob formed and grew.
Demanding vengeance, the white mob began a riot. The 4th Infantry Regiment of Tennessee was called into Knoxville to suppress the riot. During the next few days, racial violence perpetrated by white men led to the death of an unknown number of persons.
While official sources recorded only two deaths during the riot, police officers estimated that two dozen had perished and some believe that the number might be as high as forty. There were also dozens of serious injuries. The victims included African Americans who lived and worked in this part of the city and also included many of the soldiers who were called to the city to restore order. The violence centered on this part of the city which was home to many black businesses and citizens who were targeted in the attacks. There were numerous shootings reported at this intersection, now home to a small park. As of February 2019, there is no historical marker to commemorate the tragic event.
Over thirty-six white citizens were arrested in the riots which spread throughout the downtown area, but all were acquitted while Maurice Mays was executed despite a growing belief by some law enforcement officials that he was innocent.
Knoxville, Tennessee, founded in 1786 quickly grew into a transportation hub for the eastern part of the state. As railroads entered Knoxville, the city became a commercial center, but the Civil War changed the city’s dynamics. Many residents of Knoxville favored secession due to ties with southern trading. However, there were many residents who opposed joining the Confederacy and established a strong Underground Railroad network. Following the Civil War Knoxville’s black population grew rapidly due to the industrial jobs available in the city. “Blacks were segregated and did not have all rights afforded whites, but within the framework of Jim Crow, they did well.” Black residents of Knoxville could vote if a poll tax were paid, serve on the police force, and hold political office. A strong black middle class developed in the city witnessing black-owned businesses, restaurants, newspaper, library, and the Knoxville College. Heading into the twentieth century Knoxville continued to grow industrially, economically, and in population. As World War I started many of Knoxville’s residents, black and white, went off to Europe to fight.
Following the war, Knoxville’s black population decreased, and an influx of white people from the mountains moved to the city. Many of the migrant whites knew little of black people except predominant stereotypes. The city’s dynamics changed as competition for industrial jobs intensified along with increased segregated unionization. The city’s Mayor, John E. McMillan gained a reputation for appealing to both white and black voters. McMillan faced reelection in 1919 looking to secure as many votes as possible. Crime in Knoxville during 1919 increased and local newspaper sensationalized crime editorials. The hunt for a serial rapist kept the city on edge. Reports from victims described the perpetrator as a light-skinned black man that broke into homes with a gun and flashlight to rape white women. “Alarmed whites blamed Mayor McMillan for what they considered a feeble police response.” Despite the tensions and city-wide fear, black and white residents prepared for separate Labor Day celebrations in the two city parks. Festivities included baseball games, free movies, fireworks, and a combined parade through the city. However, on Saturday morning, Bertie Lindsay’s home was broken into by a man with a gun and flashlight.
Lindsay and her cousin Ora Smyth awoke to a noise and man standing at the end of the bed. He ordered Lindsay to lay on the floor, she complied but resisted when he tried to rape her. The intruder shot Lindsay as she tried escape and then turned his attention to Smyth. The man threatened to rape Smyth, but she pleaded with him and gave him her purse. The man fled the scene of the crime. Officer Andy White arrived shortly after the crime happened. Accompanying White was Jim Smith a black, non-officer driver, he later said the White told him, “God damned Maurice Mays killed that women.” Ten days prior to the murder of Bertie Lindsay, police picked up Mays on for suspiciously prowling outside a white woman’s house. Mays had a history of run-ins with White, who was considered flamboyant and controversial in Knoxville. Mays was known for his dapper dress and operated a nightclub called the Stroller’s Café. The club had a reputation for allowing blacks and whites to dance together. However, several months before Lindsay’s murder the city of Knoxville shut down Mays’ club for code violations.
Following the closing of his club, Mays was arrested multiple times for petty crimes. That Friday before the murder Mays campaigned for May McMillan perpetuating rumors that Mays was McMillan’s bastard child. About an hour after the murder police arrived at Mays home roughly a mile away. Police accused Mays, claiming his pants were damp; his gun had been recently fired and replaced with a new cartridge. Police officers took Mays back to the scene of the crime where he stood under a street light as Ora Smyth claimed he was the assailant. Mays objected to Smyth’s claim and she said that she could identify Mays by his soft voice. Mays was taken to the city jail located in the Market Square district.
As news spread that a black man had murdered Lindsay, a mob of white people gathered around the jail Saturday morning. The police chief, Edward Haynes quickly became anxious due to the riots in Chicago and Washington. Knoxville’s population in 1919 was 77,000 people and the police force only had 75-100 officers on duty. Chief Haynes obtained permission from a judge to move Mays to a Chattanooga jail. Haynes left J. Carroll Cate in charge, along with Cate’s son. The police assumed with Mays being in Chattanooga the angry mob would disperse. However, the mob grew angrier by the afternoon, and more people gathered at the jail, while others roamed Market Square. By the evening the angry mob demanded Maurice Mays and the deputies told the mob he was in Chattanooga. The angry mob wanted to search the jail for Mays, at this point Chief Deputy Cate came out and pulled out his gun, and threatened to shoot anyone who attacked the jail. “Cate fired a shot, and a dozen in the crowd fired back. Cate ran inside and bolted the jail’s heavy riot doors.” The drunken mob went to the river and rammed the jail door while others threw rocks and shot their guns at windows and locks.
Some rioters looted dynamite from a hardware store and used it to blow the bars off a window at the jail. With entry to the jail, rioters rushed in and opened the heavy door, hundreds more entered the building. The rioters cuffed one deputy while others looted guns, whiskey, money, food, medicine, and bedding. The telephone line was disconnected, furniture destroyed, and lights were smashed out. The mob released all of the white prisoners, including a murder suspect, but left black prisoners in their cells. After the jail had been nearly destroyed Deputy Hall escaped and called Mayor McMillan who called the Tennessee 4th Infantry Regiment to come to the city. Initially, sixty troops arrived in Knoxville, the soldiers were overwhelmed and many of their weapons were captured by the mob. The mob did not stop their, beating soldiers and even taking their uniforms.
Eventually, Adjutant General Edward Baxter Sweeny arrived with 150 men. He sympathized with the angry mob, told them Mays would be executed, and ordered the mob to disperse. They did not listen to Sweeny’s demand but they refrained from attacking him. The mob demanded to search Sheriff Cate’s home and Sweeny complied with their demands. Three groups of twenty-five people searched Cate’s home finding nothing. The mob eventually overwhelmed guards ransacking the house, destroyed furniture, and stole anything of value, they even stole Cate’s children’s clothes. Rioters eventually left Sheriff Cate’s home and continued roaming the streets looking for Mays.
While the angry mob ransacked Sheriff Cate’s home, black residents a few blocks away, prepared defenses. The black residents purchased ammunition all day until one hardware store owner refused to sell any ammunition to African Americans. Northwest of the downtown area, black residents fortified a street corner, street lights were shot out, and a gravel truck was overturned to serve as a barricade. Roughly 100 black men stood armed waiting for the white mob to come. Around 11:30 pm, a group of armed rioters appeared, the two sides engaged in gunfire. The white rioters ran back to the court house and asked the militia to help. As the riot transitioned to a full-fledged battle, white rioters looted hardware stores for weapons and bullets. The militia set up two machine guns on tripods at Vine and State Streets. The machine gunners joined the white rioters and attempted to shoot black snipers. Eventually at behest of drunken white mob members the machine gunners opened fire on fellow militia.
The fighting continued between the two groups moving in between alleys and side streets. “Prostitutes and johns ran out of buildings; patrons fled illegal saloons.” Residents trembled in their homes, black residents fled the city, hiding in nearby churches and forests. The militia fought the black defenders and did nothing to stop the white mob that destroyed a police station. Eventually 1,100 additional militia arrived and drove off remaining defenders from their barricades. Sweeny ordered the militia to not let the whit mob attack the black neighborhood. Troops with machine guns formed a barrier around the entrance to the black neighborhood preventing white residents from entering and stopping black residents from leaving. The riot was over and the city suffered immense damage.
The white mob destroyed a police station, a sheriff’s home, many businesses, assaulted law officers and soldiers, and killed many innocent people. The riot caused a panic among black residents of Tennessee. Newspapers reported, that black people were taking trains, and taxis to leave the state. The following a night Mayor McMillan imposed a 10pm curfew. Jumpy militia fired at black residents causing people to stay home instead of going to work. No official death count emerged as the coroner refused to release the information. However, estimates of contemporary police placed the death toll in the dozens along with roughly $50,000 worth of damage to the city. Maurice Mays throughout the riot was in Chattanooga. Mays’ trial lasted until 1920 where he was sentenced to death despite Police Chief Haynes instance that Mays was innocent.
Knoxville joined Chicago, Washington, Omaha, Carswell Grove, Cleveland, and Charleston in the Red Summer of 1919. Each of these cities experienced intense race riots that derived from trumped-up felonious accusations against black people. | 2,529 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Philip II generally believed that what was good for Spain was good for the Catholic Church. Philip himself was a devout Catholic and used up vast sums of money in defence of Catholicism. He looked on the pope as the spiritual head of the Catholic Church but he did not commit himself to the decisions of Rome when they conflicted with his own beliefs. Philip II saw himself as the lay protector of the Catholic Church with two responsibilities:
1) fighting in its defence
2) ensuring its spiritual regeneration
Philip II himself ordered the Spanish bishops at the Council of Trent to insist on no accommodation of Protestants. However, the reforms at Trent were less relevant to Spain than elsewhere as Cardinal Ximenes, Charles V and Philip II had ensured that Spain remained thoroughly Catholic. Philip II also insisted that Spain’s representatives were present at the provincial councils of the church but there was no real urgency in Spain for reform as it obviously was not needed.
What authority did Philip II have?
1) The crown made all major ecclesiastical appointments
2) Papal bulls needed royal approval before they could be published
3) Appeals over crown decisions could be made to Rome but this very rarely occurred as it would be seen as challenging Philip’s authority.
These three points essentially took power away from the pope and Rome. Disagreements between the two did happen and the most famous involved the Primate of Spain, Archbishop Carranza of Toledo. He was arrested by the Spanish Inquisition and put in prison. The pope, Pius V, insisted that a man in such a position should be tried for his crimes in a Papal court in Rome. Philip refused this request as he viewed the problem as being entirely a Spanish one and not one that involved what he would have seen as interference from Rome.
Pius, in retaliation, refused to re-new the cruzada which would have put true catholic believers (most of Spain) in a difficult position as payment of it would have been seen as being disloyal to the pope. Philip responded by withdrawing his ambassador from Rome. On this one occasion Philip climbed down and sent Carranza to Rome as the situation was getting out of hand. Carranza was acquitted but such conciliatory gestures from Philip were rare.
|“Philip convinced of his own spiritual integrity and his innate superiority of all things Spanish, kept a firm hold on ‘his’ church.” (Lockyer)|
Philip upheld the Counter-Reformation though its required impact in Spain was less than elsewhere in the catholic world. Though he detested both Protestants and Turks, he only involved himself in campaigns against them when Spain itself was threatened e.g. he refused to help Pius V’s crusade against the Turks during the time of the Holy League. He also showed a conciliatory attitude towards north German Protestant states and England when he declared that the revolt in the Spanish Netherlands was a rebellion against royal authority and was not a fight against heresy.
Philip only introduced to Spain the reforms stated at Trent if they did not harm his authority but the bulk of the decisions at Trent were all but irrelevant to a country that was solidly catholic.
The Spanish Inquisition enjoyed the full support of Philip primarily as it was used to hunt out opponents to his rule and it was also an all-Spanish institution. Its courts had massive power and were not hampered by the constitutional rights of the regions which affected the power of provincial courts which rarely dared to threaten fueros (traditional though vaguely stated rights which people zealously clung to).
What could be called a Spanish Protestant movement was easily crushed by the Inquisition. By 1568, the ‘movement’ ceased to exist. Led by the Inquisitor-General, Fernando de Valdes, it was an efficient and thorough organisation and well placed to enforce royal authority. It also dealt with intellectual deviationists. It ensured that the Spanish Index was far more severe than the Roman Index while in November 1559 Spaniards were forbidden to study at foreign universities. This intellectual apartheid cut Spain off from mainstream intellectual development within Europe as a whole and severely hampered Spain’s development as the ideas and progress being made in western Europe all but excluded Spain.
- Philip II's foreign policy was to affect much of Europe. In many senses Philip II had too many responsibilities and not enough financial clout to…
- 1588 to 1598 was a decade of crisis for Spain. Philip’s overseas adventures and foreign policy were crippling Spain’s economy. The disastrous Spanish Armada had…
- Philip III inherited a disastrous economy from his father, Philip II. Spain was essentially a bankrupt nation by 1598 The decline of Spain was not… | <urn:uuid:5c85d026-6e6f-411a-b9aa-597729b318aa> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/spain-under-phillip-ii/phillip-and-religion/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250597458.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120052454-20200120080454-00533.warc.gz | en | 0.988978 | 959 | 3.8125 | 4 | [
-0.22502799332141876,
0.28664708137512207,
-0.20809412002563477,
-0.23126493394374847,
0.056022919714450836,
-0.35810598731040955,
0.05139031261205673,
0.34909456968307495,
0.4552042484283447,
-0.07926584780216217,
-0.29839828610420227,
-0.23017506301403046,
-0.19227053225040436,
0.1694817... | 10 | Philip II generally believed that what was good for Spain was good for the Catholic Church. Philip himself was a devout Catholic and used up vast sums of money in defence of Catholicism. He looked on the pope as the spiritual head of the Catholic Church but he did not commit himself to the decisions of Rome when they conflicted with his own beliefs. Philip II saw himself as the lay protector of the Catholic Church with two responsibilities:
1) fighting in its defence
2) ensuring its spiritual regeneration
Philip II himself ordered the Spanish bishops at the Council of Trent to insist on no accommodation of Protestants. However, the reforms at Trent were less relevant to Spain than elsewhere as Cardinal Ximenes, Charles V and Philip II had ensured that Spain remained thoroughly Catholic. Philip II also insisted that Spain’s representatives were present at the provincial councils of the church but there was no real urgency in Spain for reform as it obviously was not needed.
What authority did Philip II have?
1) The crown made all major ecclesiastical appointments
2) Papal bulls needed royal approval before they could be published
3) Appeals over crown decisions could be made to Rome but this very rarely occurred as it would be seen as challenging Philip’s authority.
These three points essentially took power away from the pope and Rome. Disagreements between the two did happen and the most famous involved the Primate of Spain, Archbishop Carranza of Toledo. He was arrested by the Spanish Inquisition and put in prison. The pope, Pius V, insisted that a man in such a position should be tried for his crimes in a Papal court in Rome. Philip refused this request as he viewed the problem as being entirely a Spanish one and not one that involved what he would have seen as interference from Rome.
Pius, in retaliation, refused to re-new the cruzada which would have put true catholic believers (most of Spain) in a difficult position as payment of it would have been seen as being disloyal to the pope. Philip responded by withdrawing his ambassador from Rome. On this one occasion Philip climbed down and sent Carranza to Rome as the situation was getting out of hand. Carranza was acquitted but such conciliatory gestures from Philip were rare.
|“Philip convinced of his own spiritual integrity and his innate superiority of all things Spanish, kept a firm hold on ‘his’ church.” (Lockyer)|
Philip upheld the Counter-Reformation though its required impact in Spain was less than elsewhere in the catholic world. Though he detested both Protestants and Turks, he only involved himself in campaigns against them when Spain itself was threatened e.g. he refused to help Pius V’s crusade against the Turks during the time of the Holy League. He also showed a conciliatory attitude towards north German Protestant states and England when he declared that the revolt in the Spanish Netherlands was a rebellion against royal authority and was not a fight against heresy.
Philip only introduced to Spain the reforms stated at Trent if they did not harm his authority but the bulk of the decisions at Trent were all but irrelevant to a country that was solidly catholic.
The Spanish Inquisition enjoyed the full support of Philip primarily as it was used to hunt out opponents to his rule and it was also an all-Spanish institution. Its courts had massive power and were not hampered by the constitutional rights of the regions which affected the power of provincial courts which rarely dared to threaten fueros (traditional though vaguely stated rights which people zealously clung to).
What could be called a Spanish Protestant movement was easily crushed by the Inquisition. By 1568, the ‘movement’ ceased to exist. Led by the Inquisitor-General, Fernando de Valdes, it was an efficient and thorough organisation and well placed to enforce royal authority. It also dealt with intellectual deviationists. It ensured that the Spanish Index was far more severe than the Roman Index while in November 1559 Spaniards were forbidden to study at foreign universities. This intellectual apartheid cut Spain off from mainstream intellectual development within Europe as a whole and severely hampered Spain’s development as the ideas and progress being made in western Europe all but excluded Spain.
- Philip II's foreign policy was to affect much of Europe. In many senses Philip II had too many responsibilities and not enough financial clout to…
- 1588 to 1598 was a decade of crisis for Spain. Philip’s overseas adventures and foreign policy were crippling Spain’s economy. The disastrous Spanish Armada had…
- Philip III inherited a disastrous economy from his father, Philip II. Spain was essentially a bankrupt nation by 1598 The decline of Spain was not… | 945 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Who Was King George VI?
George VI was crowned the king of the United Kingdom in 1937 and was an important symbolic leader for the British people during World War II. He supported Winston Churchill completely throughout the war and even visited armies on the battlefronts. He was succeeded by his daughter, Queen Elizabeth II, after he died of lung cancer in 1952.
Family and Early Life
King George VI was born Albert Frederick Arthur George Saxe-Coburg-Gotha on December 14, 1895, in Norfolk, England. Though formally known as "His Highness Prince Albert of York," within the family the future king was called "Bertie," and, as a young man, "Albert."
The second son of King George V and Victoria May, the Duchess of York (Mary of Teck), Prince Albert’s youth was not easy. Though affectionate with his mother, affection was not always returned, and his father was harsh and critical. His tutors forced him to write with his right hand, though he was naturally left-handed.
At around age eight, the future King George VI developed a stammer, and he suffered the indignity of wearing leg braces to correct his knock knees. Often ill and easily frightened, Prince Albert was somewhat prone to tears and tantrums—traits that he carried throughout much of his adult life.
Military Service and Education
In 1909, Prince Albert graduated from the Royal Naval Academy at Osborne, finishing at the bottom of his class in the final exam. However, Albert progressed to the Royal Navy Academy at Dartmouth and then joined the Royal Navy as a midshipman.
During World War I, the future king served on the HMS Collingwood. He saw action at the inconclusive Battle of Juteland in May 1916. In 1919, he joined the Royal Air Force and was certified as a pilot.
After the war, Prince Albert went to Trinity College (University of Cambridge) and studied history, economics and civics. He only stayed there for one year, however, and in 1920, he was made the Duke of York and began to carry out public duties for his father.
George VI’s Wife and Kids
Around 1920 Prince Albert became reacquainted with Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon, whom he had met as a child through their families' close relationship. Upon seeing her again as an attractive 18-year-old, Albert was smitten, but shy and awkward. After twice rejecting Albert's marriage proposal, Elizabeth finally accepted, and they were married on April 26, 1923, at Westminster Abbey. They had two children: Elizabeth, born in 1926, and Margaret, born in 1930.
Prince Albert and Princess Elizabeth were able to solidify their relationship during the first several years of marriage. Recognizing that his stammer was an ordeal for her husband and his audiences, Elizabeth sought the help of Lionel Logue, an Australian speech therapist living in London. At first reluctant, Prince Albert began seeing Logue and partaking in his unorthodox exercises. His wife often accompanied him and participated in the sessions. Prince Albert and Logue cultivated a strong relationship and, gradually, his speech improved.
Why Did King George Get the Throne?
King George VI’s father, King George V, had reservations about his first son, Prince Edward (Duke of Windsor), taking the throne. He once said, "I pray God that my eldest son will never marry and that nothing will come between Bertie [Prince Albert] and Lilibet [Albert’s daughter] and the throne."
On January 20, 1936, King George V died, and Edward ascended to the throne as King Edward VIII. In less than a year, he abdicated his role to Prince Albert so that he could marry his mistress, Wallis Simpson, a twice-divorced American socialite. Prince Albert was crowned on May 12, 1937, and took on the name George VI to emphasize continuity with his father and restore confidence in the monarchy.
The Start of World War II
In the 1930s, King George VI, a strong supporter of British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain, hoped that Chamberlain would be able to stave off a war with Nazi Germany. In 1938, Chamberlain met with German Fuhrer Adolf Hitler and signed the Munich Pact.
Though Chamberlain's efforts were criticized as a "policy of appeasement" by the opposition party in Parliament, King George VI supported his prime minister. He and Chamberlain appeared together on the balcony of Buckingham Palace to greet the crowds after the agreement’s announcement, a tradition normally restricted to royal family members.
Visit To the United States
Hitler ignored the Munich Pact and continued his aggressive actions in Europe. Feeling war was a possibility, King George and Queen Elizabeth visited the United States in June 1939, forging a strong friendship with President Franklin D. Roosevelt. The royals were also well received by the American public.
The King’s Speech
In September 1939, Germany invaded Poland, violating the Munich Pact, and war was declared. With the help of his speech therapist and his wife, King George successfully made one of the most important speeches of his life, announcing to the citizens of Britain that the country was at war—an event depicted in the 2010 film The King’s Speech.
World War II
During World War II, the royal couple was resolved to stay in London at Buckingham Palace despite intense German bombing raids. King George and Queen Elizabeth undertook many morale-boosting visits to Britain’s bombed-out cities, touring hospitals and visiting with wounded troops.
In 1943 the king visited British troops in North Africa. King George VI later visited troops at Malta, bestowing on the entire island the honor of the George Cross, which he instituted to honor exceptional acts of bravery by civilians. In June 1944, 10 days after the D-Day invasion, the king visited the troops in Normandy. He suffered personal tragedy during the war when both his wife’s nephew and his youngest brother were killed.
King George VI and Winston Churchill
King George VI was not enamored with the selection of Churchill as prime minister after Chamberlain’s resignation. Nevertheless, focused on World War II, the two men quickly developed a strong working relationship and deep respect for each other.
During the victory celebration at the end of the war in Europe, the king invited Prime Minister Churchill to appear with him on the balcony of Buckingham Palace, just as he had done with Chamberlain.
King George VI’s Health and Surgery
After World War II, the stress of war began to catch up with King George VI and his health began to deteriorate rapidly. Around this time, his daughter, Princess Elizabeth, the presumptive heir, began to take on some of his royal duties. A planned tour of Australia and New Zealand was postponed after the king suffered an arterial blockage in 1949.
In 1951, following years of heavy smoking, King George was diagnosed with lung cancer and arteriosclerosis. On September 23, 1951, his left lung was removed.
Despite his reluctance to be king, George VI was a conscientious and dedicated sovereign who assumed the throne at a time when public faith in the monarchy was at an all-time low. Armed with strong determination and the help of his wife, he became a modern monarch of the 20th century. During his reign, George VI endured the hardships of war and the transition from an empire to a commonwealth of nations and restored the popularity of the British monarchy.
King George VI’s Death
On the morning of February 6, 1952, George VI was discovered dead in bed at the age of 56. He previously suffered from lung cancer and had a lung removed; it was later determined that he had died of a coronary thrombosis.
After George VI's death, his daughter, Princess Elizabeth, took the throne, becoming Queen Elizabeth II at the age of 25. She was officially crowned at the age of 27. So as not to be confused with her daughter, King George VI’s widow, Queen Elizabeth, took on the name "Queen Mother."
We strive for accuracy and fairness. If you see something that doesn't look right, contact us! | <urn:uuid:2b13c70d-e5b3-4bb9-b970-0449a5f0c46b> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.biography.com/royalty/george-vi | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594705.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119180644-20200119204644-00462.warc.gz | en | 0.983278 | 1,682 | 3.375 | 3 | [
-0.07861214131116867,
1.0581934452056885,
0.5740514993667603,
-0.2867453694343567,
-0.46552327275276184,
0.058935634791851044,
0.33435380458831787,
-0.09362559020519257,
0.11186009645462036,
0.2552799880504608,
0.38888055086135864,
-0.06080135703086853,
0.40839558839797974,
0.0425139591097... | 12 | Who Was King George VI?
George VI was crowned the king of the United Kingdom in 1937 and was an important symbolic leader for the British people during World War II. He supported Winston Churchill completely throughout the war and even visited armies on the battlefronts. He was succeeded by his daughter, Queen Elizabeth II, after he died of lung cancer in 1952.
Family and Early Life
King George VI was born Albert Frederick Arthur George Saxe-Coburg-Gotha on December 14, 1895, in Norfolk, England. Though formally known as "His Highness Prince Albert of York," within the family the future king was called "Bertie," and, as a young man, "Albert."
The second son of King George V and Victoria May, the Duchess of York (Mary of Teck), Prince Albert’s youth was not easy. Though affectionate with his mother, affection was not always returned, and his father was harsh and critical. His tutors forced him to write with his right hand, though he was naturally left-handed.
At around age eight, the future King George VI developed a stammer, and he suffered the indignity of wearing leg braces to correct his knock knees. Often ill and easily frightened, Prince Albert was somewhat prone to tears and tantrums—traits that he carried throughout much of his adult life.
Military Service and Education
In 1909, Prince Albert graduated from the Royal Naval Academy at Osborne, finishing at the bottom of his class in the final exam. However, Albert progressed to the Royal Navy Academy at Dartmouth and then joined the Royal Navy as a midshipman.
During World War I, the future king served on the HMS Collingwood. He saw action at the inconclusive Battle of Juteland in May 1916. In 1919, he joined the Royal Air Force and was certified as a pilot.
After the war, Prince Albert went to Trinity College (University of Cambridge) and studied history, economics and civics. He only stayed there for one year, however, and in 1920, he was made the Duke of York and began to carry out public duties for his father.
George VI’s Wife and Kids
Around 1920 Prince Albert became reacquainted with Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon, whom he had met as a child through their families' close relationship. Upon seeing her again as an attractive 18-year-old, Albert was smitten, but shy and awkward. After twice rejecting Albert's marriage proposal, Elizabeth finally accepted, and they were married on April 26, 1923, at Westminster Abbey. They had two children: Elizabeth, born in 1926, and Margaret, born in 1930.
Prince Albert and Princess Elizabeth were able to solidify their relationship during the first several years of marriage. Recognizing that his stammer was an ordeal for her husband and his audiences, Elizabeth sought the help of Lionel Logue, an Australian speech therapist living in London. At first reluctant, Prince Albert began seeing Logue and partaking in his unorthodox exercises. His wife often accompanied him and participated in the sessions. Prince Albert and Logue cultivated a strong relationship and, gradually, his speech improved.
Why Did King George Get the Throne?
King George VI’s father, King George V, had reservations about his first son, Prince Edward (Duke of Windsor), taking the throne. He once said, "I pray God that my eldest son will never marry and that nothing will come between Bertie [Prince Albert] and Lilibet [Albert’s daughter] and the throne."
On January 20, 1936, King George V died, and Edward ascended to the throne as King Edward VIII. In less than a year, he abdicated his role to Prince Albert so that he could marry his mistress, Wallis Simpson, a twice-divorced American socialite. Prince Albert was crowned on May 12, 1937, and took on the name George VI to emphasize continuity with his father and restore confidence in the monarchy.
The Start of World War II
In the 1930s, King George VI, a strong supporter of British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain, hoped that Chamberlain would be able to stave off a war with Nazi Germany. In 1938, Chamberlain met with German Fuhrer Adolf Hitler and signed the Munich Pact.
Though Chamberlain's efforts were criticized as a "policy of appeasement" by the opposition party in Parliament, King George VI supported his prime minister. He and Chamberlain appeared together on the balcony of Buckingham Palace to greet the crowds after the agreement’s announcement, a tradition normally restricted to royal family members.
Visit To the United States
Hitler ignored the Munich Pact and continued his aggressive actions in Europe. Feeling war was a possibility, King George and Queen Elizabeth visited the United States in June 1939, forging a strong friendship with President Franklin D. Roosevelt. The royals were also well received by the American public.
The King’s Speech
In September 1939, Germany invaded Poland, violating the Munich Pact, and war was declared. With the help of his speech therapist and his wife, King George successfully made one of the most important speeches of his life, announcing to the citizens of Britain that the country was at war—an event depicted in the 2010 film The King’s Speech.
World War II
During World War II, the royal couple was resolved to stay in London at Buckingham Palace despite intense German bombing raids. King George and Queen Elizabeth undertook many morale-boosting visits to Britain’s bombed-out cities, touring hospitals and visiting with wounded troops.
In 1943 the king visited British troops in North Africa. King George VI later visited troops at Malta, bestowing on the entire island the honor of the George Cross, which he instituted to honor exceptional acts of bravery by civilians. In June 1944, 10 days after the D-Day invasion, the king visited the troops in Normandy. He suffered personal tragedy during the war when both his wife’s nephew and his youngest brother were killed.
King George VI and Winston Churchill
King George VI was not enamored with the selection of Churchill as prime minister after Chamberlain’s resignation. Nevertheless, focused on World War II, the two men quickly developed a strong working relationship and deep respect for each other.
During the victory celebration at the end of the war in Europe, the king invited Prime Minister Churchill to appear with him on the balcony of Buckingham Palace, just as he had done with Chamberlain.
King George VI’s Health and Surgery
After World War II, the stress of war began to catch up with King George VI and his health began to deteriorate rapidly. Around this time, his daughter, Princess Elizabeth, the presumptive heir, began to take on some of his royal duties. A planned tour of Australia and New Zealand was postponed after the king suffered an arterial blockage in 1949.
In 1951, following years of heavy smoking, King George was diagnosed with lung cancer and arteriosclerosis. On September 23, 1951, his left lung was removed.
Despite his reluctance to be king, George VI was a conscientious and dedicated sovereign who assumed the throne at a time when public faith in the monarchy was at an all-time low. Armed with strong determination and the help of his wife, he became a modern monarch of the 20th century. During his reign, George VI endured the hardships of war and the transition from an empire to a commonwealth of nations and restored the popularity of the British monarchy.
King George VI’s Death
On the morning of February 6, 1952, George VI was discovered dead in bed at the age of 56. He previously suffered from lung cancer and had a lung removed; it was later determined that he had died of a coronary thrombosis.
After George VI's death, his daughter, Princess Elizabeth, took the throne, becoming Queen Elizabeth II at the age of 25. She was officially crowned at the age of 27. So as not to be confused with her daughter, King George VI’s widow, Queen Elizabeth, took on the name "Queen Mother."
We strive for accuracy and fairness. If you see something that doesn't look right, contact us! | 1,747 | ENGLISH | 1 |
George Washington Carver, famous for his many contributions to agriculture as a chemist at the Tuskegee Institute, was born into slavery sometime in the 1860s (no one knows for sure) on the farm of Moses Carver in Diamond, Missouri.
From what historians can tell, Moses and his wife, Susan, were fond of little George who loved to help with domestic chores.
He desperately wanted an education, but when he tried to attend a nearby school he was turned away because of the color of his skin.
Kim Mailes, chairman of the Board of Directors for the Carver Birthplace Association, said Neosho had to establish a school for black children in 1872 because of a law passed by the Missouri Legislature following the Civil War, "saying that local schools who had sufficient numbers of African American children must establish an educational facility, so Neosho had enough."
Four years after the Neosho Colored School opened, George Washington Carver, only 10 to 12-years-old, according to Mailes, walked eight miles into the unknown to seek an education, "not knowing where he's going to live, not knowing how he's going to feed himself, but he says, 'I'm going because there's a school there I can become educated.'"
It was an arduous journey to go from the Carver Farm to the Neosho Colored School, according to James Heaney, superintendent of the George Washington Carver National Monument in Diamond. And not only was it arduous, he said, it was dangerous.
"A black man was just not safe traveling anywhere in this country and yet he did it, and he did it very boldly, very bravely," said Heaney. "Just the fact that he left here as a kid to go down to Neosho--sure, it's only eight miles, but a lot can happen in those eight miles to a young black kid."
But Carver made the journey anyway, and settled for the night into the loft of a barn right next to the school. The next morning, Mariah Watkins, who lived in a house on the other side of the barn with her husband, Andrew, discovered Carver in the loft. The Watkins, prosperous for African-Americans at the time, invited Carver to live with them. Mariah was the midwife for Neosho and delivered as many as 500 children, according to Mailes, including the famous artist, Thomas Hart Benton. They never had children of their own.
The Watkins were influential in Carver’s life in two ways, said Mailes. "One, think about it, until he left this farm, he had never really known other black people, so living with them and going to school was his first immersion into African American society, and then, secondly, (Mariah) was a deeply spiritual women. Her Christian faith was very important, and she instilled that in Carver," said Mailes, "and matters of faith influenced him for the rest of his life. She gave him the admonition to learn all he could and then give that learning for the good of his people."
Historians believed Carver attended Neosho Colored School for about a year and a half, and Mailes said it wasn’t long before he knew more than the teacher, Stephen Frost. According to Heaney, on at least one occasion, a classmate, Cal Jefferson, remembered Carver correcting his instructor.
Carver left Neosho with a black family who was moving to Kansas where there was a better school he could attend. He graduated from high school in Minneapolis, Kansas, and after being turned away from a Kansas college because he was black, he was accepted at Iowa State University where he got his bachelor’s and master’s degrees. He was on faculty there until Booker T. Washington convinced him to go to Tuskegee Institute where he spent the rest of his career.
But Carver never forgot the Neosho Colored School where his education began in a crowded space, only 16’ X 24’, with as many as 60 students enrolled in a term. Years later, Carver, who started college wanting to be an artist, sketched a drawing of how he remembered the school.
When the bank repossessed the site of the former Neosho Colored School in 2004, it offered to donate the property to the George Washington Carver National Monument. But federal legislation confines the monument’s ownership to the Carver birth site only. So, the bank donated the property to the Carver Birthplace Association, the monument’s friends group.
On it sat a dilapidated house.
"It was a slum lord's rental house for decades and decades and decades," said Mailes.
The Carver Birthplace Association needed to decide what to do with the property.
"CBA said, 'what are we going to do with this junky house?'" said Mailes. "And somebody said, 'well, let's tear it down, we'll make a park.' Literally, we had a demolition crew with bulldozers, backhoes and what have you, scheduled for the next week, and the Park Service said, 'before you do that, let's just examine the property.' And they came down, and within a few hours they determined this IS the school. We were going to knock it down! Because nobody had any idea that THAT was the Neosho Colored School."
Al O’Bright, a National Park Service historical architect based in St. Louis, made the discovery. According to Mailes, O’Bright described it as the greatest discovery of his career.
A crew from HistoriCorps spent three weeks in 2016 stripping away layers of cheap material that had been added to the structure over the years and removing an addition to the back. And then they were done, and it was nothing short of breathtaking.
"It was an exciting time when we finished that three-week project, and we were able to take Carver's drawing and set it side by side with what we've got," Mailes said.
The uncovered schoolhouse and Carver’s drawing were remarkably identical. Only a chimney in Carver's original drawing wasn't there, but the CBA determined that one had existed. The school would have had a wood stove for heat.
There was likely a privey in the backyard, Mailes said, and there would have been an open area where the children played--all except for Carver.
"Those who went to school with Carver, back in the 40s, 50s, 60s, they interviewed them for historical purposes, they would say at recess time that Carver would run over to the Watkins' and do some laundry. Mariah didn't let him live there free. She took in laundry and altering and all sorts of things, and he worked his way through, so he'd run over there and work at his chores and then when school resumed he'd run back and come to class," said Mailes.
The CBA has been working to raise money to restore the school, which taught black students ranging in age from five to 26, from 1872 to 1891. So far they’ve moved the structure into the backyard, poured a concrete foundation (since a dry stacked native rock foundation had crumbled and settled into the ground) and moved the school back onto its original footprint. They've replicated the bracketed chimney, which originally sat on a wooden cabinet. Since the original design wasn't structurally sound, they plan to surround a sturdy base with a faux cabinet. They’ve also done a lot of work to make the building itself structurally sound and will soon put a new roof on it. The National Park Service has put up interpretive signs, and visitors can tune to 88.5 FM to hear the story of Carver and the Neosho Colored School. Mailes thinks another $100,000 will allow CBA to finish the project. It's also been listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
And ultimately, Mailes said, "we hope that it, as much as possible, looks like what it did the day young Carver walked here and encountered it for the first time.. And it's our dream to, in partnership with the Park Service at the George Washington Carver National Monument, to provide interpretive programs to the public and to have school children from all around the area come."
He hopes they can finish the project by 2022—the 150th anniversary of the Neosho Colored School. The dream is that one day the CBA will also be able to acquire what used to be the Watkins property and put an interpretive center on that site. | <urn:uuid:9201991d-8e80-4885-a5f5-3508cb2e980e> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.ksmu.org/post/sense-place-restoration-underway-neosho-preserve-part-african-american-history | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251696046.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127081933-20200127111933-00335.warc.gz | en | 0.98498 | 1,811 | 3.484375 | 3 | [
-0.08102747797966003,
0.4561721384525299,
0.5711643099784851,
-0.038064971566200256,
-0.36630186438560486,
-0.2981230914592743,
0.07983770966529846,
0.15967366099357605,
-0.7902111411094666,
0.00727300439029932,
0.17657241225242615,
-0.033023230731487274,
-0.08698634803295135,
0.4395994544... | 2 | George Washington Carver, famous for his many contributions to agriculture as a chemist at the Tuskegee Institute, was born into slavery sometime in the 1860s (no one knows for sure) on the farm of Moses Carver in Diamond, Missouri.
From what historians can tell, Moses and his wife, Susan, were fond of little George who loved to help with domestic chores.
He desperately wanted an education, but when he tried to attend a nearby school he was turned away because of the color of his skin.
Kim Mailes, chairman of the Board of Directors for the Carver Birthplace Association, said Neosho had to establish a school for black children in 1872 because of a law passed by the Missouri Legislature following the Civil War, "saying that local schools who had sufficient numbers of African American children must establish an educational facility, so Neosho had enough."
Four years after the Neosho Colored School opened, George Washington Carver, only 10 to 12-years-old, according to Mailes, walked eight miles into the unknown to seek an education, "not knowing where he's going to live, not knowing how he's going to feed himself, but he says, 'I'm going because there's a school there I can become educated.'"
It was an arduous journey to go from the Carver Farm to the Neosho Colored School, according to James Heaney, superintendent of the George Washington Carver National Monument in Diamond. And not only was it arduous, he said, it was dangerous.
"A black man was just not safe traveling anywhere in this country and yet he did it, and he did it very boldly, very bravely," said Heaney. "Just the fact that he left here as a kid to go down to Neosho--sure, it's only eight miles, but a lot can happen in those eight miles to a young black kid."
But Carver made the journey anyway, and settled for the night into the loft of a barn right next to the school. The next morning, Mariah Watkins, who lived in a house on the other side of the barn with her husband, Andrew, discovered Carver in the loft. The Watkins, prosperous for African-Americans at the time, invited Carver to live with them. Mariah was the midwife for Neosho and delivered as many as 500 children, according to Mailes, including the famous artist, Thomas Hart Benton. They never had children of their own.
The Watkins were influential in Carver’s life in two ways, said Mailes. "One, think about it, until he left this farm, he had never really known other black people, so living with them and going to school was his first immersion into African American society, and then, secondly, (Mariah) was a deeply spiritual women. Her Christian faith was very important, and she instilled that in Carver," said Mailes, "and matters of faith influenced him for the rest of his life. She gave him the admonition to learn all he could and then give that learning for the good of his people."
Historians believed Carver attended Neosho Colored School for about a year and a half, and Mailes said it wasn’t long before he knew more than the teacher, Stephen Frost. According to Heaney, on at least one occasion, a classmate, Cal Jefferson, remembered Carver correcting his instructor.
Carver left Neosho with a black family who was moving to Kansas where there was a better school he could attend. He graduated from high school in Minneapolis, Kansas, and after being turned away from a Kansas college because he was black, he was accepted at Iowa State University where he got his bachelor’s and master’s degrees. He was on faculty there until Booker T. Washington convinced him to go to Tuskegee Institute where he spent the rest of his career.
But Carver never forgot the Neosho Colored School where his education began in a crowded space, only 16’ X 24’, with as many as 60 students enrolled in a term. Years later, Carver, who started college wanting to be an artist, sketched a drawing of how he remembered the school.
When the bank repossessed the site of the former Neosho Colored School in 2004, it offered to donate the property to the George Washington Carver National Monument. But federal legislation confines the monument’s ownership to the Carver birth site only. So, the bank donated the property to the Carver Birthplace Association, the monument’s friends group.
On it sat a dilapidated house.
"It was a slum lord's rental house for decades and decades and decades," said Mailes.
The Carver Birthplace Association needed to decide what to do with the property.
"CBA said, 'what are we going to do with this junky house?'" said Mailes. "And somebody said, 'well, let's tear it down, we'll make a park.' Literally, we had a demolition crew with bulldozers, backhoes and what have you, scheduled for the next week, and the Park Service said, 'before you do that, let's just examine the property.' And they came down, and within a few hours they determined this IS the school. We were going to knock it down! Because nobody had any idea that THAT was the Neosho Colored School."
Al O’Bright, a National Park Service historical architect based in St. Louis, made the discovery. According to Mailes, O’Bright described it as the greatest discovery of his career.
A crew from HistoriCorps spent three weeks in 2016 stripping away layers of cheap material that had been added to the structure over the years and removing an addition to the back. And then they were done, and it was nothing short of breathtaking.
"It was an exciting time when we finished that three-week project, and we were able to take Carver's drawing and set it side by side with what we've got," Mailes said.
The uncovered schoolhouse and Carver’s drawing were remarkably identical. Only a chimney in Carver's original drawing wasn't there, but the CBA determined that one had existed. The school would have had a wood stove for heat.
There was likely a privey in the backyard, Mailes said, and there would have been an open area where the children played--all except for Carver.
"Those who went to school with Carver, back in the 40s, 50s, 60s, they interviewed them for historical purposes, they would say at recess time that Carver would run over to the Watkins' and do some laundry. Mariah didn't let him live there free. She took in laundry and altering and all sorts of things, and he worked his way through, so he'd run over there and work at his chores and then when school resumed he'd run back and come to class," said Mailes.
The CBA has been working to raise money to restore the school, which taught black students ranging in age from five to 26, from 1872 to 1891. So far they’ve moved the structure into the backyard, poured a concrete foundation (since a dry stacked native rock foundation had crumbled and settled into the ground) and moved the school back onto its original footprint. They've replicated the bracketed chimney, which originally sat on a wooden cabinet. Since the original design wasn't structurally sound, they plan to surround a sturdy base with a faux cabinet. They’ve also done a lot of work to make the building itself structurally sound and will soon put a new roof on it. The National Park Service has put up interpretive signs, and visitors can tune to 88.5 FM to hear the story of Carver and the Neosho Colored School. Mailes thinks another $100,000 will allow CBA to finish the project. It's also been listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
And ultimately, Mailes said, "we hope that it, as much as possible, looks like what it did the day young Carver walked here and encountered it for the first time.. And it's our dream to, in partnership with the Park Service at the George Washington Carver National Monument, to provide interpretive programs to the public and to have school children from all around the area come."
He hopes they can finish the project by 2022—the 150th anniversary of the Neosho Colored School. The dream is that one day the CBA will also be able to acquire what used to be the Watkins property and put an interpretive center on that site. | 1,815 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Who delivered babies in the ancient world?
A midwife is a woman who helps other women give birth to their babies. In ancient and medieval times, doctors didn’t usually have anything to do with women having babies – that was the job of midwives. Most midwives had a lot of experience and knew how to deliver babies as safely as possible.
Midwifery as a business
Midwives gave advice to women in labor, and helped the baby to be born. They also knew the right sacrifices to make and what prayers to say for a safe delivery.
Families paid the midwife, first in food or cloth or beads, and later in money. Being a midwife was a good way for a woman to support herself. Midwives ran their own business, and it usually paid pretty well. On a larger farm, where there were many people working, the farm might hold an enslaved midwife.
What did midwives know how to do?
Midwives helped women get through their pregnancy safely. They could tell whether you were really pregnant, and they knew when the baby was about to be born.
Some midwives used a special chair for the mother to sit in. Other women gave birth lying down on a bed or a couch. Midwives knew how to deliver a baby as safely as possible.
But that wasn’t very safe! Even the best midwives in both ancient and medieval times didn’t know a lot of things we know today. They didn’t know about germs, so they didn’t always wash their hands before taking care of women. They didn’t know how to do a Caesarian section.
Dying in childbirth
Many babies died while they were being born, and many women also died or were injured while they were having their babies, even if they had a good midwife. About one out of five women who were having a baby died. (These days, with modern midwives and hospitals, women die much less often, though women are still often injured in childbirth.)
If a woman did die in childbirth, or if she didn’t have any milk, the midwife might also help to find a wet nurse for the baby. A wet nurse was a woman who breast-fed another woman’s baby. | <urn:uuid:9a7dbd1d-b701-4c91-9fd3-9c6665e2a1f9> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://quatr.us/science/midwife-history-childbirth.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251672440.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125101544-20200125130544-00156.warc.gz | en | 0.991295 | 477 | 3.75 | 4 | [
-0.1354522407054901,
0.27388864755630493,
0.027094129472970963,
0.16694200038909912,
0.027304766699671745,
-0.014484390616416931,
0.3375154733657837,
0.35304170846939087,
-0.10458751022815704,
0.18014703691005707,
-0.22699598968029022,
-0.33582934737205505,
-0.16147588193416595,
0.08803632... | 2 | Who delivered babies in the ancient world?
A midwife is a woman who helps other women give birth to their babies. In ancient and medieval times, doctors didn’t usually have anything to do with women having babies – that was the job of midwives. Most midwives had a lot of experience and knew how to deliver babies as safely as possible.
Midwifery as a business
Midwives gave advice to women in labor, and helped the baby to be born. They also knew the right sacrifices to make and what prayers to say for a safe delivery.
Families paid the midwife, first in food or cloth or beads, and later in money. Being a midwife was a good way for a woman to support herself. Midwives ran their own business, and it usually paid pretty well. On a larger farm, where there were many people working, the farm might hold an enslaved midwife.
What did midwives know how to do?
Midwives helped women get through their pregnancy safely. They could tell whether you were really pregnant, and they knew when the baby was about to be born.
Some midwives used a special chair for the mother to sit in. Other women gave birth lying down on a bed or a couch. Midwives knew how to deliver a baby as safely as possible.
But that wasn’t very safe! Even the best midwives in both ancient and medieval times didn’t know a lot of things we know today. They didn’t know about germs, so they didn’t always wash their hands before taking care of women. They didn’t know how to do a Caesarian section.
Dying in childbirth
Many babies died while they were being born, and many women also died or were injured while they were having their babies, even if they had a good midwife. About one out of five women who were having a baby died. (These days, with modern midwives and hospitals, women die much less often, though women are still often injured in childbirth.)
If a woman did die in childbirth, or if she didn’t have any milk, the midwife might also help to find a wet nurse for the baby. A wet nurse was a woman who breast-fed another woman’s baby. | 450 | ENGLISH | 1 |
India celebrated its fiftieth year of independence in 1997. This book has been written with a view to bring out India being the oldest civilized nation of the world. It would be demeaning the country to call it only a fifty-year-old independent country when we have been independent for lacs and crores of years, except for a small period of 140 years of British regime. The Muslim rule of about six hundred years has been taken as independent period because during this period, Muslim rulers were sovereign, independent Indian rulers rather than under any foreign power. And most of the kings were born and brought up in India and imbibed with “Bhartiyata.” It was the British who ruled India as a colony only, bracketing us with the newly found lands of America, Africa, and Australia; whereas, we had been the most advanced, most educated, and richest country of the world in the past, particularly during the Maurya, Gupta, and Mughal periods. Tracing the concept of independent India, this book has taken the shape of India’s full history, with specific reference to the theme of independence through ages, since vedas. | <urn:uuid:259dd4c0-113c-4e09-bb31-74f278924af5> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.balboapress.com/en-au/bookstore/bookdetails/769206-India-Ever-Independent | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250606696.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122042145-20200122071145-00421.warc.gz | en | 0.980679 | 242 | 3.84375 | 4 | [
-0.26615139842033386,
0.2787736654281616,
0.0813155472278595,
-0.2184741199016571,
-0.391902893781662,
-0.13583675026893616,
0.0500853955745697,
0.09343366324901581,
0.06925511360168457,
0.16615170240402222,
0.08686727285385132,
-0.17073729634284973,
0.08281721919775009,
0.1686320602893829... | 12 | India celebrated its fiftieth year of independence in 1997. This book has been written with a view to bring out India being the oldest civilized nation of the world. It would be demeaning the country to call it only a fifty-year-old independent country when we have been independent for lacs and crores of years, except for a small period of 140 years of British regime. The Muslim rule of about six hundred years has been taken as independent period because during this period, Muslim rulers were sovereign, independent Indian rulers rather than under any foreign power. And most of the kings were born and brought up in India and imbibed with “Bhartiyata.” It was the British who ruled India as a colony only, bracketing us with the newly found lands of America, Africa, and Australia; whereas, we had been the most advanced, most educated, and richest country of the world in the past, particularly during the Maurya, Gupta, and Mughal periods. Tracing the concept of independent India, this book has taken the shape of India’s full history, with specific reference to the theme of independence through ages, since vedas. | 241 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Half Dimes Forerunners To The Nickel
The half-dime was the smallest silver coin before the arrival of the three-cent piece. Half-dime production soared in the 1830s, but the circulation of them was another matter.
The Mint Director of 1835 was quoted as saying that the number of dimes and half-dimes issued from the Mint should have placed about 4 pieces of each in every family in the United States. But the reality was something else.
The Mint Director’s quote of the time was an indication that new Mint’s needed to be opened in the future. The New Orleans Mint opened in 1838 and began striking half-dimes. Half-dimes continued to be struck throughout the Civil War period.
The problem was that they disappeared from circulation as soon as they were released for circulation. People seemed to squirrel away any type of coin with a precious metal content during this period of time. Postage currency, Fractional Currency, and private “shinplasters” were used as substitutes for regular coinage. They weren’t very popular substitutes either.
It was quite difficult to obtain silver in any form of coinage during the Civil War. The first nickels were issued in 1866 and proved to be quite popular with the public, that the Coinage Act of 1873 abolished the half-dime. The situation in the West was a bit different.
Cents and nickels were struck exclusively by the Philadelphia Mint, thus leaving the half-dime as the smallest coin circulating in the West. Attempts to revive the half-dime have been unsuccessful, as we have nickels which sort of represent the same value. Good examples of half-dimes can be had at modest prices.
In 1978 a coin collector discovered an 1870-S half-dime minted by the San Francisco Mint. according to Mint records of 1870, no half-dimes were struck at the San Francisco Mint., yet the 1870-S half-dime was authenticated as being real and not a counterfeit or fake.
It is unknown if any other examples exist of this rare coin. There are many reasons why many of these half-dimes have not survived to date. Being small in size, many were simply lost. Others were no doubt melted down for the silver content, while the majority basically wore out from circulation and general use.
Editor's Picks Articles
Top Ten Articles
Content copyright © 2019 by Gary Eggleston. All rights reserved.
This content was written by Gary Eggleston. If you wish to use this content in any manner, you need written permission. Contact Gary Eggleston for details. | <urn:uuid:684b3c1c-fe0c-4da9-bf28-da87053910ee> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.bellaonline.com/article.asp?id=300356 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250591763.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118023429-20200118051429-00312.warc.gz | en | 0.981578 | 556 | 3.28125 | 3 | [
-0.6314370036125183,
0.004221795592457056,
0.24750974774360657,
-0.3226894736289978,
0.021428100764751434,
0.0497581921517849,
-0.0941043570637703,
0.22771628201007843,
0.04735179245471954,
0.06887814402580261,
0.34595125913619995,
0.06613267958164215,
0.01229715533554554,
0.30067583918571... | 2 | Half Dimes Forerunners To The Nickel
The half-dime was the smallest silver coin before the arrival of the three-cent piece. Half-dime production soared in the 1830s, but the circulation of them was another matter.
The Mint Director of 1835 was quoted as saying that the number of dimes and half-dimes issued from the Mint should have placed about 4 pieces of each in every family in the United States. But the reality was something else.
The Mint Director’s quote of the time was an indication that new Mint’s needed to be opened in the future. The New Orleans Mint opened in 1838 and began striking half-dimes. Half-dimes continued to be struck throughout the Civil War period.
The problem was that they disappeared from circulation as soon as they were released for circulation. People seemed to squirrel away any type of coin with a precious metal content during this period of time. Postage currency, Fractional Currency, and private “shinplasters” were used as substitutes for regular coinage. They weren’t very popular substitutes either.
It was quite difficult to obtain silver in any form of coinage during the Civil War. The first nickels were issued in 1866 and proved to be quite popular with the public, that the Coinage Act of 1873 abolished the half-dime. The situation in the West was a bit different.
Cents and nickels were struck exclusively by the Philadelphia Mint, thus leaving the half-dime as the smallest coin circulating in the West. Attempts to revive the half-dime have been unsuccessful, as we have nickels which sort of represent the same value. Good examples of half-dimes can be had at modest prices.
In 1978 a coin collector discovered an 1870-S half-dime minted by the San Francisco Mint. according to Mint records of 1870, no half-dimes were struck at the San Francisco Mint., yet the 1870-S half-dime was authenticated as being real and not a counterfeit or fake.
It is unknown if any other examples exist of this rare coin. There are many reasons why many of these half-dimes have not survived to date. Being small in size, many were simply lost. Others were no doubt melted down for the silver content, while the majority basically wore out from circulation and general use.
Editor's Picks Articles
Top Ten Articles
Content copyright © 2019 by Gary Eggleston. All rights reserved.
This content was written by Gary Eggleston. If you wish to use this content in any manner, you need written permission. Contact Gary Eggleston for details. | 557 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Help Now >
St. Isaac Jogues
FREE Catholic Classes
French missionary, born at Orléans, France, 10 January, 1607; martyred at Ossernenon, in the present State of New York, 18 October, 1646. He was the first Catholic priest who ever came to Manhattan Island ( New York ). He entered the Society of Jesus in 1624 and, after having been professor of literature at Rouen, was sent as a missionary to Canada in 1636. He came out with Montmagny, the immediate successor of Champlain. From Quebec he went to the regions around the great lakes where the illustrious Father de Brébeuf and others were labouring. There he spent six years in constant danger. Though a daring missionary, his character was of the most practical nature, his purpose always being to fix his people in permanent habitations. He was with Garnier among the Petuns, and he and Raymbault penetrated as far as Sault Ste Marie, and "were the first missionaries", says Bancroft (VII, 790, London, 1853), "to preach the gospel a thousand miles in the interior, five years before John Eliot addressed the Indians six miles from Boston Harbour". There is little doubt that they were not only the first apostles but also the first white men to reach this outlet of Lake Superior. No documentary proof is adduced by the best-known historians that Nicholet, the discoverer of Lake Michigan, ever visited the Sault. Jogues proposed not only to convert the Indians of Lake Superior, but the Sioux who lived at the head waters of the Mississippi.
His plan was thwarted by his capture near Three Rivers returning from Quebec. He was taken prisoner on 3 August, 1642, and after being cruelly tortured was carried to the Indian village of Ossernenon, now Auriesville, on the Mohawk, about forty miles above the present city of Albany. There he remained for thirteen months in slavery, suffering apparently beyond the power of natural endurance. The Dutch Calvinists at Fort Orange ( Albany ) made constant efforts to free him, and at last, when he was about to be burnt to death, induced him to take refuge in a sailing vessel which carried him to New Amsterdam ( New York ). His description of the colony as it was at that time has since been incorporated in the Documentary History of the State. From New York he was sent; in mid-winter, across the ocean on a lugger of only fifty tons burden and after a voyage of two months, landed Christmas morning, 1643, on the coast of Brittany, in a state of absolute destitution. Thence he found his way to the nearest college of the Society. He was received with great honour at the court of the Queen Regent, the mother of Louis XIV, and was allowed by Pope Urban VII the very exceptional privilege of celebrating Mass, which the mutilated condition of his hands had made canonically impossible; several of his fingers having been eaten or burned off. He was called a martyr of Christ by the pontiff. No similar concession, up to that, is known to have been granted.
In early spring of 1644 he returned to Canada, and in 1646 was sent to negotiate peace with the Iroquois. He followed the same route over which he had been carried as a captive. It was on this occasion that he gave the name of Lake of the Blessed Sacrament to the body of water called by the Indians Horicon, now known as Lake George. He reached Ossernenon on 5 June, after a three weeks' journey from the St. Lawrence. He was well received by his former captors and the treaty of peace was made. He started for Quebec on 16 June and arrived there 3 July. He immediately asked to be sent back to the Iroquois as a missionary, but only after much hessitation his superiors acceded to his request. On 27 September he began his third and last journey to the Mohawk. In the interim sickness had broken out in the tribe and a blight had fallen on the crops. This double calamity was ascribed to Jogues whom the Indians always regarded as a sorcerer. They were determined to wreak vengence on him for the spell he had cast on the place, and warriors were sent out to capture him. The news of this change of sentiment spread rapidly, and though fully aware of the danger Jogues continued on his way to Ossernenon, though all the Hurons and others who were with him fled except Lalande. The Iroquois met him near Lake George, stripped him naked, slashed him with their knives, beat him and then led him to the village. On 18 October, 1646, when entering a cabin he was struck with a tomahawk and afterwards decapitated. The head was fixed on the Palisades and the body thrown into the Mohawk.
FREE Catholic Classes Pick a class, you can learn anything
Copyright 2020 Catholic Online. All materials contained on this site, whether written, audible or visual are the exclusive property of Catholic Online and are protected under U.S. and International copyright laws, © Copyright 2020 Catholic Online. Any unauthorized use, without prior written consent of Catholic Online is strictly forbidden and prohibited.
Catholic Online is a Project of Your Catholic Voice Foundation, a Not-for-Profit Corporation. Your Catholic Voice Foundation has been granted a recognition of tax exemption under Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code. Federal Tax Identification Number: 81-0596847. Your gift is tax-deductible as allowed by law. | <urn:uuid:51cb954a-6975-4dcd-a11f-6151e2c82b28> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.catholic.org/encyclopedia/view.php?id=6187 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250606975.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122101729-20200122130729-00370.warc.gz | en | 0.984886 | 1,157 | 3.328125 | 3 | [
0.06412576884031296,
0.410995215177536,
0.10084987431764603,
-0.40565240383148193,
-0.12239210307598114,
-0.29714345932006836,
-0.20636355876922607,
0.5624990463256836,
0.13382172584533691,
0.006943502929061651,
-0.15371166169643402,
-0.06777328252792358,
-0.3589281439781189,
0.38440343737... | 1 | Help Now >
St. Isaac Jogues
FREE Catholic Classes
French missionary, born at Orléans, France, 10 January, 1607; martyred at Ossernenon, in the present State of New York, 18 October, 1646. He was the first Catholic priest who ever came to Manhattan Island ( New York ). He entered the Society of Jesus in 1624 and, after having been professor of literature at Rouen, was sent as a missionary to Canada in 1636. He came out with Montmagny, the immediate successor of Champlain. From Quebec he went to the regions around the great lakes where the illustrious Father de Brébeuf and others were labouring. There he spent six years in constant danger. Though a daring missionary, his character was of the most practical nature, his purpose always being to fix his people in permanent habitations. He was with Garnier among the Petuns, and he and Raymbault penetrated as far as Sault Ste Marie, and "were the first missionaries", says Bancroft (VII, 790, London, 1853), "to preach the gospel a thousand miles in the interior, five years before John Eliot addressed the Indians six miles from Boston Harbour". There is little doubt that they were not only the first apostles but also the first white men to reach this outlet of Lake Superior. No documentary proof is adduced by the best-known historians that Nicholet, the discoverer of Lake Michigan, ever visited the Sault. Jogues proposed not only to convert the Indians of Lake Superior, but the Sioux who lived at the head waters of the Mississippi.
His plan was thwarted by his capture near Three Rivers returning from Quebec. He was taken prisoner on 3 August, 1642, and after being cruelly tortured was carried to the Indian village of Ossernenon, now Auriesville, on the Mohawk, about forty miles above the present city of Albany. There he remained for thirteen months in slavery, suffering apparently beyond the power of natural endurance. The Dutch Calvinists at Fort Orange ( Albany ) made constant efforts to free him, and at last, when he was about to be burnt to death, induced him to take refuge in a sailing vessel which carried him to New Amsterdam ( New York ). His description of the colony as it was at that time has since been incorporated in the Documentary History of the State. From New York he was sent; in mid-winter, across the ocean on a lugger of only fifty tons burden and after a voyage of two months, landed Christmas morning, 1643, on the coast of Brittany, in a state of absolute destitution. Thence he found his way to the nearest college of the Society. He was received with great honour at the court of the Queen Regent, the mother of Louis XIV, and was allowed by Pope Urban VII the very exceptional privilege of celebrating Mass, which the mutilated condition of his hands had made canonically impossible; several of his fingers having been eaten or burned off. He was called a martyr of Christ by the pontiff. No similar concession, up to that, is known to have been granted.
In early spring of 1644 he returned to Canada, and in 1646 was sent to negotiate peace with the Iroquois. He followed the same route over which he had been carried as a captive. It was on this occasion that he gave the name of Lake of the Blessed Sacrament to the body of water called by the Indians Horicon, now known as Lake George. He reached Ossernenon on 5 June, after a three weeks' journey from the St. Lawrence. He was well received by his former captors and the treaty of peace was made. He started for Quebec on 16 June and arrived there 3 July. He immediately asked to be sent back to the Iroquois as a missionary, but only after much hessitation his superiors acceded to his request. On 27 September he began his third and last journey to the Mohawk. In the interim sickness had broken out in the tribe and a blight had fallen on the crops. This double calamity was ascribed to Jogues whom the Indians always regarded as a sorcerer. They were determined to wreak vengence on him for the spell he had cast on the place, and warriors were sent out to capture him. The news of this change of sentiment spread rapidly, and though fully aware of the danger Jogues continued on his way to Ossernenon, though all the Hurons and others who were with him fled except Lalande. The Iroquois met him near Lake George, stripped him naked, slashed him with their knives, beat him and then led him to the village. On 18 October, 1646, when entering a cabin he was struck with a tomahawk and afterwards decapitated. The head was fixed on the Palisades and the body thrown into the Mohawk.
FREE Catholic Classes Pick a class, you can learn anything
Copyright 2020 Catholic Online. All materials contained on this site, whether written, audible or visual are the exclusive property of Catholic Online and are protected under U.S. and International copyright laws, © Copyright 2020 Catholic Online. Any unauthorized use, without prior written consent of Catholic Online is strictly forbidden and prohibited.
Catholic Online is a Project of Your Catholic Voice Foundation, a Not-for-Profit Corporation. Your Catholic Voice Foundation has been granted a recognition of tax exemption under Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code. Federal Tax Identification Number: 81-0596847. Your gift is tax-deductible as allowed by law. | 1,215 | ENGLISH | 1 |
The Effect Geoffrey Chaucer's Canterbury Tales Had on History
Geoffrey Chaucer is one of the most noted writers of the fourteenth century. Though Chaucer wrote many things, mostly poetry, his most celebrated work was the extensive Canterbury Tales. It began as a listing of people on a pilgrimage to Canterbury and then continued with each person telling a tale or story along the way. He details each person’s occupation, personality, and clothing with historical accuracy and societal perspective. Due to this, Canterbury Tales has become a critical English collection of writings that all historians should be familiar with, because Chaucer's works give great insight into the fourteenth century's reflections of social change, religious controversies, and gender expectations.
Photo of Geoffrey Chaucer
Chaucer was born into Great Britain’s middle class in or around 1343 but then placed in an aristocratic home as a page, which allowed Chaucer to understand the affairs of upper class-and middle-class, as well as their relationship to the lower-class. Because of this, he could uniquely write about those in all social ranks with humor and accuracy, while also reflecting the society’s changes. He was also very well educated, which was not typical of his era — especially having been born into the middle-class.
In Canterbury Tales, each pilgrim tells a story on the way to Canterbury. Although he started it around 1387, he did not finish it before his death in the 1400s. Although unfinished, many of the tales were complete and remained one of the world's most exceptional writings of all time.
From the beginning of Canterbury Tales, he shows how the younger generation was beginning to reject the old way of life. For instance, in the General Prologue, he defines the knight as a “true, perfect, noble,” knight. Then Chaucer contrasts the knight to the knight’s son, who is following in his father’s footsteps. Though he is training for the same profession, he focuses on such issues as singing and poetry, rather than heroism and integrity as his father did. The change in focus reflected the change historians would see from the medieval idea of knighthood to a society that is more similar to modern times. Literature and poetry would become an essential aspect of England’s culture during this time, further reflecting the changes in knighthood. Knighting and the idea of chivalry lost its importance in England during the century before Canterbury Tales.
Characters of the Canterbury Tales
Representative of Role Changing within Society
Not only does Canterbury Tales reflect how society's roles were changing within the elite, but also the ideas regarding religion during the fourteenth century. Canterbury Tales is about a pilgrimage, which in and of itself addresses the importance of religion to England’s society during this time. Jestice defines pilgrimages as a journey that Christians took to the tomb of a Saint. Many on the pilgrimage were clergy members, which gives modern historians a better understanding of views of people within the church and the values at this time.
Robin, the Miller, with the bagpipe
Chaucer's View of Religion
Chaucer’s kindest depiction was that of the parson. The parson was considered to be the ideal clergyman during medieval times. He was holy in his thought, intelligent, as well as visited with the sick and tried to bring souls to God. These attributes ascribed to the parson shows the historian what was valued most within the clergy during the fourteenth century. On the other hand, Chaucer denounces many of the clergymen, which reveals there was hypocrisy within the church in the fourteenth century. For instance, the monk was considered reckless.
Though recklessness is not sinful, the fact that Chaucer relayed this information about the monk as a negative trait reveals that during this time, a clergyman was expected to be prudent and level-headed. Chaucer also felt it was important to describe his sleeves as being fur-lined because he was revealing that the monk was more in love with money than with God. Through this description, Chaucer suggests that not all the “men of faith” were as pious as the parson was.
Immediately after the description of the monk, Chaucer writes about a nun. Her account not only reflects the views of religious figures but also women in general. The nun was very sensitive and cried easily; even if she were to see, “a (mouse) caught in a trappe.” Even within the fourteenth century, women were viewed much like they are today, as being the more emotional sex. Though much like the monk, she too, was caught up in money, for she wore a “brooch of gold.” Nuns, just like all clergymen, were expected to reject such ideas of being wealthy, which ndicates that not all people of faith were as virtuous as expected. There were many negative feelings from laypeople towards the clergy during this time.
A Woman from the Canterbury Tales
Early Feminism Ideas
Through Chaucer’s images, the historian can see how the views of women were beginning to transform during the fourteenth century. This change would eventually cause England to shift away from being a completely patriarchal society. The Norton Anthology points out that there were many anti-feminist writings that the medieval church fostered. Women during this period were expected to be wholesome and submissive to their husbands. Chaucer had written a character in order to oppose these writings.
His first hint to this change is during the General Prologue as he writes about the Wife of Bath. She has had five husbands plus extra-marital affairs in her youth. Chaucer’s mentioning of such a woman shows that England’s society began to shift in the way they viewed sexuality revealing that sex was no longer something that only men sought. Though Chaucer did not intend to make this seem typical, he did want to show that there were women who had affairs as well as men.
Chaucer further represents this shift when it is the Wife of Bath’s turn to share a story. During her story, she conveys her feelings towards who should rule a house. Being a very feminist woman, she felt that responsibility should lie with the wife. This idea during the medieval period would have been considered outrageous. Though, the fact that she was able to tell this story presents the idea that a woman was able to more openly share their thoughts, without complete denunciation. Also, it reflected that women were beginning to have their own identities with at least minimal influence in society.
Though Chaucer was merely one man, and could only reflect his beliefs and ideas, his writings in Canterbury Tales is an important work to continue to be studied today. Through his fictional analysis of people from all areas of society, it better educates the historian during this time frame. Canterbury Tales not only reflects how the fourteenth century was evolving, but it also was setting the stage for what England would become, and eventually, the United States. Therefore, The Canterbury Tales should be considered an important historical document.
Chaucer, Geoffrey. "The Canterbury Tales." In The Norton Anthology of English Literature: The Middle Ages, by Afred, Simpson, James David, 218-315. New York: Norton and Company, 2006.
David, Alfred, and James Simpson. The Norton Anthology of English Literature: The Middle Ages. Eighth. Vol. A. New York: Norton and Company, 2006.
Jestice, Phillis G. Holy People of the World: A Cross-Cultural Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 2004.
Questions & Answers
How many pilgrims traveled with Geoffrey Chaucer in The Canterbury Tales?
This is a very hard question to answer, as the story is inconsistent. You will get answers anywhere from between 29 and 34 pilgrims. The story starts with Chaucer and the host, and then 29 others join. Some say 29 because Chaucer says 29 join. Others say 30 because they join him. Others say 31, because they say he was referring to them joining him and the host. If you read the list of people, it lists 30 people, not 29, which brings the total up to 32. Later a Canon and his Yeoman join, which brings the total up two more. Depending on what total you first came up with, it means that the final total for the pilgrimage is between 31-34. I believe the best answer is 33. Chaucer (1) + the host (1) + 29 more (29) + the canon and his Yeoman (2) = 33. Although as you can see the true total is up for debate.Helpful 4
© 2010 Angela Michelle Schultz | <urn:uuid:aa2a1e8c-874e-49d9-a91a-31dbcda6de1c> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://owlcation.com/humanities/Canterbury-Tales | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250598217.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120081337-20200120105337-00149.warc.gz | en | 0.983955 | 1,801 | 4.125 | 4 | [
0.1481824517250061,
0.31692618131637573,
0.48940980434417725,
0.26464879512786865,
-0.4919463098049164,
0.036548059433698654,
0.06073984503746033,
-0.05080457031726837,
-0.06357109546661377,
-0.02998797409236431,
-0.43246573209762573,
0.11645478755235672,
0.3605082631111145,
0.250137329101... | 3 | The Effect Geoffrey Chaucer's Canterbury Tales Had on History
Geoffrey Chaucer is one of the most noted writers of the fourteenth century. Though Chaucer wrote many things, mostly poetry, his most celebrated work was the extensive Canterbury Tales. It began as a listing of people on a pilgrimage to Canterbury and then continued with each person telling a tale or story along the way. He details each person’s occupation, personality, and clothing with historical accuracy and societal perspective. Due to this, Canterbury Tales has become a critical English collection of writings that all historians should be familiar with, because Chaucer's works give great insight into the fourteenth century's reflections of social change, religious controversies, and gender expectations.
Photo of Geoffrey Chaucer
Chaucer was born into Great Britain’s middle class in or around 1343 but then placed in an aristocratic home as a page, which allowed Chaucer to understand the affairs of upper class-and middle-class, as well as their relationship to the lower-class. Because of this, he could uniquely write about those in all social ranks with humor and accuracy, while also reflecting the society’s changes. He was also very well educated, which was not typical of his era — especially having been born into the middle-class.
In Canterbury Tales, each pilgrim tells a story on the way to Canterbury. Although he started it around 1387, he did not finish it before his death in the 1400s. Although unfinished, many of the tales were complete and remained one of the world's most exceptional writings of all time.
From the beginning of Canterbury Tales, he shows how the younger generation was beginning to reject the old way of life. For instance, in the General Prologue, he defines the knight as a “true, perfect, noble,” knight. Then Chaucer contrasts the knight to the knight’s son, who is following in his father’s footsteps. Though he is training for the same profession, he focuses on such issues as singing and poetry, rather than heroism and integrity as his father did. The change in focus reflected the change historians would see from the medieval idea of knighthood to a society that is more similar to modern times. Literature and poetry would become an essential aspect of England’s culture during this time, further reflecting the changes in knighthood. Knighting and the idea of chivalry lost its importance in England during the century before Canterbury Tales.
Characters of the Canterbury Tales
Representative of Role Changing within Society
Not only does Canterbury Tales reflect how society's roles were changing within the elite, but also the ideas regarding religion during the fourteenth century. Canterbury Tales is about a pilgrimage, which in and of itself addresses the importance of religion to England’s society during this time. Jestice defines pilgrimages as a journey that Christians took to the tomb of a Saint. Many on the pilgrimage were clergy members, which gives modern historians a better understanding of views of people within the church and the values at this time.
Robin, the Miller, with the bagpipe
Chaucer's View of Religion
Chaucer’s kindest depiction was that of the parson. The parson was considered to be the ideal clergyman during medieval times. He was holy in his thought, intelligent, as well as visited with the sick and tried to bring souls to God. These attributes ascribed to the parson shows the historian what was valued most within the clergy during the fourteenth century. On the other hand, Chaucer denounces many of the clergymen, which reveals there was hypocrisy within the church in the fourteenth century. For instance, the monk was considered reckless.
Though recklessness is not sinful, the fact that Chaucer relayed this information about the monk as a negative trait reveals that during this time, a clergyman was expected to be prudent and level-headed. Chaucer also felt it was important to describe his sleeves as being fur-lined because he was revealing that the monk was more in love with money than with God. Through this description, Chaucer suggests that not all the “men of faith” were as pious as the parson was.
Immediately after the description of the monk, Chaucer writes about a nun. Her account not only reflects the views of religious figures but also women in general. The nun was very sensitive and cried easily; even if she were to see, “a (mouse) caught in a trappe.” Even within the fourteenth century, women were viewed much like they are today, as being the more emotional sex. Though much like the monk, she too, was caught up in money, for she wore a “brooch of gold.” Nuns, just like all clergymen, were expected to reject such ideas of being wealthy, which ndicates that not all people of faith were as virtuous as expected. There were many negative feelings from laypeople towards the clergy during this time.
A Woman from the Canterbury Tales
Early Feminism Ideas
Through Chaucer’s images, the historian can see how the views of women were beginning to transform during the fourteenth century. This change would eventually cause England to shift away from being a completely patriarchal society. The Norton Anthology points out that there were many anti-feminist writings that the medieval church fostered. Women during this period were expected to be wholesome and submissive to their husbands. Chaucer had written a character in order to oppose these writings.
His first hint to this change is during the General Prologue as he writes about the Wife of Bath. She has had five husbands plus extra-marital affairs in her youth. Chaucer’s mentioning of such a woman shows that England’s society began to shift in the way they viewed sexuality revealing that sex was no longer something that only men sought. Though Chaucer did not intend to make this seem typical, he did want to show that there were women who had affairs as well as men.
Chaucer further represents this shift when it is the Wife of Bath’s turn to share a story. During her story, she conveys her feelings towards who should rule a house. Being a very feminist woman, she felt that responsibility should lie with the wife. This idea during the medieval period would have been considered outrageous. Though, the fact that she was able to tell this story presents the idea that a woman was able to more openly share their thoughts, without complete denunciation. Also, it reflected that women were beginning to have their own identities with at least minimal influence in society.
Though Chaucer was merely one man, and could only reflect his beliefs and ideas, his writings in Canterbury Tales is an important work to continue to be studied today. Through his fictional analysis of people from all areas of society, it better educates the historian during this time frame. Canterbury Tales not only reflects how the fourteenth century was evolving, but it also was setting the stage for what England would become, and eventually, the United States. Therefore, The Canterbury Tales should be considered an important historical document.
Chaucer, Geoffrey. "The Canterbury Tales." In The Norton Anthology of English Literature: The Middle Ages, by Afred, Simpson, James David, 218-315. New York: Norton and Company, 2006.
David, Alfred, and James Simpson. The Norton Anthology of English Literature: The Middle Ages. Eighth. Vol. A. New York: Norton and Company, 2006.
Jestice, Phillis G. Holy People of the World: A Cross-Cultural Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 2004.
Questions & Answers
How many pilgrims traveled with Geoffrey Chaucer in The Canterbury Tales?
This is a very hard question to answer, as the story is inconsistent. You will get answers anywhere from between 29 and 34 pilgrims. The story starts with Chaucer and the host, and then 29 others join. Some say 29 because Chaucer says 29 join. Others say 30 because they join him. Others say 31, because they say he was referring to them joining him and the host. If you read the list of people, it lists 30 people, not 29, which brings the total up to 32. Later a Canon and his Yeoman join, which brings the total up two more. Depending on what total you first came up with, it means that the final total for the pilgrimage is between 31-34. I believe the best answer is 33. Chaucer (1) + the host (1) + 29 more (29) + the canon and his Yeoman (2) = 33. Although as you can see the true total is up for debate.Helpful 4
© 2010 Angela Michelle Schultz | 1,831 | ENGLISH | 1 |
- Join over 1.2 million students every month
- Accelerate your learning by 29%
- Unlimited access from just £6.99 per month
AS and A Level: Modern European History, 1789-1945
Meet our team of inspirational teachers
Use Sources A and B and your own knowledge. Explain how far the views in Source B differ from those in Source A in relation to the Berlin Olympic Games of 1936. [12 marks]
On the other hand, there are more differences between the views presented in the sources than similarities. For example, only Wolfe explicitly shows some Germans didn?t enjoy the Berlin Olympics, describing how his ?German girlfriend began to feel oppressed by it?.
- Word count: 471
How far were the difficulties in governing Russia likely to cause problems for the Tsarist government in the first decades of the twentieth century
leader like it appeared the Tsarist government was doing and so Russia was treated with a fusion of suspicion and awe by other world leaders. It was not that heavily involved in affairs of other countries, defeat in the Crimean war pushed Russians to make Russia into an industrialising country, although Slavophil?s and westerners views sometimes clashed this was something that they both agreed would help empower Russia except. in 1904 there was a war against Japan which after years of fighting was subsequently lost bringing great shame to the people of Russia especially when the Tsar ordered a seven month voyage to Manchuria and three out of the seven Russian Baltic ships were destroyed by Manc hurian ones.
- Word count: 1320
This system gave Stalin effective control over the entire economy, and thereby the Soviet people. The most effective means of increasing Stalin?s power was collectivisation. This involved the elimination of private ownership of agricultural land, and its replacement with a system of state-owned and collectively-owned farms. The peasants who worked on these farms were under the control of the Party, which in turn was under the control of Stalin. Inadvertently, collectivisation also gave Stalin the opportunity to eliminate large numbers of ?class enemies? ? the kulaks ? and to steel Party members to wholesale murder.
- Word count: 1636
To what extent was Stalins position within the party and his manipulation of the competing power blocks of 1924-29 responsible for the defeat of his rivals?
He was able to promote supporters within the party and remove opponents and even though most of his support was from people with barely any power within the party the amount of people who supported him was what was important. The majority of people that joined the Bolshevik Party through Lenin enrolment were largely uneducated about politics they owed their position in the party to Stalin and so were loyal to him. Stalin?s personality helped him to assess his rivals and recognise when he needed to change his tactics in order to rise to power and his manipulation of the power blocks successfully is evidence of this.
- Word count: 1107
"1905 Britain was building 4 large warships and Germany 2. In 1906 great Britain reduced to3 large warships and Germany increased to 3 in 1907 great Britain built 3 large warships and Germany built 3 in 1908 great Britain further reduced to 2 large warships and Germany further increased to 4." The British government further explained that they tried to reduce the naval rivalry but because of Germany not cooperating they were forced to take measures to ensure national security.
- Word count: 1829
Despite the fact that Stalin reveal and developed much more this �� quality,�� we can prove this statement as reliable information due to their ruthless methods and terror to stay in power. However they did not lack ability or at least that�s what they showed us. One of the key points which allowed them to stay in power apart from having clear ideas since they were the leaders was their excellent leadership qualities.
- Word count: 6398 | <urn:uuid:45e431f7-4ab3-4833-943d-1947f8ee996c> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | http://www.markedbyteachers.com/as-and-a-level/history/modern-european-history-1789-1945/?p=65 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251672440.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125101544-20200125130544-00335.warc.gz | en | 0.983647 | 784 | 3.6875 | 4 | [
-0.29685381054878235,
-0.022748518735170364,
0.09512628614902496,
-0.08838440477848053,
-0.09803682565689087,
0.039581649005413055,
0.010040485300123692,
0.32692453265190125,
-0.051866114139556885,
-0.10400621592998505,
0.17989160120487213,
-0.11735610663890839,
0.3391630947589874,
0.29255... | 2 | - Join over 1.2 million students every month
- Accelerate your learning by 29%
- Unlimited access from just £6.99 per month
AS and A Level: Modern European History, 1789-1945
Meet our team of inspirational teachers
Use Sources A and B and your own knowledge. Explain how far the views in Source B differ from those in Source A in relation to the Berlin Olympic Games of 1936. [12 marks]
On the other hand, there are more differences between the views presented in the sources than similarities. For example, only Wolfe explicitly shows some Germans didn?t enjoy the Berlin Olympics, describing how his ?German girlfriend began to feel oppressed by it?.
- Word count: 471
How far were the difficulties in governing Russia likely to cause problems for the Tsarist government in the first decades of the twentieth century
leader like it appeared the Tsarist government was doing and so Russia was treated with a fusion of suspicion and awe by other world leaders. It was not that heavily involved in affairs of other countries, defeat in the Crimean war pushed Russians to make Russia into an industrialising country, although Slavophil?s and westerners views sometimes clashed this was something that they both agreed would help empower Russia except. in 1904 there was a war against Japan which after years of fighting was subsequently lost bringing great shame to the people of Russia especially when the Tsar ordered a seven month voyage to Manchuria and three out of the seven Russian Baltic ships were destroyed by Manc hurian ones.
- Word count: 1320
This system gave Stalin effective control over the entire economy, and thereby the Soviet people. The most effective means of increasing Stalin?s power was collectivisation. This involved the elimination of private ownership of agricultural land, and its replacement with a system of state-owned and collectively-owned farms. The peasants who worked on these farms were under the control of the Party, which in turn was under the control of Stalin. Inadvertently, collectivisation also gave Stalin the opportunity to eliminate large numbers of ?class enemies? ? the kulaks ? and to steel Party members to wholesale murder.
- Word count: 1636
To what extent was Stalins position within the party and his manipulation of the competing power blocks of 1924-29 responsible for the defeat of his rivals?
He was able to promote supporters within the party and remove opponents and even though most of his support was from people with barely any power within the party the amount of people who supported him was what was important. The majority of people that joined the Bolshevik Party through Lenin enrolment were largely uneducated about politics they owed their position in the party to Stalin and so were loyal to him. Stalin?s personality helped him to assess his rivals and recognise when he needed to change his tactics in order to rise to power and his manipulation of the power blocks successfully is evidence of this.
- Word count: 1107
"1905 Britain was building 4 large warships and Germany 2. In 1906 great Britain reduced to3 large warships and Germany increased to 3 in 1907 great Britain built 3 large warships and Germany built 3 in 1908 great Britain further reduced to 2 large warships and Germany further increased to 4." The British government further explained that they tried to reduce the naval rivalry but because of Germany not cooperating they were forced to take measures to ensure national security.
- Word count: 1829
Despite the fact that Stalin reveal and developed much more this �� quality,�� we can prove this statement as reliable information due to their ruthless methods and terror to stay in power. However they did not lack ability or at least that�s what they showed us. One of the key points which allowed them to stay in power apart from having clear ideas since they were the leaders was their excellent leadership qualities.
- Word count: 6398 | 836 | ENGLISH | 1 |
BATTLE OF PLASSEY (IMPERIALISM IN INDIA)
The Battle of Plassey was a major conflict in India during the time of British imperialism. As such, the battle played a significant role in both British and Indian history, and is an important part of the history of European imperialism.
The Battle of Plassey was a major conflict between the British East India Company and Muslim rulers (Nawab) in Bengal. At the time the Nawab were supported by the French and had overrun a British trading post, causing the British East India Company to send Robert Clive and British soldiers. Robert Clive was a British military officer and British official important to the history of British imperialism in India. More specifically, he was a significant historical figure during the time of the British East India Company and its rise to prominence in India.
The actual fighting took place in western India along the shores of the Hooghly River. It is estimated that the Nawab had as many as 30,000 infantry soldiers and another 20,000 cavalry. In contrast, Clive and the British were vastly outnumbered. By this point Clive held the rank of lieutenant-colonel in the British Army and led approximately 1,100 British soldiers and another 2,100 sepoys for the British East India Company during the Battle of Plassey. The Battle of Plassey began early on the morning of June 23rd, 1757 as French artillery launched shells towards Clive’s soldiers. The Nawab infantry began to move in on the British in continuous waves. Clive ordered his British soldiers and sepoys to retreat a bit to find cover, where they dug in against the advancing Nawab.
The situation for the British improved as a rainstorm hit the battlefield. Clive had prepared for this situation, because he protected the British gunpowder stores with ‘tarpaulins’. The tarpaulins, which were large cloths made waterproof by tar, were used to keep the gunpowder dry and usable even during the rain. Whereas, the Nawab made no such protections, and as a result were unable to use their firearms in the wet conditions. This caused the Nawab commander, Mir Madan Khan, to attack the British with the Nawab cavalry, because he believed that the British were no longer able to use their firearms. However, when the Nawab cavalry advanced on the British position, they realized their error as the British opened fire and devastated the Nawab. In the chaos of the attack, Mir Madan Khan was wounded and later died. The loss of the Nawab commander proved significant, as it caused the Nawab to order a retreat from the battlefield. The British, recognizing their opportunity, attacked the retreating Nawab and were able to capture several key pieces of French artillery, which were put into action for the British. As a result, Clive led the British to victory over the Nawab and its French Allies on June 23rd, 1757. Historians estimate that the British lost 22 sepoy soldiers with another 50 wounded in the Battle of Plassey while the Nawab lost approximately 500.
At the end of the battle, Clive installed Mir Jafar as the new leader of the Nawab. Mir Jafar was a supporter of the British and the British east India Company. The victory in the Battle of Plassey was important for the British East India Company because it gave it a foothold in Bengal that it used to expand throughout the rest of India. For example, Clive is credited with expanding the military capabilities of the British East India Company in the region around Bengal. In fact, many historians credit the Battle of Plassey as being the major turning point when the British East India Company gained a stronghold in India. In fact, the Battle of Plassey was likely the most significant event in Clive’s career in India and the one for which he is best remembered today.
Throughout the late 1700s, the British East India Company expanded its control over large sections of eastern India from its main base in Bengal. For example, by the mid-1800s, the company had come to control all of the Indian subcontinent and ruled over the country through direct administration. This transformed the British East India Company from having a focus on trade to directly ruling and controlling India as a possession. It did this by expanding its military strength in the region. In fact, by 1857, the British East India Company had several armies that totaled as much as 267,000 soldiers.
Following his success in the Battle of Plassey, Clive carried out more campaigns in western India to further strengthen the position of the British East India Company. When he returned to England, in 1760, he was a fairly wealthy man. During this time in England, he worked to gain political influence over the policy decisions that impacted India. At the same time, stories of corruption began to emerge about the British East India Company, which caused Clive to return to India in 1765, at the age of 40.
CITE THIS ARTICLE | <urn:uuid:83bfcfe9-ae52-4d6d-8b28-adc9aa1feb60> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.historycrunch.com/battle-of-plassey-imperialism-in-india.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250592565.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118110141-20200118134141-00094.warc.gz | en | 0.980904 | 1,023 | 3.8125 | 4 | [
-0.006025903858244419,
0.1535252183675766,
0.7576258182525635,
-0.33744102716445923,
-0.19780628383159637,
-0.295637309551239,
0.3556314706802368,
0.02536480501294136,
-0.028121251612901688,
-0.1893099844455719,
0.3564826250076294,
-1.0300843715667725,
-0.10493497550487518,
0.3023886680603... | 7 | BATTLE OF PLASSEY (IMPERIALISM IN INDIA)
The Battle of Plassey was a major conflict in India during the time of British imperialism. As such, the battle played a significant role in both British and Indian history, and is an important part of the history of European imperialism.
The Battle of Plassey was a major conflict between the British East India Company and Muslim rulers (Nawab) in Bengal. At the time the Nawab were supported by the French and had overrun a British trading post, causing the British East India Company to send Robert Clive and British soldiers. Robert Clive was a British military officer and British official important to the history of British imperialism in India. More specifically, he was a significant historical figure during the time of the British East India Company and its rise to prominence in India.
The actual fighting took place in western India along the shores of the Hooghly River. It is estimated that the Nawab had as many as 30,000 infantry soldiers and another 20,000 cavalry. In contrast, Clive and the British were vastly outnumbered. By this point Clive held the rank of lieutenant-colonel in the British Army and led approximately 1,100 British soldiers and another 2,100 sepoys for the British East India Company during the Battle of Plassey. The Battle of Plassey began early on the morning of June 23rd, 1757 as French artillery launched shells towards Clive’s soldiers. The Nawab infantry began to move in on the British in continuous waves. Clive ordered his British soldiers and sepoys to retreat a bit to find cover, where they dug in against the advancing Nawab.
The situation for the British improved as a rainstorm hit the battlefield. Clive had prepared for this situation, because he protected the British gunpowder stores with ‘tarpaulins’. The tarpaulins, which were large cloths made waterproof by tar, were used to keep the gunpowder dry and usable even during the rain. Whereas, the Nawab made no such protections, and as a result were unable to use their firearms in the wet conditions. This caused the Nawab commander, Mir Madan Khan, to attack the British with the Nawab cavalry, because he believed that the British were no longer able to use their firearms. However, when the Nawab cavalry advanced on the British position, they realized their error as the British opened fire and devastated the Nawab. In the chaos of the attack, Mir Madan Khan was wounded and later died. The loss of the Nawab commander proved significant, as it caused the Nawab to order a retreat from the battlefield. The British, recognizing their opportunity, attacked the retreating Nawab and were able to capture several key pieces of French artillery, which were put into action for the British. As a result, Clive led the British to victory over the Nawab and its French Allies on June 23rd, 1757. Historians estimate that the British lost 22 sepoy soldiers with another 50 wounded in the Battle of Plassey while the Nawab lost approximately 500.
At the end of the battle, Clive installed Mir Jafar as the new leader of the Nawab. Mir Jafar was a supporter of the British and the British east India Company. The victory in the Battle of Plassey was important for the British East India Company because it gave it a foothold in Bengal that it used to expand throughout the rest of India. For example, Clive is credited with expanding the military capabilities of the British East India Company in the region around Bengal. In fact, many historians credit the Battle of Plassey as being the major turning point when the British East India Company gained a stronghold in India. In fact, the Battle of Plassey was likely the most significant event in Clive’s career in India and the one for which he is best remembered today.
Throughout the late 1700s, the British East India Company expanded its control over large sections of eastern India from its main base in Bengal. For example, by the mid-1800s, the company had come to control all of the Indian subcontinent and ruled over the country through direct administration. This transformed the British East India Company from having a focus on trade to directly ruling and controlling India as a possession. It did this by expanding its military strength in the region. In fact, by 1857, the British East India Company had several armies that totaled as much as 267,000 soldiers.
Following his success in the Battle of Plassey, Clive carried out more campaigns in western India to further strengthen the position of the British East India Company. When he returned to England, in 1760, he was a fairly wealthy man. During this time in England, he worked to gain political influence over the policy decisions that impacted India. At the same time, stories of corruption began to emerge about the British East India Company, which caused Clive to return to India in 1765, at the age of 40.
CITE THIS ARTICLE | 1,081 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Baroque Macedonia and the Macedonian Revolts/Chapter 5 : Battle of Kriva Palanka
Battle of Kriva PalankaEdit
During the Ottoman-Macedonian wars, the Karposh uprising started on the 20th of October, 1689 and centered around an area or region between Skopje and Kriva Palanka. Karposh's uprising began with the commencement of the Macedonian revolutionaries attacking the Ottoman positions within Kriva Palanka. Kriva Palanka was a town that formed in 1633, at that time it was well known for its distribution of natural resources of iron ore. Iron ore was transported along the roads of Kriva Palanka heading towards Ottoman Bulgaria, where it was refined and was distributed further north. During this time the town of Kratovo had developed into a mining town and was strategically and economically important to the Ottoman Empire. The Battle of Kriva Palanka started near the Kriva river and continued into the centre of the town. The Macedonian revolutionaries firstly attacked the Ottoman guardpost, on order of Karposh, the cavalry units charged through the river and into the town. At that time, there were only 60 to 80 Ottoman troops stationed within Kriva Palanka, most of them were foot soldiers. Karposh had thought that the Ottoman forces consisted of dragoons however there were no dragoons and this greatly increased the Macedonian rebels chances of gaining a victory in Kriva Palanka. After two hours of fighting the guardpost was destroyed by a fire, the use of gunpowder by the rebels had proved successfully in the outcome of the battle. Buildings that were destroyed during the battle were : a postal services building, a bank, and the small headquarters that consisted of offices and bedrooms that were used by the Ottoman soldiers and officers.
Some residential properties were also ransacked and robbed during the battle. The local townspeople ran from their homes fearing for their lives. Many of the Ottoman Turkish families become homeless due to the battle. Karposh with his 200 rebel force had captured the town of Kriva Palanka. The main purpose of the Ottoman Empire was expansion, as it's conquests, campaigns suggests and it's most important institution was it's army. The early Ottoman forces had consisted of Turkish cavalry known as sipahis, however there were no sipahis forces stationed within Kriva Palanka at the time. Sipahis were paid by grants of government revenues usually land revenues, also known as timars. The Ottoman Empire later decided to remove the old armies and replace them with a new European-style force. The Ottoman Empire decided to destroy the janissaries and in their place put a paid disciplined conscript force.
Towards the end of the battle, the Ottoman commander who was sitting on his horse atop a grassy hill witnessed that the battle was heading towards a Macedonian victory and ordered for his officers to withdraw, after a great loss on the Ottoman side the commander was forced to dismount from his horse and continue fighting using his sword, he was placed in a difficult position and in the end with his lieutenant started running for his life, following them were three other officers and with no where to go they entered a cottage courtyard and within minutes the Macedonian rebels surrounded the courtyard. The Ottoman commander was injured and in no position to continue to fight. His officers were later killed and the Ottoman commander was captured by Karposh's rebels. Karposh's victory at the Battle of Kriva Palanka signified and instigated a great support from the local people of Kriva Palanka.
After capturing the stronghold, Karposh declared it liberated rebel territory and made it his centre of resistance. Among the items captured at the stronghold were six cannons, a real prize for the rebels. After securing Kriva Palanka the rebels built and secured a new stronghold near Kumanovo.After the battle the people of Kriva Palanka celebrated with joy, Karposh was hailed a hero, the victory was even known to the Austrian Emperor Leopold I who named Karposh as "King of Kumanovo" for his efforts at defeating the Ottoman armies.
As a commander and an uprising leader Karposh was under enormous amounts of stress, an important factor for Karposh was how long could he hold on to Kriva Palanka. He was for certain that the Ottoman Empire, would send further re-inforcements to suppress the uprising and get back the town of Kriva Palanka. With the continuation of the uprising he concentrated on getting his army to the city of Kumanovo. Upon hearing the news that the Kumanovo Fortress was ready, Karposh had ordered his men to head for Kumanovo. Two days later Kriva Palanka was abandoned by Karposh and his forces, in order to avoid any Ottoman patrols Karposh proceeded through a densely forested region, if he followed a gravel road or a footpath he was more likely to came across Ottoman troops. So he decided that it will be much safer if he travelled through the forests of Kumanovo region.
In order to reach Kumanovo, Karposh and his men had to travel 63 kilometres, that's if he had taken the normal gravel road, however he took a different route and this involved going through a number of forests and the approximate distance from Kriva Palanka to Kumanovo was roughly 85 kilometres. He also did not have a horse-driven carriage and was only riding his horse so he had to stop a number of times because the horses would become extremely exhausted and required water and food. Karposh had left Kriva Palanka leaving behind a few of his revolutionaries to continue the fight if another Ottoman garrison or group was to retake the town.
The historical accounts for the Battle of Kriva Palanka, as depicted or described in this wikibook is a work of fiction, however the battle did occur and the overall number of troops involved is a rough estimation. It is most likely that there were less then 80 troops involved as part of the Ottoman forces up at Kriva Palanka. While Karposh's revolutionaries numbered about 180 men.
- History And Archaeology Through Laboratory Examinations, Tome Egumenoski & Aleksandar Donski, University of Goce Delchev, 2012 p.51
- History of the Macedonian people - Ottoman rule in Macedonia, Risto Stefov, Part 19, p.1-25. | <urn:uuid:726134fd-61ad-476a-873d-a588226a979b> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://en.m.wikibooks.org/wiki/Baroque_Macedonia_and_the_Macedonian_Revolts/Chapter_5_:_Battle_of_Kriva_Palanka | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251690095.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126165718-20200126195718-00088.warc.gz | en | 0.987407 | 1,345 | 3.5 | 4 | [
-0.20193752646446228,
-0.16119907796382904,
0.3993055820465088,
0.15878626704216003,
-0.42100515961647034,
-0.5542927980422974,
0.2724168300628662,
0.7444045543670654,
0.04256625100970268,
0.22485746443271637,
-0.2522076666355133,
-0.5995473861694336,
-0.12834219634532928,
0.27523413300514... | 1 | Baroque Macedonia and the Macedonian Revolts/Chapter 5 : Battle of Kriva Palanka
Battle of Kriva PalankaEdit
During the Ottoman-Macedonian wars, the Karposh uprising started on the 20th of October, 1689 and centered around an area or region between Skopje and Kriva Palanka. Karposh's uprising began with the commencement of the Macedonian revolutionaries attacking the Ottoman positions within Kriva Palanka. Kriva Palanka was a town that formed in 1633, at that time it was well known for its distribution of natural resources of iron ore. Iron ore was transported along the roads of Kriva Palanka heading towards Ottoman Bulgaria, where it was refined and was distributed further north. During this time the town of Kratovo had developed into a mining town and was strategically and economically important to the Ottoman Empire. The Battle of Kriva Palanka started near the Kriva river and continued into the centre of the town. The Macedonian revolutionaries firstly attacked the Ottoman guardpost, on order of Karposh, the cavalry units charged through the river and into the town. At that time, there were only 60 to 80 Ottoman troops stationed within Kriva Palanka, most of them were foot soldiers. Karposh had thought that the Ottoman forces consisted of dragoons however there were no dragoons and this greatly increased the Macedonian rebels chances of gaining a victory in Kriva Palanka. After two hours of fighting the guardpost was destroyed by a fire, the use of gunpowder by the rebels had proved successfully in the outcome of the battle. Buildings that were destroyed during the battle were : a postal services building, a bank, and the small headquarters that consisted of offices and bedrooms that were used by the Ottoman soldiers and officers.
Some residential properties were also ransacked and robbed during the battle. The local townspeople ran from their homes fearing for their lives. Many of the Ottoman Turkish families become homeless due to the battle. Karposh with his 200 rebel force had captured the town of Kriva Palanka. The main purpose of the Ottoman Empire was expansion, as it's conquests, campaigns suggests and it's most important institution was it's army. The early Ottoman forces had consisted of Turkish cavalry known as sipahis, however there were no sipahis forces stationed within Kriva Palanka at the time. Sipahis were paid by grants of government revenues usually land revenues, also known as timars. The Ottoman Empire later decided to remove the old armies and replace them with a new European-style force. The Ottoman Empire decided to destroy the janissaries and in their place put a paid disciplined conscript force.
Towards the end of the battle, the Ottoman commander who was sitting on his horse atop a grassy hill witnessed that the battle was heading towards a Macedonian victory and ordered for his officers to withdraw, after a great loss on the Ottoman side the commander was forced to dismount from his horse and continue fighting using his sword, he was placed in a difficult position and in the end with his lieutenant started running for his life, following them were three other officers and with no where to go they entered a cottage courtyard and within minutes the Macedonian rebels surrounded the courtyard. The Ottoman commander was injured and in no position to continue to fight. His officers were later killed and the Ottoman commander was captured by Karposh's rebels. Karposh's victory at the Battle of Kriva Palanka signified and instigated a great support from the local people of Kriva Palanka.
After capturing the stronghold, Karposh declared it liberated rebel territory and made it his centre of resistance. Among the items captured at the stronghold were six cannons, a real prize for the rebels. After securing Kriva Palanka the rebels built and secured a new stronghold near Kumanovo.After the battle the people of Kriva Palanka celebrated with joy, Karposh was hailed a hero, the victory was even known to the Austrian Emperor Leopold I who named Karposh as "King of Kumanovo" for his efforts at defeating the Ottoman armies.
As a commander and an uprising leader Karposh was under enormous amounts of stress, an important factor for Karposh was how long could he hold on to Kriva Palanka. He was for certain that the Ottoman Empire, would send further re-inforcements to suppress the uprising and get back the town of Kriva Palanka. With the continuation of the uprising he concentrated on getting his army to the city of Kumanovo. Upon hearing the news that the Kumanovo Fortress was ready, Karposh had ordered his men to head for Kumanovo. Two days later Kriva Palanka was abandoned by Karposh and his forces, in order to avoid any Ottoman patrols Karposh proceeded through a densely forested region, if he followed a gravel road or a footpath he was more likely to came across Ottoman troops. So he decided that it will be much safer if he travelled through the forests of Kumanovo region.
In order to reach Kumanovo, Karposh and his men had to travel 63 kilometres, that's if he had taken the normal gravel road, however he took a different route and this involved going through a number of forests and the approximate distance from Kriva Palanka to Kumanovo was roughly 85 kilometres. He also did not have a horse-driven carriage and was only riding his horse so he had to stop a number of times because the horses would become extremely exhausted and required water and food. Karposh had left Kriva Palanka leaving behind a few of his revolutionaries to continue the fight if another Ottoman garrison or group was to retake the town.
The historical accounts for the Battle of Kriva Palanka, as depicted or described in this wikibook is a work of fiction, however the battle did occur and the overall number of troops involved is a rough estimation. It is most likely that there were less then 80 troops involved as part of the Ottoman forces up at Kriva Palanka. While Karposh's revolutionaries numbered about 180 men.
- History And Archaeology Through Laboratory Examinations, Tome Egumenoski & Aleksandar Donski, University of Goce Delchev, 2012 p.51
- History of the Macedonian people - Ottoman rule in Macedonia, Risto Stefov, Part 19, p.1-25. | 1,343 | ENGLISH | 1 |
- Originally driven by animal power.
- The second stage was water power.
- The steam engine replaced water power.
- Electricity from (1) coal. (2) hydro-electric plant.
Little more than a hundred years ago, raw material was “manufacture” means to “make by hand”. Men drove their simple machines by hand or foot. Larger machines came into use, which were too big for the houses of the workers. So the led to the beginning of large workshops of factories. Animal power, either of horses or oxen, was used in some factories to replace “manual” labour.
Then some inventive person found that running water could be used to turn the wheels of machinery, so large workshops were built on the banks of quick-flowing rivers. But it happened sometimes that swift rivers did not exist in the same localities where the raw materials were produced, and a century ago the means of transport were nto well developed. In the case of the woollen manufacture, the sheep might be fed on the hilly slopes that give water-power to the valleys below. Both Scotland and England furnish many examples of woollen face tories in close proximity to the sheep rearing areas.
It frequently happened, however, that the raw material was produced at some point far removed from a site suitable for a factory. “I This was especially the case with cotton. Factories were then erected as near as possible to a navigable river where the raw material might be conveniently landed.
We have seen that man-power gave way to animal-power. Then animal-power was replaced by water-power. There was soon to follow a still greater force for the driving of machinery. Ere the end of the eighteenth century, James Watt had shown that steam-power could be utilized for the driving of machinery. During the latter half of the century, numerous inventions were made in connection with machinery. These, together with the application of steam-power, completely changed the factory system.
When water-power was first used in factories, the population moved to the vicinity of swift-flowing streams. The introduction of steam-power resulted in further distribution of the population. Fuel was required for the new power; hence factory workers were attracted to the neighborhood of coal-fields. So it happened that the busy manufacturing centers of the world have grown up of the near to the great coal-fields. The latest development in power is the discovery that rapid streams can be used to produce electricity, a greater means of power than either running water or steam. Coal can be transformed into steam, of course, but coal is not always plentiful. Italy has no coal, but runs all her factories by electricity produced in her hydro-electric schemes in her swiftly flowing rivers coming from the Alps. Bharat and Pakistan have enormous resources of hydro-electric power, equal to most countries, or even better, but little developed as yet. Factories will arise in all parts of the country, worked by electric power from the swift rivers from the hills. | <urn:uuid:f68c5378-c96b-4318-8aad-5964a240ba74> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.thecollegestudy.net/2019/01/b-sc-calculus-ch-3-mv-theorem-indet-forms-and-expansions-notes.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250598800.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120135447-20200120164447-00161.warc.gz | en | 0.980565 | 628 | 3.265625 | 3 | [
-0.09923085570335388,
0.0852934792637825,
0.272794246673584,
0.19800549745559692,
-0.037041377276182175,
0.08935536444187164,
-0.23594558238983154,
-0.05438830703496933,
-0.09033659100532532,
0.04825255647301674,
0.17979693412780762,
-0.4228416979312897,
0.015687521547079086,
-0.5612568855... | 8 | - Originally driven by animal power.
- The second stage was water power.
- The steam engine replaced water power.
- Electricity from (1) coal. (2) hydro-electric plant.
Little more than a hundred years ago, raw material was “manufacture” means to “make by hand”. Men drove their simple machines by hand or foot. Larger machines came into use, which were too big for the houses of the workers. So the led to the beginning of large workshops of factories. Animal power, either of horses or oxen, was used in some factories to replace “manual” labour.
Then some inventive person found that running water could be used to turn the wheels of machinery, so large workshops were built on the banks of quick-flowing rivers. But it happened sometimes that swift rivers did not exist in the same localities where the raw materials were produced, and a century ago the means of transport were nto well developed. In the case of the woollen manufacture, the sheep might be fed on the hilly slopes that give water-power to the valleys below. Both Scotland and England furnish many examples of woollen face tories in close proximity to the sheep rearing areas.
It frequently happened, however, that the raw material was produced at some point far removed from a site suitable for a factory. “I This was especially the case with cotton. Factories were then erected as near as possible to a navigable river where the raw material might be conveniently landed.
We have seen that man-power gave way to animal-power. Then animal-power was replaced by water-power. There was soon to follow a still greater force for the driving of machinery. Ere the end of the eighteenth century, James Watt had shown that steam-power could be utilized for the driving of machinery. During the latter half of the century, numerous inventions were made in connection with machinery. These, together with the application of steam-power, completely changed the factory system.
When water-power was first used in factories, the population moved to the vicinity of swift-flowing streams. The introduction of steam-power resulted in further distribution of the population. Fuel was required for the new power; hence factory workers were attracted to the neighborhood of coal-fields. So it happened that the busy manufacturing centers of the world have grown up of the near to the great coal-fields. The latest development in power is the discovery that rapid streams can be used to produce electricity, a greater means of power than either running water or steam. Coal can be transformed into steam, of course, but coal is not always plentiful. Italy has no coal, but runs all her factories by electricity produced in her hydro-electric schemes in her swiftly flowing rivers coming from the Alps. Bharat and Pakistan have enormous resources of hydro-electric power, equal to most countries, or even better, but little developed as yet. Factories will arise in all parts of the country, worked by electric power from the swift rivers from the hills. | 596 | ENGLISH | 1 |
On December 20, 1963, two years after the beginning of the construction of the Berlin Wall, 4,000 West Berlin citizens were allowed for the first time to visit their relatives and friends living in East Berlin.
Until this moment, West Berliners were prevented from visiting East Germany and East Berlin. In 1963, negotiations between East and West allowed visits during the Christmas season that year but only for short time and limited number of persons.
Under an agreement signed between both East Germany and West Germany, more than 170,000 passes were issued throughout the subsequent years, granting West Germans access to communist territory. These passes allowed a one-day visit and were restricted to East Berlin.
At the close of the Second World War in 1945, Soviet forces occupied eastern Germany, while the United States and other allied forces took control of the western part of the country.
The wall was built in 1961, initially to stop East Berliners from fleeing to the west, as approximately 20 percent of the East German population had migrated to West Germany.
Throughout the years, it stood as a symbolic boundary representing the political and economical division between East and West, commonly known as the Iron Curtain. | <urn:uuid:ab89019c-2395-472c-a45a-85fc0d6469f4> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | http://tall-white-aliens.com/?p=10098 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594391.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119093733-20200119121733-00481.warc.gz | en | 0.981667 | 237 | 4.28125 | 4 | [
-0.2962108254432678,
0.2376483976840973,
0.1283227950334549,
0.16031332314014435,
-0.011648771353065968,
0.47349023818969727,
-0.31266751885414124,
-0.06106453761458397,
-0.3869098126888275,
-0.0834031030535698,
0.35960230231285095,
-0.21095889806747437,
0.124747134745121,
-0.0812210589647... | 2 | On December 20, 1963, two years after the beginning of the construction of the Berlin Wall, 4,000 West Berlin citizens were allowed for the first time to visit their relatives and friends living in East Berlin.
Until this moment, West Berliners were prevented from visiting East Germany and East Berlin. In 1963, negotiations between East and West allowed visits during the Christmas season that year but only for short time and limited number of persons.
Under an agreement signed between both East Germany and West Germany, more than 170,000 passes were issued throughout the subsequent years, granting West Germans access to communist territory. These passes allowed a one-day visit and were restricted to East Berlin.
At the close of the Second World War in 1945, Soviet forces occupied eastern Germany, while the United States and other allied forces took control of the western part of the country.
The wall was built in 1961, initially to stop East Berliners from fleeing to the west, as approximately 20 percent of the East German population had migrated to West Germany.
Throughout the years, it stood as a symbolic boundary representing the political and economical division between East and West, commonly known as the Iron Curtain. | 258 | ENGLISH | 1 |
The History and Philosophy of Ketupat Lebaran
In the 15th and 16th century, Sunan Kalijaga was known as one of the walisongo members who spread Islam in the land of Java using culture and tradition to spread the Islam and also its kindness. Sunan Kalijaga was considered successful to spread Islam in Java because he used the special approach that could get attention from the society. According to the history, Ketupat is so identical with the people who lived near the paddy field so Sunan Kalijaga created the food as the typicalculinary for Lebaran.
This way was considered so interesting for people so they were interested to learn Islam more. The important point of it happened when Sunan Kalijaga spread Islam in the middle of Javanese society where at that time, people who lived there were still in the transition era from Hindu to Islam. There are many proofs and also verbal story developed and said that Sunan Kalijaga was the first person who used Ketupat as the typical accessory for Lebaran. In each region of Nusantara, the people had their own way to name this food.
While in Melayu, this food was named as Ketupat. The Balinese people also knew about this food and they called it as Tipat. In other places, this food is also known as Ketumpat. Eid Fitri is not complete without Ketupat and in every house, you can find this as the main course along with other typical food in Lebaran such as Opor Ayam. Basically, Sunan Kalijaga actually made it as culture at the same time with Bakda Lebaran and Bakda Ketupat. In Javanese language, Ngaku Lepat means admit the mistake.
Meanwhile, Laku Papat means four actions. Beside that, Ketupat also has deep philosophy behind it. It can be seen from the complicated wrap or known as “Anyaman Ketupat". After opening Ketupat, it will look like the white rice. It is reflected as cleanness and also holiness of heart after asking for apology from all mistakes. The shape of Ketupat is so perfect and it is connected with the victory of Islam people after fasting for a month and celebrate Eid Fitri at the end. There is another philosophy of Ketupat.
Ketupat is always served with the other side dishes made of coconut milk and in the Javanese term, it is called as “Kupat Santen” which means as I apologize. That is the history and also philosophy of Ketupat and thanks to Walisongo who spread and introduces Islam to Java, people has the deep tradition and culture related to it and Ketupat is still kept until now. | <urn:uuid:303da2bb-079c-4343-af0e-9e296f0b451c> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://soedonowonodjoio.family/the-story-of-our-ancestors/history-of-ketupat-lebaran,-first-taken-by-sunan-kalijaga.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251700988.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127143516-20200127173516-00136.warc.gz | en | 0.980916 | 578 | 3.453125 | 3 | [
-0.23733308911323547,
0.49266889691352844,
0.12399420887231827,
-0.216791033744812,
0.19138643145561218,
-0.2609836459159851,
0.7620211839675903,
0.00022788532078266144,
-0.19465391337871552,
0.06623147428035736,
0.03215854614973068,
-0.3918510675430298,
-0.2918810248374939,
0.450530529022... | 11 | The History and Philosophy of Ketupat Lebaran
In the 15th and 16th century, Sunan Kalijaga was known as one of the walisongo members who spread Islam in the land of Java using culture and tradition to spread the Islam and also its kindness. Sunan Kalijaga was considered successful to spread Islam in Java because he used the special approach that could get attention from the society. According to the history, Ketupat is so identical with the people who lived near the paddy field so Sunan Kalijaga created the food as the typicalculinary for Lebaran.
This way was considered so interesting for people so they were interested to learn Islam more. The important point of it happened when Sunan Kalijaga spread Islam in the middle of Javanese society where at that time, people who lived there were still in the transition era from Hindu to Islam. There are many proofs and also verbal story developed and said that Sunan Kalijaga was the first person who used Ketupat as the typical accessory for Lebaran. In each region of Nusantara, the people had their own way to name this food.
While in Melayu, this food was named as Ketupat. The Balinese people also knew about this food and they called it as Tipat. In other places, this food is also known as Ketumpat. Eid Fitri is not complete without Ketupat and in every house, you can find this as the main course along with other typical food in Lebaran such as Opor Ayam. Basically, Sunan Kalijaga actually made it as culture at the same time with Bakda Lebaran and Bakda Ketupat. In Javanese language, Ngaku Lepat means admit the mistake.
Meanwhile, Laku Papat means four actions. Beside that, Ketupat also has deep philosophy behind it. It can be seen from the complicated wrap or known as “Anyaman Ketupat". After opening Ketupat, it will look like the white rice. It is reflected as cleanness and also holiness of heart after asking for apology from all mistakes. The shape of Ketupat is so perfect and it is connected with the victory of Islam people after fasting for a month and celebrate Eid Fitri at the end. There is another philosophy of Ketupat.
Ketupat is always served with the other side dishes made of coconut milk and in the Javanese term, it is called as “Kupat Santen” which means as I apologize. That is the history and also philosophy of Ketupat and thanks to Walisongo who spread and introduces Islam to Java, people has the deep tradition and culture related to it and Ketupat is still kept until now. | 576 | ENGLISH | 1 |
When thinking about the Age of Exploration and the men that shaped it, many come to mind: from Spain, Pizarro and his Inca conquest; Cortez and his breath-taking, mind boggling, expedition in Mexico; and the man who started everything, Christopher Columbus. They all made the mother land proud. From Portugal, Vasco da Gama, and Ferdinand Magellan, the first man to sail around the world, also left their marks on world history books everywhere. .
But one man, Francis Drake, the eldest boy out of 12(Bradford 6), born in a Catholic town from a Protestant family, became one the greatest and more accomplished navigators in the history of England, although the Spaniards might like to call him a fake, liar, and cheat. .
Drake's was born in 1543 near the western coast of England near Plymouth, in the area of Devonshire. When he was around six years old, his father, himself a navigator, received a job as a chaplain in a naval shipyard in the county of Kent (World Book) all the way on the other side of the country, but the move was good for the family since they were of Protestant belief, and they lived a Catholic town. As a youngster, he probably was apprenticed to an old sailor by his father, Edmund Drake, to learn the craftsmanship of the seas and how to be a sailor. Since on the east coast of England were difficult rivers and waterways, such as, the English Channel and the Thames River, he learned about the navigation and maneuverability of ships, but little or no information about the waters of the Atlantic Ocean, something he would have learned had he stayed on Plymouth. He soon learned about the Atlantic through trips with his cousin, John Hawkins, (Bradford 10). Not much, if anything, is known about the man who taught Drake about the trades of the sea. What is known is this: Drake's first ship was probably inherited (31). .
In first mayor voyages, he was young, only 20. Those trips took place from 1566-1569 with Hawkins, they were two slave-trading voyages. | <urn:uuid:0e2b52bd-e8ee-4e70-83bd-c312599a9b05> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.exampleessays.com/viewpaper/19792.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250589560.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20200117123339-20200117151339-00236.warc.gz | en | 0.985454 | 448 | 3.96875 | 4 | [
0.08918597549200058,
0.45309871435165405,
0.2713276147842407,
-0.3782992660999298,
-0.49103426933288574,
-0.32453417778015137,
0.20901596546173096,
0.26534730195999146,
-0.1702031046152115,
-0.19002966582775116,
-0.1378801465034485,
-0.21988223493099213,
-0.18231706321239471,
0.56253492832... | 3 | When thinking about the Age of Exploration and the men that shaped it, many come to mind: from Spain, Pizarro and his Inca conquest; Cortez and his breath-taking, mind boggling, expedition in Mexico; and the man who started everything, Christopher Columbus. They all made the mother land proud. From Portugal, Vasco da Gama, and Ferdinand Magellan, the first man to sail around the world, also left their marks on world history books everywhere. .
But one man, Francis Drake, the eldest boy out of 12(Bradford 6), born in a Catholic town from a Protestant family, became one the greatest and more accomplished navigators in the history of England, although the Spaniards might like to call him a fake, liar, and cheat. .
Drake's was born in 1543 near the western coast of England near Plymouth, in the area of Devonshire. When he was around six years old, his father, himself a navigator, received a job as a chaplain in a naval shipyard in the county of Kent (World Book) all the way on the other side of the country, but the move was good for the family since they were of Protestant belief, and they lived a Catholic town. As a youngster, he probably was apprenticed to an old sailor by his father, Edmund Drake, to learn the craftsmanship of the seas and how to be a sailor. Since on the east coast of England were difficult rivers and waterways, such as, the English Channel and the Thames River, he learned about the navigation and maneuverability of ships, but little or no information about the waters of the Atlantic Ocean, something he would have learned had he stayed on Plymouth. He soon learned about the Atlantic through trips with his cousin, John Hawkins, (Bradford 10). Not much, if anything, is known about the man who taught Drake about the trades of the sea. What is known is this: Drake's first ship was probably inherited (31). .
In first mayor voyages, he was young, only 20. Those trips took place from 1566-1569 with Hawkins, they were two slave-trading voyages. | 456 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Research by the Royal Commission on Historical Monuments published in 1972 confirmed the work of Major Gordon Fowler of the Fenland Research Committee that the Cambridgeshire lodes were of Roman origin; they were excavated to provide navigation to a series of villages to the east of the River Cam, and probably also drainage of the surrounding fenland. The infrastructure was completed by the Car Dyke, which linked Waterbeach on the River Cam to the River Witham near Lincoln, some 73 miles (117 km) away.
Bottisham Lode links the village of Lode to the River Cam just below Bottisham lock, and is about 2.5 miles (4.0 km) long. It is almost straight, running between embankments, and included a staunch (a primitive lock with a single gate), of which the chamber survives. Its water supply comes from Quy Water, which flows through a mill just above the village before entering the lode near to the location of a basin and wharf. In medieval times, navigation along Quy Water was also possible, as there is evidence of moorings in the village of Quy. The Swaffham and Bottisham Drainage Commissioners were responsible for the lode from 1767, and were empowered to build staunches and collect tolls. The lode was never wide enough to take fen lighters, but smaller boats used it for most of the 19th century.
In 1875, the Drainage Commissioners spent £294 on a flash lock, which had a flagstone floor, a chamber constructed of white bricks, a timber guillotine gate, and a mechanism for raising the gate made from cast-iron, supported by a timber frame. The chamber was 11.75 feet (3.58 m) wide, and the mechanism included a winding drum with winding wheel, and cogwheels with ratchets. The timber frame was demolished in 1968 but the chamber still survives, some 1,010 yards (920 m) upstream from the entrance gates.
Navigation on the lode ceased around 1900, and it is not currently navigable. The mill at Lode has been restored to working order by its owners, the National Trust. The timber framed building dates from the late eighteenth century and has a low breastshot waterwheel. The mill machinery was replaced in 1868 by W Rawlings, and the external cladding dates from the 1934 and 1978 restoration. There is a pumping station and a set of mitred flood doors at the entrance to the lode, which were replaced in 2001, but a "No unauthorised vessels" notice was displayed on the gates in 2008.
Swaffham Bulbeck Lode joins the River Cam about 1.5 miles (2.4 km) below Bottisham Lode. It runs for 3.4 miles (5.5 km) to the hamlet of Commercial End, which was called Newnham until the early 19th century. Commercial End consists of a row of fine buildings, mainly dating from the late 17th and 18th century. The Commissioners of the Bedford Level were responsible for the drain during this period, and they cleared the channel and straightened the banks on several occasions in response to complaints. Use of the lode declined rapidly once the railways arrived in the area, and only the first 2 miles (3.2 km) to Slade Farm are currently navigable, as shallow water and low bridges prevent access beyond this point. There is a lock at the junction with the River Cam which can accommodate boats up to 96 by 15 feet (29.3 by 4.6 m), with a maximum draught of 2 feet (0.61 m). However, the Environment Agency have modified the upstream lock gate, in order to improve flood control, with the result that the headroom below the guillotine gate is too low for boats to enter the lode. The lower gates have also been removed.
Reach Lode joins the River Cam at Upware, a further 2.3 miles (3.7 km) below Swaffham Bulbeck Lode, and runs for 3 miles (4.8 km) to the village of Reach. From Reach, a defensive rampart and ditch, called Devil's Dyke, ran for a further 7.5 miles (12.1 km) in a straight line to Ditton Green. The ditch is around 15 feet (4.6 m) deep and the rampart some 18 feet (5.5 m) high. It was built in the Anglo-Saxon period, and is listed as a Scheduled Ancient Monument, while the chalk grasslands which it contains have resulted in it being a designated Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI).
The village of Reach has been a trading port since Roman times. From the 13th century, a fair was held there, and it was at this time that the last 300 yards (270 m) of the Devils Dyke were levelled. Wharfs and basins were developed, and coasters brought a wide variety of products to Reach and to the fair. The coasters stopped when Denver Sluice was built on the River Great Ouse, but smaller vessels continued to trade in agricultural produce, timber and a type of building material called clunch, which were exported through Kings Lynn, while incoming trade included building materials, stone, salts, wines and spirits. A lock was built at the start of the lode in 1821, as a result of the passing of the Eau Brink Act, while the South Level Commissioners took over responsibility for the waterway in 1827. Trade declined rapidly after railways reached the area in the 1850s, but some carriers continued to operate, with the last load of 525 tonnes of clunch being shipped in the early 1930s, and some peat being carried for a few years after that.
Upware Lock, at 50 by 13.5 feet (15.2 by 4.1 m), used to restrict the size of boats that could use the lode, and boats longer than 45 feet (14 m) could not be turned at Reach. However, the mitre gates at the downstream end have been replaced by a guillotine gate, enabling boats up to 63 feet (19 m) to gain access, and turning at Reach with a 58-foot (18 m) boat is possible. The lode is quite deep, for the surrounding land has sunk as the peat soils have dried out, and raising of the banks has resulted in the water being up to 10 feet (3.0 m) deep in places. In 2007 the Environment Agency considered options for lowering the level of Reach Load and possibly some of the other lodes, as a way to reduce the maintenance of the banks. The report concluded that maintaining them at their present level was still the best solution, and a policy of strengthening the embankments was adopted as the way to limit the risk of major repairs being needed in the future.
The Reach annual fair, which received a charter from King John, has been moved to the May bank holiday from its original Rogation Week date, to ensure that every Mayor of Cambridge, who by tradition opens the fair, gets to open one fair during a term of office. The movable date of Rogation Week meant that some mayors opened two fairs, and some did not open any.
Burwell Lode runs from the village of Burwell and joins Reach Lode about 0.75 miles (1.21 km) from the River Cam. The present course of the Lode was cut in the mid seventeenth century, replacing the previous course, which was referred to as the Old Lode. At Burwell, two branches diverge in opposite directions, both of which had wharves. 'Anchor Straits' to the south was used by coasters and 'Weirs' to the north was used by lighters.
Burwell became more important than Reach when T. T. Ball opened the Burwell Chemical Works, which was built between 1864 and 1865. Fertilizer was produced from coprolites, ancient fossilised dung extracted from the newly drained fens, using a process which had been developed by a man who lived locally. The works became the Patent Manure Works in the 1890s, and following a partnership, was owned by Colchester and Ball, who ran a fleet of three steam tugs and a large number of lighters, which were carrying around 10,000 tons a year by the early 20th century, despite the fact that the works had been served by a railway siding since 1900. Richard Ball had opened a brickworks nearby, which was served by a channel which became known as Factory Lode.
Prentice Brothers Ltd, who had built barges at Burwell until 1920, and repaired and maintained them there until 1936, took over the Manure Works in 1921. In addition to the fertilizer, the barges carried coal, stone and sugar beet, and the yellow bricks produced by the Burwell Brick Company. The toll structure was complicated, as the South Level Commissioners were responsible for both Burwell Lode and Reach Lode, but tolls of 3 pence (1.2p) per ton were payable to the Burwell Fen Drainage Commissioners, and a further 3 pence per ton for use of the connecting stretch of Reach Lode had to be paid to the Swaffham and Bottisham Drainage Commissioners.
The fertilizer company Fisons took over the factory in 1929. Prentice's lighters were bought by A. V. Jackson in 1936, and Jacksons continued to carry fertilizer until 1948. Trade in sugarbeet continued until 1963. Production of fertilizer at the site ceased in 1962, and the brickworks, which made up to 10 million bricks a year, finally closed in 1971.
The waterway is comparatively wide, at 40 to 45 feet (12 to 14 m), and the junction of the branches at Burwell provides a point at which long boats can be turned, but the modern lock at Upware restricts access to boats less than 63 feet (19 m) long. It is also quite deep, and the 2007 Strategy Study considered the option of reconstructing it at a lower level, but did not recommend this action.
Wicken Lode turns off Reach Lode, and crosses Wicken Sedge Fen, running for nearly 1.5 miles (2.4 km) to just short of the village of Wicken. There is a right of public navigation as far as its junction with Monk's Lode, and the stretch beyond that is only navigable by local inhabitants. The lode is not as wide or deep as the adjacent lodes, and can only be navigated by smaller craft. The waterway continues as Monk's Lode and then the New River, although these are not navigable. Peat from Burwell Fen was brought up Wicken lode for much of the 19th century, for distribution to local farms, and the trade only stopped in the 1940s when peat cutting was restricted. Sedge from the fen was transported by boat from the sites where it was cut to a wharf near the head of the lode.
Wicken Fen is one of the oldest nature reserves in England, as the National Trust bought their first part of it in 1899. Purchases have continued, and the Trust now manages 730 acres (300 ha) of wetland. It is not a true fen, as the area is higher than the surrounding land, but since 1956 the wetland has been maintained by a drainage windmill pump which was moved from its location at Adventurers Fen, to the south of the lode, and re-assembled to supply the Fen with water. The National Trust Warden's office includes a display which tells the history of the Fen and how it has been managed.
Soham Lode runs for about 7 miles (11 km) from the River Great Ouse about 1 mile (1.6 km) below its junction with the River Cam. Its origin is less well known than the other lodes, but it probably dates from the 1790s, when it was built to reduce flooding in the Soham and Fordham area, by carrying water from the River Snail, which formerly flowed into the River Lark, to join the Great Ouse instead. Soham is about halfway along it, and was once close to a large inland lake called Soham Mere, which was drained in the late 18th century.
There is no evidence that the Lode was navigable beyond Soham. Lighters brought cargoes of corn to a water mill at Soham, and later brought coal when steam engines replaced the water wheel. Barley and timber were other important cargoes. Railways did not reach Soham until 1879, and resulted in the rapid demise of water-borne transport. Commercial traffic ceased about 1900, and the lode was described as un-navigable in a report by H. Dunn in 1906. There was a sluice at the entrance to the lode, with two sets of mitre gates, pointing in opposite directions, one to prevent flood waters from the Great Ouse entering the lode, and the other to raise the water level in the lode to make navigation easier. When the Anglian Water Authority was created by Act of Parliament in 1977, the lode was not listed as a navigation, and their successors, the Environment Agency, have taken this to mean that there is no right of navigation.
There is now a pumping station and a set of mitred flood doors at the start of the lode, and although it is not officially navigable, two narrowboats navigated part of it in 2001, and there is increasing evidence that boats can and do use it as far as it is possible. | <urn:uuid:ec422159-7b03-435e-b964-f4eef941c653> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://alchetron.com/Cambridgeshire-Lodes | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250591431.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20200117234621-20200118022621-00539.warc.gz | en | 0.982248 | 2,850 | 3.453125 | 3 | [
0.3568311035633087,
-0.1320352703332901,
0.1803552210330963,
0.2890521287918091,
0.08025303483009338,
-0.3011658489704132,
-0.31666916608810425,
-0.09816098213195801,
-0.37542760372161865,
-0.48534059524536133,
-0.38216033577919006,
-0.8056888580322266,
0.07646866142749786,
0.3338921070098... | 1 | Research by the Royal Commission on Historical Monuments published in 1972 confirmed the work of Major Gordon Fowler of the Fenland Research Committee that the Cambridgeshire lodes were of Roman origin; they were excavated to provide navigation to a series of villages to the east of the River Cam, and probably also drainage of the surrounding fenland. The infrastructure was completed by the Car Dyke, which linked Waterbeach on the River Cam to the River Witham near Lincoln, some 73 miles (117 km) away.
Bottisham Lode links the village of Lode to the River Cam just below Bottisham lock, and is about 2.5 miles (4.0 km) long. It is almost straight, running between embankments, and included a staunch (a primitive lock with a single gate), of which the chamber survives. Its water supply comes from Quy Water, which flows through a mill just above the village before entering the lode near to the location of a basin and wharf. In medieval times, navigation along Quy Water was also possible, as there is evidence of moorings in the village of Quy. The Swaffham and Bottisham Drainage Commissioners were responsible for the lode from 1767, and were empowered to build staunches and collect tolls. The lode was never wide enough to take fen lighters, but smaller boats used it for most of the 19th century.
In 1875, the Drainage Commissioners spent £294 on a flash lock, which had a flagstone floor, a chamber constructed of white bricks, a timber guillotine gate, and a mechanism for raising the gate made from cast-iron, supported by a timber frame. The chamber was 11.75 feet (3.58 m) wide, and the mechanism included a winding drum with winding wheel, and cogwheels with ratchets. The timber frame was demolished in 1968 but the chamber still survives, some 1,010 yards (920 m) upstream from the entrance gates.
Navigation on the lode ceased around 1900, and it is not currently navigable. The mill at Lode has been restored to working order by its owners, the National Trust. The timber framed building dates from the late eighteenth century and has a low breastshot waterwheel. The mill machinery was replaced in 1868 by W Rawlings, and the external cladding dates from the 1934 and 1978 restoration. There is a pumping station and a set of mitred flood doors at the entrance to the lode, which were replaced in 2001, but a "No unauthorised vessels" notice was displayed on the gates in 2008.
Swaffham Bulbeck Lode joins the River Cam about 1.5 miles (2.4 km) below Bottisham Lode. It runs for 3.4 miles (5.5 km) to the hamlet of Commercial End, which was called Newnham until the early 19th century. Commercial End consists of a row of fine buildings, mainly dating from the late 17th and 18th century. The Commissioners of the Bedford Level were responsible for the drain during this period, and they cleared the channel and straightened the banks on several occasions in response to complaints. Use of the lode declined rapidly once the railways arrived in the area, and only the first 2 miles (3.2 km) to Slade Farm are currently navigable, as shallow water and low bridges prevent access beyond this point. There is a lock at the junction with the River Cam which can accommodate boats up to 96 by 15 feet (29.3 by 4.6 m), with a maximum draught of 2 feet (0.61 m). However, the Environment Agency have modified the upstream lock gate, in order to improve flood control, with the result that the headroom below the guillotine gate is too low for boats to enter the lode. The lower gates have also been removed.
Reach Lode joins the River Cam at Upware, a further 2.3 miles (3.7 km) below Swaffham Bulbeck Lode, and runs for 3 miles (4.8 km) to the village of Reach. From Reach, a defensive rampart and ditch, called Devil's Dyke, ran for a further 7.5 miles (12.1 km) in a straight line to Ditton Green. The ditch is around 15 feet (4.6 m) deep and the rampart some 18 feet (5.5 m) high. It was built in the Anglo-Saxon period, and is listed as a Scheduled Ancient Monument, while the chalk grasslands which it contains have resulted in it being a designated Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI).
The village of Reach has been a trading port since Roman times. From the 13th century, a fair was held there, and it was at this time that the last 300 yards (270 m) of the Devils Dyke were levelled. Wharfs and basins were developed, and coasters brought a wide variety of products to Reach and to the fair. The coasters stopped when Denver Sluice was built on the River Great Ouse, but smaller vessels continued to trade in agricultural produce, timber and a type of building material called clunch, which were exported through Kings Lynn, while incoming trade included building materials, stone, salts, wines and spirits. A lock was built at the start of the lode in 1821, as a result of the passing of the Eau Brink Act, while the South Level Commissioners took over responsibility for the waterway in 1827. Trade declined rapidly after railways reached the area in the 1850s, but some carriers continued to operate, with the last load of 525 tonnes of clunch being shipped in the early 1930s, and some peat being carried for a few years after that.
Upware Lock, at 50 by 13.5 feet (15.2 by 4.1 m), used to restrict the size of boats that could use the lode, and boats longer than 45 feet (14 m) could not be turned at Reach. However, the mitre gates at the downstream end have been replaced by a guillotine gate, enabling boats up to 63 feet (19 m) to gain access, and turning at Reach with a 58-foot (18 m) boat is possible. The lode is quite deep, for the surrounding land has sunk as the peat soils have dried out, and raising of the banks has resulted in the water being up to 10 feet (3.0 m) deep in places. In 2007 the Environment Agency considered options for lowering the level of Reach Load and possibly some of the other lodes, as a way to reduce the maintenance of the banks. The report concluded that maintaining them at their present level was still the best solution, and a policy of strengthening the embankments was adopted as the way to limit the risk of major repairs being needed in the future.
The Reach annual fair, which received a charter from King John, has been moved to the May bank holiday from its original Rogation Week date, to ensure that every Mayor of Cambridge, who by tradition opens the fair, gets to open one fair during a term of office. The movable date of Rogation Week meant that some mayors opened two fairs, and some did not open any.
Burwell Lode runs from the village of Burwell and joins Reach Lode about 0.75 miles (1.21 km) from the River Cam. The present course of the Lode was cut in the mid seventeenth century, replacing the previous course, which was referred to as the Old Lode. At Burwell, two branches diverge in opposite directions, both of which had wharves. 'Anchor Straits' to the south was used by coasters and 'Weirs' to the north was used by lighters.
Burwell became more important than Reach when T. T. Ball opened the Burwell Chemical Works, which was built between 1864 and 1865. Fertilizer was produced from coprolites, ancient fossilised dung extracted from the newly drained fens, using a process which had been developed by a man who lived locally. The works became the Patent Manure Works in the 1890s, and following a partnership, was owned by Colchester and Ball, who ran a fleet of three steam tugs and a large number of lighters, which were carrying around 10,000 tons a year by the early 20th century, despite the fact that the works had been served by a railway siding since 1900. Richard Ball had opened a brickworks nearby, which was served by a channel which became known as Factory Lode.
Prentice Brothers Ltd, who had built barges at Burwell until 1920, and repaired and maintained them there until 1936, took over the Manure Works in 1921. In addition to the fertilizer, the barges carried coal, stone and sugar beet, and the yellow bricks produced by the Burwell Brick Company. The toll structure was complicated, as the South Level Commissioners were responsible for both Burwell Lode and Reach Lode, but tolls of 3 pence (1.2p) per ton were payable to the Burwell Fen Drainage Commissioners, and a further 3 pence per ton for use of the connecting stretch of Reach Lode had to be paid to the Swaffham and Bottisham Drainage Commissioners.
The fertilizer company Fisons took over the factory in 1929. Prentice's lighters were bought by A. V. Jackson in 1936, and Jacksons continued to carry fertilizer until 1948. Trade in sugarbeet continued until 1963. Production of fertilizer at the site ceased in 1962, and the brickworks, which made up to 10 million bricks a year, finally closed in 1971.
The waterway is comparatively wide, at 40 to 45 feet (12 to 14 m), and the junction of the branches at Burwell provides a point at which long boats can be turned, but the modern lock at Upware restricts access to boats less than 63 feet (19 m) long. It is also quite deep, and the 2007 Strategy Study considered the option of reconstructing it at a lower level, but did not recommend this action.
Wicken Lode turns off Reach Lode, and crosses Wicken Sedge Fen, running for nearly 1.5 miles (2.4 km) to just short of the village of Wicken. There is a right of public navigation as far as its junction with Monk's Lode, and the stretch beyond that is only navigable by local inhabitants. The lode is not as wide or deep as the adjacent lodes, and can only be navigated by smaller craft. The waterway continues as Monk's Lode and then the New River, although these are not navigable. Peat from Burwell Fen was brought up Wicken lode for much of the 19th century, for distribution to local farms, and the trade only stopped in the 1940s when peat cutting was restricted. Sedge from the fen was transported by boat from the sites where it was cut to a wharf near the head of the lode.
Wicken Fen is one of the oldest nature reserves in England, as the National Trust bought their first part of it in 1899. Purchases have continued, and the Trust now manages 730 acres (300 ha) of wetland. It is not a true fen, as the area is higher than the surrounding land, but since 1956 the wetland has been maintained by a drainage windmill pump which was moved from its location at Adventurers Fen, to the south of the lode, and re-assembled to supply the Fen with water. The National Trust Warden's office includes a display which tells the history of the Fen and how it has been managed.
Soham Lode runs for about 7 miles (11 km) from the River Great Ouse about 1 mile (1.6 km) below its junction with the River Cam. Its origin is less well known than the other lodes, but it probably dates from the 1790s, when it was built to reduce flooding in the Soham and Fordham area, by carrying water from the River Snail, which formerly flowed into the River Lark, to join the Great Ouse instead. Soham is about halfway along it, and was once close to a large inland lake called Soham Mere, which was drained in the late 18th century.
There is no evidence that the Lode was navigable beyond Soham. Lighters brought cargoes of corn to a water mill at Soham, and later brought coal when steam engines replaced the water wheel. Barley and timber were other important cargoes. Railways did not reach Soham until 1879, and resulted in the rapid demise of water-borne transport. Commercial traffic ceased about 1900, and the lode was described as un-navigable in a report by H. Dunn in 1906. There was a sluice at the entrance to the lode, with two sets of mitre gates, pointing in opposite directions, one to prevent flood waters from the Great Ouse entering the lode, and the other to raise the water level in the lode to make navigation easier. When the Anglian Water Authority was created by Act of Parliament in 1977, the lode was not listed as a navigation, and their successors, the Environment Agency, have taken this to mean that there is no right of navigation.
There is now a pumping station and a set of mitred flood doors at the start of the lode, and although it is not officially navigable, two narrowboats navigated part of it in 2001, and there is increasing evidence that boats can and do use it as far as it is possible. | 3,060 | ENGLISH | 1 |
The Lockhart Plot
The Lockhart Plot was alleged to have taken place in the immediate aftermath of World War One. It was/is said that the Lockhart Plot was an assassination attempt on Vladimir Lenin sanctioned, though denied, by the British government. To this day there is no evidence that the Lockhart Plot even existed as nearly 90 years after the era many documents assumed to be relevant are still being held under the Official Secrets Act. It is for this reason that some believe that the Lockhart Plot actually occurred as it is argued that if it never occurred why are documents on the Lockhart Plot still held in secret?
The October/November Bolshevik Revolution in Russia had a major impact on World War One. Lenin had stated that the war was the result of capitalism and that the workers were those who suffered the most while the rich manufacturers and industrialists made money at the expense of the working class. Russia had suffered as much as any nation in World War One and it was for this reason that Lenin did what he could to pull Russia out of the war. The result was the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk that ended the war in Eastern Europe and allowed the Germans to move her men from the Eastern Front to the Western Front. Such a massive influx of men greatly worried the leaders of the armed forces on the Western Front.
The British government was desperate to get Russia back into the war and it was for this reason that they sent Robert Bruce Lockhart to Moscow. Ostensibly, Lockhart was simply the British government’s representative in Moscow to allow for communication between the new government and London. Those who believe in the Lockhart Plot, claim that Lockhart had an ulterior motive for being in Moscow – to get Russia back into the war. This would have meant removing the newly created Bolshevik government under Lenin and coordinating some form of alliance with the opponents of the Bolsheviks.
In March 1918, after the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was signed, it is thought that Lockhart decided that the only course of action he had left was to remove Lenin and hope that the whole Bolshevik edifice would fall as a result. In June 1918, Lockhart requested money be sent to him in Moscow. This would be used to fund an attempt to remove Lenin and overthrow the Bolsheviks. Documents seem to indicate that Arthur Balfour, Foreign Secretary, approved of the money being sent.
By the summer of 1918, Lockhart had teamed up with Sidney Reilly. Despite his name (the result of a name change), Reilly was a Russian who worked for the British Secret Service. He had been a successful entrepreneur and as such would have had a lot to lose with the creation of a Bolshevik government.
What happened next is clouded in denials and doubt. What is known is that a Russian lady tried to kill Lenin. The Cheka almost immediately arrested Lockhart and Reilly fled the country. The Cheka claimed that under interrogation, Lockhart clearly stated that the government in London sanctioned the attempted assassination and that Lockhart’s role was to facilitate it. In October 1918 Lockhart was freed from prison in an exchange with a Russian diplomat named Litvonov who was being held in London. Reilly stayed out of the newly named USSR but was tempted back in the early 1920’s. He was murdered in circumstances that have never been explained but many believe that it was the Cheka meting out their form of ‘justice’.
In the 1930’s Lockhart wrote ‘Memoirs of a British Agent’ in which he categorically denied any part in the assassination attempt of Lenin. He blamed the whole thing on Reilly, who he claimed had got out of control. Reilly, of course, was not alive to defend himself. Many years later Lockhart’s son claimed that his father had told him that he was much closer to Reilly than he let on in public. | <urn:uuid:e92fad75-b953-4daa-8e3f-a22111e02288> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/modern-world-history-1918-to-1980/russia-1900-to-1939/the-lockhart-plot/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250595282.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119205448-20200119233448-00017.warc.gz | en | 0.987543 | 797 | 3.765625 | 4 | [
-0.34915000200271606,
0.16506867110729218,
-0.1577495038509369,
0.22540228068828583,
0.2906529903411865,
0.08341169357299805,
0.19865602254867554,
0.14165836572647095,
-0.1731875091791153,
0.12236176431179047,
0.27862221002578735,
0.30402445793151855,
0.25172603130340576,
0.118629641830921... | 6 | The Lockhart Plot
The Lockhart Plot was alleged to have taken place in the immediate aftermath of World War One. It was/is said that the Lockhart Plot was an assassination attempt on Vladimir Lenin sanctioned, though denied, by the British government. To this day there is no evidence that the Lockhart Plot even existed as nearly 90 years after the era many documents assumed to be relevant are still being held under the Official Secrets Act. It is for this reason that some believe that the Lockhart Plot actually occurred as it is argued that if it never occurred why are documents on the Lockhart Plot still held in secret?
The October/November Bolshevik Revolution in Russia had a major impact on World War One. Lenin had stated that the war was the result of capitalism and that the workers were those who suffered the most while the rich manufacturers and industrialists made money at the expense of the working class. Russia had suffered as much as any nation in World War One and it was for this reason that Lenin did what he could to pull Russia out of the war. The result was the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk that ended the war in Eastern Europe and allowed the Germans to move her men from the Eastern Front to the Western Front. Such a massive influx of men greatly worried the leaders of the armed forces on the Western Front.
The British government was desperate to get Russia back into the war and it was for this reason that they sent Robert Bruce Lockhart to Moscow. Ostensibly, Lockhart was simply the British government’s representative in Moscow to allow for communication between the new government and London. Those who believe in the Lockhart Plot, claim that Lockhart had an ulterior motive for being in Moscow – to get Russia back into the war. This would have meant removing the newly created Bolshevik government under Lenin and coordinating some form of alliance with the opponents of the Bolsheviks.
In March 1918, after the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was signed, it is thought that Lockhart decided that the only course of action he had left was to remove Lenin and hope that the whole Bolshevik edifice would fall as a result. In June 1918, Lockhart requested money be sent to him in Moscow. This would be used to fund an attempt to remove Lenin and overthrow the Bolsheviks. Documents seem to indicate that Arthur Balfour, Foreign Secretary, approved of the money being sent.
By the summer of 1918, Lockhart had teamed up with Sidney Reilly. Despite his name (the result of a name change), Reilly was a Russian who worked for the British Secret Service. He had been a successful entrepreneur and as such would have had a lot to lose with the creation of a Bolshevik government.
What happened next is clouded in denials and doubt. What is known is that a Russian lady tried to kill Lenin. The Cheka almost immediately arrested Lockhart and Reilly fled the country. The Cheka claimed that under interrogation, Lockhart clearly stated that the government in London sanctioned the attempted assassination and that Lockhart’s role was to facilitate it. In October 1918 Lockhart was freed from prison in an exchange with a Russian diplomat named Litvonov who was being held in London. Reilly stayed out of the newly named USSR but was tempted back in the early 1920’s. He was murdered in circumstances that have never been explained but many believe that it was the Cheka meting out their form of ‘justice’.
In the 1930’s Lockhart wrote ‘Memoirs of a British Agent’ in which he categorically denied any part in the assassination attempt of Lenin. He blamed the whole thing on Reilly, who he claimed had got out of control. Reilly, of course, was not alive to defend himself. Many years later Lockhart’s son claimed that his father had told him that he was much closer to Reilly than he let on in public. | 806 | ENGLISH | 1 |
The Ottoman Empire was the most powerful country in the world in the sixteenth century. The Ottoman state began in the fourteenth century, ever expanding, conquering by holy war in the name of Allah. It crushed the Byzantine Empire, capturing Constantinople in 1453. The Ottomans reached the apex of their power under Sultan Suleyman, who held power during the years of the Protestant Reformation. Suleyman began his campaign to take Vienna by setting out on May 10, 1529, with a force of at least seventy-five thousand men consisting of cavalry and elite janissary foot soldiers.
When Martin Luther published On War Against the Turk in 1529, he realized that the territorial integrity of the heartland of Europe looked dubious. The Turks could not be stopped. Before the forces of Suleyman, two citadels had fallen in succession, Belgrade (1520) and Rhodes (1521). The Hungarians had been massacred at Mohacs (1526). When Luther penned his treatise, Suleyman was poised to strike again. Luther wrote, “It is a fact that the Turk is at our throat.”1
The Turks were invincible, Luther affirmed, because they were energized by the devil. He stated, “I believe that the Turk’s Allah does more in war than they themselves. He gives them courage and wiles; he guides sword and fist, horse and man” (183). Luther contended that it would take a miracle to defeat them (184).
From Luther’s perspective, the Turks were “the army of the devil” (193). Much of their power resided in their overwhelming size. Luther drew a distinction between the strength of the sultan and that of the governments in Europe. “Fighting against the Turk,” he insisted, “is not like fighting against the king of France, or the Venetians, or the pope; he is a different kind of warrior.” Luther drew attention to the size of his army: “The Turk has people and money in abundance.” He conjectured on the number of troops that the Turks could field: “His people are always under arms so that he can quickly muster three or four hundred thousand men” (202).
To European Christians, Luther gave spiritual counsel, providing the exhortation that they must “fight against” the Turk “with repentance, tears, and prayer” (184). Repentance must be the starting point. “We must reform our lives,” he warned, “or we shall fight in vain” (171). Prayer was to be continuous, offered during the everyday activities of life. Every believer ought to raise to Christ, Luther wrote, “at least a sigh of the heart for grace to lead a better life and for help against the Turk” (173). The Christian’s prayer was to be directed against the Ottoman army that was on the verge of conquering all of Europe: “We must pray against the Turk as against other enemies of our salvation and of all good, indeed, as we pray against the devil himself ” (175). Luther encouraged his readers, “Let everyone pray who can that this abomination not become lord over us” (178).
Luther also advised the political elite of his time. He began by urging the princes of Europe to unite so that they would confront Suleyman with a massive force, rather than engaging him single-handedly. He reflected on the disaster at Mohacs on August 29, 1526, in which Suleyman obliterated the army of King Louis II, wiping out the Christian kingdom of Hungary. The fundamental problem at Mohacs was that the Hungarians were outnumbered three to one. Suleyman had at least seventy thousand men, while Louis fielded a much smaller force of some twenty-four thousand men. The approach of meeting Suleyman one king at a time was not working. “The Turk devours them one after another,” observed Luther (202).
He also set forth his opinion regarding the makeup of the fighting force that needed to be assembled against Suleyman. “The pope and his bishops,” he asserted, “would be deserting their calling and office to fight with the sword against flesh and blood. They are not commanded to do this; it is forbidden” (165). He referred to the military activities of Pope Julius and Clement, “who people think is almost a god of war” (169). As to the bishops who engaged in combat upon the field, he asked, “How many wars . . . have there been against the Turk in which we would not have suffered heavy losses if the bishops and clergy had not been there?” (167).2
Bishops had a spiritual work to do, to give themselves as shepherds of the flock of Christ, to preach the Word of God (165–67). While they were to stay at home attending to their pastoral duties, Emperor Charles V and the princes were to take the initiative, to unfurl the banner upon which was written “Protect the good; punish the wicked.” If the emperor had done what he was called to do, reasoned Luther, “the princes would have followed” his leadership, “and the Turk would not have become so mighty” (190).
Rain from Heaven
Suleyman never got past Vienna in his attempt to conquer the European heartland. Although he had left Constantinople in May 1529 with a large invading force, four and a half months would pass before he was able to launch an attack upon the fortified city of Vienna on September 30. Bombardments and efforts to mine the walls followed. The walls withstood everything that was thrown at them. A couple of weeks later he had to withdraw. What happened? The summer of 1529 brought torrential rains of a kind that had not been seen for many years. The deluge meant that Suleyman was not able to move his massive cannons, the kind of artillery that were useful in knocking holes in massive walls of cities. The rain kept coming, and the Turks were slowed down in their advance. Vienna was reinforced with German Landsknechte pikemen and Spanish musketeers. Suleyman had neither the time nor the artillery that he needed. The snow fell early. The food supply dwindled. Casualties mounted. Soldiers fell with illness. The mighty sultan gave up the siege. Central Europe was spared.
1. Martin Luther, “On War Against the Turk,” in Luther’s Works, vol. 46, ed. Jaroslav Pelikan et al. (St. Louis: Concordia; Philadelphia: Fortress, 1967), 204. All quotations in this article are from this treatise.
2. It could be that Luther had in mind the slaughter at Mohacs of not only the king of Hungary but also two archbishops and five bishops. | <urn:uuid:0ecf51a8-c559-491d-8223-fd88efa8912c> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.reformedfellowship.net/martin-luther-the-ottoman-turks-and-the-siege-of-vienna-2 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250589560.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20200117123339-20200117151339-00116.warc.gz | en | 0.981374 | 1,445 | 3.90625 | 4 | [
-0.2655552625656128,
0.2950007915496826,
0.10059402883052826,
0.15612132847309113,
-0.4759345054626465,
-0.2888956069946289,
0.06157868355512619,
0.25803887844085693,
0.0031597171910107136,
0.2684158682823181,
-0.10362682491540909,
-0.3539365231990814,
-0.1552366018295288,
0.09277093410491... | 1 | The Ottoman Empire was the most powerful country in the world in the sixteenth century. The Ottoman state began in the fourteenth century, ever expanding, conquering by holy war in the name of Allah. It crushed the Byzantine Empire, capturing Constantinople in 1453. The Ottomans reached the apex of their power under Sultan Suleyman, who held power during the years of the Protestant Reformation. Suleyman began his campaign to take Vienna by setting out on May 10, 1529, with a force of at least seventy-five thousand men consisting of cavalry and elite janissary foot soldiers.
When Martin Luther published On War Against the Turk in 1529, he realized that the territorial integrity of the heartland of Europe looked dubious. The Turks could not be stopped. Before the forces of Suleyman, two citadels had fallen in succession, Belgrade (1520) and Rhodes (1521). The Hungarians had been massacred at Mohacs (1526). When Luther penned his treatise, Suleyman was poised to strike again. Luther wrote, “It is a fact that the Turk is at our throat.”1
The Turks were invincible, Luther affirmed, because they were energized by the devil. He stated, “I believe that the Turk’s Allah does more in war than they themselves. He gives them courage and wiles; he guides sword and fist, horse and man” (183). Luther contended that it would take a miracle to defeat them (184).
From Luther’s perspective, the Turks were “the army of the devil” (193). Much of their power resided in their overwhelming size. Luther drew a distinction between the strength of the sultan and that of the governments in Europe. “Fighting against the Turk,” he insisted, “is not like fighting against the king of France, or the Venetians, or the pope; he is a different kind of warrior.” Luther drew attention to the size of his army: “The Turk has people and money in abundance.” He conjectured on the number of troops that the Turks could field: “His people are always under arms so that he can quickly muster three or four hundred thousand men” (202).
To European Christians, Luther gave spiritual counsel, providing the exhortation that they must “fight against” the Turk “with repentance, tears, and prayer” (184). Repentance must be the starting point. “We must reform our lives,” he warned, “or we shall fight in vain” (171). Prayer was to be continuous, offered during the everyday activities of life. Every believer ought to raise to Christ, Luther wrote, “at least a sigh of the heart for grace to lead a better life and for help against the Turk” (173). The Christian’s prayer was to be directed against the Ottoman army that was on the verge of conquering all of Europe: “We must pray against the Turk as against other enemies of our salvation and of all good, indeed, as we pray against the devil himself ” (175). Luther encouraged his readers, “Let everyone pray who can that this abomination not become lord over us” (178).
Luther also advised the political elite of his time. He began by urging the princes of Europe to unite so that they would confront Suleyman with a massive force, rather than engaging him single-handedly. He reflected on the disaster at Mohacs on August 29, 1526, in which Suleyman obliterated the army of King Louis II, wiping out the Christian kingdom of Hungary. The fundamental problem at Mohacs was that the Hungarians were outnumbered three to one. Suleyman had at least seventy thousand men, while Louis fielded a much smaller force of some twenty-four thousand men. The approach of meeting Suleyman one king at a time was not working. “The Turk devours them one after another,” observed Luther (202).
He also set forth his opinion regarding the makeup of the fighting force that needed to be assembled against Suleyman. “The pope and his bishops,” he asserted, “would be deserting their calling and office to fight with the sword against flesh and blood. They are not commanded to do this; it is forbidden” (165). He referred to the military activities of Pope Julius and Clement, “who people think is almost a god of war” (169). As to the bishops who engaged in combat upon the field, he asked, “How many wars . . . have there been against the Turk in which we would not have suffered heavy losses if the bishops and clergy had not been there?” (167).2
Bishops had a spiritual work to do, to give themselves as shepherds of the flock of Christ, to preach the Word of God (165–67). While they were to stay at home attending to their pastoral duties, Emperor Charles V and the princes were to take the initiative, to unfurl the banner upon which was written “Protect the good; punish the wicked.” If the emperor had done what he was called to do, reasoned Luther, “the princes would have followed” his leadership, “and the Turk would not have become so mighty” (190).
Rain from Heaven
Suleyman never got past Vienna in his attempt to conquer the European heartland. Although he had left Constantinople in May 1529 with a large invading force, four and a half months would pass before he was able to launch an attack upon the fortified city of Vienna on September 30. Bombardments and efforts to mine the walls followed. The walls withstood everything that was thrown at them. A couple of weeks later he had to withdraw. What happened? The summer of 1529 brought torrential rains of a kind that had not been seen for many years. The deluge meant that Suleyman was not able to move his massive cannons, the kind of artillery that were useful in knocking holes in massive walls of cities. The rain kept coming, and the Turks were slowed down in their advance. Vienna was reinforced with German Landsknechte pikemen and Spanish musketeers. Suleyman had neither the time nor the artillery that he needed. The snow fell early. The food supply dwindled. Casualties mounted. Soldiers fell with illness. The mighty sultan gave up the siege. Central Europe was spared.
1. Martin Luther, “On War Against the Turk,” in Luther’s Works, vol. 46, ed. Jaroslav Pelikan et al. (St. Louis: Concordia; Philadelphia: Fortress, 1967), 204. All quotations in this article are from this treatise.
2. It could be that Luther had in mind the slaughter at Mohacs of not only the king of Hungary but also two archbishops and five bishops. | 1,465 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Thomas Davis is perhaps the most prominent Irish Republican poet in the history of the country. He was protestant and spoke at length about the need to remove sectarian from Irish society so all could be regarded as Irish. He died tragically young buy left a powerful legacy, especially in both song and poetry. Here’s one about unifying the people of Ireland, something still not achieved some 174 years after his death.
In this piece of inspired verse, Thomas Davis calls to all those born on the island of Ireland to stand together as Irish people, in opposition to the yoke of English colonialism. He believed that the Irish identity did not depend on bloodlines but on feelings of the heart. His hope was that those of Saxon descent would become comfortable with an Irish identity if they would only give themselves fully to the idea.
Davis was born in Mallow, Co. Cork, in 1814. He was one of the chief organisers of the Young Ireland movement and was fundamentally opposed to Daniel O’Connell’s ill-fated moves to separate the Catholic Irish from the rest. Davis was a Republican. O’Connell was a vain-glorious fool.
Thomas Davis contributed much to the literature of rebel Ireland. He died in 1845 from scarlet fever, at the age of 30. He is buried at Mount Jerome cemetery in…
View original post 373 more words | <urn:uuid:fa49de10-ddaa-4baf-8cb0-43a9d36ed57f> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://rebelvoice.blog/2019/10/15/celts-and-saxons-rebel-poem-by-thomas-davis/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250606269.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122012204-20200122041204-00526.warc.gz | en | 0.984201 | 283 | 3.578125 | 4 | [
-0.09396278858184814,
0.08627840131521225,
0.10750706493854523,
-0.13155041635036469,
-0.1569441705942154,
-0.05222247913479805,
0.28334158658981323,
-0.10907010734081268,
-0.04415839537978172,
-0.47831058502197266,
-0.09922093152999878,
-0.06934871524572372,
-0.22377939522266388,
0.389303... | 11 | Thomas Davis is perhaps the most prominent Irish Republican poet in the history of the country. He was protestant and spoke at length about the need to remove sectarian from Irish society so all could be regarded as Irish. He died tragically young buy left a powerful legacy, especially in both song and poetry. Here’s one about unifying the people of Ireland, something still not achieved some 174 years after his death.
In this piece of inspired verse, Thomas Davis calls to all those born on the island of Ireland to stand together as Irish people, in opposition to the yoke of English colonialism. He believed that the Irish identity did not depend on bloodlines but on feelings of the heart. His hope was that those of Saxon descent would become comfortable with an Irish identity if they would only give themselves fully to the idea.
Davis was born in Mallow, Co. Cork, in 1814. He was one of the chief organisers of the Young Ireland movement and was fundamentally opposed to Daniel O’Connell’s ill-fated moves to separate the Catholic Irish from the rest. Davis was a Republican. O’Connell was a vain-glorious fool.
Thomas Davis contributed much to the literature of rebel Ireland. He died in 1845 from scarlet fever, at the age of 30. He is buried at Mount Jerome cemetery in…
View original post 373 more words | 287 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Medieval Knights needed to wear armour to protect themselves during battle and in mock battle situations such as jousting contests or tourneys as well as this a knight usually had their visors pulled over their faces. This made it difficult to identify a knight and what he represented, there was a need to be able to identify a knight for reasons of pride and respect, and also to avoid any confusion in battle situations so that other soldiers and knights would know who the knight was fighting for amongst other things.
Heraldry – coat of arms
To get around the problem of identifying a knight in a war or mock battle, knights started to wear distinctive emblems on parts of their clothing, horses, shields and sometimes flags were also sometimes carried. These family coats of arms and emblems were usually a combination of bright colours with some kind of image such as a lion or Dragon in the design. The family coat of arms was usually contained an image such as a lion or other animal or something fictional like a dragon that represented something positive about the family such as courage and honour. There was also usually positive words of encouragement in Latin and other details that were personal to the family or had important meaning to them such as dedications to a father or another member of the family incorporated within the design.
Heraldry – family honour
Becoming a knight was very difficult and was of great source of pride to the knights family in medieval times, knights liked to show off their family coat of arms and emblems to the world. A family’s colours would be passed down through the generations, fathers would proudly pass their family coat of arms to their sons, typically the whole family would wear items of clothing that displayed the families coat of arms or emblems, even a knights horses would be decked in the family colours.
Heraldry and Heralds
As you can imagine in medieval times there were thousands of knights scattered across England and Europe, as the number of knights increased so did the difficulty in tracking the coats of arms and emblems of each family and it was difficult to distinguish them from other families coats of arms and colours.
Some families emblems and coat of arms were also very similar in colour and design which complicated things further. There was a desperate need to organise the coat of arms and emblems, this led to the training of people needed to record and detail the emblems and coats of arms of every family. This person was called a Herald and this is where the name Heraldry came from, it was the Heralds job to detail, track and recognise all the various coats of arms. Heralds needed to be very thorough and well trained and this was a full-time occupation for them.
The importance of a Herald and Heraldry
The honour and valour associated with a families coat of arms cannot be underestimated and simply wearing the families colours encouraged knights to behave in a valiant and brave manner on the battlefield and in mock battles, everyone could see their families colours and they did not want to disgrace their family. This would make knights fight as hard as possible to bring glory to their families and the adulation of other knights and Lords.
Heraldic Shields we usually of elaborate design with bright colours and images, as Medieval Shields were fairly big you could get a large design of families colours and emblems on them and they were a good way for a family to display the families colours. Even the colours represented different things to them and other people such as bravery and courage.
A Bavarian Herald
The Heraldic crest was a figure of some sort like a demi eagle that usually repeated the design of the coat of arms on a knights shield and was worn on the top of a knights helmet, they were for decoration purposes only as they were impractical in battle and these mini sculptures could be made of metals, precious metals, leather, wood, and similar materials, they were attached to the helm of a knights helmet by strong straps or rivets. These Heraldic crests were really just a way to show off and they were only used in ceremonies and tournaments as they were very heavy, they were basically in fashion for a period of time but quickly died out.
Heraldry on the battlefield
A knight who fought bravely on the battlefield could be easily identified due his coat of arms and this could lead to rewards and wealth being given to him as wealthy Lords would be able to identify the best fighters and they would be suitably rewarded.
Heraldry For identification
There were several things that a knight could do so that the families coat of arms or crest were seen in battle, firstly the Knights emblems would cover his fighting horse, the shield and body armour would also display his family emblems, many knights and flag bearers held flags that showed the knights colours and this was easy to identify as it was held high into the air and above the people fighting on the battlefield.
Heraldry through Marriage
Medieval knights were high ranking people in medieval society and they like to mix with families of the same pedigree, this led to important families marrying each other with different family coats of arms and it was the heralds job to identify and update his records as the two families coats of arms would be merged together to create a new coat of arms, emblem etc. Needless to say a Heralds job was a very difficult one that required an organised and detailed set of records that needed to be regularly updated.
A Herald kept records of families coats of arms, their emblems and colours, this was called Heraldry
Heraldry was the system of keeping track all the different families coats of arms and emblems
Heralds updated their records when families married and their emblems merged
Knights coat of arms were a matter of pride and honour for his family | <urn:uuid:da66d47a-910b-46cd-8216-ee038ebc8db6> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | http://www.medievalchronicles.com/medieval-knights/heraldry/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250599718.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120165335-20200120194335-00334.warc.gz | en | 0.989454 | 1,174 | 3.65625 | 4 | [
-0.4173547029495239,
0.658780574798584,
-0.02981596812605858,
-0.28393828868865967,
0.031715717166662216,
0.03812325745820999,
0.5989173054695129,
0.22881372272968292,
-0.3125842809677124,
-0.3485528230667114,
-0.18197980523109436,
-0.4670163094997406,
0.24879305064678192,
-0.0714540183544... | 4 | Medieval Knights needed to wear armour to protect themselves during battle and in mock battle situations such as jousting contests or tourneys as well as this a knight usually had their visors pulled over their faces. This made it difficult to identify a knight and what he represented, there was a need to be able to identify a knight for reasons of pride and respect, and also to avoid any confusion in battle situations so that other soldiers and knights would know who the knight was fighting for amongst other things.
Heraldry – coat of arms
To get around the problem of identifying a knight in a war or mock battle, knights started to wear distinctive emblems on parts of their clothing, horses, shields and sometimes flags were also sometimes carried. These family coats of arms and emblems were usually a combination of bright colours with some kind of image such as a lion or Dragon in the design. The family coat of arms was usually contained an image such as a lion or other animal or something fictional like a dragon that represented something positive about the family such as courage and honour. There was also usually positive words of encouragement in Latin and other details that were personal to the family or had important meaning to them such as dedications to a father or another member of the family incorporated within the design.
Heraldry – family honour
Becoming a knight was very difficult and was of great source of pride to the knights family in medieval times, knights liked to show off their family coat of arms and emblems to the world. A family’s colours would be passed down through the generations, fathers would proudly pass their family coat of arms to their sons, typically the whole family would wear items of clothing that displayed the families coat of arms or emblems, even a knights horses would be decked in the family colours.
Heraldry and Heralds
As you can imagine in medieval times there were thousands of knights scattered across England and Europe, as the number of knights increased so did the difficulty in tracking the coats of arms and emblems of each family and it was difficult to distinguish them from other families coats of arms and colours.
Some families emblems and coat of arms were also very similar in colour and design which complicated things further. There was a desperate need to organise the coat of arms and emblems, this led to the training of people needed to record and detail the emblems and coats of arms of every family. This person was called a Herald and this is where the name Heraldry came from, it was the Heralds job to detail, track and recognise all the various coats of arms. Heralds needed to be very thorough and well trained and this was a full-time occupation for them.
The importance of a Herald and Heraldry
The honour and valour associated with a families coat of arms cannot be underestimated and simply wearing the families colours encouraged knights to behave in a valiant and brave manner on the battlefield and in mock battles, everyone could see their families colours and they did not want to disgrace their family. This would make knights fight as hard as possible to bring glory to their families and the adulation of other knights and Lords.
Heraldic Shields we usually of elaborate design with bright colours and images, as Medieval Shields were fairly big you could get a large design of families colours and emblems on them and they were a good way for a family to display the families colours. Even the colours represented different things to them and other people such as bravery and courage.
A Bavarian Herald
The Heraldic crest was a figure of some sort like a demi eagle that usually repeated the design of the coat of arms on a knights shield and was worn on the top of a knights helmet, they were for decoration purposes only as they were impractical in battle and these mini sculptures could be made of metals, precious metals, leather, wood, and similar materials, they were attached to the helm of a knights helmet by strong straps or rivets. These Heraldic crests were really just a way to show off and they were only used in ceremonies and tournaments as they were very heavy, they were basically in fashion for a period of time but quickly died out.
Heraldry on the battlefield
A knight who fought bravely on the battlefield could be easily identified due his coat of arms and this could lead to rewards and wealth being given to him as wealthy Lords would be able to identify the best fighters and they would be suitably rewarded.
Heraldry For identification
There were several things that a knight could do so that the families coat of arms or crest were seen in battle, firstly the Knights emblems would cover his fighting horse, the shield and body armour would also display his family emblems, many knights and flag bearers held flags that showed the knights colours and this was easy to identify as it was held high into the air and above the people fighting on the battlefield.
Heraldry through Marriage
Medieval knights were high ranking people in medieval society and they like to mix with families of the same pedigree, this led to important families marrying each other with different family coats of arms and it was the heralds job to identify and update his records as the two families coats of arms would be merged together to create a new coat of arms, emblem etc. Needless to say a Heralds job was a very difficult one that required an organised and detailed set of records that needed to be regularly updated.
A Herald kept records of families coats of arms, their emblems and colours, this was called Heraldry
Heraldry was the system of keeping track all the different families coats of arms and emblems
Heralds updated their records when families married and their emblems merged
Knights coat of arms were a matter of pride and honour for his family | 1,161 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Custom Comparison between Aztec and Egyptians Essay Paper Sample
In central Mexico, there lived a particular community who comprised of Aztec people. These were people who used the Nahuatl type of language. They occupied large sections of Mesoamerica during the 14th-16th centuries in a period which was called late post classic in the chronology of Mesoamerican. The Aztec formed some alliances with other Mexican communities to come up with an Aztec empire. They entered the Mexico valley as semi-nomads and they were faced with a problem of moving out. They settled at first on Chapultepec which is a hill located in the west part of Texcoco lake in the year 1248.
Egyptians are an ethnic group which comprises of North Africans of Mediterranean who are the indigenous in Egypt. Their identity is associated with geography. The community is concentrated at the lower side of the Nile valley where land is fertile and conducive for cultivation. The land stretches from first cataract up to Mediterranean and it's bordered by a desert on both sides, that is, east and west. This form of geography is the reason behind the development realized by the community since they settled there. Egyptians use variety of Arabic language called masri and a minority who use sa'idi Arabic in the upper side of Egypt. An estimated 90% of Egyptian people are Muslim while 10% comprise of Christians. Almost half the population is today living in the urban centres.
Buy Comparison between Aztec and Egyptians essay paper online
* Final order price might be slightly different depending on the current exchange rate of chosen payment system.
The essay will try to compare the civilizations of both the Aztec and Egyptian societies. The disciplines which will be briefly reviewed will include: art, religion, music, socioeconomic strategies, and political policy. The civilization in Egypt started in time around 3150BC which is estimated at 4500 years before settlement in Mexico's central basin where the indigenous Aztecs were dislodged continuously by the war and shifting alliances faced by city states. Those of the Aztec community who were displaced sort refuge in the small islands of Lake Texcoco where they founded the Tenochtitlan town in 1325 which is today the Mexico City. This area which is some times seen as similar to Venice experienced some problems which majorly led to the end of civilization in a considerable short period of time.
Among the problems are the complex cosmology or systems of belief which found it difficult to tolerate the rest and may have helped in installation of right a chance to subjugate the weak people in pretence of universe saving. During the wars of trying to expand, thousands of enemy troops were captured and massacred by the Aztecs. The territories which were conquered were heavily taxed in the name of tribute and this led to lack of food supply and discontent. Slavery resulted where individuals sold themselves or their loved nes or even children to cater for their debts. It also involved some of those useful captives got from the war and in most cases the unfortunates were executed in the name of sacrifices by being slaughtered on an altar.
The class which was in power appeared elitist and male minded and did not allow the lower classes to penetrate in order to gain advancement as a result of their heroic military deeds. This was so because the main objective of Aztec state revolved around engagement in war. Their organizational structure was out shined by HUEI TLATOANI who was viewed as being semi-divine. Similarly, the Egyptian rulers were believed to have received the gift of immortality from their deities. The ruler of Aztec was believed to have lived with splendor which was great and pleasure palaces together with personal side show of residence with deformed persons and monstrosities.
The religion which is perceived by the Aztec community is complicated and confusing due to a belief that humanity came as a result of violence and that death was crucial for life to continue here and also in other worlds. In line with the belief, many human sacrifices including the disturbing sacrifice of children were conducted and were done on a rating way beyond the known ritual systems in the world history. The reflection of this is shown in the art extant up to today. Also there are crafted sculptures which bring in fearful images involving decapitation, wrath and sorrow. Poetry compendium and paintings are other forms of Aztec art which divulges the good and sophisticated part of Aztecs.
Egyptian culture was based on agrarian way which celebrated while worshiping the sun together with Nile River which propelled life. Guided by the divine decree, their harvests were equally shared among the whole community and this ensured prosperity among the community during the advanced civilization that was considerable enough to allow females in leadership occasionally. They also enjoyed privilege including economic independence in a more flexible class structure. Promotion was earned by the goal oriented through education and delivering service to Pharaoh. Although the history of Egypt is associated with war and civil dissent, it is not as worse as the one found in Aztec history.
Slavery was done as seen in Aztecs but, was avoidable by those who afforded to buy back their freedom and of their children's. The ancient religion of Egyptians accommodated some 2000 deities which was overall a spiritual affair that was able to promise life after death to the individuals who were perceived to have lived holy lives. Their literature comprised of songs, lyrics, texts, decrees, and tales which were useful in education, record keeping and entertainmeent sectors. Like the Aztecs, the architecture of Egypt still inspires a wonderful sense of awe especially to those who can appreciate the faced problems while building when power tools were not available. The evident elaborates of design together with sheer size shows a marvelous intellectual capability with tough determination to counter harsh obstacles.
While the description of the Aztecs who were islands habitats is seen as being compelling in terms of geographical beauty, there is every reason to believe that the natural beauty is far from an inducement of chance to live in a community which promoted war, heavy taxation, sacrifice of human, and believed cannibalism. This is not intended to mean that Aztec people were perfectly barbaric, but there still could have been some interesting aspects of culture as far as political realms and religion are concerned. Egyptians on the other hand had a particular way of life which was appealing in sectors of art, theocratic socialism and architecture of the said civilization. The involvement of female in leadership portrayed a society which was not gender bias and with rules not bent to discriminate the weaker people or the unlucky ones. This by far shows that Egyptians were more civilized in their way of life than the Aztecs. Another point worth ones time is the fact that leaders were buried together with precious artifacts got from artisans as well as craftsmen who had dedicated their time and resources in that work. This was eventually stolen by tomb robbers who made money from those artifacts.
The two societies had some evident similarities in their whole life description. To begin with, both advanced civilizations for their place and time of existence and they were both construction builders in large scale since they both built pyramids although of different types. Both of them used hieroglyphics writing style and their leadership style was that of monarchy in majority of their existence time. Their differences revolved in the fact that they existed at different times in their peak. The Egyptians lasted a longer time as compared to the Aztec Empire and both were exposed to different climates leading to different ways of living.
In conclusion both the Aztec and Egyptians have much in common in the way they carried out their lives in terms of economic activities, political systems, gender and geographical location among others. The Egyptians had almost 3000 years to construct a social, political and religious framework as opposed to hundreds years which Aztecs had to oversee civilization. Were it not for colonization of Egypt by Romans and Aztec by Spanish, the development realized by the two would have been great because of enough time of civilization.
Related comparison-essay essays
- Comparison between Bigger Thomas and Macbeth
- Answer or Question
- The Guggenheim Bilbao and the Guggenheim NYC buildings
- Comparison of Two Western Films
- The Difference in Species, Diet, Habitat and Climate
- China vs. Peru
- Federal Comparison Paper
- Comparison Between the Three Films
- CVS vs. Wal-Mart
Most popular orders | <urn:uuid:4397b844-cbc5-4564-8c0b-b7881153fb48> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://primewritings.com/essays/comparison-essay/comparison-between-aztec-and-egyptians.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250624328.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124161014-20200124190014-00242.warc.gz | en | 0.983889 | 1,712 | 3.296875 | 3 | [
-0.1981244683265686,
0.5852004289627075,
0.11197829991579056,
0.40969598293304443,
-0.40420499444007874,
-0.12657837569713593,
-0.1007394790649414,
0.28704380989074707,
-0.36158663034439087,
-0.38838914036750793,
-0.058203715831041336,
-0.49972572922706604,
-0.005258495453745127,
0.0414812... | 1 | Custom Comparison between Aztec and Egyptians Essay Paper Sample
In central Mexico, there lived a particular community who comprised of Aztec people. These were people who used the Nahuatl type of language. They occupied large sections of Mesoamerica during the 14th-16th centuries in a period which was called late post classic in the chronology of Mesoamerican. The Aztec formed some alliances with other Mexican communities to come up with an Aztec empire. They entered the Mexico valley as semi-nomads and they were faced with a problem of moving out. They settled at first on Chapultepec which is a hill located in the west part of Texcoco lake in the year 1248.
Egyptians are an ethnic group which comprises of North Africans of Mediterranean who are the indigenous in Egypt. Their identity is associated with geography. The community is concentrated at the lower side of the Nile valley where land is fertile and conducive for cultivation. The land stretches from first cataract up to Mediterranean and it's bordered by a desert on both sides, that is, east and west. This form of geography is the reason behind the development realized by the community since they settled there. Egyptians use variety of Arabic language called masri and a minority who use sa'idi Arabic in the upper side of Egypt. An estimated 90% of Egyptian people are Muslim while 10% comprise of Christians. Almost half the population is today living in the urban centres.
Buy Comparison between Aztec and Egyptians essay paper online
* Final order price might be slightly different depending on the current exchange rate of chosen payment system.
The essay will try to compare the civilizations of both the Aztec and Egyptian societies. The disciplines which will be briefly reviewed will include: art, religion, music, socioeconomic strategies, and political policy. The civilization in Egypt started in time around 3150BC which is estimated at 4500 years before settlement in Mexico's central basin where the indigenous Aztecs were dislodged continuously by the war and shifting alliances faced by city states. Those of the Aztec community who were displaced sort refuge in the small islands of Lake Texcoco where they founded the Tenochtitlan town in 1325 which is today the Mexico City. This area which is some times seen as similar to Venice experienced some problems which majorly led to the end of civilization in a considerable short period of time.
Among the problems are the complex cosmology or systems of belief which found it difficult to tolerate the rest and may have helped in installation of right a chance to subjugate the weak people in pretence of universe saving. During the wars of trying to expand, thousands of enemy troops were captured and massacred by the Aztecs. The territories which were conquered were heavily taxed in the name of tribute and this led to lack of food supply and discontent. Slavery resulted where individuals sold themselves or their loved nes or even children to cater for their debts. It also involved some of those useful captives got from the war and in most cases the unfortunates were executed in the name of sacrifices by being slaughtered on an altar.
The class which was in power appeared elitist and male minded and did not allow the lower classes to penetrate in order to gain advancement as a result of their heroic military deeds. This was so because the main objective of Aztec state revolved around engagement in war. Their organizational structure was out shined by HUEI TLATOANI who was viewed as being semi-divine. Similarly, the Egyptian rulers were believed to have received the gift of immortality from their deities. The ruler of Aztec was believed to have lived with splendor which was great and pleasure palaces together with personal side show of residence with deformed persons and monstrosities.
The religion which is perceived by the Aztec community is complicated and confusing due to a belief that humanity came as a result of violence and that death was crucial for life to continue here and also in other worlds. In line with the belief, many human sacrifices including the disturbing sacrifice of children were conducted and were done on a rating way beyond the known ritual systems in the world history. The reflection of this is shown in the art extant up to today. Also there are crafted sculptures which bring in fearful images involving decapitation, wrath and sorrow. Poetry compendium and paintings are other forms of Aztec art which divulges the good and sophisticated part of Aztecs.
Egyptian culture was based on agrarian way which celebrated while worshiping the sun together with Nile River which propelled life. Guided by the divine decree, their harvests were equally shared among the whole community and this ensured prosperity among the community during the advanced civilization that was considerable enough to allow females in leadership occasionally. They also enjoyed privilege including economic independence in a more flexible class structure. Promotion was earned by the goal oriented through education and delivering service to Pharaoh. Although the history of Egypt is associated with war and civil dissent, it is not as worse as the one found in Aztec history.
Slavery was done as seen in Aztecs but, was avoidable by those who afforded to buy back their freedom and of their children's. The ancient religion of Egyptians accommodated some 2000 deities which was overall a spiritual affair that was able to promise life after death to the individuals who were perceived to have lived holy lives. Their literature comprised of songs, lyrics, texts, decrees, and tales which were useful in education, record keeping and entertainmeent sectors. Like the Aztecs, the architecture of Egypt still inspires a wonderful sense of awe especially to those who can appreciate the faced problems while building when power tools were not available. The evident elaborates of design together with sheer size shows a marvelous intellectual capability with tough determination to counter harsh obstacles.
While the description of the Aztecs who were islands habitats is seen as being compelling in terms of geographical beauty, there is every reason to believe that the natural beauty is far from an inducement of chance to live in a community which promoted war, heavy taxation, sacrifice of human, and believed cannibalism. This is not intended to mean that Aztec people were perfectly barbaric, but there still could have been some interesting aspects of culture as far as political realms and religion are concerned. Egyptians on the other hand had a particular way of life which was appealing in sectors of art, theocratic socialism and architecture of the said civilization. The involvement of female in leadership portrayed a society which was not gender bias and with rules not bent to discriminate the weaker people or the unlucky ones. This by far shows that Egyptians were more civilized in their way of life than the Aztecs. Another point worth ones time is the fact that leaders were buried together with precious artifacts got from artisans as well as craftsmen who had dedicated their time and resources in that work. This was eventually stolen by tomb robbers who made money from those artifacts.
The two societies had some evident similarities in their whole life description. To begin with, both advanced civilizations for their place and time of existence and they were both construction builders in large scale since they both built pyramids although of different types. Both of them used hieroglyphics writing style and their leadership style was that of monarchy in majority of their existence time. Their differences revolved in the fact that they existed at different times in their peak. The Egyptians lasted a longer time as compared to the Aztec Empire and both were exposed to different climates leading to different ways of living.
In conclusion both the Aztec and Egyptians have much in common in the way they carried out their lives in terms of economic activities, political systems, gender and geographical location among others. The Egyptians had almost 3000 years to construct a social, political and religious framework as opposed to hundreds years which Aztecs had to oversee civilization. Were it not for colonization of Egypt by Romans and Aztec by Spanish, the development realized by the two would have been great because of enough time of civilization.
Related comparison-essay essays
- Comparison between Bigger Thomas and Macbeth
- Answer or Question
- The Guggenheim Bilbao and the Guggenheim NYC buildings
- Comparison of Two Western Films
- The Difference in Species, Diet, Habitat and Climate
- China vs. Peru
- Federal Comparison Paper
- Comparison Between the Three Films
- CVS vs. Wal-Mart
Most popular orders | 1,722 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass Short Summary
- Date:Aug 24, 2019
- Category:Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass
- Topic:Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass Summaries
This is a memoir by Frederick Douglass, who was a slave in Massachusetts. The book describes his experiences during the time of slavery. The book became published in 1845 by one of the offices of Anti-Slavery. The book shows the life of Douglass and his ambition to be free.
A Flick Through of the Synopsis
He starts by confirming that he does not know the true date of his birth, and he later chose one. His mother passed away when he was seven, and Douglass had only a few memories about her. He believes his father is white and probably his owner. Douglass witnessed his Aunt named Hester getting whipped. He provides details about how slaves were being treated and how they were made to behave in front of the masters. Fear is what kept slaves there, and they were punished for telling the truth.
As a child, he was spared from beatings. Douglass only met his mother a few times before she passed away. He was not even allowed to attend the burial. However, since he is young, he does not know that this was not normal.
He later gets sent to Baltimore to work under new masters. Douglass has several new experiences, but the most important thing he learned was the power that came with education. The wife of his master teaches him to read, and she gets in trouble for it. Douglass starts teaching himself. He begins suspecting that if slaves get educated, their masters could not stop their freedom.
Douglass starts fighting for his freedom when he turns into a man. He talks back to his master, and this results in Douglass being sent to Cover, known for breaking the Slave spirit. Covey tries to break Douglass. He is successful for some time, and Douglass gets reduced to the state of an animal. Another important moment of his life is when Douglass decides that he will die first than be treated like a slave again. When Covey attempts to whip Douglass, he stands his ground. A fight ensues and lasts at least two hours. Covey lets him be. Douglass decides he will never get whipped again.
Douglas is moved across different masters while always keen to find freedom. He fails in an attempt to escape, but on the next, he manages to reach New York. He gets free, but the journey is not over for him. He has a goal to ensure that all slaves get their freedom. | <urn:uuid:a9c74c23-0c2e-434e-8da4-bc0ceb273090> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://summarystory.com/narrative-of-the-life-of-frederick-douglass/narrative-of-the-life-of-frederick-douglass-short-summary/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250595282.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119205448-20200119233448-00063.warc.gz | en | 0.990546 | 545 | 3.6875 | 4 | [
-0.045834530144929886,
0.677034854888916,
0.4383086860179901,
0.2502305209636688,
-0.11222491413354874,
0.10335967689752579,
0.13289213180541992,
-0.18488821387290955,
0.11212261021137238,
0.08058391511440277,
-0.11236288398504257,
-0.05802527815103531,
-0.32476919889450073,
0.339990258216... | 12 | Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass Short Summary
- Date:Aug 24, 2019
- Category:Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass
- Topic:Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass Summaries
This is a memoir by Frederick Douglass, who was a slave in Massachusetts. The book describes his experiences during the time of slavery. The book became published in 1845 by one of the offices of Anti-Slavery. The book shows the life of Douglass and his ambition to be free.
A Flick Through of the Synopsis
He starts by confirming that he does not know the true date of his birth, and he later chose one. His mother passed away when he was seven, and Douglass had only a few memories about her. He believes his father is white and probably his owner. Douglass witnessed his Aunt named Hester getting whipped. He provides details about how slaves were being treated and how they were made to behave in front of the masters. Fear is what kept slaves there, and they were punished for telling the truth.
As a child, he was spared from beatings. Douglass only met his mother a few times before she passed away. He was not even allowed to attend the burial. However, since he is young, he does not know that this was not normal.
He later gets sent to Baltimore to work under new masters. Douglass has several new experiences, but the most important thing he learned was the power that came with education. The wife of his master teaches him to read, and she gets in trouble for it. Douglass starts teaching himself. He begins suspecting that if slaves get educated, their masters could not stop their freedom.
Douglass starts fighting for his freedom when he turns into a man. He talks back to his master, and this results in Douglass being sent to Cover, known for breaking the Slave spirit. Covey tries to break Douglass. He is successful for some time, and Douglass gets reduced to the state of an animal. Another important moment of his life is when Douglass decides that he will die first than be treated like a slave again. When Covey attempts to whip Douglass, he stands his ground. A fight ensues and lasts at least two hours. Covey lets him be. Douglass decides he will never get whipped again.
Douglas is moved across different masters while always keen to find freedom. He fails in an attempt to escape, but on the next, he manages to reach New York. He gets free, but the journey is not over for him. He has a goal to ensure that all slaves get their freedom. | 546 | ENGLISH | 1 |
October 10th, 2017 Last Updated on: November 24th, 2019
Millie Bridwell specializes in a cherished art among her peoples – she creates and makes star quilts. Making star quilts is a process that is as complicated and challenging as learning a new language, and in some ways is just as symbolic as the giving of an eagle feather in Indian Country. In many locations throughout Indian Country, particularly Lakota Country, one can identify star quilts adorning some of the most renowned facilities, buildings, and structures as a reflection of culture. But rarely do people hear their stories, their meaning, and their significance from the people that make them.
The star quilt was adopted by many tribes during the reservation era, when tribes were displaced from their traditional homelands onto Indian reservations and witnessed the near extermination of the buffalo. The giving of buffalo hides and robes is a tradition among many tribes as an act of love, peace and respect. Giving a star quilt is one of the greatest honors among the Lakota, Dakota and other Northern Plains tribes that have traditionally hunted buffalo.
“Star quilts were given away in place of buffalo robes,” said Millie Bridwell. “The making of star quilts started as an effort to keep our tradition of giving alive.”
And even after the near intentional extinction of the buffalo, the act of giving continued its way through the dedication of women, when they learned to sew quilts. The lone star was chosen as the main design as many traditional designs emulated stars, particularly the morning star – the star that welcomes the new day. Today, star quilts are gifted in a similarly in the way buffalo hides were gifted marking significant events among a people and family. The first given at birth and the last given at death.
Many concepts and designs of artwork were forbidden both directly and indirectly during the reservation era where many traditional art forms went underground and never returned. It was during this period, however, where many peoples sought to find a new way to continue on culturally and many new concepts, designs and forms were adopted taking traditional art forms among European peoples to entirely new levels never seen before. The use of silk ribbon created ribbon shirts and dresses now widely preferred in Indian Country. The introduction of glass beads created entirely new decorations, designs that continue redefine its use and art-form. And, of course, the adopting of star quilts to honor loved ones and significant moments of a people's history.
An enrolled member of the Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe of South Dakota, Millie’s journey with making star quilts started only 4 years ago. Since, her work has honored dozens of families from Indian Country in times of significance, both in triumph and during mourning and several organizations in Indian Country. With such precision, creativity, and love, one would assume that her work was passed down for generations, but lo and behold, she is self-taught.
“I was inspired to start quilting after my mother passed away a little more than 4 years ago,” said Bridwell. “I realized that some people struggle to find quilts during such a difficult time and I wanted to make sure that everyone that needed a quilt could at least have one for their loved one’s final journey.”
Originally sharing it took her a week to make her first star quilt, it can now take her approximately 6 hours to complete a quilt! Her work is remarkable, with each piece unique in itself, but to Millie, each has a story.
“I strive to keep my work as true to our traditions as possible. If I can, I will avoid wholesaling to popular tourist locations to honor our culture. I know where each and every quilt I have made has gone to, including the stories behind them, and it will be my intention to ensure this continues to be part of my work,” expressed Bridwell.
“It is my greatest honor to be asked to make a loved one’s final quilt,” continued Bridwell. “I’m thankful and humbled that someone would trust me with something so important – their journey into the next world.”
To be the person that is recognized as one that makes star quilts is okay with me!” expressed Bridwell. “It makes me feel special and important. Too often do quilt makers go unseen and not acknowledged for their sacrifice.”
When asked of who has inspired her, she instantly reflected: “I owe it all to my family for constantly encouraging me and pushing me to always do my best. But also, to those who have ordered my work where they bring their heart and mind to challenge me to create one-of-a-kind quilts. They, too, are my inspiration and motivation to continue creating these beautiful pieces and to ensure that this tradition continues on.”
And as with all creators, artists, makers, both seasoned and aspiring, Millie's journey will continue.
Home » Blog »
Explore Native Culture
TAGGED: star quilts | <urn:uuid:c5ece67e-ab95-4c8a-90dc-0419b2973f1c> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.powwows.com/star-quilt-maker-shares-journey/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250593937.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118193018-20200118221018-00011.warc.gz | en | 0.981388 | 1,052 | 3.359375 | 3 | [
-0.2643791437149048,
-0.20912685990333557,
0.027706662192940712,
-0.2936362028121948,
-0.12850892543792725,
0.21838070452213287,
0.30352091789245605,
0.185240238904953,
-0.18299466371536255,
0.3181508183479309,
0.1979120969772339,
0.008800696581602097,
-0.2478172928094864,
-0.1767997443675... | 6 | October 10th, 2017 Last Updated on: November 24th, 2019
Millie Bridwell specializes in a cherished art among her peoples – she creates and makes star quilts. Making star quilts is a process that is as complicated and challenging as learning a new language, and in some ways is just as symbolic as the giving of an eagle feather in Indian Country. In many locations throughout Indian Country, particularly Lakota Country, one can identify star quilts adorning some of the most renowned facilities, buildings, and structures as a reflection of culture. But rarely do people hear their stories, their meaning, and their significance from the people that make them.
The star quilt was adopted by many tribes during the reservation era, when tribes were displaced from their traditional homelands onto Indian reservations and witnessed the near extermination of the buffalo. The giving of buffalo hides and robes is a tradition among many tribes as an act of love, peace and respect. Giving a star quilt is one of the greatest honors among the Lakota, Dakota and other Northern Plains tribes that have traditionally hunted buffalo.
“Star quilts were given away in place of buffalo robes,” said Millie Bridwell. “The making of star quilts started as an effort to keep our tradition of giving alive.”
And even after the near intentional extinction of the buffalo, the act of giving continued its way through the dedication of women, when they learned to sew quilts. The lone star was chosen as the main design as many traditional designs emulated stars, particularly the morning star – the star that welcomes the new day. Today, star quilts are gifted in a similarly in the way buffalo hides were gifted marking significant events among a people and family. The first given at birth and the last given at death.
Many concepts and designs of artwork were forbidden both directly and indirectly during the reservation era where many traditional art forms went underground and never returned. It was during this period, however, where many peoples sought to find a new way to continue on culturally and many new concepts, designs and forms were adopted taking traditional art forms among European peoples to entirely new levels never seen before. The use of silk ribbon created ribbon shirts and dresses now widely preferred in Indian Country. The introduction of glass beads created entirely new decorations, designs that continue redefine its use and art-form. And, of course, the adopting of star quilts to honor loved ones and significant moments of a people's history.
An enrolled member of the Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe of South Dakota, Millie’s journey with making star quilts started only 4 years ago. Since, her work has honored dozens of families from Indian Country in times of significance, both in triumph and during mourning and several organizations in Indian Country. With such precision, creativity, and love, one would assume that her work was passed down for generations, but lo and behold, she is self-taught.
“I was inspired to start quilting after my mother passed away a little more than 4 years ago,” said Bridwell. “I realized that some people struggle to find quilts during such a difficult time and I wanted to make sure that everyone that needed a quilt could at least have one for their loved one’s final journey.”
Originally sharing it took her a week to make her first star quilt, it can now take her approximately 6 hours to complete a quilt! Her work is remarkable, with each piece unique in itself, but to Millie, each has a story.
“I strive to keep my work as true to our traditions as possible. If I can, I will avoid wholesaling to popular tourist locations to honor our culture. I know where each and every quilt I have made has gone to, including the stories behind them, and it will be my intention to ensure this continues to be part of my work,” expressed Bridwell.
“It is my greatest honor to be asked to make a loved one’s final quilt,” continued Bridwell. “I’m thankful and humbled that someone would trust me with something so important – their journey into the next world.”
To be the person that is recognized as one that makes star quilts is okay with me!” expressed Bridwell. “It makes me feel special and important. Too often do quilt makers go unseen and not acknowledged for their sacrifice.”
When asked of who has inspired her, she instantly reflected: “I owe it all to my family for constantly encouraging me and pushing me to always do my best. But also, to those who have ordered my work where they bring their heart and mind to challenge me to create one-of-a-kind quilts. They, too, are my inspiration and motivation to continue creating these beautiful pieces and to ensure that this tradition continues on.”
And as with all creators, artists, makers, both seasoned and aspiring, Millie's journey will continue.
Home » Blog »
Explore Native Culture
TAGGED: star quilts | 999 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Who invented homework assignments?
Homework is a vital part of the education system almost all around the world. No matter the level of education – primary, elementary, high school, and even college – homework is daily used by teachers. Kids, teens and adults are always in a constant suffering because of how much homework professors make them do. And even though it was created centuries ago, the motive why it was used might have changed through the years.
When was homework invented?
Even though there is not a reliable register that states this, it is said that the first people who probably used the concept of homework were either the Egyptians or the Romans. The first records of homework date from 1905, in Venice. But who created homework? It is said that its creator was a professor called Roberto Nevilis. This is the name of the man who invented homework and doomed almost all students around the globe.
Why was homework invented?
The original purpose of homework was not to punish students, as it is commonly used nowadays. The idea of homework was, first, to help students practice what was learned on class sessions. Second, to help students develop a critical thinking that allows them to generate questions which will later be answered by the professor. Finally, homework would be a way to progress with class sessions in a faster and easier way.
Obviously, the way homework are done in this day and time is way too different from 1905. Internet came in to help students and also professors. There is more information about it on writing-reviews.com.
Should homework still be used by professors?
This question is the base of an intense debate that started some years ago. Some consider that kids and teenagers should not have homework to do, especially if it was imposed by the professor as a punishment. Kids and teens should have time for doing extra activities such as playing an instrument, playing sports, painting, and so on. Besides, kids and teens should count with time to help their families at home doing certain duties such as washing the dishes, cleaning their rooms, and even helping to do breakfast or dinner. On the other hand, there are people that argument that without homework, there is no way kids could practice what they learned and, therefore, will forget the topics they studied on classes. Besides, this group agrees that kids should have time for doing homework and other activities – like helping at home, playing sports, playing an instrument, and even playing videogames – because that will help them to learn how to organize their time and put priorities first. But then, are we underestimating or overestimating our kids and teens?
It does not matter your position regarding this debate, it must be accepted that the original purpose of homework, just as Roberto Nevilis – the person who invented homework – intended, has been distorted. Maybe professors can agree on a middle ground sending kids less homework, one more focused on the things students must improve, and practicing more on classes to reinforce the knowledge gained during each session.On the meanwhile, this debate will still be raging. | <urn:uuid:d0abae52-e5bf-49c7-95f4-540dbf7e91a3> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://writing-reviews.com/who-invented-homework-assignments | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250592565.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118110141-20200118134141-00172.warc.gz | en | 0.981376 | 618 | 3.484375 | 3 | [
-0.4141828417778015,
-0.043722085654735565,
0.3896212875843048,
-0.33159008622169495,
-0.7422093152999878,
-0.17880724370479584,
0.27953895926475525,
0.3270552456378937,
0.33667176961898804,
0.050015904009342194,
0.20844238996505737,
0.2168944776058197,
0.2571651041507721,
0.45152151584625... | 5 | Who invented homework assignments?
Homework is a vital part of the education system almost all around the world. No matter the level of education – primary, elementary, high school, and even college – homework is daily used by teachers. Kids, teens and adults are always in a constant suffering because of how much homework professors make them do. And even though it was created centuries ago, the motive why it was used might have changed through the years.
When was homework invented?
Even though there is not a reliable register that states this, it is said that the first people who probably used the concept of homework were either the Egyptians or the Romans. The first records of homework date from 1905, in Venice. But who created homework? It is said that its creator was a professor called Roberto Nevilis. This is the name of the man who invented homework and doomed almost all students around the globe.
Why was homework invented?
The original purpose of homework was not to punish students, as it is commonly used nowadays. The idea of homework was, first, to help students practice what was learned on class sessions. Second, to help students develop a critical thinking that allows them to generate questions which will later be answered by the professor. Finally, homework would be a way to progress with class sessions in a faster and easier way.
Obviously, the way homework are done in this day and time is way too different from 1905. Internet came in to help students and also professors. There is more information about it on writing-reviews.com.
Should homework still be used by professors?
This question is the base of an intense debate that started some years ago. Some consider that kids and teenagers should not have homework to do, especially if it was imposed by the professor as a punishment. Kids and teens should have time for doing extra activities such as playing an instrument, playing sports, painting, and so on. Besides, kids and teens should count with time to help their families at home doing certain duties such as washing the dishes, cleaning their rooms, and even helping to do breakfast or dinner. On the other hand, there are people that argument that without homework, there is no way kids could practice what they learned and, therefore, will forget the topics they studied on classes. Besides, this group agrees that kids should have time for doing homework and other activities – like helping at home, playing sports, playing an instrument, and even playing videogames – because that will help them to learn how to organize their time and put priorities first. But then, are we underestimating or overestimating our kids and teens?
It does not matter your position regarding this debate, it must be accepted that the original purpose of homework, just as Roberto Nevilis – the person who invented homework – intended, has been distorted. Maybe professors can agree on a middle ground sending kids less homework, one more focused on the things students must improve, and practicing more on classes to reinforce the knowledge gained during each session.On the meanwhile, this debate will still be raging. | 616 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Free John Marshall Essay Example
John Marshall was an American jurist and statesman. He was born in Fauquier County; he was the eldest of fifteen children. He was educated by his parents and clergyman residing with the family. Young John was serving alongside his father in Virginia minutemen, later in 1776 John, joined the continental Amy, which was an early alliance which was formed with Washington in times when the Marshalls fought under his leadership in Pennsylvania and New Jersey, New York. He lived between 24th September 1755 and 6th July 1835 (Smith, 1996). He rendered a big hand is shaping the American constitutional law he also made the Supreme Court the center of power. John Marshall served in the United States as the chief justice as from 31st January 1801, until 1835 when he passed away. He was the representative of the United States house 4th March, 1799 to 7th June, 1800. He was also the state secretary from 6th June, 1800, to 4th March, 1801under president John Adams. Marshal hailed from the Virginia commonwealth and a Federalist Party leader (Smith, 1996). Despite the fact that John Marshal served long time as the Chief Justice, he is still remembered for the role he played in expanding federal power.
Marshal was the longest serving chief justice in the history of Supreme Court; he dominated over a period of three decades and his role was very significant in the development of the legal system of America. Marshal established that judicial review should be exercised by the courts and also he established the power to scrap out the laws that contravene the constitution. Therefore, the credit of reinforcing the judiciary position as a brunch of government which was influential and independent went to Marshal (Smith, 1996). There were several important decisions that were made by the Marshall courts including; power balance shaping between the state and the federal government during the republics early years. Of all the judges of the Supreme Court there was no match for John Marshal (McNamara, 2009). The passion and statesmanship exercised by Marshal is still significant.
John marshal was devoted to national commerce improvement, establishing the judicial branch power, and strengthening the central government. Marshal took advantage of hi s wisdom and great charisma as he supervised the many critical cases that would finally result in revolutionary verdict. There were many issues during john Marshall’s term; the major one was the land grant validity dispute (McNamara, 2009). In Fletcher vs. Peck case Marshall concluded a land grant a valid contract. During a case to strengthen the ruling the trail of Dartmouth vs. Woodward, Marshall stated that the land grant offered to organizations or individuals act as a legal contract that gives the owner privileges and rights to the given land (Smith, 1996).
In a bid to challenge the ruling, the southern states thought they were able to knock over the Marshall’s judgment in a way that suited them. However, john Marshall in Cohen vs. Virginia, case he established the right of the court to find the state legislatures actions unconstitutional and thus making the judicial branch the dominating power. This particular case was significant because it led to the establishment of a crucial point, which stopped the defilement of the federal government by the states (McNamara, 2009).
The other issue at hand was the question on who had jurisdiction over interstate trade for instance geographical areas and through rivers that moved in and out the state. The solution to this problem was found in Gibbons vs. Ogden case, where Marshall ruled out that such maters were under the federal government. He also reinforced the proper and necessary constitutional clause during the case of McCulloch vs. Maryland. For the second time the southern together with the western settlers thought that the national bank was becoming too imposing and they used the powers given to them by the state to tax it vigorously (Smith, 1996). One of the banks attorneys Daniel Webster informed Marshall that if the state was allowed even to have a slight power to tax the national bank, they would do it forever. Therefore, Marshall decided to favor the bank once more thus giving the federal government extra power over the states.
The other pressing matter was how the Native American was to be dealt with by the state during the expansion (Smith, 1996). Johnson vs. McIntosh was the first crucial case to deal with, the ruling that the tribes were to follow laws like normal citizens even though they were a separate entity within the United States. Afterwards in the case of Cherokee vs. Georgia, it was decided that the Indians were not only under the limitations of the federal government but they were also under protection (McNamara, 2009).
John Marshall’s influential rulings helped in reshaping the government of America, revealing the final arbiter of the constitution as the Supreme Court which was a document which the court would use to give it power to overrule the president, lower court, the state, and the congress. Marshall fought to protect individual rights and the rights of corporations against the intrusive state government. Marshal was able to set an enormous precedent in the political realms of America by having the ability to balance out the government branches, together with the state and the federal power, which saw the provision of the rule of the law which up to date still, exists (Smith, 1996).
Marshal’s final years were characterized by several challenges. His devotion to court was at one point affected by his relationship with Polly who was ailing and needed care and attention throughout. He also partly concentrated on historic writing. He is the one who wrote the first biography of George Washington for two years before competing in 1807. Marshal’s health rapidly deteriorated after the death of Polly in 1831 and passed on on 6 July 1835. He is however remembered throughout the history of U.S for his impact in judiciary system. | <urn:uuid:6041d7ca-557e-42b6-8f21-9e993bfb9c69> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://premiumqualityessays.com/essays/research/john-marshall/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251684146.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126013015-20200126043015-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.984489 | 1,184 | 3.3125 | 3 | [
-0.49420732259750366,
0.3454035818576813,
0.35524362325668335,
-0.12082026153802872,
-0.11090333759784698,
0.1879488229751587,
0.1779032200574875,
0.22417624294757843,
-0.37571215629577637,
-0.41432344913482666,
0.08600003272294998,
0.48986923694610596,
-0.0906030684709549,
0.1522300839424... | 11 | Free John Marshall Essay Example
John Marshall was an American jurist and statesman. He was born in Fauquier County; he was the eldest of fifteen children. He was educated by his parents and clergyman residing with the family. Young John was serving alongside his father in Virginia minutemen, later in 1776 John, joined the continental Amy, which was an early alliance which was formed with Washington in times when the Marshalls fought under his leadership in Pennsylvania and New Jersey, New York. He lived between 24th September 1755 and 6th July 1835 (Smith, 1996). He rendered a big hand is shaping the American constitutional law he also made the Supreme Court the center of power. John Marshall served in the United States as the chief justice as from 31st January 1801, until 1835 when he passed away. He was the representative of the United States house 4th March, 1799 to 7th June, 1800. He was also the state secretary from 6th June, 1800, to 4th March, 1801under president John Adams. Marshal hailed from the Virginia commonwealth and a Federalist Party leader (Smith, 1996). Despite the fact that John Marshal served long time as the Chief Justice, he is still remembered for the role he played in expanding federal power.
Marshal was the longest serving chief justice in the history of Supreme Court; he dominated over a period of three decades and his role was very significant in the development of the legal system of America. Marshal established that judicial review should be exercised by the courts and also he established the power to scrap out the laws that contravene the constitution. Therefore, the credit of reinforcing the judiciary position as a brunch of government which was influential and independent went to Marshal (Smith, 1996). There were several important decisions that were made by the Marshall courts including; power balance shaping between the state and the federal government during the republics early years. Of all the judges of the Supreme Court there was no match for John Marshal (McNamara, 2009). The passion and statesmanship exercised by Marshal is still significant.
John marshal was devoted to national commerce improvement, establishing the judicial branch power, and strengthening the central government. Marshal took advantage of hi s wisdom and great charisma as he supervised the many critical cases that would finally result in revolutionary verdict. There were many issues during john Marshall’s term; the major one was the land grant validity dispute (McNamara, 2009). In Fletcher vs. Peck case Marshall concluded a land grant a valid contract. During a case to strengthen the ruling the trail of Dartmouth vs. Woodward, Marshall stated that the land grant offered to organizations or individuals act as a legal contract that gives the owner privileges and rights to the given land (Smith, 1996).
In a bid to challenge the ruling, the southern states thought they were able to knock over the Marshall’s judgment in a way that suited them. However, john Marshall in Cohen vs. Virginia, case he established the right of the court to find the state legislatures actions unconstitutional and thus making the judicial branch the dominating power. This particular case was significant because it led to the establishment of a crucial point, which stopped the defilement of the federal government by the states (McNamara, 2009).
The other issue at hand was the question on who had jurisdiction over interstate trade for instance geographical areas and through rivers that moved in and out the state. The solution to this problem was found in Gibbons vs. Ogden case, where Marshall ruled out that such maters were under the federal government. He also reinforced the proper and necessary constitutional clause during the case of McCulloch vs. Maryland. For the second time the southern together with the western settlers thought that the national bank was becoming too imposing and they used the powers given to them by the state to tax it vigorously (Smith, 1996). One of the banks attorneys Daniel Webster informed Marshall that if the state was allowed even to have a slight power to tax the national bank, they would do it forever. Therefore, Marshall decided to favor the bank once more thus giving the federal government extra power over the states.
The other pressing matter was how the Native American was to be dealt with by the state during the expansion (Smith, 1996). Johnson vs. McIntosh was the first crucial case to deal with, the ruling that the tribes were to follow laws like normal citizens even though they were a separate entity within the United States. Afterwards in the case of Cherokee vs. Georgia, it was decided that the Indians were not only under the limitations of the federal government but they were also under protection (McNamara, 2009).
John Marshall’s influential rulings helped in reshaping the government of America, revealing the final arbiter of the constitution as the Supreme Court which was a document which the court would use to give it power to overrule the president, lower court, the state, and the congress. Marshall fought to protect individual rights and the rights of corporations against the intrusive state government. Marshal was able to set an enormous precedent in the political realms of America by having the ability to balance out the government branches, together with the state and the federal power, which saw the provision of the rule of the law which up to date still, exists (Smith, 1996).
Marshal’s final years were characterized by several challenges. His devotion to court was at one point affected by his relationship with Polly who was ailing and needed care and attention throughout. He also partly concentrated on historic writing. He is the one who wrote the first biography of George Washington for two years before competing in 1807. Marshal’s health rapidly deteriorated after the death of Polly in 1831 and passed on on 6 July 1835. He is however remembered throughout the history of U.S for his impact in judiciary system. | 1,257 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Moses, famed as the ‘Law Giver of Israel’, was born towards the end of fourteenth century BCE in Egypt. Considered a prophet by all Abrahamic religions, he has a special place in Judaism, where he is referred as Moshe Rabbenu or ‘Moses our Teacher’. Born into a family of Hebrew slaves, he was raised in the Egyptian royal household as the son of a princess, receiving the best education. Later, he came to know about his origin and fled to the desert of present day Arabian Peninsula after killing an Egyptian slave master. There God revealed Himself to him and told him to deliver His chosen people and take them to the Promised Land. He, therefore, returned to Egypt and led an ever-complaining horde of ex-slaves out of Egypt into the desert of Arabian Peninsula. There, at the Sinai Mountain, he received the Ten Commandments from the Lord. He later instituted number of laws and customs, based on the Commandments, thus forming the basis of Hebrew culture. Once his task was done, he handed over his responsibilities to Joshua and went up the Mount Nebo, where he breathed his last.
- As is the case of all ancient figures, there is a controversy about the year in which Moses was born; different scholars having different opinion on that. But if we go by accepted tradition, Moses was born in Egypt sometime in 1391-1392 BCE.Both his parents, Amram and Jochebed (also known as Yocheved), were Levites. He was the youngest of their three children, having a sister called Miriam, elder to him by seven years and a brother called Aaron, elder by three years.According to tradition, the Israelites came to Egypt some 400 years before the birth of Moses. Initially, they earned their living by working independently; but later were turned into slaves by the Pharaoh, whose identity is yet to be fixed. In spite of that, their number continued to grow.By the time Moses was born, the community had become quite large. The Pharaoh, fearing that they might join his enemies, ordered that all new born Hebrew male children must be cast in the River Nile to be drowned.Jochebed, not having the heart to kill her son, hid him for the first three months. Thereafter, she placed him in a bulrush basket, made watertight with slime and pitch and floated it down the Nile while Miriam kept a watch from afar.Soon the basket was stuck in bulrushes growing near the riverbank. By and by, the Pharaoh’s daughter, identified by different text as Bithiah or Thermuthis, came to bathe at the riverbank. Married to Mered from the Tribe of Judah, she did not have any child of her own.On hearing a baby’s cry, she started looking around and found an infant lying in a weed basket. Moved by compassion, she took him home. According to some text, as advised by Miriam, who was hovering nearby, Bithiah appointed Jochebed as his wet nurse.Declaring him to be her own child, the princess named the infant, Moses or Moshe, which in Hebrew meant ‘drew out of the water’. However, some scholars believe the name has been derived from Egyptian ‘mose’, meaning ‘is born’.As a son of a princess, Moses grew up among the splendor of Egyptian royal court, having the best of everything. His foster mother made sure that he received the best of education. From his later accomplishment, it is evident he had deep knowledge about religious, civil and military matters.As he grew up, he somehow came to know about his Hebrew origin. Curious, he began to visit Hebrew quarters, growing sympathy for the plight of his people, who had to labour under most inhuman condition.Continue Reading BelowRecommended Lists:
Recommended Lists:In the Wilderness
- One day, when he was around 25 years old, Moses witnessed an Egyptian slave master mercilessly beating his Hebrew slave; almost to his death. Unable to control himself, he killed the Egyptian after making sure nobody saw him doing so. But the next day he had a jolt.Finding two Hebrews fighting, he pulled them back and then asked the offender the reason for the fight. At this, the offender asked who made Moses a prince and a judge over them and if he intended to kill him as he had killed the Egyptian.Moses realized that if these people had come to know about his secret so could the Pharaoh. Fearing punishment, he fled to the desert of Midian, possibly in Arabian Peninsula, bypassing series of fort in Egypt’s eastern border before moving in a southeast direction through a bleak and desolate country.At Midian, while resting by a well, he found seven young girls, who happened to be the daughters of a Midianite priest called Jethro, watering their flock. But, before they were finished, other shepherds came and tried to drive them away. Moses intervened on behalf of the girls and defeated them.Recommended Lists:
Recommended Lists:First Revelation
- Moses now stayed back to tend Jethro’s flock. One day, while tending his flock on Mount Horeb, Moses noticed a bush, which was burning continuously without being consumed. As he went forward, he heard a voice, telling him to remove his sandals because he was standing on a holy ground.The voice, which identified himself as the God of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob, told Moses to deliver His chosen people from the clutches of the Egyptians and take them to the Promised Land. He also told Moses to call Him Yahweh and preach that He was the only God.Initially, Moses was hesitant; but finally agreed to take up the task when Yahweh assured him of His help. The God also said, as Moses has a stammer, Aaron, his elder brother, would act as his spokesperson.In Egypt
- Moses returned to Egypt, possibly at the age of forty, during the reign of Ramses II. With brother Aaron, he now approached the Pharaoh, telling him to let go his people because the God of Israel had demanded so.Continue Reading BelowThe Pharaoh, who considered himself divine and needed the slaves to carry on the building projects he had started, refused to entertain the plea of a ‘lesser god’.Moreover, he increased the pressure on the Israelites, oppressing them more. Unable to withstand, many Israelites started complaining.In frustration, Moses pleaded with Lord, asking Him why He had sent him there. According to tradition, the Lord now set upon the people of Egypt, seven plagues. However, some of the plagues were historically true having scientific background.The first plague that turned the water of the River Nile into blood has geological basis. Due to heavy rain in Ethiopia, powdery, carmine-red soil was washed into the river. Since there was no dam on the way, it carried red colored water to Mediterranean, reaching the delta in August.The flood water from Ethiopia also carried various types of bacteria, which caused diseases and killed people. Moses now used the plagues to increase the pressure on the Pharaoh.Exodus
- Initially adamant, the Pharaoh began to yield slowly, finally relenting when his eldest son died from the plague, allowing the Israelites to leave Egypt. Contrarily, some sources claim that, as the kingdom went into mourning, Moses took the chance and left stealthily with his kinsmen, numbering around 15,000.Once the Hebrews left, the Pharaoh changed his mind, sending his soldiers to bring them back. They almost caught the travelers near a ‘Sea of Reeds’, which many scholars believe was a big lake while others take it for the Red Sea; but Yahweh once again came to their aid.As Moses continued to assure his frightened kinsmen, who vented their grudges on him, a strong east wind began to blow, parting the water of the lake/sea, creating a corridor for them to pass. But as the Egyptian army tried to follow them, the water returned, drowning each of them.Continue Reading BelowAccording to most scholars, Moses now took the southern route to Jabal Mūsā to reach Mount Horeb (Sinai). The journey was not easy. He had to lead a horde of bickering and scheming former slaves, who continuously challenged his authority, complaining at the hardship they had to face.All along, Moses knew that Yahweh was with them, turning to Him for direction. When the food ran short, Yahweh sent them ‘manna’, the divine food that nourished the hungry. Under his leadership, major part of the land, east of Jordan, was conquered by the Israelites.At Mt. Sinai
- At Mount Sinai, God appeared once again before Moses, giving him the ‘Ten Commandments’, written on stone tablets. But, as he took quite a long time in coming down, the Israelites, waiting at the foot of the mountain, thought he was dead.They now created a golden calf and began worshipping it. Moses was furious when he saw this and hit the idol with the stone tablets, thus destroying them. He then wrote the commandments on another tablet and delivered them to his people.The commandments forbade the Israelites not only from worshipping other gods, but also from making images and taking Lord’s name in vain. It also forbade them from killing, stealing, committing adultery, giving false witnesses and coveting neighbors’ things. Instead, they were to honor their parents and keep Sabbath day holy.Moses realized that to be lived, these laws needed to be interpreted. Therefore, he started instituting number of social and religious ordnances, all of which were based on these Ten Commandments, thus forming the rudiment of Hebrew culture. These were later included in the ‘Torah’ or the ‘Old Testament’.Also at Sinai, Yahweh gave Moses instructions to make the ‘Tabernacle’, a mobile shrine, in which He would travel with the Hebrews to Canaan, the Promised Land. However, the generation that left Egypt would not reach their destination.Last Days
- Soon after receiving the ‘Torah’, Moses took the Israelites to the Desert of Paran, located on the border of Canaan. From there, he sent twelve spies into Canaan, who on return reported that the land was fertile, but it was lived by giants. Frightened, the Israelites refused to enter the land.Angry at their rebellion, Moses told them they would never reach the Promised Land, but would wander in the wilderness for forty years until the generation that had revolted against God’s will had died. It was the next generation that would enter Canaan.At the end of the forty year period, Moses led a new generation of Israelites around the Dead Sea to Edom and Moab. They then vanquished the Midianites. Thereafter, as they neared Canaan, he assembled the tribe on bank of the River Jordan.He then talked to them about their wandering across the wilderness, delivering the laws by which they must live in the Promised Land. At the end, he passed his authority to Joshua, who would now lead the tribe into Canaan.Personal Life & Legacy
- While Moses was tending the flocks of Jethro at Midian, he married Zipporah, one of Jethro’s seven daughters. The couple had two sons; Gershom and Eliezer. Nothing else is known about them.According to tradition, he took a Cushite woman as his second wife after leaving Mount Sinai. But both his siblings, Miriam and Aaron, opposed the marriage.At the border of Canaan, after he had passed the authority to Joshua, Moses went up the Mount Nebo, also known as Mount Pisgah. From the top, he looked over the Promised Land spreading out before him. Nobody ever saw him after that.Today, Moses is revered as a prophet not only in Judaism, but also in Christianity, Islam and Bahá'í Faith. However, in Judaism, he is considered the most important Prophet. He is also believed to be author of Torah, the first five chapter of the Hebrew Bible or the Old Testament.Trivia
- As the story goes, once when water ran short, the God asked Moses to talk to the rocks; but instead, Moses hit them with his staff. For this disobedience, God forbade him to enter Canaan.
How To CiteArticle Title- Moses BiographyAuthor- Editors, TheFamousPeople.comWebsite- TheFamousPeople.comURL- https://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/moses-103.phpLast Updated- April 11, 2018
People Also Viewed | <urn:uuid:c99927d7-df6a-4d01-b81d-55e90794f45f> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/moses-103.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251681625.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125222506-20200126012506-00275.warc.gz | en | 0.986398 | 2,673 | 4.03125 | 4 | [
-0.4478037655353546,
0.8503251075744629,
0.06475353240966797,
-0.10393406450748444,
-0.6877298355102539,
-0.3304760456085205,
0.3906533122062683,
-0.3913832902908325,
-0.152601957321167,
0.3376421630382538,
-0.08563600480556488,
-0.46688464283943176,
-0.18897303938865662,
-0.02108231559395... | 2 | Moses, famed as the ‘Law Giver of Israel’, was born towards the end of fourteenth century BCE in Egypt. Considered a prophet by all Abrahamic religions, he has a special place in Judaism, where he is referred as Moshe Rabbenu or ‘Moses our Teacher’. Born into a family of Hebrew slaves, he was raised in the Egyptian royal household as the son of a princess, receiving the best education. Later, he came to know about his origin and fled to the desert of present day Arabian Peninsula after killing an Egyptian slave master. There God revealed Himself to him and told him to deliver His chosen people and take them to the Promised Land. He, therefore, returned to Egypt and led an ever-complaining horde of ex-slaves out of Egypt into the desert of Arabian Peninsula. There, at the Sinai Mountain, he received the Ten Commandments from the Lord. He later instituted number of laws and customs, based on the Commandments, thus forming the basis of Hebrew culture. Once his task was done, he handed over his responsibilities to Joshua and went up the Mount Nebo, where he breathed his last.
- As is the case of all ancient figures, there is a controversy about the year in which Moses was born; different scholars having different opinion on that. But if we go by accepted tradition, Moses was born in Egypt sometime in 1391-1392 BCE.Both his parents, Amram and Jochebed (also known as Yocheved), were Levites. He was the youngest of their three children, having a sister called Miriam, elder to him by seven years and a brother called Aaron, elder by three years.According to tradition, the Israelites came to Egypt some 400 years before the birth of Moses. Initially, they earned their living by working independently; but later were turned into slaves by the Pharaoh, whose identity is yet to be fixed. In spite of that, their number continued to grow.By the time Moses was born, the community had become quite large. The Pharaoh, fearing that they might join his enemies, ordered that all new born Hebrew male children must be cast in the River Nile to be drowned.Jochebed, not having the heart to kill her son, hid him for the first three months. Thereafter, she placed him in a bulrush basket, made watertight with slime and pitch and floated it down the Nile while Miriam kept a watch from afar.Soon the basket was stuck in bulrushes growing near the riverbank. By and by, the Pharaoh’s daughter, identified by different text as Bithiah or Thermuthis, came to bathe at the riverbank. Married to Mered from the Tribe of Judah, she did not have any child of her own.On hearing a baby’s cry, she started looking around and found an infant lying in a weed basket. Moved by compassion, she took him home. According to some text, as advised by Miriam, who was hovering nearby, Bithiah appointed Jochebed as his wet nurse.Declaring him to be her own child, the princess named the infant, Moses or Moshe, which in Hebrew meant ‘drew out of the water’. However, some scholars believe the name has been derived from Egyptian ‘mose’, meaning ‘is born’.As a son of a princess, Moses grew up among the splendor of Egyptian royal court, having the best of everything. His foster mother made sure that he received the best of education. From his later accomplishment, it is evident he had deep knowledge about religious, civil and military matters.As he grew up, he somehow came to know about his Hebrew origin. Curious, he began to visit Hebrew quarters, growing sympathy for the plight of his people, who had to labour under most inhuman condition.Continue Reading BelowRecommended Lists:
Recommended Lists:In the Wilderness
- One day, when he was around 25 years old, Moses witnessed an Egyptian slave master mercilessly beating his Hebrew slave; almost to his death. Unable to control himself, he killed the Egyptian after making sure nobody saw him doing so. But the next day he had a jolt.Finding two Hebrews fighting, he pulled them back and then asked the offender the reason for the fight. At this, the offender asked who made Moses a prince and a judge over them and if he intended to kill him as he had killed the Egyptian.Moses realized that if these people had come to know about his secret so could the Pharaoh. Fearing punishment, he fled to the desert of Midian, possibly in Arabian Peninsula, bypassing series of fort in Egypt’s eastern border before moving in a southeast direction through a bleak and desolate country.At Midian, while resting by a well, he found seven young girls, who happened to be the daughters of a Midianite priest called Jethro, watering their flock. But, before they were finished, other shepherds came and tried to drive them away. Moses intervened on behalf of the girls and defeated them.Recommended Lists:
Recommended Lists:First Revelation
- Moses now stayed back to tend Jethro’s flock. One day, while tending his flock on Mount Horeb, Moses noticed a bush, which was burning continuously without being consumed. As he went forward, he heard a voice, telling him to remove his sandals because he was standing on a holy ground.The voice, which identified himself as the God of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob, told Moses to deliver His chosen people from the clutches of the Egyptians and take them to the Promised Land. He also told Moses to call Him Yahweh and preach that He was the only God.Initially, Moses was hesitant; but finally agreed to take up the task when Yahweh assured him of His help. The God also said, as Moses has a stammer, Aaron, his elder brother, would act as his spokesperson.In Egypt
- Moses returned to Egypt, possibly at the age of forty, during the reign of Ramses II. With brother Aaron, he now approached the Pharaoh, telling him to let go his people because the God of Israel had demanded so.Continue Reading BelowThe Pharaoh, who considered himself divine and needed the slaves to carry on the building projects he had started, refused to entertain the plea of a ‘lesser god’.Moreover, he increased the pressure on the Israelites, oppressing them more. Unable to withstand, many Israelites started complaining.In frustration, Moses pleaded with Lord, asking Him why He had sent him there. According to tradition, the Lord now set upon the people of Egypt, seven plagues. However, some of the plagues were historically true having scientific background.The first plague that turned the water of the River Nile into blood has geological basis. Due to heavy rain in Ethiopia, powdery, carmine-red soil was washed into the river. Since there was no dam on the way, it carried red colored water to Mediterranean, reaching the delta in August.The flood water from Ethiopia also carried various types of bacteria, which caused diseases and killed people. Moses now used the plagues to increase the pressure on the Pharaoh.Exodus
- Initially adamant, the Pharaoh began to yield slowly, finally relenting when his eldest son died from the plague, allowing the Israelites to leave Egypt. Contrarily, some sources claim that, as the kingdom went into mourning, Moses took the chance and left stealthily with his kinsmen, numbering around 15,000.Once the Hebrews left, the Pharaoh changed his mind, sending his soldiers to bring them back. They almost caught the travelers near a ‘Sea of Reeds’, which many scholars believe was a big lake while others take it for the Red Sea; but Yahweh once again came to their aid.As Moses continued to assure his frightened kinsmen, who vented their grudges on him, a strong east wind began to blow, parting the water of the lake/sea, creating a corridor for them to pass. But as the Egyptian army tried to follow them, the water returned, drowning each of them.Continue Reading BelowAccording to most scholars, Moses now took the southern route to Jabal Mūsā to reach Mount Horeb (Sinai). The journey was not easy. He had to lead a horde of bickering and scheming former slaves, who continuously challenged his authority, complaining at the hardship they had to face.All along, Moses knew that Yahweh was with them, turning to Him for direction. When the food ran short, Yahweh sent them ‘manna’, the divine food that nourished the hungry. Under his leadership, major part of the land, east of Jordan, was conquered by the Israelites.At Mt. Sinai
- At Mount Sinai, God appeared once again before Moses, giving him the ‘Ten Commandments’, written on stone tablets. But, as he took quite a long time in coming down, the Israelites, waiting at the foot of the mountain, thought he was dead.They now created a golden calf and began worshipping it. Moses was furious when he saw this and hit the idol with the stone tablets, thus destroying them. He then wrote the commandments on another tablet and delivered them to his people.The commandments forbade the Israelites not only from worshipping other gods, but also from making images and taking Lord’s name in vain. It also forbade them from killing, stealing, committing adultery, giving false witnesses and coveting neighbors’ things. Instead, they were to honor their parents and keep Sabbath day holy.Moses realized that to be lived, these laws needed to be interpreted. Therefore, he started instituting number of social and religious ordnances, all of which were based on these Ten Commandments, thus forming the rudiment of Hebrew culture. These were later included in the ‘Torah’ or the ‘Old Testament’.Also at Sinai, Yahweh gave Moses instructions to make the ‘Tabernacle’, a mobile shrine, in which He would travel with the Hebrews to Canaan, the Promised Land. However, the generation that left Egypt would not reach their destination.Last Days
- Soon after receiving the ‘Torah’, Moses took the Israelites to the Desert of Paran, located on the border of Canaan. From there, he sent twelve spies into Canaan, who on return reported that the land was fertile, but it was lived by giants. Frightened, the Israelites refused to enter the land.Angry at their rebellion, Moses told them they would never reach the Promised Land, but would wander in the wilderness for forty years until the generation that had revolted against God’s will had died. It was the next generation that would enter Canaan.At the end of the forty year period, Moses led a new generation of Israelites around the Dead Sea to Edom and Moab. They then vanquished the Midianites. Thereafter, as they neared Canaan, he assembled the tribe on bank of the River Jordan.He then talked to them about their wandering across the wilderness, delivering the laws by which they must live in the Promised Land. At the end, he passed his authority to Joshua, who would now lead the tribe into Canaan.Personal Life & Legacy
- While Moses was tending the flocks of Jethro at Midian, he married Zipporah, one of Jethro’s seven daughters. The couple had two sons; Gershom and Eliezer. Nothing else is known about them.According to tradition, he took a Cushite woman as his second wife after leaving Mount Sinai. But both his siblings, Miriam and Aaron, opposed the marriage.At the border of Canaan, after he had passed the authority to Joshua, Moses went up the Mount Nebo, also known as Mount Pisgah. From the top, he looked over the Promised Land spreading out before him. Nobody ever saw him after that.Today, Moses is revered as a prophet not only in Judaism, but also in Christianity, Islam and Bahá'í Faith. However, in Judaism, he is considered the most important Prophet. He is also believed to be author of Torah, the first five chapter of the Hebrew Bible or the Old Testament.Trivia
- As the story goes, once when water ran short, the God asked Moses to talk to the rocks; but instead, Moses hit them with his staff. For this disobedience, God forbade him to enter Canaan.
How To CiteArticle Title- Moses BiographyAuthor- Editors, TheFamousPeople.comWebsite- TheFamousPeople.comURL- https://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/moses-103.phpLast Updated- April 11, 2018
People Also Viewed | 2,638 | ENGLISH | 1 |
James Weldon Johnson's first-person narrator in his fictional interpretation, "The Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man," a skeptical, point-of-view about skin color. The narrator, decides to pass for white after numerous variations between assuming his status as a black man who wants to stand for the rights of black people and adopting the identity of a white man. In fact, identity, for this character, was never stable, since he lived the first years of his life not knowing he was classified as black, then he lived as a black man for a period of time, and after some years he decided to adopt a white identity, which may seem a new identity at first, but is a return to the beginning of his life, when he used to believe he was a white boy. Although it is interpreted as aiming at unity, Johnson's text fully explores the complexities of the African-American experience.
During the first years of his life, the narrator was never treated as a black boy and never suffered prejudice. However, he was forced to assume a new identity when he was told that he was not white, since his mother was a black woman. Here, it is interesting to notice that, in the United States, ancestry plays a bigger role than appearance when it comes to define one's race, because if it were for his appearance only, the narrator probably live his entire life as a white man. Definitely, the easiness in which he passes for white was already visible in his early years, mostly because of the ivory whiteness of his skin, the softness and glossiness of his dark hair. Therefore, the Ex-Colored Man would hardly be treated as a black boy, if it were not for him and for people around him being told that he is not white. After this moment of revelation and before he decides to pass for white, the narrator acquires a new vision of the situation of black people in the United States. He learns that black people are situated in the world within a condition that is different from everybody else. | <urn:uuid:cf517879-11d8-4b82-b64d-6664d7f1a71c> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.exampleessays.com/viewpaper/210900.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251783621.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129010251-20200129040251-00134.warc.gz | en | 0.992672 | 417 | 3.28125 | 3 | [
-0.20381435751914978,
0.3489443361759186,
0.2672364115715027,
-0.1709408313035965,
-0.11170101910829544,
0.37553468346595764,
0.4634783864021301,
-0.09996708482503891,
-0.10310125350952148,
-0.0069906036369502544,
0.24026285111904144,
0.1306331753730774,
-0.09138614684343338,
0.29428884387... | 2 | James Weldon Johnson's first-person narrator in his fictional interpretation, "The Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man," a skeptical, point-of-view about skin color. The narrator, decides to pass for white after numerous variations between assuming his status as a black man who wants to stand for the rights of black people and adopting the identity of a white man. In fact, identity, for this character, was never stable, since he lived the first years of his life not knowing he was classified as black, then he lived as a black man for a period of time, and after some years he decided to adopt a white identity, which may seem a new identity at first, but is a return to the beginning of his life, when he used to believe he was a white boy. Although it is interpreted as aiming at unity, Johnson's text fully explores the complexities of the African-American experience.
During the first years of his life, the narrator was never treated as a black boy and never suffered prejudice. However, he was forced to assume a new identity when he was told that he was not white, since his mother was a black woman. Here, it is interesting to notice that, in the United States, ancestry plays a bigger role than appearance when it comes to define one's race, because if it were for his appearance only, the narrator probably live his entire life as a white man. Definitely, the easiness in which he passes for white was already visible in his early years, mostly because of the ivory whiteness of his skin, the softness and glossiness of his dark hair. Therefore, the Ex-Colored Man would hardly be treated as a black boy, if it were not for him and for people around him being told that he is not white. After this moment of revelation and before he decides to pass for white, the narrator acquires a new vision of the situation of black people in the United States. He learns that black people are situated in the world within a condition that is different from everybody else. | 411 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Jules Verne was born on February 8, 1828, in Nantes, France, to Pierre Verne and Sophie-Henriette Allotte de la Fuye, the oldest of five children. Nantes is a harbor, and as a child Jules was enchanted with the ships he saw there. At the age of twelve, he hid on a ship bound for India but was caught and whipped by his father. He reportedly said “I shall from now on only travel in my imagination.”
Verne went to Saint Donatien College in Nantes where one of the teachers, Brutus de Villeroi, was an inventor of submarines, including the first submarine for the U. S. Navy, the U.S.S. Alligator, in 1862. Villeroi’s work is thought to be a model for the Nautilus in Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea. In any case, Verne was inspired by science and by exploration from childhood.
When as a young man Verne went to Paris in 1848, he began to write librettos for operas with Michel Carre though he was supposed to be studying law. When his father found out he was writing instead of studying law, he cut off his money, and Verne had to become a stockbroker to support himself. He was encouraged to continue writing by meeting Alexander Dumas, pere, and Victor Hugo. On January 10,1857, Verne married a widow with two daughters, Honorine de Viane Morel. They had a son, Michel, in 1861, who would become Verne’s literary executor and finish some of his novels.
Verne struggled with his writing until he met Pierre-Jules Hetzel, a famous publisher, who had also published George Sand and Victor Hugo. Hetzel was very influential in how Verne wrote and what he wrote. Verne was influenced by Edgar Allen Poe’s dark romances and began to write in that style, but Hetzel made him lighten up his tone and write optimistically about the advances of science in fictional adventure stories. Verne added humor and travelogues to catch the public interest. Hetzel published two or more books a year as part of the series called “Les voyages extraordinaire.”
There were 54 novels in the collection, the best known of which are (translated titles): Five Weeks in a Balloon (1863), Journey to the Center of the Earth (1864), From the Earth to the Moon (1865), Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea (1869-70), Around the World in Eighty Days (1873), The Mysterious Island (1874), Master of the World (1904), Paris in the Twentieth Century (1994, written in 1863).
Verne became rich and famous with the stage adaptation of Around the World in Eighty Days, his most popular book. That tale contains many descriptions of sea voyages. For instance, Verne has Phileas Fogg take command of the Henrietta and sail it across the Atlantic, probably based on his own experience of sailing his small ship the Saint-Michel around Europe. Verne was knighted in 1870 as Chevalier of the Legion of Honor.
On March 9, 1886, his mad twenty-five-year-old nephew Gaston shot him in the leg, causing a permanent limp. In 1888, Verne was elected town councilor of Amiens where he served for fifteen years. In 1905, ill with diabetes, Verne died at his home in Amiens. A new novel recently discovered by Verne’s grandson was published in 1994, Paris in the Twentieth Century, written in 1863. Verne’s publisher considered it too depressing for the times and asked him to wait for 20 years to publish it. It prophetically depicts the modern world we know: Internet, gasoline automobiles, calculators, skyscrapers, and high-speed trains, along with the idea that these inventions do not make people happy.
He had also predicted the Apollo Program spacecraft launch from Florida in From the Earth to the Moon in 1865.
Verne was thought of in his own time as an adventure author for young people, but today he is known as a futuristic writer and the pioneer of science fiction.
Around the World in Eighty Days: Biography: Jules Verne | <urn:uuid:e36f7f31-ccbc-4284-8b02-766f5ea0b5ca> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | http://www.novelguide.com/around-the-world-in-eighty-days/biography | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250601628.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121074002-20200121103002-00457.warc.gz | en | 0.980158 | 915 | 3.28125 | 3 | [
0.18020682036876678,
0.14517199993133545,
0.031832605600357056,
-0.31613463163375854,
-0.006669060327112675,
-0.1403954029083252,
-0.582252025604248,
0.37127718329429626,
-0.3465540111064911,
-0.1908578872680664,
0.20062799751758575,
-0.18464571237564087,
0.3251155912876129,
0.208269491791... | 2 | Jules Verne was born on February 8, 1828, in Nantes, France, to Pierre Verne and Sophie-Henriette Allotte de la Fuye, the oldest of five children. Nantes is a harbor, and as a child Jules was enchanted with the ships he saw there. At the age of twelve, he hid on a ship bound for India but was caught and whipped by his father. He reportedly said “I shall from now on only travel in my imagination.”
Verne went to Saint Donatien College in Nantes where one of the teachers, Brutus de Villeroi, was an inventor of submarines, including the first submarine for the U. S. Navy, the U.S.S. Alligator, in 1862. Villeroi’s work is thought to be a model for the Nautilus in Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea. In any case, Verne was inspired by science and by exploration from childhood.
When as a young man Verne went to Paris in 1848, he began to write librettos for operas with Michel Carre though he was supposed to be studying law. When his father found out he was writing instead of studying law, he cut off his money, and Verne had to become a stockbroker to support himself. He was encouraged to continue writing by meeting Alexander Dumas, pere, and Victor Hugo. On January 10,1857, Verne married a widow with two daughters, Honorine de Viane Morel. They had a son, Michel, in 1861, who would become Verne’s literary executor and finish some of his novels.
Verne struggled with his writing until he met Pierre-Jules Hetzel, a famous publisher, who had also published George Sand and Victor Hugo. Hetzel was very influential in how Verne wrote and what he wrote. Verne was influenced by Edgar Allen Poe’s dark romances and began to write in that style, but Hetzel made him lighten up his tone and write optimistically about the advances of science in fictional adventure stories. Verne added humor and travelogues to catch the public interest. Hetzel published two or more books a year as part of the series called “Les voyages extraordinaire.”
There were 54 novels in the collection, the best known of which are (translated titles): Five Weeks in a Balloon (1863), Journey to the Center of the Earth (1864), From the Earth to the Moon (1865), Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea (1869-70), Around the World in Eighty Days (1873), The Mysterious Island (1874), Master of the World (1904), Paris in the Twentieth Century (1994, written in 1863).
Verne became rich and famous with the stage adaptation of Around the World in Eighty Days, his most popular book. That tale contains many descriptions of sea voyages. For instance, Verne has Phileas Fogg take command of the Henrietta and sail it across the Atlantic, probably based on his own experience of sailing his small ship the Saint-Michel around Europe. Verne was knighted in 1870 as Chevalier of the Legion of Honor.
On March 9, 1886, his mad twenty-five-year-old nephew Gaston shot him in the leg, causing a permanent limp. In 1888, Verne was elected town councilor of Amiens where he served for fifteen years. In 1905, ill with diabetes, Verne died at his home in Amiens. A new novel recently discovered by Verne’s grandson was published in 1994, Paris in the Twentieth Century, written in 1863. Verne’s publisher considered it too depressing for the times and asked him to wait for 20 years to publish it. It prophetically depicts the modern world we know: Internet, gasoline automobiles, calculators, skyscrapers, and high-speed trains, along with the idea that these inventions do not make people happy.
He had also predicted the Apollo Program spacecraft launch from Florida in From the Earth to the Moon in 1865.
Verne was thought of in his own time as an adventure author for young people, but today he is known as a futuristic writer and the pioneer of science fiction.
Around the World in Eighty Days: Biography: Jules Verne | 945 | ENGLISH | 1 |
At Mecca the ummah were a mostly religious community, but after Muhammad led the hijrah to Medina, the ummah became a political community as well. Knowing why and how this happened, as well as the long-term consequences is important to understanding the history of Islam and the Muslims.
The why and how of the ummah becoming a political group is explained in the way the followers of Muhammad were treated in Mecca. Because the Quraysh were pagans in the majority, they would never let Muhammad or his followers gain power as long as they were the minority. On page 173 Hodgson states, "...the pagan Quraysh could not have tolerated a movement which attacked the principles of their social order [...] So long as the Muslims stayed as a minority in Mecca there would have been a deadlock at best." Their new life needed to "be lived by a society at large," (Hodgson, 173). So when Muhammad and his Meccan followers left for Medina they formed their own social groups, called Muhajirun.
After arriving in Medina Muhammad first set about expelling the Jewish clans who lived there--starting with the Banu Qaynuqa and moving on to the others until they all agreed to leave Medina, (Hodgson 177). When the ummah of both Mecca and Medina became the ruling power (with Muhammad at their head of course) they established clans and superstructures as well as laws and ways of living that helped each other out. For example, zakat--an alms tax--was collected and given to those Muslims who were financially weak, (Hodgson, 181).
Still though, a universal and democratic law needed to be developed--the Qur'an could not answer every problem and internal squabble. Muhammad personally made the law that is now known as the "Constitution of Medina." Hodgson, on page 183 says this, "The 'constitution of Medina,' which settled... | <urn:uuid:4f98397e-0620-4eb6-9304-013d80ad197a> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://brightkite.com/essay-on/muhammad-as-well-as-the-ummah-introduction | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250606269.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122012204-20200122041204-00402.warc.gz | en | 0.982341 | 405 | 3.90625 | 4 | [
-0.3165867328643799,
0.5940918326377869,
-0.03868723660707474,
0.07644474506378174,
-0.13376854360103607,
0.37782999873161316,
-0.20667889714241028,
-0.23627972602844238,
-0.07725938409566879,
0.31600892543792725,
0.3953186869621277,
-0.056051481515169144,
0.013692116364836693,
-0.48500692... | 1 | At Mecca the ummah were a mostly religious community, but after Muhammad led the hijrah to Medina, the ummah became a political community as well. Knowing why and how this happened, as well as the long-term consequences is important to understanding the history of Islam and the Muslims.
The why and how of the ummah becoming a political group is explained in the way the followers of Muhammad were treated in Mecca. Because the Quraysh were pagans in the majority, they would never let Muhammad or his followers gain power as long as they were the minority. On page 173 Hodgson states, "...the pagan Quraysh could not have tolerated a movement which attacked the principles of their social order [...] So long as the Muslims stayed as a minority in Mecca there would have been a deadlock at best." Their new life needed to "be lived by a society at large," (Hodgson, 173). So when Muhammad and his Meccan followers left for Medina they formed their own social groups, called Muhajirun.
After arriving in Medina Muhammad first set about expelling the Jewish clans who lived there--starting with the Banu Qaynuqa and moving on to the others until they all agreed to leave Medina, (Hodgson 177). When the ummah of both Mecca and Medina became the ruling power (with Muhammad at their head of course) they established clans and superstructures as well as laws and ways of living that helped each other out. For example, zakat--an alms tax--was collected and given to those Muslims who were financially weak, (Hodgson, 181).
Still though, a universal and democratic law needed to be developed--the Qur'an could not answer every problem and internal squabble. Muhammad personally made the law that is now known as the "Constitution of Medina." Hodgson, on page 183 says this, "The 'constitution of Medina,' which settled... | 410 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.