text string | id string | dump string | url string | file_path string | language string | language_score float64 | token_count int64 | score float64 | int_score int64 | embedding list | count int64 | Content string | Tokens int64 | Top_Lang string | Top_Conf float64 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
In the years prior to World War II, the Italian fleet had developed a new underwater weapon, the SLC, a slow torpedo which was manned by two divers. Submerged, and thereby unseen, the frogmen on the SLC could get close in to the enemy ships and mine them. The frogmen trained in attacking their own ships, and after many excercises developed a procedure for approach and placing mines under the ships.
Tags & Taxonomy
As soon as the submarine was in position, and the frogmen were out, the containers were opened and the SLC drawn out. The frogmen then tested all the functions of the SLC before setting out for the target. The first part of the trip took place on the surface, when only the heads of the frogmen were above the surface. The frogmen had full face masks on but breathed through a valve in the mouthpiece out to the air in order not to deplete the oxygen stores.
The harbours were generally barred by submarine nets which the frogmen had to pass either under or over. They could also cut their way through using wire-cutters. Free from the nets and into the harbour, the frogmen picked out the chosen target by its silhouette because the attacks took place at night. They had to get so close to the target that they could often hear and see the watch crew on the deck.
During the last part of the trip on the surface the sternmost frogman lowered his head beneath the surface and breathed using his oxygen apparatus, so that there was as little as possible to be seen by any watchmen on the ships. The leading frogman then also went over to breathing using his oxygen apparatus and was ready to release the air from the tank of the SLC. In that way could they quickly disappear from the surface if it happened, for example, that a searchlight could get close and illuminate them.
Acquiring the target
When the target had been identified, and at a distance of ca 30 meters from it, the leading frogman took a compass bearing and then let the SLC disappear beneath the surface. At about 8 to 10 meters depth the SLC was trimmed to sail horizontally. It was now cold, dark and quiet around the frogmen. As they slowly sailed towards the target the frogmen kept an eye on the remaining light filtering down from the surface.
When the light disappeared they knew that they were beneath the ship. The SLC was stopped and a little air was released into the tank between the frogmen so that the SLC now had a slight positive buoyancy causing it to rise up to the bottom of the ship. The frogmen raised a hand over their heads to take the force of contact with the ship’s bottom.
With one hand one the bottom of the ship they returned in the direction from which they had come until the stern-most frogman felt the bilge keel. The bilge keel is a thick piece of sheet-iron which runs along both sides of the hull in order to stabilise the ship against rolling. With a clap on the shoulder of the driver the stern-most frogman told the driver that he had found the bilge keel. He quickly took a clamp and a steel wire from the toolbox behind him and fixed the wire to the bilge keel using the clamp.
Two claps on the shoulder of the driver informed him that the wire was now fixed in place, and the SLC was now sailed over to the other side of the hull where the procedure was repeated. There was now a wire stretched out beneath the ship. Holding the wire the frogmen now pulled themselves to under the middle of the ship. The stern-most frogman now left his seat and crept past the driver in order to fix the mine, which formed the bows of the SLC, to the wire. At the same time the driver of the SLC held it fast between his legs.
After the mine had been fixed the timing mechanism was activated. This would cause the mine to explode 2½ hours later. He then released the SLC from the mine and crept back to his seat. Three claps on the shoulder of the driver told him that the task was completed, and that it was now time to get away. It was impossible to find a way back to the submarine and the frogmen, if possible, had to try and reach a neutral coast where they could sink the SLC. This procedure shown to be possible during training but was found to be much more difficult during operations against the Allies.
Attacking the British
On the 10th June, 1940 Italy declared war against England and France. It was now that the SLC could show what it could do. The first attack was planned for the night between the 25th and 26th August, 1940. The target was the English fleet in Alexandria. The submarine Iride took the frogmen from La Spezia to Bomba west of Tobruk, where Iride met the torpedoboat Calipso, which carried four SLC. This method of transporting the SLC was chosen in order to avoid damage to them should the submarine be forced into deep water.
On the morning of the 21st August, when the SLC were being transferred to Iride, and the submarine refuelled - ready to carry out a test dive – three English torpedo planes appeared on the horizon. They flew low over the sea and opened fire against Iride. A torpedo hit the submarine amidships and it immediately sank in 15 meters of water.
Calipso immediately sailed to where Iride had sunk. They found that the frogmen and some of the crew had escaped from the wreck. Without oxygen equipment – it was in the Iride - the frogmen dived down to the submarine and connected a buoy to it. A message was sent to Tobruk asking for help, and after some time a diver arrived with some diving equipment. The frogmen and the diver made contact with the survivors in the submarine using knocking signal. The crew of the submarine signalled that the external hatch of the sluice could not be opened from inside.
The hatch was stuck tightly in the hatch frame by the explosion. However, the frogmen and the diver succeeded in opening the hatch but it was damaged and could not be closed tightly. The frogmen signalled to the crew of the submarine that they should open the second hatch into the hull and attempt to reach the surface. The order was discussed in the submarine but they thought that the crew preferred to remain in the submarine. It was signalled from outside to the trapped crew that they should come out within half an hour or they would be left to their fate. There was no answer.
From the deck of the Calipso the frogmen maintained a watch on the sea and hoped that the crew in the submarine would take a chance rather than await the inevitable. After some time a large amount of air was released from the submarine – the hatch had been opened – and the survivors appeared one by one on the surface after being trapped for 24 hours on the bottom of the sea.
”Enemy ship 800 meters”
The next attempt was made in September 1940. The Italians would attack two English fleet-bases simultaneously – Alexandria and Gibraltar. The submarine Gondar sailed for Alexandria and Scire for Gibraltar. After 9 days at sea the Gondar reached Alexandria on 29th September. At the time intended for the operations to start Gondar received a radio message from Rome: ”The English fleet has left harbour – return to Tobruk”.
The disappointment was great, so close and so had the fleet left harbour. They were very close to the naval-base and probably a watch at the base had observed the submarine and raised the alarm. After just a few minutes sailing the alarm sounded on the submarine: ”Enemy ship 800 meters”. Gondar dived immediately, and a hunt now began during which Gondar was under constant bombardment by depth-charges, causing it to dive deeper and deeper.
The hunt continued all night, and in the morning at 8 o’clock the Gondar could not take it any more and began to sink uncontrollably. All the air was blown into the tanks in order to stop the dive. It succeeded, and the Gondar stopped at 155 meters, but now an uncontrolled rise to the surface began with an ever increasing speed. The crew got ready to abandon the submarine as soon as it had reached the surface. Gondar floated on the surface for only a few minutes before it again sank. In spite of this, all the crew excepting one managed to escape from the wreck. The attacking destroyer collected up the surviving frogmen and submarine crew, among them Toschi who spent the rest of the war as a prisoner.
Attack on Gibraltar
Scire reached Gibraltar at the same time as Gondar reached Alexandria. Just 50 miles from Gibraltar and 4 hours prior to the planned attack Scire received a radio message: ”The fleet has left harbour – return to La Maddalena”. This time was not a success either. The English had apparently detected one of the submarines but didn’t know its intentions.
They were ready for yet another attack on Gibraltar in October 1940. Under the command of Valerio Borghese the Scire would transport three SLC to Gibraltar, where they would attack the English battleships. The frogmen were the same as were recalled from the previous mission. This time the frogmen were with the Scire the whole way from La Spezia to Gibraltar. The Scire reached the Straits of Gibraltar on the 27th October. Two days later the Scire, submerged and against the strong current, succeeded in entering the Strait.
Outside the Bay of Algiceras, where the fleetbase was situated, the Scire waited 70 meters down on the rocky bottom to await the coming night. Sounds could clearly be heard in the submarine from the shipping traffic. In the evening the Scire sailed slowly into the bay. Only the most absolutely necessary equipment was in operation, and the crew avoided any unnecessary noise in order not to be detected. They constantly heard the noise from the screws of the patrol boats passing over them.
Around midnight they were in position 3 miles from the fleet-base, and the submarine rose to the surface in order to launch the frogmen. Here they received the latest messages which stated that there were two battleships in the harbour. All was now ready, and after a short time on the surface the Scire dived again and crept out of the bay. The frogmen were now on their own. After they had completed their operation they should aim for the Spanish coast where an Italian agent awaited them and who would ensure their transport back to Italy.
The SLC of De La Penne and Bianchi was the first to fail. After sailing for about 20 minutes De La Penne dived to avoid a searchlight. At a depth of 15 meters the engine stopped and the SLC dropped to the bottom at 40 meters. It proved impossible to restart the motor, so the frogmen swam to the surface, got rid of their oxygen equipment and began swimming towards the Spanish coast.
Tesei and Pedretti got right in to the north mole of the naval base, only to discover that one of the oxygen apparatuses was filled with water and the other had other malfunctions. The reserve apparatus also proved to be unusable. Furthermore, it was not possible to trim the SLC which was sloping downwards towards the stern. The frogmen decided to call off the operation. They dropped the explosive charge and sailed off towards the Spanish coast.
Attack on HMS Barham
Birindelli and Paccagnini also had problems in trimming the SLC. One of the oxygen apparatuses was filled with water but was substituted by the reserve. Soon after there were problems with the motor, which could only function at low revolutions. The SLC became heavier and heavier, probably because water was getting in. In spite of this, they managed to continue with the bows above the water, keeping the SLC floating.
But the SLC was so inclined in the water that the sternmost frogman was beneath the surface and had to use his oxygen apparatus. In the entrance to the harbour they had to be on the surface and get past some floating barriers densely covered with iron spikes. After passing the second barrier they found the battleship Barham just 250 meters in front of them. They took at compass bearing on the battleship and let the SLC sink to the bottom 14 meters below.
However, the oxygen in the sternmost frogman’s apparatus was now exhausted and he had to rise to the surface. Birindelli continued along the sea bottom but the motor soon gave up. Birindelli ascended to the surface and found that he was just about 70 meters from the Barham. He immediately let himself sink to the bottom and attempted to manoeuvre the SLC under the battleship. After half an hour’s hard work he was totally exhausted and his oxygen used up.
He activated the fuse and ascended to the surface. He got rid of his apparatus and suit, and climed up on to the mole where he managed for a short while to keep himself hidden.. However, he was discovered and handed over to the English. Shortly afterwards the charge exploded without damaging the Barham. The rest of the frogmen reached Spain and returned from there to Italy, but Birindelli and Paccagnini were held as prisoners for the rest of the war. ....
Download the full article ⬇︎
FOCUS: PHILIPPINES: Dumaguate - Ligpo Island - Malapascua - Dauin - Profile: Phil Nyutten :: Guadalupe Sharks :: Worlds Deepest Wreck Dive :: Portfolio: Ray Troll : Valentines Gifts :: The First Frogmen, part 2 :: Nova Scotia :: Photography and Travelling ... and much more more | <urn:uuid:80d68133-bd03-4946-9f72-4d5ab70847cb> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://xray-mag.com/content/first-frogmen-part-2 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594101.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119010920-20200119034920-00202.warc.gz | en | 0.983245 | 2,890 | 4.125 | 4 | [
-0.2935846447944641,
0.2573511600494385,
0.29171818494796753,
-0.5297375917434692,
-0.16483385860919952,
-0.016421202570199966,
0.3164796829223633,
0.3660123646259308,
-0.10693314671516418,
-0.1087431013584137,
0.2863641679286957,
-0.25638872385025024,
0.04683532565832138,
0.64620804786682... | 3 | In the years prior to World War II, the Italian fleet had developed a new underwater weapon, the SLC, a slow torpedo which was manned by two divers. Submerged, and thereby unseen, the frogmen on the SLC could get close in to the enemy ships and mine them. The frogmen trained in attacking their own ships, and after many excercises developed a procedure for approach and placing mines under the ships.
Tags & Taxonomy
As soon as the submarine was in position, and the frogmen were out, the containers were opened and the SLC drawn out. The frogmen then tested all the functions of the SLC before setting out for the target. The first part of the trip took place on the surface, when only the heads of the frogmen were above the surface. The frogmen had full face masks on but breathed through a valve in the mouthpiece out to the air in order not to deplete the oxygen stores.
The harbours were generally barred by submarine nets which the frogmen had to pass either under or over. They could also cut their way through using wire-cutters. Free from the nets and into the harbour, the frogmen picked out the chosen target by its silhouette because the attacks took place at night. They had to get so close to the target that they could often hear and see the watch crew on the deck.
During the last part of the trip on the surface the sternmost frogman lowered his head beneath the surface and breathed using his oxygen apparatus, so that there was as little as possible to be seen by any watchmen on the ships. The leading frogman then also went over to breathing using his oxygen apparatus and was ready to release the air from the tank of the SLC. In that way could they quickly disappear from the surface if it happened, for example, that a searchlight could get close and illuminate them.
Acquiring the target
When the target had been identified, and at a distance of ca 30 meters from it, the leading frogman took a compass bearing and then let the SLC disappear beneath the surface. At about 8 to 10 meters depth the SLC was trimmed to sail horizontally. It was now cold, dark and quiet around the frogmen. As they slowly sailed towards the target the frogmen kept an eye on the remaining light filtering down from the surface.
When the light disappeared they knew that they were beneath the ship. The SLC was stopped and a little air was released into the tank between the frogmen so that the SLC now had a slight positive buoyancy causing it to rise up to the bottom of the ship. The frogmen raised a hand over their heads to take the force of contact with the ship’s bottom.
With one hand one the bottom of the ship they returned in the direction from which they had come until the stern-most frogman felt the bilge keel. The bilge keel is a thick piece of sheet-iron which runs along both sides of the hull in order to stabilise the ship against rolling. With a clap on the shoulder of the driver the stern-most frogman told the driver that he had found the bilge keel. He quickly took a clamp and a steel wire from the toolbox behind him and fixed the wire to the bilge keel using the clamp.
Two claps on the shoulder of the driver informed him that the wire was now fixed in place, and the SLC was now sailed over to the other side of the hull where the procedure was repeated. There was now a wire stretched out beneath the ship. Holding the wire the frogmen now pulled themselves to under the middle of the ship. The stern-most frogman now left his seat and crept past the driver in order to fix the mine, which formed the bows of the SLC, to the wire. At the same time the driver of the SLC held it fast between his legs.
After the mine had been fixed the timing mechanism was activated. This would cause the mine to explode 2½ hours later. He then released the SLC from the mine and crept back to his seat. Three claps on the shoulder of the driver told him that the task was completed, and that it was now time to get away. It was impossible to find a way back to the submarine and the frogmen, if possible, had to try and reach a neutral coast where they could sink the SLC. This procedure shown to be possible during training but was found to be much more difficult during operations against the Allies.
Attacking the British
On the 10th June, 1940 Italy declared war against England and France. It was now that the SLC could show what it could do. The first attack was planned for the night between the 25th and 26th August, 1940. The target was the English fleet in Alexandria. The submarine Iride took the frogmen from La Spezia to Bomba west of Tobruk, where Iride met the torpedoboat Calipso, which carried four SLC. This method of transporting the SLC was chosen in order to avoid damage to them should the submarine be forced into deep water.
On the morning of the 21st August, when the SLC were being transferred to Iride, and the submarine refuelled - ready to carry out a test dive – three English torpedo planes appeared on the horizon. They flew low over the sea and opened fire against Iride. A torpedo hit the submarine amidships and it immediately sank in 15 meters of water.
Calipso immediately sailed to where Iride had sunk. They found that the frogmen and some of the crew had escaped from the wreck. Without oxygen equipment – it was in the Iride - the frogmen dived down to the submarine and connected a buoy to it. A message was sent to Tobruk asking for help, and after some time a diver arrived with some diving equipment. The frogmen and the diver made contact with the survivors in the submarine using knocking signal. The crew of the submarine signalled that the external hatch of the sluice could not be opened from inside.
The hatch was stuck tightly in the hatch frame by the explosion. However, the frogmen and the diver succeeded in opening the hatch but it was damaged and could not be closed tightly. The frogmen signalled to the crew of the submarine that they should open the second hatch into the hull and attempt to reach the surface. The order was discussed in the submarine but they thought that the crew preferred to remain in the submarine. It was signalled from outside to the trapped crew that they should come out within half an hour or they would be left to their fate. There was no answer.
From the deck of the Calipso the frogmen maintained a watch on the sea and hoped that the crew in the submarine would take a chance rather than await the inevitable. After some time a large amount of air was released from the submarine – the hatch had been opened – and the survivors appeared one by one on the surface after being trapped for 24 hours on the bottom of the sea.
”Enemy ship 800 meters”
The next attempt was made in September 1940. The Italians would attack two English fleet-bases simultaneously – Alexandria and Gibraltar. The submarine Gondar sailed for Alexandria and Scire for Gibraltar. After 9 days at sea the Gondar reached Alexandria on 29th September. At the time intended for the operations to start Gondar received a radio message from Rome: ”The English fleet has left harbour – return to Tobruk”.
The disappointment was great, so close and so had the fleet left harbour. They were very close to the naval-base and probably a watch at the base had observed the submarine and raised the alarm. After just a few minutes sailing the alarm sounded on the submarine: ”Enemy ship 800 meters”. Gondar dived immediately, and a hunt now began during which Gondar was under constant bombardment by depth-charges, causing it to dive deeper and deeper.
The hunt continued all night, and in the morning at 8 o’clock the Gondar could not take it any more and began to sink uncontrollably. All the air was blown into the tanks in order to stop the dive. It succeeded, and the Gondar stopped at 155 meters, but now an uncontrolled rise to the surface began with an ever increasing speed. The crew got ready to abandon the submarine as soon as it had reached the surface. Gondar floated on the surface for only a few minutes before it again sank. In spite of this, all the crew excepting one managed to escape from the wreck. The attacking destroyer collected up the surviving frogmen and submarine crew, among them Toschi who spent the rest of the war as a prisoner.
Attack on Gibraltar
Scire reached Gibraltar at the same time as Gondar reached Alexandria. Just 50 miles from Gibraltar and 4 hours prior to the planned attack Scire received a radio message: ”The fleet has left harbour – return to La Maddalena”. This time was not a success either. The English had apparently detected one of the submarines but didn’t know its intentions.
They were ready for yet another attack on Gibraltar in October 1940. Under the command of Valerio Borghese the Scire would transport three SLC to Gibraltar, where they would attack the English battleships. The frogmen were the same as were recalled from the previous mission. This time the frogmen were with the Scire the whole way from La Spezia to Gibraltar. The Scire reached the Straits of Gibraltar on the 27th October. Two days later the Scire, submerged and against the strong current, succeeded in entering the Strait.
Outside the Bay of Algiceras, where the fleetbase was situated, the Scire waited 70 meters down on the rocky bottom to await the coming night. Sounds could clearly be heard in the submarine from the shipping traffic. In the evening the Scire sailed slowly into the bay. Only the most absolutely necessary equipment was in operation, and the crew avoided any unnecessary noise in order not to be detected. They constantly heard the noise from the screws of the patrol boats passing over them.
Around midnight they were in position 3 miles from the fleet-base, and the submarine rose to the surface in order to launch the frogmen. Here they received the latest messages which stated that there were two battleships in the harbour. All was now ready, and after a short time on the surface the Scire dived again and crept out of the bay. The frogmen were now on their own. After they had completed their operation they should aim for the Spanish coast where an Italian agent awaited them and who would ensure their transport back to Italy.
The SLC of De La Penne and Bianchi was the first to fail. After sailing for about 20 minutes De La Penne dived to avoid a searchlight. At a depth of 15 meters the engine stopped and the SLC dropped to the bottom at 40 meters. It proved impossible to restart the motor, so the frogmen swam to the surface, got rid of their oxygen equipment and began swimming towards the Spanish coast.
Tesei and Pedretti got right in to the north mole of the naval base, only to discover that one of the oxygen apparatuses was filled with water and the other had other malfunctions. The reserve apparatus also proved to be unusable. Furthermore, it was not possible to trim the SLC which was sloping downwards towards the stern. The frogmen decided to call off the operation. They dropped the explosive charge and sailed off towards the Spanish coast.
Attack on HMS Barham
Birindelli and Paccagnini also had problems in trimming the SLC. One of the oxygen apparatuses was filled with water but was substituted by the reserve. Soon after there were problems with the motor, which could only function at low revolutions. The SLC became heavier and heavier, probably because water was getting in. In spite of this, they managed to continue with the bows above the water, keeping the SLC floating.
But the SLC was so inclined in the water that the sternmost frogman was beneath the surface and had to use his oxygen apparatus. In the entrance to the harbour they had to be on the surface and get past some floating barriers densely covered with iron spikes. After passing the second barrier they found the battleship Barham just 250 meters in front of them. They took at compass bearing on the battleship and let the SLC sink to the bottom 14 meters below.
However, the oxygen in the sternmost frogman’s apparatus was now exhausted and he had to rise to the surface. Birindelli continued along the sea bottom but the motor soon gave up. Birindelli ascended to the surface and found that he was just about 70 meters from the Barham. He immediately let himself sink to the bottom and attempted to manoeuvre the SLC under the battleship. After half an hour’s hard work he was totally exhausted and his oxygen used up.
He activated the fuse and ascended to the surface. He got rid of his apparatus and suit, and climed up on to the mole where he managed for a short while to keep himself hidden.. However, he was discovered and handed over to the English. Shortly afterwards the charge exploded without damaging the Barham. The rest of the frogmen reached Spain and returned from there to Italy, but Birindelli and Paccagnini were held as prisoners for the rest of the war. ....
Download the full article ⬇︎
FOCUS: PHILIPPINES: Dumaguate - Ligpo Island - Malapascua - Dauin - Profile: Phil Nyutten :: Guadalupe Sharks :: Worlds Deepest Wreck Dive :: Portfolio: Ray Troll : Valentines Gifts :: The First Frogmen, part 2 :: Nova Scotia :: Photography and Travelling ... and much more more | 2,894 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Please explain the last two lines of "Sonnet 18" by William shakespeare.
What the last two lines of this sonnet mean is that Shakespeare is bragging about the importance of his work and of this poem in particular.
In the rest of the poem, he has talked about (among other things) how brief and transient a summer's day is. Then he has contrasted that with how his love will be immortal. He has said that she will never die because he has written this poem about her (that is what the line just before the couplet is saying).
In the couplet, he completes the thought by saying that as long as people exist, this poem will exist and she will live in the poem.
check Approved by eNotes Editorial | <urn:uuid:e64ecc63-1565-4420-b669-91b9f8fdae8f> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.enotes.com/homework-help/give-me-large-explanation-last-two-lines-from-177065?en_action=hh-question_click&en_label=hh-sidebar&en_category=internal_campaign | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251690095.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126165718-20200126195718-00539.warc.gz | en | 0.981478 | 155 | 3.34375 | 3 | [
-0.5124374032020569,
0.006821126211434603,
0.3329933285713196,
0.22346368432044983,
-0.09717556089162827,
-0.03832782804965973,
0.41027340292930603,
0.23193684220314026,
-0.05007468909025192,
-0.3193413019180298,
-0.02093922719359398,
-0.11302848160266876,
-0.12348896265029907,
0.245351701... | 3 | Please explain the last two lines of "Sonnet 18" by William shakespeare.
What the last two lines of this sonnet mean is that Shakespeare is bragging about the importance of his work and of this poem in particular.
In the rest of the poem, he has talked about (among other things) how brief and transient a summer's day is. Then he has contrasted that with how his love will be immortal. He has said that she will never die because he has written this poem about her (that is what the line just before the couplet is saying).
In the couplet, he completes the thought by saying that as long as people exist, this poem will exist and she will live in the poem.
check Approved by eNotes Editorial | 154 | ENGLISH | 1 |
A primary school science experiment has earned a young girl national recognition and may herald some good news both for teachers and the environment.
A Grade Seven pupil of HP Ngwenya Public Primary School in Chesterville, Durban, has chalked up a win for teachers.
The young teen has created a chalk that emits minimal dust and is environmentally friendly.
Maluta Gcabashe (13) hit upon the idea after noticing how her teachers were often covered in chalk dust. “Most teachers get their hands dirty when they write on the board. Chalk dust is also not healthy to breathe in,” said Gcabashe.
She set about researching chalk production, reading scientific articles and watching videos she found online. “I learned the techniques online with my mentor but then applied my own additions to the concept,” she said.
Gcabashe has already created two chalks using Maizena, popularly known as corn flour, and eggshells.
Her first chalk was Maizena-based and was moulded in a toilet paper inner that she had made narrower. The second used eggshells, Maizena and water. “I took the eggs’ inner membrane and then grounded it. I grounded it until it was a fine powder, before mixing it with Maizena,” she said.
Both mixtures were then left to set for 24 hours.
The invention got the nod from teachers at a neighbouring high school. “I took my chalk to teachers at Bonela Secondary School and asked them to try it out and they wrote recommendations saying they would use the chalk,” Gcabashe explained.
She was also recognised at the Eskom Expo International Science Fair, where she was awarded the Best Development Project prize.
“The chalk needs to be produced locally using recycled and natural material. I hope it will become accepted by teachers as an alternative to both standard chalk and the kind of chalk one can buy that is dustless,” said Gcabashe. | <urn:uuid:f6d1b1fe-b8e8-4e7c-928d-77b2e2617b74> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.vukuzenzele.gov.za/teen-invents-dust-free-chalk | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251796127.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129102701-20200129132701-00431.warc.gz | en | 0.984485 | 425 | 3.359375 | 3 | [
-0.20177219808101654,
0.2873966097831726,
0.11994297802448273,
0.014658973552286625,
-0.3575761020183563,
0.23405587673187256,
0.24885116517543793,
0.39170265197753906,
-0.20393997430801392,
-0.1759449690580368,
-0.2719133198261261,
-0.6575227975845337,
0.014070038683712482,
0.497509449720... | 9 | A primary school science experiment has earned a young girl national recognition and may herald some good news both for teachers and the environment.
A Grade Seven pupil of HP Ngwenya Public Primary School in Chesterville, Durban, has chalked up a win for teachers.
The young teen has created a chalk that emits minimal dust and is environmentally friendly.
Maluta Gcabashe (13) hit upon the idea after noticing how her teachers were often covered in chalk dust. “Most teachers get their hands dirty when they write on the board. Chalk dust is also not healthy to breathe in,” said Gcabashe.
She set about researching chalk production, reading scientific articles and watching videos she found online. “I learned the techniques online with my mentor but then applied my own additions to the concept,” she said.
Gcabashe has already created two chalks using Maizena, popularly known as corn flour, and eggshells.
Her first chalk was Maizena-based and was moulded in a toilet paper inner that she had made narrower. The second used eggshells, Maizena and water. “I took the eggs’ inner membrane and then grounded it. I grounded it until it was a fine powder, before mixing it with Maizena,” she said.
Both mixtures were then left to set for 24 hours.
The invention got the nod from teachers at a neighbouring high school. “I took my chalk to teachers at Bonela Secondary School and asked them to try it out and they wrote recommendations saying they would use the chalk,” Gcabashe explained.
She was also recognised at the Eskom Expo International Science Fair, where she was awarded the Best Development Project prize.
“The chalk needs to be produced locally using recycled and natural material. I hope it will become accepted by teachers as an alternative to both standard chalk and the kind of chalk one can buy that is dustless,” said Gcabashe. | 395 | ENGLISH | 1 |
For almost a month, small groups of men explored the coast around Cape Cod Bay while the rest remained aboard ship. On December 21, the scouts chose a settlement location near Plymouth Harbor. There they found a freshwater stream, a land clearing, and a hill that would provide protection. The Mayflower sailed across the bay and anchored in Plymouth Harbor on December 26.
The colonists continued living on the ship during the winter while the men rowed ashore during the day to build houses. It was a difficult time for the colonists. Hard work, a severe lack of food, and harsh weather took their toll. A devastating illness of colds, coughs, and fevers swept through the group, killing about half of the colonists and crew.
The Pilgrims were well aware of the native presence, especially because they were too weak to defend themselves from attack. They buried their dead at night to hide their dwindling number. The natives undoubtedly kept the settlers under constant surveillance and knew of their losses, but mostly kept their distance.
By mid-March, the weather began to clear, and there were enough houses for everyone to leave the ship. Soon after, a native named Samoset boldly walked into the village and introduced himself in broken English to the startled colonists. He was an Abenaki chief from present-day Maine, who had learned some English from European fishermen. He was on an extended visit with the nearby Wampanoag tribe. Most New England tribes spoke the Algonquian language and could communicate with each other.
Samoset answered many questions from the colonists, describing the land, people, places, and distances. He explained that the colonists had settled in an area previously inhabited by the Patuxet, a native tribe wiped out by an epidemic four years earlier. He told them there was one surviving Patuxet who could speak even better English than he did.
A few days later Samoset returned with Tisquantum, also known as Squanto. Several years before, Squanto had been kidnapped by Englishmen and taken to Europe, where he learned to speak English. He escaped and returned to America, only to find all of his people dead. With no home left, Squanto had settled with the Wampanoags.
Samoset and Squanto arranged a meeting that day between the colonists and Massasoit, the king of the Wampanoags. The meeting led to a long-lasting treaty of friendship and mutual defense. They agreed that (1) the Wampanoags would not harm the colonists; (2) if anyone did cause harm, Massasoit would send the offender so that the colonists might punish him; (3) if anything were stolen, Massasoit would see to its return, and the colonists would do likewise; (4) if anyone unjustly attacked the Wampanoags or colonists in an act of war, the other would give aid; (5) Massasoit would notify neighboring tribes of the treaty so that they might not harm the colonists; (6) when the Wampanoags visited the colonists, they would leave their bows and arrows behind; and (7) King James would esteem Massasoit as his friend and ally.
Squanto remained with the malnourished and weakened settlers and became an invaluable member of the colony. Over the summer, he taught them to grow corn, catch fish, dig clams, extract maple syrup, and avoid poisonous plants. Another Wampanoag, Hobbamock, also lived among the colonists. With the help and guidance of the natives, the Plymouth colony survived.
When the Mayflower sailed back to England in April, not a single surviving passenger left with the ship. By early fall, the colonists had regained their strength. They were living in freedom, and their food stores would carry them through the winter. They had reason to be thankful.
Out of 102 passengers, only 51 survived the first winter.
The first thing women did upon arrival in the New World was laundry.
Full immersion baths were rare–they were thought to open the pores and allow diseases to enter the skin; however, the Pilgrims washed themselves regularly with "sponge baths."
Pilgrim children bowed and curtsied to their parents and other adults.
The colonists thought the Natives were too lenient with their children.
Pilgrim children's chores included fetching water, gathering firewood,
herding animals, gathering berries, and helping cook, clean, tend crops, and take care of the younger children.
Only 4 of 18 women survived the first year. They were in the ship's cramped quarters taking care of the sick.
Although daughters were generally believed too weak for the initial voyage, girls were by far the heartiest survivors.
Children did not go to school; they were taught to read and write by parents or neighbors.
Both boys and girls wore dresses or "gowns" until age six or seven, when boys began wearing knee-length britches.
The colonists were shocked by Samoset's nakedness, as he simply wore around his waist a leather belt with fringe. When the wind picked up, they threw a coat around him.
The Wampanoags did not wear feather headdresses or live in teepees. Those are characteristics of the Great Plain natives. | <urn:uuid:a18557ce-a792-43f9-b886-cc4605a27090> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.okmayflower.com/plymouth-colony | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250610919.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123131001-20200123160001-00318.warc.gz | en | 0.985094 | 1,095 | 4.1875 | 4 | [
0.19914713501930237,
0.3910790681838989,
0.16499316692352295,
-0.6296870708465576,
-0.19955863058567047,
-0.46031129360198975,
0.06329692155122757,
0.10200580954551697,
-0.48708388209342957,
-0.13868170976638794,
0.25047871470451355,
-0.14101625978946686,
0.1359286606311798,
0.280697822570... | 8 | For almost a month, small groups of men explored the coast around Cape Cod Bay while the rest remained aboard ship. On December 21, the scouts chose a settlement location near Plymouth Harbor. There they found a freshwater stream, a land clearing, and a hill that would provide protection. The Mayflower sailed across the bay and anchored in Plymouth Harbor on December 26.
The colonists continued living on the ship during the winter while the men rowed ashore during the day to build houses. It was a difficult time for the colonists. Hard work, a severe lack of food, and harsh weather took their toll. A devastating illness of colds, coughs, and fevers swept through the group, killing about half of the colonists and crew.
The Pilgrims were well aware of the native presence, especially because they were too weak to defend themselves from attack. They buried their dead at night to hide their dwindling number. The natives undoubtedly kept the settlers under constant surveillance and knew of their losses, but mostly kept their distance.
By mid-March, the weather began to clear, and there were enough houses for everyone to leave the ship. Soon after, a native named Samoset boldly walked into the village and introduced himself in broken English to the startled colonists. He was an Abenaki chief from present-day Maine, who had learned some English from European fishermen. He was on an extended visit with the nearby Wampanoag tribe. Most New England tribes spoke the Algonquian language and could communicate with each other.
Samoset answered many questions from the colonists, describing the land, people, places, and distances. He explained that the colonists had settled in an area previously inhabited by the Patuxet, a native tribe wiped out by an epidemic four years earlier. He told them there was one surviving Patuxet who could speak even better English than he did.
A few days later Samoset returned with Tisquantum, also known as Squanto. Several years before, Squanto had been kidnapped by Englishmen and taken to Europe, where he learned to speak English. He escaped and returned to America, only to find all of his people dead. With no home left, Squanto had settled with the Wampanoags.
Samoset and Squanto arranged a meeting that day between the colonists and Massasoit, the king of the Wampanoags. The meeting led to a long-lasting treaty of friendship and mutual defense. They agreed that (1) the Wampanoags would not harm the colonists; (2) if anyone did cause harm, Massasoit would send the offender so that the colonists might punish him; (3) if anything were stolen, Massasoit would see to its return, and the colonists would do likewise; (4) if anyone unjustly attacked the Wampanoags or colonists in an act of war, the other would give aid; (5) Massasoit would notify neighboring tribes of the treaty so that they might not harm the colonists; (6) when the Wampanoags visited the colonists, they would leave their bows and arrows behind; and (7) King James would esteem Massasoit as his friend and ally.
Squanto remained with the malnourished and weakened settlers and became an invaluable member of the colony. Over the summer, he taught them to grow corn, catch fish, dig clams, extract maple syrup, and avoid poisonous plants. Another Wampanoag, Hobbamock, also lived among the colonists. With the help and guidance of the natives, the Plymouth colony survived.
When the Mayflower sailed back to England in April, not a single surviving passenger left with the ship. By early fall, the colonists had regained their strength. They were living in freedom, and their food stores would carry them through the winter. They had reason to be thankful.
Out of 102 passengers, only 51 survived the first winter.
The first thing women did upon arrival in the New World was laundry.
Full immersion baths were rare–they were thought to open the pores and allow diseases to enter the skin; however, the Pilgrims washed themselves regularly with "sponge baths."
Pilgrim children bowed and curtsied to their parents and other adults.
The colonists thought the Natives were too lenient with their children.
Pilgrim children's chores included fetching water, gathering firewood,
herding animals, gathering berries, and helping cook, clean, tend crops, and take care of the younger children.
Only 4 of 18 women survived the first year. They were in the ship's cramped quarters taking care of the sick.
Although daughters were generally believed too weak for the initial voyage, girls were by far the heartiest survivors.
Children did not go to school; they were taught to read and write by parents or neighbors.
Both boys and girls wore dresses or "gowns" until age six or seven, when boys began wearing knee-length britches.
The colonists were shocked by Samoset's nakedness, as he simply wore around his waist a leather belt with fringe. When the wind picked up, they threw a coat around him.
The Wampanoags did not wear feather headdresses or live in teepees. Those are characteristics of the Great Plain natives. | 1,107 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Zachary Taylor, a general and national hero in the United States Army from the time of the Mexican-American War and the the War of 1812, was later elected the 12th President of the United States, serving from March 1849 until his death in July 1850.
Northerners and Southerners disputed sharply whether the territories wrested from Mexico should be opened to slavery, and some Southerners even threatened secession. Standing firm, Zachary Taylor was prepared to hold the Union together by armed force rather than by compromise.
Born in Virginia in 1784, he was taken as an infant to Kentucky and raised on a plantation. He was a career officer in the Army, but his talk was most often of cotton raising. His home was in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, and he owned a plantation in Mississippi.
But Taylor did not defend slavery or southern sectionalism; 40 years in the Army made him a strong nationalist.
He spent a quarter of a century policing the frontiers against Indians. In the Mexican War he won major victories at Monterrey and Buena Vista.
President Polk, disturbed by General Taylor’s informal habits of command and perhaps his Whiggery as well, kept him in northern Mexico and sent an expedition under Gen. Winfield Scott to capture Mexico City. Taylor, incensed, thought that “the battle of Buena Vista opened the road to the city of Mexico and the halls of Montezuma, that others might revel in them.”
“Old Rough and Ready’s” homespun ways were political assets. His long military record would appeal to northerners; his ownership of 100 slaves would lure southern votes. He had not committed himself on troublesome issues. The Whigs nominated him to run against the Democratic candidate, Lewis Cass, who favored letting the residents of territories decide for themselves whether they wanted slavery.
In protest against Taylor the slaveholder and Cass the advocate of “squatter sovereignty,” northerners who opposed extension of slavery into territories formed a Free Soil Party and nominated Martin Van Buren. In a close election, the Free Soilers pulled enough votes away from Cass to elect Taylor.
Although Taylor had subscribed to Whig principles of legislative leadership, he was not inclined to be a puppet of Whig leaders in Congress. He acted at times as though he were above parties and politics. As disheveled as always, Taylor tried to run his administration in the same rule-of-thumb fashion with which he had fought Indians.
Traditionally, people could decide whether they wanted slavery when they drew up new state constitutions. Therefore, to end the dispute over slavery in new areas, Taylor urged settlers in New Mexico and California to draft constitutions and apply for statehood, bypassing the territorial stage.
Southerners were furious, since neither state constitution was likely to permit slavery; Members of Congress were dismayed, since they felt the President was usurping their policy-making prerogatives. In addition, Taylor’s solution ignored several acute side issues: the northern dislike of the slave market operating in the District of Columbia; and the southern demands for a more stringent fugitive slave law.
In February 1850 President Taylor had held a stormy conference with southern leaders who threatened secession. He told them that if necessary to enforce the laws, he personally would lead the Army. Persons “taken in rebellion against the Union, he would hang … with less reluctance than he had hanged deserters and spies in Mexico.” He never wavered.
Then events took an unexpected turn. After participating in ceremonies at the Washington Monument on a blistering July 4, Taylor fell ill; within five days he was dead. After his death, the forces of compromise triumphed, but the war Taylor had been willing to face came 11 years later. In it, his only son Richard served as a general in the Confederate Army.
- November, 24, 1784
- Orange County, Virginia
- July, 09, 1850
- Washington D.C.
Cause of Death
- cholera morbus
- Zachary Taylor National Cemetery
- Louisville, Kentucky | <urn:uuid:27b98c7b-d216-420d-a443-82f0e2353847> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | http://www.foundagrave.com/grave/zachary-taylor/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251694908.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127051112-20200127081112-00003.warc.gz | en | 0.980277 | 860 | 3.734375 | 4 | [
0.05862168222665787,
0.2766715884208679,
0.3201608955860138,
0.09774227440357208,
-0.3767838478088379,
-0.06312061101198196,
0.04995360225439072,
0.23963651061058044,
-0.6005561351776123,
-0.07043921947479248,
-0.2055312991142273,
0.40627580881118774,
0.09661136567592621,
0.199748605489730... | 4 | Zachary Taylor, a general and national hero in the United States Army from the time of the Mexican-American War and the the War of 1812, was later elected the 12th President of the United States, serving from March 1849 until his death in July 1850.
Northerners and Southerners disputed sharply whether the territories wrested from Mexico should be opened to slavery, and some Southerners even threatened secession. Standing firm, Zachary Taylor was prepared to hold the Union together by armed force rather than by compromise.
Born in Virginia in 1784, he was taken as an infant to Kentucky and raised on a plantation. He was a career officer in the Army, but his talk was most often of cotton raising. His home was in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, and he owned a plantation in Mississippi.
But Taylor did not defend slavery or southern sectionalism; 40 years in the Army made him a strong nationalist.
He spent a quarter of a century policing the frontiers against Indians. In the Mexican War he won major victories at Monterrey and Buena Vista.
President Polk, disturbed by General Taylor’s informal habits of command and perhaps his Whiggery as well, kept him in northern Mexico and sent an expedition under Gen. Winfield Scott to capture Mexico City. Taylor, incensed, thought that “the battle of Buena Vista opened the road to the city of Mexico and the halls of Montezuma, that others might revel in them.”
“Old Rough and Ready’s” homespun ways were political assets. His long military record would appeal to northerners; his ownership of 100 slaves would lure southern votes. He had not committed himself on troublesome issues. The Whigs nominated him to run against the Democratic candidate, Lewis Cass, who favored letting the residents of territories decide for themselves whether they wanted slavery.
In protest against Taylor the slaveholder and Cass the advocate of “squatter sovereignty,” northerners who opposed extension of slavery into territories formed a Free Soil Party and nominated Martin Van Buren. In a close election, the Free Soilers pulled enough votes away from Cass to elect Taylor.
Although Taylor had subscribed to Whig principles of legislative leadership, he was not inclined to be a puppet of Whig leaders in Congress. He acted at times as though he were above parties and politics. As disheveled as always, Taylor tried to run his administration in the same rule-of-thumb fashion with which he had fought Indians.
Traditionally, people could decide whether they wanted slavery when they drew up new state constitutions. Therefore, to end the dispute over slavery in new areas, Taylor urged settlers in New Mexico and California to draft constitutions and apply for statehood, bypassing the territorial stage.
Southerners were furious, since neither state constitution was likely to permit slavery; Members of Congress were dismayed, since they felt the President was usurping their policy-making prerogatives. In addition, Taylor’s solution ignored several acute side issues: the northern dislike of the slave market operating in the District of Columbia; and the southern demands for a more stringent fugitive slave law.
In February 1850 President Taylor had held a stormy conference with southern leaders who threatened secession. He told them that if necessary to enforce the laws, he personally would lead the Army. Persons “taken in rebellion against the Union, he would hang … with less reluctance than he had hanged deserters and spies in Mexico.” He never wavered.
Then events took an unexpected turn. After participating in ceremonies at the Washington Monument on a blistering July 4, Taylor fell ill; within five days he was dead. After his death, the forces of compromise triumphed, but the war Taylor had been willing to face came 11 years later. In it, his only son Richard served as a general in the Confederate Army.
- November, 24, 1784
- Orange County, Virginia
- July, 09, 1850
- Washington D.C.
Cause of Death
- cholera morbus
- Zachary Taylor National Cemetery
- Louisville, Kentucky | 857 | ENGLISH | 1 |
1 Xenothon’s Account The Apology [extracts] Translation by H. G. Dakyns
Xenophon the Athenian was born 431 B.C. He was a pupil of Socrates. The Apology describes Socrates' state of mind at his trial and execution, and especially his view that it was better to die before senility set in than to escape execution by humbling himself before an unjust persecution. Xenophon was away at the time, involved in the events of the march of the ten thousand.
Among the reminiscences of Socrates, none, as it seems to me, is more deserving of record than the counsel he took with himself …. but also as to the ending of his life. Others have written on this theme, and all without exception have touched upon the lofty style of the philosopher, which may be taken as a proof that the language used by Socrates was really of that type. But none of these writers has brought out clearly the fact that Socrates had come to regard death as for himself preferable to life; and consequently there is just a suspicion of foolhardiness in the arrogancy of his address. We have, however, from the lips of one of his intimate acquaintances, Hermogenes… says that, ……"That is strange!" he answered again: "Strange, do you call it, that to God it should seem better for me to die at once? Do you not know that up to this moment I will not concede to any man to have lived a better life than I have; since what can exceed the pleasure, which has been mine, of knowing that my whole life has been spent holily and justly? ….And now if my age is still to be prolonged, I know that I cannot escape paying the penalty of old age, in increasing dimness of sight and dulness of hearing. I shall find myself slower to learn new lessons, and apter to forget the lessons I have learnt. And if to these be added the consciousness of failing powers, the sting of self- reproach, what prospect have I of any further joy in living? It may be, you know," he added, "that God out of his great kindness is intervening in my behalf to suffer me to close my life in the ripeness of age, and by the gentlest of deaths….
"No doubt," he added, "the gods were right in opposing me at that time (touching the inquiry, what I was to say in my defence), when you all thought the great thing was to discover some means of acquittal; since, had I effected that, it is clear I should have prepared for myself, not that surcease from life which is in store for me anon, but to end my days wasted by disease, or by old age, on which a confluent stream of evil things most alien to joyousness converges."
2 Plato’s Account From http://www.age-of-the-sage.org/greek/philosopher/phaedo.html
As related in the Crito Socrates is imprisoned awaiting the time when a sacred ship returns from Delos as this will lift a prohibition on the completion of the sentence he faces - the drinking of the fatal poison - Hemlock.
Socrates' friends offer him a sure escape to Thessaly but Socrates insists that he cannot return evil for evil. He has a duty to respect the due process of the Law in the city that had nurtured him.
The very last days of Socrates are related in Plato's the Phaedo. The sacred ship has arrived back from Delos, Socrates shackles are removed and he is allowed a final visit from his weeping wife Xanthippe who has brought with her their infant son in her arms.
Following Xanthippe's visit Socrates' final hours were spent in discussion with a group of his friends, the subjects of discussion including "the immortality of the soul". This discussion was later written about by Plato who was not actually present on this last day possibly because his own distress might well have disappointed his friend Socrates.
The discussions set out in the Phaedo feature a justification of a life lived with a view to the "cultivation of the Soul". The Orphic and Pythagorean faith background against which Socrates lives accepted the deathlessness of the Soul, and accepted physical death as also involving the release of the Soul.
Where a person had lived a good life, - had cultivated their Soul, - they were held to merit a far more pleasant situation in an afterlife reincarnation than where a person had led a bad life.
The very fact of belief in an afterlife making the cultivation of the Soul a matter of the utmost importance.
People were deemed to be "chattels of God" however and were not deemed to be free to seeking induction into the afterlife by taking their own lives.
Crito asks Socrates in what way would he like to be buried. Socrates replied that he would be happy to be buried any way Crito likes, provided the Crito can get hold of him and takes care that he does not walk away.
Socrates then addressed the whole company present and smilingly commented that Crito had difficulty in perceiving that the real Socrates would soon depart to the joys of the blessed and that only his body would remain to be buried.
Socrates went into the bath chamber in order to wash and save the womenfolk the task of washing his body after death. While he was gone his friends considered amongst thenselves how like a father Socrates was to them and how like orphans they would be before long.
After a final visit from Socrates sons and womenfolk just before sunset a jailer entered and respectfully and tearfully told Socrates that the time was come for him to drink the cup of Hemlock.
Shortly thereafter the Hemlock was brought to Socrates who drank it as if a libation to the Gods. Socrates upbraided some of his assembled friends for the extremity of their distress.
As was usual in such cases Socrates was required to walk about a little until a certain heaviness, due to the effects of the Hemlock, crept into his legs. Thereafter condemned persons could expect their bodies to be increasingly overtaken by a fatal numbness.
Just before his death Socrates last words were:-
Crito, we owe a cock to Aesculapius; please pay it and don't let it pass.
Aesculapius was the God of Medicine and these words implied that Socrates felt that he owed a debt to the God of Medicine because of the cup of Hemlock he had just drunk.
After Socrates' death opinion in Athens turned against his accusers.
3 From Plato, “Phaedo” 64A supplied by Bryan Halson
Ordinary people seem not to realise that those who really apply themselves in the right way to philosophy are directly and of their own accord preparing themselves for dying and death. If this is true, and they have actually been looking forward to death all their lives, it would of course be absurd to be troubled when the thing comes for which they have so long been preparing and looking forward.
4 From Wiki
According to his pupil, Xenophon of Athens [Greek historian, soldier, mercenary, philosopher – about 430-354 BCE], Socrates purposefully gave a defiant defense to the jury because "he believed he would be better off dead" - explaining the rigors of old age, and how Socrates would be glad to circumvent them by being sentenced to death. It is also understood that Socrates also wished to die because he "actually believed the right time had come for him to die."
5 From web http://www.deathreference.com/Sh-Sy/Socrates.html
In Phaedo, he told his friend that there was nothing to fear. Death will turn out either to be a long sleep or, even better, the entry to a splendid new form of life. Socrates's ability to accept his death with equanimity became a model for wisdom and courage on the verge of death. He lived his philosophy to the last moment, treating the unfortunate jailer with kindness as he brought forward the cup of deadly hemlock.
Read more: http://www.deathreference.com/Sh-Sy/Socrates.html#ixzz2VAfIx5ja
CD compiled May 2013 | <urn:uuid:b8e209bf-5050-42ff-8752-9ac6f29a1813> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | http://essaydocs.org/the-elderly-in-society.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250599789.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120195035-20200120224035-00421.warc.gz | en | 0.983071 | 1,728 | 3.4375 | 3 | [
-0.20703095197677612,
0.28250008821487427,
0.3411087989807129,
-0.13871143758296967,
-0.40637528896331787,
-0.36927735805511475,
0.4649501144886017,
0.30300334095954895,
0.24794185161590576,
-0.3716806173324585,
-0.2299642562866211,
-0.20745696127414703,
0.0669303759932518,
0.1611687988042... | 1 | 1 Xenothon’s Account The Apology [extracts] Translation by H. G. Dakyns
Xenophon the Athenian was born 431 B.C. He was a pupil of Socrates. The Apology describes Socrates' state of mind at his trial and execution, and especially his view that it was better to die before senility set in than to escape execution by humbling himself before an unjust persecution. Xenophon was away at the time, involved in the events of the march of the ten thousand.
Among the reminiscences of Socrates, none, as it seems to me, is more deserving of record than the counsel he took with himself …. but also as to the ending of his life. Others have written on this theme, and all without exception have touched upon the lofty style of the philosopher, which may be taken as a proof that the language used by Socrates was really of that type. But none of these writers has brought out clearly the fact that Socrates had come to regard death as for himself preferable to life; and consequently there is just a suspicion of foolhardiness in the arrogancy of his address. We have, however, from the lips of one of his intimate acquaintances, Hermogenes… says that, ……"That is strange!" he answered again: "Strange, do you call it, that to God it should seem better for me to die at once? Do you not know that up to this moment I will not concede to any man to have lived a better life than I have; since what can exceed the pleasure, which has been mine, of knowing that my whole life has been spent holily and justly? ….And now if my age is still to be prolonged, I know that I cannot escape paying the penalty of old age, in increasing dimness of sight and dulness of hearing. I shall find myself slower to learn new lessons, and apter to forget the lessons I have learnt. And if to these be added the consciousness of failing powers, the sting of self- reproach, what prospect have I of any further joy in living? It may be, you know," he added, "that God out of his great kindness is intervening in my behalf to suffer me to close my life in the ripeness of age, and by the gentlest of deaths….
"No doubt," he added, "the gods were right in opposing me at that time (touching the inquiry, what I was to say in my defence), when you all thought the great thing was to discover some means of acquittal; since, had I effected that, it is clear I should have prepared for myself, not that surcease from life which is in store for me anon, but to end my days wasted by disease, or by old age, on which a confluent stream of evil things most alien to joyousness converges."
2 Plato’s Account From http://www.age-of-the-sage.org/greek/philosopher/phaedo.html
As related in the Crito Socrates is imprisoned awaiting the time when a sacred ship returns from Delos as this will lift a prohibition on the completion of the sentence he faces - the drinking of the fatal poison - Hemlock.
Socrates' friends offer him a sure escape to Thessaly but Socrates insists that he cannot return evil for evil. He has a duty to respect the due process of the Law in the city that had nurtured him.
The very last days of Socrates are related in Plato's the Phaedo. The sacred ship has arrived back from Delos, Socrates shackles are removed and he is allowed a final visit from his weeping wife Xanthippe who has brought with her their infant son in her arms.
Following Xanthippe's visit Socrates' final hours were spent in discussion with a group of his friends, the subjects of discussion including "the immortality of the soul". This discussion was later written about by Plato who was not actually present on this last day possibly because his own distress might well have disappointed his friend Socrates.
The discussions set out in the Phaedo feature a justification of a life lived with a view to the "cultivation of the Soul". The Orphic and Pythagorean faith background against which Socrates lives accepted the deathlessness of the Soul, and accepted physical death as also involving the release of the Soul.
Where a person had lived a good life, - had cultivated their Soul, - they were held to merit a far more pleasant situation in an afterlife reincarnation than where a person had led a bad life.
The very fact of belief in an afterlife making the cultivation of the Soul a matter of the utmost importance.
People were deemed to be "chattels of God" however and were not deemed to be free to seeking induction into the afterlife by taking their own lives.
Crito asks Socrates in what way would he like to be buried. Socrates replied that he would be happy to be buried any way Crito likes, provided the Crito can get hold of him and takes care that he does not walk away.
Socrates then addressed the whole company present and smilingly commented that Crito had difficulty in perceiving that the real Socrates would soon depart to the joys of the blessed and that only his body would remain to be buried.
Socrates went into the bath chamber in order to wash and save the womenfolk the task of washing his body after death. While he was gone his friends considered amongst thenselves how like a father Socrates was to them and how like orphans they would be before long.
After a final visit from Socrates sons and womenfolk just before sunset a jailer entered and respectfully and tearfully told Socrates that the time was come for him to drink the cup of Hemlock.
Shortly thereafter the Hemlock was brought to Socrates who drank it as if a libation to the Gods. Socrates upbraided some of his assembled friends for the extremity of their distress.
As was usual in such cases Socrates was required to walk about a little until a certain heaviness, due to the effects of the Hemlock, crept into his legs. Thereafter condemned persons could expect their bodies to be increasingly overtaken by a fatal numbness.
Just before his death Socrates last words were:-
Crito, we owe a cock to Aesculapius; please pay it and don't let it pass.
Aesculapius was the God of Medicine and these words implied that Socrates felt that he owed a debt to the God of Medicine because of the cup of Hemlock he had just drunk.
After Socrates' death opinion in Athens turned against his accusers.
3 From Plato, “Phaedo” 64A supplied by Bryan Halson
Ordinary people seem not to realise that those who really apply themselves in the right way to philosophy are directly and of their own accord preparing themselves for dying and death. If this is true, and they have actually been looking forward to death all their lives, it would of course be absurd to be troubled when the thing comes for which they have so long been preparing and looking forward.
4 From Wiki
According to his pupil, Xenophon of Athens [Greek historian, soldier, mercenary, philosopher – about 430-354 BCE], Socrates purposefully gave a defiant defense to the jury because "he believed he would be better off dead" - explaining the rigors of old age, and how Socrates would be glad to circumvent them by being sentenced to death. It is also understood that Socrates also wished to die because he "actually believed the right time had come for him to die."
5 From web http://www.deathreference.com/Sh-Sy/Socrates.html
In Phaedo, he told his friend that there was nothing to fear. Death will turn out either to be a long sleep or, even better, the entry to a splendid new form of life. Socrates's ability to accept his death with equanimity became a model for wisdom and courage on the verge of death. He lived his philosophy to the last moment, treating the unfortunate jailer with kindness as he brought forward the cup of deadly hemlock.
Read more: http://www.deathreference.com/Sh-Sy/Socrates.html#ixzz2VAfIx5ja
CD compiled May 2013 | 1,723 | ENGLISH | 1 |
History and museums
Victoria Tower is a Grade II listed Gothic Revival clock tower located alongside Salisbury Dock in Liverpool, England. Positioned among the two river entrance gates to the Salisbury Dock itself, the tower acted as an aid to ships by providing both an accurate time and also warning of impending meteorological changes.
Victoria Tower was designed by Jesse Hartley and was constructed between 1847 and 1848, to commemorate the opening of Salisbury Dock. Its design was based upon an earlier drawing by Philip Hardwick in 1846.
Victoria Tower, which was often referred to as the 'docker's clock', was built as an aid to ships in the port, as it allowed them to set the correct time as they sailed out into the Irish Sea, while its bell warned of impending meteorological changes such as high tide and fog. Upon its completion is also served as a flat for the Pier Master.
In 1975, the building was added to the Statutory List of Buildings of Special Architectural or Historic Interest with Grade II status.
Due to the decline in docking within Liverpool, the tower has fallen into a state of disrepair suffering significant decay due to both water and wind damage. The tower is also overgrown with vegetation and has a leaking roof. Nonetheless, despite being in a state of dereliction, Victoria Tower is part of the Stanley Dock Conservation Area and also Liverpool's World Heritage Maritime Mercantile City.
In April 2010, it was announced that Victoria Tower, along with several other buildings around Clarence and Salisbury docks, would be repaired by owners, Peel Holdings. The tower and the areas around it are also included in the proposed £5.5bn regeneration programme, Liverpool Waters.
Hartley's inspiration for the tower's design was the castle architecture of the Rhine region in Central Europe and is clearly visible in the numerous embrasures that are cut into the tower walls. It was constructed from 'irregular shaped' blocks of grey granite, a building material that was used in many of Hartley's other construction projects. The tower can be roughly split into three portions: | <urn:uuid:87960516-d31c-4925-9a12-90fce6cd3849> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.cruisebe.com/victoria-tower-liverpool-uk | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251687725.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126043644-20200126073644-00422.warc.gz | en | 0.984116 | 423 | 3.359375 | 3 | [
0.20794150233268738,
-0.24855747818946838,
0.5800831317901611,
0.5131634473800659,
-0.3267354965209961,
0.32219621539115906,
-0.2896566390991211,
-0.14942561089992523,
-0.11171068996191025,
0.2123674750328064,
0.1541745960712433,
-0.24687662720680237,
0.30188584327697754,
0.009674586355686... | 2 | History and museums
Victoria Tower is a Grade II listed Gothic Revival clock tower located alongside Salisbury Dock in Liverpool, England. Positioned among the two river entrance gates to the Salisbury Dock itself, the tower acted as an aid to ships by providing both an accurate time and also warning of impending meteorological changes.
Victoria Tower was designed by Jesse Hartley and was constructed between 1847 and 1848, to commemorate the opening of Salisbury Dock. Its design was based upon an earlier drawing by Philip Hardwick in 1846.
Victoria Tower, which was often referred to as the 'docker's clock', was built as an aid to ships in the port, as it allowed them to set the correct time as they sailed out into the Irish Sea, while its bell warned of impending meteorological changes such as high tide and fog. Upon its completion is also served as a flat for the Pier Master.
In 1975, the building was added to the Statutory List of Buildings of Special Architectural or Historic Interest with Grade II status.
Due to the decline in docking within Liverpool, the tower has fallen into a state of disrepair suffering significant decay due to both water and wind damage. The tower is also overgrown with vegetation and has a leaking roof. Nonetheless, despite being in a state of dereliction, Victoria Tower is part of the Stanley Dock Conservation Area and also Liverpool's World Heritage Maritime Mercantile City.
In April 2010, it was announced that Victoria Tower, along with several other buildings around Clarence and Salisbury docks, would be repaired by owners, Peel Holdings. The tower and the areas around it are also included in the proposed £5.5bn regeneration programme, Liverpool Waters.
Hartley's inspiration for the tower's design was the castle architecture of the Rhine region in Central Europe and is clearly visible in the numerous embrasures that are cut into the tower walls. It was constructed from 'irregular shaped' blocks of grey granite, a building material that was used in many of Hartley's other construction projects. The tower can be roughly split into three portions: | 432 | ENGLISH | 1 |
The Deinstitutionalization of the Mentally Ill
The homeless- found on city park benches, street corners, and subway grates. Where did all of these people come from? One third, to one half of the homeless suffer from a mental illness. A lot is said about the homeless-mentally ill, but what their plight says about us may be more significant. We still have not found a place for those who are both poor and insane. Once there was a place for them; the asylum fulfilled the basic needs of thousands for decades, but now these institutions lay empty and in ruin. Has the hope to heal the mentally ill also been abandoned? Is there once again a need for the asylum? The disbandment of the asylum was the first step in ending segregation for those with mental illness, but we have yet to accomplish integration.
The concept of the asylum was originally meant to be a place of retreat for a sorely troubled individual. Appalled by the treatment of the insane, a woman by the name of Dorothea Dix set out to persuade legislature to establish thirty-two new asylums in several states across the country. This included the monumental government hospital, St. Elizabeth’s, in D.C. Dix believed that the most deranged individuals would recover from their illness if they were treated with kindness and dignity. These hospitals were set apart from the community and were made to provide a place of retreat from busy city life, a place for healing. The hospital grounds were peaceful and relaxing. With this environment and a structured day complete with evening entertainment it was thought that a patient would need only a few months to heal. The first patient arrived at St. Elizabeth’s in 1855. Dorothea Dix once said, “If the person’s insanity was detected soon enough and treated early with this moral treatment he would recover in months as if it were a cold or flu” (qtd. in Asylum: A History of the Mental Institution in America).
Unfortunately, asylum founders could only guess at the causes of insanity. Patient after patient was admitted into the state hospitals, but the cause of their disturbance was often a mystery. Many were inflicted with various organic diseases, like dementia, Huntington’s disease, brain tumors, and many were in the third stage of syphilis. With no treatments available, providing humane care was all that could be done. In the years following the civil war American cities boomed and the asylum began struggling to keep up. Soldiers, freed slaves, and immigrants were stranded in a strange land. The asylum became organized more like a factory or small town. There were upper and lower classman, bosses and workers, patients with nothing, and patients with privileges. Sarah Burrows, a schizophrenic and daughter of a wealthy doctor had a ten bedroom house that was built for her on the hospital grounds. Burrows home was just a stone’s throw away from the hospital’s west wing, where over sixty black women slept side by side. (Asylum: A History of the Mental... | <urn:uuid:260ddda5-9409-41a8-81fa-1e4449cfd2a3> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://brightkite.com/essay-on/deinstitutionalization-of-this-mentally-ill | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250614086.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123221108-20200124010108-00089.warc.gz | en | 0.982592 | 626 | 3.6875 | 4 | [
-0.13068850338459015,
-0.035698384046554565,
0.23053528368473053,
-0.08837606012821198,
0.1832859367132187,
0.3971656858921051,
-0.04187273606657982,
0.13367314636707306,
-0.36373886466026306,
-0.2814720869064331,
0.4671068489551544,
-0.09946727752685547,
-0.1934168040752411,
0.03186392784... | 1 | The Deinstitutionalization of the Mentally Ill
The homeless- found on city park benches, street corners, and subway grates. Where did all of these people come from? One third, to one half of the homeless suffer from a mental illness. A lot is said about the homeless-mentally ill, but what their plight says about us may be more significant. We still have not found a place for those who are both poor and insane. Once there was a place for them; the asylum fulfilled the basic needs of thousands for decades, but now these institutions lay empty and in ruin. Has the hope to heal the mentally ill also been abandoned? Is there once again a need for the asylum? The disbandment of the asylum was the first step in ending segregation for those with mental illness, but we have yet to accomplish integration.
The concept of the asylum was originally meant to be a place of retreat for a sorely troubled individual. Appalled by the treatment of the insane, a woman by the name of Dorothea Dix set out to persuade legislature to establish thirty-two new asylums in several states across the country. This included the monumental government hospital, St. Elizabeth’s, in D.C. Dix believed that the most deranged individuals would recover from their illness if they were treated with kindness and dignity. These hospitals were set apart from the community and were made to provide a place of retreat from busy city life, a place for healing. The hospital grounds were peaceful and relaxing. With this environment and a structured day complete with evening entertainment it was thought that a patient would need only a few months to heal. The first patient arrived at St. Elizabeth’s in 1855. Dorothea Dix once said, “If the person’s insanity was detected soon enough and treated early with this moral treatment he would recover in months as if it were a cold or flu” (qtd. in Asylum: A History of the Mental Institution in America).
Unfortunately, asylum founders could only guess at the causes of insanity. Patient after patient was admitted into the state hospitals, but the cause of their disturbance was often a mystery. Many were inflicted with various organic diseases, like dementia, Huntington’s disease, brain tumors, and many were in the third stage of syphilis. With no treatments available, providing humane care was all that could be done. In the years following the civil war American cities boomed and the asylum began struggling to keep up. Soldiers, freed slaves, and immigrants were stranded in a strange land. The asylum became organized more like a factory or small town. There were upper and lower classman, bosses and workers, patients with nothing, and patients with privileges. Sarah Burrows, a schizophrenic and daughter of a wealthy doctor had a ten bedroom house that was built for her on the hospital grounds. Burrows home was just a stone’s throw away from the hospital’s west wing, where over sixty black women slept side by side. (Asylum: A History of the Mental... | 614 | ENGLISH | 1 |
An elaborately decorated Pinkas now kept at the Central Archives for the History of the Jewish People tells the story of the Talmud Torah of Riga which sought to return former child soldiers – and their children – to their Jewish roots.
In 1827, the Imperial Russian Army began drafting Jewish citizens into its ranks. When Nicholas I set up the draft laws for the Jewish community, they had some significant differences than the laws applied to the rest of his subjects.
The new draft laws forced Jews to contribute more cantonists (children taken into special state schools to be trained for military service) than the general population, creating a disproportionate number of Jewish conscripts. Instead of applying the age requirements already in place for recruitment that called for the draft of 18 year-olds, the law for Jews allowed for children aged 12 to 25 to be drafted into the military.
The leaders of the Jewish community were tasked with choosing who would be sent to fulfill the conscription quotas. They were also charged with maintaining the financial and social stability of the community. This meant that the community leadership would select those people who were deemed to be the least useful to the community at large for the draft. This included the unskilled, the unmarried, the poor and the young. Those who would not or could not actively contribute to society on a significant level were included on conscription lists. There were also those leaders who chose to send the less fortunate – meaning, those could not afford to bribe their way out – for the draft rather than include their own children on the lists.
As soon as a child was drafted into a cantonist school, their family and community had no choice but to consider him dead, for all practical purposes. Cut off from their homes and loved ones, these youngsters were taken into custody of the state where they were encouraged to forget their religious upbringing, abandon their traditions and convert to Christianity, revealing the not so secret goal of the Czar to utilize the conscription laws as a way to encourage assimilation amongst the most vulnerable parts of the Jewish community.
After completing 25 years of mandated service, many cantonists signed on for additional service and became career military men, while those who chose to take their leave were granted full citizenship rights including the freedom of movement – a freedom that was usually only granted to Jews under special circumstances.
For these soldiers, freedom came with more problems than solutions. With families they didn’t know and no home to return to, the cantonists were left with little choice but to build a new life from scratch in a territory that was now open to them thanks to their newly earned freedom of movement.
A visit to the Central Archives for the History of the Jewish People to speak with Dr. Yochai Ben-Ghedalia gave me new insight into the difficulties faced by these Jewish children turned soldiers who managed to make it out of their service alive and maintain their connection to their roots.
A Pinkas (Jewish community ledger) now preserved in the CAHJP tells the story of one such group of soldiers who, in 1865, settled in Riga and joined the local Jewish community. The unique and ornately decorated Pinkas was brought to Israel in the 1970s through Lishkat Hakesher – Nativ, an organization that helped connect people in the Soviet Union with Zionism and the State of Israel and assisted people who sought to immigrate to Israel.
The cantonists who arrived in Riga, which was still part of the Russian Empire at the time, found that they had a united goal: to rediscover and recommit to their Jewish heritage. These soldiers were a rare breed- not only had they made it out of the military alive, but they had also successfully maintained their religious connection and their desire to rediscover their Jewish roots. The soldiers established the Talmud Torah of Riga, an educational institute focused on Jewish study.
The Pinkas opens with a beautifully written introduction reflecting the tenets of the institution, the importance of Torah study in the lives of the Jewish people and the responsibility that falls on Jews as a nation to ensure all Jewish children are educated in the ways of the Torah with a special emphasis on those who lack a proper teacher. The Pinkas includes a letter from a local rabbi giving his full support to the Talmud Torah and their important and worthy works and then goes on to list 23 points of action in regards to the practical operations and the rules of the organization.
The Talmud Torah took upon itself to hire two teachers who were provided with room and board and were charged with educating participants. Students were divided into two different classes: one dedicated to those who were just starting on their Torah journey and would begin study with the Alef-Bet, the Hebrew alphabet, and one for those who were more advanced and could move forward to bible study and the study of Jewish law.
Membership in the Talmud Torah was approved for any “army orphan,” which essentially referred to any boy born to a cantonist father who was killed during his service. The Talmud Torah also accepted children whose fathers could not care for them or provide them with a proper Jewish education. Admission into the institution was determined by three Gabaim, the people in charge of the day to day logistics of managing the organization.
Years went by and the Talmud Torah continued to serve as an institute of learning but also grew to become a full-fledged synagogue with a surrounding community. The Pinkas begins to discuss the purchase of a plot of land on which to build a new home for the synagogue. As it grew, the Talmud Torah joined forces with other organizations that provided poor children with food and clothing.
The Hanhala (administration) of the Talmud Torah was changed every few years through an election process described in the Pinkas. For every new administration that took charge, a new elaborately decorated page was added to the book to honor the incoming leadership. Interestingly, many of the pages contain similar elements though they were not necessarily created by the same artist. Several of the pages include large, fierce-looking birds, a symbol of the Russian Empire, reflecting the original purpose and members of the Talmud Torah.
In 1937, a page was prepared and designed in dedication to the latest administration but it was never completed. The records in the Pinkas drop off suddenly during the years of the Nazi occupation. While we do not know the specific story of what happened to the participants of the Talmud Torah during the Holocaust, we do know that the majority of the Jewish community in Latvia was murdered in the war. The Pinkas managed to survive the war and a new page was later added in 1959.
When I think back to that five-year-old boy who was taken from his family for a life in a military school before joining the ranks, I can only hope that his future held a community and an adoptive family like the one built by the soldiers who settled in Riga. Their dedication to their heritage and their desire to continue to grow and experience life as Jews, despite the efforts of the authorities to strip them of their families, religion, and identities, is astounding. While the Talmud Torah of Riga may no longer be active, the history of the organization and the strength and dedication of those who worked to build it lives on in the archives of the National Library of Israel.
This post was written as part of Gesher L’Europa, the NLI’s initiative to connect with Europe and make our collections available to diverse audiences in Europe and beyond.
Special thanks to Dr. Yochai Ben-Ghedalia and Dr. Gil Weissblei for their assistance in writing this article. | <urn:uuid:85f59fca-cb9f-40fb-88fe-d955066837ff> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://blog.nli.org.il/en/lbh_child_soldiers/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250606975.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122101729-20200122130729-00251.warc.gz | en | 0.984222 | 1,563 | 3.8125 | 4 | [
-0.4694761335849762,
0.0813831090927124,
-0.16462121903896332,
-0.12619788944721222,
-0.15872237086296082,
0.12402157485485077,
0.007342031225562096,
0.09033267199993134,
-0.38346049189567566,
-0.19455131888389587,
0.240861713886261,
0.19380399584770203,
-0.28828203678131104,
-0.0133665520... | 3 | An elaborately decorated Pinkas now kept at the Central Archives for the History of the Jewish People tells the story of the Talmud Torah of Riga which sought to return former child soldiers – and their children – to their Jewish roots.
In 1827, the Imperial Russian Army began drafting Jewish citizens into its ranks. When Nicholas I set up the draft laws for the Jewish community, they had some significant differences than the laws applied to the rest of his subjects.
The new draft laws forced Jews to contribute more cantonists (children taken into special state schools to be trained for military service) than the general population, creating a disproportionate number of Jewish conscripts. Instead of applying the age requirements already in place for recruitment that called for the draft of 18 year-olds, the law for Jews allowed for children aged 12 to 25 to be drafted into the military.
The leaders of the Jewish community were tasked with choosing who would be sent to fulfill the conscription quotas. They were also charged with maintaining the financial and social stability of the community. This meant that the community leadership would select those people who were deemed to be the least useful to the community at large for the draft. This included the unskilled, the unmarried, the poor and the young. Those who would not or could not actively contribute to society on a significant level were included on conscription lists. There were also those leaders who chose to send the less fortunate – meaning, those could not afford to bribe their way out – for the draft rather than include their own children on the lists.
As soon as a child was drafted into a cantonist school, their family and community had no choice but to consider him dead, for all practical purposes. Cut off from their homes and loved ones, these youngsters were taken into custody of the state where they were encouraged to forget their religious upbringing, abandon their traditions and convert to Christianity, revealing the not so secret goal of the Czar to utilize the conscription laws as a way to encourage assimilation amongst the most vulnerable parts of the Jewish community.
After completing 25 years of mandated service, many cantonists signed on for additional service and became career military men, while those who chose to take their leave were granted full citizenship rights including the freedom of movement – a freedom that was usually only granted to Jews under special circumstances.
For these soldiers, freedom came with more problems than solutions. With families they didn’t know and no home to return to, the cantonists were left with little choice but to build a new life from scratch in a territory that was now open to them thanks to their newly earned freedom of movement.
A visit to the Central Archives for the History of the Jewish People to speak with Dr. Yochai Ben-Ghedalia gave me new insight into the difficulties faced by these Jewish children turned soldiers who managed to make it out of their service alive and maintain their connection to their roots.
A Pinkas (Jewish community ledger) now preserved in the CAHJP tells the story of one such group of soldiers who, in 1865, settled in Riga and joined the local Jewish community. The unique and ornately decorated Pinkas was brought to Israel in the 1970s through Lishkat Hakesher – Nativ, an organization that helped connect people in the Soviet Union with Zionism and the State of Israel and assisted people who sought to immigrate to Israel.
The cantonists who arrived in Riga, which was still part of the Russian Empire at the time, found that they had a united goal: to rediscover and recommit to their Jewish heritage. These soldiers were a rare breed- not only had they made it out of the military alive, but they had also successfully maintained their religious connection and their desire to rediscover their Jewish roots. The soldiers established the Talmud Torah of Riga, an educational institute focused on Jewish study.
The Pinkas opens with a beautifully written introduction reflecting the tenets of the institution, the importance of Torah study in the lives of the Jewish people and the responsibility that falls on Jews as a nation to ensure all Jewish children are educated in the ways of the Torah with a special emphasis on those who lack a proper teacher. The Pinkas includes a letter from a local rabbi giving his full support to the Talmud Torah and their important and worthy works and then goes on to list 23 points of action in regards to the practical operations and the rules of the organization.
The Talmud Torah took upon itself to hire two teachers who were provided with room and board and were charged with educating participants. Students were divided into two different classes: one dedicated to those who were just starting on their Torah journey and would begin study with the Alef-Bet, the Hebrew alphabet, and one for those who were more advanced and could move forward to bible study and the study of Jewish law.
Membership in the Talmud Torah was approved for any “army orphan,” which essentially referred to any boy born to a cantonist father who was killed during his service. The Talmud Torah also accepted children whose fathers could not care for them or provide them with a proper Jewish education. Admission into the institution was determined by three Gabaim, the people in charge of the day to day logistics of managing the organization.
Years went by and the Talmud Torah continued to serve as an institute of learning but also grew to become a full-fledged synagogue with a surrounding community. The Pinkas begins to discuss the purchase of a plot of land on which to build a new home for the synagogue. As it grew, the Talmud Torah joined forces with other organizations that provided poor children with food and clothing.
The Hanhala (administration) of the Talmud Torah was changed every few years through an election process described in the Pinkas. For every new administration that took charge, a new elaborately decorated page was added to the book to honor the incoming leadership. Interestingly, many of the pages contain similar elements though they were not necessarily created by the same artist. Several of the pages include large, fierce-looking birds, a symbol of the Russian Empire, reflecting the original purpose and members of the Talmud Torah.
In 1937, a page was prepared and designed in dedication to the latest administration but it was never completed. The records in the Pinkas drop off suddenly during the years of the Nazi occupation. While we do not know the specific story of what happened to the participants of the Talmud Torah during the Holocaust, we do know that the majority of the Jewish community in Latvia was murdered in the war. The Pinkas managed to survive the war and a new page was later added in 1959.
When I think back to that five-year-old boy who was taken from his family for a life in a military school before joining the ranks, I can only hope that his future held a community and an adoptive family like the one built by the soldiers who settled in Riga. Their dedication to their heritage and their desire to continue to grow and experience life as Jews, despite the efforts of the authorities to strip them of their families, religion, and identities, is astounding. While the Talmud Torah of Riga may no longer be active, the history of the organization and the strength and dedication of those who worked to build it lives on in the archives of the National Library of Israel.
This post was written as part of Gesher L’Europa, the NLI’s initiative to connect with Europe and make our collections available to diverse audiences in Europe and beyond.
Special thanks to Dr. Yochai Ben-Ghedalia and Dr. Gil Weissblei for their assistance in writing this article. | 1,576 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Not to be confused with 17th century Lord Chancellor of England and renowned philosopher, Sir Francis Bacon, the Francis Bacon we’re talking about here was a prolific 20th century artist. Funny enough, though, he was also British.
With a life spanning from 1909 to 1992, he was a powerhouse of art, returning to terrifying themes and emotional context. Here, we’re sharing everything you need to know about the intriguing, triptych-loving painter.
Pablo Picasso was the reason Bacon began to paint.
Surely, Picasso has been the inspiration for countless artists. But Bacon claims that not only was Picasso an influence, he was the reason. Bacon told the author John Gruen that Picasso “is the father figure who gave me the wish to paint.”
Bacon wasn’t a trained artist in any way but he took cues from many of the masters who came before him. Of course, Picasso was one of those masters but he also drew from the techniques of Diego Velazquez, Nicolas Poussin, and Rembrandt.
Bacon’s mother was a typical 1920s flapper girl.
For whatever reason, it seems that Bacon was not close to his parents. His mother was a socialite and dressed in the latest fashions – think short flapper dresses, cigarette holders, and a cloche hat.
She was born into the Sheffield steel fortune and cared more about her social status than her children. Bacon would draw pictures of women in ‘20s apparel for his mother, surely trying to get her attention. Bacon’s sister remembers the drawings but doesn’t know what happened to them.
Perhaps his estranged relationship with his parents is part of the reason he’d turn to the tumultuous and often horrific subject matter in his paintings.
The film Battleship Potamkin was a major catalyst for Bacon.
Bacon is known for his terrifying and often garish paintings. Images of people screaming in horror or disfigured faces were the norm for Bacon. A famous study by Bacon called Study for the Nurse came from Sergei Eisenstein’s 1925 film Battleship Potamkin.
He was so struck by the film that he considered it a catalyst for many of the open-mouthed fear-stricken characters that would appear in his work throughout his career.
Bacon was known as the “divine demon of British art” and said of his work that he needed to “paint the cry rather than the horror.” One of his most famous pieces, Three Studies for Figures at the Base of a Crucifixion reflected the horrors of World War II.
The piece was controversial at the time, causing a scandal during its 1945 exhibition. Bacon also claimed this to be his first work, even though he had been painting for a while by then. All of Bacon’s early work was destroyed by Bacon himself.
It was purchased by the Tate in 1953 and hardly any of his earlier paintings have been recovered – although it’s noted that Bacon presented exhibitions in the past. The few that have been found sold for exorbitant amounts.
Bacon held the record for the most expensive painting ever sold for a year and a half.
In November 2013, Bacon’s Three Studies of Lucian Freud became the most expensive painting ever to be sold at auction. It brought in $142.4 million and held the record-breaking title for one and a half years.
Interestingly, Bacon was beaten out by his ultimate inspiration Picasso when Women of Algiers sold for $178.36 million in May 2015. If there’s anyone Bacon might be ok “losing” to, it’s probably Picasso.
Bacon was gay.
As a young boy, Bacon was kicked out of his father’s house after getting caught trying on his mother’s underwear. On a hunting trip 16 years later, his father discovered that Bacon was gay.
In some of his art, such as in Two Figures, you can see him expressing his homosexuality, albeit in his typical horrifying way, and eventually, he was in an openly gay relationship with George Dyer.
Sadly, their love story ended tragically when Dyer committed suicide during Bacon’s first retrospective at the Grand Palais in 1972. Afterward, Bacon painted a series of triptychs dedicated to his late lover.
Their love story was depicted in the film Love Is the Devil: Study for a Portrait of Francis Bacon directed by John Marbury.
Bacon’s studio was famously messy.
In 1961, Bacon moved into his now-famous studio in South Kensington, London. He painted upstairs in a two-story house at 7 Reece Mews in a room that was never cleaned. The studio was always cluttered with books, magazines, empty tubes of paint, photographs, and clippings.
It might be what you’d expect from a famous painter’s headquarters, like entering into his overstimulated mind. Hardcore Bacon fans can visit a reconstruction of his studio to bask in the glory of Bacon’s messy mind and space.
Still recognized as one of the most influential artists to come out of Britain in the 20th century, Bacon is a household name blending horror and modern art. Known for his triptychs and unfinished studies, Bacon has certainly made his mark on the art world. | <urn:uuid:88b6609f-0740-4cbb-9201-11c05de4f911> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://thecollector.com/what-you-need-to-know-about-francis-bacon/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594333.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119064802-20200119092802-00501.warc.gz | en | 0.988113 | 1,132 | 3.3125 | 3 | [
0.38639721274375916,
0.588689923286438,
0.08854837715625763,
-0.3284440040588379,
-0.30013006925582886,
-0.0784645527601242,
0.542329728603363,
-0.07509961724281311,
0.03729555755853653,
0.14492902159690857,
0.03095654770731926,
-0.5817254185676575,
0.17422588169574738,
0.31580859422683716... | 7 | Not to be confused with 17th century Lord Chancellor of England and renowned philosopher, Sir Francis Bacon, the Francis Bacon we’re talking about here was a prolific 20th century artist. Funny enough, though, he was also British.
With a life spanning from 1909 to 1992, he was a powerhouse of art, returning to terrifying themes and emotional context. Here, we’re sharing everything you need to know about the intriguing, triptych-loving painter.
Pablo Picasso was the reason Bacon began to paint.
Surely, Picasso has been the inspiration for countless artists. But Bacon claims that not only was Picasso an influence, he was the reason. Bacon told the author John Gruen that Picasso “is the father figure who gave me the wish to paint.”
Bacon wasn’t a trained artist in any way but he took cues from many of the masters who came before him. Of course, Picasso was one of those masters but he also drew from the techniques of Diego Velazquez, Nicolas Poussin, and Rembrandt.
Bacon’s mother was a typical 1920s flapper girl.
For whatever reason, it seems that Bacon was not close to his parents. His mother was a socialite and dressed in the latest fashions – think short flapper dresses, cigarette holders, and a cloche hat.
She was born into the Sheffield steel fortune and cared more about her social status than her children. Bacon would draw pictures of women in ‘20s apparel for his mother, surely trying to get her attention. Bacon’s sister remembers the drawings but doesn’t know what happened to them.
Perhaps his estranged relationship with his parents is part of the reason he’d turn to the tumultuous and often horrific subject matter in his paintings.
The film Battleship Potamkin was a major catalyst for Bacon.
Bacon is known for his terrifying and often garish paintings. Images of people screaming in horror or disfigured faces were the norm for Bacon. A famous study by Bacon called Study for the Nurse came from Sergei Eisenstein’s 1925 film Battleship Potamkin.
He was so struck by the film that he considered it a catalyst for many of the open-mouthed fear-stricken characters that would appear in his work throughout his career.
Bacon was known as the “divine demon of British art” and said of his work that he needed to “paint the cry rather than the horror.” One of his most famous pieces, Three Studies for Figures at the Base of a Crucifixion reflected the horrors of World War II.
The piece was controversial at the time, causing a scandal during its 1945 exhibition. Bacon also claimed this to be his first work, even though he had been painting for a while by then. All of Bacon’s early work was destroyed by Bacon himself.
It was purchased by the Tate in 1953 and hardly any of his earlier paintings have been recovered – although it’s noted that Bacon presented exhibitions in the past. The few that have been found sold for exorbitant amounts.
Bacon held the record for the most expensive painting ever sold for a year and a half.
In November 2013, Bacon’s Three Studies of Lucian Freud became the most expensive painting ever to be sold at auction. It brought in $142.4 million and held the record-breaking title for one and a half years.
Interestingly, Bacon was beaten out by his ultimate inspiration Picasso when Women of Algiers sold for $178.36 million in May 2015. If there’s anyone Bacon might be ok “losing” to, it’s probably Picasso.
Bacon was gay.
As a young boy, Bacon was kicked out of his father’s house after getting caught trying on his mother’s underwear. On a hunting trip 16 years later, his father discovered that Bacon was gay.
In some of his art, such as in Two Figures, you can see him expressing his homosexuality, albeit in his typical horrifying way, and eventually, he was in an openly gay relationship with George Dyer.
Sadly, their love story ended tragically when Dyer committed suicide during Bacon’s first retrospective at the Grand Palais in 1972. Afterward, Bacon painted a series of triptychs dedicated to his late lover.
Their love story was depicted in the film Love Is the Devil: Study for a Portrait of Francis Bacon directed by John Marbury.
Bacon’s studio was famously messy.
In 1961, Bacon moved into his now-famous studio in South Kensington, London. He painted upstairs in a two-story house at 7 Reece Mews in a room that was never cleaned. The studio was always cluttered with books, magazines, empty tubes of paint, photographs, and clippings.
It might be what you’d expect from a famous painter’s headquarters, like entering into his overstimulated mind. Hardcore Bacon fans can visit a reconstruction of his studio to bask in the glory of Bacon’s messy mind and space.
Still recognized as one of the most influential artists to come out of Britain in the 20th century, Bacon is a household name blending horror and modern art. Known for his triptychs and unfinished studies, Bacon has certainly made his mark on the art world. | 1,094 | ENGLISH | 1 |
The Government and Political System in Ethiopia
The government of Ethiopia is a Federal Parliamentary Republic. It is led by its Prime Minister who is regarded as the highest officer of the government. The parliament has two chambers who share the legislative powers with the government. Executive powers on the other hand, lie on the government alone.
Ethiopia also has an elected President who serves a term with a maximum of six years. This office has very limited political powers though, thus it is usually regarded as merely a symbolic position. The president is elected into office by the House of People’s Representatives.
The Prime Minister on the other hand is chosen by the party who wins the Legislative Elections. He holds most of the power in the Ethiopian government and he also leads the Council of Ministers of Ethiopia which includes the Deputy Prime Minister, the Minister of Agriculture, the Minister of Foreign Affairs, the Minister of Environment, the Minister of Health, and the Minister of Water Resources. Other additional ministers may be included in the Council of Ministers as soon as they are approved by Ethiopia’s House of People’s Representatives.
The House of People’s Representatives is the first of the two chambers of parliament of Ethiopia. It is known as the lower house and it has 547 members all elected to terms lasting 5 years. 22 of this 547 seats are specifically reserved for minority groups.
The second chamber of the parliament of Ethiopia is the Council of the Federation. Its membership is composed of elected representatives chosen by the Ethiopian State Councils. These State Councils have the option however to hold elections for the people so as to give them a more direct hand in choosing their representative to the Council of the Federation. | <urn:uuid:7ff3ae46-ba23-4365-89be-4f4c48987d93> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.studycountry.com/guide/ET-government.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250597230.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120023523-20200120051523-00343.warc.gz | en | 0.981786 | 343 | 3.53125 | 4 | [
-0.5990650057792664,
0.10147397965192795,
0.3997972905635834,
-0.28831806778907776,
0.12487347424030304,
0.09395036846399307,
0.4078938961029053,
-0.06759973615407944,
0.23980538547039032,
0.617994487285614,
0.2799135148525238,
-0.3195146322250366,
0.020262807607650757,
0.1751970499753952,... | 3 | The Government and Political System in Ethiopia
The government of Ethiopia is a Federal Parliamentary Republic. It is led by its Prime Minister who is regarded as the highest officer of the government. The parliament has two chambers who share the legislative powers with the government. Executive powers on the other hand, lie on the government alone.
Ethiopia also has an elected President who serves a term with a maximum of six years. This office has very limited political powers though, thus it is usually regarded as merely a symbolic position. The president is elected into office by the House of People’s Representatives.
The Prime Minister on the other hand is chosen by the party who wins the Legislative Elections. He holds most of the power in the Ethiopian government and he also leads the Council of Ministers of Ethiopia which includes the Deputy Prime Minister, the Minister of Agriculture, the Minister of Foreign Affairs, the Minister of Environment, the Minister of Health, and the Minister of Water Resources. Other additional ministers may be included in the Council of Ministers as soon as they are approved by Ethiopia’s House of People’s Representatives.
The House of People’s Representatives is the first of the two chambers of parliament of Ethiopia. It is known as the lower house and it has 547 members all elected to terms lasting 5 years. 22 of this 547 seats are specifically reserved for minority groups.
The second chamber of the parliament of Ethiopia is the Council of the Federation. Its membership is composed of elected representatives chosen by the Ethiopian State Councils. These State Councils have the option however to hold elections for the people so as to give them a more direct hand in choosing their representative to the Council of the Federation. | 338 | ENGLISH | 1 |
If you're a woman, especially in a male-dominated field, you probably know what it feels like to be overshadowed by male colleagues, even when you're doing better work than them. All of the women on this list know what that feels like. The group is comprised of scientists, artists, writers, inventors, and humanitarians, who never got credit for their remarkable achievements, and were snubbed when sexism reared its ugly head.
The most remarkable thing about these women is that most of them continued to do hard work in their fields, despite the lack of recognition. They're regarded as trailblazers who wouldn't let the chauvinistic world hold them back.
Let's celebrate these women for their accomplishments.
Lee Krasner was the wife of Jackson Pollock, who is considered to be the leader of the Abstract Expressionist art movement. Pollock never tried to take credit for artwork that his wife created, but there's no doubt that he completely overshadowed her, even though her work was just as revolutionary and brilliant as Pollock's was.
Krasner met Pollock when the two became founding members of American Abstract Artists in 1936. As Pollock's fame grew, the task of managing his career fell to Krasner, and her artwork took a backseat. She didn't begin to shine in her own light until after her husband's death, when the feminist movement of the '60s and '70s highlighted her work. Polluck remains a household name in the world of modern art, while Krasner's name is hardly ever recognized.
Emilie Schindler was the wife of the renowned humanitarian Oskar Schindler. The film Schindler's List commemorates Oskar's effort to save the lives of 1,300 Jews during World War II. The film portrayed Emilie as a supportive partner, but in reality, Emilie was just as involved in the life-saving mission as her husband was.
Oskar Schindler was a man who owned a factory that produced war supplies and convinced the Nazis not to take away any of his Jewish employees because they were essential laborers. Schindler also purposely manufactured faulty bullets to covertly sabotage the Nazis. On one occasion Emilie Schindler intercepted a caravan of four wagons transporting 250 Jews to a death camp. She convinced the Nazis to instead let her take the Jews to her husband's factory and put them to work.
Once Emilie had taken all the prisoners back to the factory, she nursed them back to health. Even when food was scarce and rations were restricted by the government, Emilie managed to find enough food to help the starving victims recover.
Emilie's heroism was largely left out of the Oscar-winning film about her husband. Several years after the film was released, a journalist named Erika Rosenberg published a biography about Emilie Schindler to highlight her courageous work.
Charles Darrow is typically credited with inventing the board game Monopoly during the Great Depression. But a woman named Elizabeth Magie actually came up with the idea decades before Darrow did.
Magie's version, The Landlord's Game, was far more clever (and politically progressive) than Darrow's version. Magie designed her game to have two sets of rules: The first rewarded all the players when wealth was created, and the second rewarded only the players who created monopolies and squelched their competition. Magie's goal was to teach people who played the game that the first set of rules was better.
Darrow didn't agree with Magie's view. He stole her game, stripped it of the first set of rules, and passed the final version off as his own. Magie had sold her game to Parker Brothers and received a mere $500 for it. Charles Darrow sold his version to Parker Brothers years later, and went on to make millions. Magie died in 1948 without ever getting the credit or the money she was due for her creation.
In 1973, when she was still a graduate student, Candace Pert discovered the brain's opiate receptor. Pert's discovery enabled scientists to create new psychiatric drugs, and her technique is still widely used by those studying different brain receptors.
However, the credit for Pert's discovery went to a man named Solomon H. Snyder, the head of the lab where Pert worked. After Snyder received an award for the discovery, and Pert argued that the award should have been hers, Snyder responded, "That's how the game is played."
Despite never receiving credit for her groundbreaking discovery, Pert continued to work in the field of neuroscience until she died in 2013. | <urn:uuid:4755db4f-d1a8-4065-a9c7-838a57e1d57a> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.ranker.com/list/women-in-history-who-didnt-get-credit-for-their-work/katherine-ripley?page=4 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250598217.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120081337-20200120105337-00044.warc.gz | en | 0.985613 | 961 | 3.390625 | 3 | [
-0.10201004892587662,
0.50953209400177,
-0.0010891801211982965,
0.16633713245391846,
0.16377407312393188,
0.531086802482605,
0.5476822853088379,
0.11613292992115021,
-0.16159391403198242,
-0.2547576427459717,
0.3123411536216736,
0.10666242986917496,
0.3165605664253235,
0.08535665273666382,... | 1 | If you're a woman, especially in a male-dominated field, you probably know what it feels like to be overshadowed by male colleagues, even when you're doing better work than them. All of the women on this list know what that feels like. The group is comprised of scientists, artists, writers, inventors, and humanitarians, who never got credit for their remarkable achievements, and were snubbed when sexism reared its ugly head.
The most remarkable thing about these women is that most of them continued to do hard work in their fields, despite the lack of recognition. They're regarded as trailblazers who wouldn't let the chauvinistic world hold them back.
Let's celebrate these women for their accomplishments.
Lee Krasner was the wife of Jackson Pollock, who is considered to be the leader of the Abstract Expressionist art movement. Pollock never tried to take credit for artwork that his wife created, but there's no doubt that he completely overshadowed her, even though her work was just as revolutionary and brilliant as Pollock's was.
Krasner met Pollock when the two became founding members of American Abstract Artists in 1936. As Pollock's fame grew, the task of managing his career fell to Krasner, and her artwork took a backseat. She didn't begin to shine in her own light until after her husband's death, when the feminist movement of the '60s and '70s highlighted her work. Polluck remains a household name in the world of modern art, while Krasner's name is hardly ever recognized.
Emilie Schindler was the wife of the renowned humanitarian Oskar Schindler. The film Schindler's List commemorates Oskar's effort to save the lives of 1,300 Jews during World War II. The film portrayed Emilie as a supportive partner, but in reality, Emilie was just as involved in the life-saving mission as her husband was.
Oskar Schindler was a man who owned a factory that produced war supplies and convinced the Nazis not to take away any of his Jewish employees because they were essential laborers. Schindler also purposely manufactured faulty bullets to covertly sabotage the Nazis. On one occasion Emilie Schindler intercepted a caravan of four wagons transporting 250 Jews to a death camp. She convinced the Nazis to instead let her take the Jews to her husband's factory and put them to work.
Once Emilie had taken all the prisoners back to the factory, she nursed them back to health. Even when food was scarce and rations were restricted by the government, Emilie managed to find enough food to help the starving victims recover.
Emilie's heroism was largely left out of the Oscar-winning film about her husband. Several years after the film was released, a journalist named Erika Rosenberg published a biography about Emilie Schindler to highlight her courageous work.
Charles Darrow is typically credited with inventing the board game Monopoly during the Great Depression. But a woman named Elizabeth Magie actually came up with the idea decades before Darrow did.
Magie's version, The Landlord's Game, was far more clever (and politically progressive) than Darrow's version. Magie designed her game to have two sets of rules: The first rewarded all the players when wealth was created, and the second rewarded only the players who created monopolies and squelched their competition. Magie's goal was to teach people who played the game that the first set of rules was better.
Darrow didn't agree with Magie's view. He stole her game, stripped it of the first set of rules, and passed the final version off as his own. Magie had sold her game to Parker Brothers and received a mere $500 for it. Charles Darrow sold his version to Parker Brothers years later, and went on to make millions. Magie died in 1948 without ever getting the credit or the money she was due for her creation.
In 1973, when she was still a graduate student, Candace Pert discovered the brain's opiate receptor. Pert's discovery enabled scientists to create new psychiatric drugs, and her technique is still widely used by those studying different brain receptors.
However, the credit for Pert's discovery went to a man named Solomon H. Snyder, the head of the lab where Pert worked. After Snyder received an award for the discovery, and Pert argued that the award should have been hers, Snyder responded, "That's how the game is played."
Despite never receiving credit for her groundbreaking discovery, Pert continued to work in the field of neuroscience until she died in 2013. | 968 | ENGLISH | 1 |
"Stay, traveller, awhile and view
One who has travell'd more than you;
Quite round the globe, through each degree,
Anson and I have plough'd the sea."
T HE story of Lord Anson's famous voyage in the Centurion, and his capture of the great Spanish treasure-ship, is one of the finest records of the sea.
Frederick the Great had just ascended the throne of Prussia when Anson started off on his expedition against the Spaniards. England and Spain had once more been quarrelling over their trading rights in America, and matters were brought to a crisis by an episode known as "Jenkins's ear." One day an English merchant captain, called Jenkins, told a story in London of how he had been tortured by the Spaniards. He produced from a little box a human ear, which he declared the Spaniards had cut off and bid him take to the English king. England was furious at this insult, and war became inevitable.
George Anson, captain of the ship Centurion, was now appointed to command an expedition bound for the East India islands by way of South America, with orders to ravage the coast of Peru, capture the Spanish treasure-ships sailing from Mexico, and repeat as far as possible the dashing exploits of Hawkins and Drake a hundred and sixty years before.
The expedition met with delays in starting. It was difficult to get sailors and soldiers for the enterprise, which had to be kept as secret as possible. At last 500 old and infirm soldiers were told off for service under Anson: some were over seventy years of age, some were cripples. The unhappy invalids were unwilling to go, and "all who had limbs and strength to walk away, deserted."
Thus handicapped from the start, Anson at last set out on his "ill-fated but splendid voyage." The year was far advanced, and they were so delayed by winter storms and gales that they took forty days to reach Madeira, a voyage now performed in four days. It was March before they reached the south of America. No longer were the Straits, where Magellan and Drake had encountered such terrific storms, the acknowledged sea-route to the Pacific Ocean. Ships now sailed round Cape Horn, at the extreme south of the island known as Tierra del Fuego, the Land of Fire. The weather was now pleasant, and thinking the worst was over, Anson cheered himself by planning his raid on the Spanish treasure-ships. But no sooner had they reached the extreme south than a tremendous storm of wind, accompanied by hail and rain, broke over the little fleet.
"Never were fiercer seas or blacker skies more cruelly edged with sleet and ice. The very sails were frozen. The rigging was turned into mere ladders of ice. The decks were slippery as glass, and the great seas dashed over them incessantly. The groaning and overstrained ships let in water in every seam, and for over fifty days each furious gale was followed, by one yet more furious."
It was a desperate time of year to attempt such a dangerous passage, and it was a wonder that any of the little ships escaped complete destruction. As it was, after two months of battling with wind and waves, the Centurion found herself alone on the Pacific Ocean. Still there was no peace. Strong westerly gales raged day after day, till the long narrow coast of Chili became "one mad tumult of foam." The skies were dark and black, and when from time to time a glimmer of light made its way through the darkness, it was only to show the heights of the Andes white with snow.
And now a fresh trouble arose. Scurvy broke out among the crew. The legs and arms of the men broke out into open sores, old wounds broke out afresh. They died at the rate of five and six a-day, until 200 had found their last rest under the stormy sea. Still storm upon storm broke over the now half-wrecked ship, full of sick and dying men, until at last the Centurion and two battered ships—all that was left of the fleet that had started—found a long-sought shelter in the harbour of the island of Juan Fernandez, off the southern coast of America. Of the 961 men who had sailed from England, only 335 were left alive. How could such as these ever hope to capture Spanish treasure-ships? But the brave heart of Anson was undaunted; each fresh disaster made him only more determined to succeed.
After a stay of 130 days on the island for repairs and refreshment, he set sail for the coast of Chili and Peru. How he captured the Spanish town of Paita at dead of night with only sixty British sailors, and carried off the silver from the treasury, is a story unsurpassed in naval history. Sailing on past Panama, he next laid wait off Acapulco for one of the great Mexican treasure-ships, but the Spaniards caught sight of an English sail in the distance, and they kept their treasure-ships at home. Had not the fight of Sir Richard Grenville on the little Revenge taught them to beware of the Englishman at sea?
It was no use waiting there any longer, so Anson turned his ships and faced the trackless path of the lonely Pacific Ocean. It was now May 1742. Two ships were left him now, and a furious gale disabled one; so the Centurion alone, with her great figurehead of a huge lion rampant carved in wood, ploughed the merciless waves of the wide Pacific. Scurvy was again doing its work and carrying off the crew by scores. Food was bad, water scarce; but for three months Anson resolutely kept on his way until the Ladrone Islands were reached. He was now down with scurvy himself, but pure water and fresh fruits soon revived the drooping men, and onwards they sailed once more.
It was now two years since he had left England,—years of hardship and suffering, of heroism unshaken by plague or storm. But his orders were yet unfulfilled. A treasure-ship from Mexico was due at the Philippine Islands on its way home to Spain. It would be a "stout ship and fully manned," probably with a crew of 600. Anson's crew was now 201. Should they try and capture her? With a shout of joy the stout-hearted sailors expressed their willingness to do or die. It was early dawn, one morning in June, when a cry rang through the silent air, "The ship! the ship!"
The Spanish vessel bore in sight, and the little Centurion sailed quickly towards her. In a squall of wind and rain Anson attacked her while she was yet totally unprepared. He scourged the Spanish decks with fire and drove the men from their guns. Soon he had captured his prize. With a mere handful of men, for he lost 150 killed and wounded, he navigated his own ship and the Spanish galleon through dangerous and unknown seas, he rounded the Cape of Good Hope, and landed in England on June 15, 1744, with his treasure. His voyage had been yet more amazing than that of Drake 160 years before. Amid unrivalled disaster Anson had brought his ship right round the world, he had fulfilled his orders, and he had added enduring fame to the British flag. | <urn:uuid:56fb71da-9efd-4b8c-bab3-223e03bc0523> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | http://www.gatewaytotheclassics.com/browse/displayitem.php?item=books/synge/awakening/anson | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250598217.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120081337-20200120105337-00411.warc.gz | en | 0.987792 | 1,537 | 3.40625 | 3 | [
0.014234556816518307,
0.2438708245754242,
0.3131205141544342,
-0.21845215559005737,
-0.20848946273326874,
-0.23830574750900269,
0.2358197420835495,
0.06589125096797943,
-0.2683556377887726,
-0.3445497751235962,
0.09900689870119095,
-0.1243169903755188,
0.0288796778768301,
0.360130935907363... | 7 | "Stay, traveller, awhile and view
One who has travell'd more than you;
Quite round the globe, through each degree,
Anson and I have plough'd the sea."
T HE story of Lord Anson's famous voyage in the Centurion, and his capture of the great Spanish treasure-ship, is one of the finest records of the sea.
Frederick the Great had just ascended the throne of Prussia when Anson started off on his expedition against the Spaniards. England and Spain had once more been quarrelling over their trading rights in America, and matters were brought to a crisis by an episode known as "Jenkins's ear." One day an English merchant captain, called Jenkins, told a story in London of how he had been tortured by the Spaniards. He produced from a little box a human ear, which he declared the Spaniards had cut off and bid him take to the English king. England was furious at this insult, and war became inevitable.
George Anson, captain of the ship Centurion, was now appointed to command an expedition bound for the East India islands by way of South America, with orders to ravage the coast of Peru, capture the Spanish treasure-ships sailing from Mexico, and repeat as far as possible the dashing exploits of Hawkins and Drake a hundred and sixty years before.
The expedition met with delays in starting. It was difficult to get sailors and soldiers for the enterprise, which had to be kept as secret as possible. At last 500 old and infirm soldiers were told off for service under Anson: some were over seventy years of age, some were cripples. The unhappy invalids were unwilling to go, and "all who had limbs and strength to walk away, deserted."
Thus handicapped from the start, Anson at last set out on his "ill-fated but splendid voyage." The year was far advanced, and they were so delayed by winter storms and gales that they took forty days to reach Madeira, a voyage now performed in four days. It was March before they reached the south of America. No longer were the Straits, where Magellan and Drake had encountered such terrific storms, the acknowledged sea-route to the Pacific Ocean. Ships now sailed round Cape Horn, at the extreme south of the island known as Tierra del Fuego, the Land of Fire. The weather was now pleasant, and thinking the worst was over, Anson cheered himself by planning his raid on the Spanish treasure-ships. But no sooner had they reached the extreme south than a tremendous storm of wind, accompanied by hail and rain, broke over the little fleet.
"Never were fiercer seas or blacker skies more cruelly edged with sleet and ice. The very sails were frozen. The rigging was turned into mere ladders of ice. The decks were slippery as glass, and the great seas dashed over them incessantly. The groaning and overstrained ships let in water in every seam, and for over fifty days each furious gale was followed, by one yet more furious."
It was a desperate time of year to attempt such a dangerous passage, and it was a wonder that any of the little ships escaped complete destruction. As it was, after two months of battling with wind and waves, the Centurion found herself alone on the Pacific Ocean. Still there was no peace. Strong westerly gales raged day after day, till the long narrow coast of Chili became "one mad tumult of foam." The skies were dark and black, and when from time to time a glimmer of light made its way through the darkness, it was only to show the heights of the Andes white with snow.
And now a fresh trouble arose. Scurvy broke out among the crew. The legs and arms of the men broke out into open sores, old wounds broke out afresh. They died at the rate of five and six a-day, until 200 had found their last rest under the stormy sea. Still storm upon storm broke over the now half-wrecked ship, full of sick and dying men, until at last the Centurion and two battered ships—all that was left of the fleet that had started—found a long-sought shelter in the harbour of the island of Juan Fernandez, off the southern coast of America. Of the 961 men who had sailed from England, only 335 were left alive. How could such as these ever hope to capture Spanish treasure-ships? But the brave heart of Anson was undaunted; each fresh disaster made him only more determined to succeed.
After a stay of 130 days on the island for repairs and refreshment, he set sail for the coast of Chili and Peru. How he captured the Spanish town of Paita at dead of night with only sixty British sailors, and carried off the silver from the treasury, is a story unsurpassed in naval history. Sailing on past Panama, he next laid wait off Acapulco for one of the great Mexican treasure-ships, but the Spaniards caught sight of an English sail in the distance, and they kept their treasure-ships at home. Had not the fight of Sir Richard Grenville on the little Revenge taught them to beware of the Englishman at sea?
It was no use waiting there any longer, so Anson turned his ships and faced the trackless path of the lonely Pacific Ocean. It was now May 1742. Two ships were left him now, and a furious gale disabled one; so the Centurion alone, with her great figurehead of a huge lion rampant carved in wood, ploughed the merciless waves of the wide Pacific. Scurvy was again doing its work and carrying off the crew by scores. Food was bad, water scarce; but for three months Anson resolutely kept on his way until the Ladrone Islands were reached. He was now down with scurvy himself, but pure water and fresh fruits soon revived the drooping men, and onwards they sailed once more.
It was now two years since he had left England,—years of hardship and suffering, of heroism unshaken by plague or storm. But his orders were yet unfulfilled. A treasure-ship from Mexico was due at the Philippine Islands on its way home to Spain. It would be a "stout ship and fully manned," probably with a crew of 600. Anson's crew was now 201. Should they try and capture her? With a shout of joy the stout-hearted sailors expressed their willingness to do or die. It was early dawn, one morning in June, when a cry rang through the silent air, "The ship! the ship!"
The Spanish vessel bore in sight, and the little Centurion sailed quickly towards her. In a squall of wind and rain Anson attacked her while she was yet totally unprepared. He scourged the Spanish decks with fire and drove the men from their guns. Soon he had captured his prize. With a mere handful of men, for he lost 150 killed and wounded, he navigated his own ship and the Spanish galleon through dangerous and unknown seas, he rounded the Cape of Good Hope, and landed in England on June 15, 1744, with his treasure. His voyage had been yet more amazing than that of Drake 160 years before. Amid unrivalled disaster Anson had brought his ship right round the world, he had fulfilled his orders, and he had added enduring fame to the British flag. | 1,559 | ENGLISH | 1 |
FREE Catholic Classes
Scottish prelate and poet, born about 1474; died 1522; he was the third son of Archibald, Fifth Earl of Angus, known as "Bell-the-Cat". Educated for the Church at the universities of St. Andrews and Paris, he held for some years a benefice in East Lothian, and during this period composed most of the poetical works which have made his name famous. In 1501 he became provost of the collegiate church of St. Giles, Edinburgh, and subsequently,through the influence of Queen Margaret, who had married his nephew, theyoung Earl of Angus, he obtained the abbacy of Arbroath and later the Bishopric of Dunkeld. The queen's efforts to have him promoted to the primacy were unsuccessful; and when the popular indignation at her marriage with Angus resulted in her being deprived of the regency, Douglas was brought to trial by the new regent, the Duke of Albany, for intriguing with the queen to obtain ecclesiastical promotion without the consent of Parliament. He was imprisoned for a year in Edinburgh Castle, and after his release continued for a time in the administration of his diocese. When, however, Margaret separated from her husband and sided with Albany against the Douglasses, Gavin was deprived of his see. He fled to England in 1521 and was kindly received by Henry VIII, but he died of plague in the following year. He was buried in the Savoy Church in London.
It was unfortunate for Douglas's future reputation that his high birth and family connections plunged him into the political turmoil of his time, and thus prematurely closed his career as a poet and scholar of the first order. His participation in the internal divisions by which Scotland was torn during most of his life ended, as far as he was concerned, in failure, exile, and death; it is as a literary genius, rather than a churchman or a statesman, that he lives in Scottish history. It was during his quiet life as a country parson that he wrote the gorgeous allegory called the "Palice of Honour ", whose wealth of illustration and poetical embellishments at once won renown for its author; and a little later he produced the translation of Virgil's "Æneid", which gives him his chief claim to literary immortality. The translation is a rather free adaptation of the Roman poet, written in the "Scottis" language then current, while to each book is prefixed an original prologue in verse. It was printed (for the third time ) by the Bannatyne Club in 1839. Douglas wrote two other poems, "King Hart" and "Conscience", and translated also Ovid's "De Remedio Amoris". His complete works were first collected and published in Edinburgh (ed. Small), in 1874.
Copyright 2020 Catholic Online. All materials contained on this site, whether written, audible or visual are the exclusive property of Catholic Online and are protected under U.S. and International copyright laws, © Copyright 2020 Catholic Online. Any unauthorized use, without prior written consent of Catholic Online is strictly forbidden and prohibited.
Catholic Online is a Project of Your Catholic Voice Foundation, a Not-for-Profit Corporation. Your Catholic Voice Foundation has been granted a recognition of tax exemption under Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code. Federal Tax Identification Number: 81-0596847. Your gift is tax-deductible as allowed by law. | <urn:uuid:ae8c2bb0-3c03-44e8-acc6-83d19932425a> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.catholic.org/encyclopedia/view.php?id=4002 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250598726.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120110422-20200120134422-00054.warc.gz | en | 0.988598 | 716 | 3.34375 | 3 | [
-0.032825127243995667,
-0.1531710922718048,
0.061155080795288086,
0.08994761109352112,
-0.08380553126335144,
-0.6379105448722839,
0.0003657247871160507,
0.25448280572891235,
0.2918674945831299,
-0.021783389151096344,
-0.23463842272758484,
-0.2659974694252014,
0.02165483683347702,
0.1846882... | 1 | FREE Catholic Classes
Scottish prelate and poet, born about 1474; died 1522; he was the third son of Archibald, Fifth Earl of Angus, known as "Bell-the-Cat". Educated for the Church at the universities of St. Andrews and Paris, he held for some years a benefice in East Lothian, and during this period composed most of the poetical works which have made his name famous. In 1501 he became provost of the collegiate church of St. Giles, Edinburgh, and subsequently,through the influence of Queen Margaret, who had married his nephew, theyoung Earl of Angus, he obtained the abbacy of Arbroath and later the Bishopric of Dunkeld. The queen's efforts to have him promoted to the primacy were unsuccessful; and when the popular indignation at her marriage with Angus resulted in her being deprived of the regency, Douglas was brought to trial by the new regent, the Duke of Albany, for intriguing with the queen to obtain ecclesiastical promotion without the consent of Parliament. He was imprisoned for a year in Edinburgh Castle, and after his release continued for a time in the administration of his diocese. When, however, Margaret separated from her husband and sided with Albany against the Douglasses, Gavin was deprived of his see. He fled to England in 1521 and was kindly received by Henry VIII, but he died of plague in the following year. He was buried in the Savoy Church in London.
It was unfortunate for Douglas's future reputation that his high birth and family connections plunged him into the political turmoil of his time, and thus prematurely closed his career as a poet and scholar of the first order. His participation in the internal divisions by which Scotland was torn during most of his life ended, as far as he was concerned, in failure, exile, and death; it is as a literary genius, rather than a churchman or a statesman, that he lives in Scottish history. It was during his quiet life as a country parson that he wrote the gorgeous allegory called the "Palice of Honour ", whose wealth of illustration and poetical embellishments at once won renown for its author; and a little later he produced the translation of Virgil's "Æneid", which gives him his chief claim to literary immortality. The translation is a rather free adaptation of the Roman poet, written in the "Scottis" language then current, while to each book is prefixed an original prologue in verse. It was printed (for the third time ) by the Bannatyne Club in 1839. Douglas wrote two other poems, "King Hart" and "Conscience", and translated also Ovid's "De Remedio Amoris". His complete works were first collected and published in Edinburgh (ed. Small), in 1874.
Copyright 2020 Catholic Online. All materials contained on this site, whether written, audible or visual are the exclusive property of Catholic Online and are protected under U.S. and International copyright laws, © Copyright 2020 Catholic Online. Any unauthorized use, without prior written consent of Catholic Online is strictly forbidden and prohibited.
Catholic Online is a Project of Your Catholic Voice Foundation, a Not-for-Profit Corporation. Your Catholic Voice Foundation has been granted a recognition of tax exemption under Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code. Federal Tax Identification Number: 81-0596847. Your gift is tax-deductible as allowed by law. | 740 | ENGLISH | 1 |
“On his Blindness” by John Milton John Milton was a great writer and one of the few who was recognized in his own time. His name stands out in the history of English literature mainly for his two works, Paradise Lost and Paradise regained. In 1651 Milton became blind, yet he continued to write and his daughters would take dictation. The poem On his Blindness, by John Milton is an Italian sonnet which addresses the Christian perspective of how to accept ones disabilities. The writer is effective in doing so, as he utilizes Biblical allusions, figurative language and colorful connotation.
The date that Milton wrote the poem is uncertain, but 1955 is the year that is widely accepted. The poem “On his Blindness” is about a man’s acceptance of his disability. The form the poem takes is that of a sonnet. In the first eight lines, the speaker draws an extended allusion to the Biblical parable of the Talents (Matthew 25:14-30). In the parable, a man gives each servant talents (money) to manage for him according to their abilities before he goes on a trip. The servant who received five coins and the one who received two doubled their master’s money through wise investments.
However, the servant with only one talent buried it. When their master came back, he congratulated and promoted the first two servants and cast out the last, branding him lazy. The word “talent” has two possible meanings- it could mean money (one thousand dollars) or ones’ natural ability. It is understood that the speaker in the poem is blind. He makes reference to his lack of light, which is “spent” (gone); he resides in a “dark world” and his “light [is] denied”. At the time Milton wrote this poem, he was already blind.
The talent Milton possessed was his ability to write literature, especially poetry. He compares himself to the last servant who had only one talent. However, Milton declares that he did use his talent (it was “lodged” with him, yet it was still taken away. The writer’s use of diction that influenced the mood added to this religious poem. In line three, The writer claims it is “death to hide” ones talent, which is much more severe than the fate of the servant in the parable. the speaker also announces that his “soul is bent” the serve God. Milton also announces that he will give God his “true account”.
He stresses the word “true”, as if he is ready to defend himself if he is accused falsely of not serving his “Master”. In the next line, Milton laments that he does not want God to “chide” him. This adds to the atmosphere of self-pity. The speaker asks a question contrary to Christian reasoning in line eight- “Doth God exact day- labor, light denied? “. Through this statement, the speaker questions God’s judgment, saying that he is expected to serve him without his sight. However, the tone changes right before Patience addresses the speaker.
Milton uses the adjective “fondly”, which means foolish, to describe how he asked his question. The writer personifies Patience by capitalizing the name and having her speak. Patience tells him “God doth not need … man’s work or his own gifts… ” She brings to light that God is not in “need” of service from man and express that God gave him his “gift” (“talent”). Next, Patience gives the speaker some hope, informing him that who “best” handled his obstacles would serve God the “best”. Her use of the word “best” seems to provide a message of hope.
She informs the speaker that God has many servants and the people who wait for him serve him as well. She too expresses that he has many people to serve him at his “bidding speed”- as soon as he orders something it is done. These images create an image of God one is to be in awe of, as he is a mighty ruler and people are stationed everywhere just to do as God says. The final line of the poem- “They also serve who only stand and wait” is a famous one, and alludes to the parable of the Bridegroom- Matthew 25:1-13. “On his Blindness” was meant to be an inspirational poem for those who have disabilities.
The poem is successful in achieving its purpose, as the various methods employed by the writer makes on feel that one is not alone in ones situation. In the form of Patience, one is too given hope and a reason not to indulge in Self-pity. The language reveals the feelings of the writer and mirrors a common situation where people doubt God because they are in a negative situation. The role of Patience is that of a reminder- one can still serve God no matter the circumstances. Alongside these elements is Milton’s relation of human life to the Bible, which provided familiar allusions for the people who lived in his time. | <urn:uuid:6890e695-b4cc-4c5f-ac3a-fc83e7e59bde> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://doosanmoxy.com/on-his-blindness/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594391.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119093733-20200119121733-00319.warc.gz | en | 0.988947 | 1,108 | 3.328125 | 3 | [
-0.3457057476043701,
0.17273254692554474,
0.08492586761713028,
0.24096786975860596,
-0.2994251251220703,
0.34838205575942993,
0.5917384624481201,
0.25344717502593994,
-0.12436150014400482,
-0.0039761923253536224,
-0.038435060530900955,
0.015572654083371162,
-0.09681974351406097,
0.00916096... | 1 | “On his Blindness” by John Milton John Milton was a great writer and one of the few who was recognized in his own time. His name stands out in the history of English literature mainly for his two works, Paradise Lost and Paradise regained. In 1651 Milton became blind, yet he continued to write and his daughters would take dictation. The poem On his Blindness, by John Milton is an Italian sonnet which addresses the Christian perspective of how to accept ones disabilities. The writer is effective in doing so, as he utilizes Biblical allusions, figurative language and colorful connotation.
The date that Milton wrote the poem is uncertain, but 1955 is the year that is widely accepted. The poem “On his Blindness” is about a man’s acceptance of his disability. The form the poem takes is that of a sonnet. In the first eight lines, the speaker draws an extended allusion to the Biblical parable of the Talents (Matthew 25:14-30). In the parable, a man gives each servant talents (money) to manage for him according to their abilities before he goes on a trip. The servant who received five coins and the one who received two doubled their master’s money through wise investments.
However, the servant with only one talent buried it. When their master came back, he congratulated and promoted the first two servants and cast out the last, branding him lazy. The word “talent” has two possible meanings- it could mean money (one thousand dollars) or ones’ natural ability. It is understood that the speaker in the poem is blind. He makes reference to his lack of light, which is “spent” (gone); he resides in a “dark world” and his “light [is] denied”. At the time Milton wrote this poem, he was already blind.
The talent Milton possessed was his ability to write literature, especially poetry. He compares himself to the last servant who had only one talent. However, Milton declares that he did use his talent (it was “lodged” with him, yet it was still taken away. The writer’s use of diction that influenced the mood added to this religious poem. In line three, The writer claims it is “death to hide” ones talent, which is much more severe than the fate of the servant in the parable. the speaker also announces that his “soul is bent” the serve God. Milton also announces that he will give God his “true account”.
He stresses the word “true”, as if he is ready to defend himself if he is accused falsely of not serving his “Master”. In the next line, Milton laments that he does not want God to “chide” him. This adds to the atmosphere of self-pity. The speaker asks a question contrary to Christian reasoning in line eight- “Doth God exact day- labor, light denied? “. Through this statement, the speaker questions God’s judgment, saying that he is expected to serve him without his sight. However, the tone changes right before Patience addresses the speaker.
Milton uses the adjective “fondly”, which means foolish, to describe how he asked his question. The writer personifies Patience by capitalizing the name and having her speak. Patience tells him “God doth not need … man’s work or his own gifts… ” She brings to light that God is not in “need” of service from man and express that God gave him his “gift” (“talent”). Next, Patience gives the speaker some hope, informing him that who “best” handled his obstacles would serve God the “best”. Her use of the word “best” seems to provide a message of hope.
She informs the speaker that God has many servants and the people who wait for him serve him as well. She too expresses that he has many people to serve him at his “bidding speed”- as soon as he orders something it is done. These images create an image of God one is to be in awe of, as he is a mighty ruler and people are stationed everywhere just to do as God says. The final line of the poem- “They also serve who only stand and wait” is a famous one, and alludes to the parable of the Bridegroom- Matthew 25:1-13. “On his Blindness” was meant to be an inspirational poem for those who have disabilities.
The poem is successful in achieving its purpose, as the various methods employed by the writer makes on feel that one is not alone in ones situation. In the form of Patience, one is too given hope and a reason not to indulge in Self-pity. The language reveals the feelings of the writer and mirrors a common situation where people doubt God because they are in a negative situation. The role of Patience is that of a reminder- one can still serve God no matter the circumstances. Alongside these elements is Milton’s relation of human life to the Bible, which provided familiar allusions for the people who lived in his time. | 1,042 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Paper type: Essay Pages: 5 (1062 words)
Throughout time, the social role of women has been varied, especially throughout the Paleolithic, Neolithic, Bronze and Iron ages. Taking a snap shot of this diversity during the same time period will demonstrate the vast differences of women’s social roles. While some societies considered women as being equal to man, becoming warriors and heroes, other societies treated women as second class citizens or worse. This paper aims at explaining the roles of the Celtic and Middle Eastern women within their communities during the early Iron Age.
Through comparison, this view point will examine that snap shot of different societies during, roughly, the same time period. The Role of Celtic Women In ancient Celtic societies, women had many rights and freedoms that were not offered to women in other societies during the Iron Age (the archaeological period after the Bronze Age and characterized by the widespread use of iron). Celtic women enjoyed the ability to achieve a higher status and serve as chieftains, druids, poets, healers, warriors, diplomats, and judges.
Women were not forced to take these roles, as many took on the more traditional role as wives and mothers.
This ability to determine ones fate is a freedom that would not be extended to women on a widespread notion until the late twentieth century of Western civilizations. Due to the use of marriage as a binding tool for different clans, women were allowed unparalleled rights of divorce and property unlike women of the same time period. The Celtic women had an equal say in the creation of their marriage contract and the distribution of land to the heirs of the family. Unlike any other civilization of the early Iron Age, or beyond, the Celtic women were not only allowed to become warriors, they were expected to be so.
In the Celtic society, women were expected to fight alongside men, as the protection of their land was seen as everyone’s business. The Celtic women were fierce and usually described as, “usually very strong, has blue eyes; in rage her neck veins swell; she gnashes her teeth, and brandishes her snow white robust arms. She begins to strike blows mingled with kicks, as if they were so many missiles sent from the string of a catapult. The voices of these women are formidable, even when they are not angry but being friendly. Many Celtic women were powerful, strong and played important roles in response to the high stature, of which they were held.
These women were very distinct and rare in this time period, since they enjoyed many freedoms and rights that other societies did not offer their own women. The Role of Middle Eastern Women Views of the roles of Middle Eastern women vary amongst the historian reporting it; the Middle Eastern studies professor William Montgomery Watts defined the status of Middle Eastern women as suppressed possessions. Dr. Watts reported women were under the customary tribal law, and as a general rule had virtually no legal status.
They were sold into marriage by their guardian for a price paid to the guardian, the husband could terminate the union at will, and women had little or no property or rights. They were subordinate to their fathers, brothers, and husbands. There was also evidence of homicidal abuse of women and girls, including instances of killing female infants alive. Historian Hatoon al-Fossi suggests that, Middle Eastern women lost many of their rights through ancient Greek and Roman law prior to the arrival of Islam and that the Greco-Roman constraints were retained under Islam.
Others writers, on the contrary, have argued that there were instances where women held high positions of power and authority. They participated in public works, as counselors, held religious offices and accompanied warriors to the battlefront as encouragers, helpers and were also found to be the strategic and courageous leaders of the forces. In some tribes, women were emancipated even in comparison with many of today standards that women enjoy. Therefore, there is no single definition of the role played by the Middle Eastern women during the Iron Age, prior to the advent of Islam.
Comparison of Celtic and Middle Eastern Women In both the Celtic and Middle Eastern civilizations (although for the Middle Eastern this was only in some cases) women could participate in public offices, as mediators, and could hold religious offices. Both types of women were found to be intelligent within their respective societies. However, in many ways the Celtic and Middle Eastern societies were diverse, as the Celtic women had many freedoms and were seen equal to men, while Middle Eastern women were seen as low class citizens or worse and had virtually no legal status.
Celtic women were equal in a marriage and could choose their own husband while Middle Eastern women were sold into marriage by a parent or guardian and had little or no say in the marriage contract, property rights, or succession. In some instances, Middle Eastern girls would be killed if seen as a burden or disgrace to a family or tribe. While in the Celtic society women were held in high regard and were seen as equals to men. Conclusion In conclusion, the role of women throughout history has been very diverse.
Some women have been rulers, warriors, and merchants, while others have been treated as slaves, lower class citizens and wives. The role of women is very dependent on the specific culture and time period. Celtic women were distinct in the Iron Age for the liberty and rights they enjoyed and positions they held in their society, while most women in the Middle Eastern culture have throughout history experienced discrimination and have been subject to restrictions of their freedoms and rights. Some based on religious beliefs, but many are cultural limitations.
This snap shot of two cultures within the relatively same era has proven to be a prime example of the generally accepted notions of women within ancient civilizations. One point must be remembered about the history of women…they were reported by men. One could not now definitively sustain or deny the rights of women at the time, and bias must be taken into account. Taken as is, the rights of the Celtic women are not even matched today, mainly because of warrior status, but the role of women within the Middle Eastern civilizations has remained fairly consistent, even post Islamic diffusion.
Cite this page
Roles of Women in the Iron Age. (2016, Dec 17). Retrieved from https://studymoose.com/roles-of-women-in-the-iron-age-essay | <urn:uuid:28f45fa5-9690-4566-9be1-3189d9b0cda0> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://studymoose.com/roles-of-women-in-the-iron-age-essay | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250590107.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20200117180950-20200117204950-00415.warc.gz | en | 0.986583 | 1,289 | 3.75 | 4 | [
-0.2615998387336731,
0.42580583691596985,
-0.008464801125228405,
0.10392206162214279,
-0.39164870977401733,
0.050743699073791504,
0.21540193259716034,
0.03107384219765663,
-0.056881606578826904,
-0.39795541763305664,
-0.061360642313957214,
-0.20915661752223969,
0.05767570436000824,
0.08929... | 1 | Paper type: Essay Pages: 5 (1062 words)
Throughout time, the social role of women has been varied, especially throughout the Paleolithic, Neolithic, Bronze and Iron ages. Taking a snap shot of this diversity during the same time period will demonstrate the vast differences of women’s social roles. While some societies considered women as being equal to man, becoming warriors and heroes, other societies treated women as second class citizens or worse. This paper aims at explaining the roles of the Celtic and Middle Eastern women within their communities during the early Iron Age.
Through comparison, this view point will examine that snap shot of different societies during, roughly, the same time period. The Role of Celtic Women In ancient Celtic societies, women had many rights and freedoms that were not offered to women in other societies during the Iron Age (the archaeological period after the Bronze Age and characterized by the widespread use of iron). Celtic women enjoyed the ability to achieve a higher status and serve as chieftains, druids, poets, healers, warriors, diplomats, and judges.
Women were not forced to take these roles, as many took on the more traditional role as wives and mothers.
This ability to determine ones fate is a freedom that would not be extended to women on a widespread notion until the late twentieth century of Western civilizations. Due to the use of marriage as a binding tool for different clans, women were allowed unparalleled rights of divorce and property unlike women of the same time period. The Celtic women had an equal say in the creation of their marriage contract and the distribution of land to the heirs of the family. Unlike any other civilization of the early Iron Age, or beyond, the Celtic women were not only allowed to become warriors, they were expected to be so.
In the Celtic society, women were expected to fight alongside men, as the protection of their land was seen as everyone’s business. The Celtic women were fierce and usually described as, “usually very strong, has blue eyes; in rage her neck veins swell; she gnashes her teeth, and brandishes her snow white robust arms. She begins to strike blows mingled with kicks, as if they were so many missiles sent from the string of a catapult. The voices of these women are formidable, even when they are not angry but being friendly. Many Celtic women were powerful, strong and played important roles in response to the high stature, of which they were held.
These women were very distinct and rare in this time period, since they enjoyed many freedoms and rights that other societies did not offer their own women. The Role of Middle Eastern Women Views of the roles of Middle Eastern women vary amongst the historian reporting it; the Middle Eastern studies professor William Montgomery Watts defined the status of Middle Eastern women as suppressed possessions. Dr. Watts reported women were under the customary tribal law, and as a general rule had virtually no legal status.
They were sold into marriage by their guardian for a price paid to the guardian, the husband could terminate the union at will, and women had little or no property or rights. They were subordinate to their fathers, brothers, and husbands. There was also evidence of homicidal abuse of women and girls, including instances of killing female infants alive. Historian Hatoon al-Fossi suggests that, Middle Eastern women lost many of their rights through ancient Greek and Roman law prior to the arrival of Islam and that the Greco-Roman constraints were retained under Islam.
Others writers, on the contrary, have argued that there were instances where women held high positions of power and authority. They participated in public works, as counselors, held religious offices and accompanied warriors to the battlefront as encouragers, helpers and were also found to be the strategic and courageous leaders of the forces. In some tribes, women were emancipated even in comparison with many of today standards that women enjoy. Therefore, there is no single definition of the role played by the Middle Eastern women during the Iron Age, prior to the advent of Islam.
Comparison of Celtic and Middle Eastern Women In both the Celtic and Middle Eastern civilizations (although for the Middle Eastern this was only in some cases) women could participate in public offices, as mediators, and could hold religious offices. Both types of women were found to be intelligent within their respective societies. However, in many ways the Celtic and Middle Eastern societies were diverse, as the Celtic women had many freedoms and were seen equal to men, while Middle Eastern women were seen as low class citizens or worse and had virtually no legal status.
Celtic women were equal in a marriage and could choose their own husband while Middle Eastern women were sold into marriage by a parent or guardian and had little or no say in the marriage contract, property rights, or succession. In some instances, Middle Eastern girls would be killed if seen as a burden or disgrace to a family or tribe. While in the Celtic society women were held in high regard and were seen as equals to men. Conclusion In conclusion, the role of women throughout history has been very diverse.
Some women have been rulers, warriors, and merchants, while others have been treated as slaves, lower class citizens and wives. The role of women is very dependent on the specific culture and time period. Celtic women were distinct in the Iron Age for the liberty and rights they enjoyed and positions they held in their society, while most women in the Middle Eastern culture have throughout history experienced discrimination and have been subject to restrictions of their freedoms and rights. Some based on religious beliefs, but many are cultural limitations.
This snap shot of two cultures within the relatively same era has proven to be a prime example of the generally accepted notions of women within ancient civilizations. One point must be remembered about the history of women…they were reported by men. One could not now definitively sustain or deny the rights of women at the time, and bias must be taken into account. Taken as is, the rights of the Celtic women are not even matched today, mainly because of warrior status, but the role of women within the Middle Eastern civilizations has remained fairly consistent, even post Islamic diffusion.
Cite this page
Roles of Women in the Iron Age. (2016, Dec 17). Retrieved from https://studymoose.com/roles-of-women-in-the-iron-age-essay | 1,268 | ENGLISH | 1 |
STEP 1: LISTEN TO THE AUDIO
STEP 2: STUDY VOCABULARY
We had a snowy adventure today. My cousin, Aaron, came to visit from California. He never saw snow before today. My parents drove us up to the mountains. Aaron took a lot of photos. We went sledding all day. Aaron was scared at first, but then he got used to it. There is also a lake that freezes in the winter and you can walk across it. But my dad said it would be too dangerous, so we chose not to walk on it. After playing in the snow for a while, we decided to head back to the car. When we got back to the parking lot, snow had covered all of the cars. We couldn't find ours. Other people were searching for their cars too. Aaron found it really amusing. We started brushing the snow off the cars with our mittens. We finally found ours. On the way home, Aaron and I were so tired. We both fell asleep with dreams about our next winter adventure.
Watch a slide show of all the vocabulary words in this lesson.
If you would like more vocabulary practice, go to the vocabulary flashcard page and study each word separately. After studying the vocabulary, practice speaking in the next ESL study session. | <urn:uuid:e2ebbdc1-bfea-458c-a156-b49bc6c1ac27> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | http://skesl.com/esl/lesson/winter-adventure | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251779833.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128153713-20200128183713-00055.warc.gz | en | 0.982428 | 267 | 3.328125 | 3 | [
-0.3258475065231323,
-0.11978472024202347,
0.3322247862815857,
0.23768065869808197,
-0.2896047830581665,
0.3238905668258667,
0.5142085552215576,
0.16768795251846313,
-0.1702270358800888,
-0.28472205996513367,
-0.18512830138206482,
-0.009180018678307533,
0.3249264657497406,
0.42669126391410... | 3 | STEP 1: LISTEN TO THE AUDIO
STEP 2: STUDY VOCABULARY
We had a snowy adventure today. My cousin, Aaron, came to visit from California. He never saw snow before today. My parents drove us up to the mountains. Aaron took a lot of photos. We went sledding all day. Aaron was scared at first, but then he got used to it. There is also a lake that freezes in the winter and you can walk across it. But my dad said it would be too dangerous, so we chose not to walk on it. After playing in the snow for a while, we decided to head back to the car. When we got back to the parking lot, snow had covered all of the cars. We couldn't find ours. Other people were searching for their cars too. Aaron found it really amusing. We started brushing the snow off the cars with our mittens. We finally found ours. On the way home, Aaron and I were so tired. We both fell asleep with dreams about our next winter adventure.
Watch a slide show of all the vocabulary words in this lesson.
If you would like more vocabulary practice, go to the vocabulary flashcard page and study each word separately. After studying the vocabulary, practice speaking in the next ESL study session. | 266 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Missionaries Henry Williams and Octavius Hadfield gathered signatures to the Treaty of Waitangi at Pūtiki in May 1840. In June an Anglican mission station was established at the locality. The first missioner, John Mason, and his successor from 1843, Richard Taylor, both travelled widely. Taylor went as far as inland Pātea, in the northern Rangitīkei valley.
No head for business
In 1831 Joe Rowe, a dealer in preserved Māori heads, along with three other Europeans and a black man, encountered a small party of Ngāti Tūwharetoa at the mouth of the Whanganui River. It was the first recorded Māori–European contact in the region. Three of the men were killed, and Rowe’s head was dried and preserved. The fourth man was eventually freed. For many years traders stayed away, although John Nicol and his Māori wife traded on the river in 1834.
In May 1840 Edward Jerningham Wakefield bought 40,000 acres (16,200 hectares) for the New Zealand Company from 27 chiefs, in exchange for goods worth £700, including muskets, umbrellas and Jews’ harps. Settlers arrived from February 1841.
Uncertainty marked the first seven years of the Whanganui settlement, with many Māori disputing the terms of the sale. Māori also disagreed with one another about who had mana (traditional authority) over the new town.
In late 1846 fear of attack by upper river Māori led to the garrisoning of Whanganui by soldiers of the 58th (Rutlandshire) Regiment. The upriver leader Te Mamaku had said he would protect the town, but opposed the presence of soldiers.
Tension mounted in April 1847 when four members of the Gilfillan family were killed by Māori at Matarawa, near Whanganui. After four young men were court-martialled and hanged for the killings, Te Mamaku and his men blockaded the settlement for two and half months. Outlying settlers’ homes were burnt and plundered, and stock raided.
Conflict and after
Many women and children were evacuated, and reinforcements, including the 65th (Yorkshire) Regiment, arrived in May and June, by which time nearly 800 soldiers were protecting fewer than 200 settlers. On 19 July 1847 an indecisive skirmish – the battle of St John’s Wood – was fought between the regiments and upriver Māori. Four days later Te Mamaku and his men returned home.
In May 1848, the government effectively repurchased the Whanganui block, paying £1,000 for 34,911 hectares, 2,200 of which were reserved for Māori. The deed was signed by 207 Māori.
Methodist mission stations were established at Waitōtara in 1848 and Westmere in 1853.
The Rangitīkei block – the lowland between the Turakina and Rangitīkei Rivers – was purchased from Ngāti Apa in May 1849. Several large tracts were held by non-resident owners from Wellington and Whanganui, but English, Scottish and German settlers also came.
1848 to 1860 were years of consolidation. New businesses were established, roads were formed and trade through the port increased. One of the country’s oldest schools, Wanganui Collegiate, was founded in 1854, and the Wanganui Chronicle newspaper was founded in 1856. Catholics and Presbyterians established a presence. Between 1848 and 1858 the town’s European population rose from 170 to 1,324. | <urn:uuid:319a42c7-8806-46a8-9a55-880829f2940c> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://admin.teara.govt.nz/mi/whanganui-region/page-5 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594662.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119151736-20200119175736-00005.warc.gz | en | 0.985525 | 776 | 3.671875 | 4 | [
-0.09021435678005219,
0.44058677554130554,
-0.06421835720539093,
0.11263619363307953,
-0.3518507182598114,
-0.1723019778728485,
-0.01820942759513855,
0.08283248543739319,
-0.24358491599559784,
0.04828277975320816,
-0.047779541462659836,
-0.5730056762695312,
0.24970969557762146,
0.436457991... | 16 | Missionaries Henry Williams and Octavius Hadfield gathered signatures to the Treaty of Waitangi at Pūtiki in May 1840. In June an Anglican mission station was established at the locality. The first missioner, John Mason, and his successor from 1843, Richard Taylor, both travelled widely. Taylor went as far as inland Pātea, in the northern Rangitīkei valley.
No head for business
In 1831 Joe Rowe, a dealer in preserved Māori heads, along with three other Europeans and a black man, encountered a small party of Ngāti Tūwharetoa at the mouth of the Whanganui River. It was the first recorded Māori–European contact in the region. Three of the men were killed, and Rowe’s head was dried and preserved. The fourth man was eventually freed. For many years traders stayed away, although John Nicol and his Māori wife traded on the river in 1834.
In May 1840 Edward Jerningham Wakefield bought 40,000 acres (16,200 hectares) for the New Zealand Company from 27 chiefs, in exchange for goods worth £700, including muskets, umbrellas and Jews’ harps. Settlers arrived from February 1841.
Uncertainty marked the first seven years of the Whanganui settlement, with many Māori disputing the terms of the sale. Māori also disagreed with one another about who had mana (traditional authority) over the new town.
In late 1846 fear of attack by upper river Māori led to the garrisoning of Whanganui by soldiers of the 58th (Rutlandshire) Regiment. The upriver leader Te Mamaku had said he would protect the town, but opposed the presence of soldiers.
Tension mounted in April 1847 when four members of the Gilfillan family were killed by Māori at Matarawa, near Whanganui. After four young men were court-martialled and hanged for the killings, Te Mamaku and his men blockaded the settlement for two and half months. Outlying settlers’ homes were burnt and plundered, and stock raided.
Conflict and after
Many women and children were evacuated, and reinforcements, including the 65th (Yorkshire) Regiment, arrived in May and June, by which time nearly 800 soldiers were protecting fewer than 200 settlers. On 19 July 1847 an indecisive skirmish – the battle of St John’s Wood – was fought between the regiments and upriver Māori. Four days later Te Mamaku and his men returned home.
In May 1848, the government effectively repurchased the Whanganui block, paying £1,000 for 34,911 hectares, 2,200 of which were reserved for Māori. The deed was signed by 207 Māori.
Methodist mission stations were established at Waitōtara in 1848 and Westmere in 1853.
The Rangitīkei block – the lowland between the Turakina and Rangitīkei Rivers – was purchased from Ngāti Apa in May 1849. Several large tracts were held by non-resident owners from Wellington and Whanganui, but English, Scottish and German settlers also came.
1848 to 1860 were years of consolidation. New businesses were established, roads were formed and trade through the port increased. One of the country’s oldest schools, Wanganui Collegiate, was founded in 1854, and the Wanganui Chronicle newspaper was founded in 1856. Catholics and Presbyterians established a presence. Between 1848 and 1858 the town’s European population rose from 170 to 1,324. | 853 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Identifying and treating disease in young calves as early as possible is crucial to maintaining the health of the calf, and also maintaining growth and performance.
New research out of Europe suggests that the use of accelerometers, or movement trackers, could help producers identify and treat sick calves nearly 10 days before the calf starts to show signs of illness.
“There is already evidence both in pigs and cows that you can predict the incidents of disease from behavioral changes several days before the farmer is able to identify these animals as a sick,” said Sergio Calsamiglia from the University of Barcelona, speaking at the International Precision Dairy Conference in Rochester, Minnesota.
Calsamiglia’s research focused on dairy bull calves, Friesian calves to be exact, but the research and information is transferable to calves in different production systems.
The research goal was to find ways to reduce antibiotic use by identifying and treating only the sick calves versus a mass treatment of a whole group and by identifying the disease early, requiring less treatment.
The study tracked 325 bull calves in four different groups spread out over the year. Each calf was given an accelerometer that monitored its movement, tracked its steps, lying time and visits to the feed bunk. It recorded how often the calf visited the bunk and how long it stayed at the bunk each time.
“Each group was monitored for nine weeks from arrival,” he said. “The first day, these animals were setup with a pedometer on the front right leg.”
Health checks were done daily. When a calf was deemed sick by the farmer, showing visible signs of illness, a vet was called to confirm the diagnosis. The day of diagnosis was considered day zero.
The researchers then reviewed the movements of that animal for the previous 10 days and watched the movements for the next 10 days.
“When an animal was sick, we identified what we called ‘three brothers.’ A brother was a calf that was in the same group, at the same days of life and was at about the same body weight at entrance to the farm,” he explained
The brothers’ movements were also reviewed for 10 days prior to and after day zero.
Throughout the whole study, 33 calves were diagnosed sick, about 10 percent. Of those 33 calves, 17 were diagnosed and treated for a respiratory disease. The other calves had non-specific symptoms and received broad spectrum antibiotics and anti-inflammatories.
“The final objective was trying to define by logistic regression if there is one day, one single day where I can say with the highest possible reliability that this animal is at risk of becoming sick, so I could try to develop an algorithm where the system would alarm you that these animals are at risk,” Calsamiglia said.
They used the movement information collected from the sick calves compared to the healthy calves to develop the program that would alert a farmer when a calf may be sick or at risk of becoming sick.
It was evident that even 10 days prior to being diagnosed, sick calves started showing signs in their movement. Sick calves visited the bunk 20 percent less than the healthy calves and spent less time at the bunk. The sick calves also took fewer steps throughout the day during the 10 days prior to diagnosis and the 10 days following treatment.
Trips to the bunk and time spent at the bunk recovered very quickly after treatment.
Once the program was developed that would track the calves’ movements and alert the producer to a sick calf, the movements of all 325 calves over the course of the study were reviewed by the program to test its accuracy.
The program had a false positive alert, saying a healthy calf was sick, 60 percent of the time.
“Which means that out of the 325 calves, we will have 70 calves with an alarm, but only 28 will be actually sick,” he said.
The other side of this is: how many animals that are actually sick, but the system does not alert for? Of the 255 calves that never alerted as sick, five were in fact sick at one point.
“With the system, we missed five animals out of the 33 [sick calves] and we will have a large number of animals, about 40 animals, that will not be actually sick,” he said.
When they asked the farmer that they were working with how he felt about this, he saw this as 250 calves he would not need to treat because he knew they were not sick. Versus treating all 325 calves because he couldn’t be sure.
The team is currently working on reviewing the data again and looking for ways to refine the system for more accuracy.
“The difference between healthy animals and a sick calve appeared at least 10 days prior and maybe we should’ve gone farther back in time,” Calsamiglia said. “Prediction may help in early preventive treatment system and it may be useful as an alarm system just to identify at risk animals.” | <urn:uuid:30b32586-1169-4b7c-b113-8562713755fc> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.agupdate.com/midwestmessenger/news/livestock/fit-bits-for-calves/article_68abbab0-1c5f-11ea-ae0d-237e9c730447.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251776516.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128060946-20200128090946-00277.warc.gz | en | 0.980773 | 1,034 | 3.453125 | 3 | [
0.021525230258703232,
0.05155700817704201,
0.522684633731842,
0.14324495196342468,
0.31206604838371277,
-0.03413546457886696,
-0.11259519308805466,
0.36019113659858704,
0.2886941730976105,
0.2613201439380646,
-0.012134036049246788,
-0.5782482624053955,
-0.04017726704478264,
0.0638585835695... | 1 | Identifying and treating disease in young calves as early as possible is crucial to maintaining the health of the calf, and also maintaining growth and performance.
New research out of Europe suggests that the use of accelerometers, or movement trackers, could help producers identify and treat sick calves nearly 10 days before the calf starts to show signs of illness.
“There is already evidence both in pigs and cows that you can predict the incidents of disease from behavioral changes several days before the farmer is able to identify these animals as a sick,” said Sergio Calsamiglia from the University of Barcelona, speaking at the International Precision Dairy Conference in Rochester, Minnesota.
Calsamiglia’s research focused on dairy bull calves, Friesian calves to be exact, but the research and information is transferable to calves in different production systems.
The research goal was to find ways to reduce antibiotic use by identifying and treating only the sick calves versus a mass treatment of a whole group and by identifying the disease early, requiring less treatment.
The study tracked 325 bull calves in four different groups spread out over the year. Each calf was given an accelerometer that monitored its movement, tracked its steps, lying time and visits to the feed bunk. It recorded how often the calf visited the bunk and how long it stayed at the bunk each time.
“Each group was monitored for nine weeks from arrival,” he said. “The first day, these animals were setup with a pedometer on the front right leg.”
Health checks were done daily. When a calf was deemed sick by the farmer, showing visible signs of illness, a vet was called to confirm the diagnosis. The day of diagnosis was considered day zero.
The researchers then reviewed the movements of that animal for the previous 10 days and watched the movements for the next 10 days.
“When an animal was sick, we identified what we called ‘three brothers.’ A brother was a calf that was in the same group, at the same days of life and was at about the same body weight at entrance to the farm,” he explained
The brothers’ movements were also reviewed for 10 days prior to and after day zero.
Throughout the whole study, 33 calves were diagnosed sick, about 10 percent. Of those 33 calves, 17 were diagnosed and treated for a respiratory disease. The other calves had non-specific symptoms and received broad spectrum antibiotics and anti-inflammatories.
“The final objective was trying to define by logistic regression if there is one day, one single day where I can say with the highest possible reliability that this animal is at risk of becoming sick, so I could try to develop an algorithm where the system would alarm you that these animals are at risk,” Calsamiglia said.
They used the movement information collected from the sick calves compared to the healthy calves to develop the program that would alert a farmer when a calf may be sick or at risk of becoming sick.
It was evident that even 10 days prior to being diagnosed, sick calves started showing signs in their movement. Sick calves visited the bunk 20 percent less than the healthy calves and spent less time at the bunk. The sick calves also took fewer steps throughout the day during the 10 days prior to diagnosis and the 10 days following treatment.
Trips to the bunk and time spent at the bunk recovered very quickly after treatment.
Once the program was developed that would track the calves’ movements and alert the producer to a sick calf, the movements of all 325 calves over the course of the study were reviewed by the program to test its accuracy.
The program had a false positive alert, saying a healthy calf was sick, 60 percent of the time.
“Which means that out of the 325 calves, we will have 70 calves with an alarm, but only 28 will be actually sick,” he said.
The other side of this is: how many animals that are actually sick, but the system does not alert for? Of the 255 calves that never alerted as sick, five were in fact sick at one point.
“With the system, we missed five animals out of the 33 [sick calves] and we will have a large number of animals, about 40 animals, that will not be actually sick,” he said.
When they asked the farmer that they were working with how he felt about this, he saw this as 250 calves he would not need to treat because he knew they were not sick. Versus treating all 325 calves because he couldn’t be sure.
The team is currently working on reviewing the data again and looking for ways to refine the system for more accuracy.
“The difference between healthy animals and a sick calve appeared at least 10 days prior and maybe we should’ve gone farther back in time,” Calsamiglia said. “Prediction may help in early preventive treatment system and it may be useful as an alarm system just to identify at risk animals.” | 1,017 | ENGLISH | 1 |
T HE war against Carthage lasted many years, with sundry interruptions. The Carthaginians made many promises to the Romans, but broke them so often that "Punic faith" (that is, Carthaginian faith) came to mean the same as treachery or deceit.
When both parties were weary of the long struggle, the Romans resolved to end it by carrying the war into Africa. An army was therefore sent out under the command of Regulus. The men landed in Africa, where a new and terrible experience awaited them.
One day, shortly after their arrival, the camp was thrown into a panic by the appearance of one of the monster snakes for which Africa is noted, but which the Romans had never seen. The men fled in terror, and the serpent might have routed the whole army, had it not been for their leader's presence of mind.
Instead of fleeing with the rest, Regulus bravely stood his ground, and called to his men to bring one of the heavy machines with which they intended to throw stones into Carthage. He saw at once that with a ballista, or catapult, as these machines were called, they could stone the snake to death without much risk to themselves.
Story of Regulus.
Reassured by his words and example, the men obeyed, and went to work with such good will that the snake was soon slain. Its skin was kept as a trophy of this adventure, and sent to Rome, where the people gazed upon it in wonder; for we are told that the monster was one hundred and twenty feet long. Judging by this account, the "snake story" is very old indeed, and the Romans evidently knew how to exaggerate.
Having disposed of the snake, the Roman army now proceeded to war against the Carthaginians. These had the larger army, and many fighting elephants; so the Romans were at last completely defeated, and Regulus was made prisoner, and taken into Carthage in irons.
The Carthaginians had won this great victory under a Greek general named Xanthippus to whom, of course, the people were very grateful; but it is said that they forgot his services, and ended by drowning him.
The rulers of Carthage soon had cause to regret the loss of Xanthippus; for the Romans, having raised a new army, won several victories in Sicily, and drove the Carthaginian commander, Hasdrubal, out of the island.
As you have already seen, the people in those days rewarded their generals when successful; but when a battle was lost, they were apt to consider the general as a criminal, and to punish him for being unlucky, by disgrace or death. So when Hasdrubal returned to Carthage defeated, the people all felt indignant, and condemned him to die.
Then the Carthaginians, weary of a war which had already lasted about fifteen years, sent an embassy to Rome to propose peace; but their offers were refused. About this time Regulus was killed in Carthage, and in later times the Romans told a story of him which you will often hear.
They said that the Carthaginians sent Regulus along with the embassy, after making him promise to come back to Carthage if peace were not declared. They did this thinking that, in order to secure his freedom, he would advise the Romans to stop the war.
Regulus, however, was too good a patriot to seek his own welfare in preference to that of his country. When asked his advice by the Roman senate, he bade them continue the fight, and then, although they tried to detain him in Rome, he insisted upon keeping his promise and returning to captivity.
When he arrived in Carthage with the embassy, and it became known that he had advised the continuation of the war, the people were furious, and put him to death with frightful tortures.
The war went on for seven or eight years more, until even the Romans longed for peace. A truce was then made between Rome and Carthage, which put an end to the greatest war the Romans had yet waged,—the struggle which is known in history as the First Punic War. | <urn:uuid:c6c78543-90fe-41e3-84ed-2fa4f8fbd210> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | http://www.gatewaytotheclassics.com/browse/displayitem.php?item=books/guerber/romans/regulus | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250597458.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120052454-20200120080454-00118.warc.gz | en | 0.993004 | 862 | 3.484375 | 3 | [
-0.23479785025119781,
0.6876457929611206,
0.29849371314048767,
0.39336007833480835,
-0.4543416500091553,
-0.6456341743469238,
0.3494641184806824,
0.2739613354206085,
-0.2574000358581543,
-0.04731212183833122,
0.13145393133163452,
-0.6477410793304443,
0.2898678481578827,
0.2377176582813263,... | 1 | T HE war against Carthage lasted many years, with sundry interruptions. The Carthaginians made many promises to the Romans, but broke them so often that "Punic faith" (that is, Carthaginian faith) came to mean the same as treachery or deceit.
When both parties were weary of the long struggle, the Romans resolved to end it by carrying the war into Africa. An army was therefore sent out under the command of Regulus. The men landed in Africa, where a new and terrible experience awaited them.
One day, shortly after their arrival, the camp was thrown into a panic by the appearance of one of the monster snakes for which Africa is noted, but which the Romans had never seen. The men fled in terror, and the serpent might have routed the whole army, had it not been for their leader's presence of mind.
Instead of fleeing with the rest, Regulus bravely stood his ground, and called to his men to bring one of the heavy machines with which they intended to throw stones into Carthage. He saw at once that with a ballista, or catapult, as these machines were called, they could stone the snake to death without much risk to themselves.
Story of Regulus.
Reassured by his words and example, the men obeyed, and went to work with such good will that the snake was soon slain. Its skin was kept as a trophy of this adventure, and sent to Rome, where the people gazed upon it in wonder; for we are told that the monster was one hundred and twenty feet long. Judging by this account, the "snake story" is very old indeed, and the Romans evidently knew how to exaggerate.
Having disposed of the snake, the Roman army now proceeded to war against the Carthaginians. These had the larger army, and many fighting elephants; so the Romans were at last completely defeated, and Regulus was made prisoner, and taken into Carthage in irons.
The Carthaginians had won this great victory under a Greek general named Xanthippus to whom, of course, the people were very grateful; but it is said that they forgot his services, and ended by drowning him.
The rulers of Carthage soon had cause to regret the loss of Xanthippus; for the Romans, having raised a new army, won several victories in Sicily, and drove the Carthaginian commander, Hasdrubal, out of the island.
As you have already seen, the people in those days rewarded their generals when successful; but when a battle was lost, they were apt to consider the general as a criminal, and to punish him for being unlucky, by disgrace or death. So when Hasdrubal returned to Carthage defeated, the people all felt indignant, and condemned him to die.
Then the Carthaginians, weary of a war which had already lasted about fifteen years, sent an embassy to Rome to propose peace; but their offers were refused. About this time Regulus was killed in Carthage, and in later times the Romans told a story of him which you will often hear.
They said that the Carthaginians sent Regulus along with the embassy, after making him promise to come back to Carthage if peace were not declared. They did this thinking that, in order to secure his freedom, he would advise the Romans to stop the war.
Regulus, however, was too good a patriot to seek his own welfare in preference to that of his country. When asked his advice by the Roman senate, he bade them continue the fight, and then, although they tried to detain him in Rome, he insisted upon keeping his promise and returning to captivity.
When he arrived in Carthage with the embassy, and it became known that he had advised the continuation of the war, the people were furious, and put him to death with frightful tortures.
The war went on for seven or eight years more, until even the Romans longed for peace. A truce was then made between Rome and Carthage, which put an end to the greatest war the Romans had yet waged,—the struggle which is known in history as the First Punic War. | 867 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Robert Morris’s Internet Worm of 1988 was the biggest news in virus history for several years. Until 1992, most virus news was much quieter.
In 1989, for example, Ghostball was released. This was the first virus able to attack different kinds of targets. Before Ghostball, viruses were classified by their attack, like “file infector” or “boot sector virus.” Ghostball was the first Multipartite virus, because it could follow several attack patterns.
In 1990, a programmer named Mark Washburn demonstrated a Polymorphic virus.called 1260. This virus could actually change the structure of it’s own code—meaning, every time it infected a new system, it looked different while doing the same thing. In effect, this kind of virus “hides” from anti-virus software by wearing disguises.
Michelangelo was the first virus to achieve stardom. It was discovered in 1991, and was predicted to cause incredible amounts of damage when it reached it’s trigger date, March 6th, 1992 (March 6th is Michelangelo’s birthday). If an infected system is booted on March 6th, the virus will erase the hard drive. Despite doomsday warnings made by the press and the antivirus industry of “at least five million infected systems at risk,” only about 10,000-20,000 computers worldwide were hit by the virus.
The Concept virus was discovered in 1995. Concept is short for “Proof of Concept,” and it was designed to show how viruses could be written in the macro language programmed into Microsoft Word. By 2004, roughly 75% of all viruses are macro viruses.
The CIH virus, later renamed “Chernobyl,” appeared in 1998. This was a very damaging virus that was not only programmed to erase hard drives but also tried to erase BIOS chips. For the first time in history, a virus had managed to actually damage the hardware it was running on. Fortunately, CIH wasn’t very good at it, and only damaged a handful of systems. | <urn:uuid:30590389-6878-4b66-92e4-ebfce73f7570> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | http://article.pw/history-of-computer-viruses-since-1989-1999/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250619323.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124100832-20200124125832-00108.warc.gz | en | 0.981293 | 439 | 3.40625 | 3 | [
-0.4607141315937042,
-0.32109513878822327,
-0.061341628432273865,
-0.09060656279325485,
0.14779222011566162,
-0.025092897936701775,
0.38508379459381104,
0.22773665189743042,
-0.16402973234653473,
0.31731483340263367,
0.33094722032546997,
0.4007691740989685,
0.13919128477573395,
0.318758159... | 1 | Robert Morris’s Internet Worm of 1988 was the biggest news in virus history for several years. Until 1992, most virus news was much quieter.
In 1989, for example, Ghostball was released. This was the first virus able to attack different kinds of targets. Before Ghostball, viruses were classified by their attack, like “file infector” or “boot sector virus.” Ghostball was the first Multipartite virus, because it could follow several attack patterns.
In 1990, a programmer named Mark Washburn demonstrated a Polymorphic virus.called 1260. This virus could actually change the structure of it’s own code—meaning, every time it infected a new system, it looked different while doing the same thing. In effect, this kind of virus “hides” from anti-virus software by wearing disguises.
Michelangelo was the first virus to achieve stardom. It was discovered in 1991, and was predicted to cause incredible amounts of damage when it reached it’s trigger date, March 6th, 1992 (March 6th is Michelangelo’s birthday). If an infected system is booted on March 6th, the virus will erase the hard drive. Despite doomsday warnings made by the press and the antivirus industry of “at least five million infected systems at risk,” only about 10,000-20,000 computers worldwide were hit by the virus.
The Concept virus was discovered in 1995. Concept is short for “Proof of Concept,” and it was designed to show how viruses could be written in the macro language programmed into Microsoft Word. By 2004, roughly 75% of all viruses are macro viruses.
The CIH virus, later renamed “Chernobyl,” appeared in 1998. This was a very damaging virus that was not only programmed to erase hard drives but also tried to erase BIOS chips. For the first time in history, a virus had managed to actually damage the hardware it was running on. Fortunately, CIH wasn’t very good at it, and only damaged a handful of systems. | 458 | ENGLISH | 1 |
The History of Domestic Violence
In order to get a full understanding of domestic violence and learn what we can do to successfully combat it, it is important to learn about how we got to this point in the first place. Bradley suggests that domestic violence is as old as man himself, and states that records of wife beating stretch thousands of years, and it is only until recently that the public has decided to take a stand against it. She gives an account of times in ancient Rome, where a man could beat or even kill his wife on grounds as petty as public drunkenness or attending the the public games, while all the while men were encouraged and expected to partake in each of the above activities (Bradley 19). The idea of accepting domestic violence as something that just happens, was as idea which was reinforced through out centuries of patriarchal run societies, from the dark ages to the enlightenment. The wife was the husbands property and as such, he could treat her however he wished, and as soon as the woman tries to exert a similar power, it’s grounds for death.
Finally though, after years of continually being assaulted, the topic of domestic violence in it’s earliest forms started to be talked about and debated. Bradley notes that in 1405, a French writer Christine de Pizan complained of the harsh beating women received by their husbands for relatively no reason. Through the 15 century to the 19th, domestic violence was gaining more and more mainstream traction. Different significant writers, lawyers, philosophers, and other scholarly critiques were bringing the issue to public attention (Bradley 20). Some of these notable figures include, Mary Wollstonecraft, John Stuart Mill, Susan B. Anthony, and many more (Bradley 20).
A contemporary example of the reinforcement of social acceptance towards domestic violence is the colloquial phrase, “the rule of thumb”. Bradley states that although the term itself was a step in the progressive direction, it originated from English common law which dictated how thick the instrument you could hit your wife with could be. As long as the stick or whatever you chose to beat your wife with that day was less thick than your thumb, then you were good to go (Bradley 21). The fact that this phrase still dominated popular culture today, is just one small example of how the public is indoctrinated to accept domestic violence. American courts went ahead and adopted this rule for their own laws in 1822, and for the next few decades courts flipped back and forth on the exact size and measurement which a man could beat his wife with. While England passed its first laws against what we now know as domestic violence in 1853, it wasn’t until 1883 that the U.S finally deemed wife beating illegal (Bradley 21). Years of arguing the specifics of what a man could and couldn’t hurt his wife with resulted in the nation falling behind in terms of criminalizing domestic violence.
Although laws were finally being passed condemning wife beating, the public perception was hardly changed due to several factors, but one of those being very weak enforcement of those laws being created. Punishments were few and far between for husbands who would break these progressive new laws, and the legality of the situation itself was in limbo because in American and British culture, the wife was still viewed as the husbands property (Bradley 22). In fact, Bradley states, early American settlers adopted laws which put wives in the same legal status as a slave owned by the husband (Bradley 22). In this system, the husband was legally responsible for the entire household, so he was encouraged to do whatever it took behind closed doors, in order to present the picture perfect family to the outside world. Luckily this notion is finally beginning to be teared down, but not without the sacrifice from many women before us.
The attorneys at the Law Offices of H. William Edgar are dedicated to the practice of Family law and juvenile dependency matters. We have offices in Riverside, Temecula, Anaheim and Palm Desert. Committed to helping you get the results that your family deserves. Contact firstname.lastname@example.org 951-684-6885 or EdgarFamilyLaw.com
Berry, Dawn Bradley. The Domestic Violence Sourcebook. Contemporary, 2001 | <urn:uuid:2db4baf2-1f1c-4c7c-84db-710e1aae8d81> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.edgarfamilylaw.com/blog/2018/august/what-is-domestic-violence-a-series-on-dr-bradley2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250628549.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125011232-20200125040232-00363.warc.gz | en | 0.982034 | 864 | 3.609375 | 4 | [
-0.6025930047035217,
0.2608233690261841,
0.16230176389217377,
-0.1386733055114746,
-0.15870444476604462,
0.35585156083106995,
0.5472077131271362,
0.1195751428604126,
0.3584423065185547,
0.12184827029705048,
-0.05464430898427963,
0.3238619267940521,
0.16991612315177917,
0.3309568166732788,
... | 8 | The History of Domestic Violence
In order to get a full understanding of domestic violence and learn what we can do to successfully combat it, it is important to learn about how we got to this point in the first place. Bradley suggests that domestic violence is as old as man himself, and states that records of wife beating stretch thousands of years, and it is only until recently that the public has decided to take a stand against it. She gives an account of times in ancient Rome, where a man could beat or even kill his wife on grounds as petty as public drunkenness or attending the the public games, while all the while men were encouraged and expected to partake in each of the above activities (Bradley 19). The idea of accepting domestic violence as something that just happens, was as idea which was reinforced through out centuries of patriarchal run societies, from the dark ages to the enlightenment. The wife was the husbands property and as such, he could treat her however he wished, and as soon as the woman tries to exert a similar power, it’s grounds for death.
Finally though, after years of continually being assaulted, the topic of domestic violence in it’s earliest forms started to be talked about and debated. Bradley notes that in 1405, a French writer Christine de Pizan complained of the harsh beating women received by their husbands for relatively no reason. Through the 15 century to the 19th, domestic violence was gaining more and more mainstream traction. Different significant writers, lawyers, philosophers, and other scholarly critiques were bringing the issue to public attention (Bradley 20). Some of these notable figures include, Mary Wollstonecraft, John Stuart Mill, Susan B. Anthony, and many more (Bradley 20).
A contemporary example of the reinforcement of social acceptance towards domestic violence is the colloquial phrase, “the rule of thumb”. Bradley states that although the term itself was a step in the progressive direction, it originated from English common law which dictated how thick the instrument you could hit your wife with could be. As long as the stick or whatever you chose to beat your wife with that day was less thick than your thumb, then you were good to go (Bradley 21). The fact that this phrase still dominated popular culture today, is just one small example of how the public is indoctrinated to accept domestic violence. American courts went ahead and adopted this rule for their own laws in 1822, and for the next few decades courts flipped back and forth on the exact size and measurement which a man could beat his wife with. While England passed its first laws against what we now know as domestic violence in 1853, it wasn’t until 1883 that the U.S finally deemed wife beating illegal (Bradley 21). Years of arguing the specifics of what a man could and couldn’t hurt his wife with resulted in the nation falling behind in terms of criminalizing domestic violence.
Although laws were finally being passed condemning wife beating, the public perception was hardly changed due to several factors, but one of those being very weak enforcement of those laws being created. Punishments were few and far between for husbands who would break these progressive new laws, and the legality of the situation itself was in limbo because in American and British culture, the wife was still viewed as the husbands property (Bradley 22). In fact, Bradley states, early American settlers adopted laws which put wives in the same legal status as a slave owned by the husband (Bradley 22). In this system, the husband was legally responsible for the entire household, so he was encouraged to do whatever it took behind closed doors, in order to present the picture perfect family to the outside world. Luckily this notion is finally beginning to be teared down, but not without the sacrifice from many women before us.
The attorneys at the Law Offices of H. William Edgar are dedicated to the practice of Family law and juvenile dependency matters. We have offices in Riverside, Temecula, Anaheim and Palm Desert. Committed to helping you get the results that your family deserves. Contact firstname.lastname@example.org 951-684-6885 or EdgarFamilyLaw.com
Berry, Dawn Bradley. The Domestic Violence Sourcebook. Contemporary, 2001 | 884 | ENGLISH | 1 |
All three representatives had different aims towards the defeated countries, however they were forced to make compromises, therefore leaving the meeting unsatisfied. The final Treaty of Versailles included a constitution of the League of Nations which contained 14 points, thus again calling for compromise between three conflicting countries. In the end, there were many conflicting ideas about the results of the Treaty of Versailles in the eyes of Wilson, Clemenceau, and Lloyd George.
Woodrow Wilson of the United States contributed the ’14 Points’, through which Wilson calls for open diplomacy, freedom of the seas, removal of trade barriers and reduction of armaments in support of his central attempt to address the world’s problems. The points ultimately led to the League of Nations, which Wilson had a major part in forming; during the signing of the treaty. Article 10 in the treaty called on the US to support the League of Nations, which received national opposition due to what was viewed as a large amount of unnecessary American casualties during the war.
Ultimately, America was dissatisfied with the outcome of the treaty, therefore the US Senate never ratified it. This, of course, meant that they had never joined the League of Nations, partly because they wanted to limit their involvement in future European wars. Although America probably tempered the treaty, preventing Clemenceau from being overly harsh on Germany, the nation as a whole was unsatisfied, while Wilson defended it to the end.
In France, George Clemenceau was satisfied to a point with the treaty. He accepted Article 231, the disarmament clauses of the Treaty, getting back Alsace-Lorraine, and being given Germany colonies as mandates on behalf of the League of Nations. However, he was unhappy that France got the Saar coalfields for only 15 years, and he was angry that the Rhineland was merely demilitarized. France had wanted the Rhineland made into a powerless independent country, and Germany split up. Also, Clemenceau wanted reparations so high that Germany would be crippled, however the reparations committee determined an amount later, which did initially anger Clemenceau.
Britain received some of the German colonies, which was one of their aims. Overall, after the treaty they considered it fairly acceptable and were contented for a while. Germany’s military force was weakened, meaning less threat to the empire. However, eventually it was thought the treaty was too harsh on Germany, and also it didn’t deal with Germany’s eastern borders, which Lloyd-George considered a possible trouble spot in the future.
Even in Britain the opinion was split on the treaty. Winston Churchill believed that the treaty was the best settlement that could have been reached and “‘the wishes of the various populations prevailed'”. However, Harold Nicholson, a British delegate at Versailles, called the treaties “neither just nor wise”. So even in between the powers in Britain, there was some disagreement. Germany’s economy was not in any way protected, in fact it was ripped apart by reparations and debt, eventually crashing into hyperinflation. This was something Lloyd-George tried to avoid and it negatively affected the rest of Europe.
It is clear that not one of the three nations were completely satisfied with the Treaty of Versailles, however this doesn’t mean that none of their aims were achieved. The resulting treaty satisfied Clemenceau in some ways, but he didn’t receive everything he wanted. Germany did, in fact, have to pay huge sums to the nations, however it was never harsh enough for France.
Lloyd-George liked the reduction of the German navy, for it ensured that ‘Britannia ruled the waves’. However, he was suspicious about the annexation of the League of Nations, and opposed self-determination, thinking it would cause problems in the future. His predictions of another war were accurate. Wilson agreed with the self-determination and a League of Nations, but felt let down because few of his fourteen points were included. They all benefited in the way of certain compensations and new land, however tensions still remained high all over Europe. It’s safe to say that the treaty did not meet the requirements of a peace agreement, rather it was a compromise barely satisfying all parties involved. | <urn:uuid:40131195-8513-4d48-8caf-9260df6889ae> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://itchyfish.com/was-the-treaty-of-versailles-a-successful-settlement-of-the-war/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250606975.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122101729-20200122130729-00376.warc.gz | en | 0.986813 | 895 | 4.1875 | 4 | [
-0.31168049573898315,
0.09248508512973785,
0.07129612565040588,
-0.0273249801248312,
0.15741434693336487,
-0.06659457087516785,
-0.1661219447851181,
0.13862350583076477,
0.16173923015594482,
0.021263204514980316,
0.19093674421310425,
-0.2661089599132538,
0.07086579501628876,
0.589006781578... | 2 | All three representatives had different aims towards the defeated countries, however they were forced to make compromises, therefore leaving the meeting unsatisfied. The final Treaty of Versailles included a constitution of the League of Nations which contained 14 points, thus again calling for compromise between three conflicting countries. In the end, there were many conflicting ideas about the results of the Treaty of Versailles in the eyes of Wilson, Clemenceau, and Lloyd George.
Woodrow Wilson of the United States contributed the ’14 Points’, through which Wilson calls for open diplomacy, freedom of the seas, removal of trade barriers and reduction of armaments in support of his central attempt to address the world’s problems. The points ultimately led to the League of Nations, which Wilson had a major part in forming; during the signing of the treaty. Article 10 in the treaty called on the US to support the League of Nations, which received national opposition due to what was viewed as a large amount of unnecessary American casualties during the war.
Ultimately, America was dissatisfied with the outcome of the treaty, therefore the US Senate never ratified it. This, of course, meant that they had never joined the League of Nations, partly because they wanted to limit their involvement in future European wars. Although America probably tempered the treaty, preventing Clemenceau from being overly harsh on Germany, the nation as a whole was unsatisfied, while Wilson defended it to the end.
In France, George Clemenceau was satisfied to a point with the treaty. He accepted Article 231, the disarmament clauses of the Treaty, getting back Alsace-Lorraine, and being given Germany colonies as mandates on behalf of the League of Nations. However, he was unhappy that France got the Saar coalfields for only 15 years, and he was angry that the Rhineland was merely demilitarized. France had wanted the Rhineland made into a powerless independent country, and Germany split up. Also, Clemenceau wanted reparations so high that Germany would be crippled, however the reparations committee determined an amount later, which did initially anger Clemenceau.
Britain received some of the German colonies, which was one of their aims. Overall, after the treaty they considered it fairly acceptable and were contented for a while. Germany’s military force was weakened, meaning less threat to the empire. However, eventually it was thought the treaty was too harsh on Germany, and also it didn’t deal with Germany’s eastern borders, which Lloyd-George considered a possible trouble spot in the future.
Even in Britain the opinion was split on the treaty. Winston Churchill believed that the treaty was the best settlement that could have been reached and “‘the wishes of the various populations prevailed'”. However, Harold Nicholson, a British delegate at Versailles, called the treaties “neither just nor wise”. So even in between the powers in Britain, there was some disagreement. Germany’s economy was not in any way protected, in fact it was ripped apart by reparations and debt, eventually crashing into hyperinflation. This was something Lloyd-George tried to avoid and it negatively affected the rest of Europe.
It is clear that not one of the three nations were completely satisfied with the Treaty of Versailles, however this doesn’t mean that none of their aims were achieved. The resulting treaty satisfied Clemenceau in some ways, but he didn’t receive everything he wanted. Germany did, in fact, have to pay huge sums to the nations, however it was never harsh enough for France.
Lloyd-George liked the reduction of the German navy, for it ensured that ‘Britannia ruled the waves’. However, he was suspicious about the annexation of the League of Nations, and opposed self-determination, thinking it would cause problems in the future. His predictions of another war were accurate. Wilson agreed with the self-determination and a League of Nations, but felt let down because few of his fourteen points were included. They all benefited in the way of certain compensations and new land, however tensions still remained high all over Europe. It’s safe to say that the treaty did not meet the requirements of a peace agreement, rather it was a compromise barely satisfying all parties involved. | 855 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Ancient Olympic Games - Sphere Thrower
A sphere thrower athlete participating at the Olympic Games.
Hand-Made Bronze Sculpture with Quality Guarantee. Traditionally made with the method of casting bronze and with a museum-like oxidization.
The Olympic Games (Greek: Ολυμπιακοί αγώνες , "Olympiakoi Agones") were a series of athletic competitions among representatives of city-states and one of the Panhellenic Games of Ancient Greece. They were held in honor of Zeus, and the Greeks gave them a mythological origin. The first Olympics is traditionally dated to 776 BC. They continued to be celebrated when Greece came under Roman rule, until the emperor Theodosius I suppressed them in 394 AD as part of the campaign to impose Christianity as the state religion of Rome. The games were held every four years, or olympiad, which became a unit of time in historical chronologies.
During the celebration of the games, an Olympic Truce was enacted so that athletes could travel from their countries to the games in safety. The prizes for the victors were olive leaf wreaths or crowns. The games became a political tool used by city-states to assert dominance over their rivals. Politicians would announce political alliances at the games, and in times of war, priests would offer sacrifices to the gods for victory. The games were also used to help spread Hellenistic culture throughout the Mediterranean. The Olympics also featured religious celebrations and artistic competitions. The statue of Zeus at Olympia was counted as one of the seven wonders of the ancient world. Sculptors and poets would congregate each olympiad to display their works of art to would-be patrons.
The ancient Olympics had fewer events than the modern games, and only freeborn Greek men were allowed to participate, although a woman, Bilistiche, is also mentioned as a winning chariot owner. As long as they met the entrance criteria, athletes from any city-state and Macedon were allowed to participate, although the Hellanodikai, the officials in charge, allowed king Alexander I to participate in the games only after he had proven his Greek ancestry. The games were always held at Olympia rather than alternating to different locations as is the tradition with the modern Olympic Games. Victors at the Olympics were honored, and their feats chronicled for future generations.
Read more here | <urn:uuid:916c4c0f-bf5d-4320-8a7e-9549240e3688> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.artgreka.gr/ancient-greek-sphere-thrower-olympic-games | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251788528.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129041149-20200129071149-00447.warc.gz | en | 0.982745 | 502 | 3.65625 | 4 | [
0.016983380541205406,
0.2945520877838135,
0.5447202920913696,
-0.23747225105762482,
-0.33736735582351685,
-0.1818179339170456,
0.21061179041862488,
0.30393704771995544,
-0.060547083616256714,
0.1468159705400467,
-0.3663792312145233,
-0.6702055335044861,
-0.16140997409820557,
0.450595498085... | 6 | Ancient Olympic Games - Sphere Thrower
A sphere thrower athlete participating at the Olympic Games.
Hand-Made Bronze Sculpture with Quality Guarantee. Traditionally made with the method of casting bronze and with a museum-like oxidization.
The Olympic Games (Greek: Ολυμπιακοί αγώνες , "Olympiakoi Agones") were a series of athletic competitions among representatives of city-states and one of the Panhellenic Games of Ancient Greece. They were held in honor of Zeus, and the Greeks gave them a mythological origin. The first Olympics is traditionally dated to 776 BC. They continued to be celebrated when Greece came under Roman rule, until the emperor Theodosius I suppressed them in 394 AD as part of the campaign to impose Christianity as the state religion of Rome. The games were held every four years, or olympiad, which became a unit of time in historical chronologies.
During the celebration of the games, an Olympic Truce was enacted so that athletes could travel from their countries to the games in safety. The prizes for the victors were olive leaf wreaths or crowns. The games became a political tool used by city-states to assert dominance over their rivals. Politicians would announce political alliances at the games, and in times of war, priests would offer sacrifices to the gods for victory. The games were also used to help spread Hellenistic culture throughout the Mediterranean. The Olympics also featured religious celebrations and artistic competitions. The statue of Zeus at Olympia was counted as one of the seven wonders of the ancient world. Sculptors and poets would congregate each olympiad to display their works of art to would-be patrons.
The ancient Olympics had fewer events than the modern games, and only freeborn Greek men were allowed to participate, although a woman, Bilistiche, is also mentioned as a winning chariot owner. As long as they met the entrance criteria, athletes from any city-state and Macedon were allowed to participate, although the Hellanodikai, the officials in charge, allowed king Alexander I to participate in the games only after he had proven his Greek ancestry. The games were always held at Olympia rather than alternating to different locations as is the tradition with the modern Olympic Games. Victors at the Olympics were honored, and their feats chronicled for future generations.
Read more here | 489 | ENGLISH | 1 |
The Salem Witchhunts: A History of Witches, Trials, and Witch Hunts!
Although the Salem Witch Trials had many of the same triggers as the European witch hunts, there were some notable differences caused by Salem's unique history. One of the most striking differences is that the Salem witch trials started long after most of the European witch trials ended. Salem Witch Trials also lasted for a very short time in comparison, but more people died in contrast to the population than in many of the areas where witch hunts occurred. The first accusation was in January 1692 and lasted until May 1693. The death count is unknown for sure. The most apparent difference between the witch trials was that the Salem witch trials occurred in America: to be more specific in Salem Village, Massachusetts.
How It Began
Salem witch hunts began with two young girls Betty and Abigail. Betty was nine, and the Reverend Samuel Parris's daughter. Abigail was his niece and two years older than Betty. They unexpectedly began acting very strangely by twisting their bodies in strange positions and screaming. They would also cover their ears and scream during prayer, acting as if the prayers were harming them.
The Reverend became very concerned and began praying for the two girls, and requested that a doctor come and examine them. The doctor played an integral part in these witch hunts because he was the first to claim that the reason for the bizarre behavior was because of witchcraft. The fear of witchcraft spread terror among the community.
Why Did They Believe the Outlandish Accusations?
To understand why this community would believe such a bizarre accusation, you must first realize several things about their community. First, they were initially European settlers, who found a home in the new world. So they had just come from a society that feared witchcraft. The other part you must realize is how the community was set up.
There were two parts of Salem, the village and the town. The town consisted of 500 people. One of those who lived in the village was the minister (Samuel Parris) so that he could live close to the meeting house.
Heightened Emotional State
The town, on the other hand, was a poor farm community. The poverty in this town was a significant source of stress in this community, as they struggled to provide enough food along with a state of fear and anxiety due to attacks that happened just shortly before the accusations. The Wampanoag Indians were continually attacking Salem Town; therefore, they were in constant fear that these attacks would resume at any time. After being in such turmoil and fear, when the witch accusations occurred, they were already in a heightened emotional state.
Along with the constant state of fear, they also had stringent laws due to their Puritan lifestyle. There were laws about what type of clothes they were allowed to wear, their church attendance, as well as many other customs. They were stretched thin due to their extensive work in fields and such, and Sunday was the only day of rest from their endless work.
Searching For Answers
There was so much that the people didn't understand, and they searched for answers. Due to their stress and lack of understanding of science and psychology, they believed people were acting out due to magic. During this time, people thought that witchcraft was the work of Satan. They also believed that anything harmful, such as disease or drought, was the cause of Satan. These beliefs originated in Europe and were carried over to America as people traveled here.
Because they believed that magic was done by Satan, they thought the appropriate punishment for witchcraft would be death, which follows a line in the bible that is very misunderstood that states that the penalty of being a witch is death. They mistranslated the verse, since the closest English word to the greek was witch, although the word means something slightly different.
Beginning the Hunt For Witches!
Since the minister was a prominent person in the community, people listened to him. If the girls had been related to anyone else, the widespread panic might not have occurred, but Parris believed the only way to heal the girls was to remove the witches.
Many believed the girls knew who the witches were, but they refused to tell who it was. Despite their massive resistance towards music, there was a church member Mary Sibley who asked Tituba, a woman known for doing "magic," to use magic to identify the witch. Tituba most likely used herbal remedies and medicinal things, but they believed this to be magic during this time. Tituba told Mary to give a cake to Parris's dog, which they thought would identify the witch. Then others believed prayer would cure witchcraft.
The irony in this seems to come to light, and Tituba became the first one to be accused of being the witch that caused this, which was easy for people to believe. Although she initially said she was not the witch, Tituba later confessed, thinking things would go smoother if she confessed.
The Girls Name Witches
Yet, despite Tituba being in jail, two more girls began acting strangely; Ann Putman and Elizabeth Hubbard along with six more girls. All of them claimed to be victims of witchcraft. They became known as the afflicted girls.
On February 25, 1692, Betty and Abigail claimed Sarah Good and Sarah Osborne to be witches. Most likely, they were beginning to feel pressure to claim someone, and since the two Sarah's were known for being unfriendly, they were easy for people to believe. Thomas Putnam, Ann’s father thought they were telling the truth. He wanted to bring justice for her daughter and brought charges against the accused witches.
By March first, the three accused witches were brought to the meeting house to decide if they should stand trial. Sarah Good and Sarah Osborne both claimed innocence. During the trial, the girls began their strange behavior. They claimed a witches' specter (the spirit of a witch that only the victim could see) was pinching and biting them.
Fingers Being Pointed at Tituba and Others
Although Tituba initially claimed innocence, she changed her story. No one knows for sure, but she may have thought they would be easier on her. She also claimed the other two were witches as well. She claimed they had flown on broomsticks and even said there were more witches. As a result, both Good and Osborne went to trial, while Tituba was spared since they believed she broke Satan's hold on her by confessing. But a search for others began.
Ann Putman soon claimed another women's specter that of Martha Corey was hurting her. Martha was initially a well-respected woman and said she thought the girls were lying, nonetheless she was arrested. With such a well-respected person in custody, people began looking at one another with fear and suspicion suspecting their neighbors of this heinous crime. During Martha’s trials, girls claimed Martha’s specter was biting them and even had bite marks to prove.
Next, they accused Rebecca Nurse. Although the judges first dismissed her because of her well-respected position, they quickly changed their minds due to the girls' increasingly bizarre behavior. Later they even claimed Dorcas Good; a four-year-old was a witch. When they asked Dorcas, she claimed that both her mom and she were witches. They carried her and her mother away in chains
Not All Believed These Tales
Not everyone believed these tales. One man John Proctor felt girls were causing trouble. The girls then accused his wife, since he defended his wife, they arrested both of them and hung him due to his strong stance and resistance to the witch trials!!! If I ever find a clearer image of his tomb, I will post it instead.
Finally, one of the girls, Mary Warren, admitted to faking the behavior. She also said that the other girls were too. The girls turned on her and then claimed her of witchcraft. They released Mary due to "admitting the truth." She said that she was a witch and that witches entranced the girls. She kept silent afterward, and they dropped all charges.
The Damage Done
Overall, the witch trials lasted over four months, which does not seem like that long. But 150 people in the small town were arrested, 19 hung, and one pressed to death. Although no one knows for sure what the death toll was, because many died in the prisons, so an exact total of the people lost due to the witch hunts remains unknown.
It is a sad part of American history. No one will know for sure whether mental illness, acting, or just oppression of these young girls was the cause.
- Ginzburg, Carlo. The Night Battles: Witchcraft and Agrarian Cults in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries. Translated by John and Anne Tedeschi. (Baltimore, Maryland: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992).
- Kors, Alan Charles, and Edward Peters. Witchcraft in Europe 400-1700: A Documentary History. Second Edition. (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2001).
- Levack, Brian P. The Witch Hunt in Early Modern Europe. Third Edition. (Harlow: Pearson Education Limited, 2006).
Questions & Answers
© 2010 Angela Michelle Schultz | <urn:uuid:4094fab4-f3fb-4e14-928c-24b33f12a2d5> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://owlcation.com/humanities/Salems-History-How-Undervalued-Youth-Caused-a-Ruckus | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250619323.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124100832-20200124125832-00271.warc.gz | en | 0.989068 | 1,899 | 3.28125 | 3 | [
-0.031934745609760284,
0.33058667182922363,
0.1819847822189331,
0.11375202238559723,
-0.06374411284923553,
0.2020518183708191,
0.48445242643356323,
-0.16749833524227142,
-0.11482994258403778,
-0.12365257740020752,
-0.15738043189048767,
0.07731770724058151,
-0.6959092617034912,
0.2234541326... | 1 | The Salem Witchhunts: A History of Witches, Trials, and Witch Hunts!
Although the Salem Witch Trials had many of the same triggers as the European witch hunts, there were some notable differences caused by Salem's unique history. One of the most striking differences is that the Salem witch trials started long after most of the European witch trials ended. Salem Witch Trials also lasted for a very short time in comparison, but more people died in contrast to the population than in many of the areas where witch hunts occurred. The first accusation was in January 1692 and lasted until May 1693. The death count is unknown for sure. The most apparent difference between the witch trials was that the Salem witch trials occurred in America: to be more specific in Salem Village, Massachusetts.
How It Began
Salem witch hunts began with two young girls Betty and Abigail. Betty was nine, and the Reverend Samuel Parris's daughter. Abigail was his niece and two years older than Betty. They unexpectedly began acting very strangely by twisting their bodies in strange positions and screaming. They would also cover their ears and scream during prayer, acting as if the prayers were harming them.
The Reverend became very concerned and began praying for the two girls, and requested that a doctor come and examine them. The doctor played an integral part in these witch hunts because he was the first to claim that the reason for the bizarre behavior was because of witchcraft. The fear of witchcraft spread terror among the community.
Why Did They Believe the Outlandish Accusations?
To understand why this community would believe such a bizarre accusation, you must first realize several things about their community. First, they were initially European settlers, who found a home in the new world. So they had just come from a society that feared witchcraft. The other part you must realize is how the community was set up.
There were two parts of Salem, the village and the town. The town consisted of 500 people. One of those who lived in the village was the minister (Samuel Parris) so that he could live close to the meeting house.
Heightened Emotional State
The town, on the other hand, was a poor farm community. The poverty in this town was a significant source of stress in this community, as they struggled to provide enough food along with a state of fear and anxiety due to attacks that happened just shortly before the accusations. The Wampanoag Indians were continually attacking Salem Town; therefore, they were in constant fear that these attacks would resume at any time. After being in such turmoil and fear, when the witch accusations occurred, they were already in a heightened emotional state.
Along with the constant state of fear, they also had stringent laws due to their Puritan lifestyle. There were laws about what type of clothes they were allowed to wear, their church attendance, as well as many other customs. They were stretched thin due to their extensive work in fields and such, and Sunday was the only day of rest from their endless work.
Searching For Answers
There was so much that the people didn't understand, and they searched for answers. Due to their stress and lack of understanding of science and psychology, they believed people were acting out due to magic. During this time, people thought that witchcraft was the work of Satan. They also believed that anything harmful, such as disease or drought, was the cause of Satan. These beliefs originated in Europe and were carried over to America as people traveled here.
Because they believed that magic was done by Satan, they thought the appropriate punishment for witchcraft would be death, which follows a line in the bible that is very misunderstood that states that the penalty of being a witch is death. They mistranslated the verse, since the closest English word to the greek was witch, although the word means something slightly different.
Beginning the Hunt For Witches!
Since the minister was a prominent person in the community, people listened to him. If the girls had been related to anyone else, the widespread panic might not have occurred, but Parris believed the only way to heal the girls was to remove the witches.
Many believed the girls knew who the witches were, but they refused to tell who it was. Despite their massive resistance towards music, there was a church member Mary Sibley who asked Tituba, a woman known for doing "magic," to use magic to identify the witch. Tituba most likely used herbal remedies and medicinal things, but they believed this to be magic during this time. Tituba told Mary to give a cake to Parris's dog, which they thought would identify the witch. Then others believed prayer would cure witchcraft.
The irony in this seems to come to light, and Tituba became the first one to be accused of being the witch that caused this, which was easy for people to believe. Although she initially said she was not the witch, Tituba later confessed, thinking things would go smoother if she confessed.
The Girls Name Witches
Yet, despite Tituba being in jail, two more girls began acting strangely; Ann Putman and Elizabeth Hubbard along with six more girls. All of them claimed to be victims of witchcraft. They became known as the afflicted girls.
On February 25, 1692, Betty and Abigail claimed Sarah Good and Sarah Osborne to be witches. Most likely, they were beginning to feel pressure to claim someone, and since the two Sarah's were known for being unfriendly, they were easy for people to believe. Thomas Putnam, Ann’s father thought they were telling the truth. He wanted to bring justice for her daughter and brought charges against the accused witches.
By March first, the three accused witches were brought to the meeting house to decide if they should stand trial. Sarah Good and Sarah Osborne both claimed innocence. During the trial, the girls began their strange behavior. They claimed a witches' specter (the spirit of a witch that only the victim could see) was pinching and biting them.
Fingers Being Pointed at Tituba and Others
Although Tituba initially claimed innocence, she changed her story. No one knows for sure, but she may have thought they would be easier on her. She also claimed the other two were witches as well. She claimed they had flown on broomsticks and even said there were more witches. As a result, both Good and Osborne went to trial, while Tituba was spared since they believed she broke Satan's hold on her by confessing. But a search for others began.
Ann Putman soon claimed another women's specter that of Martha Corey was hurting her. Martha was initially a well-respected woman and said she thought the girls were lying, nonetheless she was arrested. With such a well-respected person in custody, people began looking at one another with fear and suspicion suspecting their neighbors of this heinous crime. During Martha’s trials, girls claimed Martha’s specter was biting them and even had bite marks to prove.
Next, they accused Rebecca Nurse. Although the judges first dismissed her because of her well-respected position, they quickly changed their minds due to the girls' increasingly bizarre behavior. Later they even claimed Dorcas Good; a four-year-old was a witch. When they asked Dorcas, she claimed that both her mom and she were witches. They carried her and her mother away in chains
Not All Believed These Tales
Not everyone believed these tales. One man John Proctor felt girls were causing trouble. The girls then accused his wife, since he defended his wife, they arrested both of them and hung him due to his strong stance and resistance to the witch trials!!! If I ever find a clearer image of his tomb, I will post it instead.
Finally, one of the girls, Mary Warren, admitted to faking the behavior. She also said that the other girls were too. The girls turned on her and then claimed her of witchcraft. They released Mary due to "admitting the truth." She said that she was a witch and that witches entranced the girls. She kept silent afterward, and they dropped all charges.
The Damage Done
Overall, the witch trials lasted over four months, which does not seem like that long. But 150 people in the small town were arrested, 19 hung, and one pressed to death. Although no one knows for sure what the death toll was, because many died in the prisons, so an exact total of the people lost due to the witch hunts remains unknown.
It is a sad part of American history. No one will know for sure whether mental illness, acting, or just oppression of these young girls was the cause.
- Ginzburg, Carlo. The Night Battles: Witchcraft and Agrarian Cults in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries. Translated by John and Anne Tedeschi. (Baltimore, Maryland: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992).
- Kors, Alan Charles, and Edward Peters. Witchcraft in Europe 400-1700: A Documentary History. Second Edition. (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2001).
- Levack, Brian P. The Witch Hunt in Early Modern Europe. Third Edition. (Harlow: Pearson Education Limited, 2006).
Questions & Answers
© 2010 Angela Michelle Schultz | 1,913 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Ancient greek language and Both roman Architecture
The Greek and Roman Buildings is very much likewise, but concurrently they are different in some ways. Wealth and excessive population densities in the metropolitan areas had forced the ancient Romans to find some new executive solutions that belongs to them. The Both roman architecture used certain areas of Greek structures and created a new form of architectural design.
To begin, the Greek structure had the intentions to include a large number of their particular cultural principles like the kinds that has something to do with the Greek city that may be in the temples. The temples or wats were created on top of the website that grew up above a city with issues of value as well as the center of civic lifestyle. Also the Greek structures along with the temple was made in line with the exact guidelines of geometry which facilitates the social values of proportion and equality. Initial the Greek architecture experienced developed some orders that includes a separate form of architecture that may be better employed in the three instructions first Doric, second Iconic, and third Corinthian.
Second, the Both roman architecture was more certain in the materialistic ways than the Greeks, in which they created things on a larger range, they applied a variety of building materials, and they did not pay much attention to the little information. The better form of the Roman structures is the Coliseums or the Scene which was manufactured by the Aventure. The Coliseum was significant as a starting of entertainment for the whole town. The Roman helped support the composition of this Coliseum because it is a variety of the Roman brought in cement, the exterior that has been covered by a stone facing of a form of limestone that was used along with tufa. I found out that the Coliseum was designed having a combination of all three of the new orders Doric, second Iconic, and Corinthian. Even though the content had not any structural function but they looked as a type of decoration.
Aventure built Curve to honor some... | <urn:uuid:3ccf7df2-63a0-41e1-930a-bd3b61efef38> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://westwoodeducationalfoundation.org/artwork-101/91534-art-101-essay.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250609478.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123071220-20200123100220-00517.warc.gz | en | 0.980403 | 398 | 3.453125 | 3 | [
-0.10316409170627594,
0.07872568815946579,
0.6327290534973145,
0.029962390661239624,
-0.55574631690979,
-0.1284048706293106,
-0.4589279890060425,
0.5167526602745056,
0.17378666996955872,
-0.3909442126750946,
-0.3226925730705261,
-0.2198922336101532,
-0.0621979795396328,
0.40227583050727844... | 1 | Ancient greek language and Both roman Architecture
The Greek and Roman Buildings is very much likewise, but concurrently they are different in some ways. Wealth and excessive population densities in the metropolitan areas had forced the ancient Romans to find some new executive solutions that belongs to them. The Both roman architecture used certain areas of Greek structures and created a new form of architectural design.
To begin, the Greek structure had the intentions to include a large number of their particular cultural principles like the kinds that has something to do with the Greek city that may be in the temples. The temples or wats were created on top of the website that grew up above a city with issues of value as well as the center of civic lifestyle. Also the Greek structures along with the temple was made in line with the exact guidelines of geometry which facilitates the social values of proportion and equality. Initial the Greek architecture experienced developed some orders that includes a separate form of architecture that may be better employed in the three instructions first Doric, second Iconic, and third Corinthian.
Second, the Both roman architecture was more certain in the materialistic ways than the Greeks, in which they created things on a larger range, they applied a variety of building materials, and they did not pay much attention to the little information. The better form of the Roman structures is the Coliseums or the Scene which was manufactured by the Aventure. The Coliseum was significant as a starting of entertainment for the whole town. The Roman helped support the composition of this Coliseum because it is a variety of the Roman brought in cement, the exterior that has been covered by a stone facing of a form of limestone that was used along with tufa. I found out that the Coliseum was designed having a combination of all three of the new orders Doric, second Iconic, and Corinthian. Even though the content had not any structural function but they looked as a type of decoration.
Aventure built Curve to honor some... | 395 | ENGLISH | 1 |
As mental illness becomes an increasingly prevalent issue in society, and as the taboo surrounding it begins to melt away, more and more research is taking place to find ways to help overcome it.
A recent study has looked at anxiety in children and what can be done to decrease its crippling physical and emotional affects.
The study, published in the Preventing Chronic Disease journal, was conducted with 643 children aged six and seven who were all enrolled in a paediatric primary care clinic in New York.
The parents of the children involved were asked to survey their child’s lifestyle, daily behaviours, habits, BMI and general health. They found that an interesting pattern emerged between the children who suffered from a certain level of anxiety and those that, interestingly, lived with a dog.
Out of the 58% of the children who had a dog in their family home, just 12% were likely to experience childhood anxiety. This was compared to 21% of children who don’t have dogs.
The researchers tested to make sure that these findings were not down to other variables such as high income.
The study suggests that dogs can help children to be more socially engaged by encouraging them to stimulate conversation. The researchers feel that these skills will transfer to being more sociable with adults later in life, which could help prevent social anxiety.
The impact dogs can have on adults’ anxiety is less researched. However, if having a dog can encourage an adult to be more sociable, leave the house to take them for a walk, and promote the emotional responsibilities of looking after another being, it could possibly have similarly positive affects. | <urn:uuid:886174e8-7fc6-49ff-8d5f-8fbe47844830> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.goodhousekeeping.com/uk/health/health-advice/a558221/how-to-help-reduce-anxiety/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251690379.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126195918-20200126225918-00179.warc.gz | en | 0.985092 | 328 | 3.5 | 4 | [
0.30714911222457886,
0.03078327886760235,
0.4649195671081543,
0.032066889107227325,
0.1773068904876709,
0.48567527532577515,
-0.05778700113296509,
0.22394004464149475,
-0.0036579102743417025,
-0.15220502018928528,
0.21767102181911469,
0.05351748317480087,
0.3319409489631653,
0.173886090517... | 4 | As mental illness becomes an increasingly prevalent issue in society, and as the taboo surrounding it begins to melt away, more and more research is taking place to find ways to help overcome it.
A recent study has looked at anxiety in children and what can be done to decrease its crippling physical and emotional affects.
The study, published in the Preventing Chronic Disease journal, was conducted with 643 children aged six and seven who were all enrolled in a paediatric primary care clinic in New York.
The parents of the children involved were asked to survey their child’s lifestyle, daily behaviours, habits, BMI and general health. They found that an interesting pattern emerged between the children who suffered from a certain level of anxiety and those that, interestingly, lived with a dog.
Out of the 58% of the children who had a dog in their family home, just 12% were likely to experience childhood anxiety. This was compared to 21% of children who don’t have dogs.
The researchers tested to make sure that these findings were not down to other variables such as high income.
The study suggests that dogs can help children to be more socially engaged by encouraging them to stimulate conversation. The researchers feel that these skills will transfer to being more sociable with adults later in life, which could help prevent social anxiety.
The impact dogs can have on adults’ anxiety is less researched. However, if having a dog can encourage an adult to be more sociable, leave the house to take them for a walk, and promote the emotional responsibilities of looking after another being, it could possibly have similarly positive affects. | 325 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Look carefully at ‘The Speckled Band’ and ‘The Engineer’s Thumb. ‘ How does the writer create mystery and suspense in these stories? Explain how he uses language to create character and atmosphere. What does this tell about the conventions of the Victorian short story? The two stories that are referred to in this essay are, ‘The Speckled Band’ and ‘The Engineer’s Thumb’, both are written by Arthur Conan Doyle and describe two of the many adventures of Sherlock Holmes. ‘The Speckled Band’ was set in early April 1883, however it was not published until February 1892.
‘The Engineer’s Thumb’ was set slightly later in the summer of 1889, though again it was also published in 1892 just a month before ‘The Speckled Band’. Both short stories contain the main characteristics of the Victorian short stories. In ‘The Speckled Band’ Dr Roylott murdered his stepdaughter and, two years on, history is repeating itself, at the family home in Stoke Moran. Holmes discovers the daughter was murdered by a snake, through Dr Roylott’s intricate and sinister methods, and prevents this from happening again.
In ‘The Engineer’s Thumb’ a young engineer is hoodwinked into helping an illegal money laundering operation. When he becomes aware of the true nature of his employment, he finds himself in a life-threatening situation. Again Holmes in his inimitable style helps to solve the mystery. Although both are mystery stories, they evolve in slightly different ways. ‘The Speckled Band’ creates a mystery that is only solved at the very end with a dramatic revelation through Holmes’ brilliant reasoning power, as he deducts all the correct conclusions from small observations.
However, in ‘The Engineer’s Thumb’, the mystery element develops as the story goes on, and therefore there is no major revelation at the end. Personally I felt that ‘The Engineer’s Thumb’ was exciting throughout, whereas ‘The Speckled Band’ was slow until the very end. In both stories Sherlock Holmes emerges as the hero. Particularly in ‘The Speckled Band’, where even after the mystery has revealed itself, he has to explain all the details to Watson, who is a clever man and has seen and heard all the same things as Holmes.
Conan Doyle uses a combination of melodrama, vivid descriptions of atmosphere, setting and character along with language and various literary devices to build up a sense of mystery and suspense. Firstly the social and historical context of these short stories is very important. The Victorian morality was very judgemental. The criminals were often foreigners or social outcasts, as the British Empire was riddled with double standards. Sherlock Holmes was an extremely popular character as he embodied everything that the British people thought was good.
He was a cultured, intelligent gentleman who was strong, both mentally and physically. Holmes believed in class and ‘good breeding. ‘ However there also had to be certain elements, which give the stories a sense of realism and excitement. One of the first things that made the books populart as that Holmes had an archrival, Professor Montriak. Although he is not mentioned in either ‘The Speckled Band’ or ‘The Engineer’s Thumb’ he was a part of Holmes’ character, and an important one. Like most popular heroes Holmes had his own vices.
He was a drug addict. Along with all the qualities that made Holmes’ character so popular and successful, he also exposed the seedier side of Victorian society, and dealt with it. He made society safe for everyone. Holmes was the first fictional detective. Conan Doyle’s books were also the first of their genre and of the short story genre. Most heroes have an accomplice and Holmes was no exception. Dr Watson, the accomplice, was used as a narrative technique to explain to the reader what was going on.
At the time these books were both set and written, Jack the Ripper was loose in London. London was riddled with slums, prostitution, corrupt police and drugs. Holmes personifies the public’s opinion of what the police force should be like. Holmes was first introduced to the public in 1887, and was seemingly loved by everyone. When after six years Doyle killed him off to focus on writing other things, there was public outrage. Arthur Conan Doyle received death threats, and ended up having to invent a way of bringing him back. | <urn:uuid:94629f51-4282-4fb5-a614-cf340db31964> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://ozziessay.com.au/essay-on-the-speckled-band-6-6719/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250628549.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125011232-20200125040232-00466.warc.gz | en | 0.982946 | 962 | 3.34375 | 3 | [
-0.15449857711791992,
0.23079150915145874,
0.11948804557323456,
-0.04755708575248718,
0.2839508652687073,
0.2090432345867157,
-0.04349145293235779,
-0.000644247978925705,
-0.08032272011041641,
-0.38907843828201294,
0.18769612908363342,
0.08134669065475464,
0.13646364212036133,
-0.097405835... | 2 | Look carefully at ‘The Speckled Band’ and ‘The Engineer’s Thumb. ‘ How does the writer create mystery and suspense in these stories? Explain how he uses language to create character and atmosphere. What does this tell about the conventions of the Victorian short story? The two stories that are referred to in this essay are, ‘The Speckled Band’ and ‘The Engineer’s Thumb’, both are written by Arthur Conan Doyle and describe two of the many adventures of Sherlock Holmes. ‘The Speckled Band’ was set in early April 1883, however it was not published until February 1892.
‘The Engineer’s Thumb’ was set slightly later in the summer of 1889, though again it was also published in 1892 just a month before ‘The Speckled Band’. Both short stories contain the main characteristics of the Victorian short stories. In ‘The Speckled Band’ Dr Roylott murdered his stepdaughter and, two years on, history is repeating itself, at the family home in Stoke Moran. Holmes discovers the daughter was murdered by a snake, through Dr Roylott’s intricate and sinister methods, and prevents this from happening again.
In ‘The Engineer’s Thumb’ a young engineer is hoodwinked into helping an illegal money laundering operation. When he becomes aware of the true nature of his employment, he finds himself in a life-threatening situation. Again Holmes in his inimitable style helps to solve the mystery. Although both are mystery stories, they evolve in slightly different ways. ‘The Speckled Band’ creates a mystery that is only solved at the very end with a dramatic revelation through Holmes’ brilliant reasoning power, as he deducts all the correct conclusions from small observations.
However, in ‘The Engineer’s Thumb’, the mystery element develops as the story goes on, and therefore there is no major revelation at the end. Personally I felt that ‘The Engineer’s Thumb’ was exciting throughout, whereas ‘The Speckled Band’ was slow until the very end. In both stories Sherlock Holmes emerges as the hero. Particularly in ‘The Speckled Band’, where even after the mystery has revealed itself, he has to explain all the details to Watson, who is a clever man and has seen and heard all the same things as Holmes.
Conan Doyle uses a combination of melodrama, vivid descriptions of atmosphere, setting and character along with language and various literary devices to build up a sense of mystery and suspense. Firstly the social and historical context of these short stories is very important. The Victorian morality was very judgemental. The criminals were often foreigners or social outcasts, as the British Empire was riddled with double standards. Sherlock Holmes was an extremely popular character as he embodied everything that the British people thought was good.
He was a cultured, intelligent gentleman who was strong, both mentally and physically. Holmes believed in class and ‘good breeding. ‘ However there also had to be certain elements, which give the stories a sense of realism and excitement. One of the first things that made the books populart as that Holmes had an archrival, Professor Montriak. Although he is not mentioned in either ‘The Speckled Band’ or ‘The Engineer’s Thumb’ he was a part of Holmes’ character, and an important one. Like most popular heroes Holmes had his own vices.
He was a drug addict. Along with all the qualities that made Holmes’ character so popular and successful, he also exposed the seedier side of Victorian society, and dealt with it. He made society safe for everyone. Holmes was the first fictional detective. Conan Doyle’s books were also the first of their genre and of the short story genre. Most heroes have an accomplice and Holmes was no exception. Dr Watson, the accomplice, was used as a narrative technique to explain to the reader what was going on.
At the time these books were both set and written, Jack the Ripper was loose in London. London was riddled with slums, prostitution, corrupt police and drugs. Holmes personifies the public’s opinion of what the police force should be like. Holmes was first introduced to the public in 1887, and was seemingly loved by everyone. When after six years Doyle killed him off to focus on writing other things, there was public outrage. Arthur Conan Doyle received death threats, and ended up having to invent a way of bringing him back. | 904 | ENGLISH | 1 |
The American creed can differ from person to person, Some may also identify with the American creed that I do, being American means to have the same equal opportunity to take advantage of the resources of education that is given. In America, the opportunity of 12+ years of free education is given to all children. Since the first day of kindergarten, the learning has not stopped. In early September the doors open for all, ready to embark on the new year of learning. With each year, a new beginning fills you with joy and enthusiasm. Many kids don't see the building as a representation of opportunities, but as the years go on so does their understanding of the importance of knowledge. Every child has been gifted the equal opportunity of learning to improve their future through schooling in America.
Not all Americans start out with the same opportunities as others due to financial situations. Financial aid is a grant or scholarship, or loan to help students meet their college financial needs. This opportunity is given to people that are in situations of lower income families. When you are in this type of situation, people may assume they cannot pursue the path of furthering their education. With financial aid, they are given just that. Giving people equal financial opportunity is just one-way America is making the education available to all.
Brown vs. Board of Education is the ruling of the unconstitutional running of the unequal education in the separate schools. In this point of time, the opportunities were not equal for everyone, although the constitution states that all men are equal. Schools were separated by race, African American schools were not as up to date in books or supplies for the children's education. After the trial for this case, the law was improved to the saying known as “separate but equal” now this was not an embellishment of separate schools between race, but it was a step in the right direction. This ruling improved the opportunity for the equal rights to the education given to all children.
As I entered high school my father started to remind me that school was important, being a kid I never thought twice about how classes could impact my later years. When the first year of high school took a toll on my grades my dad told me about his years and experiences in school. A few things I took from this conversation between someone who has gone through the experiences and one who is just getting started, was that the classes in high school do matter. The knowledge you take away from those years of schooling are used later in life. He explained to me how he was once in a high school math class and also did not take things too seriously. As he went on to attend college, a placement test was required for a math class After the test he found out the material that was told in the earlier years did not stick with him. He had to take the basic classes before he was able to take the class to get college credit. He realized if he would have taken advantage of the opportunities given in the beginning he won’t have had to pay to retake a class from high school. The opportunities were given equally to all, but the person must use the education to its fullest to gain the knowledge that is given.
In America, we are all given the opportunities to take advantage of the resource of education. From financial assistance to the availability of school, America is involved in making sure the resources of education is equally given. Some may not always use them at first, or even at all, but all are entitled to the resource of education and can take advantage of them. To be American is to use the education given to its fullest. | <urn:uuid:a44f5797-77a4-417d-a4eb-1cfeef010a11> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://writingourfuture.nwp.org/americancreed/responses/1011-american-creed-educational-opportunities | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251779833.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128153713-20200128183713-00252.warc.gz | en | 0.986971 | 726 | 3.34375 | 3 | [
-0.22582527995109558,
-0.14493945240974426,
0.024720575660467148,
-0.17475222051143646,
-0.3260948657989502,
0.11043461412191391,
0.026068096980452538,
-0.3161149024963379,
0.2074645459651947,
-0.16206705570220947,
0.2605915665626526,
0.1357383131980896,
-0.15965799987316132,
0.05866554379... | 11 | The American creed can differ from person to person, Some may also identify with the American creed that I do, being American means to have the same equal opportunity to take advantage of the resources of education that is given. In America, the opportunity of 12+ years of free education is given to all children. Since the first day of kindergarten, the learning has not stopped. In early September the doors open for all, ready to embark on the new year of learning. With each year, a new beginning fills you with joy and enthusiasm. Many kids don't see the building as a representation of opportunities, but as the years go on so does their understanding of the importance of knowledge. Every child has been gifted the equal opportunity of learning to improve their future through schooling in America.
Not all Americans start out with the same opportunities as others due to financial situations. Financial aid is a grant or scholarship, or loan to help students meet their college financial needs. This opportunity is given to people that are in situations of lower income families. When you are in this type of situation, people may assume they cannot pursue the path of furthering their education. With financial aid, they are given just that. Giving people equal financial opportunity is just one-way America is making the education available to all.
Brown vs. Board of Education is the ruling of the unconstitutional running of the unequal education in the separate schools. In this point of time, the opportunities were not equal for everyone, although the constitution states that all men are equal. Schools were separated by race, African American schools were not as up to date in books or supplies for the children's education. After the trial for this case, the law was improved to the saying known as “separate but equal” now this was not an embellishment of separate schools between race, but it was a step in the right direction. This ruling improved the opportunity for the equal rights to the education given to all children.
As I entered high school my father started to remind me that school was important, being a kid I never thought twice about how classes could impact my later years. When the first year of high school took a toll on my grades my dad told me about his years and experiences in school. A few things I took from this conversation between someone who has gone through the experiences and one who is just getting started, was that the classes in high school do matter. The knowledge you take away from those years of schooling are used later in life. He explained to me how he was once in a high school math class and also did not take things too seriously. As he went on to attend college, a placement test was required for a math class After the test he found out the material that was told in the earlier years did not stick with him. He had to take the basic classes before he was able to take the class to get college credit. He realized if he would have taken advantage of the opportunities given in the beginning he won’t have had to pay to retake a class from high school. The opportunities were given equally to all, but the person must use the education to its fullest to gain the knowledge that is given.
In America, we are all given the opportunities to take advantage of the resource of education. From financial assistance to the availability of school, America is involved in making sure the resources of education is equally given. Some may not always use them at first, or even at all, but all are entitled to the resource of education and can take advantage of them. To be American is to use the education given to its fullest. | 720 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Charles Dickens By Fatima Aamer Mustafa Class VIII lilac
Who is Charles Dickens? Charles John Huffam Dickens was an English writer and social critic who is generally regarded as the greatest novelist of the Victorian period and the creator of some of the world's most memorable fictional characters. During his lifetime Dickens's works enjoyed unprecedented popularity and fame, and by the twentieth century his literary genius was fully recognized by critics and scholars. His novels and short stories continue to enjoy an enduring popularity among the general reading public.
His Life He was born on 7 February 1812. When he was born he found himself in Part sea. His mother’s name was Elizabeth; she came from a family of musical instrument makers. His father was called John. He worked for navy. One of his most important things was that his family never stayed very long in the same house. Five months after he was born, they moved from that street to another in same town. In 1822, at the age of 21, he wrote a small piece called “a dinner at poplar walk’. In 1836 he married Catherine Hogarth, the daughter of his employer. He died on 9 June 1870. He was buried in poet’s corner in London’s Westminster abbey, a final resting place for best-known and best-loved. When he died his age was 58.
His early years He was the second of eight children to John Dickens (1785-1851) and Elizabeth Dickens (1789-1863). Very soon after his birth the family moved to Norfolk Street, Bloomsbury, and then, when he was four, to Chatham, Kent, where he spent his formative years until the age of 11. His early years seem to have been idyllic, though he thought himself a "very small and not-over-particularly-taken-care-of boy. Charles spent time outdoors, but also read voraciously, especially the picaresque novels of Tobias Smollett and Henry Fielding.
Middle years In late November 1851, Dickens moved into Tailstock House where he wrote Bleak House (1852–53), Hard Times (1854) and Little Dorr it (1857).[ It was here he indulged in the amateur theatricals which are described in Forster's "Life". In 1856, his income from writing allowed him to buy Gad's Hill Place in Hingham, Kent. As a child, Dickens had walked past the house and dreamed of living in it. The area was also the scene of some of the events of Shakespeare's Henry IV, Part 1 and this literary connection pleased him.
…..In 1857, Dickens hired professional actresses for the play The Frozen Deep, which he and his protégé Willkie Collins had written. Dickens fell deeply in love with one of the actresses, Ellen Tern an, which was to last the rest of his life. Dickens was 45 and Tern an 18 when he made the decision, which went strongly against Victorian convention, to separate from his wife, Catherine, in 1858—divorce was still unthinkable for someone as famous as he was. When Catherine left, never to see her husband again, she took with her one child, leaving the other children to be raised by her sister Georgina who chose to stay at Gad's Hill.
His father His father John Dickens (21 August 1785 – 31 March 1851) was the father of English novelist Charles Dickens and was the model for Mr. Macabre in his son's semi-autobiographical novel David Copperfield. The son of William Dickens (1719–1785) and Elizabeth Ball (1745–1824), John Dickens was a clerk in the Royal Navy Pay Office at Portsmouth in Hampshire. On 13 June 1809 at St Mary le Strand, London, he married Elizabeth Barrow, with whom he had eight children. He was later transferred to London and then to Chatham, returning to live in Camden Town in London in 1822 to work in Somerset House. John Dickens found it difficult to provide for his growing family on his meager income. Soon his debts had become so severe that all the household goods were sold in an attempt to pay his bills.
His mother Elizabeth Clifford aspired to be a teacher and school director, (21 December 1789 – 13 September 1863) was the wife of John Dickens and the mother of English novelist Charles Dickens. She was the source for Mrs. Nickleby in her son's novel Nicholas Nickleby and for Mrs. Macabre in David Copperfield. She came from family musical instrument makers.
His family The Dickens family is the descendants of John Dickens, the father of the English novelist Charles Dickens. John Dickens was a clerk in the Royal Navy Pay Office and had eight children from his marriage to Elizabeth Barrow. Their second child was Charles Dickens, whose descendents include the novelist Monica Dickens, the writer Lucinda Dickens Hawksley and the actors Harry Lloyd and Brian Forster.
His books Dickens’ greatest novel. Number 1: Bleak House Bleak House is the great writer’s grandest, most virtuosic achievement.Dickens’ greatest novel. Number 2: Great Expectations The older Dickens got, the darker his books. With Great Expectations, he asks: How long can a society ignore the nefarious, corrupt or compromised sources of its wealth?Dickens’ greatest novel. Number 3: David Copperfield Every time I read the book I think, the story of a boy who overcomes adversity and grows up to be a writer? That’s the most cliché first-novel idea around. Except that it was Dickens’ eighth, and it marked a departure.
…Dickens’ greatest novel. Number 4: Hard Times Dickens’ shortest novel is very taut, and occasionally some sharp little passage arrives that reminds you of his more expansive greatness. Dickens’ greatest novel. Number 9: Dombey and Son When the death scene in Dombey and Son was published, all of England was apparently prostrated by grief.
His death The last novel Dickens completed before his death was Our Mutual Friend, which was finished in 1865. He started work on The Mystery of Edwin Drood, a mystery novel intended to run in twelve parts. Halfway through, however, Dickens suffered a stroke. He died at his London home on 9 June 1870, at age 58, and was buried in the Poet's Corner at Westminster Abbey. Just prior to his death, Dickens had recently performed an emotional reading of the murder of Nancy in the character of Oliver Twist's Bill Sikes. Friends believed that the strain of this reading brought on his stroke and killed him. We have no way of knowing all the secrets of Dickens's life, but we know this: up until the very end, he gave everything he had to his work. | <urn:uuid:3ab1863a-5300-408a-aae6-1bb1f9b52185> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.slideserve.com/ward/by-fatima-aamer-mustafa-class-viii-lilac | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250590107.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20200117180950-20200117204950-00264.warc.gz | en | 0.986798 | 1,413 | 3.4375 | 3 | [
0.05117202550172806,
0.1301485002040863,
0.6080445647239685,
0.17652809619903564,
0.08329980075359344,
-0.37321823835372925,
-0.004839105997234583,
0.3070215582847595,
-0.18901555240154266,
0.0804392620921135,
-0.19651028513908386,
0.03344759717583656,
0.20143812894821167,
0.41765797138214... | 1 | Charles Dickens By Fatima Aamer Mustafa Class VIII lilac
Who is Charles Dickens? Charles John Huffam Dickens was an English writer and social critic who is generally regarded as the greatest novelist of the Victorian period and the creator of some of the world's most memorable fictional characters. During his lifetime Dickens's works enjoyed unprecedented popularity and fame, and by the twentieth century his literary genius was fully recognized by critics and scholars. His novels and short stories continue to enjoy an enduring popularity among the general reading public.
His Life He was born on 7 February 1812. When he was born he found himself in Part sea. His mother’s name was Elizabeth; she came from a family of musical instrument makers. His father was called John. He worked for navy. One of his most important things was that his family never stayed very long in the same house. Five months after he was born, they moved from that street to another in same town. In 1822, at the age of 21, he wrote a small piece called “a dinner at poplar walk’. In 1836 he married Catherine Hogarth, the daughter of his employer. He died on 9 June 1870. He was buried in poet’s corner in London’s Westminster abbey, a final resting place for best-known and best-loved. When he died his age was 58.
His early years He was the second of eight children to John Dickens (1785-1851) and Elizabeth Dickens (1789-1863). Very soon after his birth the family moved to Norfolk Street, Bloomsbury, and then, when he was four, to Chatham, Kent, where he spent his formative years until the age of 11. His early years seem to have been idyllic, though he thought himself a "very small and not-over-particularly-taken-care-of boy. Charles spent time outdoors, but also read voraciously, especially the picaresque novels of Tobias Smollett and Henry Fielding.
Middle years In late November 1851, Dickens moved into Tailstock House where he wrote Bleak House (1852–53), Hard Times (1854) and Little Dorr it (1857).[ It was here he indulged in the amateur theatricals which are described in Forster's "Life". In 1856, his income from writing allowed him to buy Gad's Hill Place in Hingham, Kent. As a child, Dickens had walked past the house and dreamed of living in it. The area was also the scene of some of the events of Shakespeare's Henry IV, Part 1 and this literary connection pleased him.
…..In 1857, Dickens hired professional actresses for the play The Frozen Deep, which he and his protégé Willkie Collins had written. Dickens fell deeply in love with one of the actresses, Ellen Tern an, which was to last the rest of his life. Dickens was 45 and Tern an 18 when he made the decision, which went strongly against Victorian convention, to separate from his wife, Catherine, in 1858—divorce was still unthinkable for someone as famous as he was. When Catherine left, never to see her husband again, she took with her one child, leaving the other children to be raised by her sister Georgina who chose to stay at Gad's Hill.
His father His father John Dickens (21 August 1785 – 31 March 1851) was the father of English novelist Charles Dickens and was the model for Mr. Macabre in his son's semi-autobiographical novel David Copperfield. The son of William Dickens (1719–1785) and Elizabeth Ball (1745–1824), John Dickens was a clerk in the Royal Navy Pay Office at Portsmouth in Hampshire. On 13 June 1809 at St Mary le Strand, London, he married Elizabeth Barrow, with whom he had eight children. He was later transferred to London and then to Chatham, returning to live in Camden Town in London in 1822 to work in Somerset House. John Dickens found it difficult to provide for his growing family on his meager income. Soon his debts had become so severe that all the household goods were sold in an attempt to pay his bills.
His mother Elizabeth Clifford aspired to be a teacher and school director, (21 December 1789 – 13 September 1863) was the wife of John Dickens and the mother of English novelist Charles Dickens. She was the source for Mrs. Nickleby in her son's novel Nicholas Nickleby and for Mrs. Macabre in David Copperfield. She came from family musical instrument makers.
His family The Dickens family is the descendants of John Dickens, the father of the English novelist Charles Dickens. John Dickens was a clerk in the Royal Navy Pay Office and had eight children from his marriage to Elizabeth Barrow. Their second child was Charles Dickens, whose descendents include the novelist Monica Dickens, the writer Lucinda Dickens Hawksley and the actors Harry Lloyd and Brian Forster.
His books Dickens’ greatest novel. Number 1: Bleak House Bleak House is the great writer’s grandest, most virtuosic achievement.Dickens’ greatest novel. Number 2: Great Expectations The older Dickens got, the darker his books. With Great Expectations, he asks: How long can a society ignore the nefarious, corrupt or compromised sources of its wealth?Dickens’ greatest novel. Number 3: David Copperfield Every time I read the book I think, the story of a boy who overcomes adversity and grows up to be a writer? That’s the most cliché first-novel idea around. Except that it was Dickens’ eighth, and it marked a departure.
…Dickens’ greatest novel. Number 4: Hard Times Dickens’ shortest novel is very taut, and occasionally some sharp little passage arrives that reminds you of his more expansive greatness. Dickens’ greatest novel. Number 9: Dombey and Son When the death scene in Dombey and Son was published, all of England was apparently prostrated by grief.
His death The last novel Dickens completed before his death was Our Mutual Friend, which was finished in 1865. He started work on The Mystery of Edwin Drood, a mystery novel intended to run in twelve parts. Halfway through, however, Dickens suffered a stroke. He died at his London home on 9 June 1870, at age 58, and was buried in the Poet's Corner at Westminster Abbey. Just prior to his death, Dickens had recently performed an emotional reading of the murder of Nancy in the character of Oliver Twist's Bill Sikes. Friends believed that the strain of this reading brought on his stroke and killed him. We have no way of knowing all the secrets of Dickens's life, but we know this: up until the very end, he gave everything he had to his work. | 1,483 | ENGLISH | 1 |
George Croghan was born near Louisville, Kentucky, on November 15, 1791. His father had served as an officer in the American Revolution, and his mother was a sister of George Rogers Clark. After attending the College of William and Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia, Croghan joined the army in 1811. He quickly saw military service, participating in the Battle of Tippecanoe and the siege of Fort Meigs.
Not long after the War of 1812 began, George Croghan became commander of Fort Stephenson. Located on the Sandusky River, the fort was important to Ohio's defense against the British. The fort consisted of three blockhouses inside of a rectangular stockade. Croghan worked hard to increase the fort's defensive capabilities. General William Henry Harrison believed that the fort was located at a precarious position and ordered that Croghan abandon it, but Croghan argued that, if his forces withdrew, Native Americans would cut his men off from the rest of the army. Before the two men could resolve their differences, British troops attacked the fort. Despite the fact that Croghan had only approximately 150 troops under his command, the Americans were successful in holding off the British assault. In fact, Croghan's men were so successful that they crippled the British forces -- not one officer was left standing, and one-fifth of the English soldiers were either killed, wounded, or missing in action. The Americans forced their enemy to withdraw from the area. The victory at Fort Stephenson came at an important time during the war, as the United States had few military successes. In addition to raising American morale, it also made Croghan famous across the country. President James Madison promoted him to the rank of lieutenant colonel as reward for his service. Years later, the United States Congress voted to award him a gold medal for his success during the War of 1812.
Croghan continued to serve in the military after the War of 1812 ended. In 1824, he became postmaster of the city of New Orleans, but the following year he was appointed inspector general of the army. During the Mexican War, Croghan served with General Zachary Taylor. Once the war ended, Croghan was stationed in New Orleans. He died of cholera there on January 8, 1849. Although originally buried in a family cemetery near Louisville, Croghan's remains were removed to the site of Fort Stephenson in 1906, and a granite memorial covered his grave. | <urn:uuid:bf1a1ec2-2d5f-40fb-81d6-3af02ea75e00> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://ohiohistorycentral.org/index.php?title=George_Croghan&oldid=27940 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251687725.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126043644-20200126073644-00510.warc.gz | en | 0.990701 | 494 | 3.53125 | 4 | [
0.17265483736991882,
0.39700865745544434,
0.7766707539558411,
-0.1364319920539856,
-0.944229781627655,
0.0840190201997757,
0.3085622489452362,
0.10874592512845993,
-0.6455827355384827,
0.21425479650497437,
0.33950871229171753,
-0.08876550197601318,
0.06780540943145752,
0.30302250385284424,... | 3 | George Croghan was born near Louisville, Kentucky, on November 15, 1791. His father had served as an officer in the American Revolution, and his mother was a sister of George Rogers Clark. After attending the College of William and Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia, Croghan joined the army in 1811. He quickly saw military service, participating in the Battle of Tippecanoe and the siege of Fort Meigs.
Not long after the War of 1812 began, George Croghan became commander of Fort Stephenson. Located on the Sandusky River, the fort was important to Ohio's defense against the British. The fort consisted of three blockhouses inside of a rectangular stockade. Croghan worked hard to increase the fort's defensive capabilities. General William Henry Harrison believed that the fort was located at a precarious position and ordered that Croghan abandon it, but Croghan argued that, if his forces withdrew, Native Americans would cut his men off from the rest of the army. Before the two men could resolve their differences, British troops attacked the fort. Despite the fact that Croghan had only approximately 150 troops under his command, the Americans were successful in holding off the British assault. In fact, Croghan's men were so successful that they crippled the British forces -- not one officer was left standing, and one-fifth of the English soldiers were either killed, wounded, or missing in action. The Americans forced their enemy to withdraw from the area. The victory at Fort Stephenson came at an important time during the war, as the United States had few military successes. In addition to raising American morale, it also made Croghan famous across the country. President James Madison promoted him to the rank of lieutenant colonel as reward for his service. Years later, the United States Congress voted to award him a gold medal for his success during the War of 1812.
Croghan continued to serve in the military after the War of 1812 ended. In 1824, he became postmaster of the city of New Orleans, but the following year he was appointed inspector general of the army. During the Mexican War, Croghan served with General Zachary Taylor. Once the war ended, Croghan was stationed in New Orleans. He died of cholera there on January 8, 1849. Although originally buried in a family cemetery near Louisville, Croghan's remains were removed to the site of Fort Stephenson in 1906, and a granite memorial covered his grave. | 526 | ENGLISH | 1 |
The History of Java
Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles was born at sea on board a ship on the 6th of July, 1781 off the coast of Jamaica. Unlike many empire builders, Raffles, who is remembered fondly as a benevolent figure, opened doors of opportunity and fought slave trading in the region. He was the Lieutenant Governor of Java from 1811-1816, during which Borobudur and other temples were restored. He was the Governor of Bencoolen (now Bengkulu Province in Indonesia) from 1817-1824. He was the founding father of modern Singapore. He was the founder and the first president of the London Zoological Society. And, most importantly, he was an enthusiastic scholar who wrote The History of Java in which he praised Java’s high civilization and culture. The book, which was originally published in 1817, the same year in which he was knighted, was well received, and is still one of the major reference works for studying Javanese society.
Extent (Pages, Duration, Dimensions)
Is Part Of
Asia - Southeast Asia Collection, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa Library | <urn:uuid:014bbd99-0a2c-4d8e-8045-cbf8551d843a> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://digital.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/items/show/31898 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250608295.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123041345-20200123070345-00319.warc.gz | en | 0.980079 | 240 | 3.421875 | 3 | [
0.12666966021060944,
0.5315671563148499,
0.5679836273193359,
-0.33540424704551697,
-0.1005912497639656,
-0.027419745922088623,
0.3281007409095764,
0.14836379885673523,
-0.11393410712480545,
-0.25885993242263794,
0.06665576994419098,
-0.6621739268302917,
-0.10237009078264236,
0.495221614837... | 1 | The History of Java
Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles was born at sea on board a ship on the 6th of July, 1781 off the coast of Jamaica. Unlike many empire builders, Raffles, who is remembered fondly as a benevolent figure, opened doors of opportunity and fought slave trading in the region. He was the Lieutenant Governor of Java from 1811-1816, during which Borobudur and other temples were restored. He was the Governor of Bencoolen (now Bengkulu Province in Indonesia) from 1817-1824. He was the founding father of modern Singapore. He was the founder and the first president of the London Zoological Society. And, most importantly, he was an enthusiastic scholar who wrote The History of Java in which he praised Java’s high civilization and culture. The book, which was originally published in 1817, the same year in which he was knighted, was well received, and is still one of the major reference works for studying Javanese society.
Extent (Pages, Duration, Dimensions)
Is Part Of
Asia - Southeast Asia Collection, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa Library | 253 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Before Hong Kong became a British crown colony in 1841, it belonged to China. This is why the Chinese currency system was in use on the peninsula. For every-day-trade the Chinese cash coins ch'ien were in circulation. For larger transactions, silver was used. It was available either in form of silver ingots or as Mexican dollars. Especially the Mexican dollar, also known as peso, was highly popular. The attempt to replace it by British silver coins worked only in 1895, when a trade dollar was issued for East Asia, which eventually evolved into the Hong Kong-dollar still in use today. The introduction of British small coins from bronze, on the other hand, was more successful. Cent denominations especially for use in Hong Kong were struck since 1863. They bore the image of the respective ruler and inscriptions in English and Chinese. This piece was issued during the reign of King Edward VI (1901-1910)I. | <urn:uuid:74a9caf2-904a-4bd2-a5c8-2223bf57a687> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://moneymuseum.com/en/coins?id=1663 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250607407.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122191620-20200122220620-00507.warc.gz | en | 0.987629 | 191 | 3.828125 | 4 | [
-0.3817886412143707,
0.1446886509656906,
0.29401695728302,
-0.32569950819015503,
-0.04612118750810623,
-0.02748541347682476,
0.33285126090049744,
-0.19267673790454865,
-0.012622611597180367,
0.015493132174015045,
0.45623883605003357,
-0.5988173484802246,
0.10886197537183762,
0.054975464940... | 15 | Before Hong Kong became a British crown colony in 1841, it belonged to China. This is why the Chinese currency system was in use on the peninsula. For every-day-trade the Chinese cash coins ch'ien were in circulation. For larger transactions, silver was used. It was available either in form of silver ingots or as Mexican dollars. Especially the Mexican dollar, also known as peso, was highly popular. The attempt to replace it by British silver coins worked only in 1895, when a trade dollar was issued for East Asia, which eventually evolved into the Hong Kong-dollar still in use today. The introduction of British small coins from bronze, on the other hand, was more successful. Cent denominations especially for use in Hong Kong were struck since 1863. They bore the image of the respective ruler and inscriptions in English and Chinese. This piece was issued during the reign of King Edward VI (1901-1910)I. | 203 | ENGLISH | 1 |
George T. Ruby was the most widely known of the first generation of black politicians in Texas, establishing during the Reconstruction both a local and national reputation as a strident advocate of equal rights. Born in New York City and reared in Maine, Ruby demonstrated his desire to secure a better place for African Americans at an early age. He migrated to Haiti shortly after graduating from high school as part of an effort to colonize American blacks in a world where their futures were not limited by their race. During the Civil War he moved to Louisiana, where he worked as a teacher among the freedmen. In 1867 he moved to Texas, where he again taught school as an employee of the Freedmen’s Bureau.
Ruby became involved in politics in Texas with the beginning of Congressional Reconstruction in 1867. As an agent of the Loyal League, he became a major force in organizing blacks to vote, and his connections allowed him to run successfully for the 1868 Constitutional Convention. Elected president of the Loyal League in 1868, Ruby used his position to help elect Edmund J. Davis governor in 1869 and also to go to the state senate from Galveston. In the senate he supported the broader agenda of the Republican governor and in return secured support for his own efforts to ensure the protection of basic civil rights for African Americans. At the same time, he established connections with black politicians nationally.
Ruby headed the Texas Republican Party in its unsuccessful efforts at retaining power in 1873. Seeing no future for himself when the Democrats returned to power, Ruby returned to Louisiana, where he spent his later years as a newspaper editor and an advocate of the Exodus, a movement that advocated the removal of blacks from the South and their resettlement in the Midwest. From youth to his death in 1882, Ruby showed himself to be a principled politician committed to bettering the place of African Americans in white America.
About the Author
Published by Texas Christian University Press | <urn:uuid:fcb49d1a-59da-4509-9250-808fc248fc19> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.tamupress.com/book/9780875657486/george-t-ruby/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251684146.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126013015-20200126043015-00292.warc.gz | en | 0.98124 | 392 | 3.875 | 4 | [
-0.48129552602767944,
0.16207711398601532,
0.17116934061050415,
0.01593679189682007,
-0.4264301359653473,
0.02172510325908661,
-0.06062190234661102,
-0.15452373027801514,
-0.37445828318595886,
-0.16278886795043945,
0.30107465386390686,
0.14681454002857208,
0.09323001652956009,
0.0450245440... | 13 | George T. Ruby was the most widely known of the first generation of black politicians in Texas, establishing during the Reconstruction both a local and national reputation as a strident advocate of equal rights. Born in New York City and reared in Maine, Ruby demonstrated his desire to secure a better place for African Americans at an early age. He migrated to Haiti shortly after graduating from high school as part of an effort to colonize American blacks in a world where their futures were not limited by their race. During the Civil War he moved to Louisiana, where he worked as a teacher among the freedmen. In 1867 he moved to Texas, where he again taught school as an employee of the Freedmen’s Bureau.
Ruby became involved in politics in Texas with the beginning of Congressional Reconstruction in 1867. As an agent of the Loyal League, he became a major force in organizing blacks to vote, and his connections allowed him to run successfully for the 1868 Constitutional Convention. Elected president of the Loyal League in 1868, Ruby used his position to help elect Edmund J. Davis governor in 1869 and also to go to the state senate from Galveston. In the senate he supported the broader agenda of the Republican governor and in return secured support for his own efforts to ensure the protection of basic civil rights for African Americans. At the same time, he established connections with black politicians nationally.
Ruby headed the Texas Republican Party in its unsuccessful efforts at retaining power in 1873. Seeing no future for himself when the Democrats returned to power, Ruby returned to Louisiana, where he spent his later years as a newspaper editor and an advocate of the Exodus, a movement that advocated the removal of blacks from the South and their resettlement in the Midwest. From youth to his death in 1882, Ruby showed himself to be a principled politician committed to bettering the place of African Americans in white America.
About the Author
Published by Texas Christian University Press | 412 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Stories We Need to Remember
The untold story of the Reformation is of the women of the Reformation. We tend to tell the story of all the men, and that's because they were pastors, and believe based on the teachings of Scripture, that the pastorate is an office reserved for men. But in that, we miss the fact that women played a significant role in the Reformation.
The role many of them played was as wife. We would not have Martin Luther and what he was able to do without Katie. But there were also women who made significant contributions in their own right.
Women played a significant role in the Reformation.
The one story that we have to tell is the story of Lady Jane Grey. She was just a teenager, and she had a knack for languages. She knew Latin and Greek, and she studied the Greek New Testament.
She wrote a letter to Martin Bucer— the scholar that Calvin wanted to study under at Strausberg—asking him what the best way was for her to go about learning Hebrew so that she could read the Old Testament in the original language. She was a teenager.
She ends up (after Edward VI's death) getting put on the throne of England. She was called England's "Nine Day Queen." The troops swooped into London to put Mary, the half-sister of Edward, on the throne. Lady Jane Grey was taken off the throne, and put in the Tower of London.
Of course Mary was Catholic to the core, and she reverted the Reformation that had come to England, and took England back to Catholicism. And there sitting in the Tower was this young teenager, Lady Jane Grey.
Mary dispatches for Bishop Feckenham and he went and basically interrogated her. And in the process of this, she put forth the doctrine of sola scriptura, she defended the doctrine of justification by faith alone, and Feckenham just simply left. He was not up to the challenge of debating her.
The sentence was issued that she was to be executed, and this young, bold, courageous reader of Greek and Hebrew was led to her death. Lady Jane Grey became a martyr for the faith.
This is a great story, and there are more. We need not just remember the men of the Reformation, but also the women. We need to make sure their untold stories get told.
Be inspired by the lives and ministries of 5 key historical figures whom God used to bring reformation to the church.
The most lasting impact of the Reformation is gospel-centered mission. The Reformation unleashed a movement that continues today as Christians everywhere take the good news to the entire world. | <urn:uuid:597bfbfa-dd58-4c91-a4ac-b485aea74660> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.crossway.org/articles/the-forgotten-women-of-the-reformation/?utm_source=Crossway+Marketing&utm_campaign=2c01151820-20171031+-+General+-+The+Reformation&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_0275bcaa4b-2c01151820-294857389 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251801423.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129164403-20200129193403-00228.warc.gz | en | 0.986606 | 551 | 3.78125 | 4 | [
0.1638035923242569,
0.20217818021774292,
0.05482199788093567,
-0.059022385627031326,
-0.13380396366119385,
0.21028316020965576,
-0.38229402899742126,
0.26514512300491333,
0.028533320873975754,
0.30926135182380676,
-0.40599316358566284,
0.03808479756116867,
0.11165598779916763,
-0.133934020... | 6 | Stories We Need to Remember
The untold story of the Reformation is of the women of the Reformation. We tend to tell the story of all the men, and that's because they were pastors, and believe based on the teachings of Scripture, that the pastorate is an office reserved for men. But in that, we miss the fact that women played a significant role in the Reformation.
The role many of them played was as wife. We would not have Martin Luther and what he was able to do without Katie. But there were also women who made significant contributions in their own right.
Women played a significant role in the Reformation.
The one story that we have to tell is the story of Lady Jane Grey. She was just a teenager, and she had a knack for languages. She knew Latin and Greek, and she studied the Greek New Testament.
She wrote a letter to Martin Bucer— the scholar that Calvin wanted to study under at Strausberg—asking him what the best way was for her to go about learning Hebrew so that she could read the Old Testament in the original language. She was a teenager.
She ends up (after Edward VI's death) getting put on the throne of England. She was called England's "Nine Day Queen." The troops swooped into London to put Mary, the half-sister of Edward, on the throne. Lady Jane Grey was taken off the throne, and put in the Tower of London.
Of course Mary was Catholic to the core, and she reverted the Reformation that had come to England, and took England back to Catholicism. And there sitting in the Tower was this young teenager, Lady Jane Grey.
Mary dispatches for Bishop Feckenham and he went and basically interrogated her. And in the process of this, she put forth the doctrine of sola scriptura, she defended the doctrine of justification by faith alone, and Feckenham just simply left. He was not up to the challenge of debating her.
The sentence was issued that she was to be executed, and this young, bold, courageous reader of Greek and Hebrew was led to her death. Lady Jane Grey became a martyr for the faith.
This is a great story, and there are more. We need not just remember the men of the Reformation, but also the women. We need to make sure their untold stories get told.
Be inspired by the lives and ministries of 5 key historical figures whom God used to bring reformation to the church.
The most lasting impact of the Reformation is gospel-centered mission. The Reformation unleashed a movement that continues today as Christians everywhere take the good news to the entire world. | 539 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Which exactly are all of the houses in mathematics? What does the range me-an in mathematics? This guide can show you the various kinds of all the combinations you could explore answers you are able to have on your equations and different tactics.
What’s actually a multiple in mathematics? There are a lot of ways to state what’s a variable in mathematics. You’re saying exactly what N would be at the equation and to the right by using also a a number of from the equation and the logo N.
The means to express what N would be really in math is a number that’s different and . You wish to create N being a individual number, though the equation is usually written that way or employing exactly the equation by you. The N in the equation can be utilised to show that a number isn’t getting defined by you, however certainly are still defining a term.
N could be written by you the very exact same number you also can write N as you of the angles or you are able to produce N as a angle. You can use this is of the many in mathematics with the definition of N.
You may write exactly the very same value being made use of by N as N. N is often utilised by you by two angles.
You are able to also produce N by 2 angles. N using the left hand side of this equation might be written by you. All of these are variations of N.
The upcoming way is also a different angle, and also N. You’re able to create N by a single angle a few angles, or even 2 angles. N could be written by you from a single angle.
You may also publish N two angles utilizing the angle. You can also produce N two angles and also a dual angle. You can produce N as two angles along with a angle.
You are able to also write N by two angles and a double angle angle a few angles, or a triple angle. It is possible to write N by two angles and a quadrant, a quadrangle or quadrant, or four angles. N might be written by you as a quadrant and three angles.
You could also write N using means of a quadrant and three angles. You can also publish N by also a radius and also several angles. You could also produce N for a two and quadrant angles.
You may also compose N using also a quadrant and 3 angles plus a quadrant and also two angles. You are able to even produce N for a two and quadrant angles plus a quadrant. | <urn:uuid:5a85950f-329d-4db8-a029-ab543321337a> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | http://www.rgm.co.tt/houses-l-z/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250601241.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121014531-20200121043531-00453.warc.gz | en | 0.980262 | 533 | 3.765625 | 4 | [
-0.11683303862810135,
-0.23122775554656982,
0.18242618441581726,
-0.5173779726028442,
-0.34910622239112854,
0.17380252480506897,
0.10051317512989044,
-0.12850424647331238,
0.11109841614961624,
-0.029143089428544044,
0.18523438274860382,
-0.20430271327495575,
0.06404244154691696,
-0.3474006... | 2 | Which exactly are all of the houses in mathematics? What does the range me-an in mathematics? This guide can show you the various kinds of all the combinations you could explore answers you are able to have on your equations and different tactics.
What’s actually a multiple in mathematics? There are a lot of ways to state what’s a variable in mathematics. You’re saying exactly what N would be at the equation and to the right by using also a a number of from the equation and the logo N.
The means to express what N would be really in math is a number that’s different and . You wish to create N being a individual number, though the equation is usually written that way or employing exactly the equation by you. The N in the equation can be utilised to show that a number isn’t getting defined by you, however certainly are still defining a term.
N could be written by you the very exact same number you also can write N as you of the angles or you are able to produce N as a angle. You can use this is of the many in mathematics with the definition of N.
You may write exactly the very same value being made use of by N as N. N is often utilised by you by two angles.
You are able to also produce N by 2 angles. N using the left hand side of this equation might be written by you. All of these are variations of N.
The upcoming way is also a different angle, and also N. You’re able to create N by a single angle a few angles, or even 2 angles. N could be written by you from a single angle.
You may also publish N two angles utilizing the angle. You can also produce N two angles and also a dual angle. You can produce N as two angles along with a angle.
You are able to also write N by two angles and a double angle angle a few angles, or a triple angle. It is possible to write N by two angles and a quadrant, a quadrangle or quadrant, or four angles. N might be written by you as a quadrant and three angles.
You could also write N using means of a quadrant and three angles. You can also publish N by also a radius and also several angles. You could also produce N for a two and quadrant angles.
You may also compose N using also a quadrant and 3 angles plus a quadrant and also two angles. You are able to even produce N for a two and quadrant angles plus a quadrant. | 503 | ENGLISH | 1 |
My primary objective in this essay is to explore the methods that Vincent Van Gogh and Jackson Pollock share and differ by examining artistic elements such as technique and texture as well as the social backgrounds that each artist experienced which could then be used to explain the conflict that is represented in their artwork. This could also have contributedto how they both tragically committed suicide at an early age.Internal conflict is defined as psychological struggle within the mind of a human being which can be identified as a key component within both Van Gogh’s and Pollock’s work. Art is a form of release, a way in which they both expressedthemselves and most importantly reveal their feelings towards their position in society. It cannot be denied that a number of well-known creative people, “primarily in the arts, have been mentally ill—for example, Vincent Van Gogh, Sylvia Plath,Robert Schumann, Robert Lowell and Virginia Woolf. Symptoms of mental illness differ from normal thinking and behaviour, and creativity requires special or uncommon capacities” 3. Therefore I would like to apply this theory to both my artists and consider how far their mental health affected their artwork and how we interpret it from a modern day perspective. In addition, many art scholars have argued that the arts can have a positive impact towards the recovery of mental health. This could determine why the form of art is so intriguing and popular to the artists I have chosen to investigate. Therefore, the way in which they viewed art encouraged Van Gogh and Pollock to distance themselves from traditional artistic forms and face the daily struggles that they felt entrapped by, applying this chaos to the canvas in front of them to acknowledge their issues. Both artists I have chosen have suffered from mental illness which I would like to analyse, taking into account the different time periods that each lived in and the cultural aspects which could have indefinitely contributed to their mental state, demonstrating conflict in their artwork from personal experience.”Suffering is an intrinsic component of mental illness but, despite traditional romantic beliefs about creative people;such disruption seldom contributes directly to creative inspiration” 3. Jackson Pollock’s artwork directly correlates with this as his art was bold due to how his personal life was filled with torment. Pollock was a member of Abstract Expressionism in the 1950s which underpinned an artistic revolution. In his work he began to desert typical brush and easel strategies and would fling paint from many angles and directions onto a canvas. His work was extremely expressive. By the time he began experimenting with his drip paintings he had constructed a brand new pattern of art which became an exclusive trend for Pollock only. The splashes of paint were very dramatic and striking. From this you are able to visualise the level of strength and rapidness that Pollock carried out to create these quick dashes of paint. Also when looking closer at the detail of his drip paintings from an in depth perspective, they can be interpreted as a visual representation of his mind: the disorientation and discomfortwhich he coped with from being diagnosed with bipolar illness “as well as his later alcoholism, probably resulting in part from physical intolerance, gravely exacerbating the psychological problems that grew out of his father’s absence and his mother’s coddling1.”As an American artist living through the second world war, surrounded by the damaging effects caused by this which could have had an impact on his artwork. Similarly to Pollock, Van Gogh suffered from mental illness, particularly tortured with psychiatric illness throughout his life which led to his suicide in 1890.Given that Van Gogh was a highly religious individual, dedication to catholic faith, combined with the rapid pace of his art production, it is not surprising that many people, certainly modern day psychiatrists, believed that Van Gogh suffered from erratic bouts of mania throughout his life as adisturbed artist. He arose from the 19th century Dutch post-impressionist movement and became one of their most recognisable artists, known for his emphasis on vivid colours and the emotional impact of his paintings. His specific style included applying paint to the page very thickly which made his brush strokes stand out and created a rough texture on the canvases which could be carved into, commonly known as impasto. From this Van Gogh was able to demonstrate his emotions, particularly the negative energy that engulfed his inner self. Perhaps he wanted to visually show the conflict between man and nature, the struggle of coping with mental health, which at the time had not been fully researched into. Van Gogh once said “we spend our whole lives in unconscious exercise of the art of expressing our thoughts with the help of words 2.” Therefore, similarly to Pollock, art was a form of expression; the simplicity of using paint rather than words to shape his emotions was a huge factor for him.After World War II, New York City became prominent with new art ideas. “This was in no small part because of the move, either permanent or temporary, of so many European artists to New York during the war. These avant-garde artists shifted discussion of what constituted art in America, and touched off Abstract Expressionism, among other movements” 4. This was evident particularly in Pollock’s work as before his work was very mundane whereas after it transformed into vibrant colours and expressionist forms which stood apart from contemporary social art norms. It is evident that the war had an instant effect on Pollock and thus revealing the grief and damage in his paintings. Pollock’s famous “War” piece is the only one he ever titled which linked to pieces he produced earlier, around 1943–44. In this composition, “the monstrous destruction of war is conveyed both by the fierceness of the graphic execution and by the imagery, much of which is camouflaged by the many linear motions, darkened and thickened and highlighted with flashes of red and yellow pencil to heighten the dramatic intensity. The work’s narrative is one of horrific proportions.” 5 The piece depicts a fragile human figure and bull being thrown on to a pile of waste. In other areas a disguised, manipulated figure is being tortured. This could link to work that Picasso has produced, particularly his piece called “The Dream and Lie of Franco” where he etched into his work to create a similar idea of destructiveness. The Artists Rights Society (ARS), based inNew York, state that “Pollock’s work engages with the history of art and offers a statement on the universal horrors of war, it also has a personal dimension, drawing on from the psychological language of Surrealism that fuelled his early works. ” This reinforces the idea that in any shape or form, Pollock’s work resembles conflict. The vibrant yellow and orange tones that he uses almost denote his feelings towards conflict and how he feels trapped in such a corrupt society; the only way to be freed is to engage in the frantic form of expressive art. There is a significant difference between the social events that took place during the different frames of time Pollock and Van Gogh were current in. For example, World War II was arelevant social event that had a negative effect on Pollock personally and therefore had an impact on the way in which he shaped his paintings. However, with Van Gogh it can be argued that there were multiple world events that took place during his life but they appeared to not have the same effect on Van Gogh as World War II had for Jackson Pollock. Even though the Crimean war, 1853 and the Franco – Prussian warof 1870 were current events, after analysing his work in depth it appears that none of his paintings styles or even subjectmatters were affected by such events. In contrast, in 1872 Claude Monet created “Impression, sunrise” to express his concerns towards the Franco-Prussian war of 1870. Therefore, in some respects both Pollock and Van Gogh differed due to how social events had shaped the way they interpreted their art. Thus mental illness seemed to be the key aspect that influenced Van Gogh pieces, particularly demonstrated in his”the Starry Night” (1889). Rather than having a small impact unlike Pollock, Van Gogh’s mental state was evident in his subject matter that he chose to examine in his pieces. One of his most recognisable paintings, The Starry Night, displays the view outside Van Gogh’s accommodation at an asylum in France , depicting vibrant swirls in the sky and a black building in the corner .” After he suffered from a mental breakdown which resulted in cutting off his left ear, Van Gogh willingly admitted himself to the Saint-Paul-de-Mausolelunatic asylum. Saint-Paul-de-Mausole provided extra space for Van Gogh which he dedicated to his art8.” Van Gogh intentionally exaggerated his brushstrokes almost as a cry for help. He wanted to demonstrate the prolonged suffering that he had felt throughout his life. Therefore, many were sympathetic towards him and understood why he presented his work in this way due to the society that he came from.”The feelings of isolation Van Gogh must have experienced as a struggling and unappreciated artist before and after he entered the asylum are visible in Starry Night and literally colour the overall meaning of the painting6.” Therefore, it can be implied that many of his works were fuelled by the isolation and neglect that he had felt throughout his life,causing anxiety or depression to appear in almost every element of his artistic practice.During Jacksons Pollock life, he was influenced by new developments in art culture. One of these was the rise of Abstract Expressionism, which changed the way he appliedhis artistic techniques to the canvas. Throughout his work, Pollock applied the idea of “action painting” rather than “colour field painting” which were both key styles used by Abstract Expressionists. “The most famous of the action painters is Jackson Pollock, known for his drip paintings, where he would lay the canvas on the ground, and apply paint in thick layers using choreographed gestures”4. Therefore this approach encouraged the freedom of art, straying away from contemporary art forms and urged artists to act spontaneously .The idea of being spontaneous directly reflects the mind-set of Jackson Pollock; he often produced work that didn’t take much planning but rather demonstrated his stream of consciousness through rapid brush strokes and simplicity of dripping paint onto a blank canvas. Pollock argued, “The painting has a life of its own. I try to let it come through 7”.This ultimately reinforces how he embraces the freedom that paint can offer him, linking to the idea of how it can allow him to express negative thoughts and feelings without hesitation or worry of what the painting will turn out like. Thus Abstract Expressionism made pollock abandon traditional composition, as demonstrated particularly from his drip paintings, there was no subject matter but random splashes of colour which are open to interpretation. Therefore,from a viewers perspective, Pollock’s work was very unique as there were so many components within his pieces that spectators found it difficult to focus on one part as they didn’t have an obvious central motif.In contrast, Vincent Van Gogh worked within an art movement called post Impressionism, alongside PaulGauguin, Paul Cezanne and Georges Seurat. However,compared to Pollock, his artwork always correlated with the style of Post Impressionism; whereas Pollock’s work only appeared borrow from the style of an Abstract Expressionism. Both used various styles of painting and approaches to depict their disturbed view of society in different periods which included more shapes and swirls, eye catching and theatrical colours and sometimes symbolic content. This was particularly clear in Van Gogh’s “the starry night” as various contemporary historians believed that the eleven stars had a link to Genesis 37:9 in the bible, primarily depicting Joseph as an outcast, which could be a reflection of how Van Gogh felt about his position in an unnatural society. Therefore, Post-Impressionists began to adapt to a more Abstract Expressionism style by simplifying shapes and employing a variety of perspectives in their pieces. Van Gogh’s numerouspaintings called “Unknown sunflowers” in 1886 are evidence of a new form of simplicity. Here he uses materials including cloisonné enamel and stained glass to show the contrast between colours that are bold and mundane, abandoning the canvas. Leo Jansen, a curator at the Van Gogh Museum and editor of the artists states ” I think he painted them for the sheer joy of it.” Therefore it can be argued that painting flowers quickly gave him energy and confidence which made his series of sun flowers seem more beautiful that conflicted which other paintings of his did. Clearly to a degree the reform of post Impressionism made his work more positive and uplifting to both contemporary and modern day viewers.In conclusion, it is evident in both artists work that mental health shaped the way they formed their work. However, thiswas impacted by completely different issues and therefore made peoples perspectives of both their works different. Their processes also varied as both pollock and Van Gogh employed different ideas and compositions which was encouraged by the reform in art movements of the time. In my own opinion I think that Pollock’s style stands out more for its conflict nature due to his spontaneous work and rapid force when applying paint to the canvas. Given that both artists came from varied movements this made a distinct change on how they viewed their work and therefore how they approached their art. From my perspective I think that Pollock’s work is darker than Van Gogh’s given the way he portrayed his drip paintings whereas Van Gogh’s swirls were considered more expressive to others. However, whilst Pollock did suffer from alcoholism, this did not effect the methods he employed greatly, whereas van Gogh’s mental health took a heavy toll on him and therefore his artwork in a bigger way. | <urn:uuid:e71e8872-cfb4-4f77-adbe-e84d1bbd5196> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://relatewithkatypark.com/my-mental-illness-differ-from-normal-thinking-and/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250626449.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124221147-20200125010147-00271.warc.gz | en | 0.983583 | 2,896 | 3.671875 | 4 | [
-0.17618227005004883,
0.3393273651599884,
0.23042139410972595,
-0.010568903759121895,
0.07548271119594574,
0.4838544726371765,
0.3638383448123932,
0.11214345693588257,
0.043890275061130524,
-0.24472245573997498,
0.13432906568050385,
-0.023554038256406784,
0.1858082264661789,
0.292853295803... | 4 | My primary objective in this essay is to explore the methods that Vincent Van Gogh and Jackson Pollock share and differ by examining artistic elements such as technique and texture as well as the social backgrounds that each artist experienced which could then be used to explain the conflict that is represented in their artwork. This could also have contributedto how they both tragically committed suicide at an early age.Internal conflict is defined as psychological struggle within the mind of a human being which can be identified as a key component within both Van Gogh’s and Pollock’s work. Art is a form of release, a way in which they both expressedthemselves and most importantly reveal their feelings towards their position in society. It cannot be denied that a number of well-known creative people, “primarily in the arts, have been mentally ill—for example, Vincent Van Gogh, Sylvia Plath,Robert Schumann, Robert Lowell and Virginia Woolf. Symptoms of mental illness differ from normal thinking and behaviour, and creativity requires special or uncommon capacities” 3. Therefore I would like to apply this theory to both my artists and consider how far their mental health affected their artwork and how we interpret it from a modern day perspective. In addition, many art scholars have argued that the arts can have a positive impact towards the recovery of mental health. This could determine why the form of art is so intriguing and popular to the artists I have chosen to investigate. Therefore, the way in which they viewed art encouraged Van Gogh and Pollock to distance themselves from traditional artistic forms and face the daily struggles that they felt entrapped by, applying this chaos to the canvas in front of them to acknowledge their issues. Both artists I have chosen have suffered from mental illness which I would like to analyse, taking into account the different time periods that each lived in and the cultural aspects which could have indefinitely contributed to their mental state, demonstrating conflict in their artwork from personal experience.”Suffering is an intrinsic component of mental illness but, despite traditional romantic beliefs about creative people;such disruption seldom contributes directly to creative inspiration” 3. Jackson Pollock’s artwork directly correlates with this as his art was bold due to how his personal life was filled with torment. Pollock was a member of Abstract Expressionism in the 1950s which underpinned an artistic revolution. In his work he began to desert typical brush and easel strategies and would fling paint from many angles and directions onto a canvas. His work was extremely expressive. By the time he began experimenting with his drip paintings he had constructed a brand new pattern of art which became an exclusive trend for Pollock only. The splashes of paint were very dramatic and striking. From this you are able to visualise the level of strength and rapidness that Pollock carried out to create these quick dashes of paint. Also when looking closer at the detail of his drip paintings from an in depth perspective, they can be interpreted as a visual representation of his mind: the disorientation and discomfortwhich he coped with from being diagnosed with bipolar illness “as well as his later alcoholism, probably resulting in part from physical intolerance, gravely exacerbating the psychological problems that grew out of his father’s absence and his mother’s coddling1.”As an American artist living through the second world war, surrounded by the damaging effects caused by this which could have had an impact on his artwork. Similarly to Pollock, Van Gogh suffered from mental illness, particularly tortured with psychiatric illness throughout his life which led to his suicide in 1890.Given that Van Gogh was a highly religious individual, dedication to catholic faith, combined with the rapid pace of his art production, it is not surprising that many people, certainly modern day psychiatrists, believed that Van Gogh suffered from erratic bouts of mania throughout his life as adisturbed artist. He arose from the 19th century Dutch post-impressionist movement and became one of their most recognisable artists, known for his emphasis on vivid colours and the emotional impact of his paintings. His specific style included applying paint to the page very thickly which made his brush strokes stand out and created a rough texture on the canvases which could be carved into, commonly known as impasto. From this Van Gogh was able to demonstrate his emotions, particularly the negative energy that engulfed his inner self. Perhaps he wanted to visually show the conflict between man and nature, the struggle of coping with mental health, which at the time had not been fully researched into. Van Gogh once said “we spend our whole lives in unconscious exercise of the art of expressing our thoughts with the help of words 2.” Therefore, similarly to Pollock, art was a form of expression; the simplicity of using paint rather than words to shape his emotions was a huge factor for him.After World War II, New York City became prominent with new art ideas. “This was in no small part because of the move, either permanent or temporary, of so many European artists to New York during the war. These avant-garde artists shifted discussion of what constituted art in America, and touched off Abstract Expressionism, among other movements” 4. This was evident particularly in Pollock’s work as before his work was very mundane whereas after it transformed into vibrant colours and expressionist forms which stood apart from contemporary social art norms. It is evident that the war had an instant effect on Pollock and thus revealing the grief and damage in his paintings. Pollock’s famous “War” piece is the only one he ever titled which linked to pieces he produced earlier, around 1943–44. In this composition, “the monstrous destruction of war is conveyed both by the fierceness of the graphic execution and by the imagery, much of which is camouflaged by the many linear motions, darkened and thickened and highlighted with flashes of red and yellow pencil to heighten the dramatic intensity. The work’s narrative is one of horrific proportions.” 5 The piece depicts a fragile human figure and bull being thrown on to a pile of waste. In other areas a disguised, manipulated figure is being tortured. This could link to work that Picasso has produced, particularly his piece called “The Dream and Lie of Franco” where he etched into his work to create a similar idea of destructiveness. The Artists Rights Society (ARS), based inNew York, state that “Pollock’s work engages with the history of art and offers a statement on the universal horrors of war, it also has a personal dimension, drawing on from the psychological language of Surrealism that fuelled his early works. ” This reinforces the idea that in any shape or form, Pollock’s work resembles conflict. The vibrant yellow and orange tones that he uses almost denote his feelings towards conflict and how he feels trapped in such a corrupt society; the only way to be freed is to engage in the frantic form of expressive art. There is a significant difference between the social events that took place during the different frames of time Pollock and Van Gogh were current in. For example, World War II was arelevant social event that had a negative effect on Pollock personally and therefore had an impact on the way in which he shaped his paintings. However, with Van Gogh it can be argued that there were multiple world events that took place during his life but they appeared to not have the same effect on Van Gogh as World War II had for Jackson Pollock. Even though the Crimean war, 1853 and the Franco – Prussian warof 1870 were current events, after analysing his work in depth it appears that none of his paintings styles or even subjectmatters were affected by such events. In contrast, in 1872 Claude Monet created “Impression, sunrise” to express his concerns towards the Franco-Prussian war of 1870. Therefore, in some respects both Pollock and Van Gogh differed due to how social events had shaped the way they interpreted their art. Thus mental illness seemed to be the key aspect that influenced Van Gogh pieces, particularly demonstrated in his”the Starry Night” (1889). Rather than having a small impact unlike Pollock, Van Gogh’s mental state was evident in his subject matter that he chose to examine in his pieces. One of his most recognisable paintings, The Starry Night, displays the view outside Van Gogh’s accommodation at an asylum in France , depicting vibrant swirls in the sky and a black building in the corner .” After he suffered from a mental breakdown which resulted in cutting off his left ear, Van Gogh willingly admitted himself to the Saint-Paul-de-Mausolelunatic asylum. Saint-Paul-de-Mausole provided extra space for Van Gogh which he dedicated to his art8.” Van Gogh intentionally exaggerated his brushstrokes almost as a cry for help. He wanted to demonstrate the prolonged suffering that he had felt throughout his life. Therefore, many were sympathetic towards him and understood why he presented his work in this way due to the society that he came from.”The feelings of isolation Van Gogh must have experienced as a struggling and unappreciated artist before and after he entered the asylum are visible in Starry Night and literally colour the overall meaning of the painting6.” Therefore, it can be implied that many of his works were fuelled by the isolation and neglect that he had felt throughout his life,causing anxiety or depression to appear in almost every element of his artistic practice.During Jacksons Pollock life, he was influenced by new developments in art culture. One of these was the rise of Abstract Expressionism, which changed the way he appliedhis artistic techniques to the canvas. Throughout his work, Pollock applied the idea of “action painting” rather than “colour field painting” which were both key styles used by Abstract Expressionists. “The most famous of the action painters is Jackson Pollock, known for his drip paintings, where he would lay the canvas on the ground, and apply paint in thick layers using choreographed gestures”4. Therefore this approach encouraged the freedom of art, straying away from contemporary art forms and urged artists to act spontaneously .The idea of being spontaneous directly reflects the mind-set of Jackson Pollock; he often produced work that didn’t take much planning but rather demonstrated his stream of consciousness through rapid brush strokes and simplicity of dripping paint onto a blank canvas. Pollock argued, “The painting has a life of its own. I try to let it come through 7”.This ultimately reinforces how he embraces the freedom that paint can offer him, linking to the idea of how it can allow him to express negative thoughts and feelings without hesitation or worry of what the painting will turn out like. Thus Abstract Expressionism made pollock abandon traditional composition, as demonstrated particularly from his drip paintings, there was no subject matter but random splashes of colour which are open to interpretation. Therefore,from a viewers perspective, Pollock’s work was very unique as there were so many components within his pieces that spectators found it difficult to focus on one part as they didn’t have an obvious central motif.In contrast, Vincent Van Gogh worked within an art movement called post Impressionism, alongside PaulGauguin, Paul Cezanne and Georges Seurat. However,compared to Pollock, his artwork always correlated with the style of Post Impressionism; whereas Pollock’s work only appeared borrow from the style of an Abstract Expressionism. Both used various styles of painting and approaches to depict their disturbed view of society in different periods which included more shapes and swirls, eye catching and theatrical colours and sometimes symbolic content. This was particularly clear in Van Gogh’s “the starry night” as various contemporary historians believed that the eleven stars had a link to Genesis 37:9 in the bible, primarily depicting Joseph as an outcast, which could be a reflection of how Van Gogh felt about his position in an unnatural society. Therefore, Post-Impressionists began to adapt to a more Abstract Expressionism style by simplifying shapes and employing a variety of perspectives in their pieces. Van Gogh’s numerouspaintings called “Unknown sunflowers” in 1886 are evidence of a new form of simplicity. Here he uses materials including cloisonné enamel and stained glass to show the contrast between colours that are bold and mundane, abandoning the canvas. Leo Jansen, a curator at the Van Gogh Museum and editor of the artists states ” I think he painted them for the sheer joy of it.” Therefore it can be argued that painting flowers quickly gave him energy and confidence which made his series of sun flowers seem more beautiful that conflicted which other paintings of his did. Clearly to a degree the reform of post Impressionism made his work more positive and uplifting to both contemporary and modern day viewers.In conclusion, it is evident in both artists work that mental health shaped the way they formed their work. However, thiswas impacted by completely different issues and therefore made peoples perspectives of both their works different. Their processes also varied as both pollock and Van Gogh employed different ideas and compositions which was encouraged by the reform in art movements of the time. In my own opinion I think that Pollock’s style stands out more for its conflict nature due to his spontaneous work and rapid force when applying paint to the canvas. Given that both artists came from varied movements this made a distinct change on how they viewed their work and therefore how they approached their art. From my perspective I think that Pollock’s work is darker than Van Gogh’s given the way he portrayed his drip paintings whereas Van Gogh’s swirls were considered more expressive to others. However, whilst Pollock did suffer from alcoholism, this did not effect the methods he employed greatly, whereas van Gogh’s mental health took a heavy toll on him and therefore his artwork in a bigger way. | 2,827 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Dwight D. Eisenhower was a commander during World War II and the 34th President of the United States. He was born in Denison, Texas, in 1890, the third of seven sons. The family moved to Abilene, Kansas, when Dwight was two years old. In 1911, Eisenhower enrolled in the United States Military Academy. He graduated in 1915.
War Hero and 34th President
In 1917, Eisenhower was promoted to captain. Three years later he was promoted to major. Although Eisenhower’s military career stagnated for the next two decades, he served as chief military aide to Douglas MacArthur from 1933 to 1935. Eisenhower’s great organizational and leadership skills were finally recognized during World War II when he was given command of the Mediterranean Theater of Operations and NATOUSA. In these positions, he oversaw allied invasions of Italy and Sicily. In 1943, he was appointed Supreme Allied Commander in Europe. Here, Eisenhower was in charge of the invasion of Normandy Beach, France, the liberation of Western Europe, and the invasion of Germany. On December 20, 1944, Eisenhower was named General of the Army. Following the war, Eisenhower won numerous military and international awards. Seven years after the end of the war, Eisenhower was elected as the 34th President of the United States. As president, he negotiated a peace treaty ending the Korean War. He also facilitated integration of America’s public schools and eased tensions produced by the Cold War by negotiating with world leaders concerning nuclear weapons. | <urn:uuid:adce798a-6c23-4223-b887-189dec8c5e2d> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://mrnussbaum.com/president-34-dwight-d-eisenhower-biography-presidents-series | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251778168.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128091916-20200128121916-00210.warc.gz | en | 0.98423 | 304 | 3.453125 | 3 | [
-0.12109223753213882,
0.6859050393104553,
0.19934049248695374,
-0.6348320245742798,
0.1957477331161499,
0.0886319950222969,
0.3156002461910248,
-0.06391860544681549,
-0.2892376482486725,
-0.0868932232260704,
0.6350330114364624,
0.27001768350601196,
0.8607310056686401,
0.25833413004875183,
... | 4 | Dwight D. Eisenhower was a commander during World War II and the 34th President of the United States. He was born in Denison, Texas, in 1890, the third of seven sons. The family moved to Abilene, Kansas, when Dwight was two years old. In 1911, Eisenhower enrolled in the United States Military Academy. He graduated in 1915.
War Hero and 34th President
In 1917, Eisenhower was promoted to captain. Three years later he was promoted to major. Although Eisenhower’s military career stagnated for the next two decades, he served as chief military aide to Douglas MacArthur from 1933 to 1935. Eisenhower’s great organizational and leadership skills were finally recognized during World War II when he was given command of the Mediterranean Theater of Operations and NATOUSA. In these positions, he oversaw allied invasions of Italy and Sicily. In 1943, he was appointed Supreme Allied Commander in Europe. Here, Eisenhower was in charge of the invasion of Normandy Beach, France, the liberation of Western Europe, and the invasion of Germany. On December 20, 1944, Eisenhower was named General of the Army. Following the war, Eisenhower won numerous military and international awards. Seven years after the end of the war, Eisenhower was elected as the 34th President of the United States. As president, he negotiated a peace treaty ending the Korean War. He also facilitated integration of America’s public schools and eased tensions produced by the Cold War by negotiating with world leaders concerning nuclear weapons. | 340 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, or better known as Mahatma Gandhi was an anti-war activist in India who fought for the civil rights of the Indian people. However, his life did not start out as peaceful as it finished. Gandhi, born into the Indian system of tradition, was forced to marry young and was forced to deal with the death of two parents at a young age. According to biography.com (2015), Gandhi rebelled against these Indian traditions by smoking and stealing change.
When he became older, he decided on a regular job, ordinary for a teenager going to college. He decided to study law and moved to England in 1888. At this time, he was still unsure of who he really was or what he wanted to do. The first law case he had, he failed miserably.
It wasn’t until Gandhi moved to South Africa that he received a glimpse of the real world and how divided it really was. Upon arrival, he was asked to remove his turban, which he refused, and was then reprimanded that he was unwelcome. (Biography.com 2015) Shocked by the way he was treated, he didn’t truly decide to do something about it until he was told to move to the back of the bus, then he refused. He was thrown off of the bus, which thus started the revolution of civil disobedience. At that moment, Gandhi devoted his life to change discrimination in India. He took up a life of simplicity which me...
... middle of paper ...
...is hard to fully understand life at a young age. Yet, Gandhi is a prime example of someone who is completely self aware of what true happiness is.
Gandhi is an inspiration to all those that are scared to make changed in their own life. The sacrifices that he made for the greater good of the people were remarkable and remembered to this day. He is a hero for the people of India and the world. He allowed the challenges to strengthen his idea of who he is instead of tearing him down. Gandhi became the change, the face, the inspiration for the revolution and much more. He was in unity with himself as well as the people. Gandhi taught us many things that we will remember and continue to honor for a long time, including that we must initiate change in ourselves in order to bring it amongst everyone else. As he once said, “Be the change you wish to see in the world.”
Need Writing Help?
Get feedback on grammar, clarity, concision and logic instantly.Check your paper »
- The Romantic archetype centers a hero’s journey to change the world for the betterment of humanity. Romantic hero overcomes challenge to help society takes back enlightenment and shares it with society. Mahandas Gandhi is a romantic hero because he tries to change the world for the betterment of liberty. Mahandas Gandhi was born on October 2, 1896 in Porbandar, India. The Gandhis were middle-class, cultured, and deeply religious Hindus. When Gandhi was thirteen, he was married to his wife, Kasturbai.... [tags: Mohandas Gandhi Biography ]
787 words (2.2 pages)
- Mohandas Gandhi and Malcolm X were both strong believers in a God in their lives. Gandhi believed in Brahman and Malcolm X believed in Allah. They were both strong leaders and strong speakers. Mahatma Gandhi used non violence methods to stop the British from invading their land and to make India an independent country. Malcolm X had helped stop racism when it was a big deal back then. Born on May 19, 1925, in Omaha, Nebraska, Malcolm X was a prominent black nationalist leader who served as a spokesman for the Nation of Islam during the 1950s and '60s.... [tags: Nonviolence, Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi]
1704 words (4.9 pages)
- Gandhi was a great man in a lot of ways he was born on October 2, 1869 in Western India. At the age of thirteen he married Kasturbi who was also thirteen before his father died. When he did his mother sent him to law school in England this was in 1888. While he was there he fell in love so to speak with the nonviolent ways of the Hindu scriptures of the Bhagavad-Gita, and in the bible tellings of Jesus. He later retuned to India in 1891as a well trained lawyer but he was unsuccessful in starting a law firm so he sought work in South Africa.... [tags: Biography, Mohandas Gandhi Essays]
536 words (1.5 pages)
- Mahatma Gandhi is one of India’s biggest key factors in gaining its independence from Great Britain. Gandhi became a civil rights pioneer making himself an architect of a non-violent form of civil obedience that would sway the world to a more positive or peaceful perspective on life itself. Mahatma’s eloquent embracement of an abstinent lifestyle based on prayer, meditation, and fasting earned him respect fast to who most around began to call him “the great-souled one”. Growing up, Gandhi was shy and an ordinary student, but very rebellious as in his teenage years he would participate in smoking, eating meat, or even stealing change from household servants.... [tags: Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, India]
763 words (2.2 pages)
- Gandhi In the early 1600's, the British Empire took control of the Indian government and forced the Indians to conform to their new laws. Ancient rich traditions and religions were thrown out and made illegal by ruthless British generals eager to make India another England. Indians were no longer permitted to walk on the sidewalks and they were restricted to walk on the main roads. Also the Indians were forced to carry an identity card with them at all times. The native Indians were in great pain seeing their way of life trampled on by the British.... [tags: Mohandas Gandhi Essays]
404 words (1.2 pages)
- The still, small voice of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi has defied time and has spoken through the ages, whispering into the ears of Martin Luther King, Jr., Lech Walesa, Cesar Chavez, and Nelson Mandela, urging them to peacefully revolt against what was unethical and to work for what the human spirit held to be true and right. Gandhi is the "Most Important Peace Hero of the 20th Century" because he taught the world that freedom from the oppressor could be obtained through nonviolent means. "I am spinning the destiny of India," he said, but he has woven much more into the blanket of peace.... [tags: Mohandas Gandhi Essays]
994 words (2.8 pages)
- Gandhi is a hero for the 1 percent. While many consider the great leader to be more than human, many others will claim that he crippled the Hindu people. The cast system and the opportunity for the lower castes would have dramatically changed if Gandhi would have helped a person named Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar. The Caste system is crippling the Hindu people by forcing them into a rigid and outdated way of thinking, corrupting the government and country as a whole, authorizes discrimination on all levels and does not sanction improvement of ones’ life.... [tags: Caste system in India, Hinduism, Dalit, Caste]
1080 words (3.1 pages)
- Gandhi the Great He was shot three times in the chest because he stood up for what he believed in. Because he was responsible for freeing India from British-rule, he was the most loved man in his country. He was only 78 when he was shot, but Gandhi made those years well spent. Gandhi was a man of peace and fairness, he spoke the truth and was very successful in almost everything he engaged in. He fought for equal rights even when others fought back. Mohandas Gandhi overcame the world by freeing India and Africa from oppression, declaring the truth of racial discrimination in Africa, and inspiring others to take a stand against racial inequality.... [tags: India, British Rule, Achievements]
860 words (2.5 pages)
- Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi- 2 October 1869 - 30 January 194 was the pre-eminent political and spiritual leader of India during the Indian independence movement. He is also known as Mahatma which means “The Great Soul”. He was committed to pacifism, that there should be no violence.(1) He had three concepts to follow in his life for independence of India: Satyagraha, Ahimsa and Swaraj. Gandhi introduced the concept of “Satyagraha” that means “passive resistance”. This passive resistance also means ‘soul force’ or ‘truth force’.... [tags: Gandhi Principles India History]
1341 words (3.8 pages)
- The Achievement of Mahatma Gandhi The purpose of this paper is to analyze the achievement of Mahatma Gandhi. Mahatma's name is Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi. Gandhi was a Indian political and spiritual leader that lived from 1869 to 1948. In South Africa he fought for Indian population and practiced law there as well. He worked hard for Indian independence from Great Britain and He gave up on western ways to have a abstinence and spiritual life.... [tags: Mohandas Gandhi Essays]
992 words (2.8 pages) | <urn:uuid:4d1e41f6-51bb-4c3c-b76a-38af6ee4d754> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.123helpme.com/gandhi-a-world-hero-preview.asp?id=746585 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594209.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119035851-20200119063851-00444.warc.gz | en | 0.980155 | 1,959 | 3.71875 | 4 | [
-0.401276558637619,
0.6775586605072021,
0.14826329052448273,
0.3214843273162842,
-0.5783938765525818,
-0.13407425582408905,
0.761905312538147,
0.05847354978322983,
-0.0356961265206337,
0.05001788213849068,
0.0676833987236023,
-0.03980540484189987,
0.12428301572799683,
0.31546783447265625,
... | 1 | Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, or better known as Mahatma Gandhi was an anti-war activist in India who fought for the civil rights of the Indian people. However, his life did not start out as peaceful as it finished. Gandhi, born into the Indian system of tradition, was forced to marry young and was forced to deal with the death of two parents at a young age. According to biography.com (2015), Gandhi rebelled against these Indian traditions by smoking and stealing change.
When he became older, he decided on a regular job, ordinary for a teenager going to college. He decided to study law and moved to England in 1888. At this time, he was still unsure of who he really was or what he wanted to do. The first law case he had, he failed miserably.
It wasn’t until Gandhi moved to South Africa that he received a glimpse of the real world and how divided it really was. Upon arrival, he was asked to remove his turban, which he refused, and was then reprimanded that he was unwelcome. (Biography.com 2015) Shocked by the way he was treated, he didn’t truly decide to do something about it until he was told to move to the back of the bus, then he refused. He was thrown off of the bus, which thus started the revolution of civil disobedience. At that moment, Gandhi devoted his life to change discrimination in India. He took up a life of simplicity which me...
... middle of paper ...
...is hard to fully understand life at a young age. Yet, Gandhi is a prime example of someone who is completely self aware of what true happiness is.
Gandhi is an inspiration to all those that are scared to make changed in their own life. The sacrifices that he made for the greater good of the people were remarkable and remembered to this day. He is a hero for the people of India and the world. He allowed the challenges to strengthen his idea of who he is instead of tearing him down. Gandhi became the change, the face, the inspiration for the revolution and much more. He was in unity with himself as well as the people. Gandhi taught us many things that we will remember and continue to honor for a long time, including that we must initiate change in ourselves in order to bring it amongst everyone else. As he once said, “Be the change you wish to see in the world.”
Need Writing Help?
Get feedback on grammar, clarity, concision and logic instantly.Check your paper »
- The Romantic archetype centers a hero’s journey to change the world for the betterment of humanity. Romantic hero overcomes challenge to help society takes back enlightenment and shares it with society. Mahandas Gandhi is a romantic hero because he tries to change the world for the betterment of liberty. Mahandas Gandhi was born on October 2, 1896 in Porbandar, India. The Gandhis were middle-class, cultured, and deeply religious Hindus. When Gandhi was thirteen, he was married to his wife, Kasturbai.... [tags: Mohandas Gandhi Biography ]
787 words (2.2 pages)
- Mohandas Gandhi and Malcolm X were both strong believers in a God in their lives. Gandhi believed in Brahman and Malcolm X believed in Allah. They were both strong leaders and strong speakers. Mahatma Gandhi used non violence methods to stop the British from invading their land and to make India an independent country. Malcolm X had helped stop racism when it was a big deal back then. Born on May 19, 1925, in Omaha, Nebraska, Malcolm X was a prominent black nationalist leader who served as a spokesman for the Nation of Islam during the 1950s and '60s.... [tags: Nonviolence, Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi]
1704 words (4.9 pages)
- Gandhi was a great man in a lot of ways he was born on October 2, 1869 in Western India. At the age of thirteen he married Kasturbi who was also thirteen before his father died. When he did his mother sent him to law school in England this was in 1888. While he was there he fell in love so to speak with the nonviolent ways of the Hindu scriptures of the Bhagavad-Gita, and in the bible tellings of Jesus. He later retuned to India in 1891as a well trained lawyer but he was unsuccessful in starting a law firm so he sought work in South Africa.... [tags: Biography, Mohandas Gandhi Essays]
536 words (1.5 pages)
- Mahatma Gandhi is one of India’s biggest key factors in gaining its independence from Great Britain. Gandhi became a civil rights pioneer making himself an architect of a non-violent form of civil obedience that would sway the world to a more positive or peaceful perspective on life itself. Mahatma’s eloquent embracement of an abstinent lifestyle based on prayer, meditation, and fasting earned him respect fast to who most around began to call him “the great-souled one”. Growing up, Gandhi was shy and an ordinary student, but very rebellious as in his teenage years he would participate in smoking, eating meat, or even stealing change from household servants.... [tags: Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, India]
763 words (2.2 pages)
- Gandhi In the early 1600's, the British Empire took control of the Indian government and forced the Indians to conform to their new laws. Ancient rich traditions and religions were thrown out and made illegal by ruthless British generals eager to make India another England. Indians were no longer permitted to walk on the sidewalks and they were restricted to walk on the main roads. Also the Indians were forced to carry an identity card with them at all times. The native Indians were in great pain seeing their way of life trampled on by the British.... [tags: Mohandas Gandhi Essays]
404 words (1.2 pages)
- The still, small voice of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi has defied time and has spoken through the ages, whispering into the ears of Martin Luther King, Jr., Lech Walesa, Cesar Chavez, and Nelson Mandela, urging them to peacefully revolt against what was unethical and to work for what the human spirit held to be true and right. Gandhi is the "Most Important Peace Hero of the 20th Century" because he taught the world that freedom from the oppressor could be obtained through nonviolent means. "I am spinning the destiny of India," he said, but he has woven much more into the blanket of peace.... [tags: Mohandas Gandhi Essays]
994 words (2.8 pages)
- Gandhi is a hero for the 1 percent. While many consider the great leader to be more than human, many others will claim that he crippled the Hindu people. The cast system and the opportunity for the lower castes would have dramatically changed if Gandhi would have helped a person named Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar. The Caste system is crippling the Hindu people by forcing them into a rigid and outdated way of thinking, corrupting the government and country as a whole, authorizes discrimination on all levels and does not sanction improvement of ones’ life.... [tags: Caste system in India, Hinduism, Dalit, Caste]
1080 words (3.1 pages)
- Gandhi the Great He was shot three times in the chest because he stood up for what he believed in. Because he was responsible for freeing India from British-rule, he was the most loved man in his country. He was only 78 when he was shot, but Gandhi made those years well spent. Gandhi was a man of peace and fairness, he spoke the truth and was very successful in almost everything he engaged in. He fought for equal rights even when others fought back. Mohandas Gandhi overcame the world by freeing India and Africa from oppression, declaring the truth of racial discrimination in Africa, and inspiring others to take a stand against racial inequality.... [tags: India, British Rule, Achievements]
860 words (2.5 pages)
- Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi- 2 October 1869 - 30 January 194 was the pre-eminent political and spiritual leader of India during the Indian independence movement. He is also known as Mahatma which means “The Great Soul”. He was committed to pacifism, that there should be no violence.(1) He had three concepts to follow in his life for independence of India: Satyagraha, Ahimsa and Swaraj. Gandhi introduced the concept of “Satyagraha” that means “passive resistance”. This passive resistance also means ‘soul force’ or ‘truth force’.... [tags: Gandhi Principles India History]
1341 words (3.8 pages)
- The Achievement of Mahatma Gandhi The purpose of this paper is to analyze the achievement of Mahatma Gandhi. Mahatma's name is Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi. Gandhi was a Indian political and spiritual leader that lived from 1869 to 1948. In South Africa he fought for Indian population and practiced law there as well. He worked hard for Indian independence from Great Britain and He gave up on western ways to have a abstinence and spiritual life.... [tags: Mohandas Gandhi Essays]
992 words (2.8 pages) | 1,970 | ENGLISH | 1 |
William Blake was an English artist with multiple talents. He was a painter, writer, poet, and printmaker. During his lifetime, Blake was quite unrecognized. However, the artist would later become one of the most influential figures in the history of visual arts and poetry of the Romantic period. He also created prophetic artworks based on his religious visionary experiences.
William Blake was born in November 1757, in the London's district of Soho. Although his parents were English Dissenters, Blake was baptized at St James's Church. That would be an early and robust influence throughout Blake's life. He attended school only until ten years old when he learned how to write and read, from this point on, his education was at home, under his mother's teachings. Young William Blake showed a keen interest in drawing, making engraving copies of Greek antiquities drawings, which his father bought for him. This is when he would make his first contact with classical styles through works of Michelangelo, Durer, and Raphael. At 10, his parents enrolled him in drawing classes instead of regular school.
In 1772, when William Blake was 15, he became engraver James Basire's apprentice for seven years, which after this time, he would become a professional engraver. Blake entered the Royal Academy of Arts in 1779, where he stood for six years. Over time, Blake came to detest the institution's president, Joshua Reynolds, whose visions towards art like his beliefs in general beauty and truth Blake despised. On that matter, Blake would say: "To Generalize is to be an Idiot; To Particularize is the Alone Distinction of Merit".
William Blake would meet and marry Catherine Boucher in 1782. She was illiterate, and her wedding contract was signed with an X. Blake taught Catherine writing, reading, and engraving. She would prove an invaluable partner throughout his life, helping him printing his artworks and maintaining his positiveness in cases of misfortune.
One of the artist's most traumatizing experience occurred in 1787, caused by the death of his brother Robert, a victim of tuberculosis. Allegedly, Blake saw the spirit of his brother ascending through the ceiling.
In 1804, Blake began writing and illustrating one of his most ambitious projects to date, the Jerusalem series, concluded in 1820. He also exhibited two paintings, Satan Calling Up His Legions, and Chaucer's Canterbury Pilgrims, which were met with a cold reception and an even harsher published review, referring to Blake as an "unfortunate lunatic." Such a reaction devastated the artist, hindering his productivity and plunging him further into obscurity, poverty, and paranoia.
However, in 1819, Blake would begin his series of visionary heads, depictions of imaginary and historical figures that, according to him, actually appeared and posed to him. Amongst these characters are Merlin, the magician, and King Solomon. Maybe the most famous of them is The Ghost of a Flea.
Willam Blake died in 1827, victimized by an undiagnosed disease. | <urn:uuid:7cb25dba-8db1-4b63-ac15-cb47f64c023c> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.1st-art-gallery.com/William-Blake/Illustration-To-Miltons-Paradise-Lost-12.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250625097.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124191133-20200124220133-00453.warc.gz | en | 0.989242 | 634 | 3.640625 | 4 | [
-0.01940348744392395,
0.10768447816371918,
0.3502681851387024,
0.05829528719186783,
-0.585959792137146,
-0.13965082168579102,
0.38892120122909546,
-0.07197054475545883,
0.11789973080158234,
0.114239901304245,
-0.06018952280282974,
-0.12806080281734467,
0.13759872317314148,
0.21593745052814... | 6 | William Blake was an English artist with multiple talents. He was a painter, writer, poet, and printmaker. During his lifetime, Blake was quite unrecognized. However, the artist would later become one of the most influential figures in the history of visual arts and poetry of the Romantic period. He also created prophetic artworks based on his religious visionary experiences.
William Blake was born in November 1757, in the London's district of Soho. Although his parents were English Dissenters, Blake was baptized at St James's Church. That would be an early and robust influence throughout Blake's life. He attended school only until ten years old when he learned how to write and read, from this point on, his education was at home, under his mother's teachings. Young William Blake showed a keen interest in drawing, making engraving copies of Greek antiquities drawings, which his father bought for him. This is when he would make his first contact with classical styles through works of Michelangelo, Durer, and Raphael. At 10, his parents enrolled him in drawing classes instead of regular school.
In 1772, when William Blake was 15, he became engraver James Basire's apprentice for seven years, which after this time, he would become a professional engraver. Blake entered the Royal Academy of Arts in 1779, where he stood for six years. Over time, Blake came to detest the institution's president, Joshua Reynolds, whose visions towards art like his beliefs in general beauty and truth Blake despised. On that matter, Blake would say: "To Generalize is to be an Idiot; To Particularize is the Alone Distinction of Merit".
William Blake would meet and marry Catherine Boucher in 1782. She was illiterate, and her wedding contract was signed with an X. Blake taught Catherine writing, reading, and engraving. She would prove an invaluable partner throughout his life, helping him printing his artworks and maintaining his positiveness in cases of misfortune.
One of the artist's most traumatizing experience occurred in 1787, caused by the death of his brother Robert, a victim of tuberculosis. Allegedly, Blake saw the spirit of his brother ascending through the ceiling.
In 1804, Blake began writing and illustrating one of his most ambitious projects to date, the Jerusalem series, concluded in 1820. He also exhibited two paintings, Satan Calling Up His Legions, and Chaucer's Canterbury Pilgrims, which were met with a cold reception and an even harsher published review, referring to Blake as an "unfortunate lunatic." Such a reaction devastated the artist, hindering his productivity and plunging him further into obscurity, poverty, and paranoia.
However, in 1819, Blake would begin his series of visionary heads, depictions of imaginary and historical figures that, according to him, actually appeared and posed to him. Amongst these characters are Merlin, the magician, and King Solomon. Maybe the most famous of them is The Ghost of a Flea.
Willam Blake died in 1827, victimized by an undiagnosed disease. | 659 | ENGLISH | 1 |
He was the only man in the Continental Army who served as a general throughout the whole Revolutionary War, except for George Washington. He never won a major battle. One of his early decisions cost Washington almost half his army. A good part of the war, he was a “desk soldier,” champing at the bit to be allowed another battle command. Outside of Washington, there is no one more responsible for the army’s success.
On the surface, it would have seemed that Nathanael Greene had little chance to become a great military leader. He was born into a Quaker sect that not only opposed war but discouraged “literary accomplishments.” From childhood, he walked with a decided limp. His father was a successful farmer and smith with a large foundry.
The young Nathanael found ways around his faith’s boundaries. He became self-taught in the classics, mathematics, law, and yes, military science. Shortly before his father’s death, he was given charge of the family business.
He was thirty when his father died and it proved a liberating moment for him. Between 1770 and 1775, he helped establish a school, was elected to the Rhode Island General Assembly, married, helped to organize a local militia, and managed to get both himself and his cousin expelled from the Quaker faith. He was on a committee appointed by the assembly to revise militia laws. At one point, he offered to resign from the militia he had helped to form and train because of its members saw his limp as a problem on the parade field.
In May of 1775, he was promoted (perhaps because of political connections) from private in the militia to major general in command of the militia when it was sent to help respond to the siege of Boston. Forty-four days later, he was made a brigadier general in the new regular Continental Army.
By October of 1776, Greene was a major general and considered perhaps Washington’s most trusted officer. He was in command of the last American stronghold in New York City. His decision to defend Fort Washington against overwhelming odds resulted in not only the loss of the fort and New York City but also what constituted almost half of the Continental Army at the time. More than half of the prisoners would die in the prison ships of the British. It would be more than four years before the Continental Army suffered a defeat to match the loss at Fort Washington.
It would be 1780 before Greene would again be the overall commander of troops in the field but, for the present, he was responsible for important command moments under Washington at the battles of Trenton, Brandywine, and Germantown. He was re-proving his ability to lead men and make important command decisions in the heat of battle. But it would be in the misery of Valley Forge where he would make his greatest contribution to that point.
Washington knew he needed both organizational skills and administrative ability in a Quarter Master General if the army was to survive the winter. Greene became that man. It would fall to him to feed and supply an army with almost nothing. Food was not the only issue. Supplies of all sorts were badly needed. Clothes for the soldiers, forage for the animals, firewood, and gun powder were only a few of the items which Greene’s skills brought in.
He was so successful that Washington called upon him to take the position of Quarter Master General of the entire army. His abilities probably saved the army at that point.
He had moved from behind the cannons to being behind the “spreadsheet” and he hated it. He was very good at it and the passion with which he performed this duty spoke well of both his devotion to the cause and to Washington’s ability to persuade.
He hated dealing with Congress. Perhaps this we can forgive him! He fought with them constantly and asked to resign more than once.
When Cornwallis was tearing through the southern colonies to divide the Revolution, Congress refused to appoint Greene as the commander as Washington asked for and instead sent Horatio Gates. In short order, the Americans were handed an embarrassing loss at Camden.
This time, Congress relented and allowed Greene to take command of what was left of the southern command. It was not much. It consisted of less than one thousand men who had just suffered two terrible defeats.
With the addition of Daniel Morgan’s men, the southern forces were barely over one thousand men while Cornwallis commanded over forty-five hundred battle-tested troops. Undersupplied and outmanned, Greene did the last thing most would advise. He divided his command. Morgan would take the “light troops” and head into the backcountry and draw part of the British after him while Greene headed south to find supplies and train.
After Morgan’s classic victory at Cowpens, both Morgan and Greene began a chase across North Carolina to rejoin each other. Morgan was carrying over 800 British prisoners as well. Angered and embarrassed by losses at King’s Mountain and Cowpens, Cornwallis was determined to catch the smaller Continental force and crush it. Together, Morgan and Greene began a race to the Dan River to cross over into Virginia.
In a desperate move to catch the fleeing rebels, Cornwallis burned his supply wagons and anything he thought would slow him down. The great general was beginning to make frustrated mistakes. This one would not be his last.
The Continentals beat Cornwallis to the Dan by mere hours and were able to cross ahead of the British because of Greene’s planning and organization. He had made sure that the route to the Dan was well scouted and planned and that boats were made in advance and waiting.
Cornwallis turned back into North Carolina and declared it cleared of rebels. Across the Dan, Greene supplied and trained for the return trip.
Within a week, with more supplies and additional troops, Greene crossed back into North Carolina to pick his ground for a fight. It was a defensive position near Guilford Court House. His battle plan would be much like Morgan’s at Cowpens. There would be two lines of militia to fire and fall back to be supported by a line of regulars.
The plan worked again. When the British reached the third line, the regulars fired a volley and crossed bayonets with the Redcoats. Greene gave the command and the right flank began to close on the British.
Cornwallis saw that the day was lost if he did not act quickly. He had his cannon turn to the right flank and fire grapeshot (think large, really large, buckshot) into the masses of soldiers. At least half or more of the troops who would be hit were to be British but it was the only chance Cornwallis had to halt the flanking movement.
This time, Greene made the right move in a moment of decision. He had taken a terrible toll on Cornwallis. The ground was of no value to him. He stopped the bloodbath and ordered a retreat.
By the standards of the day, Cornwallis could call it a victory. He controlled the field. But he had taken a much heavier toll than Greene. He was without supplies in a hostile country. Many of his best troops were gone. Even across an entire ocean in Parliament it was noted that another such victory would “spell the ruin of the entire army.”
Disgusted with the Carolinas, Cornwallis crossed into Virginia and began a trek to the coast in hopes of getting supplies and reinforcements. The trek would take him to the port city of Yorktown and the end of the war. His fate had been sealed by a self-trained colonial general with a stiff knee, a bookkeeper’s mind, and a warrior’s heart who finished the war without a battlefield victory to his name.Published in | <urn:uuid:4a3daadd-db09-41f8-a9fa-c1e8ca88cbf2> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://staging.ricochet.com/710200/limping-to-victory/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250619323.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124100832-20200124125832-00371.warc.gz | en | 0.988881 | 1,624 | 3.390625 | 3 | [
0.06935977935791016,
0.3745773434638977,
0.6132253408432007,
-0.3072398900985718,
-0.19804422557353973,
-0.010338610969483852,
0.30291980504989624,
0.2540367543697357,
-0.15338651835918427,
0.012812107801437378,
0.027945131063461304,
0.44761842489242554,
0.20659320056438446,
0.606134474277... | 1 | He was the only man in the Continental Army who served as a general throughout the whole Revolutionary War, except for George Washington. He never won a major battle. One of his early decisions cost Washington almost half his army. A good part of the war, he was a “desk soldier,” champing at the bit to be allowed another battle command. Outside of Washington, there is no one more responsible for the army’s success.
On the surface, it would have seemed that Nathanael Greene had little chance to become a great military leader. He was born into a Quaker sect that not only opposed war but discouraged “literary accomplishments.” From childhood, he walked with a decided limp. His father was a successful farmer and smith with a large foundry.
The young Nathanael found ways around his faith’s boundaries. He became self-taught in the classics, mathematics, law, and yes, military science. Shortly before his father’s death, he was given charge of the family business.
He was thirty when his father died and it proved a liberating moment for him. Between 1770 and 1775, he helped establish a school, was elected to the Rhode Island General Assembly, married, helped to organize a local militia, and managed to get both himself and his cousin expelled from the Quaker faith. He was on a committee appointed by the assembly to revise militia laws. At one point, he offered to resign from the militia he had helped to form and train because of its members saw his limp as a problem on the parade field.
In May of 1775, he was promoted (perhaps because of political connections) from private in the militia to major general in command of the militia when it was sent to help respond to the siege of Boston. Forty-four days later, he was made a brigadier general in the new regular Continental Army.
By October of 1776, Greene was a major general and considered perhaps Washington’s most trusted officer. He was in command of the last American stronghold in New York City. His decision to defend Fort Washington against overwhelming odds resulted in not only the loss of the fort and New York City but also what constituted almost half of the Continental Army at the time. More than half of the prisoners would die in the prison ships of the British. It would be more than four years before the Continental Army suffered a defeat to match the loss at Fort Washington.
It would be 1780 before Greene would again be the overall commander of troops in the field but, for the present, he was responsible for important command moments under Washington at the battles of Trenton, Brandywine, and Germantown. He was re-proving his ability to lead men and make important command decisions in the heat of battle. But it would be in the misery of Valley Forge where he would make his greatest contribution to that point.
Washington knew he needed both organizational skills and administrative ability in a Quarter Master General if the army was to survive the winter. Greene became that man. It would fall to him to feed and supply an army with almost nothing. Food was not the only issue. Supplies of all sorts were badly needed. Clothes for the soldiers, forage for the animals, firewood, and gun powder were only a few of the items which Greene’s skills brought in.
He was so successful that Washington called upon him to take the position of Quarter Master General of the entire army. His abilities probably saved the army at that point.
He had moved from behind the cannons to being behind the “spreadsheet” and he hated it. He was very good at it and the passion with which he performed this duty spoke well of both his devotion to the cause and to Washington’s ability to persuade.
He hated dealing with Congress. Perhaps this we can forgive him! He fought with them constantly and asked to resign more than once.
When Cornwallis was tearing through the southern colonies to divide the Revolution, Congress refused to appoint Greene as the commander as Washington asked for and instead sent Horatio Gates. In short order, the Americans were handed an embarrassing loss at Camden.
This time, Congress relented and allowed Greene to take command of what was left of the southern command. It was not much. It consisted of less than one thousand men who had just suffered two terrible defeats.
With the addition of Daniel Morgan’s men, the southern forces were barely over one thousand men while Cornwallis commanded over forty-five hundred battle-tested troops. Undersupplied and outmanned, Greene did the last thing most would advise. He divided his command. Morgan would take the “light troops” and head into the backcountry and draw part of the British after him while Greene headed south to find supplies and train.
After Morgan’s classic victory at Cowpens, both Morgan and Greene began a chase across North Carolina to rejoin each other. Morgan was carrying over 800 British prisoners as well. Angered and embarrassed by losses at King’s Mountain and Cowpens, Cornwallis was determined to catch the smaller Continental force and crush it. Together, Morgan and Greene began a race to the Dan River to cross over into Virginia.
In a desperate move to catch the fleeing rebels, Cornwallis burned his supply wagons and anything he thought would slow him down. The great general was beginning to make frustrated mistakes. This one would not be his last.
The Continentals beat Cornwallis to the Dan by mere hours and were able to cross ahead of the British because of Greene’s planning and organization. He had made sure that the route to the Dan was well scouted and planned and that boats were made in advance and waiting.
Cornwallis turned back into North Carolina and declared it cleared of rebels. Across the Dan, Greene supplied and trained for the return trip.
Within a week, with more supplies and additional troops, Greene crossed back into North Carolina to pick his ground for a fight. It was a defensive position near Guilford Court House. His battle plan would be much like Morgan’s at Cowpens. There would be two lines of militia to fire and fall back to be supported by a line of regulars.
The plan worked again. When the British reached the third line, the regulars fired a volley and crossed bayonets with the Redcoats. Greene gave the command and the right flank began to close on the British.
Cornwallis saw that the day was lost if he did not act quickly. He had his cannon turn to the right flank and fire grapeshot (think large, really large, buckshot) into the masses of soldiers. At least half or more of the troops who would be hit were to be British but it was the only chance Cornwallis had to halt the flanking movement.
This time, Greene made the right move in a moment of decision. He had taken a terrible toll on Cornwallis. The ground was of no value to him. He stopped the bloodbath and ordered a retreat.
By the standards of the day, Cornwallis could call it a victory. He controlled the field. But he had taken a much heavier toll than Greene. He was without supplies in a hostile country. Many of his best troops were gone. Even across an entire ocean in Parliament it was noted that another such victory would “spell the ruin of the entire army.”
Disgusted with the Carolinas, Cornwallis crossed into Virginia and began a trek to the coast in hopes of getting supplies and reinforcements. The trek would take him to the port city of Yorktown and the end of the war. His fate had been sealed by a self-trained colonial general with a stiff knee, a bookkeeper’s mind, and a warrior’s heart who finished the war without a battlefield victory to his name.Published in | 1,574 | ENGLISH | 1 |
History of Art in the Renaissance Period History of Art in the Renaissance Period History of Art in the Renaissance Period The Renaissance was, essentially, a revival or rebirth of cultural awareness and learning that took place during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. It followed the Middle Ages, and was basically a time of the revival of learning after the Middle Ages, or Dark Ages, a time with little increase of ideas, inventions or developments. The Renaissance brought many changes to Europe, and the economy was greatly boosted by of all the new explorations. The flourishing economy helped to inspire new developments in art and literature, and from that many new beliefs were formed.
His mother died only a few days later on July 7, and his only sibling, an older brother, ran away from home when Rousseau was still a child. Rousseau was therefore brought up mainly by his father, a clockmaker, with whom at an early age he read ancient Greek and Roman literature such as the Lives of Plutarch.
His father got into a quarrel with a French captain, and at the risk of imprisonment, left Geneva for the rest of his life. Rousseau stayed behind and was cared for by an uncle who sent him along with his cousin to study in the village of Bosey.
InRousseau was apprenticed to an engraver and began to learn the trade. Although he did not detest the work, he thought his master to be violent and tyrannical. He therefore left Geneva inand fled to Annecy.
Here he met Louise de Warens, who was instrumental in his conversion to Catholicism, which forced him to forfeit his Genevan citizenship in he would make a return to Geneva and publicly convert back to Calvanism.
During this time he earned money through secretarial, teaching, and musical jobs. In Rousseau went to Paris to become a musician and composer.
After two years spent serving a post at the French Embassy in Venice, he returned in and met a linen-maid named Therese Levasseur, who would become his lifelong companion they eventually married in They had five children together, all of whom were left at the Paris orphanage.
It was also during this time that Rousseau became friendly with the philosophers Condillac and Diderot. The work was widely read and was controversial. But Rousseau attempted to live a modest life despite his fame, and after the success of his opera, he promptly gave up composing music.
In the autumn ofRousseau submitted an entry to another essay contest announced by the Academy of Dijon. Rousseau himself thought this work to be superior to the First Discourse because the Second Discourse was significantly longer and more philosophically daring.
The judges were irritated by its length as well its bold and unorthodox philosophical claims; they never finished reading it. However, Rousseau had already arranged to have it published elsewhere and like the First Discourse, it also was also widely read and discussed.
Ina year after the publication of the Second Discourse, Rousseau and Therese Levasseur left Paris after being invited to a house in the country by Mme. Inafter repeated quarrels with Mme. It was during this time that Rousseau wrote some of his most important works. In he published a novel, Julie or the New Heloise, which was one of the best selling of the century.
Then, just a year later inhe published two major philosophical treatises:The Black Arts Movement, Black Aesthetics Movement or BAM is the artistic outgrowth of the Black Power movement that was prominent in the s and early s.
Time magazine describes the Black Arts Movement as the "single most controversial movement in the history of African-American literature – possibly in American literature as a whole." The Black Arts Repertory Theatre/School (BARTS.
This free Photography and arts essay on Essay: Art during the Renaissance, Baroque and Rococo periods is perfect for Photography and arts students to use as an example. During the Rococo period we experienced the age of enlightenment while prior to this time, science was a priority, the advances that were made during this time are.
FINE ARTS TERMS Colour in Painting Fresco Painting Panel Painting.. Painters Who Used Sfumato. Not completely mastered until the era of High Renaissance painting, sfumato's greatest exponent was Leonardo da Vinci, as exemplified by his composition Virgin of the Rocks (, Louvre, Paris; National Gallery, London) and his world famous portrait of the Mona Lisa (c, Louvre, Paris), whose.
Turnitin provides instructors with the tools to prevent plagiarism, engage students in the writing process, and provide personalized feedback. Jean-Jacques Rousseau was one of the most influential thinkers during the Enlightenment in eighteenth century Europe.
His first major philosophical work, A Discourse on the Sciences and Arts, was the winning response to an essay contest conducted by the Academy of Dijon in In this work. the arts in Italian Renaissance Essay; The Italian Renaissance was a very difficult time period in European history.
The arts were flourishing, while the city-states in Italy fought bloody battles with each other and within themselves. Bribery and murder were not uncommon tools for men to use. | <urn:uuid:33a5628e-9568-4fe6-b42d-b8dbbc0bcfde> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://tipobybani.timberdesignmag.com/arts-of-the-renaissance-period-essay-38975ad.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250606872.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122071919-20200122100919-00233.warc.gz | en | 0.982945 | 1,084 | 3.546875 | 4 | [
-0.130978524684906,
0.29410243034362793,
0.10499324649572372,
-0.09270594269037247,
-0.5686898231506348,
0.1849844604730606,
-0.06391538679599762,
0.3833765685558319,
-0.03931305557489395,
0.09750963747501373,
0.0630321353673935,
0.01388328243046999,
0.14177536964416504,
0.2772044241428375... | 1 | History of Art in the Renaissance Period History of Art in the Renaissance Period History of Art in the Renaissance Period The Renaissance was, essentially, a revival or rebirth of cultural awareness and learning that took place during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. It followed the Middle Ages, and was basically a time of the revival of learning after the Middle Ages, or Dark Ages, a time with little increase of ideas, inventions or developments. The Renaissance brought many changes to Europe, and the economy was greatly boosted by of all the new explorations. The flourishing economy helped to inspire new developments in art and literature, and from that many new beliefs were formed.
His mother died only a few days later on July 7, and his only sibling, an older brother, ran away from home when Rousseau was still a child. Rousseau was therefore brought up mainly by his father, a clockmaker, with whom at an early age he read ancient Greek and Roman literature such as the Lives of Plutarch.
His father got into a quarrel with a French captain, and at the risk of imprisonment, left Geneva for the rest of his life. Rousseau stayed behind and was cared for by an uncle who sent him along with his cousin to study in the village of Bosey.
InRousseau was apprenticed to an engraver and began to learn the trade. Although he did not detest the work, he thought his master to be violent and tyrannical. He therefore left Geneva inand fled to Annecy.
Here he met Louise de Warens, who was instrumental in his conversion to Catholicism, which forced him to forfeit his Genevan citizenship in he would make a return to Geneva and publicly convert back to Calvanism.
During this time he earned money through secretarial, teaching, and musical jobs. In Rousseau went to Paris to become a musician and composer.
After two years spent serving a post at the French Embassy in Venice, he returned in and met a linen-maid named Therese Levasseur, who would become his lifelong companion they eventually married in They had five children together, all of whom were left at the Paris orphanage.
It was also during this time that Rousseau became friendly with the philosophers Condillac and Diderot. The work was widely read and was controversial. But Rousseau attempted to live a modest life despite his fame, and after the success of his opera, he promptly gave up composing music.
In the autumn ofRousseau submitted an entry to another essay contest announced by the Academy of Dijon. Rousseau himself thought this work to be superior to the First Discourse because the Second Discourse was significantly longer and more philosophically daring.
The judges were irritated by its length as well its bold and unorthodox philosophical claims; they never finished reading it. However, Rousseau had already arranged to have it published elsewhere and like the First Discourse, it also was also widely read and discussed.
Ina year after the publication of the Second Discourse, Rousseau and Therese Levasseur left Paris after being invited to a house in the country by Mme. Inafter repeated quarrels with Mme. It was during this time that Rousseau wrote some of his most important works. In he published a novel, Julie or the New Heloise, which was one of the best selling of the century.
Then, just a year later inhe published two major philosophical treatises:The Black Arts Movement, Black Aesthetics Movement or BAM is the artistic outgrowth of the Black Power movement that was prominent in the s and early s.
Time magazine describes the Black Arts Movement as the "single most controversial movement in the history of African-American literature – possibly in American literature as a whole." The Black Arts Repertory Theatre/School (BARTS.
This free Photography and arts essay on Essay: Art during the Renaissance, Baroque and Rococo periods is perfect for Photography and arts students to use as an example. During the Rococo period we experienced the age of enlightenment while prior to this time, science was a priority, the advances that were made during this time are.
FINE ARTS TERMS Colour in Painting Fresco Painting Panel Painting.. Painters Who Used Sfumato. Not completely mastered until the era of High Renaissance painting, sfumato's greatest exponent was Leonardo da Vinci, as exemplified by his composition Virgin of the Rocks (, Louvre, Paris; National Gallery, London) and his world famous portrait of the Mona Lisa (c, Louvre, Paris), whose.
Turnitin provides instructors with the tools to prevent plagiarism, engage students in the writing process, and provide personalized feedback. Jean-Jacques Rousseau was one of the most influential thinkers during the Enlightenment in eighteenth century Europe.
His first major philosophical work, A Discourse on the Sciences and Arts, was the winning response to an essay contest conducted by the Academy of Dijon in In this work. the arts in Italian Renaissance Essay; The Italian Renaissance was a very difficult time period in European history.
The arts were flourishing, while the city-states in Italy fought bloody battles with each other and within themselves. Bribery and murder were not uncommon tools for men to use. | 1,060 | ENGLISH | 1 |
The first settlers arrived around 1759. The town was founded in 1772 as "Kings District". The name was changed to "Canaan" in 1788. One of the oldest sections of Canaan is Frisbie Street, settled in 1770 by Gideon Frisbie, who emigrated from Canaan, Connecticut. Frisbie Street fronts what was once the Albany-Boston stagecoach route.
The Lace House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 36.9 square miles (95.7 km2), of which 36.7 square miles (95.0 km2) is land and 0.27 square miles (0.7 km2), or 0.76%, is water. The majority of the town drains westward or northward via tributaries of Kinderhook Creek to the Hudson River, notably Queechy Lake Brook and Buttercup Creek, both of which flow into the Stony Kill. The southeast corner of the town drains via Flat Brook into the Williams River in Massachusetts and thence to the Housatonic River, which flows south into Connecticut.
The east town line is the border of Massachusetts.
Interstate 90 passes through the town, connecting the Massachusetts Turnpike to the east with the New York State Thruway to the west. I-90 has one interchange in the town, with New York State Route 22.
The Taconic Mountains rise in the northeast corner of the town.
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,820 people, 643 households, and 414 families residing in the town. The population density was 49.6 people per square mile (19.1/km²). There were 970 housing units at an average density of 26.4 per square mile (10.2/km²). The racial makeup of the town was 87.80% White, 8.63% African American, 0.33% Native American, 0.66% Asian, 1.21% from other races, and 1.37% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.25% of the population.
There were 643 households out of which 27.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.5% were married couples living together, 5.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.5% were non-families. 28.6% of all households were made up of individuals and 11.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.34 and the average family size was 2.88.
In the town, the population was spread out with 34.2% under the age of 18, 4.3% from 18 to 24, 20.9% from 25 to 44, 26.5% from 45 to 64, and 14.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females there were 137.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 103.2 males.
The median income for a household in the town was $51,607, and the median income for a family was $62,656. Males had a median income of $44,063 versus $37,083 for females. The per capita income for the town was $28,209. About 2.7% of families and 5.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4.1% of those under age 18 and 5.4% of those age 65 or over.Canaan – The hamlet of Canaan is in the north-central part of the town at the junction of New York State Route 295 and County Road 5. It was formerly "Canaan Corners".
Canaan Center – A hamlet south of Canaan village on Route 5, just south of the geographic center of the town.
East Chatham – A hamlet at the west town line.
Edwards Park – A location southeast of Flatbrook.
Flatbrook – A hamlet southeast of Canaan village and located on Route 22.
Queechy – A hamlet east of Canaan village.
Queechy Lake – (formerly Whiting's Pond) A 600-acre (2.4 km2) lake near the east town line.
Red Rock – A hamlet at the south town line.
Asa Adgate (1767–1832), born in Canaan, U.S. congressman
Daniel G. Garnsey, U.S. congressman
Anne Meacham (1925-2006), American actress
Eleazer Root (1802–1887), born in Canaan, educator and Episcopal priest
Captain William Henry Warner (1812-1849), born in Canaan, West Point class of 1836, Chief of California Topographical Engineers, fought and wounded in Battle of San Pasqual, California (6 Dec 1846), killed by Native Americans in 1849
Albert Lincoln "Al" Roker Jr. (born August 20, 1954) is an American television personality, weather forecaster, actor, and book author. He is best known as being the weather anchor on NBC's Today, owns a summer home in the Town of Canaan. | <urn:uuid:8be0a691-4d52-44f2-911a-b4e46084e152> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://alchetron.com/Canaan%2C-New-York | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251700988.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127143516-20200127173516-00523.warc.gz | en | 0.980131 | 1,105 | 3.265625 | 3 | [
0.1042526438832283,
-0.2637898921966553,
0.48970985412597656,
-0.11897366493940353,
-0.4703325927257538,
-0.181637242436409,
-0.00041607581079006195,
0.053292203694581985,
-0.39277219772338867,
-0.09444095194339752,
0.04222465679049492,
-0.42877739667892456,
-0.13379958271980286,
0.3556958... | 1 | The first settlers arrived around 1759. The town was founded in 1772 as "Kings District". The name was changed to "Canaan" in 1788. One of the oldest sections of Canaan is Frisbie Street, settled in 1770 by Gideon Frisbie, who emigrated from Canaan, Connecticut. Frisbie Street fronts what was once the Albany-Boston stagecoach route.
The Lace House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 36.9 square miles (95.7 km2), of which 36.7 square miles (95.0 km2) is land and 0.27 square miles (0.7 km2), or 0.76%, is water. The majority of the town drains westward or northward via tributaries of Kinderhook Creek to the Hudson River, notably Queechy Lake Brook and Buttercup Creek, both of which flow into the Stony Kill. The southeast corner of the town drains via Flat Brook into the Williams River in Massachusetts and thence to the Housatonic River, which flows south into Connecticut.
The east town line is the border of Massachusetts.
Interstate 90 passes through the town, connecting the Massachusetts Turnpike to the east with the New York State Thruway to the west. I-90 has one interchange in the town, with New York State Route 22.
The Taconic Mountains rise in the northeast corner of the town.
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,820 people, 643 households, and 414 families residing in the town. The population density was 49.6 people per square mile (19.1/km²). There were 970 housing units at an average density of 26.4 per square mile (10.2/km²). The racial makeup of the town was 87.80% White, 8.63% African American, 0.33% Native American, 0.66% Asian, 1.21% from other races, and 1.37% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.25% of the population.
There were 643 households out of which 27.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.5% were married couples living together, 5.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.5% were non-families. 28.6% of all households were made up of individuals and 11.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.34 and the average family size was 2.88.
In the town, the population was spread out with 34.2% under the age of 18, 4.3% from 18 to 24, 20.9% from 25 to 44, 26.5% from 45 to 64, and 14.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females there were 137.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 103.2 males.
The median income for a household in the town was $51,607, and the median income for a family was $62,656. Males had a median income of $44,063 versus $37,083 for females. The per capita income for the town was $28,209. About 2.7% of families and 5.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4.1% of those under age 18 and 5.4% of those age 65 or over.Canaan – The hamlet of Canaan is in the north-central part of the town at the junction of New York State Route 295 and County Road 5. It was formerly "Canaan Corners".
Canaan Center – A hamlet south of Canaan village on Route 5, just south of the geographic center of the town.
East Chatham – A hamlet at the west town line.
Edwards Park – A location southeast of Flatbrook.
Flatbrook – A hamlet southeast of Canaan village and located on Route 22.
Queechy – A hamlet east of Canaan village.
Queechy Lake – (formerly Whiting's Pond) A 600-acre (2.4 km2) lake near the east town line.
Red Rock – A hamlet at the south town line.
Asa Adgate (1767–1832), born in Canaan, U.S. congressman
Daniel G. Garnsey, U.S. congressman
Anne Meacham (1925-2006), American actress
Eleazer Root (1802–1887), born in Canaan, educator and Episcopal priest
Captain William Henry Warner (1812-1849), born in Canaan, West Point class of 1836, Chief of California Topographical Engineers, fought and wounded in Battle of San Pasqual, California (6 Dec 1846), killed by Native Americans in 1849
Albert Lincoln "Al" Roker Jr. (born August 20, 1954) is an American television personality, weather forecaster, actor, and book author. He is best known as being the weather anchor on NBC's Today, owns a summer home in the Town of Canaan. | 1,285 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Early war games between rival knights and soldiers were called béhourds and could be fought on horseback or on the ground, these mock battles led to the creation of the medieval tournament, these early war games lacked the competitive edge and discipline needed to train knights for warfare and medieval elites came to the realisation that a new system was required.
Early mock battles also known as mêlée’s in the medieval period were chaotic in nature and many knights suffered bad injuries or were killed. Nobility realised there was a need to create organised events where they could closely match the skills of knights, so that the fights could be more competitive and evenly matched in a safer environment.
This led to the creation of medieval tournaments or tourneys’ in which a mock battle called a mêlée and a joust, a one-to-one mounted contest took place. Around the 10th century the mêlée and the joust were combined and this created the first medieval tournament, the first tournament of this type was held in France in 1066.
Tournaments enabled knights to practice their battle skills, it was important for a medieval knight to put on a good performance in a tournament as important people would be present such as lords and ladies, knights would be representing their families that could be clearly seen in their family emblems and coats of arms. Tournaments taught knights to become battle ready and gave them realistic challenges, like in war knights wore full body armour.
Tournaments were the glittering social events of medieval times and could last up to a week, everyone came, Lords, peasants, women, money lenders, minstrels, jesters, snake oil salesmen, they were probably bigger events than sporting competitions today.
Kings or other important nobleman set the day of the tournament and would then send out invites to other knights asking them to take part in a contest of arms, usually in the honour of a lady.
Day of the Tournament
The day of the tournament has arrived, there would be a stand for noble and royal guest erected close to the jousting track, knights and maids dressed in the their best outfits and would parade before the distinguished guests, the guest of honour would address the excited crowds before the announcement of the tournament rules was read out by the Grand Marshall. The tournament would being to a fanfare of trumpets.
The Tournament Setting
Tournaments usually took place in large open fields, the tournament area was enclosed by what were called lists or fences. There would be large tents erected for knights and other lords and nobles. Royal boxes were erected in front of the contest areas giving the best views of the jousting event to the important members of society.
The Rules of a Tournament
Medieval tournament rules were agreed and circulated well in advance of the tournament so that everybody knew what to expect and would give information like:
• The general rules and terms of engagement of the tournament • The location and date of the tournament • The Tournament Sponsors – who would be paying for the event • The fighting combat styles that would be taking place at the tournament • Weapons accepted that could be used at the tournament
Only nobleman and their families were allowed to compete in tournament competitions. This was one of many rules of the medieval tournament. Competitors were usually wealthy medieval people as they had to buy their own horse and expensive body Armour. Only noblemen or squires could talk to other knights during a tournament.
In later tournaments knights were encouraged to capture opposing knights, once captured a knight would have two pay a ransom to get his horse and armour back, surprisingly it was the captured knight who decided how much ransom should be paid, however due to the code of chivalry rules in place, setting a low ransom would have been the wrong thing to do for a medieval knight and would have brought shame on him.
Tournaments – The Jousting Contest
Early tournaments were very aggressive and people were often injured or killed. In early medieval times it was the mêlée and not the joust which was the main event of the early medieval tournament, the joust was considered to be just a warming up exercise for the main event.
Jousting was the highlight of a medieval Tournament; it was a one-to-one combat situation. Heavily armoured knights on horseback would at charge each other in jousts with lances raised trying unseat the other knight from their horses. Jousting was originally a warm up exercise and not the main event, it was a great opportunity for young knights to practice their skills against other nights and it allowed him to display his skills to the watching audience which would include Lords and Ladies. By the 14th century the joust was considered to be the defining contest during a tournament.
Horses charged down tracks that were called lists and knights lances would strike their enemies shields at great speeds, the desired result would be to unseat the challenging knight to gain the highest number of points. Four charges could be made in one jousting match and a knight could also gain points for the best jousting techniques. Three jousting sticks could be used for each jousting match and the winner of the Joust could take the armour or horse of the defeated knight or would be given an alternative prize.
The Tournament Joust Rules
The Joust tended to start before the mêlée battle as it was considered to be the main event of the tournament, mounted knights would hurtle towards each other down the tracks on horseback with lances and shields raised, they would be an almighty crash as they met at the halfway stage at incredible speeds.
The rules of the medieval joust were as follows:
Knights were allowed to charge at each other a total of four times with lances, only 3 lances per match were allowed.
If no winner they were allowed to charge four more times with other weapons such as maces or flail weapons.
If still no winner they went to ground and fought with alternative weapons such as maces and swords four more times.
If there was no decisive winner it went to the judges to vote, giving points for skill and accuracy and making deductions for foul strokes.
Judges who kept order at jousting events/tournaments were called Heralds
The Mêlée | Ends The Tournament
The mêlée event was a mock battle that usually ended a tournament and was a team contest, in earlier medieval times it was considered to be the main event. The mêlée involved lots of individual battles within competing teams, there could be any number of men involved in a mêlée but it was not usually too large as to be unmanageable, probably anything up to a one hundred people.
The Mêlée was a military competition that was developed for nobles in which they fought in groups, rather than individually. The knights or nobles attacked each other across an open field.
Whereas the joust competition took place in front of an audience, the mêlée was observed from a distance and medieval people could really only see a group of soldiers fighting each other in the distance.
Knights that fought in Jousts and mêlée’s were from an elite group of people from the wealthy noble families of Europe, in the mêlée they wore full plate armour so that the mêlée was realistic, blunted weapons weapons like flails and pole-axes were used and the team of the last man standing would win the contest.
It was common for knights to receive broken limbs and noses during a mêlée competitions and there was usually quite a lot of blood around at the end, great lords would cite who was the best fighter in the mêlée tournament and the winner would receive a prize such as a weapon, even such things as bears could be given as a prize to the best knight.
A melee battle takes place at a medieval tournament
Tournaments |Weapon & Armour Testing
The medieval tournament had several purposes and one of them was to be a testing ground for new medieval weapons and armour, to see how they coped in realistic combat situations.
Tournament Weapons Used
The lance used for jousts was specially designed to ensure that the knights would not harm each other. Jousting lances were usually made out of soft wood and the ends were blunted and hollow. The Lance was still able to badly injured a knight due to the speed of impact but the added safety features ensured that it would not penetrate the knights armour, so that death and injury were substantially reduced. In ground combat situations and in the mêlée mock battles clubs and other blunted weapons such as flails and poleaxes were used.
From around the 12th century the safety of tournaments was improved and new plate armour was introduced instead of the chainmail that had been used before, medieval knights aimed for the shields and helmets of their foe’s during a tournament and the improved armour helped reduce injuries, tournaments were the ideal testing grounds for new armour and weapons.
Medieval Tournament Facts:
Tournaments were arranged by nobleman usually in honour of a lady
Tournament rules were agreed and circulated well advanced of a medieval tournament
In early medieval tournaments the mêlée was the main event
In later medieval tournaments the Joust was the main event
The weapons used at tournaments were adapted to make them safer to use
Tournament invites were sent out to knights asking them to take part in medieval tournaments
Jousting sticks or Lances were the same thing and were the main jousting weapons used
Tournaments had strict rules and codes of conduct for all participants
Tournaments were originally military training exercises but became sporting events
Medieval tournaments were great opportunities to test new Armour and weapons
Medieval knights could be badly injured or killed in medieval tournaments
The mêlée mock battle usually ended the medieval tournament
Everyone came to the medieval tournament, they were the glittering social events of medieval times
A medieval tournament could last up to a week or even longer | <urn:uuid:8355bec4-e147-4d36-a381-7d116b9b8129> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | http://www.medievalchronicles.com/medieval-knights/medieval-tournaments/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250599718.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120165335-20200120194335-00115.warc.gz | en | 0.987476 | 2,069 | 3.953125 | 4 | [
-0.8974872827529907,
0.519605278968811,
0.11884571611881256,
-0.30649280548095703,
-0.18880107998847961,
0.0540626123547554,
-0.18645808100700378,
0.19567348062992096,
0.12717267870903015,
0.08742807805538177,
-0.21809685230255127,
-0.2847043573856354,
0.17721828818321228,
0.24493587017059... | 6 | Early war games between rival knights and soldiers were called béhourds and could be fought on horseback or on the ground, these mock battles led to the creation of the medieval tournament, these early war games lacked the competitive edge and discipline needed to train knights for warfare and medieval elites came to the realisation that a new system was required.
Early mock battles also known as mêlée’s in the medieval period were chaotic in nature and many knights suffered bad injuries or were killed. Nobility realised there was a need to create organised events where they could closely match the skills of knights, so that the fights could be more competitive and evenly matched in a safer environment.
This led to the creation of medieval tournaments or tourneys’ in which a mock battle called a mêlée and a joust, a one-to-one mounted contest took place. Around the 10th century the mêlée and the joust were combined and this created the first medieval tournament, the first tournament of this type was held in France in 1066.
Tournaments enabled knights to practice their battle skills, it was important for a medieval knight to put on a good performance in a tournament as important people would be present such as lords and ladies, knights would be representing their families that could be clearly seen in their family emblems and coats of arms. Tournaments taught knights to become battle ready and gave them realistic challenges, like in war knights wore full body armour.
Tournaments were the glittering social events of medieval times and could last up to a week, everyone came, Lords, peasants, women, money lenders, minstrels, jesters, snake oil salesmen, they were probably bigger events than sporting competitions today.
Kings or other important nobleman set the day of the tournament and would then send out invites to other knights asking them to take part in a contest of arms, usually in the honour of a lady.
Day of the Tournament
The day of the tournament has arrived, there would be a stand for noble and royal guest erected close to the jousting track, knights and maids dressed in the their best outfits and would parade before the distinguished guests, the guest of honour would address the excited crowds before the announcement of the tournament rules was read out by the Grand Marshall. The tournament would being to a fanfare of trumpets.
The Tournament Setting
Tournaments usually took place in large open fields, the tournament area was enclosed by what were called lists or fences. There would be large tents erected for knights and other lords and nobles. Royal boxes were erected in front of the contest areas giving the best views of the jousting event to the important members of society.
The Rules of a Tournament
Medieval tournament rules were agreed and circulated well in advance of the tournament so that everybody knew what to expect and would give information like:
• The general rules and terms of engagement of the tournament • The location and date of the tournament • The Tournament Sponsors – who would be paying for the event • The fighting combat styles that would be taking place at the tournament • Weapons accepted that could be used at the tournament
Only nobleman and their families were allowed to compete in tournament competitions. This was one of many rules of the medieval tournament. Competitors were usually wealthy medieval people as they had to buy their own horse and expensive body Armour. Only noblemen or squires could talk to other knights during a tournament.
In later tournaments knights were encouraged to capture opposing knights, once captured a knight would have two pay a ransom to get his horse and armour back, surprisingly it was the captured knight who decided how much ransom should be paid, however due to the code of chivalry rules in place, setting a low ransom would have been the wrong thing to do for a medieval knight and would have brought shame on him.
Tournaments – The Jousting Contest
Early tournaments were very aggressive and people were often injured or killed. In early medieval times it was the mêlée and not the joust which was the main event of the early medieval tournament, the joust was considered to be just a warming up exercise for the main event.
Jousting was the highlight of a medieval Tournament; it was a one-to-one combat situation. Heavily armoured knights on horseback would at charge each other in jousts with lances raised trying unseat the other knight from their horses. Jousting was originally a warm up exercise and not the main event, it was a great opportunity for young knights to practice their skills against other nights and it allowed him to display his skills to the watching audience which would include Lords and Ladies. By the 14th century the joust was considered to be the defining contest during a tournament.
Horses charged down tracks that were called lists and knights lances would strike their enemies shields at great speeds, the desired result would be to unseat the challenging knight to gain the highest number of points. Four charges could be made in one jousting match and a knight could also gain points for the best jousting techniques. Three jousting sticks could be used for each jousting match and the winner of the Joust could take the armour or horse of the defeated knight or would be given an alternative prize.
The Tournament Joust Rules
The Joust tended to start before the mêlée battle as it was considered to be the main event of the tournament, mounted knights would hurtle towards each other down the tracks on horseback with lances and shields raised, they would be an almighty crash as they met at the halfway stage at incredible speeds.
The rules of the medieval joust were as follows:
Knights were allowed to charge at each other a total of four times with lances, only 3 lances per match were allowed.
If no winner they were allowed to charge four more times with other weapons such as maces or flail weapons.
If still no winner they went to ground and fought with alternative weapons such as maces and swords four more times.
If there was no decisive winner it went to the judges to vote, giving points for skill and accuracy and making deductions for foul strokes.
Judges who kept order at jousting events/tournaments were called Heralds
The Mêlée | Ends The Tournament
The mêlée event was a mock battle that usually ended a tournament and was a team contest, in earlier medieval times it was considered to be the main event. The mêlée involved lots of individual battles within competing teams, there could be any number of men involved in a mêlée but it was not usually too large as to be unmanageable, probably anything up to a one hundred people.
The Mêlée was a military competition that was developed for nobles in which they fought in groups, rather than individually. The knights or nobles attacked each other across an open field.
Whereas the joust competition took place in front of an audience, the mêlée was observed from a distance and medieval people could really only see a group of soldiers fighting each other in the distance.
Knights that fought in Jousts and mêlée’s were from an elite group of people from the wealthy noble families of Europe, in the mêlée they wore full plate armour so that the mêlée was realistic, blunted weapons weapons like flails and pole-axes were used and the team of the last man standing would win the contest.
It was common for knights to receive broken limbs and noses during a mêlée competitions and there was usually quite a lot of blood around at the end, great lords would cite who was the best fighter in the mêlée tournament and the winner would receive a prize such as a weapon, even such things as bears could be given as a prize to the best knight.
A melee battle takes place at a medieval tournament
Tournaments |Weapon & Armour Testing
The medieval tournament had several purposes and one of them was to be a testing ground for new medieval weapons and armour, to see how they coped in realistic combat situations.
Tournament Weapons Used
The lance used for jousts was specially designed to ensure that the knights would not harm each other. Jousting lances were usually made out of soft wood and the ends were blunted and hollow. The Lance was still able to badly injured a knight due to the speed of impact but the added safety features ensured that it would not penetrate the knights armour, so that death and injury were substantially reduced. In ground combat situations and in the mêlée mock battles clubs and other blunted weapons such as flails and poleaxes were used.
From around the 12th century the safety of tournaments was improved and new plate armour was introduced instead of the chainmail that had been used before, medieval knights aimed for the shields and helmets of their foe’s during a tournament and the improved armour helped reduce injuries, tournaments were the ideal testing grounds for new armour and weapons.
Medieval Tournament Facts:
Tournaments were arranged by nobleman usually in honour of a lady
Tournament rules were agreed and circulated well advanced of a medieval tournament
In early medieval tournaments the mêlée was the main event
In later medieval tournaments the Joust was the main event
The weapons used at tournaments were adapted to make them safer to use
Tournament invites were sent out to knights asking them to take part in medieval tournaments
Jousting sticks or Lances were the same thing and were the main jousting weapons used
Tournaments had strict rules and codes of conduct for all participants
Tournaments were originally military training exercises but became sporting events
Medieval tournaments were great opportunities to test new Armour and weapons
Medieval knights could be badly injured or killed in medieval tournaments
The mêlée mock battle usually ended the medieval tournament
Everyone came to the medieval tournament, they were the glittering social events of medieval times
A medieval tournament could last up to a week or even longer | 2,001 | ENGLISH | 1 |
(1877 - 1945)
In 1925 the French philosopher and sociologist Maurice Halbwachs published The Social Frameworks of Memory, which first introduced the idea of collective memory to the world. “History,” he wrote, “resembles a crowded cemetery, where room must constantly be made for new tombstones.” Halbwachs became chair in social psychology at the Collège de France in 1943, a few years after publishing his final work, on the topography of the Holy Land, and joining the French Resistance with his sons. In 1944 he and his youngest son were deported to Buchenwald, where he died the following year. The unfinished manuscript of The Collective Memory was published by his daughter five years later. | <urn:uuid:9145f361-19be-4de5-b7a7-99dd5cdd7994> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.laphamsquarterly.org/contributors/halbwachs | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251700675.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127112805-20200127142805-00433.warc.gz | en | 0.98214 | 156 | 3.328125 | 3 | [
-0.014183953404426575,
0.5953202843666077,
-0.11095460504293442,
-0.1426151841878891,
-0.21408909559249878,
0.253539502620697,
-0.07427752017974854,
0.27590787410736084,
0.22759832441806793,
-0.33638083934783936,
0.14745794236660004,
0.030962195247411728,
0.3241044580936432,
0.462569594383... | 1 | (1877 - 1945)
In 1925 the French philosopher and sociologist Maurice Halbwachs published The Social Frameworks of Memory, which first introduced the idea of collective memory to the world. “History,” he wrote, “resembles a crowded cemetery, where room must constantly be made for new tombstones.” Halbwachs became chair in social psychology at the Collège de France in 1943, a few years after publishing his final work, on the topography of the Holy Land, and joining the French Resistance with his sons. In 1944 he and his youngest son were deported to Buchenwald, where he died the following year. The unfinished manuscript of The Collective Memory was published by his daughter five years later. | 161 | ENGLISH | 1 |
the weekly newsletter from EHS
Dentist, zoologist or writer?
30 November 2018
A local dentist came to visit Year 3 on Friday 23 November to talk to the girls about dental care. She brought disclosing tablets with her and the girls chewed the tablets to see if their teeth had plaque on them. They were then shown how to brush their teeth properly. The tablets did not taste very nice, but the girls had a great time and enjoyed using the special toothbrushes which came with toothpaste already on them.
Following on from their dentist visit the Year 3 girls began to use their knowledge of teeth within the animal world. They carefully matched pictures of animal teeth to the animal giving reasons for their decisions. They thought carefully about what the dentist had told them about the types of teeth before trying to categorise the animals into herbivore, carnivore and omnivore by looking at the teeth alone. The girls were very impressed with the carnivores’ canines.
The next step was to move from teeth to eating. Year 3 used their knowledge of studying instructional texts to write instructions for making a banana smoothie. They thought carefully about using imperative verbs and which step to do next. Finally, the chocolate was grated on top and the girls tasted their banana smoothies. In our evaluation we realised that we had put in rather too much milk and not enough banana. This made a great final note for the instructions.
Dentist, Zoologist or Writer
Click image for full view | <urn:uuid:981f6a54-d645-4a58-a37f-73c0eb401522> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.edgbastonhigh.co.uk/news/dentist-zoology-or-writer-30-11-2018 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250625097.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124191133-20200124220133-00371.warc.gz | en | 0.982369 | 308 | 3.296875 | 3 | [
-0.16617147624492645,
-0.10044918209314346,
0.5714829564094543,
-0.038358334451913834,
-0.1909579336643219,
-0.19304287433624268,
0.11601492017507553,
0.5494746565818787,
-0.26786279678344727,
0.4227866232395172,
-0.020825494080781937,
-0.49913594126701355,
0.3024059534072876,
-0.019406439... | 2 | the weekly newsletter from EHS
Dentist, zoologist or writer?
30 November 2018
A local dentist came to visit Year 3 on Friday 23 November to talk to the girls about dental care. She brought disclosing tablets with her and the girls chewed the tablets to see if their teeth had plaque on them. They were then shown how to brush their teeth properly. The tablets did not taste very nice, but the girls had a great time and enjoyed using the special toothbrushes which came with toothpaste already on them.
Following on from their dentist visit the Year 3 girls began to use their knowledge of teeth within the animal world. They carefully matched pictures of animal teeth to the animal giving reasons for their decisions. They thought carefully about what the dentist had told them about the types of teeth before trying to categorise the animals into herbivore, carnivore and omnivore by looking at the teeth alone. The girls were very impressed with the carnivores’ canines.
The next step was to move from teeth to eating. Year 3 used their knowledge of studying instructional texts to write instructions for making a banana smoothie. They thought carefully about using imperative verbs and which step to do next. Finally, the chocolate was grated on top and the girls tasted their banana smoothies. In our evaluation we realised that we had put in rather too much milk and not enough banana. This made a great final note for the instructions.
Dentist, Zoologist or Writer
Click image for full view | 312 | ENGLISH | 1 |
The thylacine had been found on the Australian mainland and New Guinea and was confined to Tasmania only in historic times. Competition with the dingo probably led to its disappearance from the mainland. It was widely hunted in Tasmania by European settlers because it was considered a threat to the domestic sheep introduced to the island. It was rare by 1914, and the last known living specimen died in a private zoo in Hobart in 1936; its disappearance from the wild came perhaps two years later. The thylacine was the sole modern representative of the family Thylacinidae, which is known otherwise by several fossil species.
Although there have been hundreds of reports of thylacine sightings in Tasmania and mainland Australia since the late 1930s, each one was judged to be inconclusive. In addition, several population surveys conducted by naturalists and wildlife officials between 1937 and 2008 failed to observe a single specimen.
During the late 1990s and early 2000s, DNA sequencing technologies made significant advancements. In 2009 an international team of geneticists announced that they had successfully sequenced the genome (that is, the complete set of DNA) of the thylacine. This development spawned discussions about the possibility of cloning the thylacine, possibly through the process of somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). SCNT involves the transplanting of the nucleus of a somatic (body) cell from a thylacine into the cytoplasm of a donor egg—perhaps from the Tasmanian devil (Sarcophilus harrisii) or the native cat (Dasyurus)—whose nucleus has been removed. (See also de-extinction.) | <urn:uuid:9fb162d1-28c3-42de-b0c9-80604dea03f4> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.britannica.com/print/article/583956 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251783621.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129010251-20200129040251-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.9811 | 336 | 3.828125 | 4 | [
0.11868784576654434,
0.021201999858021736,
-0.34358733892440796,
-0.20405448973178864,
-0.030207987874746323,
0.2154087871313095,
0.03728549927473068,
0.10044322907924652,
-0.1711796373128891,
0.20336654782295227,
0.3684042692184448,
-0.7853419780731201,
0.5478208065032959,
0.2921064794063... | 1 | The thylacine had been found on the Australian mainland and New Guinea and was confined to Tasmania only in historic times. Competition with the dingo probably led to its disappearance from the mainland. It was widely hunted in Tasmania by European settlers because it was considered a threat to the domestic sheep introduced to the island. It was rare by 1914, and the last known living specimen died in a private zoo in Hobart in 1936; its disappearance from the wild came perhaps two years later. The thylacine was the sole modern representative of the family Thylacinidae, which is known otherwise by several fossil species.
Although there have been hundreds of reports of thylacine sightings in Tasmania and mainland Australia since the late 1930s, each one was judged to be inconclusive. In addition, several population surveys conducted by naturalists and wildlife officials between 1937 and 2008 failed to observe a single specimen.
During the late 1990s and early 2000s, DNA sequencing technologies made significant advancements. In 2009 an international team of geneticists announced that they had successfully sequenced the genome (that is, the complete set of DNA) of the thylacine. This development spawned discussions about the possibility of cloning the thylacine, possibly through the process of somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). SCNT involves the transplanting of the nucleus of a somatic (body) cell from a thylacine into the cytoplasm of a donor egg—perhaps from the Tasmanian devil (Sarcophilus harrisii) or the native cat (Dasyurus)—whose nucleus has been removed. (See also de-extinction.) | 365 | ENGLISH | 1 |
“An eye for an eye makes the whole world blind”. This is a quote said by Mahatma Gandhi, an Indian revolutionary and religious leader who used his religious power for political and social reform and was the main force behind the second-largest nation in the world’s struggle for independence. Gandhi was born on October 2nd 1869 in Probandar, India. Him and his family lived in a self-sufficient residential community and only ate simple vegetarian food and undertook long fasts. He was the fourth child in the family and often had it the worse when it came to his education for his parents wanted him to follow in his father’s footsteps of becoming a lawyer.
He eventually became a lawyer and trained in law in London and was employed in South America during the revolution from British control in India. At the age of 15 he married his wife Kasturba and had 4 children named Hirlal, Manilal, Ramdas, and Devdas.
It was at this age that Mahatma first helped protest excessive land-tax and discrimination on the poorer people of India.
What made him different from other protesters was that he created the concept of Satyagraha which is a nonviolent way of protesting injustices. He also spent 20 years of his life in South Africa fighting discrimination. He is also majorly known for leading the Indians in the Dandi Salt March of 1930 challenging the British-imposed salt tax. For many of his nonviolent protest though, he and many of his followers were often imprisoned in both South Africa and India. But weirdly enough, even after getting arrested many times, he never reacted in any violent ways for his vision of a free India was based off religion and pluralism. He was often described by many Indians as “The Father of The Nation”.
On August 15th 1947, India attained independence after a great political and social struggle. Mahatma had achieved his goal but only enjoyed it for a short period of time. Mahatma Gandhi died on January 30th 1948, at the age of 78 in New Delhi after being assassinated by Nathuram Gadse. However, Mahatma’s legacy still continues for he inspired many movements for civil rights and freedom across the world. I decided to choose Mahatma Gandhi for my biography speech because he had a dramatic influence on the Indian Independence movement and achieved it in all nonviolent ways while never giving in to the evil that so many people do today.
Cite this page
Mahatma Gandhi Biography Speech. (2016, May 27). Retrieved from https://studymoose.com/mahatma-gandhi-biography-speech-essay | <urn:uuid:4bbc56c1-0eb5-4394-87e1-a71a61733628> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://studymoose.com/mahatma-gandhi-biography-speech-essay | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251773463.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128030221-20200128060221-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.990824 | 556 | 3.734375 | 4 | [
-0.054914217442274094,
0.6657410264015198,
-0.15876992046833038,
0.003984123468399048,
-0.4637081027030945,
0.2595428228378296,
0.717388391494751,
0.08093107491731644,
-0.13582590222358704,
0.039997801184654236,
0.13138696551322937,
-0.04915129765868187,
0.005820179358124733,
0.31280714273... | 1 | “An eye for an eye makes the whole world blind”. This is a quote said by Mahatma Gandhi, an Indian revolutionary and religious leader who used his religious power for political and social reform and was the main force behind the second-largest nation in the world’s struggle for independence. Gandhi was born on October 2nd 1869 in Probandar, India. Him and his family lived in a self-sufficient residential community and only ate simple vegetarian food and undertook long fasts. He was the fourth child in the family and often had it the worse when it came to his education for his parents wanted him to follow in his father’s footsteps of becoming a lawyer.
He eventually became a lawyer and trained in law in London and was employed in South America during the revolution from British control in India. At the age of 15 he married his wife Kasturba and had 4 children named Hirlal, Manilal, Ramdas, and Devdas.
It was at this age that Mahatma first helped protest excessive land-tax and discrimination on the poorer people of India.
What made him different from other protesters was that he created the concept of Satyagraha which is a nonviolent way of protesting injustices. He also spent 20 years of his life in South Africa fighting discrimination. He is also majorly known for leading the Indians in the Dandi Salt March of 1930 challenging the British-imposed salt tax. For many of his nonviolent protest though, he and many of his followers were often imprisoned in both South Africa and India. But weirdly enough, even after getting arrested many times, he never reacted in any violent ways for his vision of a free India was based off religion and pluralism. He was often described by many Indians as “The Father of The Nation”.
On August 15th 1947, India attained independence after a great political and social struggle. Mahatma had achieved his goal but only enjoyed it for a short period of time. Mahatma Gandhi died on January 30th 1948, at the age of 78 in New Delhi after being assassinated by Nathuram Gadse. However, Mahatma’s legacy still continues for he inspired many movements for civil rights and freedom across the world. I decided to choose Mahatma Gandhi for my biography speech because he had a dramatic influence on the Indian Independence movement and achieved it in all nonviolent ways while never giving in to the evil that so many people do today.
Cite this page
Mahatma Gandhi Biography Speech. (2016, May 27). Retrieved from https://studymoose.com/mahatma-gandhi-biography-speech-essay | 567 | ENGLISH | 1 |
John Brown was perhaps the most famous person involved in the abolitionist movement who fought against slavery in America leading up to the Civil War.
He was born on May 9th 1800 to a deeply religious family. The entire idea of people living in slavery went against everything he believed.
He was determined that he would do whatever it took to end the institution of slavery.
During the 1850’s he went to Kansas and took an active role in the fighting between pro-slavery groups and abolitionist groups living there.
This became known as Bleeding Kansas.
On the night of May 24th 1856 Brown led a group consisting of four of his sons and three other men to Pottawatomie Creek where several pro-slavery men had their homes.
Brown’s first target was a pro-slavery man named James Doyle. Arriving at Doyle’s home he knocked on his door. When Doyle answered the door he was forced outside along with two of his sons.
Brown and his group led them a short distance away and butchered all three of them with swords. John Brown then shot James Doyle in the head after he was already dead.
After the murder of James Doyle and his sons John Brown and his group next found Allen Wilkinson and William Sherman who they also murdered that night.
In all Brown and his men murdered five men. Brown was never captured or prosecuted for this crime.
A great biography about John Brown is To Purge This Land with Blood: A Biography of John Brown
John Brown Raids Harpers Ferry
On October 16th 1859 John Brown and twenty-one of his men went to Harpers Ferry Virginia in order to capture the town and seize the federal arsenal there.
Their plan was to seize the arsenal and take it’s weapons, they would then send some members of their group to nearby locations where slaves lived, these men would convince the slaves to join their group. The slaves would be provided with weapons from the Harpers Ferry arsenal to form a slave uprising which would hopefully destroy the entire institution of slavery.
They thought they could hide out in the mountains and start a guerrilla war against the government and bring in more and more slaves to their cause.
Unfortunately for Brown and his men no slaves came to their aid. There was no mass slave uprising. The local militia commanded by Robert E. Lee arrived and quickly put down this small insurrection.
John Brown Guilty of Treason
John Brown was found guilty of treason against the United States and hanged on December 2nd 1859.
If you’d like to learn more about the trial of John Brown an excellent book is John Brown’s Trial
John Brown’s ideas were noble and his heart was in the right place, he just went about it in entirely the wrong way.
He was also not a very good tactician. The raid on Harpers Ferry was doomed to failure before it even began. The fact that he attacked an entire town with a handful of men in the hopes that an enslaved population would rise up and come to his aid is pretty far fetched.
Brown was a fanatic and he was so determined to dismantle slavery that he devised a poorly planned and poorly executed attack which could never have succeeded.
His raid did have some positive effect. Some people in the north viewed John Brown as a hero and they became inspired fight even harder against slavery.
Conversely southerners were shocked that white people were now taking up arms against slavery and were willing to give their lives for this cause.
This certainly increased tension between the north and the south in the lead up to the Civil War. | <urn:uuid:172c1fb1-05b1-467d-bf3f-f52546a7e3ec> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.civilwaracademy.com/john-brown | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250607407.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122191620-20200122220620-00432.warc.gz | en | 0.991406 | 750 | 3.46875 | 3 | [
-0.26223352551460266,
0.2952568531036377,
0.30674660205841064,
-0.007868732325732708,
0.17585593461990356,
0.08352647721767426,
0.3009454905986786,
-0.31563183665275574,
-0.5525524616241455,
0.1854332983493805,
0.22408060729503632,
-0.12706145644187927,
-0.3806993365287781,
0.1621933877468... | 3 | John Brown was perhaps the most famous person involved in the abolitionist movement who fought against slavery in America leading up to the Civil War.
He was born on May 9th 1800 to a deeply religious family. The entire idea of people living in slavery went against everything he believed.
He was determined that he would do whatever it took to end the institution of slavery.
During the 1850’s he went to Kansas and took an active role in the fighting between pro-slavery groups and abolitionist groups living there.
This became known as Bleeding Kansas.
On the night of May 24th 1856 Brown led a group consisting of four of his sons and three other men to Pottawatomie Creek where several pro-slavery men had their homes.
Brown’s first target was a pro-slavery man named James Doyle. Arriving at Doyle’s home he knocked on his door. When Doyle answered the door he was forced outside along with two of his sons.
Brown and his group led them a short distance away and butchered all three of them with swords. John Brown then shot James Doyle in the head after he was already dead.
After the murder of James Doyle and his sons John Brown and his group next found Allen Wilkinson and William Sherman who they also murdered that night.
In all Brown and his men murdered five men. Brown was never captured or prosecuted for this crime.
A great biography about John Brown is To Purge This Land with Blood: A Biography of John Brown
John Brown Raids Harpers Ferry
On October 16th 1859 John Brown and twenty-one of his men went to Harpers Ferry Virginia in order to capture the town and seize the federal arsenal there.
Their plan was to seize the arsenal and take it’s weapons, they would then send some members of their group to nearby locations where slaves lived, these men would convince the slaves to join their group. The slaves would be provided with weapons from the Harpers Ferry arsenal to form a slave uprising which would hopefully destroy the entire institution of slavery.
They thought they could hide out in the mountains and start a guerrilla war against the government and bring in more and more slaves to their cause.
Unfortunately for Brown and his men no slaves came to their aid. There was no mass slave uprising. The local militia commanded by Robert E. Lee arrived and quickly put down this small insurrection.
John Brown Guilty of Treason
John Brown was found guilty of treason against the United States and hanged on December 2nd 1859.
If you’d like to learn more about the trial of John Brown an excellent book is John Brown’s Trial
John Brown’s ideas were noble and his heart was in the right place, he just went about it in entirely the wrong way.
He was also not a very good tactician. The raid on Harpers Ferry was doomed to failure before it even began. The fact that he attacked an entire town with a handful of men in the hopes that an enslaved population would rise up and come to his aid is pretty far fetched.
Brown was a fanatic and he was so determined to dismantle slavery that he devised a poorly planned and poorly executed attack which could never have succeeded.
His raid did have some positive effect. Some people in the north viewed John Brown as a hero and they became inspired fight even harder against slavery.
Conversely southerners were shocked that white people were now taking up arms against slavery and were willing to give their lives for this cause.
This certainly increased tension between the north and the south in the lead up to the Civil War. | 734 | ENGLISH | 1 |
The purpose of the article by Gail S. Goodman is to study the effect, in regards to behavior, of maltreatment and child abuse in adolescents ages 3 to 16. In this article 322 children were interviewed by adults that they did not know. This experiment, through many different types of methods, shows not only the effect that child abuse has on children, but also shows the capability for adults to determine whether the accounts made by these children are true memories. This compares sexual and/or psychically abused children to neglected children and their overall dissociation. The adolescents who produced more correct information with less memory errors were the older children and the children who were able to process their thoughts better.
This experiment included 322 children with there being 178 girls and 144 boys. These children ranged from three to sixteen years old; all of which were from an inpatient hospital whose purpose was to evaluate children who were abused and/or neglected. With the information obtained from Child Protective Services, this large group of children were then split into 5 groups: sexually abused children, physically abused children, both sexually and physically abused children, neglected children, and a control group with non-abused/neglected children. The children who were place in the control group were 38 children whose hospital assessments and/or records were missing. Various types of methodical measures were used in this experiment. The majority of these measures pertained to a specific age group. In most of the assessments the age groups were spit to ages 3-5 years old, 6-10years old, 11-16 years old. Children 6 years and older were given a self-report assessment and they had to rate on a scale of 1 to 10, how often they experienced experiences that happen to them. This is used to measure dissociation between different children. The Dissociative Experiences Scale for Adolescents is another self-reporting measure, but was given specifically to 11years and older children and the Child Dissociative Checklist were given to children 4 years and older. All of these are self-assessments to measure dissociative tendencies among children and are similar to the first. They were also tested on their general psychological functioning through clinical psychology. Clinical psychologist rated their psychological, social, and educational functioning using a 100point scale. Other trauma related measures were measured for children 7 and older to describe the way they felt over a series of two weeks. As well, as a checklist for children 8-15 to measure how often they experience trauma. The studies procedures consisted of three parts: a play session, memory interviews and individual assessments. The play session was a session that was taped, that allowed interaction between the children and the researcher. After the session, the researcher analyzed the stress level of each of the children; all children showing signs of happiness without crying. On a separate day the children were put through videotaped interviews to test them on their memory. They were interviewed about the previous event by an adult that was not present when it occurred. All of these children all went through a series of different assessments to test them individually. They were asked question about abuse experienced and their mental status was reviewed, as well as their level of emotional and cognitive functions.
Results and Conclusion The results of this study, overall, were divided into four categories: abuse-related differences in psychopathology and cognitive functioning, children’s memory and suggestibility as linked to individual difference factors, children memory and suggestibility as related to age and abuse status controlling for individual factors, and event memory in children who… | <urn:uuid:f25fb915-ad2a-4f03-8742-8bc7e521c9f2> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.majortests.com/essay/Pyschology-Research-Paper-586369.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250619323.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124100832-20200124125832-00204.warc.gz | en | 0.98505 | 714 | 3.375 | 3 | [
0.2555122375488281,
0.13838867843151093,
0.41382497549057007,
-0.2123071849346161,
-0.1884467601776123,
0.49593907594680786,
-0.06666404008865356,
0.2643249034881592,
0.21796129643917084,
-0.2329270839691162,
0.6838134527206421,
-0.11618019640445709,
0.18708087503910065,
0.4561450481414795... | 1 | The purpose of the article by Gail S. Goodman is to study the effect, in regards to behavior, of maltreatment and child abuse in adolescents ages 3 to 16. In this article 322 children were interviewed by adults that they did not know. This experiment, through many different types of methods, shows not only the effect that child abuse has on children, but also shows the capability for adults to determine whether the accounts made by these children are true memories. This compares sexual and/or psychically abused children to neglected children and their overall dissociation. The adolescents who produced more correct information with less memory errors were the older children and the children who were able to process their thoughts better.
This experiment included 322 children with there being 178 girls and 144 boys. These children ranged from three to sixteen years old; all of which were from an inpatient hospital whose purpose was to evaluate children who were abused and/or neglected. With the information obtained from Child Protective Services, this large group of children were then split into 5 groups: sexually abused children, physically abused children, both sexually and physically abused children, neglected children, and a control group with non-abused/neglected children. The children who were place in the control group were 38 children whose hospital assessments and/or records were missing. Various types of methodical measures were used in this experiment. The majority of these measures pertained to a specific age group. In most of the assessments the age groups were spit to ages 3-5 years old, 6-10years old, 11-16 years old. Children 6 years and older were given a self-report assessment and they had to rate on a scale of 1 to 10, how often they experienced experiences that happen to them. This is used to measure dissociation between different children. The Dissociative Experiences Scale for Adolescents is another self-reporting measure, but was given specifically to 11years and older children and the Child Dissociative Checklist were given to children 4 years and older. All of these are self-assessments to measure dissociative tendencies among children and are similar to the first. They were also tested on their general psychological functioning through clinical psychology. Clinical psychologist rated their psychological, social, and educational functioning using a 100point scale. Other trauma related measures were measured for children 7 and older to describe the way they felt over a series of two weeks. As well, as a checklist for children 8-15 to measure how often they experience trauma. The studies procedures consisted of three parts: a play session, memory interviews and individual assessments. The play session was a session that was taped, that allowed interaction between the children and the researcher. After the session, the researcher analyzed the stress level of each of the children; all children showing signs of happiness without crying. On a separate day the children were put through videotaped interviews to test them on their memory. They were interviewed about the previous event by an adult that was not present when it occurred. All of these children all went through a series of different assessments to test them individually. They were asked question about abuse experienced and their mental status was reviewed, as well as their level of emotional and cognitive functions.
Results and Conclusion The results of this study, overall, were divided into four categories: abuse-related differences in psychopathology and cognitive functioning, children’s memory and suggestibility as linked to individual difference factors, children memory and suggestibility as related to age and abuse status controlling for individual factors, and event memory in children who… | 738 | ENGLISH | 1 |
According to Piaget a toddler at the age of 5 should be at the preoperational stage. The study conducted by me using my five year old daughter showed me that she was above the level she should be in relation to Piaget’s theory. It was impressive to see the subject did not need any cueing or repeating of the question. The subject was able to understand and interpret what was being asked of her and gave the answers after a brief thought. I find that using objects the she was familiar with made it easier to understand the task at hand. The subject was able to demonstrate the skills needed to understand conservation and logic. I did note that the subject was able to grasp the concept of logic even though according to Piaget should not be reached until age six. Piaget emphasized that preoperational intelligence overlooks logic. The concepts of preoperational intelligence highlighted is that it included language and imagination. At this age is shows that even though a child can understand some aspects of logic they are not yet in the stage of operational thinking? The subject understood basic principles of conservation because the objects used to test it were materials that are used and incorporated in her lesson plans at school. I find that this kind of material are being introduce earlier in childhood as opposed to in earlier years. Also understanding and concept of egocentrism and seeing it displayed in the subject gave me a better understanding of Piaget’s theory. When Houston2
Doing the glass of milk study the subject was asked which glass had more milk in she was quick to reply, “The taller one and that’s the one I want because I should have more milk than you.” She found a way to make the experiment about her. That was the only part of the experiment that she guessed wrong for all the other aspects she recognized that the material remained the same. I believe that the ages might need to change because children are learning and gaining more grasp of conservation at earlier ages. The first part of the experiment the subject looked at two equal glasses of milk one glass was poured into a taller glass and then she was asked which one contained more and she answered the taller one. That part of the experiment displayed preoperational thinking. The other parts of the experiment included using lines of pennies, pieces of clay and two rulers. For the rest of the experiment the subject was able to recognize that the materials did not change and that there was the same amount even though the property was changed. It was amazing to see children’s thought processes.
I believe that once you have more insight and factual information before performing an experiment it makes it that more interesting to see it in real life. It was more meaningful to me because I was not reading a case study on an unknown Houston3 subject. I was using my own daughter to see where she was according to Piaget’s theory. Also using a present day subject to compare to what Piaget used back when he performed the study it’s sometimes nice to see how things have changed and how human development has evolved throughout the years. One thing I can say is that some parts of the theory are out date and probably should be revised. Children are developing faster in this century and also the school curriculum is more intense and there is a lot more things that are introduced to children at a younger age.
The subject interviewed for the marriage contract was a 30 year old African American male. He is currently a Counselor at a Veterans affair. The subject has a bachelors and a master’s degree and is currently working on his doctorate. The interviewee was asked a series of questions in regards to aspects of marriage. The subject seemed to have answers for all the questions asked and it appeared that the person had already considered these things and had a life plan. The subject made a big emphasis on family… | <urn:uuid:9d2ae34f-87d1-44ef-9f54-ef3e7e7c633e> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.majortests.com/essay/Reality-Assignment-558427.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251783621.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129010251-20200129040251-00292.warc.gz | en | 0.987263 | 790 | 3.328125 | 3 | [
-0.16984988749027252,
0.2117449790239334,
0.19245898723602295,
-0.34662026166915894,
-0.4387717843055725,
0.23557230830192566,
0.2061195820569992,
0.39072030782699585,
-0.014812948182225227,
-0.11310584843158722,
0.19537991285324097,
-0.2131197601556778,
0.12239532172679901,
0.279784679412... | 1 | According to Piaget a toddler at the age of 5 should be at the preoperational stage. The study conducted by me using my five year old daughter showed me that she was above the level she should be in relation to Piaget’s theory. It was impressive to see the subject did not need any cueing or repeating of the question. The subject was able to understand and interpret what was being asked of her and gave the answers after a brief thought. I find that using objects the she was familiar with made it easier to understand the task at hand. The subject was able to demonstrate the skills needed to understand conservation and logic. I did note that the subject was able to grasp the concept of logic even though according to Piaget should not be reached until age six. Piaget emphasized that preoperational intelligence overlooks logic. The concepts of preoperational intelligence highlighted is that it included language and imagination. At this age is shows that even though a child can understand some aspects of logic they are not yet in the stage of operational thinking? The subject understood basic principles of conservation because the objects used to test it were materials that are used and incorporated in her lesson plans at school. I find that this kind of material are being introduce earlier in childhood as opposed to in earlier years. Also understanding and concept of egocentrism and seeing it displayed in the subject gave me a better understanding of Piaget’s theory. When Houston2
Doing the glass of milk study the subject was asked which glass had more milk in she was quick to reply, “The taller one and that’s the one I want because I should have more milk than you.” She found a way to make the experiment about her. That was the only part of the experiment that she guessed wrong for all the other aspects she recognized that the material remained the same. I believe that the ages might need to change because children are learning and gaining more grasp of conservation at earlier ages. The first part of the experiment the subject looked at two equal glasses of milk one glass was poured into a taller glass and then she was asked which one contained more and she answered the taller one. That part of the experiment displayed preoperational thinking. The other parts of the experiment included using lines of pennies, pieces of clay and two rulers. For the rest of the experiment the subject was able to recognize that the materials did not change and that there was the same amount even though the property was changed. It was amazing to see children’s thought processes.
I believe that once you have more insight and factual information before performing an experiment it makes it that more interesting to see it in real life. It was more meaningful to me because I was not reading a case study on an unknown Houston3 subject. I was using my own daughter to see where she was according to Piaget’s theory. Also using a present day subject to compare to what Piaget used back when he performed the study it’s sometimes nice to see how things have changed and how human development has evolved throughout the years. One thing I can say is that some parts of the theory are out date and probably should be revised. Children are developing faster in this century and also the school curriculum is more intense and there is a lot more things that are introduced to children at a younger age.
The subject interviewed for the marriage contract was a 30 year old African American male. He is currently a Counselor at a Veterans affair. The subject has a bachelors and a master’s degree and is currently working on his doctorate. The interviewee was asked a series of questions in regards to aspects of marriage. The subject seemed to have answers for all the questions asked and it appeared that the person had already considered these things and had a life plan. The subject made a big emphasis on family… | 766 | ENGLISH | 1 |
The flaky, buttery croissant is as French as a beret or a baguette, but its roots lie in a seventeenth century Austrian battle.
Croissant Origin Legend
The legend of the croissant traces this pastry’s ancestry back to the 1683 Battle of Vienna…
The city was under siege. It had been surrounded by thousands of Ottoman soldiers for two months. Supplies and morale were running low. Messengers had been sent to neighboring countries begging for help, but as yet, there had been no response. The weary Viennese were just about to run up the white flag of surrender when a messenger arrived. Good news: The King of Poland was coming with an army of allied forces. If the Viennese could hold out for just a few more days they would be saved.
Bakers Sound the Alarm
Meanwhile, outside the city, the Ottoman army had a new plan for breaking through Vienna’s thick protective walls. They would tunnel under them, fill the trenches with gunpowder, and blow the walls to smithereens.
The Ottomans were shoveling away in the wee hours of morning when everyone was asleep. However, that was also the time when the city’s bakers had to fire up their ovens to bake everyone’s daily bread from their last remaining bit of grain. As they were kneading their dough, they heard strange noises under their feet. They hurried to contact the authorities who were able to dig their own tunnels and intercept the gunpowder.
Finally, the king of Poland and his army of allied forces appeared on the horizon. They charged the Ottomans who fled the scene. The battle was won and Vienna was saved.
To commemorate the victory, and the role they played in saving their city, the bakers created a special pastry. They made it in a crescent moon shape which was the symbol on the Ottoman flag. It was to remind everyone of their victory. They called their creation kipferl which means crescent in the Austrian German language.
These pastries would migrate to France and eventually become the croissant (the French word for crescent). But before we go to France, let’s continue in Austria a bit longer.
Dip it in Coffee
It seems that crescent-shaped pastry wasn’t the only thing inspired by the Ottoman Turks. Their army had come to Vienna planning to stay and had brought lots of provisions with them. It was all left behind when they fled, and the soldiers who had saved the city got the spoils left behind. Some of them took camels, others took carpets, but one soldier took bags full of strange beans. This soldier had travelled in Turkey and knew exactly what he was getting. He opened Vienna’s first coffee house.
Unfortunately, no one wanted to taste his strange brew. To make it more appealing, he decided to pair it with a pastry. He asked a local baker for a little bread that would go well with the coffee and would make people want to try the new drink. The Turkish invasion was still fresh in everyone’s memory and the baker suggested the little crescent-shaped kipferl. The coffee and kipferl combination was a hit, and this was the beginning of the now popular French breakfast of croissant and coffee.
Marie Antoinette Legend
The croissant’s curious story continues with another legend concerning Marie Antoinette, the infamous Austrian queen. She was sent to France at the age of fourteen to marry the future King Louis XVI. The lonely young girl missed her homeland and asked the court bakers to make her the kipferl that she remembered from home. She introduced it to the court along with other little pastries from her homeland. Collectively, they became known as viennoiserie.
19th Century Paris
By the nineteenth century, the kipferl had taken up residency in France, but it was a far cry from the flaky pastry we know today. It was still the Austrian version: made of a heavy dough, similar to that of a brioche, but small and in the shape of a crescent.
Around 1837, two Austrians opened a Viennese bakery in Paris. At that time the crescent-shaped pastry was still called kipferl, and by mid-century it had become a popular bread in France. As it became more common, the name was changed from kipferl (the Austrian German word for crescent) to croissant (the French word for crescent). Toward the end of the nineteenth century, the croissant took on its now familiar, flaky form and was on its way to becoming a symbol of France.
Curved or Straight
With so much talk of crescents and the croissant being named for its curved shape, I couldn’t help but wonder why all those buttery croissants that I had eaten in France were straight. Why weren’t they curved like a crescent?
Well, that’s an interesting story too… In the beginning, all croissants were made in a crescent shape, and they were all made with butter. Then in the middle of the nineteenth century, margarine was invented. It was cheaper than butter and had a longer shelf-life. It was the way of the future.
Thoroughly modern margarine began replacing butter in croissants. However, the French like full disclosure on what they are eating, so the bakers had to let people know what was in their croissants. They decided to make two different versions. Thinking that margarine would make butter obsolete, croissants made with margarine were left in the traditional crescent shape, and croissants made with butter took on a straight form.
The curved croissant (made with margarine) is called a croissant ordinaire and is now less common than the straight one (made with butter). The French seem to prefer buttery croissants (as do I) and this is why, today, in France most croissants are not really in the shape of a croissant.
More about France – You can read more stories like this in my book Berets, Baguettes, and Beyond.
*Don’t Miss Anything– To receive an email when I post an article (every other week or so) enter your email below and click the Follow the Curious Rambler button.
♦ Read About Another Battle with the Turks: Click the image below:
Latest posts by Margo Lestz (see all)
- Twelve Days of Christmas Predict the Future - 2 January 2020
- Margo’s Holiday Musings - 21 December 2019
- History of the Christmas Tree: From UK to Germany and Back - 14 December 2019 | <urn:uuid:9971c9cf-c360-4e74-8319-75716d7ff6bd> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://curiousrambler.com/history-of-the-french-croissant/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250593994.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118221909-20200119005909-00518.warc.gz | en | 0.984437 | 1,427 | 3.4375 | 3 | [
-0.4115285277366638,
0.5291546583175659,
-0.22666886448860168,
0.011977139860391617,
-0.518525242805481,
0.0641152560710907,
0.1455743908882141,
0.35713839530944824,
-0.0921640545129776,
0.07895493507385254,
-0.03867363557219505,
-0.6623011827468872,
-0.21293801069259644,
0.217169404029846... | 1 | The flaky, buttery croissant is as French as a beret or a baguette, but its roots lie in a seventeenth century Austrian battle.
Croissant Origin Legend
The legend of the croissant traces this pastry’s ancestry back to the 1683 Battle of Vienna…
The city was under siege. It had been surrounded by thousands of Ottoman soldiers for two months. Supplies and morale were running low. Messengers had been sent to neighboring countries begging for help, but as yet, there had been no response. The weary Viennese were just about to run up the white flag of surrender when a messenger arrived. Good news: The King of Poland was coming with an army of allied forces. If the Viennese could hold out for just a few more days they would be saved.
Bakers Sound the Alarm
Meanwhile, outside the city, the Ottoman army had a new plan for breaking through Vienna’s thick protective walls. They would tunnel under them, fill the trenches with gunpowder, and blow the walls to smithereens.
The Ottomans were shoveling away in the wee hours of morning when everyone was asleep. However, that was also the time when the city’s bakers had to fire up their ovens to bake everyone’s daily bread from their last remaining bit of grain. As they were kneading their dough, they heard strange noises under their feet. They hurried to contact the authorities who were able to dig their own tunnels and intercept the gunpowder.
Finally, the king of Poland and his army of allied forces appeared on the horizon. They charged the Ottomans who fled the scene. The battle was won and Vienna was saved.
To commemorate the victory, and the role they played in saving their city, the bakers created a special pastry. They made it in a crescent moon shape which was the symbol on the Ottoman flag. It was to remind everyone of their victory. They called their creation kipferl which means crescent in the Austrian German language.
These pastries would migrate to France and eventually become the croissant (the French word for crescent). But before we go to France, let’s continue in Austria a bit longer.
Dip it in Coffee
It seems that crescent-shaped pastry wasn’t the only thing inspired by the Ottoman Turks. Their army had come to Vienna planning to stay and had brought lots of provisions with them. It was all left behind when they fled, and the soldiers who had saved the city got the spoils left behind. Some of them took camels, others took carpets, but one soldier took bags full of strange beans. This soldier had travelled in Turkey and knew exactly what he was getting. He opened Vienna’s first coffee house.
Unfortunately, no one wanted to taste his strange brew. To make it more appealing, he decided to pair it with a pastry. He asked a local baker for a little bread that would go well with the coffee and would make people want to try the new drink. The Turkish invasion was still fresh in everyone’s memory and the baker suggested the little crescent-shaped kipferl. The coffee and kipferl combination was a hit, and this was the beginning of the now popular French breakfast of croissant and coffee.
Marie Antoinette Legend
The croissant’s curious story continues with another legend concerning Marie Antoinette, the infamous Austrian queen. She was sent to France at the age of fourteen to marry the future King Louis XVI. The lonely young girl missed her homeland and asked the court bakers to make her the kipferl that she remembered from home. She introduced it to the court along with other little pastries from her homeland. Collectively, they became known as viennoiserie.
19th Century Paris
By the nineteenth century, the kipferl had taken up residency in France, but it was a far cry from the flaky pastry we know today. It was still the Austrian version: made of a heavy dough, similar to that of a brioche, but small and in the shape of a crescent.
Around 1837, two Austrians opened a Viennese bakery in Paris. At that time the crescent-shaped pastry was still called kipferl, and by mid-century it had become a popular bread in France. As it became more common, the name was changed from kipferl (the Austrian German word for crescent) to croissant (the French word for crescent). Toward the end of the nineteenth century, the croissant took on its now familiar, flaky form and was on its way to becoming a symbol of France.
Curved or Straight
With so much talk of crescents and the croissant being named for its curved shape, I couldn’t help but wonder why all those buttery croissants that I had eaten in France were straight. Why weren’t they curved like a crescent?
Well, that’s an interesting story too… In the beginning, all croissants were made in a crescent shape, and they were all made with butter. Then in the middle of the nineteenth century, margarine was invented. It was cheaper than butter and had a longer shelf-life. It was the way of the future.
Thoroughly modern margarine began replacing butter in croissants. However, the French like full disclosure on what they are eating, so the bakers had to let people know what was in their croissants. They decided to make two different versions. Thinking that margarine would make butter obsolete, croissants made with margarine were left in the traditional crescent shape, and croissants made with butter took on a straight form.
The curved croissant (made with margarine) is called a croissant ordinaire and is now less common than the straight one (made with butter). The French seem to prefer buttery croissants (as do I) and this is why, today, in France most croissants are not really in the shape of a croissant.
More about France – You can read more stories like this in my book Berets, Baguettes, and Beyond.
*Don’t Miss Anything– To receive an email when I post an article (every other week or so) enter your email below and click the Follow the Curious Rambler button.
♦ Read About Another Battle with the Turks: Click the image below:
Latest posts by Margo Lestz (see all)
- Twelve Days of Christmas Predict the Future - 2 January 2020
- Margo’s Holiday Musings - 21 December 2019
- History of the Christmas Tree: From UK to Germany and Back - 14 December 2019 | 1,383 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Galveston Bay’s Wagon Bridge
by Melinda Luna PE, Chair, History & Heritage Commitee
In 1890, Galveston was Texas’ third largest city, behind Dallas and San Antonio. The only way to get there was by train or boat. During the Civil War, soldiers would place planks on the railroad structure built in the 1860’s and walk to the island. When mainland residents saw how the soldiers were walking to the island, they had the idea to build a bridge to accommodate wagons so they could sell their produce directly to the people of Galveston.
Galveston County started to organize the idea for a causeway or bridge in 1891. After forming committees, they discussed how to finance the bridge and what would be built. They asked themselves if the bridge should be built for wagons only or if a railway should also be included. To keep costs lower, they decided to build a wagon-only bridge, which became known as the Galveston Bay Wagon Bridge. Wagons would bring the primary traffic to the bridge since automobiles were not common until the 1910s. The county then began receiving unsolicited proposals. One engineer proposed a rock rubble causeway with a movable span; however, when he tried securing a review with the United States government, it was denied. The review noted that this type of crossing would limit the flow of water in the bay.
Commissioners brought two engineers into a meeting to elect an engineer to represent the best interest of the county. Major B. M. Temple was first elected engineer. He reviewed plans and specifications for five companies who proposed various bridge options. After reviewing the options, Temple chose Missouri Valley Bridge and Iron Works of Leavenworth, Kansas. He then learned the bid exceeded the bonds that the county has sold. After much negotiation, builders A. J. Tullock and Missouri Valley Bridge and Iron Works agreed to build the bridge for $175,00, a far lower cost than they initially estimated.
Major Temple went on to work for the Gulf, Colorado, and Santa Fe Railroad, and H.C. Ripley took over as engineer for the county. Ripley’s background included earning a degree in civil engineering from the University of Michigan in 1870. He then moved to Galveston to map the Galveston Bay and decided to stay.
Galveston Bay Wagon Bridge construction started in 1892. The bridge contained 95 spans that were 80 ft long. Pratt through trusses were used with these spans, and the entire bridge was an impressive 11,299.2 ft long. The piles and caps were concrete, though there were some cedar piles. Construction materials also included 1.5 million pounds of steel and 1.5 million linear feet of lumber.
The public stayed informed on the the progress of the bridge through reports Ripley would send the local paper, which eventually also advertised a 3-day celebration of the bridge’s completion. Due to various changes, the bridge was completed over budget at $191,986, which is about $58.5 million in today’s dollars, according to an inflation calculator.
The bridge was advertised as the longest steel-span wagon-only bridge in the United States, although there was a railroad bridge over Lake Ponchatrain that was longer. The 3-day event celebrating the completion of the Galveston Wagon Bridge took place November 15-17, 1893 and featured parades, fireworks and wagon contests. Many businesses even decorated for the celebration.
News of the bridge eventually spread beyond Galveston, first with Scientific American featuring it in 1984. That same year, at World’s Fair, the Galveston Bay Wagon Bridge project was presented to international civil engineers. This group of civil engineers could not believe such a long bridge could be built at those costs. Other areas, such as Corpus Christi, also took note of the bridge as they also wanted bridges to connect to North Padre Island.
The people of Galveston celebrated the bridge until the first time there was an accident on it, causing it to be closed for evaluation. The draw bridge at the center was damaged in September 1895 and again in May 1896. When these damages happened, the bridge was closed for a week. Every time an accident happened on the bridge, the engineer would have to run out and evaluate the damage to it, which meant they would have to close it. The Galveston Bay Wagon Bridge was destroyed by the 1900 hurricane (its first encounter with severe weather), and again Galveston was left without a connection to the main land.
If it were still standing today, the Galveston Bay Wagon Bridge would be one of Texas’ longer bridges. Currently, the longest bridge over a waterway in Texas is the Queen Isabella Memorial Bridge at 12,510.5 ft long.
Although it was destroyed, the Galveston Bay Wagon Bridge bridge showed people that it was possible to build a bridge that would attract tourism to the area. Today, bays like Lavaca, Nueces and Galveston Bay now have bridges that provide a safe crossing for the public. | <urn:uuid:2b3e3506-28f2-4fd7-a497-e973df19c4c9> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.texasce.org/tce-news/galveston-bays-wagon-bridge/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250607407.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122191620-20200122220620-00429.warc.gz | en | 0.981107 | 1,062 | 3.703125 | 4 | [
0.06937742233276367,
-0.13493961095809937,
0.23673614859580994,
-0.06405502557754517,
0.08112029731273651,
-0.034665074199438095,
-0.22357547283172607,
-0.0403120219707489,
-0.5389243364334106,
-0.27556413412094116,
0.44951897859573364,
0.1807900220155716,
-0.1096966490149498,
0.0906217098... | 2 | Galveston Bay’s Wagon Bridge
by Melinda Luna PE, Chair, History & Heritage Commitee
In 1890, Galveston was Texas’ third largest city, behind Dallas and San Antonio. The only way to get there was by train or boat. During the Civil War, soldiers would place planks on the railroad structure built in the 1860’s and walk to the island. When mainland residents saw how the soldiers were walking to the island, they had the idea to build a bridge to accommodate wagons so they could sell their produce directly to the people of Galveston.
Galveston County started to organize the idea for a causeway or bridge in 1891. After forming committees, they discussed how to finance the bridge and what would be built. They asked themselves if the bridge should be built for wagons only or if a railway should also be included. To keep costs lower, they decided to build a wagon-only bridge, which became known as the Galveston Bay Wagon Bridge. Wagons would bring the primary traffic to the bridge since automobiles were not common until the 1910s. The county then began receiving unsolicited proposals. One engineer proposed a rock rubble causeway with a movable span; however, when he tried securing a review with the United States government, it was denied. The review noted that this type of crossing would limit the flow of water in the bay.
Commissioners brought two engineers into a meeting to elect an engineer to represent the best interest of the county. Major B. M. Temple was first elected engineer. He reviewed plans and specifications for five companies who proposed various bridge options. After reviewing the options, Temple chose Missouri Valley Bridge and Iron Works of Leavenworth, Kansas. He then learned the bid exceeded the bonds that the county has sold. After much negotiation, builders A. J. Tullock and Missouri Valley Bridge and Iron Works agreed to build the bridge for $175,00, a far lower cost than they initially estimated.
Major Temple went on to work for the Gulf, Colorado, and Santa Fe Railroad, and H.C. Ripley took over as engineer for the county. Ripley’s background included earning a degree in civil engineering from the University of Michigan in 1870. He then moved to Galveston to map the Galveston Bay and decided to stay.
Galveston Bay Wagon Bridge construction started in 1892. The bridge contained 95 spans that were 80 ft long. Pratt through trusses were used with these spans, and the entire bridge was an impressive 11,299.2 ft long. The piles and caps were concrete, though there were some cedar piles. Construction materials also included 1.5 million pounds of steel and 1.5 million linear feet of lumber.
The public stayed informed on the the progress of the bridge through reports Ripley would send the local paper, which eventually also advertised a 3-day celebration of the bridge’s completion. Due to various changes, the bridge was completed over budget at $191,986, which is about $58.5 million in today’s dollars, according to an inflation calculator.
The bridge was advertised as the longest steel-span wagon-only bridge in the United States, although there was a railroad bridge over Lake Ponchatrain that was longer. The 3-day event celebrating the completion of the Galveston Wagon Bridge took place November 15-17, 1893 and featured parades, fireworks and wagon contests. Many businesses even decorated for the celebration.
News of the bridge eventually spread beyond Galveston, first with Scientific American featuring it in 1984. That same year, at World’s Fair, the Galveston Bay Wagon Bridge project was presented to international civil engineers. This group of civil engineers could not believe such a long bridge could be built at those costs. Other areas, such as Corpus Christi, also took note of the bridge as they also wanted bridges to connect to North Padre Island.
The people of Galveston celebrated the bridge until the first time there was an accident on it, causing it to be closed for evaluation. The draw bridge at the center was damaged in September 1895 and again in May 1896. When these damages happened, the bridge was closed for a week. Every time an accident happened on the bridge, the engineer would have to run out and evaluate the damage to it, which meant they would have to close it. The Galveston Bay Wagon Bridge was destroyed by the 1900 hurricane (its first encounter with severe weather), and again Galveston was left without a connection to the main land.
If it were still standing today, the Galveston Bay Wagon Bridge would be one of Texas’ longer bridges. Currently, the longest bridge over a waterway in Texas is the Queen Isabella Memorial Bridge at 12,510.5 ft long.
Although it was destroyed, the Galveston Bay Wagon Bridge bridge showed people that it was possible to build a bridge that would attract tourism to the area. Today, bays like Lavaca, Nueces and Galveston Bay now have bridges that provide a safe crossing for the public. | 1,097 | ENGLISH | 1 |
The New Barton Federal Government
Edmund Barton was Australia's first Prime Minister. Some thought Deakin was the likely choice but Deakin knew it needed to be someone from New South Wales.
Deakin had spent many years with Barton campaigning for Federation in Australia and in London, they had become good friends.
But the Governor General Lord Hopetoun first choice was to ask a well-known anti federalist, Premier of New South Wales Sir William Lyne to become the Prime Minister.
It seemed that much of Barton's energy had been used up during the long fight toward federation.
In November 1901 Barton confided in Deakin that he thought it was his duty to stay in politics until the new Commonwealth was launched and then he wanted to retire as soon as possible to the bench of the High Court. (See Walter Murdock Biography page 202-3)
First Australian Cabinet 1901 with
Lord Hopetoun the Governor General
Alfred Deakin became the Attorney General and was a great support to Barton. Much of the new legislation would come from Deakin's hand.
Deakin refused to serve and with the help of the general feeling, the honour went to Barton also from New South Wales. He would later become Sir Edmund Barton.
Prime Minister Barton
In March 1902 Deakin gave a speech in favour of a bill to establish the High Court of Australia and it overcame the opposition. | <urn:uuid:2a3f6881-7921-4370-9908-cfb79a0634d1> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.alfreddeakin.com/barton-government | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250592565.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118110141-20200118134141-00287.warc.gz | en | 0.983209 | 286 | 3.625 | 4 | [
-0.8352640867233276,
0.1572655737400055,
-0.039129506796598434,
0.04086115211248398,
0.08615399152040482,
0.41347798705101013,
0.3771100342273712,
0.0426177978515625,
-0.3036510646343231,
0.35906368494033813,
-0.0021132484544068575,
-0.5439574122428894,
-0.12536492943763733,
0.702012300491... | 17 | The New Barton Federal Government
Edmund Barton was Australia's first Prime Minister. Some thought Deakin was the likely choice but Deakin knew it needed to be someone from New South Wales.
Deakin had spent many years with Barton campaigning for Federation in Australia and in London, they had become good friends.
But the Governor General Lord Hopetoun first choice was to ask a well-known anti federalist, Premier of New South Wales Sir William Lyne to become the Prime Minister.
It seemed that much of Barton's energy had been used up during the long fight toward federation.
In November 1901 Barton confided in Deakin that he thought it was his duty to stay in politics until the new Commonwealth was launched and then he wanted to retire as soon as possible to the bench of the High Court. (See Walter Murdock Biography page 202-3)
First Australian Cabinet 1901 with
Lord Hopetoun the Governor General
Alfred Deakin became the Attorney General and was a great support to Barton. Much of the new legislation would come from Deakin's hand.
Deakin refused to serve and with the help of the general feeling, the honour went to Barton also from New South Wales. He would later become Sir Edmund Barton.
Prime Minister Barton
In March 1902 Deakin gave a speech in favour of a bill to establish the High Court of Australia and it overcame the opposition. | 292 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Auguste Rodin ” The Modern Michelangelo” An extraordinary creative master of his time, Auguste Rodin is commonly accepted by many art critics and historians as the most prominent portraitist sculptor of the modern era. Born in 1840’s Paris, France, Rodin broke new ground in sculpture with his ability to capture and represent the true nature of human emotion and physical form.His compositions were not concerned with that of distinguished expression but instead with that of human ethos and sentiment. The intent of his work was to exhibit the manifestation of man’s despair and inner emotions through muscular movement, as well as the idea of realism being obtained through the use of emphasis and distortion . Rodin’s works were by quick sketches in clay that were later fine-tuned, cast in plaster, and forged into bronze or carved in marble. He again challenged sculptural ideas of the time by often leaving his figures in varying states of completion, leaving them rough and unpolished which the artist believed expressed movement better. He also often reused and recycled his compositions in new ways. He would in addition often represent the same figure multiple times in the same sculpture to create a strange and jarring effect. However, though today Rodin’s works are widely celebrated, they were loudly criticized by the audiences of his time. His great respect for but artistic rebellion against traditional art ideas and form and us of innovative and new artist methods and practices were often considered as too informal, lacking in heroic attributes or too true to live form, therefore different from qualities exception of sculpture at the time. At the time of Rodin’s career , The Salon was the dominant and ruling committee of art. When Rodin’s work The age of Bronze was exhibited at the Cercle Artistique, Brussels, in 1877, at the Salon in Paris, it caused a scandal and Rodin was accused of surmoulage an artistically unfavorable practice of taking a casting straight from a subject rather than creating an original compostion from scratch. Rodin was extremely dishearten and offended by these accusations , so submitted photographs that were taken of the model to the press to prove the ways in which sculpture was disimular. | <urn:uuid:98b6a0fb-cd12-485f-8737-0e865f6cd3d0> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://alpinrunning.org/auguste-obtained-through-the-use-of-emphasis-and/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251690379.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126195918-20200126225918-00183.warc.gz | en | 0.984213 | 448 | 3.265625 | 3 | [
-0.3817339539527893,
0.18586301803588867,
0.2550972104072571,
0.0009588073007762432,
-0.563218891620636,
0.2782258987426758,
0.22521117329597473,
0.057297635823488235,
-0.020240625366568565,
-0.05681708827614784,
0.04839367792010307,
-0.1521146297454834,
0.2650851011276245,
0.6071020364761... | 3 | Auguste Rodin ” The Modern Michelangelo” An extraordinary creative master of his time, Auguste Rodin is commonly accepted by many art critics and historians as the most prominent portraitist sculptor of the modern era. Born in 1840’s Paris, France, Rodin broke new ground in sculpture with his ability to capture and represent the true nature of human emotion and physical form.His compositions were not concerned with that of distinguished expression but instead with that of human ethos and sentiment. The intent of his work was to exhibit the manifestation of man’s despair and inner emotions through muscular movement, as well as the idea of realism being obtained through the use of emphasis and distortion . Rodin’s works were by quick sketches in clay that were later fine-tuned, cast in plaster, and forged into bronze or carved in marble. He again challenged sculptural ideas of the time by often leaving his figures in varying states of completion, leaving them rough and unpolished which the artist believed expressed movement better. He also often reused and recycled his compositions in new ways. He would in addition often represent the same figure multiple times in the same sculpture to create a strange and jarring effect. However, though today Rodin’s works are widely celebrated, they were loudly criticized by the audiences of his time. His great respect for but artistic rebellion against traditional art ideas and form and us of innovative and new artist methods and practices were often considered as too informal, lacking in heroic attributes or too true to live form, therefore different from qualities exception of sculpture at the time. At the time of Rodin’s career , The Salon was the dominant and ruling committee of art. When Rodin’s work The age of Bronze was exhibited at the Cercle Artistique, Brussels, in 1877, at the Salon in Paris, it caused a scandal and Rodin was accused of surmoulage an artistically unfavorable practice of taking a casting straight from a subject rather than creating an original compostion from scratch. Rodin was extremely dishearten and offended by these accusations , so submitted photographs that were taken of the model to the press to prove the ways in which sculpture was disimular. | 442 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Henry VIII.—The Story of the Field of the Cloth of Gold
L ONG before Henry VII. died in 1509 A.D., all the joy and love, which the people had felt for him when he came to the throne, had faded away. He had proved to be a hard and greedy King and no one was sorry when he died.
His son was also called Henry, and he was only eighteen years old when his father died. He was gay and handsome and the people believed him to be generous and good, so there was great rejoicing when he was crowned.
Henry's Chancellor was a man called Wolsey. He was a very great man and for many years it was really he who ruled England. Wolsey was the son of a butcher. Being a clever boy he was sent to school, and afterwards to college at Oxford. There he showed himself to be so clever that people soon began to notice him, and he quickly rose from one post to another until he became chaplain to Henry VII. Henry VII. found Wolsey very useful to him. He became one of Prince Henry's greatest friends, and when Prince Henry became King, he made Wolsey Chancellor and Archbishop of York, and heaped upon him many other honours and posts, until he was almost as rich and as great as the King himself. Wolsey had most splendid houses and about five hundred servants, all of whom wore most beautiful clothes. His cook even wore a satin or velvet coat and had a gold chain around his neck.
Wolsey himself dressed most gorgeously in bright red silk or satin, and he wore gilded shoes set with pearls and jewels. Whenever he went out there was a great procession. A man carrying a mace walked first, then came two gentlemen carrying silver wands, then two of the biggest and handsomest priests that could be found, each carrying a great silver cross, then came Wolsey mounted upon a mule. He rode upon a mule because he said, being a humble priest, it was more fitting for him than a horse. But the harness and saddle were of velvet and gold, and behind him came a long train of his servants and followers on splendid horses.
Henry VIII. was fond of magnificence and show, and it pleased him to have so fine a chancellor. Henry was gay and the Chancellor was gay. If Henry were sad Wolsey would joke and laugh until the King laughed too; if Henry were merry Wolsey would be merry with him. Soon people began to see that if they wanted anything from the King, it was best to make friends with the Chancellor.
Wolsey, on the whole, made good use of his power. He was fond of learning. He saw that without learning no country could be truly great, and he founded a school at Ipswich, which was his birthplace, and a college at Oxford. If he tried to make himself great, he also thought of England and how to make England great.
The first few years of Henry's reign were peaceful and quiet. Henry VII. had been a very rich man when he died, so Henry VIII. had plenty of money and, at first, the people were not troubled with new taxes.
Henry pleased everyone by marrying a rich and beautiful lady called Katherine of Arragon. She was a widow, having already been married to Henry's elder brother, who was called Arthur. Arthur would have been King had he lived, but he had died a few months after his marriage with Katherine. After Arthur died Henry VII. kept Katherine at the English court in the hope that his second son, Henry, would one day marry her. This he now did, although it was then, and still is, against the law for a man to marry his dead brother's wife.
However, as Henry thought it was a wise thing for him to marry Katherine, he asked the Pope to give him leave to do so. And the Pope, whom, you know, was a very powerful person, gave him leave.
In those days people were never long content to be at peace, and Henry soon began to fight with France and with Scotland. In a battle called Flodden, the Scots were defeated and their King killed, and Henry made peace with the Queen, who was his own sister. Soon afterwards he also made peace with France.
Henry then decided it would be wise not only to be at peace with France, but to make friends with the French king. So the great Chancellor, Wolsey, arranged a meeting between Francis I. of France and Henry VIII. of England. This meeting took place on a plain in France near a little town called Guisnes, and everything about it was so splendid that it was called "The field of the cloth of gold."
A palace for the English king was built so quickly that it seemed like a magic thing. It was only made of wood, but it was so painted and gilded that it shone and glittered in the sunshine like a fairy palace. Great golden gates opened into a courtyard where a fountain, sparkling with gold and gems, flowed all day with red and white wine instead of water. This fountain bore the motto—"Make good cheer who will."
The palace walls were hung inside with cloth of gold and silver, everything was rich with embroidery and sparkling with gems. Wherever possible, gold and jewels shone, the Queen's footstools even being sewn with pearls.
When the French king saw Henry's splendid palace, he did not wish to be outdone. He set up a great tent, the center pole of which was a gilded mast. The tent was lined inside with blue velvet. The roof was spangled with golden stars, and a golden sun and moon shone night and day. The outside was covered with cloth of gold, and the ropes which held it up were of blue silk and gold.
The tent looked very grand, and glittered in the sunshine like a ball of fire. But when everything was ready, a terrible wind arose which snapped the ropes of silk and gold, broke the mast, and brought the blue velvet sky, the glittering stars, and golden walls to the ground. So Francis had to content himself with living in an old castle which stood not far away, and very likely he was far more comfortable there than he would have been in his golden and blue tent.
When all was ready, King Henry and Queen Katherine sailed from England, and with them a great company of nobles, each trying to be more splendid than the other.
The two kings met on the plain near Henry's palace. They were both dressed in gold and silver cloth, and rode beautiful horses with harness of gold and velvet. While still on horseback, they embraced and kissed each other. "My dear brother and cousin," said Francis, "I have come a long way to see you. I hope you will think that I am worthy of your love and help. My great possessions show how powerful I am."
"Dear cousin," replied Henry, "I never saw prince with my eyes that I could love better with my heart, and for your love I have crossed the seas to the furthest bounds of my kingdom in order to see you."
Then the kings got off their horses and, arm in arm, walked to a gorgeous tent near by, where a very fine dinner was prepared for them.
For three weeks there were gay times. Grand tournaments were held, in which the kings fought with the knights. And the kings always won. There were balls and feasts too. Sometimes the kings and queens and lords and ladies dressed up and disguised themselves so that no one could tell who was who. This they thought was the greatest fun of all.
The English people were very fond of wrestling, and the soldiers used to amuse themselves in this way. Henry was fond of all kinds of games and sport, and one day, while watching the soldiers, he proposed to King Francis that they, too, should try a wrestling match, and laughingly laid hold of his collar.
Francis was quite pleased, for although he did not look so strong as Henry, he was very quick and wiry. Soon the two kings were struggling together, and in a few minutes Henry was lying upon the ground. He sprang up with a laugh and wanted to try again. But the nobles who stood round persuaded him not to do so. They were afraid that what had begun in fun might end in a quarrel, if Francis should again throw Henry down, for Henry had a very fiery temper.
Francis felt, too, that in spite of all the show of friendship, there was no love between the French and the English. This was hardly to be wondered at, for they had been such bitter enemies for so long a time that it was hard to forget all at once. Francis himself, however, was really generous, and wished it really could be forgotten.
One morning, Francis rose early and, without telling any of his nobles, he rode quite alone to the English camp. Henry was still in bed when King Francis came into his room and said, laughing, "My dear cousin, I come to you of my own free will. I am now your prisoner."
Henry was very pleased to see that Francis trusted him so much that he was not afraid to come quite alone like this. He sprang out of bed and threw a chain of gold round the French king's neck.
In return Francis gave Henry a beautiful bracelet, and then, laughing and joking like a schoolboy, he insisted on helping Henry to dress. He warmed his shirt, helped him to tie and button his clothes, and then, mounting on his horse, rode gayly home.
When he came near his castle he was met by some of his nobles, who were anxiously looking for him. Francis laughingly told them what he had been doing. "Sire," said one of them, "I am very glad to see you back again. But let me tell you, master, you were a fool to do what you have done. Ill luck be to him who advised you to do it."
"Well, that was nobody," replied Francis. "The thought was all my own."
In spite of the fears and jealousy of the French and English, the meeting came to an end as peacefully as it had begun. Henry sailed home again with all his gay knights, but many of them were quite ruined and penniless. They had spent all their money on fine clothes and jewels, so anxious were they to make a great display and be grander than the French.
But all this splendour and show of friendliness meant nothing and came to nothing, for Henry, both immediately before and after this meeting with Francis, met and plotted with Charles, the Emperor of Germany, who was the enemy of Francis. When war again broke out the English fought against the French as they had always done. | <urn:uuid:95998eec-bb63-433b-a89c-593ffdb58846> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | http://www.gatewaytotheclassics.com/samples/display.php?author=marshall&book=island&story=field | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594101.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119010920-20200119034920-00293.warc.gz | en | 0.993853 | 2,237 | 3.328125 | 3 | [
-0.19862577319145203,
0.6398378610610962,
0.25903376936912537,
-0.16984915733337402,
-0.3738950490951538,
-0.22142040729522705,
0.480445921421051,
0.21471935510635376,
-0.07731370627880096,
-0.5344734787940979,
-0.1532362997531891,
-0.47431665658950806,
0.3238140940666199,
0.44416204094886... | 1 | Henry VIII.—The Story of the Field of the Cloth of Gold
L ONG before Henry VII. died in 1509 A.D., all the joy and love, which the people had felt for him when he came to the throne, had faded away. He had proved to be a hard and greedy King and no one was sorry when he died.
His son was also called Henry, and he was only eighteen years old when his father died. He was gay and handsome and the people believed him to be generous and good, so there was great rejoicing when he was crowned.
Henry's Chancellor was a man called Wolsey. He was a very great man and for many years it was really he who ruled England. Wolsey was the son of a butcher. Being a clever boy he was sent to school, and afterwards to college at Oxford. There he showed himself to be so clever that people soon began to notice him, and he quickly rose from one post to another until he became chaplain to Henry VII. Henry VII. found Wolsey very useful to him. He became one of Prince Henry's greatest friends, and when Prince Henry became King, he made Wolsey Chancellor and Archbishop of York, and heaped upon him many other honours and posts, until he was almost as rich and as great as the King himself. Wolsey had most splendid houses and about five hundred servants, all of whom wore most beautiful clothes. His cook even wore a satin or velvet coat and had a gold chain around his neck.
Wolsey himself dressed most gorgeously in bright red silk or satin, and he wore gilded shoes set with pearls and jewels. Whenever he went out there was a great procession. A man carrying a mace walked first, then came two gentlemen carrying silver wands, then two of the biggest and handsomest priests that could be found, each carrying a great silver cross, then came Wolsey mounted upon a mule. He rode upon a mule because he said, being a humble priest, it was more fitting for him than a horse. But the harness and saddle were of velvet and gold, and behind him came a long train of his servants and followers on splendid horses.
Henry VIII. was fond of magnificence and show, and it pleased him to have so fine a chancellor. Henry was gay and the Chancellor was gay. If Henry were sad Wolsey would joke and laugh until the King laughed too; if Henry were merry Wolsey would be merry with him. Soon people began to see that if they wanted anything from the King, it was best to make friends with the Chancellor.
Wolsey, on the whole, made good use of his power. He was fond of learning. He saw that without learning no country could be truly great, and he founded a school at Ipswich, which was his birthplace, and a college at Oxford. If he tried to make himself great, he also thought of England and how to make England great.
The first few years of Henry's reign were peaceful and quiet. Henry VII. had been a very rich man when he died, so Henry VIII. had plenty of money and, at first, the people were not troubled with new taxes.
Henry pleased everyone by marrying a rich and beautiful lady called Katherine of Arragon. She was a widow, having already been married to Henry's elder brother, who was called Arthur. Arthur would have been King had he lived, but he had died a few months after his marriage with Katherine. After Arthur died Henry VII. kept Katherine at the English court in the hope that his second son, Henry, would one day marry her. This he now did, although it was then, and still is, against the law for a man to marry his dead brother's wife.
However, as Henry thought it was a wise thing for him to marry Katherine, he asked the Pope to give him leave to do so. And the Pope, whom, you know, was a very powerful person, gave him leave.
In those days people were never long content to be at peace, and Henry soon began to fight with France and with Scotland. In a battle called Flodden, the Scots were defeated and their King killed, and Henry made peace with the Queen, who was his own sister. Soon afterwards he also made peace with France.
Henry then decided it would be wise not only to be at peace with France, but to make friends with the French king. So the great Chancellor, Wolsey, arranged a meeting between Francis I. of France and Henry VIII. of England. This meeting took place on a plain in France near a little town called Guisnes, and everything about it was so splendid that it was called "The field of the cloth of gold."
A palace for the English king was built so quickly that it seemed like a magic thing. It was only made of wood, but it was so painted and gilded that it shone and glittered in the sunshine like a fairy palace. Great golden gates opened into a courtyard where a fountain, sparkling with gold and gems, flowed all day with red and white wine instead of water. This fountain bore the motto—"Make good cheer who will."
The palace walls were hung inside with cloth of gold and silver, everything was rich with embroidery and sparkling with gems. Wherever possible, gold and jewels shone, the Queen's footstools even being sewn with pearls.
When the French king saw Henry's splendid palace, he did not wish to be outdone. He set up a great tent, the center pole of which was a gilded mast. The tent was lined inside with blue velvet. The roof was spangled with golden stars, and a golden sun and moon shone night and day. The outside was covered with cloth of gold, and the ropes which held it up were of blue silk and gold.
The tent looked very grand, and glittered in the sunshine like a ball of fire. But when everything was ready, a terrible wind arose which snapped the ropes of silk and gold, broke the mast, and brought the blue velvet sky, the glittering stars, and golden walls to the ground. So Francis had to content himself with living in an old castle which stood not far away, and very likely he was far more comfortable there than he would have been in his golden and blue tent.
When all was ready, King Henry and Queen Katherine sailed from England, and with them a great company of nobles, each trying to be more splendid than the other.
The two kings met on the plain near Henry's palace. They were both dressed in gold and silver cloth, and rode beautiful horses with harness of gold and velvet. While still on horseback, they embraced and kissed each other. "My dear brother and cousin," said Francis, "I have come a long way to see you. I hope you will think that I am worthy of your love and help. My great possessions show how powerful I am."
"Dear cousin," replied Henry, "I never saw prince with my eyes that I could love better with my heart, and for your love I have crossed the seas to the furthest bounds of my kingdom in order to see you."
Then the kings got off their horses and, arm in arm, walked to a gorgeous tent near by, where a very fine dinner was prepared for them.
For three weeks there were gay times. Grand tournaments were held, in which the kings fought with the knights. And the kings always won. There were balls and feasts too. Sometimes the kings and queens and lords and ladies dressed up and disguised themselves so that no one could tell who was who. This they thought was the greatest fun of all.
The English people were very fond of wrestling, and the soldiers used to amuse themselves in this way. Henry was fond of all kinds of games and sport, and one day, while watching the soldiers, he proposed to King Francis that they, too, should try a wrestling match, and laughingly laid hold of his collar.
Francis was quite pleased, for although he did not look so strong as Henry, he was very quick and wiry. Soon the two kings were struggling together, and in a few minutes Henry was lying upon the ground. He sprang up with a laugh and wanted to try again. But the nobles who stood round persuaded him not to do so. They were afraid that what had begun in fun might end in a quarrel, if Francis should again throw Henry down, for Henry had a very fiery temper.
Francis felt, too, that in spite of all the show of friendship, there was no love between the French and the English. This was hardly to be wondered at, for they had been such bitter enemies for so long a time that it was hard to forget all at once. Francis himself, however, was really generous, and wished it really could be forgotten.
One morning, Francis rose early and, without telling any of his nobles, he rode quite alone to the English camp. Henry was still in bed when King Francis came into his room and said, laughing, "My dear cousin, I come to you of my own free will. I am now your prisoner."
Henry was very pleased to see that Francis trusted him so much that he was not afraid to come quite alone like this. He sprang out of bed and threw a chain of gold round the French king's neck.
In return Francis gave Henry a beautiful bracelet, and then, laughing and joking like a schoolboy, he insisted on helping Henry to dress. He warmed his shirt, helped him to tie and button his clothes, and then, mounting on his horse, rode gayly home.
When he came near his castle he was met by some of his nobles, who were anxiously looking for him. Francis laughingly told them what he had been doing. "Sire," said one of them, "I am very glad to see you back again. But let me tell you, master, you were a fool to do what you have done. Ill luck be to him who advised you to do it."
"Well, that was nobody," replied Francis. "The thought was all my own."
In spite of the fears and jealousy of the French and English, the meeting came to an end as peacefully as it had begun. Henry sailed home again with all his gay knights, but many of them were quite ruined and penniless. They had spent all their money on fine clothes and jewels, so anxious were they to make a great display and be grander than the French.
But all this splendour and show of friendliness meant nothing and came to nothing, for Henry, both immediately before and after this meeting with Francis, met and plotted with Charles, the Emperor of Germany, who was the enemy of Francis. When war again broke out the English fought against the French as they had always done. | 2,215 | ENGLISH | 1 |
The Battle of Fredericksburg was fought from December 11th to December 15th, 1862. Among the 120,000 or so Union soldiers in the Army of the Potomac was a 36 year old French-Canadian immigrant named Moises Beaulieu. Moises had enlisted in June 1861 in Company A of the 11th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry Regiment (sometimes known as the Boston Volunteers) and thus had already been in the Union army for some 18 months when he found himself on the bank of the Rappahannock River across from the town of Fredericksburg, Virginia. Major General Ambrose Burnside, a Rhode Islander who had risen from Colonel of the 1st Rhode Island to commander of the army, was waiting for pontoons to arrive so bridges could be built across the river. At that time the 11th Massachusetts was in Brigadier General Joseph Carr’s brigade, of Brigadier General Dan Sickles’ Second Division of George Stoneman’s Third Corps, part of the Center Grand Division commanded by Major General Joseph Hooker.
When the men of the 11th Massachusetts awoke on July 2nd, they saw that the Confederates had occupied parts of the Emmitsburg Road, which the regiment and the rest of their division had used to march to the battlefield. That morning was cloudy and threatened rain, but by noon the clouds had all disappeared. At 3 PM that afternoon the entire Third Corps moved forward from its position on Cemetery Ridge to occupy the slightly higher ground in front of them. The Second Division, under General Andrew A. Humphreys, was on the right, lined up along the Emmitsburg Road. This included the 11th Massachusetts, which found itself on the farm belonging to an older couple named Peter and Susan Rogers. The single-story log house and the barn provided some concealment, at least from the sun, for some of the men of the 11th Massachusetts. The Rogers’ granddaughter, a young woman named Josephine Miller, insisted on staying so she could bake bread for the Union troops, as well as serve them cold water and occasionally sell them a chicken.
Today is the 156th anniversary of the first day of the Battle of Gettysburg.
For the 11th Massachusetts Infantry, the pursuit of the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia during its invasion of the North began on June 11th, 1863. The regiment had been making plans to celebrate the anniversary of its muster into Federal service on June 13th. Early in the afternoon a large group of the 11th’s officers were playing a baseball game against the officers of the 26th Pennsylvania, one of the other regiments in the brigade, when marching orders were received. By 1:30 the regiment was assembled with knapsacks and began marching. The weather was already brutally hot.
This week is the 155th anniversary of the Battle of Spotsylvania Court House, one of the bloodiest and most terrible battles of the Civil War. This particular phase of Grant’s Overland Campaign began on May 7th and lasted until May 19th. The battle is most famous for the Union assaults on a stretch of Confederate fortifications called the Mule Shoe because of its shape, and particularly for the violence that took place in an area known as the Bloody Angle.
Today Geoff and I took a trip to South Weymouth, MA to visit Mount Hope Cemetery where his Civil War ancestor, Moses Beaulieu, is buried. Geoff has done a lot of research into Moses Beaulieu and recently discovered a photo of his headstone and rough location in the particular cemetery in South Weymouth.
Today is the anniversary of the death of John Wilkes Booth, the man who murdered President Abraham Lincoln. And it is also the anniversary of the surrender of the last large Confederate army in the field at Bennett Place, North Carolina. I assume that for the latter reason (although I have known at least a few people who argued it was for the former), today is also Confederate Memorial Day in Alabama, the state where I was born.
I recently reread a book that I have not read in several years: The Mutiny at Brandy Station: The Last Battle of the Hooker Brigade : a Controversial Army Reorganization, Courts Martial, and the Bloody Days that Followed by Frederick B. Arner. The book follows through events of early 1864 that led to the dissolution of my ancestor’s former unit, the 3rd Corps, and the assignment of his regiment to the 2nd Corps. The author makes a compelling argument that one of the major reasons the former 3rd Corps units suffered so severely in the battles of Grant’s Overland Campaign is because the units’ morale had been shattered by the breaking up of the once-proud and distinguished 3rd Corps. | <urn:uuid:de682614-6ccb-468c-9ae7-8ce54b3e0855> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://kellyandgeoff.com/tag/family-history/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251783342.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128215526-20200129005526-00428.warc.gz | en | 0.981162 | 981 | 3.28125 | 3 | [
-0.1621241569519043,
0.4433199167251587,
0.4053063988685608,
0.1343761831521988,
-0.5308635830879211,
-0.27303585410118103,
-0.19992941617965698,
0.19553621113300323,
-0.5135979652404785,
-0.22085514664649963,
0.027537766844034195,
-0.25244140625,
-0.47307533025741577,
0.12357167899608612,... | 3 | The Battle of Fredericksburg was fought from December 11th to December 15th, 1862. Among the 120,000 or so Union soldiers in the Army of the Potomac was a 36 year old French-Canadian immigrant named Moises Beaulieu. Moises had enlisted in June 1861 in Company A of the 11th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry Regiment (sometimes known as the Boston Volunteers) and thus had already been in the Union army for some 18 months when he found himself on the bank of the Rappahannock River across from the town of Fredericksburg, Virginia. Major General Ambrose Burnside, a Rhode Islander who had risen from Colonel of the 1st Rhode Island to commander of the army, was waiting for pontoons to arrive so bridges could be built across the river. At that time the 11th Massachusetts was in Brigadier General Joseph Carr’s brigade, of Brigadier General Dan Sickles’ Second Division of George Stoneman’s Third Corps, part of the Center Grand Division commanded by Major General Joseph Hooker.
When the men of the 11th Massachusetts awoke on July 2nd, they saw that the Confederates had occupied parts of the Emmitsburg Road, which the regiment and the rest of their division had used to march to the battlefield. That morning was cloudy and threatened rain, but by noon the clouds had all disappeared. At 3 PM that afternoon the entire Third Corps moved forward from its position on Cemetery Ridge to occupy the slightly higher ground in front of them. The Second Division, under General Andrew A. Humphreys, was on the right, lined up along the Emmitsburg Road. This included the 11th Massachusetts, which found itself on the farm belonging to an older couple named Peter and Susan Rogers. The single-story log house and the barn provided some concealment, at least from the sun, for some of the men of the 11th Massachusetts. The Rogers’ granddaughter, a young woman named Josephine Miller, insisted on staying so she could bake bread for the Union troops, as well as serve them cold water and occasionally sell them a chicken.
Today is the 156th anniversary of the first day of the Battle of Gettysburg.
For the 11th Massachusetts Infantry, the pursuit of the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia during its invasion of the North began on June 11th, 1863. The regiment had been making plans to celebrate the anniversary of its muster into Federal service on June 13th. Early in the afternoon a large group of the 11th’s officers were playing a baseball game against the officers of the 26th Pennsylvania, one of the other regiments in the brigade, when marching orders were received. By 1:30 the regiment was assembled with knapsacks and began marching. The weather was already brutally hot.
This week is the 155th anniversary of the Battle of Spotsylvania Court House, one of the bloodiest and most terrible battles of the Civil War. This particular phase of Grant’s Overland Campaign began on May 7th and lasted until May 19th. The battle is most famous for the Union assaults on a stretch of Confederate fortifications called the Mule Shoe because of its shape, and particularly for the violence that took place in an area known as the Bloody Angle.
Today Geoff and I took a trip to South Weymouth, MA to visit Mount Hope Cemetery where his Civil War ancestor, Moses Beaulieu, is buried. Geoff has done a lot of research into Moses Beaulieu and recently discovered a photo of his headstone and rough location in the particular cemetery in South Weymouth.
Today is the anniversary of the death of John Wilkes Booth, the man who murdered President Abraham Lincoln. And it is also the anniversary of the surrender of the last large Confederate army in the field at Bennett Place, North Carolina. I assume that for the latter reason (although I have known at least a few people who argued it was for the former), today is also Confederate Memorial Day in Alabama, the state where I was born.
I recently reread a book that I have not read in several years: The Mutiny at Brandy Station: The Last Battle of the Hooker Brigade : a Controversial Army Reorganization, Courts Martial, and the Bloody Days that Followed by Frederick B. Arner. The book follows through events of early 1864 that led to the dissolution of my ancestor’s former unit, the 3rd Corps, and the assignment of his regiment to the 2nd Corps. The author makes a compelling argument that one of the major reasons the former 3rd Corps units suffered so severely in the battles of Grant’s Overland Campaign is because the units’ morale had been shattered by the breaking up of the once-proud and distinguished 3rd Corps. | 1,025 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Who is Bodhidharma?
Bodhidharma was a Buddhist monk who lived during the 5th or 6th century and is credited as the person who spread Chan Buddhism to China. The story of Bodhidharma’s life is largely based on legends. Little is known about his year or place of birth. Since he has been mentioned in ‘The Record of the Buddhist Monasteries of Luoyang’, compiled in 547 CE by Yáng Xuànzh, a noted writer and translator of Mahanaya Sutras, one can reliably assume that he was born sometime before that. There is also a great confusion about the place of his birth. The Japanese tradition regards Bodhidharma as Persian and Ahmad Hasan Dani, a Pakistani scholar, assumed that he was born in Peshawar Valley. But most modern scholars as well as local traditions in India, Southeast Asia and Tibet describe him as a South Indian prince. A follower of Mahayana Buddhism, he travelled to China to spread the true doctrines of Buddhism, transmitting the practice of meditation (Chan in China and Zen in Japan) to the Far East. In Buddhist art, he has been depicted as wide-eyed, profusely bearded, ill tempered and non-mongoloid person. Also referred as the ‘Blue Eyed Barbarian’, he commands much respect in China and Japan. Today he is known as the First Chinese Patriarch.
Bodhidharma Childhood & Early Year
Nothing is known about Bodhidharma’s year of birth. But scholars believe that he was born sometime in fifth century CE; the two most commonly cited dates being 440 CE and 470 CE. His birthday is celebrated on the fifth day of the tenth lunar month.
As to his place of origin, there are two schools of thought. Scholars like Yáng Xuànzh believe that he came from ‘Western Region’, a historical name referring to the areas west of Yumen Pass, more specifically Central Asia. However, some authors used the term also to mean Indian Subcontinent.
Some modern day scholars hold that he was born in Kanchipuram, located in the present day Tamil Nadu, India. According to these scholars, he was the third son of a Brahmin king of Pallava dynasty. However, his royal lineage could also mean that he came from the warrior caste, Kshatriya.
According to local tradition, Bodhidharma, then known as Jayavarman, showed great wisdom early in his life, becoming interested in the teachings of Lord Buddha from the age of seven. He was his father’s favorite son, a fact that made his elder brothers jealous.
Fearing that their father would bequeath the kingdom to Jayavarman, his elder brothers not only belittled him before the king, but also tried to kill him. Although Jayavarman survived these assassination attempts he soon became wary of court politics.
On realizing that court life was not for him, Jayavarman left home to study Buddhism with Prajñātārā, a great Buddhist teacher who had come to Kanchipuram on the invitation of the king. On entering the monastery, he was named Bodhitara. Later, he was ordained as a monk and was named Bodhidharma.
Bodhidharma studied with Prajñātārā for many years, remaining with her until her death. Before she died, she told him to go to China and spread the true teachings of Lord Buddha in that country.
Bodhidharma Later Life
After his master’s death, Bodhidharma set out for China. There is some confusion about the exact route he took. According to one tradition, he traveled by sea to China, and reached the present day Guangzhou, then known as Panyu. From there, he went on foot to Nanjing.
Some scholars believe that he took a land rout. After crossing the Pamir Plateau on foot he must have followed the course of Huang He, ultimately reaching Luoyang, then an active center for Buddhism, taking three years to complete the journey. However, there is also confusion about his arrival date.
According to Daoxuan, author of ‘Continued Biographies of Eminent Monks’, Bodhidharma reached China sometime before 479 CE during the reign of Liú Sòng Dynasty. But in ‘Anthology of the Patriarchal Hall’, compiled in 952 CE, we find that he reached China in 527 CE during the reign of Liáng Dynasty.
In China, Bodhidharma became known as Ta Mo and started preaching the core of the Buddhist religion, putting more emphasis on meditation and enlightenment than on reading of scriptures. This angered many established masters, who emphasized more on reading. They therefore rejected his teachings. Left alone, he began to wander.
According to ‘Anthology of the Patriarchal Hall’, he was granted an audience with Emperor Wudi of the Nan (Southern) Liang in 527 CE, the very year he set foot in China. Here too, he spoke the truth, failing to please the Emperor.
Noted for his good works, the emperor asked Bodhidharma how much merit he had acquired by his good works. To this Bodhidharma said, since the emperor had worked for acquiring merit, he had gained none. Naturally, this did not please the emperor.
To the emperor’s other queries, he said that there is no noble truth or ‘sacca’ other than ‘Shunya’ (emptiness) and that he knew not who he was. A follower of Mahayana path, he intended to shake the emperor out of his self-glorification and set him on a path to enlightenment.
He knew that he had to be harsh in order to instill his message, a job that could not be done with gentle words. The emperor failed to grasp the inner meanings of these answers and he was sent away.
When Bodhidharma failed make any impression in South China, he headed for north. Crossing the Yellow River, he subsequently reached Song Mountain, the home to the Shaolin Monastery. On the way, he met a Buddhist monk called Shen Guag, who eventually became his disciple and became famous as Dazu Huike.
When he reached Shaolin Monastery, the monks refused him admission. So, Bodhidharma sat in meditation outside the monastery, facing its wall. Some scholars, however, dispute this and believe that he chose a nearby cave and began to meditate.
For nine years, Bodhidharma meditated constantly without ever leaving his seat or speaking to anyone. According to a legend, one day he fell asleep while meditating and to prevent its recurrence he cut off his eye lids. His picture showing a wide-eyed stare might be based on this legend.
It is also said that a tea plant sprung up where his eye lids fell and in this process he discovered tea. However, that is not true. It is more likely that he started the practice of drinking tea among the monks so that they would not fall asleep while meditating.
It is also said that sitting in the same posture for nine long years caused him to lose the use of his leg. According to Japanese tradition, it caused his arms and legs to fall off, leading to the creation of Daruma dolls, which do not have any leg.
There are many stories concerning what happened to Bodhidharma after the nine years of ‘wall-gazing’. According to some version, he died while sitting upright in his seat. But the more popular version states that he entered Shaolin Monastery after this period.
It is said that the monks in the Shaolin Monatery were so impressed by his dedication that they invited him in. Here he started teaching, putting emphasis on meditation, where it began to be known as ‘Chan’, a derivation of Sanskrit ‘Dhyana’.
While teaching ‘Chan’, he soon realized the long period of study had robbed the monks off their vitality and they had become too weak to concentrate. Therefore, along with teaching meditation technique, he also started teaching them series of exercises, called ‘Shiba Luohan Shou’ (Luohan’s 18 hands).
In addition to ‘Luohan’s 18 hands’, he also taught his students two other sets of exercises known as ‘Yi Jin Jing’ (Sinew Metamorphosis Classic) and ‘Xi Sui Jing’ (‘Bone Marrow Cleansing’). During this period, he also wrote two books called ‘Yi Jin Jing’ and ‘Xi Sui Jing’.
During his stay at Shaolin Monastery, he went on a long tour, visiting Sumatra, Java, Bali, and Malaysia, teaching the Mahayana doctrine of Buddhism as well as forms of martial art. According to local legend in Malaysia, he introduced an indigenous form of martial art called ‘silat’ in that country.
After the tour, he returned to China through Nanyue, remaining at Shaolin monastery for the rest of his life. He had four main disciples, Dazu Huike, Dao Fu, Dao Yu and Zong Chi, a num. Among them, Dazu Huike became his successor.
He is believed to have written many books. Text associated with him are 'Two Entrances and Four Practices', 'The Bloodstream Sermon', 'Dharma Teaching of Pacifying the Mind', 'Treatise on Realizing the Nature’, ‘Bodhidharma Treatise’ , ‘Refuting Signs Treatise’ and ‘Two Types of Entrance’.
Bodhidharma Major Works
Bodhidharma is best remembered for transmitting Chan Buddhism to China. Until his time, Buddhism in China was based mainly on studying of scriptures. It was Bodhidharma, who brought the concept of nirvana through meditation to China.
Bodhidharma is also explicitly associated with the Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra, a prominent Mahayana Buddhist sutra first translated into Chinese by Dharmarakṣa. Bodhidharma based a great part of his teaching on this text, making it an important element of Chan and Zen Buddhism.
Bodhidharma Death & Legacy
Just as the year of his birth, the year of his death also remains a mystery. But most scholars agree that he died in the Shaolin Monastery sometime in the sixth century.
Today, he is considered to be the twenty-eighth Patriarch in a lineage tracing back to Gautama Buddha. He is also known as the First Chinese Patriarch.
According to legend, three years after his death, Bodhidharma was seen walking across the Pamir Heights with a single shoe in his hand by Ambassador Sòngyún of northern Wei. In reply to the ambassador’s query, Bodhidharma said that he was going home, forbidding him to mention this to anybody.
When Sòngyún related the incident to the Emperor, he was arrested for lying because it was a well-known fact that Bodhidharma had passed away. But when his grave was exhumed, it was found that there was only one shoe in it.
Frequently asked questions about Bodhidharma
What is Bodhidharma birthday?
Bodhidharma was born at
Where is Bodhidharma's birth place?
Bodhidharma was born in India
What is Bodhidharma nationalities?
Bodhidharma's nationalities is Chinese,Indian
Who is Bodhidharma siblings?
Bodhidharma's siblings is Getsujo Tara, Kudoku Tara
When was Bodhidharma died?
Bodhidharma was died at 540
Where was Bodhidharma died?
Bodhidharma was died in Shaolin Monastery, Zhengzhou
Which age was Bodhidharma died?
Bodhidharma was died at age 57 | <urn:uuid:41c6b25b-9a65-4b4b-8f5f-bb19a7be92d9> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://famousbio.net/bodhidharma-12678.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250624328.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124161014-20200124190014-00434.warc.gz | en | 0.987717 | 2,575 | 3.359375 | 3 | [
-0.10628871619701385,
0.1521950215101242,
-0.2283044010400772,
-0.31815817952156067,
-0.5231614112854004,
0.22303368151187897,
0.7627350091934204,
-0.11606255173683167,
0.012131782248616219,
0.16974347829818726,
0.437916100025177,
-0.4321274757385254,
-0.15418991446495056,
0.63078820705413... | 1 | Who is Bodhidharma?
Bodhidharma was a Buddhist monk who lived during the 5th or 6th century and is credited as the person who spread Chan Buddhism to China. The story of Bodhidharma’s life is largely based on legends. Little is known about his year or place of birth. Since he has been mentioned in ‘The Record of the Buddhist Monasteries of Luoyang’, compiled in 547 CE by Yáng Xuànzh, a noted writer and translator of Mahanaya Sutras, one can reliably assume that he was born sometime before that. There is also a great confusion about the place of his birth. The Japanese tradition regards Bodhidharma as Persian and Ahmad Hasan Dani, a Pakistani scholar, assumed that he was born in Peshawar Valley. But most modern scholars as well as local traditions in India, Southeast Asia and Tibet describe him as a South Indian prince. A follower of Mahayana Buddhism, he travelled to China to spread the true doctrines of Buddhism, transmitting the practice of meditation (Chan in China and Zen in Japan) to the Far East. In Buddhist art, he has been depicted as wide-eyed, profusely bearded, ill tempered and non-mongoloid person. Also referred as the ‘Blue Eyed Barbarian’, he commands much respect in China and Japan. Today he is known as the First Chinese Patriarch.
Bodhidharma Childhood & Early Year
Nothing is known about Bodhidharma’s year of birth. But scholars believe that he was born sometime in fifth century CE; the two most commonly cited dates being 440 CE and 470 CE. His birthday is celebrated on the fifth day of the tenth lunar month.
As to his place of origin, there are two schools of thought. Scholars like Yáng Xuànzh believe that he came from ‘Western Region’, a historical name referring to the areas west of Yumen Pass, more specifically Central Asia. However, some authors used the term also to mean Indian Subcontinent.
Some modern day scholars hold that he was born in Kanchipuram, located in the present day Tamil Nadu, India. According to these scholars, he was the third son of a Brahmin king of Pallava dynasty. However, his royal lineage could also mean that he came from the warrior caste, Kshatriya.
According to local tradition, Bodhidharma, then known as Jayavarman, showed great wisdom early in his life, becoming interested in the teachings of Lord Buddha from the age of seven. He was his father’s favorite son, a fact that made his elder brothers jealous.
Fearing that their father would bequeath the kingdom to Jayavarman, his elder brothers not only belittled him before the king, but also tried to kill him. Although Jayavarman survived these assassination attempts he soon became wary of court politics.
On realizing that court life was not for him, Jayavarman left home to study Buddhism with Prajñātārā, a great Buddhist teacher who had come to Kanchipuram on the invitation of the king. On entering the monastery, he was named Bodhitara. Later, he was ordained as a monk and was named Bodhidharma.
Bodhidharma studied with Prajñātārā for many years, remaining with her until her death. Before she died, she told him to go to China and spread the true teachings of Lord Buddha in that country.
Bodhidharma Later Life
After his master’s death, Bodhidharma set out for China. There is some confusion about the exact route he took. According to one tradition, he traveled by sea to China, and reached the present day Guangzhou, then known as Panyu. From there, he went on foot to Nanjing.
Some scholars believe that he took a land rout. After crossing the Pamir Plateau on foot he must have followed the course of Huang He, ultimately reaching Luoyang, then an active center for Buddhism, taking three years to complete the journey. However, there is also confusion about his arrival date.
According to Daoxuan, author of ‘Continued Biographies of Eminent Monks’, Bodhidharma reached China sometime before 479 CE during the reign of Liú Sòng Dynasty. But in ‘Anthology of the Patriarchal Hall’, compiled in 952 CE, we find that he reached China in 527 CE during the reign of Liáng Dynasty.
In China, Bodhidharma became known as Ta Mo and started preaching the core of the Buddhist religion, putting more emphasis on meditation and enlightenment than on reading of scriptures. This angered many established masters, who emphasized more on reading. They therefore rejected his teachings. Left alone, he began to wander.
According to ‘Anthology of the Patriarchal Hall’, he was granted an audience with Emperor Wudi of the Nan (Southern) Liang in 527 CE, the very year he set foot in China. Here too, he spoke the truth, failing to please the Emperor.
Noted for his good works, the emperor asked Bodhidharma how much merit he had acquired by his good works. To this Bodhidharma said, since the emperor had worked for acquiring merit, he had gained none. Naturally, this did not please the emperor.
To the emperor’s other queries, he said that there is no noble truth or ‘sacca’ other than ‘Shunya’ (emptiness) and that he knew not who he was. A follower of Mahayana path, he intended to shake the emperor out of his self-glorification and set him on a path to enlightenment.
He knew that he had to be harsh in order to instill his message, a job that could not be done with gentle words. The emperor failed to grasp the inner meanings of these answers and he was sent away.
When Bodhidharma failed make any impression in South China, he headed for north. Crossing the Yellow River, he subsequently reached Song Mountain, the home to the Shaolin Monastery. On the way, he met a Buddhist monk called Shen Guag, who eventually became his disciple and became famous as Dazu Huike.
When he reached Shaolin Monastery, the monks refused him admission. So, Bodhidharma sat in meditation outside the monastery, facing its wall. Some scholars, however, dispute this and believe that he chose a nearby cave and began to meditate.
For nine years, Bodhidharma meditated constantly without ever leaving his seat or speaking to anyone. According to a legend, one day he fell asleep while meditating and to prevent its recurrence he cut off his eye lids. His picture showing a wide-eyed stare might be based on this legend.
It is also said that a tea plant sprung up where his eye lids fell and in this process he discovered tea. However, that is not true. It is more likely that he started the practice of drinking tea among the monks so that they would not fall asleep while meditating.
It is also said that sitting in the same posture for nine long years caused him to lose the use of his leg. According to Japanese tradition, it caused his arms and legs to fall off, leading to the creation of Daruma dolls, which do not have any leg.
There are many stories concerning what happened to Bodhidharma after the nine years of ‘wall-gazing’. According to some version, he died while sitting upright in his seat. But the more popular version states that he entered Shaolin Monastery after this period.
It is said that the monks in the Shaolin Monatery were so impressed by his dedication that they invited him in. Here he started teaching, putting emphasis on meditation, where it began to be known as ‘Chan’, a derivation of Sanskrit ‘Dhyana’.
While teaching ‘Chan’, he soon realized the long period of study had robbed the monks off their vitality and they had become too weak to concentrate. Therefore, along with teaching meditation technique, he also started teaching them series of exercises, called ‘Shiba Luohan Shou’ (Luohan’s 18 hands).
In addition to ‘Luohan’s 18 hands’, he also taught his students two other sets of exercises known as ‘Yi Jin Jing’ (Sinew Metamorphosis Classic) and ‘Xi Sui Jing’ (‘Bone Marrow Cleansing’). During this period, he also wrote two books called ‘Yi Jin Jing’ and ‘Xi Sui Jing’.
During his stay at Shaolin Monastery, he went on a long tour, visiting Sumatra, Java, Bali, and Malaysia, teaching the Mahayana doctrine of Buddhism as well as forms of martial art. According to local legend in Malaysia, he introduced an indigenous form of martial art called ‘silat’ in that country.
After the tour, he returned to China through Nanyue, remaining at Shaolin monastery for the rest of his life. He had four main disciples, Dazu Huike, Dao Fu, Dao Yu and Zong Chi, a num. Among them, Dazu Huike became his successor.
He is believed to have written many books. Text associated with him are 'Two Entrances and Four Practices', 'The Bloodstream Sermon', 'Dharma Teaching of Pacifying the Mind', 'Treatise on Realizing the Nature’, ‘Bodhidharma Treatise’ , ‘Refuting Signs Treatise’ and ‘Two Types of Entrance’.
Bodhidharma Major Works
Bodhidharma is best remembered for transmitting Chan Buddhism to China. Until his time, Buddhism in China was based mainly on studying of scriptures. It was Bodhidharma, who brought the concept of nirvana through meditation to China.
Bodhidharma is also explicitly associated with the Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra, a prominent Mahayana Buddhist sutra first translated into Chinese by Dharmarakṣa. Bodhidharma based a great part of his teaching on this text, making it an important element of Chan and Zen Buddhism.
Bodhidharma Death & Legacy
Just as the year of his birth, the year of his death also remains a mystery. But most scholars agree that he died in the Shaolin Monastery sometime in the sixth century.
Today, he is considered to be the twenty-eighth Patriarch in a lineage tracing back to Gautama Buddha. He is also known as the First Chinese Patriarch.
According to legend, three years after his death, Bodhidharma was seen walking across the Pamir Heights with a single shoe in his hand by Ambassador Sòngyún of northern Wei. In reply to the ambassador’s query, Bodhidharma said that he was going home, forbidding him to mention this to anybody.
When Sòngyún related the incident to the Emperor, he was arrested for lying because it was a well-known fact that Bodhidharma had passed away. But when his grave was exhumed, it was found that there was only one shoe in it.
Frequently asked questions about Bodhidharma
What is Bodhidharma birthday?
Bodhidharma was born at
Where is Bodhidharma's birth place?
Bodhidharma was born in India
What is Bodhidharma nationalities?
Bodhidharma's nationalities is Chinese,Indian
Who is Bodhidharma siblings?
Bodhidharma's siblings is Getsujo Tara, Kudoku Tara
When was Bodhidharma died?
Bodhidharma was died at 540
Where was Bodhidharma died?
Bodhidharma was died in Shaolin Monastery, Zhengzhou
Which age was Bodhidharma died?
Bodhidharma was died at age 57 | 2,412 | ENGLISH | 1 |
How much do you know about American history?
Since the US Constitution is in the news almost daily….let’s look at one of the boyz of Summer that gave us the document……
For instance one of the founding fathers, John Hancock…..what do you know beyond his famous signature?
John Hancock and his signature are two of the best-known elements related to the Declaration of Independence. But how much do you know about the former president of the Continental Congress?
On May 24, 1775, Hancock was named as the presiding officer over the Second Continental Congress, which was meeting in Philadelphia to discuss the military threat posed by the British. A little more than a year later, Hancock was the first to sign the document declaring independence.
Here are 10 facts about the man whose name is now synonymous with impressive signatures.
1. Hancock was a wealthy guy. He was from Massachusetts and his family had money, which he inherited when his uncle died. In fact, Hancock may have been the richest man in New England when he inherited a shipping fortune.
2. He was a bright student. Young Hancock graduated from Harvard at the age of 17. He was also a quick learner in the business world.
3. Hancock should have been a Loyalist, but he wasn’t. With his wealth and social standing, Hancock should have been a leading member of an elite group that didn’t want independence. Instead, he sympathized with people like John and Samuel Adams, who were patriots.
4. John Hancock, smuggler? Well, he may have been an importer, too, but goods like tea that arrived in New England on Hancock’s ships may have escaped paying a duty. The suspicions led the British to seize Hancock’s ship, Liberty, which started a riot. John Adams got Hancock off the hook from the smuggling charges.
5. Hancock also had a role in the Boston Tea Party incident. While Hancock wasn’t on a ship tossing tea overboard, he was at meetings when outrage was vented at the British. He riled up the crowd with a famous statement: “Let every man do what is right in his own eyes.”
6. The British really didn’t like Hancock. The British troops that set out to Lexington and Concord in 1775 may have been hunting for Hancock and his friend, John Adams, as well as for military supplies that were stored for militia use. Hancock had to be talked out of taking the battlefield against the redcoats. And his arrest was ordered by the British after the battles.
7. Hancock was a behind-the-scenes force early in the American Revolution. Hancock raised money for the Revolution, he helped secure troops, and he played a role in getting naval forces organized. But a homesick Hancock left Congress in 1777 to return to Massachusetts.
8. He was the longtime governor of Massachusetts. Hancock was elected in 1780 to lead his state and was its governor for most of the remaining years of his life. He was immensely popular in his home state.
9. Hancock wasn’t at the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia. Hancock had health issues by 1787 and wasn’t in the Massachusetts delegation. But he played a key role in his state’s ratification of the Constitution, when he overcame his own objections about the lack of a Bill of Rights to urge its passage.
10. What’s the deal with the signature? It’s not true that Hancock signed the Declaration in a big way to taunt the King of England. The legend goes that Hancock stated that “King George will be able to read that!” In reality, Hancock was the first to sign in a matter fitting for the president of the Congress. And only one other person was in the room when he signed it, unlike in that famous painting that shows a gaggle of patriots witnessing the event. Hancock did take a big risk: His signature was evidence of treason if things didn’t go well in the war!
They do not make Americans like that any more…..or should I say American politicians?
“Lego Ergo Scribo” | <urn:uuid:a262e54d-acbe-4f41-a579-81e5c9f3ae02> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://lobotero.com/2019/12/10/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250604397.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121132900-20200121161900-00013.warc.gz | en | 0.982846 | 862 | 3.265625 | 3 | [
-0.10062848031520844,
0.3706638813018799,
0.2893061637878418,
-0.13360780477523804,
-0.4836556017398834,
0.32965177297592163,
0.7521553635597229,
-0.04329685866832733,
-0.19230292737483978,
-0.16144591569900513,
-0.07631799578666687,
0.20114341378211975,
0.105046346783638,
-0.1095371097326... | 6 | How much do you know about American history?
Since the US Constitution is in the news almost daily….let’s look at one of the boyz of Summer that gave us the document……
For instance one of the founding fathers, John Hancock…..what do you know beyond his famous signature?
John Hancock and his signature are two of the best-known elements related to the Declaration of Independence. But how much do you know about the former president of the Continental Congress?
On May 24, 1775, Hancock was named as the presiding officer over the Second Continental Congress, which was meeting in Philadelphia to discuss the military threat posed by the British. A little more than a year later, Hancock was the first to sign the document declaring independence.
Here are 10 facts about the man whose name is now synonymous with impressive signatures.
1. Hancock was a wealthy guy. He was from Massachusetts and his family had money, which he inherited when his uncle died. In fact, Hancock may have been the richest man in New England when he inherited a shipping fortune.
2. He was a bright student. Young Hancock graduated from Harvard at the age of 17. He was also a quick learner in the business world.
3. Hancock should have been a Loyalist, but he wasn’t. With his wealth and social standing, Hancock should have been a leading member of an elite group that didn’t want independence. Instead, he sympathized with people like John and Samuel Adams, who were patriots.
4. John Hancock, smuggler? Well, he may have been an importer, too, but goods like tea that arrived in New England on Hancock’s ships may have escaped paying a duty. The suspicions led the British to seize Hancock’s ship, Liberty, which started a riot. John Adams got Hancock off the hook from the smuggling charges.
5. Hancock also had a role in the Boston Tea Party incident. While Hancock wasn’t on a ship tossing tea overboard, he was at meetings when outrage was vented at the British. He riled up the crowd with a famous statement: “Let every man do what is right in his own eyes.”
6. The British really didn’t like Hancock. The British troops that set out to Lexington and Concord in 1775 may have been hunting for Hancock and his friend, John Adams, as well as for military supplies that were stored for militia use. Hancock had to be talked out of taking the battlefield against the redcoats. And his arrest was ordered by the British after the battles.
7. Hancock was a behind-the-scenes force early in the American Revolution. Hancock raised money for the Revolution, he helped secure troops, and he played a role in getting naval forces organized. But a homesick Hancock left Congress in 1777 to return to Massachusetts.
8. He was the longtime governor of Massachusetts. Hancock was elected in 1780 to lead his state and was its governor for most of the remaining years of his life. He was immensely popular in his home state.
9. Hancock wasn’t at the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia. Hancock had health issues by 1787 and wasn’t in the Massachusetts delegation. But he played a key role in his state’s ratification of the Constitution, when he overcame his own objections about the lack of a Bill of Rights to urge its passage.
10. What’s the deal with the signature? It’s not true that Hancock signed the Declaration in a big way to taunt the King of England. The legend goes that Hancock stated that “King George will be able to read that!” In reality, Hancock was the first to sign in a matter fitting for the president of the Congress. And only one other person was in the room when he signed it, unlike in that famous painting that shows a gaggle of patriots witnessing the event. Hancock did take a big risk: His signature was evidence of treason if things didn’t go well in the war!
They do not make Americans like that any more…..or should I say American politicians?
“Lego Ergo Scribo” | 834 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Robinson Crusoe Short Summary
Robinson Crusoe by Daniel Defoe is s novel about the adventure of the protagonist.
Crusoe wants to travel in his life using a ship. His father, on the other hand, is interested in Crusoe becoming a middle-class law guy. He defies his father’s authority and also God’s by deciding to leave for an adventure on the sea on his own. He sets off and sails for some time. During this period he makes some money from the trade. After some time he is captured and turned into a slave in Africa’s coast. He meets a man by the name Xury, and together they escape from their captors.
Crusoe gets lucky to be accepted by a Portuguese captain, and he manages to make it into Brazil. He does well there and manages to buy a plantation of sugar. Soon he gets involved in the slave trade where they would procure slaves taken from Africa. On the journey, the ship gets wrecked, and Crusoe becomes the only one who survives. He makes it to an island that was deserted.
His time alone on this island is also productive. He manages to build a shelter for himself. He goes on to build a country home on the opposite side of this island. Also, he constructs a fort containing ammo and guns. Crusoe plants Barleycorn and rice. He even teaches himself bread-making. Crusoe builds furniture, baskets, and some pottery with his time. He also raises goats and has a family of animals consisting of cats dogs and even a parrot which he recovered from the ship. Crusoe is strengthened religiously, and he submits to the will of God in prayer.
One day, Crusoe discovers a footprint on his shore and realizes that he was not alone. There were cannibals on the islands. He rescues a young native from them and names him Friday. He teaches him English and even makes him a Christian. Crusoe and Friday rescue Friday’s father and a Spaniard from other cannibals.
Sometime later, an English boat filled with sailors arrives at the shore. Crusoe discovers that the sailors were planning a mutiny against the ship’s captain and helps restore the ranks and order to this ship. The captain agrees to take Crusoe home. Crusoe makes it back to Europe in the company on Friday. His plantations had made much money. Crusoe gets married and in his late years visits the island. The novel ends. | <urn:uuid:95e87583-8412-4f36-9d0c-201f4b5bc4c7> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://summarystory.com/robinson-crusoe/robinson-crusoe-short-summary/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251783342.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128215526-20200129005526-00259.warc.gz | en | 0.986086 | 515 | 3.4375 | 3 | [
-0.11645950376987457,
0.39169934391975403,
0.05032668635249138,
-0.2259349673986435,
-0.3980368375778198,
-0.24219846725463867,
0.2889091968536377,
0.2686583995819092,
0.057547226548194885,
-0.13569501042366028,
0.3524109721183777,
-0.5273028612136841,
-0.17907923460006714,
0.2612330317497... | 11 | Robinson Crusoe Short Summary
Robinson Crusoe by Daniel Defoe is s novel about the adventure of the protagonist.
Crusoe wants to travel in his life using a ship. His father, on the other hand, is interested in Crusoe becoming a middle-class law guy. He defies his father’s authority and also God’s by deciding to leave for an adventure on the sea on his own. He sets off and sails for some time. During this period he makes some money from the trade. After some time he is captured and turned into a slave in Africa’s coast. He meets a man by the name Xury, and together they escape from their captors.
Crusoe gets lucky to be accepted by a Portuguese captain, and he manages to make it into Brazil. He does well there and manages to buy a plantation of sugar. Soon he gets involved in the slave trade where they would procure slaves taken from Africa. On the journey, the ship gets wrecked, and Crusoe becomes the only one who survives. He makes it to an island that was deserted.
His time alone on this island is also productive. He manages to build a shelter for himself. He goes on to build a country home on the opposite side of this island. Also, he constructs a fort containing ammo and guns. Crusoe plants Barleycorn and rice. He even teaches himself bread-making. Crusoe builds furniture, baskets, and some pottery with his time. He also raises goats and has a family of animals consisting of cats dogs and even a parrot which he recovered from the ship. Crusoe is strengthened religiously, and he submits to the will of God in prayer.
One day, Crusoe discovers a footprint on his shore and realizes that he was not alone. There were cannibals on the islands. He rescues a young native from them and names him Friday. He teaches him English and even makes him a Christian. Crusoe and Friday rescue Friday’s father and a Spaniard from other cannibals.
Sometime later, an English boat filled with sailors arrives at the shore. Crusoe discovers that the sailors were planning a mutiny against the ship’s captain and helps restore the ranks and order to this ship. The captain agrees to take Crusoe home. Crusoe makes it back to Europe in the company on Friday. His plantations had made much money. Crusoe gets married and in his late years visits the island. The novel ends. | 499 | ENGLISH | 1 |
[December 27, 2019] In December 1944, citizens all across the United States were holding their collective breath. The war in Europe was not over, but it seemed to be winding down. The allies were at ease, well a bit at easy anyway. It was winter, and Germany had not launched a winter military campaign since Frederick the Great in the mid-1700s.
On December 16th, that all changed. Hitler had quietly gathered his forces and sent them plunging through the Ardennes Forest to carry the fight to the allies. It worked and what was to become known as the Battle of the Bulge was on. The weather was cloudy and miserable, and that made it impossible for allied air power to protect ground troops.
Many American ground troops still had summer uniforms and were suffering. European winters are cold, but the winter of 1944-1945 was the worst in years. Americans knew our troops were in trouble. The 101st Airborne held the town of Bastogne, Belgium, but they were surrounded, outgunned, and running low on everything but courage. Bastogne was vital because it was a crossroads for the major roads in the area.
On Christmas Day, the American 2nd Armored Division and the 29th British Brigade were able to stop the German advance. U.S. Army General George S. Patton thought the Germans might launch such an attack and was ready. Although far south of the battle, he wheeled the Entire 3rd Army ninety degrees north and pushed through some of the worst possible conditions. Patton moved the 3rd Army 30 miles a day, and on December 26th, 75 years ago, he broke the back of the German advance and relieved Bastogne.
These were also terrible days for the people at home. Families generally knew where their sons and daughters were. News from the European Front filled the newspapers and the radio broadcasts. Women, families and neighbors supported each other. If bad news came to one house, everyone offered their support.
There were 77,000 American casualties in the Battle of the Bulge. WWII touched everyone in the United States, and the effects are felt today in the stories of its survivors. The Germans had expended everything by January 25th, 1945, and the German army began to collapse. It was still tough. The Germans were fighting for their homeland. Many older men and young boys were doing the fighting.
It is a good time of the year for all of us to think back and recall relatives, friends, and good times from the past. We must share those stories with others. Our memories, as well as the memories of others, comfort us all because they carry us back to a time when the world seemed to know what it was doing. Now we seem to be thrust into a time when there are people who are trying to tear the county apart by inflicting premeditated chaos on us all. We have been through times like these before but we, as a nation, came out alright because sensible heads prevailed.
Note: See the History Channel for more on the Battle of the Bulge: https://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/battle-of-the-bulge | <urn:uuid:8a802253-1e67-46ab-9a97-e8a2d58de592> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.theleadermaker.com/battle-of-the-bulge-december-1944/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594603.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119122744-20200119150744-00269.warc.gz | en | 0.990046 | 654 | 3.40625 | 3 | [
-0.04891639202833176,
0.6368645429611206,
0.0870743989944458,
-0.16252727806568146,
0.2312336415052414,
0.1305355429649353,
-0.17803499102592468,
0.039365824311971664,
-0.05285673588514328,
-0.1528625339269638,
0.2397548407316208,
0.1365571916103363,
0.2342042624950409,
0.28452104330062866... | 2 | [December 27, 2019] In December 1944, citizens all across the United States were holding their collective breath. The war in Europe was not over, but it seemed to be winding down. The allies were at ease, well a bit at easy anyway. It was winter, and Germany had not launched a winter military campaign since Frederick the Great in the mid-1700s.
On December 16th, that all changed. Hitler had quietly gathered his forces and sent them plunging through the Ardennes Forest to carry the fight to the allies. It worked and what was to become known as the Battle of the Bulge was on. The weather was cloudy and miserable, and that made it impossible for allied air power to protect ground troops.
Many American ground troops still had summer uniforms and were suffering. European winters are cold, but the winter of 1944-1945 was the worst in years. Americans knew our troops were in trouble. The 101st Airborne held the town of Bastogne, Belgium, but they were surrounded, outgunned, and running low on everything but courage. Bastogne was vital because it was a crossroads for the major roads in the area.
On Christmas Day, the American 2nd Armored Division and the 29th British Brigade were able to stop the German advance. U.S. Army General George S. Patton thought the Germans might launch such an attack and was ready. Although far south of the battle, he wheeled the Entire 3rd Army ninety degrees north and pushed through some of the worst possible conditions. Patton moved the 3rd Army 30 miles a day, and on December 26th, 75 years ago, he broke the back of the German advance and relieved Bastogne.
These were also terrible days for the people at home. Families generally knew where their sons and daughters were. News from the European Front filled the newspapers and the radio broadcasts. Women, families and neighbors supported each other. If bad news came to one house, everyone offered their support.
There were 77,000 American casualties in the Battle of the Bulge. WWII touched everyone in the United States, and the effects are felt today in the stories of its survivors. The Germans had expended everything by January 25th, 1945, and the German army began to collapse. It was still tough. The Germans were fighting for their homeland. Many older men and young boys were doing the fighting.
It is a good time of the year for all of us to think back and recall relatives, friends, and good times from the past. We must share those stories with others. Our memories, as well as the memories of others, comfort us all because they carry us back to a time when the world seemed to know what it was doing. Now we seem to be thrust into a time when there are people who are trying to tear the county apart by inflicting premeditated chaos on us all. We have been through times like these before but we, as a nation, came out alright because sensible heads prevailed.
Note: See the History Channel for more on the Battle of the Bulge: https://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/battle-of-the-bulge | 681 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Year 4 have been topping up their historical skills in some creative ways. Firstly, we had a visit from Durham University. Then, we were the first class to trial a new workshop developed by Newcastle University at the Great North Museum.
On both occasions the girls handled genuine artefacts from Ancient Greece and worked with texts, pictures and reproduced pieces to help them understand the Greek world and assess their value. They took part in a Greek Tragedy and made ‘votive’ offerings out of clay. They have been astounded by the influence the discoveries from the time of Ancient Greece still have on our modern day life. Interestingly, the workshop led by Newcastle University was all about the role of women from that time. Very little is actually known because the people recording the history were all men!
Here are some of Year 4’s memorable moments from their work on Ancient Greece.
Durham University came to visit Year 4 on Friday 18th November to talk to us about the Ancient Greeks. One of the things that they talked about was that there were two main city states; Sparta and Athens. Both of them had a surrounding city wall protecting them from enemies. One other similarity was that they were both surrounded by sea.
Cameron Haydon Year 4
The people from the University also brought us some examples of Greek pottery to look at as well as ancient coins too. They had the most beautiful vases, with such decorative patterns and the hand of a Greek God painted onto them. One of the bowls even had a God illustrated on the bottom of it! This was Dionysus, the God of Wine. Greeks also loved their buildings, which is why there are so many ruins left in Greece today.
Tabitha Atkinson Year 4
The Greeks invented voting and democracy! Quite regularly, city folk would get together and simply raise their hand to decide who they thought should be King. Unfortunately, women, farmers and slaves were not allowed to vote.
Freya Smith Year 4
The coins which were shown to us were all very different. Each city state had their own God detailed on the coin, for example: Athena, The Goddess of War and Wisdom appeared on the coin of Athens. We also found out that things were very different in Ancient Greece to what they are now. For example, today, a woman can go anywhere she likes however in Ancient Greek times, a man was allowed to go everywhere but a woman couldn’t. How is this fair?
Ana Ilyas Year 4 | <urn:uuid:862608b8-ca6a-4b12-aa76-c4e59bc24e44> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://newcastlehigh.gdst.net/its-all-greek-to-me/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250609478.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123071220-20200123100220-00209.warc.gz | en | 0.989589 | 511 | 3.765625 | 4 | [
0.05410410091280937,
0.3639410436153412,
0.35933470726013184,
-0.16825483739376068,
-0.14772483706474304,
-0.37518104910850525,
0.04586431384086609,
0.3130243420600891,
-0.20475666224956512,
-0.06214426830410957,
-0.48510971665382385,
-0.0719369426369667,
-0.3939403295516968,
0.07669254392... | 3 | Year 4 have been topping up their historical skills in some creative ways. Firstly, we had a visit from Durham University. Then, we were the first class to trial a new workshop developed by Newcastle University at the Great North Museum.
On both occasions the girls handled genuine artefacts from Ancient Greece and worked with texts, pictures and reproduced pieces to help them understand the Greek world and assess their value. They took part in a Greek Tragedy and made ‘votive’ offerings out of clay. They have been astounded by the influence the discoveries from the time of Ancient Greece still have on our modern day life. Interestingly, the workshop led by Newcastle University was all about the role of women from that time. Very little is actually known because the people recording the history were all men!
Here are some of Year 4’s memorable moments from their work on Ancient Greece.
Durham University came to visit Year 4 on Friday 18th November to talk to us about the Ancient Greeks. One of the things that they talked about was that there were two main city states; Sparta and Athens. Both of them had a surrounding city wall protecting them from enemies. One other similarity was that they were both surrounded by sea.
Cameron Haydon Year 4
The people from the University also brought us some examples of Greek pottery to look at as well as ancient coins too. They had the most beautiful vases, with such decorative patterns and the hand of a Greek God painted onto them. One of the bowls even had a God illustrated on the bottom of it! This was Dionysus, the God of Wine. Greeks also loved their buildings, which is why there are so many ruins left in Greece today.
Tabitha Atkinson Year 4
The Greeks invented voting and democracy! Quite regularly, city folk would get together and simply raise their hand to decide who they thought should be King. Unfortunately, women, farmers and slaves were not allowed to vote.
Freya Smith Year 4
The coins which were shown to us were all very different. Each city state had their own God detailed on the coin, for example: Athena, The Goddess of War and Wisdom appeared on the coin of Athens. We also found out that things were very different in Ancient Greece to what they are now. For example, today, a woman can go anywhere she likes however in Ancient Greek times, a man was allowed to go everywhere but a woman couldn’t. How is this fair?
Ana Ilyas Year 4 | 507 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Sometime between 304 and 30 BC, a craftsman in Ptolemaic Egypt shaped what is now accepted to be the world’s oldest 20-sided die. Carved from serpentine rock and engraved in Greek letters, the d20 looks remarkably well to be over 2,000 years old.
The die is currently held in The Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City, where it has resided without much fanfare since 1910 after being acquired by Reverend Chauncey Murch during his missionary work in Egypt between 1883 and 1906.
Here are some other fascinating facts about the world’s oldest d20:
The d20 is covered in Greek letters, not Egyptian hieroglyphs. When the d20 was shaped, Egypt was under the control of the Greek Ptolemies, whose dynasty began with the founding of the Ptolemaic Kingdom in 304 BC by the Macedonian general Ptolemy I Soter, upon the death of Alexander the Great.
We know that the d20 dates somewhere between 304 and 30 BC because the Ptolemies dynasty came to a cataclysmic end when Cleopatra died during the Roman leader Octavian’s conquest of Egypt in 30 BC. An event also that also heralded the end of the Roman Republic and the beginning of the Roman Empire.
The Ptolmemaic d20 would have been shaped before Caesar Augustus annexed Egypt into the Roman Empire.
The d20 was almost assuredly never used to roll for initiative. It can only be speculated for what the d20 was used. It very well could have been used for some sort of game that has been lost to history. Alternatively, it could have been used for divination rituals, for which dice were often used in the ancient world.
Serpentine rock, of which this d20 was made, has long been used for crafted objects and as architectural stone. Harder than marble, yet softer than granite, serpentine was very popular in the United States as late as the early 20th century. The reason you don’t see it often today is because of concerns for worker safety as serpentine is known to contain asbestos.
Like this post? Then check out our History of Dice blog post. | <urn:uuid:6d9472df-27a6-4104-86cf-bcd67386c501> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.awesomedice.com/blogs/news/new-world-s-oldest-d20-egyptian-d20 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251672440.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125101544-20200125130544-00290.warc.gz | en | 0.980476 | 464 | 3.4375 | 3 | [
-0.3833099901676178,
0.5597171187400818,
0.5885335803031921,
-0.348407506942749,
-0.48739275336265564,
-0.26689454913139343,
0.07850867509841919,
0.5921821594238281,
-0.35274603962898254,
-0.15795846283435822,
0.5118664503097534,
-0.49893420934677124,
0.06852351129055023,
0.144324034452438... | 3 | Sometime between 304 and 30 BC, a craftsman in Ptolemaic Egypt shaped what is now accepted to be the world’s oldest 20-sided die. Carved from serpentine rock and engraved in Greek letters, the d20 looks remarkably well to be over 2,000 years old.
The die is currently held in The Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City, where it has resided without much fanfare since 1910 after being acquired by Reverend Chauncey Murch during his missionary work in Egypt between 1883 and 1906.
Here are some other fascinating facts about the world’s oldest d20:
The d20 is covered in Greek letters, not Egyptian hieroglyphs. When the d20 was shaped, Egypt was under the control of the Greek Ptolemies, whose dynasty began with the founding of the Ptolemaic Kingdom in 304 BC by the Macedonian general Ptolemy I Soter, upon the death of Alexander the Great.
We know that the d20 dates somewhere between 304 and 30 BC because the Ptolemies dynasty came to a cataclysmic end when Cleopatra died during the Roman leader Octavian’s conquest of Egypt in 30 BC. An event also that also heralded the end of the Roman Republic and the beginning of the Roman Empire.
The Ptolmemaic d20 would have been shaped before Caesar Augustus annexed Egypt into the Roman Empire.
The d20 was almost assuredly never used to roll for initiative. It can only be speculated for what the d20 was used. It very well could have been used for some sort of game that has been lost to history. Alternatively, it could have been used for divination rituals, for which dice were often used in the ancient world.
Serpentine rock, of which this d20 was made, has long been used for crafted objects and as architectural stone. Harder than marble, yet softer than granite, serpentine was very popular in the United States as late as the early 20th century. The reason you don’t see it often today is because of concerns for worker safety as serpentine is known to contain asbestos.
Like this post? Then check out our History of Dice blog post. | 496 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Did 19th-century U.S. soldiers carry military ID cards, or their equivalent, as all military personnel do now?
ID cards are a creation of the 20th-century Army. During the Civil War, soldiers often pinned a piece of paper onto their uniforms, containing their names and home addresses. Some also carried their last wills, but generally they had no other identification.
At around that time, dog tags first came into use, and they were the best means of identification. The first ones were pins, usually made of brass or metal—and the soldiers themselves created the tags. The Army officially began issuing them in 1906. Ten years later soldiers were issued two identical aluminum tags. One was to stay with the body, while the other went to graves registration. | <urn:uuid:2c3660c7-3f6b-4142-bfd3-cbcf8dac8358> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://truewestmagazine.com/did-19th-century-us-soldiers-carry-military-id-cards/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250593937.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118193018-20200118221018-00462.warc.gz | en | 0.989192 | 157 | 3.578125 | 4 | [
-0.534041166305542,
0.3084106743335724,
0.09933203458786011,
-0.11521580815315247,
0.134713813662529,
0.24293506145477295,
0.2273838371038437,
0.15944421291351318,
-0.13994629681110382,
-0.48378443717956543,
0.4861237704753876,
0.22352993488311768,
0.2673136293888092,
0.3229047358036041,
... | 12 | Did 19th-century U.S. soldiers carry military ID cards, or their equivalent, as all military personnel do now?
ID cards are a creation of the 20th-century Army. During the Civil War, soldiers often pinned a piece of paper onto their uniforms, containing their names and home addresses. Some also carried their last wills, but generally they had no other identification.
At around that time, dog tags first came into use, and they were the best means of identification. The first ones were pins, usually made of brass or metal—and the soldiers themselves created the tags. The Army officially began issuing them in 1906. Ten years later soldiers were issued two identical aluminum tags. One was to stay with the body, while the other went to graves registration. | 160 | ENGLISH | 1 |
King Paurava, also known as Porus, ruled the region between the rivers Jhelum and Chenab in North India. One day a messenger arrived in his court. He had a fair skin and spoke a foreign language. His message was simple: Submit to King Alexander or be ready for war.
Porus had heard of Alexander. He came from a faraway region and was a great warrior. His army had conquered large parts of Egypt and even defeated the mighty Persian Empire. Paurava’s spies had warned the court of Alexander’s march towards their borders. Many kings along the way had meekly submitted to Alexander without a fight. But King Porus had other ideas.
“Tell your king that we will meet him in the battlefield,” he said with a quiet confidence.
Alexander’s response was swift. He marched to the banks of the Jhelum. The river was full and swift due to heavy rains. There was only one spot in the river which was shallow enough for a crossing. Porus set up his camp at this spot.
Alexander was wary of taking on Porus from the front. While the Macedonian army had won many battles, they had never faced war elephants in a battle before. Pours had many such elephants in his army.
“We must take him by surprise,” Alexander said to his generals. “Find me another spot to cross the river.”
The generals came back with news of another spot up river. One night, under the cover of darkness, Alexander led a small section of his army to the other spot. He crossed over to the other side without opposition.
As soon as he got wind of Alexander’s move, Porus sent part of his army to fight off the attackers. But the Macedonian warriors defeated them and mounted an attack on Porus’ main army.
Meanwhile, the remaining part of Alexander’s army crossed over the river. Thus encircled, Porus, who stood 7 feet tall, sat atop his mighty elephant, and encouraged his soldiers to fight. The battle grew fierce and the Macedonians gained an upper hand.
Porus fought to the last man. He was struck with spears all over the body. His elephant bent its knee and brought Porus to the ground. It then gently pulled the spears from his body, even as Geeks surrounded the wounded king.
Porus was brought to Alexander. “How do you wished to be treated?” Alexander asked Porus.
“Act as a king,” said Porus.
“What do you mean?” asked Alexander.
“When I said, ‘Act as a King’, everything was said,” Porus replied.
Alexander got up, walked up to Porus and shook his hand warmly.
At last the Macedonian world conqueror had found his match in the Indian king.
Based on ‘Plutarch’s Lives’. The region ruled by Porus is now part of modern Pakistan.
Based on Plutarch’s Lives | <urn:uuid:439af9ec-ddb0-40c2-97ec-168e84666784> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://kathakids.com/great-personalities/history-and-legends/alexander-and-porus/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251783000.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128184745-20200128214745-00558.warc.gz | en | 0.988347 | 651 | 3.609375 | 4 | [
-0.06466493755578995,
0.6592246890068054,
0.16107016801834106,
0.14667333662509918,
-0.3238876760005951,
-0.668841540813446,
0.4375385344028473,
0.3470373749732971,
0.17836125195026398,
0.006452870089560747,
-0.24614743888378143,
-0.7254070043563843,
-0.12473578751087189,
0.038898706436157... | 7 | King Paurava, also known as Porus, ruled the region between the rivers Jhelum and Chenab in North India. One day a messenger arrived in his court. He had a fair skin and spoke a foreign language. His message was simple: Submit to King Alexander or be ready for war.
Porus had heard of Alexander. He came from a faraway region and was a great warrior. His army had conquered large parts of Egypt and even defeated the mighty Persian Empire. Paurava’s spies had warned the court of Alexander’s march towards their borders. Many kings along the way had meekly submitted to Alexander without a fight. But King Porus had other ideas.
“Tell your king that we will meet him in the battlefield,” he said with a quiet confidence.
Alexander’s response was swift. He marched to the banks of the Jhelum. The river was full and swift due to heavy rains. There was only one spot in the river which was shallow enough for a crossing. Porus set up his camp at this spot.
Alexander was wary of taking on Porus from the front. While the Macedonian army had won many battles, they had never faced war elephants in a battle before. Pours had many such elephants in his army.
“We must take him by surprise,” Alexander said to his generals. “Find me another spot to cross the river.”
The generals came back with news of another spot up river. One night, under the cover of darkness, Alexander led a small section of his army to the other spot. He crossed over to the other side without opposition.
As soon as he got wind of Alexander’s move, Porus sent part of his army to fight off the attackers. But the Macedonian warriors defeated them and mounted an attack on Porus’ main army.
Meanwhile, the remaining part of Alexander’s army crossed over the river. Thus encircled, Porus, who stood 7 feet tall, sat atop his mighty elephant, and encouraged his soldiers to fight. The battle grew fierce and the Macedonians gained an upper hand.
Porus fought to the last man. He was struck with spears all over the body. His elephant bent its knee and brought Porus to the ground. It then gently pulled the spears from his body, even as Geeks surrounded the wounded king.
Porus was brought to Alexander. “How do you wished to be treated?” Alexander asked Porus.
“Act as a king,” said Porus.
“What do you mean?” asked Alexander.
“When I said, ‘Act as a King’, everything was said,” Porus replied.
Alexander got up, walked up to Porus and shook his hand warmly.
At last the Macedonian world conqueror had found his match in the Indian king.
Based on ‘Plutarch’s Lives’. The region ruled by Porus is now part of modern Pakistan.
Based on Plutarch’s Lives | 591 | ENGLISH | 1 |
In celebration of the new city fire station that opened in September 2019, Galveston Monthly
presents a multi-part series on the history of the Galveston Fire Department.
When one ponders the earthly elements that have most impacted Galveston’s brief but multifaceted history, the first thing that comes to mind is water. The island is surrounded by it, harnesses it for economic use, and succumbs to its ire at least once every couple of decades. But long before Galveston grappled with a historic hurricane, fire had as much if not more
bearing on the city’s early history and the evolution of the cityscape.
As with most early American cities, Galveston’s first structures were built entirely of wood, including the rooftops. The city even experimented with wooden pavers down Strand Street, when present-day Harborside Drive was called “Water Street” and was not really a street at
all but rather a strip of shale at the harbor’s edge that was often underwater. The pavers were a novel idea until high tide, when the water toppled past Water Street and onto the Strand, washing them away with the current.
The ubiquitous use of highly flammable materials made it easier for fires to ignite and easier for them to spread, and further complicating the situation was the fact that Galveston had no running water. The island’s only water supplies were privately owned cisterns that collected
Transporting water to a conflagrated area was slow and arduous, and the damage to some properties was irreparable by the time the fire was extinguished. Sometimes, the nearest water source was so far away that the effort was deemed futile from the beginning and thus not even tried. The fire was simply allowed to burn out while attempts were made merely to contain it.
A third island element also came into play - wind. The sumptuous Gulf breezes acted as an accelerant, propelling flames across rooftops and into trees.
And on those not infrequent days when the wind whips into the city at an excess of 25 miles-per-hour, any fire that broke out was guaranteed to gain substantially more power and be more difficult to quell. The wind was the single largest factor in the Great Fire of 1885 that destroyed 42 city blocks, although the wooden shingles that blanketed the city’s rooftops were certainly no deterrent.
It was during the aftermath of this fire that the city mandated the use of slate shingles on all rooftops, with no way to foresee the deadly consequences of that decision. On September 8, 1900, the slate was picked up by estimated 140-mile-per-hour winds and hurled through the
air like shrapnel, severely injuring and even killing people who found themselves stranded in the streets when the Great Storm rolled onto the island.
Of course, all of this seems manageable in hindsight, but the first residents of Galveston were only apprised of these intertwining, amplifying circumstances as they happened. In the beginning, islanders could only learn as they went along, a literal baptism by fire.
Upon the city’s founding in 1839, it contained a mere spattering of buildings, the entirety of its shipping business was conducted on one wharf, and the only hotel was located aboard an old steamboat that was beached on the harbor shore near the eastern edge of town.
Galveston’s first recorded fire started in that vessel’s kitchen. Although the flames were quickly extinguished and only minor damage resulted, it was enough to make the threat of that “ever-present demon” tangible, prompting residents to realize the need for protection.
No formal declarations were made, no crews were organized, the initial spark among residents was simply the acknowledgment that if the need arose, everyone would assemble to assist. The History of the Galveston Fire Department states that the plan was “a personification of that quality in the human makeup that prompts people to aid those in distress,” and it worked well for the city in its infancy. As Galveston grew, loosely organized bucket brigades were formed in various sections of the town.
Volunteers would form a straight line between the blaze and the closest water supply and pass buckets from one end to the other. The buckets were dumped and then returned to be refilled. Bucket brigades were a disastrously inefficient system, but fortunately, the buildings were
small, held little monetary value, and ultimately the losses were minimal.
Even still, the valiant and tenacious work of the bucket brigades inspired an ordinance passed in July of 1841 that officially appointed five fire wardens, one for each city ward, and tasked them with assembling the volunteers and their buckets in the event of a structure fire.
In 1843, a cadre of local businessmen - Albert Ball, John P. Davie, William Dunbar, and Colonel N.B. Yard - met to discuss the growing need for full-time fire protection by way of an organized, established company of men. The group then summoned interested citizens to a meeting on September 30 where a “committee on permanent organization” was formed and instructed to meet with the mayor to construct a constitution and by-laws for the proposed entity. On December 3, 1843, forty-one founding members signed the Galveston (Volunteer) Fire
Department into existence.
The first uniforms were red shirts and white belts, and the first fire-fighting apparatus was built by S. Kirkland in his blacksmith shop at Mechanic and 22nd Street for a cost of $226. It was stored in a shed until 1848 when the GFD finally received its first fire house behind the Central Market, situated in the middle of 20th Street between Strand and Mechanic.
This lot would eventually become a permanent fire house location, first as a stand-alone structure in 1874 and then as part of architect Alfred Mueller’s stunning, gothic 1888 City Hall (demolished).
In 1852, the Board of Aldermen created the office of Chief of the Galveston Fire Department and appointed Albert Ball to the inaugural position, but less than a decade later, the company of volunteers was forced to disband when the Civil War transformed Galveston into a military outpost and nearly every civilian evacuated. The only ones who stayed behind were nuns who served as nurses and prostitutes who opted not to shift occupations, rendering the presence of a
fire department unnecessary.
At the war’s conclusion and Galveston’s quick resumption of its commerce and daily activity upon the removal of the federal blockade in the Gulf of Mexico, the volunteer company was reestablished on December 12, 1866, and the fire-fighting wagon was moved to a building at 17th and Mechanic.
The following year, a gleaming new fire wagon was loaded on a steamship in New York and sailed down the east coast then over to Galveston. Another new fire wagon was purchased by the city a few years later, and thus it was finally decided to incorporate a paid department.
On May 23, 1871, the Galveston Fire Department became an official salaried entity of the City of Galveston. The volunteer company subsequently dispersed, but “throughout its long life of usefulness, the organization was noted for the harmony existing within its ranks and the unusual interest displayed by officers and members in its affairs.” | <urn:uuid:6de1f96d-4923-4f36-9714-645743118a14> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.galvestonmonthly.com/2019/12/06/292383/the-history-of-the-galveston-fire-department | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250625097.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124191133-20200124220133-00001.warc.gz | en | 0.980287 | 1,554 | 3.40625 | 3 | [
-0.27712005376815796,
-0.24245384335517883,
0.09231075644493103,
-0.23449784517288208,
0.5544887781143188,
0.5429084300994873,
0.03658422827720642,
-0.13606400787830353,
-0.4306761622428894,
-0.46275943517684937,
0.14007169008255005,
0.2578027546405792,
-0.1910284161567688,
0.2000434696674... | 2 | In celebration of the new city fire station that opened in September 2019, Galveston Monthly
presents a multi-part series on the history of the Galveston Fire Department.
When one ponders the earthly elements that have most impacted Galveston’s brief but multifaceted history, the first thing that comes to mind is water. The island is surrounded by it, harnesses it for economic use, and succumbs to its ire at least once every couple of decades. But long before Galveston grappled with a historic hurricane, fire had as much if not more
bearing on the city’s early history and the evolution of the cityscape.
As with most early American cities, Galveston’s first structures were built entirely of wood, including the rooftops. The city even experimented with wooden pavers down Strand Street, when present-day Harborside Drive was called “Water Street” and was not really a street at
all but rather a strip of shale at the harbor’s edge that was often underwater. The pavers were a novel idea until high tide, when the water toppled past Water Street and onto the Strand, washing them away with the current.
The ubiquitous use of highly flammable materials made it easier for fires to ignite and easier for them to spread, and further complicating the situation was the fact that Galveston had no running water. The island’s only water supplies were privately owned cisterns that collected
Transporting water to a conflagrated area was slow and arduous, and the damage to some properties was irreparable by the time the fire was extinguished. Sometimes, the nearest water source was so far away that the effort was deemed futile from the beginning and thus not even tried. The fire was simply allowed to burn out while attempts were made merely to contain it.
A third island element also came into play - wind. The sumptuous Gulf breezes acted as an accelerant, propelling flames across rooftops and into trees.
And on those not infrequent days when the wind whips into the city at an excess of 25 miles-per-hour, any fire that broke out was guaranteed to gain substantially more power and be more difficult to quell. The wind was the single largest factor in the Great Fire of 1885 that destroyed 42 city blocks, although the wooden shingles that blanketed the city’s rooftops were certainly no deterrent.
It was during the aftermath of this fire that the city mandated the use of slate shingles on all rooftops, with no way to foresee the deadly consequences of that decision. On September 8, 1900, the slate was picked up by estimated 140-mile-per-hour winds and hurled through the
air like shrapnel, severely injuring and even killing people who found themselves stranded in the streets when the Great Storm rolled onto the island.
Of course, all of this seems manageable in hindsight, but the first residents of Galveston were only apprised of these intertwining, amplifying circumstances as they happened. In the beginning, islanders could only learn as they went along, a literal baptism by fire.
Upon the city’s founding in 1839, it contained a mere spattering of buildings, the entirety of its shipping business was conducted on one wharf, and the only hotel was located aboard an old steamboat that was beached on the harbor shore near the eastern edge of town.
Galveston’s first recorded fire started in that vessel’s kitchen. Although the flames were quickly extinguished and only minor damage resulted, it was enough to make the threat of that “ever-present demon” tangible, prompting residents to realize the need for protection.
No formal declarations were made, no crews were organized, the initial spark among residents was simply the acknowledgment that if the need arose, everyone would assemble to assist. The History of the Galveston Fire Department states that the plan was “a personification of that quality in the human makeup that prompts people to aid those in distress,” and it worked well for the city in its infancy. As Galveston grew, loosely organized bucket brigades were formed in various sections of the town.
Volunteers would form a straight line between the blaze and the closest water supply and pass buckets from one end to the other. The buckets were dumped and then returned to be refilled. Bucket brigades were a disastrously inefficient system, but fortunately, the buildings were
small, held little monetary value, and ultimately the losses were minimal.
Even still, the valiant and tenacious work of the bucket brigades inspired an ordinance passed in July of 1841 that officially appointed five fire wardens, one for each city ward, and tasked them with assembling the volunteers and their buckets in the event of a structure fire.
In 1843, a cadre of local businessmen - Albert Ball, John P. Davie, William Dunbar, and Colonel N.B. Yard - met to discuss the growing need for full-time fire protection by way of an organized, established company of men. The group then summoned interested citizens to a meeting on September 30 where a “committee on permanent organization” was formed and instructed to meet with the mayor to construct a constitution and by-laws for the proposed entity. On December 3, 1843, forty-one founding members signed the Galveston (Volunteer) Fire
Department into existence.
The first uniforms were red shirts and white belts, and the first fire-fighting apparatus was built by S. Kirkland in his blacksmith shop at Mechanic and 22nd Street for a cost of $226. It was stored in a shed until 1848 when the GFD finally received its first fire house behind the Central Market, situated in the middle of 20th Street between Strand and Mechanic.
This lot would eventually become a permanent fire house location, first as a stand-alone structure in 1874 and then as part of architect Alfred Mueller’s stunning, gothic 1888 City Hall (demolished).
In 1852, the Board of Aldermen created the office of Chief of the Galveston Fire Department and appointed Albert Ball to the inaugural position, but less than a decade later, the company of volunteers was forced to disband when the Civil War transformed Galveston into a military outpost and nearly every civilian evacuated. The only ones who stayed behind were nuns who served as nurses and prostitutes who opted not to shift occupations, rendering the presence of a
fire department unnecessary.
At the war’s conclusion and Galveston’s quick resumption of its commerce and daily activity upon the removal of the federal blockade in the Gulf of Mexico, the volunteer company was reestablished on December 12, 1866, and the fire-fighting wagon was moved to a building at 17th and Mechanic.
The following year, a gleaming new fire wagon was loaded on a steamship in New York and sailed down the east coast then over to Galveston. Another new fire wagon was purchased by the city a few years later, and thus it was finally decided to incorporate a paid department.
On May 23, 1871, the Galveston Fire Department became an official salaried entity of the City of Galveston. The volunteer company subsequently dispersed, but “throughout its long life of usefulness, the organization was noted for the harmony existing within its ranks and the unusual interest displayed by officers and members in its affairs.” | 1,553 | ENGLISH | 1 |
In the year 196 B.C., a collection of the more important priests of ancient Egypt assembled in the city of Memphis, the ancient and original capital of the land of Kemet, known to us as Egypt. The clergy of the day did well to take council because things were not well in the kingdom and they were the political backbone of the regime. Their ruler, King Ptolemy V Epiphanes was a mere child, who had ascended to the throne at the age of 5 and was crowned at the age of 12. His parents had been murdered and usurpers governed the land in the new king’s name but the assassins were themselves murdered. Power was taken by the Greek Aristomenes of Alyzeia, a priest and the prime minister of the previous kings.
The council of priests had much on their minds. Egypt’s overseas territories were being seized by other Greek kings, and so a weak ruler was not what the government needed. It was also problematic that the king and his ministers were largely Greek, not Egyptian. The Ptolemaic Dynasty traced their bloodline only back to 304 B.C., when the first Ptolemy seized power in Egypt after the death of the great conqueror Alexander the Great of Macedon. The Greek overlords were very much aware of how few they were among so many of the captive Egyptians and the faced rebellions. The priests, therefore, wanted to secure the authority of the Greek regime and to show their loyalty, and so in honor of the young king’s coronation, they composed a decree for him to issue. They were determined that the nation must be instructed on what a fine prince their 12-year-old pharaoh was.
The decree was proclaimed in 196 B.C. The text opens with a long list of flattering titles and honors for the king and then goes on to list the many great accomplishments of the young ruler. We are told that he won battles, forgave prisoners, paid his good troops, defeated evildoers, administered true justice, honored the gods, and they did not fail to mention many provisions he made for the priests. One does not have to be too cynical to say that this is a great deal of propaganda to attribute to a 12-year-old boy. They then commanded that a jeweled statue of the young king be placed in every temple in the land.
The decree reads, in part: “In every temple which is called by his name; and this statue shall rest in the most holy place (in the temples) side by side with the shrines of the gods of the Nomes. And on the days of the great festivals, when the god (of the temple) cometh forth from his holy habitation, according to his day, the holy shrine of the God who makes himself manifest, the lord of beauties, shall likewise be made to rise (like the Sun) with them. And in order to make this new shrine to be easily distinguishable (both at the present day, and in future times, they shall set) upon this shrine [ten royal double crowns, made of gold and upon (each of the double crowns there shall be placed the serpent which it is right and proper to make for the double crown of gold), instead of the two Uraei which are (placed) upon the tops of the shrines, and the Sekhent Crown shall be in the middle of them, because it was in the Sekhent Crown in which His Majesty shone in the house of the Ka of Ptah.”
The decree that both honored the king and ensured that the priests would keep their precious rights and powers was set up at a temple in nearby Sais, and its decree was given in three forms, the ancient hieroglyphic writing system, the then-contemporary Demotic script and Greek.
But time has no favorites, and a century later the land of Egypt and the Greek rulers would later fall into the grip of Julius Caesar and his heirs. Later still, the Islamic invasions would arrive, and the Muslims had no time for pagan temples and false gods. The priestly decree was thrown down and eventually used as a building stone in the nearby city of Rashid.
In the year 1798 A.D., in an effort to deprive the British of access to the middle east, the French general Napoleon Bonaparte invaded Egypt and took control of the now Islamic state. As a military raid, this accomplished almost nothing, but it opened the door to Egypt from Europe. For the first time in over a thousand years, Europeans could visit Egypt, see its pyramids and temples and look upon the mysterious inscriptions in a language that was utterly forgotten. Egyptian art and pictures of the land became the cultural passion in the West, and Egyptian images filled art galleries and home decorations. The Americans even put a pyramid on the back of their dollar bill.
The following year, two events occurred which would change the history of archeology and our understanding of antiquity forever. First, a group of French soldiers digging a drainage ditch near the port city of Rashid came across the buried decree of the old priests. On it were carved three registers of writing. The first two inscriptions they could not read, but the Greek could be translated, and fortunately, the French officer class often had a classical education. Whoever was in command of the engineers correctly deduced that this was a trilingual text and as such offered the possibility of finding a way to translate the old hieroglyphics. Because “Rashid” was difficult to pronounce for the French infantry, they called the stone “Rosetta,” a traditional French female name. Napoleon had summoned over a hundred scholars to Egypt to take account of the antiquities, but the French would not have the stone for long.
The other action of 1799 was the reaction of the British government of King George III to the Napoleonic adventure in Egypt. Under the command of Lord Nelson, the Royal Navy destroyed the French fleets in Abukir Bay and took control of Egypt. Their terms of surrender were simple: The French would surrender Egypt to Britain and the archeological discoveries would be given to the crown. George III dispatched a warship to Egypt to bring the already famous Rosetta Stone back to England, where it resides in the British Museum of London to this day. But the clever French were careful to take plaster casts of the stone to continue their research on the unusual and still mysterious words. Perhaps the gods were guiding them!
This is the first of two columns on the Rosetta Stone and its translation. Part II will publish at a later date. | <urn:uuid:108df990-775e-4a4b-8e79-cf6fb3dfbc18> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.redlandsdailyfacts.com/2019/12/06/professing-faith-unlocking-the-mysteries-of-the-ancient-rosetta-stone/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250606269.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122012204-20200122041204-00099.warc.gz | en | 0.981727 | 1,360 | 3.625 | 4 | [
-0.0524010956287384,
0.817271888256073,
0.12477581202983856,
-0.24701914191246033,
-0.4106610119342804,
-0.12471503019332886,
0.31000787019729614,
-0.07309302687644958,
0.21254348754882812,
0.07899454236030579,
0.1298382580280304,
-0.15227223932743073,
0.2524336576461792,
0.102873951196670... | 6 | In the year 196 B.C., a collection of the more important priests of ancient Egypt assembled in the city of Memphis, the ancient and original capital of the land of Kemet, known to us as Egypt. The clergy of the day did well to take council because things were not well in the kingdom and they were the political backbone of the regime. Their ruler, King Ptolemy V Epiphanes was a mere child, who had ascended to the throne at the age of 5 and was crowned at the age of 12. His parents had been murdered and usurpers governed the land in the new king’s name but the assassins were themselves murdered. Power was taken by the Greek Aristomenes of Alyzeia, a priest and the prime minister of the previous kings.
The council of priests had much on their minds. Egypt’s overseas territories were being seized by other Greek kings, and so a weak ruler was not what the government needed. It was also problematic that the king and his ministers were largely Greek, not Egyptian. The Ptolemaic Dynasty traced their bloodline only back to 304 B.C., when the first Ptolemy seized power in Egypt after the death of the great conqueror Alexander the Great of Macedon. The Greek overlords were very much aware of how few they were among so many of the captive Egyptians and the faced rebellions. The priests, therefore, wanted to secure the authority of the Greek regime and to show their loyalty, and so in honor of the young king’s coronation, they composed a decree for him to issue. They were determined that the nation must be instructed on what a fine prince their 12-year-old pharaoh was.
The decree was proclaimed in 196 B.C. The text opens with a long list of flattering titles and honors for the king and then goes on to list the many great accomplishments of the young ruler. We are told that he won battles, forgave prisoners, paid his good troops, defeated evildoers, administered true justice, honored the gods, and they did not fail to mention many provisions he made for the priests. One does not have to be too cynical to say that this is a great deal of propaganda to attribute to a 12-year-old boy. They then commanded that a jeweled statue of the young king be placed in every temple in the land.
The decree reads, in part: “In every temple which is called by his name; and this statue shall rest in the most holy place (in the temples) side by side with the shrines of the gods of the Nomes. And on the days of the great festivals, when the god (of the temple) cometh forth from his holy habitation, according to his day, the holy shrine of the God who makes himself manifest, the lord of beauties, shall likewise be made to rise (like the Sun) with them. And in order to make this new shrine to be easily distinguishable (both at the present day, and in future times, they shall set) upon this shrine [ten royal double crowns, made of gold and upon (each of the double crowns there shall be placed the serpent which it is right and proper to make for the double crown of gold), instead of the two Uraei which are (placed) upon the tops of the shrines, and the Sekhent Crown shall be in the middle of them, because it was in the Sekhent Crown in which His Majesty shone in the house of the Ka of Ptah.”
The decree that both honored the king and ensured that the priests would keep their precious rights and powers was set up at a temple in nearby Sais, and its decree was given in three forms, the ancient hieroglyphic writing system, the then-contemporary Demotic script and Greek.
But time has no favorites, and a century later the land of Egypt and the Greek rulers would later fall into the grip of Julius Caesar and his heirs. Later still, the Islamic invasions would arrive, and the Muslims had no time for pagan temples and false gods. The priestly decree was thrown down and eventually used as a building stone in the nearby city of Rashid.
In the year 1798 A.D., in an effort to deprive the British of access to the middle east, the French general Napoleon Bonaparte invaded Egypt and took control of the now Islamic state. As a military raid, this accomplished almost nothing, but it opened the door to Egypt from Europe. For the first time in over a thousand years, Europeans could visit Egypt, see its pyramids and temples and look upon the mysterious inscriptions in a language that was utterly forgotten. Egyptian art and pictures of the land became the cultural passion in the West, and Egyptian images filled art galleries and home decorations. The Americans even put a pyramid on the back of their dollar bill.
The following year, two events occurred which would change the history of archeology and our understanding of antiquity forever. First, a group of French soldiers digging a drainage ditch near the port city of Rashid came across the buried decree of the old priests. On it were carved three registers of writing. The first two inscriptions they could not read, but the Greek could be translated, and fortunately, the French officer class often had a classical education. Whoever was in command of the engineers correctly deduced that this was a trilingual text and as such offered the possibility of finding a way to translate the old hieroglyphics. Because “Rashid” was difficult to pronounce for the French infantry, they called the stone “Rosetta,” a traditional French female name. Napoleon had summoned over a hundred scholars to Egypt to take account of the antiquities, but the French would not have the stone for long.
The other action of 1799 was the reaction of the British government of King George III to the Napoleonic adventure in Egypt. Under the command of Lord Nelson, the Royal Navy destroyed the French fleets in Abukir Bay and took control of Egypt. Their terms of surrender were simple: The French would surrender Egypt to Britain and the archeological discoveries would be given to the crown. George III dispatched a warship to Egypt to bring the already famous Rosetta Stone back to England, where it resides in the British Museum of London to this day. But the clever French were careful to take plaster casts of the stone to continue their research on the unusual and still mysterious words. Perhaps the gods were guiding them!
This is the first of two columns on the Rosetta Stone and its translation. Part II will publish at a later date. | 1,360 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Co-processors were first seen on mainframe computers, where they added additional "optional" functionality such as floating point math support. A more common use was to control input/output channels, although in this role they were more often referred to as channel controllers.
Co-processors also became common in desktop computers thoughout the 1980s and into the early 1990s due to CPU design limitations and cost considerations. The math co-processor was a common addition to high-end computers like the Mac II and most workstations that required the capability to do floating-point arithmetic, but until the early 1990s the demand for such capabilities was minimal. Another form of co-processor that became common during this era was the graphics co-processor, used in the Atari 8-bit family and Commodore Amiga. The graphics processor chip in the Commodore series was known as the "Copper."
Eventually, the functionality of the math co-processor was of enough importance to be integrated into the primary CPU, eliminating the need for a separate component. The demand for a dedicated graphics co-processor has grown, however, particularly due to an increasing demand for realistic 3D graphics in computer games; this dedicated processor removes a considerable computational load from the primary CPU, and increases performance in graphic-intensive applications. As of 2002, graphics cards with dedicated Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) are commonplace. | <urn:uuid:40a4890a-d0a8-41aa-84ac-4e827fadd076> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | http://www.fact-index.com/c/co/co_processor.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250593937.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118193018-20200118221018-00086.warc.gz | en | 0.981473 | 280 | 3.515625 | 4 | [
-0.25077277421951294,
-0.0876520648598671,
0.0817490965127945,
-0.008108098991215229,
-0.2767992913722992,
0.33258405327796936,
-0.03721241280436516,
-0.07584751397371292,
0.3088243007659912,
-0.02164614014327526,
0.18722394108772278,
-0.19944891333580017,
0.09748265892267227,
0.0070855547... | 3 | Co-processors were first seen on mainframe computers, where they added additional "optional" functionality such as floating point math support. A more common use was to control input/output channels, although in this role they were more often referred to as channel controllers.
Co-processors also became common in desktop computers thoughout the 1980s and into the early 1990s due to CPU design limitations and cost considerations. The math co-processor was a common addition to high-end computers like the Mac II and most workstations that required the capability to do floating-point arithmetic, but until the early 1990s the demand for such capabilities was minimal. Another form of co-processor that became common during this era was the graphics co-processor, used in the Atari 8-bit family and Commodore Amiga. The graphics processor chip in the Commodore series was known as the "Copper."
Eventually, the functionality of the math co-processor was of enough importance to be integrated into the primary CPU, eliminating the need for a separate component. The demand for a dedicated graphics co-processor has grown, however, particularly due to an increasing demand for realistic 3D graphics in computer games; this dedicated processor removes a considerable computational load from the primary CPU, and increases performance in graphic-intensive applications. As of 2002, graphics cards with dedicated Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) are commonplace. | 290 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Support our content. Join our Dollar a Day campaign
According to Islamic sources, the Queen of Sheba was called ‘Bilqis’. She ruled over a kingdom on the southern Arabian Peninsula in what is now Yemen. Balqis was a rich and powerful Queen. She and her people worshipped the sun and other idols instead of Allah.
Prophet Sulayman was very powerful and the Quran mentions many miracles and blessings Allah has bestowed upon him. He could understand the speech of animals, had the power of the wind and despite his worldly powers, he never forgot Allah was always grateful to Him.
Sulayman’s had an army of birds, jinn, and humans. Amongst his army was a Hoopoe bird (Hudhud), which one day was absent without his consent, which made Prophet Sulayman unhappy.
The hoopoe however soon appeared to explain his absence. He had been scouting in areas where Sulayman’s army had not yet reached. He brought with him an account of the Kingdom of Saba (Sheba).
The hoopoe reported that the kingdom of Saba was ruled by a Queen and that the people of that kingdom worshipped the sun and other idols.
Therefore, Prophet Sulayman sent a letter to the Queen, greeting her and requesting her to submit to Allah.
Upon receiving the letter, the Queen, who according to historians was called Bilqis, consulted with her chieftains, who advised her to fight Sulayman and his army, for their country had the strength to wage a war. Bilqis, however, chose a more diplomatic approach where she decided to send expensive gifts to Sulayman.
Prophet Sulayman, nonetheless, rejected her gifts and said that the gifts which he had received from Allah were infinitely better than those which she had sent. He sent the messengers back with the gifts and a had them deliver a message to the Queen that either she submits to Allah or he would send armies which would destroy the whole of Sheba and its people.
The Queen then went to visit Sulayman’s palace, and the Prophet wanted to teach her a lesson so he wanted her throne to be at his palace upon her arrival. So he asked his army who amongst you can bring me her throne and a jinn offered to bring it before Prophet Sulayman leaves his seat. However, a man who had knowledge of the Book said he could bring the Queen’s throne in a blink of an eye. When the throne had been placed before him, Sulayman praised and thanked Allah.
Sulayman then had the Queen’s throne disguised so Bilqis wouldn’t recognise it straight away. When she arrived, she was asked whether it was her own throne and she said it looks exactly like her throne.
Then as the Queen was asked to enter the palace, she noticed that the floor had water and fish so she lifted up her skirts, thinking there was a pool of water. Prophet Sulayman then informed her that the floor was made of glass.
The Queen then submitted to Islam, with Sulayman, to Allah, the Lord of the Worlds.
You can read about this story of Sulayman in the Quran 27: 15-44.
Betrayed By My Own Country – #OliverBridgeman Interviewed
Why Don’t You Pray? | Whispers Ep 1
The New Grand Mufti of Australia has just been announced …
5 Steps to Staying Positive During Menses in Ramadan
Struggling to read the Quran
Muslim Media - Islam Lectures, Videos & Information
Our mission is to provide a world-class Islamic voice for Muslims and a platform to share the true message of Islam.
OnePath Network Inc is a registered nonprofit organization. Donate or Volunteer Today! | <urn:uuid:76db331d-11a6-4304-8a14-f980ff953e11> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://onepathnetwork.com/sulayman-and-bilqis-the-queen-of-sheba/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250592636.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118135205-20200118163205-00018.warc.gz | en | 0.986669 | 803 | 3.546875 | 4 | [
-0.35077762603759766,
0.5570220351219177,
0.046747785061597824,
0.1559050977230072,
-0.15438494086265564,
0.16483931243419647,
0.4215548038482666,
-0.20350795984268188,
0.024492312222719193,
0.40168559551239014,
0.0657542496919632,
-0.538300096988678,
0.3662325441837311,
-0.050836276262998... | 1 | Support our content. Join our Dollar a Day campaign
According to Islamic sources, the Queen of Sheba was called ‘Bilqis’. She ruled over a kingdom on the southern Arabian Peninsula in what is now Yemen. Balqis was a rich and powerful Queen. She and her people worshipped the sun and other idols instead of Allah.
Prophet Sulayman was very powerful and the Quran mentions many miracles and blessings Allah has bestowed upon him. He could understand the speech of animals, had the power of the wind and despite his worldly powers, he never forgot Allah was always grateful to Him.
Sulayman’s had an army of birds, jinn, and humans. Amongst his army was a Hoopoe bird (Hudhud), which one day was absent without his consent, which made Prophet Sulayman unhappy.
The hoopoe however soon appeared to explain his absence. He had been scouting in areas where Sulayman’s army had not yet reached. He brought with him an account of the Kingdom of Saba (Sheba).
The hoopoe reported that the kingdom of Saba was ruled by a Queen and that the people of that kingdom worshipped the sun and other idols.
Therefore, Prophet Sulayman sent a letter to the Queen, greeting her and requesting her to submit to Allah.
Upon receiving the letter, the Queen, who according to historians was called Bilqis, consulted with her chieftains, who advised her to fight Sulayman and his army, for their country had the strength to wage a war. Bilqis, however, chose a more diplomatic approach where she decided to send expensive gifts to Sulayman.
Prophet Sulayman, nonetheless, rejected her gifts and said that the gifts which he had received from Allah were infinitely better than those which she had sent. He sent the messengers back with the gifts and a had them deliver a message to the Queen that either she submits to Allah or he would send armies which would destroy the whole of Sheba and its people.
The Queen then went to visit Sulayman’s palace, and the Prophet wanted to teach her a lesson so he wanted her throne to be at his palace upon her arrival. So he asked his army who amongst you can bring me her throne and a jinn offered to bring it before Prophet Sulayman leaves his seat. However, a man who had knowledge of the Book said he could bring the Queen’s throne in a blink of an eye. When the throne had been placed before him, Sulayman praised and thanked Allah.
Sulayman then had the Queen’s throne disguised so Bilqis wouldn’t recognise it straight away. When she arrived, she was asked whether it was her own throne and she said it looks exactly like her throne.
Then as the Queen was asked to enter the palace, she noticed that the floor had water and fish so she lifted up her skirts, thinking there was a pool of water. Prophet Sulayman then informed her that the floor was made of glass.
The Queen then submitted to Islam, with Sulayman, to Allah, the Lord of the Worlds.
You can read about this story of Sulayman in the Quran 27: 15-44.
Betrayed By My Own Country – #OliverBridgeman Interviewed
Why Don’t You Pray? | Whispers Ep 1
The New Grand Mufti of Australia has just been announced …
5 Steps to Staying Positive During Menses in Ramadan
Struggling to read the Quran
Muslim Media - Islam Lectures, Videos & Information
Our mission is to provide a world-class Islamic voice for Muslims and a platform to share the true message of Islam.
OnePath Network Inc is a registered nonprofit organization. Donate or Volunteer Today! | 775 | ENGLISH | 1 |
The Life and Times of Patrice Lumumba
Patrice Lumumba was murdered in January 1961 When his death was finally announced the following month there was uproar. Protests swept cities and towns across the globe. Malcolm X described Lumumba as “the greatest black man who ever walked the African continent”
Yes it was the final three years of Patrice Lumumba’s life that are the most important and provide the most valuable lessons for us.
The DRC was occupied by Belgium for its resources of elephant ivory, rubber and minerals. The Belgian ruling class extracted what they could at an inhuman pace. Any Congolese who did not extract a certain amount of rubber each day had one or both hands cut off – including those of three-year old children. Starvation, murder and rape were also used. Over eleven-and-a-half million Congolese were wiped out in a campaign of genocide.
Violent colonial occupation
The barbarity of the capitalists did not stop the Congolese from fighting back. They mounted waves of armed resistance to the Belgians in the late 1800s. Another period of resistance was the 1920 and 1930s. Churches organised religious resistance. But the banner of nationalist independence was not raised.
These were the times that Lumumba was born into in 1925. He ran away in 1944 to the towns and cities. A new colony was developing. Industry was being developed and new mining communities were established across the country. The development of industry gave rise to a working class. Taking its cue from the religious resistance, workers resisted with strikes and Congolese soldiers mutinied. Reasons included wages, working conditions and an end to forced labour, amongst others. Congo’s population was becoming radicalised along class lines.
Arriving in Stanleyville (now Lubumbashi), Lumumba quickly became a leading member of the évolués in the city. The évolués – meaning literally “the evolved” — were a group of educated Congolese men who were trained to take part in the civilising mission of the Belgian state. They were given low-ranking jobs in government, groomed to regard themselves at champions of the ‘Belgian Congo’. For much of the 1950s. But he did not remain that way for long.
In the beginning Lumumba an advocate for the colonial project
In 1957 he relocated to the capital Leopoldville (Kinshasa). Leopoldville became infected by the ideas of independence and political liberation – particularly from Ghana and Nkrumah. Visiting the French colonial city of Brazzaville he was struck by how little racism and segregation it had of Leopoldville.
This influenced Lumumba. He became politically active and in November 1958 he was elected to lead what became the principal party of national liberation –- the Mouvement National Congolais (MNC).
But Belgium was desperate to control the pace of radicalisation. It sought to manipulate and divide the country’s emerging political parties. Other Western states were also desperate to ensure that Congo’s independence did not mean real political and economic autonomy. They wanted access to the minerals like cobalt.
On 4 January 1959 Leopoldville erupted into violence. The demonstration was crushed by the notoriously brutal colonial army. Hundreds were killed. It was the most significant event which led to three important changes. Firstly, the belief that a long transition and common understanding could pave the way to Congolese independence was over. Secondly, it radicalised the Congolese population living in urban areas. Thirdly it broke the conservative hold of the Congolese evolues (elites). This also led to the break-down of master-servant relations that had been solid a year before.
Lumumba was only released from detention when negotiations launched
Congolese society was transformed. Mass meetings took place, strikes spread and the movement for independence finally broke away from the ranks of the évolués. Lumumba threw himself into the frenzy. By March 1959, the MNC had 58,000 members. Lumumba’s militancy rose with the gathering radicalisation. Now he demanded independence without delay. He also provided a voice for the grievances of workers. But other members of the évolués saw their future in an alliance with the colonial power, and later with the US. Arrested, beaten and imprisoned at the end of 1959, Lumumba was only released when negotiations were launched in Brussels in January 1960.
The negotiations led to a date for independence: 30 June 1960. But Lumumba’s radicalism had meant that he was hated by the Belgian elite. They decided to undermine efforts of the MNC to win the May 1960 general election.
However the MNC emerged victorious. Lumumba was now the undoubted leader of Congo’s future. Still he refused to accept deals with the departing power. Congo’s independence would be just that: an independent nation state free to decide on its own path.
But the celebrations quickly ended. In July, Belgium promoted the secession of the mineral-rich provinces Katanga and Kasai. These new “states” were immediately recognised – and armed and supported by the old colonial power. Some évolués – using the language of ethnic divide and rule – helped provide an African veneer to these artificial breakaway provinces.
Appeals for military support rejected by African leaders
Lumumba’s desperate appeals for military support to pan-Africanist comrades, such as Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana, were rejected – lofty promises tragically betrayed. Lumumba then tried to mobilise his supporters. As the power he had just acquired began to slip away, he turned to the ranks of the MNC and those who had propelled the Congo to independence.
But the forces against him and his comrades were too great. Leading militants of the nationalist movement fell to bribes and co-option. Joseph Mobutu — the future dictator of the country, until then an ally and friend of Lumumba – was openly bribed by the US and persuaded to organise a coup in September.
By October 1960 there were four operations underway to assassinate Lumumba. Western states openly called for his government to be removed.
Radio stations had either been pulled off the air or refused to broadcast messages from Lumumba. Lumumba fled the capital in November and attempted to reach his supporters in Stanleyville. He was arrested days later. He knew that this meant death. Writing in prison to his wife he said,
“History will one day have its say, but it will not be the history that Brussels, Paris, Washington, or the United Nations will teach, but that which they will teach in the countries emancipated from colonialism and its puppets.”
Lumumba brutally murdered.
Six months after his election, Lumumba was murdered. Most of his body was dissolved in acid. What remained was burned. His murderers were determined to wipe away any memories of him.
Whist the MNC received floods of complaints against vicious employers and low pay, the MNC was unprepared to respond to these demands. Lumumba was well aware of the tensions between the mass of the population and the leadership of the MNC. The MNC leaders were very often too cautious and conservative. The MNC did not have the political ideology to construct a programme of social transformation that meant anything more than nationalist ‘independence’. The leaders of the MNC were petit-bourgeois and student-intelligentsia.
It was this layer that sought to neutralise Lumumba with western assistance. It was this layer that was prepared to fracture the Congo to safeguard its mineral wealth for the elites.
Lumumba also made errors. He turned to the United Nations for help. Officially it sought to protect the Congo’s independence but refused to stop western operations in the Congo. Lumumba also relied on his majority in Parliament. But his enemies knew that matters would be decided on, and settled, outside Parliament.
“Can you have political independence without economic independence?”
Despite these errors, Lumumba is an inspiration. He was a nationalist in the middle of the 1950s. But when the population radicalised, so too did Lumumba. He stood with the masses as they fought. As his son Francois describes the last year of his life
“…he started to move beyond the spirit of nationalism. He discovered in the course of 1960 that not all Congolese had the same interpretation of independence, our “brothers” were fighting for something completely different. In his actions and speeches he became more precise and spoke of workers, justice and inequality. How can you have political independence without economic independence?”
The Congolese movement of 1958-61 showed yet again that urban workers and rural masses have the power to shatter imperialism and its local agents – but also require the political analysis and strategy to bring about victory.
What was required, and what was lacking was an organisation that could respond effectively to the demands of the urban poor and lead them to re-organising Congolese society.
For socialists, this is not just a heroic and tragic story, it is a vital lesson for struggles today and in the future. The story of the Congo in 1958 to 1961 explains how middle class leaders rise to power on the back of popular aspirations – but also betray those aspirations. | <urn:uuid:87b7c3e9-c80d-4775-8af9-c9b1891cf066> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://keepleft.org.za/2016/05/01/the-life-and-times-of-patrice-lumumba/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250604397.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121132900-20200121161900-00413.warc.gz | en | 0.981516 | 1,970 | 3.5 | 4 | [
-0.5368956327438354,
0.5397424101829529,
0.372303307056427,
0.006973942741751671,
0.20897534489631653,
-0.1869473159313202,
0.3193042278289795,
-0.16408804059028625,
0.04631993919610977,
0.37451234459877014,
0.4886741042137146,
-0.5420353412628174,
0.28165727853775024,
-0.0521780401468277,... | 8 | The Life and Times of Patrice Lumumba
Patrice Lumumba was murdered in January 1961 When his death was finally announced the following month there was uproar. Protests swept cities and towns across the globe. Malcolm X described Lumumba as “the greatest black man who ever walked the African continent”
Yes it was the final three years of Patrice Lumumba’s life that are the most important and provide the most valuable lessons for us.
The DRC was occupied by Belgium for its resources of elephant ivory, rubber and minerals. The Belgian ruling class extracted what they could at an inhuman pace. Any Congolese who did not extract a certain amount of rubber each day had one or both hands cut off – including those of three-year old children. Starvation, murder and rape were also used. Over eleven-and-a-half million Congolese were wiped out in a campaign of genocide.
Violent colonial occupation
The barbarity of the capitalists did not stop the Congolese from fighting back. They mounted waves of armed resistance to the Belgians in the late 1800s. Another period of resistance was the 1920 and 1930s. Churches organised religious resistance. But the banner of nationalist independence was not raised.
These were the times that Lumumba was born into in 1925. He ran away in 1944 to the towns and cities. A new colony was developing. Industry was being developed and new mining communities were established across the country. The development of industry gave rise to a working class. Taking its cue from the religious resistance, workers resisted with strikes and Congolese soldiers mutinied. Reasons included wages, working conditions and an end to forced labour, amongst others. Congo’s population was becoming radicalised along class lines.
Arriving in Stanleyville (now Lubumbashi), Lumumba quickly became a leading member of the évolués in the city. The évolués – meaning literally “the evolved” — were a group of educated Congolese men who were trained to take part in the civilising mission of the Belgian state. They were given low-ranking jobs in government, groomed to regard themselves at champions of the ‘Belgian Congo’. For much of the 1950s. But he did not remain that way for long.
In the beginning Lumumba an advocate for the colonial project
In 1957 he relocated to the capital Leopoldville (Kinshasa). Leopoldville became infected by the ideas of independence and political liberation – particularly from Ghana and Nkrumah. Visiting the French colonial city of Brazzaville he was struck by how little racism and segregation it had of Leopoldville.
This influenced Lumumba. He became politically active and in November 1958 he was elected to lead what became the principal party of national liberation –- the Mouvement National Congolais (MNC).
But Belgium was desperate to control the pace of radicalisation. It sought to manipulate and divide the country’s emerging political parties. Other Western states were also desperate to ensure that Congo’s independence did not mean real political and economic autonomy. They wanted access to the minerals like cobalt.
On 4 January 1959 Leopoldville erupted into violence. The demonstration was crushed by the notoriously brutal colonial army. Hundreds were killed. It was the most significant event which led to three important changes. Firstly, the belief that a long transition and common understanding could pave the way to Congolese independence was over. Secondly, it radicalised the Congolese population living in urban areas. Thirdly it broke the conservative hold of the Congolese evolues (elites). This also led to the break-down of master-servant relations that had been solid a year before.
Lumumba was only released from detention when negotiations launched
Congolese society was transformed. Mass meetings took place, strikes spread and the movement for independence finally broke away from the ranks of the évolués. Lumumba threw himself into the frenzy. By March 1959, the MNC had 58,000 members. Lumumba’s militancy rose with the gathering radicalisation. Now he demanded independence without delay. He also provided a voice for the grievances of workers. But other members of the évolués saw their future in an alliance with the colonial power, and later with the US. Arrested, beaten and imprisoned at the end of 1959, Lumumba was only released when negotiations were launched in Brussels in January 1960.
The negotiations led to a date for independence: 30 June 1960. But Lumumba’s radicalism had meant that he was hated by the Belgian elite. They decided to undermine efforts of the MNC to win the May 1960 general election.
However the MNC emerged victorious. Lumumba was now the undoubted leader of Congo’s future. Still he refused to accept deals with the departing power. Congo’s independence would be just that: an independent nation state free to decide on its own path.
But the celebrations quickly ended. In July, Belgium promoted the secession of the mineral-rich provinces Katanga and Kasai. These new “states” were immediately recognised – and armed and supported by the old colonial power. Some évolués – using the language of ethnic divide and rule – helped provide an African veneer to these artificial breakaway provinces.
Appeals for military support rejected by African leaders
Lumumba’s desperate appeals for military support to pan-Africanist comrades, such as Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana, were rejected – lofty promises tragically betrayed. Lumumba then tried to mobilise his supporters. As the power he had just acquired began to slip away, he turned to the ranks of the MNC and those who had propelled the Congo to independence.
But the forces against him and his comrades were too great. Leading militants of the nationalist movement fell to bribes and co-option. Joseph Mobutu — the future dictator of the country, until then an ally and friend of Lumumba – was openly bribed by the US and persuaded to organise a coup in September.
By October 1960 there were four operations underway to assassinate Lumumba. Western states openly called for his government to be removed.
Radio stations had either been pulled off the air or refused to broadcast messages from Lumumba. Lumumba fled the capital in November and attempted to reach his supporters in Stanleyville. He was arrested days later. He knew that this meant death. Writing in prison to his wife he said,
“History will one day have its say, but it will not be the history that Brussels, Paris, Washington, or the United Nations will teach, but that which they will teach in the countries emancipated from colonialism and its puppets.”
Lumumba brutally murdered.
Six months after his election, Lumumba was murdered. Most of his body was dissolved in acid. What remained was burned. His murderers were determined to wipe away any memories of him.
Whist the MNC received floods of complaints against vicious employers and low pay, the MNC was unprepared to respond to these demands. Lumumba was well aware of the tensions between the mass of the population and the leadership of the MNC. The MNC leaders were very often too cautious and conservative. The MNC did not have the political ideology to construct a programme of social transformation that meant anything more than nationalist ‘independence’. The leaders of the MNC were petit-bourgeois and student-intelligentsia.
It was this layer that sought to neutralise Lumumba with western assistance. It was this layer that was prepared to fracture the Congo to safeguard its mineral wealth for the elites.
Lumumba also made errors. He turned to the United Nations for help. Officially it sought to protect the Congo’s independence but refused to stop western operations in the Congo. Lumumba also relied on his majority in Parliament. But his enemies knew that matters would be decided on, and settled, outside Parliament.
“Can you have political independence without economic independence?”
Despite these errors, Lumumba is an inspiration. He was a nationalist in the middle of the 1950s. But when the population radicalised, so too did Lumumba. He stood with the masses as they fought. As his son Francois describes the last year of his life
“…he started to move beyond the spirit of nationalism. He discovered in the course of 1960 that not all Congolese had the same interpretation of independence, our “brothers” were fighting for something completely different. In his actions and speeches he became more precise and spoke of workers, justice and inequality. How can you have political independence without economic independence?”
The Congolese movement of 1958-61 showed yet again that urban workers and rural masses have the power to shatter imperialism and its local agents – but also require the political analysis and strategy to bring about victory.
What was required, and what was lacking was an organisation that could respond effectively to the demands of the urban poor and lead them to re-organising Congolese society.
For socialists, this is not just a heroic and tragic story, it is a vital lesson for struggles today and in the future. The story of the Congo in 1958 to 1961 explains how middle class leaders rise to power on the back of popular aspirations – but also betray those aspirations. | 1,961 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Vadim Torchillo. Mrs. Tucker . Honors English Period:
757 WordsJan 11, 20174 Pages
Honors English; Period: 2
10 January, 2017
There’s many points of views on how loyalty is interpreted. Showing support towards one another, because of of the feeling of duty and love for eachother. Many terms such as love, friendships, and family relationships relate to it. Although all friends have their differences, loyalty overcomes the conflict between them and strengthens their friendship.
George is devoted to Lennie. Both of them grew up together and stuck with each other their whole life. In my literary graphic, George and Lennie are hugging, symbolizes that they are best buddies. George Is very devoted to Lennie. George grew up with Lennie and stuck with him his whole life. For…show more content…
Lennie loves George so much, that he considers him his brother. George and Lennie stayed to true to one another, attached, and devoted to one another.
The relationship between Candy and his dog, George and Slim, and Lennie, and animals acknowledge loyalty. For example, my literary graphic includes in a table with men around it talking about letting go of Candy’s dog. It symbolizes the conversation Crook’s dog 's age and how he suffers from his health symbolizes how Candy and his dog were glued together since he was a pup. Candy states ‘“I had him so long. Had him since he was a pup. I herded sheep with him. ‘He said proudly, ‘You wouldn’think it to look at him now, but he was the best… sheep dog I ever seen”’(44). Candy’s dog is loyal and obeys Candy throughout his whole life. Candy has always wished the best for his dog. In addition, my literary graphic contains George mentally force to kill Lennie, this symbolizes, George not wanting Lennie to go through pain that Curley would put him through, “Slim came down directly to George and sat beside him, sat very close to him. ‘Never you mind… a guy got to sometimes’”(107). Slim knew that George knew that the right thing to do was let Lennie go, and the consequence Lennie would have if not killed by George. He Stayed beside George for moral support. Slim knew who’s gun he had in all, but agreed with George. For instance, in my literary graphic Crooks was to stay in the barn, this symbolizes, because he’s black, | <urn:uuid:1f052e14-8c17-4e92-a211-c5f498d77c57> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.bartleby.com/essay/Vadim-Torchillo-Mrs-Tucker-Honors-English-Period-F3Q2JRK98EHQ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250598800.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120135447-20200120164447-00044.warc.gz | en | 0.981332 | 544 | 3.421875 | 3 | [
-0.3791881799697876,
-0.019298681989312172,
0.1780349314212799,
-0.07231821119785309,
-0.3625277280807495,
0.11260899901390076,
0.33349916338920593,
0.20833531022071838,
0.18748408555984497,
-0.12077541649341583,
-0.05804889276623726,
-0.12114307284355164,
0.35803163051605225,
-0.041015271... | 1 | Vadim Torchillo. Mrs. Tucker . Honors English Period:
757 WordsJan 11, 20174 Pages
Honors English; Period: 2
10 January, 2017
There’s many points of views on how loyalty is interpreted. Showing support towards one another, because of of the feeling of duty and love for eachother. Many terms such as love, friendships, and family relationships relate to it. Although all friends have their differences, loyalty overcomes the conflict between them and strengthens their friendship.
George is devoted to Lennie. Both of them grew up together and stuck with each other their whole life. In my literary graphic, George and Lennie are hugging, symbolizes that they are best buddies. George Is very devoted to Lennie. George grew up with Lennie and stuck with him his whole life. For…show more content…
Lennie loves George so much, that he considers him his brother. George and Lennie stayed to true to one another, attached, and devoted to one another.
The relationship between Candy and his dog, George and Slim, and Lennie, and animals acknowledge loyalty. For example, my literary graphic includes in a table with men around it talking about letting go of Candy’s dog. It symbolizes the conversation Crook’s dog 's age and how he suffers from his health symbolizes how Candy and his dog were glued together since he was a pup. Candy states ‘“I had him so long. Had him since he was a pup. I herded sheep with him. ‘He said proudly, ‘You wouldn’think it to look at him now, but he was the best… sheep dog I ever seen”’(44). Candy’s dog is loyal and obeys Candy throughout his whole life. Candy has always wished the best for his dog. In addition, my literary graphic contains George mentally force to kill Lennie, this symbolizes, George not wanting Lennie to go through pain that Curley would put him through, “Slim came down directly to George and sat beside him, sat very close to him. ‘Never you mind… a guy got to sometimes’”(107). Slim knew that George knew that the right thing to do was let Lennie go, and the consequence Lennie would have if not killed by George. He Stayed beside George for moral support. Slim knew who’s gun he had in all, but agreed with George. For instance, in my literary graphic Crooks was to stay in the barn, this symbolizes, because he’s black, | 532 | ENGLISH | 1 |
The Empty Pot ~ "Early Reader" English Stories for Kids
ONE DAY LONG AGO, the King of China announced a contest to find the next ruler of the land. He was getting old and had no sons to take over the throne. (It was different then, and only a boy could rule the land.)
One thing about the King is he loved to grow plants. So he announced that any boy who wanted to be king would have to come to the palace and get a royal seed. In six months, the boy who grew the best plant would be the one to win the contest. He would be the next to sit on the throne.
Every boy in China was wild with joy! Each one was sure HE would be the winner! Boys all over started to walk with pride, as if they were the winner. Mothers and fathers were excited, too. It sure would be grand to live at the palace!
One boy, named Jun, was quiet. He knew he was good at growing things. Everyone in his village would fight over who was to get his melons, snow peas, his baby corn. All summer long, Jun was working hard at pulling weeds, or moving plants from here to there so they could grow better.
Every boy in Child was wild with joy.
On the big day when the royal seeds were to be given out, huge crowds of boys came to the palace. Jun was one of those boys. Each boy took home his royal seed, held tight in his hand.
At home, Jun took out a good flowerpot. He set down large stones on the bottom. Over them, he set smaller stones. Over those, he filled the rest of the pot with rich black dirt. Then he made a hole at the top, about one inch deep. Last, he pressed the royal seed into the hole and set dirt on top. With care, he tapped the top.
Over the next few days, Jun watered his pot every day. All over China, boys were doing the same thing. Each one looked with care at his own pot. When would the first little green leaf show up? Day after day, Jun watched and waited.
With care, he tapped the top.
Chen was the first boy in Jun’s village to announce that a green leaf was coming up. His news was met with great cheers. Chen said in a loud voice that he knew he would be King!
Han was the next one to say a little green plant was coming up in his pot. Then it was Wong. Jun did not know why there was no little plant in his pot. None of the other boys could grow plants as well as he! But still, Jun’s seed did not grow.
Soon sprouts were popping up from pots all over the village. Boys moved their baby plants outside so the little leaves could grow even bigger in the sun. Many stood guard over their dear pot at all times. Why, it seemed to Jun that every boy who planted a seed had a sprout by now. Every boy, that is, except him.
Still, Jun's seed did not grow.
He carefully took out the seed and moved it into another pot. He put the very best and richest black soil from his garden in the new pot. He broke up every clump of soil there was into a tiny, tiny bit of dirt. With great care, he pressed the royal seed on top. Jun watched the pot every day, adding drops of water here and there. But still, his seed did not grow.
Strong, mighty plants were soon rising from pots cared for by the other boys in Jun’s village. Sadly, Jun walked around with his head down. The other boys laughed at him. When something was empty, they would say that it was “as empty as Jun’s pot.” Jun moved his seed yet again. This time he took some dried fish and made it into a powder. He dusted the powder into the soil as fertilizer. Yet even so, Jun's seed did not grow.
Six months passed. The day came when all the boys needed to bring their plants to the palace to be judged. Chen, Han, Wong and hundreds of other boys cleaned their pots till they shone bright in the sun. They wiped with care each green leaf. They dressed in their best clothes. Mothers and fathers walked next to their sons to help keep plants up so they would not tip over.
Six months passed.
“What will I do?” wailed Jun to his mother and father as he looked out the window. The other boys were walking with pride to the palace. “My pot is empty! My seed did not grow!”
“Bring the King your pot, the way it is," said his father. "That's right," said Jun's mother. "You did the best you could.”
His face red with shame, Jun carried his empty pot on the road to the palace. Happy boys who could hardly hold such a large plant passed him by.
At the palace, all the boys lined up. Holding their big, strong plants in front of them, they waited to be judged. The King, in his rich silk robe, walked slowly down the line. He looked at each plant with a blank look in his face. When he came to Jun, he frowned and said, “What is this? You brought me an empty pot?”
At the palace, all the boys lined up.
It was all Jun could do to keep from crying. “If you please, Your Majesty!” said Jun, “I tried my best. I planted your seed in the best soil I could find. I kept it wet and watched it every day. When the seed did not grow, I moved it to new soil, and I even moved it a third time. But it just didn’t grow!" Jun hung his head. "I’m sorry.”
“Hmm,” said the King. Turning so everyone could hear he roared, “I do not know where all these other boys got their seeds. There is no way anything could grow from the seeds we passed out for the contest. And that is because all those seeds had been cooked! No plant could grow from them!"
And he smiled at Jun.
Question 1: From the story, what kind of quality in a person would you say was most important to the Emperor?
Question 2: If you were the emperor and choosing a successor, what would be the most important quality you would look for? the second most important quality? the third?
WE WANT TO HEAR FROM YOU!
The above story is retold by Elaine L. Lindy. ©2006. All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:8bb86b6c-fa9f-42bb-9cc0-9bbb8828ab65> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.storiestogrowby.org/story/early-reader-empty-pot-short-story-kids/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250598800.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120135447-20200120164447-00067.warc.gz | en | 0.992831 | 1,403 | 3.546875 | 4 | [
-0.19972454011440277,
0.3443335294723511,
0.46188169717788696,
-0.14071102440357208,
0.037013012915849686,
0.0949440449476242,
0.24631550908088684,
-0.08767343312501907,
-0.07897359132766724,
0.4104933738708496,
0.03586326912045479,
-0.20666486024856567,
0.410175085067749,
0.46979898214340... | 1 | The Empty Pot ~ "Early Reader" English Stories for Kids
ONE DAY LONG AGO, the King of China announced a contest to find the next ruler of the land. He was getting old and had no sons to take over the throne. (It was different then, and only a boy could rule the land.)
One thing about the King is he loved to grow plants. So he announced that any boy who wanted to be king would have to come to the palace and get a royal seed. In six months, the boy who grew the best plant would be the one to win the contest. He would be the next to sit on the throne.
Every boy in China was wild with joy! Each one was sure HE would be the winner! Boys all over started to walk with pride, as if they were the winner. Mothers and fathers were excited, too. It sure would be grand to live at the palace!
One boy, named Jun, was quiet. He knew he was good at growing things. Everyone in his village would fight over who was to get his melons, snow peas, his baby corn. All summer long, Jun was working hard at pulling weeds, or moving plants from here to there so they could grow better.
Every boy in Child was wild with joy.
On the big day when the royal seeds were to be given out, huge crowds of boys came to the palace. Jun was one of those boys. Each boy took home his royal seed, held tight in his hand.
At home, Jun took out a good flowerpot. He set down large stones on the bottom. Over them, he set smaller stones. Over those, he filled the rest of the pot with rich black dirt. Then he made a hole at the top, about one inch deep. Last, he pressed the royal seed into the hole and set dirt on top. With care, he tapped the top.
Over the next few days, Jun watered his pot every day. All over China, boys were doing the same thing. Each one looked with care at his own pot. When would the first little green leaf show up? Day after day, Jun watched and waited.
With care, he tapped the top.
Chen was the first boy in Jun’s village to announce that a green leaf was coming up. His news was met with great cheers. Chen said in a loud voice that he knew he would be King!
Han was the next one to say a little green plant was coming up in his pot. Then it was Wong. Jun did not know why there was no little plant in his pot. None of the other boys could grow plants as well as he! But still, Jun’s seed did not grow.
Soon sprouts were popping up from pots all over the village. Boys moved their baby plants outside so the little leaves could grow even bigger in the sun. Many stood guard over their dear pot at all times. Why, it seemed to Jun that every boy who planted a seed had a sprout by now. Every boy, that is, except him.
Still, Jun's seed did not grow.
He carefully took out the seed and moved it into another pot. He put the very best and richest black soil from his garden in the new pot. He broke up every clump of soil there was into a tiny, tiny bit of dirt. With great care, he pressed the royal seed on top. Jun watched the pot every day, adding drops of water here and there. But still, his seed did not grow.
Strong, mighty plants were soon rising from pots cared for by the other boys in Jun’s village. Sadly, Jun walked around with his head down. The other boys laughed at him. When something was empty, they would say that it was “as empty as Jun’s pot.” Jun moved his seed yet again. This time he took some dried fish and made it into a powder. He dusted the powder into the soil as fertilizer. Yet even so, Jun's seed did not grow.
Six months passed. The day came when all the boys needed to bring their plants to the palace to be judged. Chen, Han, Wong and hundreds of other boys cleaned their pots till they shone bright in the sun. They wiped with care each green leaf. They dressed in their best clothes. Mothers and fathers walked next to their sons to help keep plants up so they would not tip over.
Six months passed.
“What will I do?” wailed Jun to his mother and father as he looked out the window. The other boys were walking with pride to the palace. “My pot is empty! My seed did not grow!”
“Bring the King your pot, the way it is," said his father. "That's right," said Jun's mother. "You did the best you could.”
His face red with shame, Jun carried his empty pot on the road to the palace. Happy boys who could hardly hold such a large plant passed him by.
At the palace, all the boys lined up. Holding their big, strong plants in front of them, they waited to be judged. The King, in his rich silk robe, walked slowly down the line. He looked at each plant with a blank look in his face. When he came to Jun, he frowned and said, “What is this? You brought me an empty pot?”
At the palace, all the boys lined up.
It was all Jun could do to keep from crying. “If you please, Your Majesty!” said Jun, “I tried my best. I planted your seed in the best soil I could find. I kept it wet and watched it every day. When the seed did not grow, I moved it to new soil, and I even moved it a third time. But it just didn’t grow!" Jun hung his head. "I’m sorry.”
“Hmm,” said the King. Turning so everyone could hear he roared, “I do not know where all these other boys got their seeds. There is no way anything could grow from the seeds we passed out for the contest. And that is because all those seeds had been cooked! No plant could grow from them!"
And he smiled at Jun.
Question 1: From the story, what kind of quality in a person would you say was most important to the Emperor?
Question 2: If you were the emperor and choosing a successor, what would be the most important quality you would look for? the second most important quality? the third?
WE WANT TO HEAR FROM YOU!
The above story is retold by Elaine L. Lindy. ©2006. All rights reserved. | 1,347 | ENGLISH | 1 |
The 1930’s were a decade of great change politically, economically, and socially. The Great Depression and the Dust Bowl wore raw the nerves of the people, and our true strength was shown. From it arose John Steinbeck, a storyteller of the Okies and their hardships. His books, especially The Grapes of Wrath, are reflections of what really went on in the 1930’s. John Steinbeck did not write about what he had previously read, he instead wrote what he experienced through his travels with the migrant workers.
“His method was not to present himself notebook in hand and interview people. Instead he worked and traveled with the migrants as one of them, living as they did and arousing no suspicion from employers militantly alert against “agitators” of any kind.” (Lisca 14) John Steinbeck’s The Grapes of Wrath was derived from his personal experiences and his journeys with the migrant workers.
John Steinbeck was born on February 27, 1902 in the town of Salinas, California. Salinas was an agricultural trading center with ties to the farms and ranches in the area. Steinbeck’s father, John Steinbeck Sr.
, was in the flour-milling business and through it supported his family of three daughters and one son. Steinbeck was a good student and a great writer even at an early age; he wrote stories for his high school paper. (Lisca 1-4)
The experiences that were most influential to Steinbeck were not at school, but instead came from his home and the countryside. He read his mother’s books, which included the titles
of Crime and Punishment, Paradise Lost and The Return of the Native. Another major influence was the countryside of California that surrounded him all his childhood. He went with
his family to his mother’s family ranch, where Steinbeck was surrounded by nature, and these kinds of trips led him to write such books as “East of Eden” and “The Red Pony”.
Later in life, Steinbeck wrote a book called “In Dubious Battle”, which made him known as sympathetic to the labor conditions in California. Because of this, Steinbeck accepted assignments to write articles about the migrants working in California. Steinbeck had been aware of the labor problems in his state of California, but for these articles he wanted to experience it firsthand. For inspiration for his articles, and also what would turn out to be the inspiration for “Grapes of Wrath”, he visited the farms outside his native Salinas and also visited the squatter camps near Bakersfield (Lisca 12-14). These visits to the squatter camps led to his creation of the Weedpatch camp in “Grapes of Wrath”.
A few years later, Steinbeck returned to California to write “Grapes of Wrath” and to further research the flawed California labor.
“He was not, however, merely researching materials for his next book, but passionately involved in the suffering and injustice” (Lisca 16). His fervor for the migrant cause almost lead him to abandon his recent writing and revise “Of Mice and Men” and sell it so he could donate to money to the migrant workers.
In early September 1936, Steinbeck went back to Salinas to find that there was a violent clash between growers and workers over a strike that resulted in riots and killings. This turned Steinbeck upside down, because now it was not only something happening in California, but was happening in the town where he grew up.
While visiting migrant camps that were being flooded by the torrential rain in Visalia, he was filled with anger at the conditions in which these people were living (DeMott 3). The people
were living in flooded tents where the people were without food or fire.
The town and the county had stopped giving help because the situation had become too unbearable (DeMott
xxviii). Here is an excerpt from Steinbeck’s personal journal when he was in Visalia in the winter of 1938:
I must go over into the interior valleys. There are about five thousand families starving to death over there, not just hungry but actually starving. The government is trying to feed them and get medical attention to them with the fascist group of utilities and banks and huge growers sabotaging the thing all along . | <urn:uuid:5d43e158-447f-421b-a00b-08bd236967d1> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://artscolumbia.org/essays/john-steinbeck-experiencing-the-dust-bowl-essay-108482/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251681412.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125191854-20200125221854-00001.warc.gz | en | 0.988289 | 920 | 3.484375 | 3 | [
0.170294851064682,
0.12216030806303024,
0.14891798794269562,
-0.2900833785533905,
-0.001222030958160758,
-0.22900786995887756,
-0.16096732020378113,
0.22759923338890076,
-0.2877258062362671,
-0.3731250464916229,
0.10199905186891556,
0.26970210671424866,
0.04569188505411148,
-0.035890884697... | 3 | The 1930’s were a decade of great change politically, economically, and socially. The Great Depression and the Dust Bowl wore raw the nerves of the people, and our true strength was shown. From it arose John Steinbeck, a storyteller of the Okies and their hardships. His books, especially The Grapes of Wrath, are reflections of what really went on in the 1930’s. John Steinbeck did not write about what he had previously read, he instead wrote what he experienced through his travels with the migrant workers.
“His method was not to present himself notebook in hand and interview people. Instead he worked and traveled with the migrants as one of them, living as they did and arousing no suspicion from employers militantly alert against “agitators” of any kind.” (Lisca 14) John Steinbeck’s The Grapes of Wrath was derived from his personal experiences and his journeys with the migrant workers.
John Steinbeck was born on February 27, 1902 in the town of Salinas, California. Salinas was an agricultural trading center with ties to the farms and ranches in the area. Steinbeck’s father, John Steinbeck Sr.
, was in the flour-milling business and through it supported his family of three daughters and one son. Steinbeck was a good student and a great writer even at an early age; he wrote stories for his high school paper. (Lisca 1-4)
The experiences that were most influential to Steinbeck were not at school, but instead came from his home and the countryside. He read his mother’s books, which included the titles
of Crime and Punishment, Paradise Lost and The Return of the Native. Another major influence was the countryside of California that surrounded him all his childhood. He went with
his family to his mother’s family ranch, where Steinbeck was surrounded by nature, and these kinds of trips led him to write such books as “East of Eden” and “The Red Pony”.
Later in life, Steinbeck wrote a book called “In Dubious Battle”, which made him known as sympathetic to the labor conditions in California. Because of this, Steinbeck accepted assignments to write articles about the migrants working in California. Steinbeck had been aware of the labor problems in his state of California, but for these articles he wanted to experience it firsthand. For inspiration for his articles, and also what would turn out to be the inspiration for “Grapes of Wrath”, he visited the farms outside his native Salinas and also visited the squatter camps near Bakersfield (Lisca 12-14). These visits to the squatter camps led to his creation of the Weedpatch camp in “Grapes of Wrath”.
A few years later, Steinbeck returned to California to write “Grapes of Wrath” and to further research the flawed California labor.
“He was not, however, merely researching materials for his next book, but passionately involved in the suffering and injustice” (Lisca 16). His fervor for the migrant cause almost lead him to abandon his recent writing and revise “Of Mice and Men” and sell it so he could donate to money to the migrant workers.
In early September 1936, Steinbeck went back to Salinas to find that there was a violent clash between growers and workers over a strike that resulted in riots and killings. This turned Steinbeck upside down, because now it was not only something happening in California, but was happening in the town where he grew up.
While visiting migrant camps that were being flooded by the torrential rain in Visalia, he was filled with anger at the conditions in which these people were living (DeMott 3). The people
were living in flooded tents where the people were without food or fire.
The town and the county had stopped giving help because the situation had become too unbearable (DeMott
xxviii). Here is an excerpt from Steinbeck’s personal journal when he was in Visalia in the winter of 1938:
I must go over into the interior valleys. There are about five thousand families starving to death over there, not just hungry but actually starving. The government is trying to feed them and get medical attention to them with the fascist group of utilities and banks and huge growers sabotaging the thing all along . | 897 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Located approximately 20 miles southeast of the modern city of Baghdad, along the river Tigris, it rose to prominence along with the Parthian Empire in the first century BC, and was the seat of government for most of its rulers.
Because of its importance, Ctesiphon was a major military objective for the leaders of the Roman Empire in its eastern wars. The city was captured by Roman or Byzantine forces five times in its history, three times in the second century alone. The emperor Trajan captured Ctesiphon in 116 and actually annexed it to the Roman Empire, but his successor Hadrian returned it in 117 as part of a peace settlement. The Roman general Avitus captured Ctesiphon during another Parthian war in 164, but abandoned it when peace was concluded. In 197, the emperor Septimius Severus sacked Ctesiphon and carried off thousands of its inhabitants, possibly as many as 100,000, whom he sold into slavery.
Late in the third century, after the Parthians had been supplanted by the Sassanidss, the city again became a souce of conflict with Rome. In 295, the Caesar Galerius was defeated by the Persians outside the city. Humiliated, he returned a year later and won a tremendous victory which ended in the fourth and final capture of the city by a Roman army. He returned it to the Persian king Narses in exchange for Armenia.
The ruins of Ctesiphon were the site of a major battle of World War I in November of 1915. The Ottoman Empire defeated troops of Great Britain attempting to capture Baghdad, and drove them back some 40 miles before trapping the British force and compelling it to surrender. | <urn:uuid:7acad78e-d9b5-47a0-9f7f-23abd0f20849> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | http://www.fact-index.com/c/ct/ctesiphon.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251689924.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126135207-20200126165207-00055.warc.gz | en | 0.982292 | 348 | 3.890625 | 4 | [
0.1065313071012497,
0.4990484416484833,
0.5614147186279297,
-0.034320168197155,
-0.35078200697898865,
-0.4473861753940582,
-0.11587624996900558,
0.4155549108982086,
0.15606482326984406,
-0.23533792793750763,
-0.27251511812210083,
-0.6639230251312256,
-0.07030870765447617,
0.223080068826675... | 4 | Located approximately 20 miles southeast of the modern city of Baghdad, along the river Tigris, it rose to prominence along with the Parthian Empire in the first century BC, and was the seat of government for most of its rulers.
Because of its importance, Ctesiphon was a major military objective for the leaders of the Roman Empire in its eastern wars. The city was captured by Roman or Byzantine forces five times in its history, three times in the second century alone. The emperor Trajan captured Ctesiphon in 116 and actually annexed it to the Roman Empire, but his successor Hadrian returned it in 117 as part of a peace settlement. The Roman general Avitus captured Ctesiphon during another Parthian war in 164, but abandoned it when peace was concluded. In 197, the emperor Septimius Severus sacked Ctesiphon and carried off thousands of its inhabitants, possibly as many as 100,000, whom he sold into slavery.
Late in the third century, after the Parthians had been supplanted by the Sassanidss, the city again became a souce of conflict with Rome. In 295, the Caesar Galerius was defeated by the Persians outside the city. Humiliated, he returned a year later and won a tremendous victory which ended in the fourth and final capture of the city by a Roman army. He returned it to the Persian king Narses in exchange for Armenia.
The ruins of Ctesiphon were the site of a major battle of World War I in November of 1915. The Ottoman Empire defeated troops of Great Britain attempting to capture Baghdad, and drove them back some 40 miles before trapping the British force and compelling it to surrender. | 377 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Numitor, King of Alba, had been ousted by his brutal brother, Amulius. Amulius made sure Numitor would have no heirs by forcing Numitor’s only child, his daughter, Rhea Silvia, to spend her days as a vestal virgin, serving in the temple of Venus, goddess of the hearth.
Nevertheless, Rhea subsequently gave birth to twin boys, Romulus and Remus. Their
The river bore the twins safely ashore, where they were found by a she-wolf who suckled them with her milk. The wolf looked after them until they were found by Faustulus, one of the old king’s shepherds, who adopted them as his own. When the boys were grown, Faustulus told them who their father was and described their mother’s fate. Romulus and Remus avenged he by killing Amulius, and they restored Numitor to the throne. They then decided to build a city on the Tiber River. Realizing that only one of them could be its ruler, they sought guidance from the gods. Each climbed a high mountain to see what he could see. Remus saw a flight of six vultures, but Romulus saw twelve. Therefore Romulus, judging that the gods had favored him, began to lay the foundations of the city of Rome. He plowed a furrow to mark where the walls would be. But Remus mocked him, leaping over the thin furrow and saying that Rome’s enemies would be able to get over its walls just as easily. Romulus was so furious he struck his brother dead. The city was built. It had a ruler, but no citizens. So Romulus declared Rome’s sacred grove to be a sanctuary, and it soon filled with outlaws and fugitives, whom Romulus welcomed as his subjects. But there were still no women. So Romulus organized some games and invited his neighbours, the Sabines. While the Sabine men were enjoying themselves, he and his men carried off many of the Sabine women to Rome. Bloody war followed, but eventually the women themselves stopped the fighting, begging their new husbands and their fathers not to slaughter themselves needlessly. Romulus, the founder of Rome, was not to be its earthly ruler for very long. For his father, Mars, begged almighty Jupiter to make Romulus a god. When Jupiter agreed, Mars descended in his chariot and swept Romulus away. The body of the living man melted into thin air. From heaven, Romulus oversaw the rise, and fall, of the great nation he had founded.
According to legend, the city of Rome was founded in 753 BC by Romulus, who was the son of Mars, the god of war, and Rhea Silvia, a human. The city, set on seven hills, was probably occupied during the Bronze Age, but appears in history in the 8th century BC. The Romulus legend seems to have originated in the 4th century BC.
According to the story, after a battle with his twin brother Remus, Romulus became the first king of the new land before being spirited away to Mount Olympus. He was supposedly followed by Numa Pompilius, a wise ruler who is said to have contributed to the development of the modern calendar. | <urn:uuid:f72244bd-2b8b-4a6e-ab67-8f4556e8907f> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | http://essay.ua-referat.com/Romulus_And_Remus | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250604397.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121132900-20200121161900-00382.warc.gz | en | 0.99147 | 687 | 3.59375 | 4 | [
-0.20182478427886963,
0.5547614693641663,
0.020860187709331512,
-0.1378273069858551,
-0.20375755429267883,
-0.3021404445171356,
0.050711072981357574,
0.1555255502462387,
-0.01778746210038662,
-0.09917691349983215,
0.10256774723529816,
-0.4993640184402466,
-0.020706038922071457,
-0.01824913... | 1 | Numitor, King of Alba, had been ousted by his brutal brother, Amulius. Amulius made sure Numitor would have no heirs by forcing Numitor’s only child, his daughter, Rhea Silvia, to spend her days as a vestal virgin, serving in the temple of Venus, goddess of the hearth.
Nevertheless, Rhea subsequently gave birth to twin boys, Romulus and Remus. Their
The river bore the twins safely ashore, where they were found by a she-wolf who suckled them with her milk. The wolf looked after them until they were found by Faustulus, one of the old king’s shepherds, who adopted them as his own. When the boys were grown, Faustulus told them who their father was and described their mother’s fate. Romulus and Remus avenged he by killing Amulius, and they restored Numitor to the throne. They then decided to build a city on the Tiber River. Realizing that only one of them could be its ruler, they sought guidance from the gods. Each climbed a high mountain to see what he could see. Remus saw a flight of six vultures, but Romulus saw twelve. Therefore Romulus, judging that the gods had favored him, began to lay the foundations of the city of Rome. He plowed a furrow to mark where the walls would be. But Remus mocked him, leaping over the thin furrow and saying that Rome’s enemies would be able to get over its walls just as easily. Romulus was so furious he struck his brother dead. The city was built. It had a ruler, but no citizens. So Romulus declared Rome’s sacred grove to be a sanctuary, and it soon filled with outlaws and fugitives, whom Romulus welcomed as his subjects. But there were still no women. So Romulus organized some games and invited his neighbours, the Sabines. While the Sabine men were enjoying themselves, he and his men carried off many of the Sabine women to Rome. Bloody war followed, but eventually the women themselves stopped the fighting, begging their new husbands and their fathers not to slaughter themselves needlessly. Romulus, the founder of Rome, was not to be its earthly ruler for very long. For his father, Mars, begged almighty Jupiter to make Romulus a god. When Jupiter agreed, Mars descended in his chariot and swept Romulus away. The body of the living man melted into thin air. From heaven, Romulus oversaw the rise, and fall, of the great nation he had founded.
According to legend, the city of Rome was founded in 753 BC by Romulus, who was the son of Mars, the god of war, and Rhea Silvia, a human. The city, set on seven hills, was probably occupied during the Bronze Age, but appears in history in the 8th century BC. The Romulus legend seems to have originated in the 4th century BC.
According to the story, after a battle with his twin brother Remus, Romulus became the first king of the new land before being spirited away to Mount Olympus. He was supposedly followed by Numa Pompilius, a wise ruler who is said to have contributed to the development of the modern calendar. | 683 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Philip IV (1605-1665), King of Spain, Naples, Sicily and Sardinia (1621), King of Portugal (1621-1640), Duke of Milan, Lothier, Brabant, Limburg and Luxemburg; Count Palatine of Burgundy; Count of Flanders, Hainaut and Namur (1621)
Philip IV of Spain (Spanish: Felipe IV; 8 April 1605 – 17 September 1665) was King of Spain and Portugal as Philip III (Portuguese: Filipe III). He ascended the thrones in 1621 and reigned in Spain until his death and in Portugal until 1640. Philip is remembered for his patronage of the arts, including such artists as Diego Velázquez, and his rule over Spain during the challenging period of the Thirty Years' War. Philip IV was born in Valladolid, and was the eldest son of Philip III and his wife, Margaret of Austria. In 1615, at the age of 10, Philip was married to 13-year-old Elisabeth of France, although the relationship does not appear to have been close; some have even suggested that Olivares, his key minister, later deliberately tried to keep the two apart to maintain his influence, encouraging Philip to take mistresses instead. Philip had seven children by Elisabeth, with only one being a son, Balthasar Charles, who died at the age of sixteen in 1646. The death of his son deeply shocked the king, who appears to have been a good father by the standards of the day. Elisabeth was able to conspire with other Spanish nobles to remove Olivares from the court in 1643, and for a brief period she held considerable influence over Philip; by the time of her death, however, she was out of favour, following manoeuvering by Olivares' successor, Luis de Haro.
Read more: Wikipedia
Find out about full size: | <urn:uuid:2734e19b-930e-45da-8278-762b0ab4cbf0> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | http://portraitsofkings.com/gallery/spain-portugal/philip-iv-1605-1665/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250595787.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119234426-20200120022426-00527.warc.gz | en | 0.984386 | 406 | 3.359375 | 3 | [
0.08811457455158234,
0.6619101762771606,
0.15985041856765747,
-0.2455533742904663,
-0.41546905040740967,
-0.4533160626888275,
-0.1859806478023529,
0.2539317011833191,
0.27387765049934387,
0.08123486489057541,
0.21092098951339722,
-0.5146753787994385,
0.02180592715740204,
0.1485705971717834... | 2 | Philip IV (1605-1665), King of Spain, Naples, Sicily and Sardinia (1621), King of Portugal (1621-1640), Duke of Milan, Lothier, Brabant, Limburg and Luxemburg; Count Palatine of Burgundy; Count of Flanders, Hainaut and Namur (1621)
Philip IV of Spain (Spanish: Felipe IV; 8 April 1605 – 17 September 1665) was King of Spain and Portugal as Philip III (Portuguese: Filipe III). He ascended the thrones in 1621 and reigned in Spain until his death and in Portugal until 1640. Philip is remembered for his patronage of the arts, including such artists as Diego Velázquez, and his rule over Spain during the challenging period of the Thirty Years' War. Philip IV was born in Valladolid, and was the eldest son of Philip III and his wife, Margaret of Austria. In 1615, at the age of 10, Philip was married to 13-year-old Elisabeth of France, although the relationship does not appear to have been close; some have even suggested that Olivares, his key minister, later deliberately tried to keep the two apart to maintain his influence, encouraging Philip to take mistresses instead. Philip had seven children by Elisabeth, with only one being a son, Balthasar Charles, who died at the age of sixteen in 1646. The death of his son deeply shocked the king, who appears to have been a good father by the standards of the day. Elisabeth was able to conspire with other Spanish nobles to remove Olivares from the court in 1643, and for a brief period she held considerable influence over Philip; by the time of her death, however, she was out of favour, following manoeuvering by Olivares' successor, Luis de Haro.
Read more: Wikipedia
Find out about full size: | 438 | ENGLISH | 1 |
During the Mesozoic era, also known as the "Middle Life" era, life quickly diversified and giant reptiles, dinosaurs and other monstrous beasts wandered around the Earth. This period, which stretched from about 252 million years ago to about 66 million years ago, was also known as the reptile era or the dinosaur era. During the period, there were no major orogenic changes, but the continents began to separate.
The Mesozoic era is known mostly as the era in which the dinosaurs existed, it is a division of the geological scale belonging to the Phanerozoic eon or geological time division, and in which the Pangea gradually fragmented, and the continents began to move to the position they have today.
During the Mesozoic period, there were major changes in geological and biological transition. During this era, continents began to move and separate from the Pangea. There was a process of modernization of different forms of life that occupied the Earth, and one reason for this was the disappearance of many types of organisms. Three of the five largest and most historic mass extinctions of the Earth occurred, which in turn, are related to the Mesozoic stage.
As the continents separated, marine sediments began to accumulate in large channels that now form the Pacific region, the eastern coasts of North America and the Gulf of Mexico. The orogeny began to occur on the western margins of North and South America. There were changes in equator and pole temperatures as the earth was warmer than it is today. Evidence has been discovered that the global cooling was the result of the impact of an asteroid against the Yucatan Peninsula, the great volcanic activity and the blocking effects of the sun due to the dust that was thrown into the atmosphere.
The periods of the Mesozoic era are three:
The climate can be studied depending on the period, therefore, in the Triassic period, it was hot and very dry, giving rise to deserts, it was very seasonal and had very hot summers and quite cold winters. During the Cretaceous period, there are few data regarding climate, but it is believed that the high levels of carbon dioxide produced a temperature change, which rose enormously giving way to deserts formation. Jurassic climate was warmer and more humid, with the presence of tropical and subtropical belts that formed new plants.
The first mammals and birds appeared. These birds were descendants of the dinosaurs. Some dinosaurs, in order to conquer the air, began to transform their front extremities into wings in order to fly, and their body began to cover itself with feathers to offer them protection. During the Cretaceous period, animals such as hadrosaurs, iguanodons, ornithopters, pachycephalosaurs, all of them of enormous size, appeared. In the Jurassic period the first amphibians and reptiles appeared, and the predators became bigger adapting their forms of survival by means of hunting. The first birds also appeared.
They were the species that populated the earth millions of years ago. Reptiles of prehistoric origin of different sizes that populated and ruled the Mesozoic era. Some of them were bipeds, others had claws and others were quadrupeds. They were slow, fast, enormous in size, and some species were smaller in size. They were predatory and fast. They did not crawl but could walk and could be carnivores or herbivores.
During the Mesozoic era, plants did not actually undergo major changes or extinctions. They were adapted to the type of dry and warm climate and were mainly cycads. The ferns dominated the wettest areas along with the cycads, which were very similar to the palms and pines of today. In the last period there was the formation of abundant vegetation. | <urn:uuid:f6663a05-c7fa-48cb-a4e4-2c6b0c9b0a59> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.euston96.com/en/mesozoic-era/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251700988.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127143516-20200127173516-00327.warc.gz | en | 0.984268 | 773 | 4.28125 | 4 | [
-0.3854685425758362,
0.21124792098999023,
0.6508129835128784,
-0.12250852584838867,
-0.3327285051345825,
-0.3343270421028137,
-0.20092004537582397,
0.0142331812530756,
-0.11361280083656311,
-0.007904049009084702,
0.07898435741662979,
-0.20391449332237244,
0.2178952693939209,
0.087427541613... | 3 | During the Mesozoic era, also known as the "Middle Life" era, life quickly diversified and giant reptiles, dinosaurs and other monstrous beasts wandered around the Earth. This period, which stretched from about 252 million years ago to about 66 million years ago, was also known as the reptile era or the dinosaur era. During the period, there were no major orogenic changes, but the continents began to separate.
The Mesozoic era is known mostly as the era in which the dinosaurs existed, it is a division of the geological scale belonging to the Phanerozoic eon or geological time division, and in which the Pangea gradually fragmented, and the continents began to move to the position they have today.
During the Mesozoic period, there were major changes in geological and biological transition. During this era, continents began to move and separate from the Pangea. There was a process of modernization of different forms of life that occupied the Earth, and one reason for this was the disappearance of many types of organisms. Three of the five largest and most historic mass extinctions of the Earth occurred, which in turn, are related to the Mesozoic stage.
As the continents separated, marine sediments began to accumulate in large channels that now form the Pacific region, the eastern coasts of North America and the Gulf of Mexico. The orogeny began to occur on the western margins of North and South America. There were changes in equator and pole temperatures as the earth was warmer than it is today. Evidence has been discovered that the global cooling was the result of the impact of an asteroid against the Yucatan Peninsula, the great volcanic activity and the blocking effects of the sun due to the dust that was thrown into the atmosphere.
The periods of the Mesozoic era are three:
The climate can be studied depending on the period, therefore, in the Triassic period, it was hot and very dry, giving rise to deserts, it was very seasonal and had very hot summers and quite cold winters. During the Cretaceous period, there are few data regarding climate, but it is believed that the high levels of carbon dioxide produced a temperature change, which rose enormously giving way to deserts formation. Jurassic climate was warmer and more humid, with the presence of tropical and subtropical belts that formed new plants.
The first mammals and birds appeared. These birds were descendants of the dinosaurs. Some dinosaurs, in order to conquer the air, began to transform their front extremities into wings in order to fly, and their body began to cover itself with feathers to offer them protection. During the Cretaceous period, animals such as hadrosaurs, iguanodons, ornithopters, pachycephalosaurs, all of them of enormous size, appeared. In the Jurassic period the first amphibians and reptiles appeared, and the predators became bigger adapting their forms of survival by means of hunting. The first birds also appeared.
They were the species that populated the earth millions of years ago. Reptiles of prehistoric origin of different sizes that populated and ruled the Mesozoic era. Some of them were bipeds, others had claws and others were quadrupeds. They were slow, fast, enormous in size, and some species were smaller in size. They were predatory and fast. They did not crawl but could walk and could be carnivores or herbivores.
During the Mesozoic era, plants did not actually undergo major changes or extinctions. They were adapted to the type of dry and warm climate and were mainly cycads. The ferns dominated the wettest areas along with the cycads, which were very similar to the palms and pines of today. In the last period there was the formation of abundant vegetation. | 773 | ENGLISH | 1 |
- President Donald Trump was impeached by the House of Representatives on December 18, and his trial is currently underway in the Senate.
- The House charged Trump with two counts: abuse of power and obstruction of Congress. No sitting president has ever been convicted.
- Only three US presidents have faced impeachment before him — Andrew Johnson in 1868 and Bill Clinton in 1998 were both impeached, while Richard Nixon resigned before he could be impeached in 1974.
- Here's how the process went for them and how it compares with today.
- Visit Business Insider's homepage for more stories.
President Donald Trump became the third president in the history of the United States to be impeached.
The House of Representatives made the decision in a historic vote on December 18, impeaching Trump on two impeachment articles — one charging him with abusing his office, the other charging him with obstructing Congress.
These are based on Congress' investigation into whether Trump attempted to get Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky to investigate the Democratic presidential candidate Joe Biden and his son.
Impeachment is a power Congress has to remove presidents or other federal officials from office if enough lawmakers find that they have committed "treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors."
Three other presidents have faced impeachment proceedings, but only two have been successfully impeached.
In 1868, Andrew Johnson was impeached, charged with breaching the Tenure of Office Act, but the Senate narrowly acquitted him by one vote. In 1974, Richard Nixon faced an impeachment inquiry, but he resigned before the House could impeach him. In 1998, Bill Clinton was impeached, but he was acquitted by the Senate.
Here's how the process went for the three presidents who were impeached.
Johnson was the first sitting president to ever face impeachment proceedings.
It all began when he removed his Secretary of War Edwin Stanton from office in 1867, which breached the Tenure of Office Act. The law meant he couldn't fire any important officials without first getting Senate's permission. At first, he had suspended Stanton and replaced him, but when Congress intervened and reinstated Stanton, Johnson fired him on February 21, 1868.
Three days later, on February 24, 1868, the House of Representatives impeached Johnson by a vote of 126-47. The House said he'd violated the law and disgraced the US Congress.
From March to May 1868, over 11 weeks, the Senate tried Johnson's case and finally voted to acquit him. The vote was 35 guilty to 19 not guilty. One more guilty vote would have met the required two-thirds that's necessary for a conviction.
Clinton was the second president to face impeachment proceedings. From early 1994, he was dealing with scandals, beginning with a financial investigation known as "Whitewater."
That same year, Paula Jones sued him, accusing the president of sexual harassment. Clinton argued he had presidential immunity from civil cases, but in 1997, the Supreme Court rejected his argument.
In January 1998, during Jones' case, Clinton denied under oath that he'd ever had an affair with the White House intern Monica Lewinsky. But news of Clinton's affair with Lewinsky got out.
In July 1998, Clinton testified about the allegations that he'd committed perjury by lying about his affair with Lewinsky. And by August, he'd acknowledged having an affair with Lewinsky.
Lewinsky had also recorded conversations of her talking about the affair, and the transcripts of the conversation went public in October 1998.
On October 8, 1998, just days after the tapes were released, the House of Representatives voted for impeachment proceedings to begin against Clinton. In a report released in September by the independent counsel Kenneth Starr, there were 11 grounds for impeachment.
On December 11, 1998, the House approved three articles of impeachment along party lines — charging Clinton had lied to a grand jury, committed perjury by denying his relationship with Lewinsky, and obstructed justice. The next day, a fourth article was approved, which accused Clinton of abusing his power.
On December 19, 1998, the House impeached Clinton for two of the articles — perjury and obstructing justice. The votes were 228-206 and 221-212, respectively, also largely along party lines. Despite being impeached, Clinton refused to step down.
Clinton was tried by the Senate and acquitted on February 12, 1999.
Trump became the third president to be impeached. He was impeached on two counts: abuse of power and obstruction of Congress.
The House of Representatives launched an impeachment inquiry into Trump on September 24, following a whistleblower complaint claiming that the president abused his political power in exchange for an investigation into a political opponent, 2020 presidential candidate and former Vice President Joe Biden and his son Hunter Biden.
House investigators were looking into whether or not Trump withheld military aid to Ukraine to pressure the country into conducting an investigation into the Bidens for corruption.
Trump has vehemently denied that there was any "quid pro quo" in his conversations with Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky, and has since blasted House Democrats for the impeachment investigation, equating it to the Salem witch trials.
On December 18, the House voted along party lines, earning a majority to charge the president on both counts. The House passed the abuse of power article by a vote of 230 to 197 to 1, and the obstruction of Congress article by a vote of 229 to 198 to 1.
The House voted for Speaker Nancy Pelosi to formally submit the articles of impeachment to the Senate on January 15. The trial is now underway in the Senate, with Supreme Court Chief Justice John Roberts presiding.
For Trump to be removed from office, two-thirds of the Senate — 67 members — must vote to convict him. The Senate consists of 53 Republicans, 45 Democrats, and two independents who caucus with Democrats, meaning it's highly likely Trump will be acquitted. | <urn:uuid:42ef15fc-3efc-4063-b1ac-29a4637d59ae> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.businessinsider.com/list-of-impeached-us-presidents-2019-12?fbclid=IwAR2BblLEVLjQM25TWhUagOzQsl8mjhNtZp7dBwE-73Jb2NSDqkjI_lOTGvY | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251705142.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127174507-20200127204507-00167.warc.gz | en | 0.982289 | 1,205 | 3.359375 | 3 | [
-0.013125605881214142,
-0.013367988169193268,
0.5185134410858154,
-0.006777690723538399,
-0.024329688400030136,
0.05316559597849846,
0.05483325570821762,
-0.16707387566566467,
0.3883606493473053,
0.26187270879745483,
0.42112916707992554,
0.41838061809539795,
-0.13087809085845947,
0.4643846... | 1 | - President Donald Trump was impeached by the House of Representatives on December 18, and his trial is currently underway in the Senate.
- The House charged Trump with two counts: abuse of power and obstruction of Congress. No sitting president has ever been convicted.
- Only three US presidents have faced impeachment before him — Andrew Johnson in 1868 and Bill Clinton in 1998 were both impeached, while Richard Nixon resigned before he could be impeached in 1974.
- Here's how the process went for them and how it compares with today.
- Visit Business Insider's homepage for more stories.
President Donald Trump became the third president in the history of the United States to be impeached.
The House of Representatives made the decision in a historic vote on December 18, impeaching Trump on two impeachment articles — one charging him with abusing his office, the other charging him with obstructing Congress.
These are based on Congress' investigation into whether Trump attempted to get Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky to investigate the Democratic presidential candidate Joe Biden and his son.
Impeachment is a power Congress has to remove presidents or other federal officials from office if enough lawmakers find that they have committed "treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors."
Three other presidents have faced impeachment proceedings, but only two have been successfully impeached.
In 1868, Andrew Johnson was impeached, charged with breaching the Tenure of Office Act, but the Senate narrowly acquitted him by one vote. In 1974, Richard Nixon faced an impeachment inquiry, but he resigned before the House could impeach him. In 1998, Bill Clinton was impeached, but he was acquitted by the Senate.
Here's how the process went for the three presidents who were impeached.
Johnson was the first sitting president to ever face impeachment proceedings.
It all began when he removed his Secretary of War Edwin Stanton from office in 1867, which breached the Tenure of Office Act. The law meant he couldn't fire any important officials without first getting Senate's permission. At first, he had suspended Stanton and replaced him, but when Congress intervened and reinstated Stanton, Johnson fired him on February 21, 1868.
Three days later, on February 24, 1868, the House of Representatives impeached Johnson by a vote of 126-47. The House said he'd violated the law and disgraced the US Congress.
From March to May 1868, over 11 weeks, the Senate tried Johnson's case and finally voted to acquit him. The vote was 35 guilty to 19 not guilty. One more guilty vote would have met the required two-thirds that's necessary for a conviction.
Clinton was the second president to face impeachment proceedings. From early 1994, he was dealing with scandals, beginning with a financial investigation known as "Whitewater."
That same year, Paula Jones sued him, accusing the president of sexual harassment. Clinton argued he had presidential immunity from civil cases, but in 1997, the Supreme Court rejected his argument.
In January 1998, during Jones' case, Clinton denied under oath that he'd ever had an affair with the White House intern Monica Lewinsky. But news of Clinton's affair with Lewinsky got out.
In July 1998, Clinton testified about the allegations that he'd committed perjury by lying about his affair with Lewinsky. And by August, he'd acknowledged having an affair with Lewinsky.
Lewinsky had also recorded conversations of her talking about the affair, and the transcripts of the conversation went public in October 1998.
On October 8, 1998, just days after the tapes were released, the House of Representatives voted for impeachment proceedings to begin against Clinton. In a report released in September by the independent counsel Kenneth Starr, there were 11 grounds for impeachment.
On December 11, 1998, the House approved three articles of impeachment along party lines — charging Clinton had lied to a grand jury, committed perjury by denying his relationship with Lewinsky, and obstructed justice. The next day, a fourth article was approved, which accused Clinton of abusing his power.
On December 19, 1998, the House impeached Clinton for two of the articles — perjury and obstructing justice. The votes were 228-206 and 221-212, respectively, also largely along party lines. Despite being impeached, Clinton refused to step down.
Clinton was tried by the Senate and acquitted on February 12, 1999.
Trump became the third president to be impeached. He was impeached on two counts: abuse of power and obstruction of Congress.
The House of Representatives launched an impeachment inquiry into Trump on September 24, following a whistleblower complaint claiming that the president abused his political power in exchange for an investigation into a political opponent, 2020 presidential candidate and former Vice President Joe Biden and his son Hunter Biden.
House investigators were looking into whether or not Trump withheld military aid to Ukraine to pressure the country into conducting an investigation into the Bidens for corruption.
Trump has vehemently denied that there was any "quid pro quo" in his conversations with Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky, and has since blasted House Democrats for the impeachment investigation, equating it to the Salem witch trials.
On December 18, the House voted along party lines, earning a majority to charge the president on both counts. The House passed the abuse of power article by a vote of 230 to 197 to 1, and the obstruction of Congress article by a vote of 229 to 198 to 1.
The House voted for Speaker Nancy Pelosi to formally submit the articles of impeachment to the Senate on January 15. The trial is now underway in the Senate, with Supreme Court Chief Justice John Roberts presiding.
For Trump to be removed from office, two-thirds of the Senate — 67 members — must vote to convict him. The Senate consists of 53 Republicans, 45 Democrats, and two independents who caucus with Democrats, meaning it's highly likely Trump will be acquitted. | 1,319 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Dating back to the beginning of times people have always been looked at different depending on the color of their skin or what your religion, race, or beliefs may be. It is in our human nature to not like people for certain things that they are. Many will argue that in this day in age we are no longer at a race war but how can you be so sure when you actually open your eyes and see reality. Rapper Kanye West once said “racism is still alive, they just be concealing it” and these words are everything but false. You must ask yourself the real question about racism and it is how could you ever cure such a thing in people’s minds? People are free to think and believe what ever they would like and old habits such as racism will never change in people.
1619, a date remembered by most African Americans (Afroamhistory). This date symbolizes the year when people were kidnapped from their homeland Africa by the Dutch and brought to be slaves in America. Africans at that time never imagined that they would be abducted and become slaves. Doing such things as farming, picking cotton, and cleaning the Africans freed the white man of any of his chorus and this made them masters. When you have become the master of someone or some thing in our mind that person or thing is automatically thought to be less compared to you.
The thought of African Americans being less than whites has carried on for years and was first challenged with the abolition of slavery in 1865 with the 13th Amendment (Our Documents). Abraham Lincoln gets credit for the freeing of the slaves because he was the president who fought to get these amendments. Although slavery was no longer aloud that did not change how people felt about the African Americans. Races with darker skin were not aloud to eat, sit, talk, or even use the bathroom with the white race. In earlier times it was believed that whites were still inferior to blacks and this would be challenged starting in 1955 with the Civil Rights Movement (Brunner, and Haney). This movement was lead for over 10 years before blacks finally start getting rights in 1968.
The year now is 2014 and with the Civil Right Movement being less than 60 years ago the generation who lived this is still alive. Most people still remember and hate that they once had for the opposing race and that is something that will never be forgotten and this generation will grow to teach their kids that and it will be an endless cycle of racism. The Klu Klux Klan is a group of white supremacist that believe that there race is supreme and that the African American race should be wiped off the earth. The question of is race still alive should already be answered just by the presence of such a group. In reports by CNS News in the last 86 years the Klan has lynched 3,446 blacks and that number is still on the rise today (Starr).
Immigrants who come to America are greeted with racism. Mexico is one of the leading countries that we get immigrants from (Botalava, and... | <urn:uuid:e2216294-4636-46fe-bac0-d36eee0c69df> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://brightkite.com/essay-on/racism-in-america-now | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250605075.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121192553-20200121221553-00064.warc.gz | en | 0.982267 | 612 | 3.390625 | 3 | [
-0.5229466557502747,
0.3616330027580261,
0.1928621530532837,
0.19191284477710724,
-0.2633007764816284,
0.43453681468963623,
0.018196631222963333,
-0.37700220942497253,
-0.010914554819464684,
0.024375654757022858,
0.4243798851966858,
0.05934286117553711,
-0.1473340094089508,
0.1465470194816... | 1 | Dating back to the beginning of times people have always been looked at different depending on the color of their skin or what your religion, race, or beliefs may be. It is in our human nature to not like people for certain things that they are. Many will argue that in this day in age we are no longer at a race war but how can you be so sure when you actually open your eyes and see reality. Rapper Kanye West once said “racism is still alive, they just be concealing it” and these words are everything but false. You must ask yourself the real question about racism and it is how could you ever cure such a thing in people’s minds? People are free to think and believe what ever they would like and old habits such as racism will never change in people.
1619, a date remembered by most African Americans (Afroamhistory). This date symbolizes the year when people were kidnapped from their homeland Africa by the Dutch and brought to be slaves in America. Africans at that time never imagined that they would be abducted and become slaves. Doing such things as farming, picking cotton, and cleaning the Africans freed the white man of any of his chorus and this made them masters. When you have become the master of someone or some thing in our mind that person or thing is automatically thought to be less compared to you.
The thought of African Americans being less than whites has carried on for years and was first challenged with the abolition of slavery in 1865 with the 13th Amendment (Our Documents). Abraham Lincoln gets credit for the freeing of the slaves because he was the president who fought to get these amendments. Although slavery was no longer aloud that did not change how people felt about the African Americans. Races with darker skin were not aloud to eat, sit, talk, or even use the bathroom with the white race. In earlier times it was believed that whites were still inferior to blacks and this would be challenged starting in 1955 with the Civil Rights Movement (Brunner, and Haney). This movement was lead for over 10 years before blacks finally start getting rights in 1968.
The year now is 2014 and with the Civil Right Movement being less than 60 years ago the generation who lived this is still alive. Most people still remember and hate that they once had for the opposing race and that is something that will never be forgotten and this generation will grow to teach their kids that and it will be an endless cycle of racism. The Klu Klux Klan is a group of white supremacist that believe that there race is supreme and that the African American race should be wiped off the earth. The question of is race still alive should already be answered just by the presence of such a group. In reports by CNS News in the last 86 years the Klan has lynched 3,446 blacks and that number is still on the rise today (Starr).
Immigrants who come to America are greeted with racism. Mexico is one of the leading countries that we get immigrants from (Botalava, and... | 634 | ENGLISH | 1 |
The Commonwealth—The Lord Protector
T HE British had hardly done fighting at home, when they had to fight with enemies abroad. They went to war with the Dutch, who at this time had a very famous admiral called Van Tromp. The English, too, had a famous admiral called Blake.
The Dutch and the British had several reasons for quarrelling. Each tried to spoil the trade of the other, and the Dutch would not acknowledge the new British Government. This made the Parliament very angry.
Several fierce battles were fought at sea, and when the Dutch won, Van Tromp hoisted a broom to his masthead, as a sign that he intended to sweep the British ships from the seas. Blake and the English were very angry at this. They built and manned more ships as fast as they could, and once more sailed out to fight the Dutch. When the two fleets met, the fiercest, longest battle of this sea war took place. For three days they fought, but in the end Blake was victorious and, bravely though he had fought, Van Tromp was obliged to lower his proud broom and sweep the remainder of his own fleet homeward.
It was now about four years since King Charles had been beheaded.
Cromwell was the strongest man in the country, yet no real ruler had been appointed, and the Rump Parliament was acting neither wisely nor well. Cromwell made up his mind to put an end to this.
So one day he marched to Parliament at the head of about three hundred of his soldiers. He himself went into the House, leaving some of his soldiers at the door, some in the lobby, and some on the stairs. He sat down in his usual place, and listened for some time to the talking. Then suddenly he rose up and began to speak.
He told the Parliament that the things which they did were unjust, that they were tyrants and worse. "But your hour hath come," he cried, "the Lord hath done with you," and putting on his hat, he stamped with his foot, and his soldiers rushed in.
"I will put an end to your babbling," he shouted, and at a signal from their master, the soldiers drove the members out of the hall, Cromwell calling out insulting names at them as they passed.
The Speaker refused to leave the chair, and tried to address the members, but in the noise and confusion he could not make himself heard. Then one of Cromwell's friends took him by the arm and forced him to go. In a few minutes the hall was cleared of every one except Cromwell's soldiers and followers.
On the table lay the mace. The mace is the sign of the dignity and the lawfulness of Parliament. It is carried before the Speaker as he enters and leaves the House, and lies on the table while the members talk together. It is a sign of law and order, just as the sceptre is the sign of royalty and rule. Cromwell did not like any form or ceremony. He thought it was foolish and wicked.
"Take away that bauble," he said angrily, pointing to the mace. So it was removed. Cromwell's friends then left the House, he himself coming last and locking the doors after him. This was the end of the Long Parliament. It had lasted for thirteen years.
Cromwell and his friends now set to work to form a new Parliament, and one more to their liking than the last had been. Instead of allowing the people to choose the members, Cromwell himself chose them. But this Parliament did not please him much better than the last, and in less than five months it was again dissolved.
Cromwell was now asked to become ruler. Some of his friends wished him to take the title of king, but he refused, chiefly because he knew that his greatest friends were the soldiers, and they hated the name of king. If he took that name he was sure that they would turn against him and become his worst enemies. So he became ruler under the title of Lord Protector.
Cromwell was not crowned and anointed as kings were. But there was a very solemn service held, when a beautiful purple robe was placed upon his shoulders, the sword of office buckled to his side, and the sceptre put into his hand. He was truly king in everything but name.
Cromwell was not only a king, but a very stern and autocratic one. He wanted his own way quite as much as the Stuarts had done, only he really thought of the good of the country, and the Stuarts thought only of themselves.
The troubles of the civil war now began to pass away, and under the stern rule of the Lord Protector, Britain began once more to be peaceful and prosperous at home, and famous abroad.
All the Protestants of Europe looked to Cromwell for help and protection, and so powerful was his name that he could always give help. Kings bowed and obeyed when Cromwell commanded, and Britain was famous as she had not been since the days of Elizabeth. Her soldiers were the best in the world. Her admirals won for her the name of mistress of the seas, a name which she has kept ever since.
Yet the man who had won this great place for Britain lived in terror of his life. He was a tyrant, and like all tyrants he was bitterly hated, and he knew it. Under his clothes he wore armour, he always carried weapons, and wherever he went, he was followed and surrounded by a strong bodyguard. No one ever knew where he would sleep, for he moved about from room to room in his great palace lest some one should attack him while he rested.
At last, worn out in body and brain, the great Lord
Protector died on | <urn:uuid:a9bfd19e-83b2-447c-8157-5a88829eff5f> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | http://www.gatewaytotheclassics.com/browse/display.php?author=marshall&book=island&story=protector | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251779833.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128153713-20200128183713-00144.warc.gz | en | 0.994894 | 1,204 | 3.359375 | 3 | [
-0.19324897229671478,
0.5017257928848267,
0.24823807179927826,
-0.06735648214817047,
-0.09285550564527512,
-0.5912491083145142,
0.6680477857589722,
0.057455383241176605,
-0.22611266374588013,
-0.12166629731655121,
-0.18289700150489807,
-0.7467515468597412,
-0.07339289039373398,
0.291678845... | 6 | The Commonwealth—The Lord Protector
T HE British had hardly done fighting at home, when they had to fight with enemies abroad. They went to war with the Dutch, who at this time had a very famous admiral called Van Tromp. The English, too, had a famous admiral called Blake.
The Dutch and the British had several reasons for quarrelling. Each tried to spoil the trade of the other, and the Dutch would not acknowledge the new British Government. This made the Parliament very angry.
Several fierce battles were fought at sea, and when the Dutch won, Van Tromp hoisted a broom to his masthead, as a sign that he intended to sweep the British ships from the seas. Blake and the English were very angry at this. They built and manned more ships as fast as they could, and once more sailed out to fight the Dutch. When the two fleets met, the fiercest, longest battle of this sea war took place. For three days they fought, but in the end Blake was victorious and, bravely though he had fought, Van Tromp was obliged to lower his proud broom and sweep the remainder of his own fleet homeward.
It was now about four years since King Charles had been beheaded.
Cromwell was the strongest man in the country, yet no real ruler had been appointed, and the Rump Parliament was acting neither wisely nor well. Cromwell made up his mind to put an end to this.
So one day he marched to Parliament at the head of about three hundred of his soldiers. He himself went into the House, leaving some of his soldiers at the door, some in the lobby, and some on the stairs. He sat down in his usual place, and listened for some time to the talking. Then suddenly he rose up and began to speak.
He told the Parliament that the things which they did were unjust, that they were tyrants and worse. "But your hour hath come," he cried, "the Lord hath done with you," and putting on his hat, he stamped with his foot, and his soldiers rushed in.
"I will put an end to your babbling," he shouted, and at a signal from their master, the soldiers drove the members out of the hall, Cromwell calling out insulting names at them as they passed.
The Speaker refused to leave the chair, and tried to address the members, but in the noise and confusion he could not make himself heard. Then one of Cromwell's friends took him by the arm and forced him to go. In a few minutes the hall was cleared of every one except Cromwell's soldiers and followers.
On the table lay the mace. The mace is the sign of the dignity and the lawfulness of Parliament. It is carried before the Speaker as he enters and leaves the House, and lies on the table while the members talk together. It is a sign of law and order, just as the sceptre is the sign of royalty and rule. Cromwell did not like any form or ceremony. He thought it was foolish and wicked.
"Take away that bauble," he said angrily, pointing to the mace. So it was removed. Cromwell's friends then left the House, he himself coming last and locking the doors after him. This was the end of the Long Parliament. It had lasted for thirteen years.
Cromwell and his friends now set to work to form a new Parliament, and one more to their liking than the last had been. Instead of allowing the people to choose the members, Cromwell himself chose them. But this Parliament did not please him much better than the last, and in less than five months it was again dissolved.
Cromwell was now asked to become ruler. Some of his friends wished him to take the title of king, but he refused, chiefly because he knew that his greatest friends were the soldiers, and they hated the name of king. If he took that name he was sure that they would turn against him and become his worst enemies. So he became ruler under the title of Lord Protector.
Cromwell was not crowned and anointed as kings were. But there was a very solemn service held, when a beautiful purple robe was placed upon his shoulders, the sword of office buckled to his side, and the sceptre put into his hand. He was truly king in everything but name.
Cromwell was not only a king, but a very stern and autocratic one. He wanted his own way quite as much as the Stuarts had done, only he really thought of the good of the country, and the Stuarts thought only of themselves.
The troubles of the civil war now began to pass away, and under the stern rule of the Lord Protector, Britain began once more to be peaceful and prosperous at home, and famous abroad.
All the Protestants of Europe looked to Cromwell for help and protection, and so powerful was his name that he could always give help. Kings bowed and obeyed when Cromwell commanded, and Britain was famous as she had not been since the days of Elizabeth. Her soldiers were the best in the world. Her admirals won for her the name of mistress of the seas, a name which she has kept ever since.
Yet the man who had won this great place for Britain lived in terror of his life. He was a tyrant, and like all tyrants he was bitterly hated, and he knew it. Under his clothes he wore armour, he always carried weapons, and wherever he went, he was followed and surrounded by a strong bodyguard. No one ever knew where he would sleep, for he moved about from room to room in his great palace lest some one should attack him while he rested.
At last, worn out in body and brain, the great Lord
Protector died on | 1,183 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Hyman George Rickover was a Navy admiral who served during World War II who is known as the “Father of the Nuclear Navy” due to his role in developing the first nuclear-powered submarine.
Born Chaim Godalia Rickover in Poland, then part of the Russian Empire, Rickover traveled to the United States with his family at a young age as part of a wave of Jewish refugees fleeing Russian pogroms during the Revolution of 1905. After initially settling in New York City, the family moved to Chicago, where Rickover’s father worked as a tailor. Rickover got his first paid job at age 9, and during high school he worked full time delivering Western Union telegrams.
Rickover sought an appointment to the United States Naval Academy after high school, as his parents could not afford college tuition. Rickover graduated in 1922 in the top quarter of his class, and then joined the crew of a warship. In under a year, he was made an engineer officer, the youngest in the squadron. He served next onboard a battleship before returning to school. After a year at the Naval Postgraduate School and time at Columbia University, Rickover received his M.S. in Electrical Engineering.
Rickover volunteered for submarine duty, and served on two submarines from 1929-1933. He was then assigned to duty on a battleship, and assumed ship-command of a minesweeper in 1937. This post ended after a few months, however, as Rickover became an engineering duty officer in October 1937. Rickover became assistant chief of the Electrical section of the Bureau of Engineering in 1939, and during the war he served as the head of the Electrical section of the Bureau of Ships.
The Father of the Nuclear Navy
In 1946, Rickover traveled to Oak Ridge as part of a project to develop a nuclear electric generating plant. There Rickover became convinced that nuclear-powered ships, and particularly nuclear-powered submarines, were the future of the Navy. This belief was not shared by Rickover’s supervisors, and he was reassigned to Washington, D.C. There he brought his idea up directly with Chester Nimitz, then the Chief of Naval Operations. With his support and that of the Secretary of the Navy, the Nuclear Power Division was established in the Bureau of Ships under Rickover’s direction. Rickover and Alvin M. Weinberg, the director of research at Oak Ridge, began work on the new pressurized water reactor for the submarine.
In 1949, Rickover became Director of the Nuclear Power Division, Bureau of Ships, and was appointed chief of the Naval Reactor Branch, Reactor Development Division, in the Atomic Energy Commission. These two roles allowed Rickover a large degree of control over the development of the nuclear-powered submarine, and also in overseeing the development of the first full-scale, commercial nuclear power plant dedicated to peacetime operation. In these roles, Rickover was often forced to send letters to himself to request certain things.
Congress authorized the construction of the nuclear-powered submarine, called the Nautilus, in 1951. The ship was propelled by the Submarine Thermal Reactor a pressurized water reactor built by the Westinghouse Corporation. The submarine was christened in 1954 by Mamie Eisenhower, and traveled out to sea for the first time in 1955. The submarine would go on to break many records, as its nuclear reactor allowed it to travel longer distances and to stay underwater longer than other submarines.
Rickover continued to head the Navy’s efforts into building a nuclear-powered arsenal. He interviewed every prospective officer considered for a post on a nuclear ship, tens of thousands of interviews. These highlighted his unorthodox style and stringent standards. While Rickover was not generally well liked by other Navy officials, he is largely responsible for the lack of any reactor accidents in the United States Navy. He was passed over twice for promotion to admiral, but strong support in the government led to his continued service and his eventual admiral appointment.
Admiral Rickover was finally forced to retire in 1982, after sixty-three years of service. In total, Rickover served longer than any other naval officer in history, and became the first person to receive two Congressional Gold Medals. The USS Hyman G. Rickover submarine was commissioned in 1984, one of the few ships to be named after a living person. Rickover died in Arlington, Virginia, on July 8, 1986, at the age of 86. He is buried in Arlington National Cemetery.
For more information on Admiral Rickover, see his obituary in The New York Times. | <urn:uuid:0ec8c3f7-dad9-4512-ab86-357bab6aea66> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.atomicheritage.org/profile/hyman-g-rickover | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250601241.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121014531-20200121043531-00203.warc.gz | en | 0.98175 | 946 | 3.40625 | 3 | [
-0.0167247261852026,
0.5719885230064392,
-0.19723737239837646,
-1.0141336917877197,
-0.132907897233963,
-0.03819623216986656,
-0.036084242165088654,
0.026060789823532104,
-0.45658454298973083,
-0.4725918769836426,
0.49056297540664673,
-0.005573692731559277,
0.3449227511882782,
0.4357100427... | 20 | Hyman George Rickover was a Navy admiral who served during World War II who is known as the “Father of the Nuclear Navy” due to his role in developing the first nuclear-powered submarine.
Born Chaim Godalia Rickover in Poland, then part of the Russian Empire, Rickover traveled to the United States with his family at a young age as part of a wave of Jewish refugees fleeing Russian pogroms during the Revolution of 1905. After initially settling in New York City, the family moved to Chicago, where Rickover’s father worked as a tailor. Rickover got his first paid job at age 9, and during high school he worked full time delivering Western Union telegrams.
Rickover sought an appointment to the United States Naval Academy after high school, as his parents could not afford college tuition. Rickover graduated in 1922 in the top quarter of his class, and then joined the crew of a warship. In under a year, he was made an engineer officer, the youngest in the squadron. He served next onboard a battleship before returning to school. After a year at the Naval Postgraduate School and time at Columbia University, Rickover received his M.S. in Electrical Engineering.
Rickover volunteered for submarine duty, and served on two submarines from 1929-1933. He was then assigned to duty on a battleship, and assumed ship-command of a minesweeper in 1937. This post ended after a few months, however, as Rickover became an engineering duty officer in October 1937. Rickover became assistant chief of the Electrical section of the Bureau of Engineering in 1939, and during the war he served as the head of the Electrical section of the Bureau of Ships.
The Father of the Nuclear Navy
In 1946, Rickover traveled to Oak Ridge as part of a project to develop a nuclear electric generating plant. There Rickover became convinced that nuclear-powered ships, and particularly nuclear-powered submarines, were the future of the Navy. This belief was not shared by Rickover’s supervisors, and he was reassigned to Washington, D.C. There he brought his idea up directly with Chester Nimitz, then the Chief of Naval Operations. With his support and that of the Secretary of the Navy, the Nuclear Power Division was established in the Bureau of Ships under Rickover’s direction. Rickover and Alvin M. Weinberg, the director of research at Oak Ridge, began work on the new pressurized water reactor for the submarine.
In 1949, Rickover became Director of the Nuclear Power Division, Bureau of Ships, and was appointed chief of the Naval Reactor Branch, Reactor Development Division, in the Atomic Energy Commission. These two roles allowed Rickover a large degree of control over the development of the nuclear-powered submarine, and also in overseeing the development of the first full-scale, commercial nuclear power plant dedicated to peacetime operation. In these roles, Rickover was often forced to send letters to himself to request certain things.
Congress authorized the construction of the nuclear-powered submarine, called the Nautilus, in 1951. The ship was propelled by the Submarine Thermal Reactor a pressurized water reactor built by the Westinghouse Corporation. The submarine was christened in 1954 by Mamie Eisenhower, and traveled out to sea for the first time in 1955. The submarine would go on to break many records, as its nuclear reactor allowed it to travel longer distances and to stay underwater longer than other submarines.
Rickover continued to head the Navy’s efforts into building a nuclear-powered arsenal. He interviewed every prospective officer considered for a post on a nuclear ship, tens of thousands of interviews. These highlighted his unorthodox style and stringent standards. While Rickover was not generally well liked by other Navy officials, he is largely responsible for the lack of any reactor accidents in the United States Navy. He was passed over twice for promotion to admiral, but strong support in the government led to his continued service and his eventual admiral appointment.
Admiral Rickover was finally forced to retire in 1982, after sixty-three years of service. In total, Rickover served longer than any other naval officer in history, and became the first person to receive two Congressional Gold Medals. The USS Hyman G. Rickover submarine was commissioned in 1984, one of the few ships to be named after a living person. Rickover died in Arlington, Virginia, on July 8, 1986, at the age of 86. He is buried in Arlington National Cemetery.
For more information on Admiral Rickover, see his obituary in The New York Times. | 983 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Why did South Carolina continue to select their Presidential Electors by legislative choice until after the Civil War?
What were the reasons for South Carolina to not use a popular vote to decide the Electors for so long compared to other states and why did they finally decide to put the decision to a popular vote in future elections after the Civil War?
Let's remember here that South Carolina was, until the Civil War ended, a majority-black state with an all-white government and a slave-based economy. It was, therefore, intensely anti-democratic in its governance. This helped motivate its refusal to let the popular vote select electors. Up through 1845, states didn't all select their electors at the same time; there was a window of a couple of weeks during which slates could be announced. South Carolina deliberately held back its selection to the end of the window, so that they could see how the other voting slates were doing, and negotiate with political parties and other states before its legislators made their decision. It could only do that because its legislators, not its voters, were making the decision.
After an 1845 reform, all elector slates were announced the same day. I suppose South Carolina held out as the only state with legislators picking the electors out of inertia, habit, and legislators not wanting to give up a special power they were used to, even though most of the advantage was gone.
South Carolina switched to popular vote after the Civil War because of Reconstruction. Suddenly U.S. troops were enforcing the rights of the black majority to cast ballots; suddenly its governors and legislators and senators were black, reflecting the actual will of the people. The Reconstruction government imposed the popular selection of electors, bringing South Carolina in line with the rest of the states.
When Reconstruction ended and blacks were again deprived of the vote, South Carolina didn't, on that issue, change back. | <urn:uuid:877cb0fa-1c57-48e1-ae7c-fde034c932b2> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.wyzant.com/resources/answers/693457/why-did-south-carolina-continue-to-select-their-presidential-electors-by-le | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250608295.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123041345-20200123070345-00436.warc.gz | en | 0.984576 | 383 | 3.5625 | 4 | [
-0.47787630558013916,
0.32641056180000305,
-0.12208294123411179,
-0.12169788777828217,
-0.3794376254081726,
0.27320048213005066,
0.14806626737117767,
-0.025936417281627655,
0.1801980584859848,
0.212672159075737,
0.2972685694694519,
0.5643243789672852,
-0.04870683327317238,
0.12203208357095... | 5 | Why did South Carolina continue to select their Presidential Electors by legislative choice until after the Civil War?
What were the reasons for South Carolina to not use a popular vote to decide the Electors for so long compared to other states and why did they finally decide to put the decision to a popular vote in future elections after the Civil War?
Let's remember here that South Carolina was, until the Civil War ended, a majority-black state with an all-white government and a slave-based economy. It was, therefore, intensely anti-democratic in its governance. This helped motivate its refusal to let the popular vote select electors. Up through 1845, states didn't all select their electors at the same time; there was a window of a couple of weeks during which slates could be announced. South Carolina deliberately held back its selection to the end of the window, so that they could see how the other voting slates were doing, and negotiate with political parties and other states before its legislators made their decision. It could only do that because its legislators, not its voters, were making the decision.
After an 1845 reform, all elector slates were announced the same day. I suppose South Carolina held out as the only state with legislators picking the electors out of inertia, habit, and legislators not wanting to give up a special power they were used to, even though most of the advantage was gone.
South Carolina switched to popular vote after the Civil War because of Reconstruction. Suddenly U.S. troops were enforcing the rights of the black majority to cast ballots; suddenly its governors and legislators and senators were black, reflecting the actual will of the people. The Reconstruction government imposed the popular selection of electors, bringing South Carolina in line with the rest of the states.
When Reconstruction ended and blacks were again deprived of the vote, South Carolina didn't, on that issue, change back. | 385 | ENGLISH | 1 |
During World War II, many consumer goods were rationed -like clothing, gasoline, and rubber- and this was in addition to food rationing. Although not as hard-hit as European countries on the front, wastefulness among Americans was not tolerated during the war years. In order to give soldiers the best chance to win the war, many food supplies were sent abroad. Many tons of food were also sent as aid relief for POWs and refugees. In order to make the most of the food we did have, Americans were encouraged to plant Victory Gardens.
Some War Work employees were even offered plowed plots and prizes for the best gardens in order to encourage more home grown food. And, the promotion of the victory garden worked, too. By 1943 an estimated 40 percent of all vegetables consumed in the U.S. were grown in victory gardens.
Everyone from Girls Scouts to housewives to the Vice President of the United States could be found digging in their victory gardens.
The promotion of victory gardens and the growing of alternate crops during World War I had meant that the U.S. did not have to endure food rationing. However, during WWII the amount of food needed was too great to avoid it.
Every product that came from a victory garden was one that didn’t have to be bought from stores or rationed out. This meant that families who could garden could also eat a lot better than those who stuck to the ration book.
Shops brought in ample supplies of seeds and gardening tools for victory gardens and the demand was high for such goods.
And, it wasn’t just home plots that were used for victory gardens. The photograph below is of men plowing up the Boston Commons so that a garden could be planted there!
When the war was over, the U.S. government stopped promoting victory gardens and the rationing program was ended, unlike in the U.K. where rationing and home gardening went on well into the 1950s. | <urn:uuid:77df4d8e-78b2-4d7c-b53d-daf5ef72bc6b> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://thegoodolddays.club/wwii-victory-gardens/?gg_medium=content&gg_source=god&gg_campaign=strange-old-fashioned-foods&gg_content=blog-link-last | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250608062.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123011418-20200123040418-00241.warc.gz | en | 0.990669 | 404 | 3.734375 | 4 | [
-0.21294362843036652,
0.2386973798274994,
0.18709519505500793,
-0.2680909037590027,
0.30457255244255066,
0.05659642815589905,
-0.16757597029209137,
0.24695488810539246,
-0.4354204833507538,
0.25124216079711914,
-0.29065510630607605,
-0.18372464179992676,
0.23470984399318695,
0.498235732316... | 13 | During World War II, many consumer goods were rationed -like clothing, gasoline, and rubber- and this was in addition to food rationing. Although not as hard-hit as European countries on the front, wastefulness among Americans was not tolerated during the war years. In order to give soldiers the best chance to win the war, many food supplies were sent abroad. Many tons of food were also sent as aid relief for POWs and refugees. In order to make the most of the food we did have, Americans were encouraged to plant Victory Gardens.
Some War Work employees were even offered plowed plots and prizes for the best gardens in order to encourage more home grown food. And, the promotion of the victory garden worked, too. By 1943 an estimated 40 percent of all vegetables consumed in the U.S. were grown in victory gardens.
Everyone from Girls Scouts to housewives to the Vice President of the United States could be found digging in their victory gardens.
The promotion of victory gardens and the growing of alternate crops during World War I had meant that the U.S. did not have to endure food rationing. However, during WWII the amount of food needed was too great to avoid it.
Every product that came from a victory garden was one that didn’t have to be bought from stores or rationed out. This meant that families who could garden could also eat a lot better than those who stuck to the ration book.
Shops brought in ample supplies of seeds and gardening tools for victory gardens and the demand was high for such goods.
And, it wasn’t just home plots that were used for victory gardens. The photograph below is of men plowing up the Boston Commons so that a garden could be planted there!
When the war was over, the U.S. government stopped promoting victory gardens and the rationing program was ended, unlike in the U.K. where rationing and home gardening went on well into the 1950s. | 399 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Year 11 - VCE Unit 2 Religious and Society
ASSESSMENT TASK PREPRATION
Ethical decision-making and moral judgment
Answer the following questions, in as much detail as you can:
1) Describe one of the ethical decisions Oskar Schindler made. Was it right or wrong? Can you think of some reasons why he made that decision?
Oskar Schindler was a German industrialist and a member of the Nazi Party, who is credited with saving the lives of 1,200 Jews during the Holocaust by employing them in his enamelware and ammunitions factories, which were located in occupied Poland.
2) Was Schindler essentially a good man? Explain with examples from the film.
I believe he was a good man as he formed a relationship with the Jewish employees and felt sorry for them. He was aware that if the Jews could not work, they would be sent to their death.
3) Describe Amon Goeth. What type of ethical decisions did he make? What influenced Goeth’s decision-making?
Amon Goeth is representative of power by fear. He prides himself on his ability to kill and the fear it instils in those around him.
An example of this is the scene with Amon Goeth stepping outside onto his balcony shirtless and overlooking Plaszow work camp. The camera moves down to the ground where the Jewish policemen are calling roll. Just as one woman tells another that the worst is over, Goeth grabs his rifle on his balcony. He scans the ground for someone to kill, pauses on a girl tying her shoe, and shoots her in the head. The camera cuts to a woman sleeping topless in his bed. She looks exasperated and covers her face with a pillow. Goeth grabs his gun to shoot again and this time finds a woman sitting on a staircase. Jews shriek and run in terror as they do their work
4) What decision could Goeth have made to make him a ‘good’ person? Use an example to support your answer. Such as, his relationship... | <urn:uuid:a6fca21c-1f78-49c4-9da4-9066b1566a14> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://ostatic.com/essays/comparaive-essay-ewfewfewfewfewfewfewfew-whitefriars-essay | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251694908.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127051112-20200127081112-00299.warc.gz | en | 0.983103 | 436 | 4.28125 | 4 | [
-0.12593817710876465,
0.5544363260269165,
-0.4716736078262329,
-0.37488609552383423,
0.042193442583084106,
0.2290506660938263,
0.7779375910758972,
0.4636272192001343,
0.13738393783569336,
0.18711496889591217,
0.07607698440551758,
-0.08166234940290451,
0.1252356469631195,
0.1568879336118698... | 1 | Year 11 - VCE Unit 2 Religious and Society
ASSESSMENT TASK PREPRATION
Ethical decision-making and moral judgment
Answer the following questions, in as much detail as you can:
1) Describe one of the ethical decisions Oskar Schindler made. Was it right or wrong? Can you think of some reasons why he made that decision?
Oskar Schindler was a German industrialist and a member of the Nazi Party, who is credited with saving the lives of 1,200 Jews during the Holocaust by employing them in his enamelware and ammunitions factories, which were located in occupied Poland.
2) Was Schindler essentially a good man? Explain with examples from the film.
I believe he was a good man as he formed a relationship with the Jewish employees and felt sorry for them. He was aware that if the Jews could not work, they would be sent to their death.
3) Describe Amon Goeth. What type of ethical decisions did he make? What influenced Goeth’s decision-making?
Amon Goeth is representative of power by fear. He prides himself on his ability to kill and the fear it instils in those around him.
An example of this is the scene with Amon Goeth stepping outside onto his balcony shirtless and overlooking Plaszow work camp. The camera moves down to the ground where the Jewish policemen are calling roll. Just as one woman tells another that the worst is over, Goeth grabs his rifle on his balcony. He scans the ground for someone to kill, pauses on a girl tying her shoe, and shoots her in the head. The camera cuts to a woman sleeping topless in his bed. She looks exasperated and covers her face with a pillow. Goeth grabs his gun to shoot again and this time finds a woman sitting on a staircase. Jews shriek and run in terror as they do their work
4) What decision could Goeth have made to make him a ‘good’ person? Use an example to support your answer. Such as, his relationship... | 427 | ENGLISH | 1 |
The discovery of oil transformed communities and entire states in the closing years of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth century. Oklahoma, Texas, Arkansas, and Louisiana saw their economies transform overnight with the discovery of oil. For the Osage of Northeast Oklahoma, they saw their impoverished, dilapidated reservation transformed into one of the richest communities in Oklahoma almost overnight. It attracted great jealousy and then hatred and then murder. In the end, it took one former Texas Ranger, Thomas White, to help solve the case.
When the Osage were forced onto the reservations, the lands that once stretched from almost to the Mississippi River in Arkansas to Central Kansas were whittled down to a small area of North-Central Oklahoma. The land was poor, but the Osage were determined to hold onto it. As early as 1894, oil was suspected to lay far beneath the surface of the Osage reservation, with the first successful well dug in 1897. In 1907, the Osage tribe managed to secure the mineral rights to all the lands on their reservation. The timing was fortunate as the wells only became more successful.
For the Osage community, now down to just over 2,200 members, the oil was like a dream come true. In 1923, more than $30 million of oil was produced, or about $450 million in 2019 dollars. After generations of lost lands and an almost relentless stream of misfortunes, the Osages now saw their luck change. With profits distributed among the tribe every three months, families were building mansions and hiring servants. The quickly became one of the wealthiest communities in the nation.
With the money, the knives came out. The Osage were besieged with an array of con artists and thieves. Congress passed legislation insisting that white managers approve each purchase by each Osage individual. Administrators jealous of the Osage fortunes sold them goods at horribly inflated rates and stole an estimated $8 million from them. And in the midst of this came the deaths.
Members of the tribe began to disappear. Bodies were found in ravines, shot or mutilated. Others died of sudden, mysterious illnesses. Thirteen of these deaths occurred between 1921 and 1923. Osage County Sheriff’s Department refused to investigate. The state police did no better. The deaths only accelerated. Forty-seven more people died in the next two years.
Mollie Burkhart watched her entire family die. In 1921, her sister was found murdered. Her mother died of poisoning a month later, followed by her father. In 1923, her sister’s house exploded, killing her sister, her husband and their maid.
In 1925, FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover decided to intervene. He sent one of his agents for the new agency, Thomas Bruce White, to solve the crimes. White was born in Oak Hill, near Austin, in 1881. He briefly attended Georgetown’s Southwestern University at the turn of the century and joined the Texas Rangers. He began working for the Santa Fe and Southern Pacific Railroad in 1909 as a special investigator for crimes against the railroad in West Texas. He developed a reputation as a fair lawman and a solid investigator before he joined the federal government.
White went to Oklahoma and put together an undercover team that included a Native American and two others, with each posing either as ranch hands or salesmen. Within a matter of weeks, White traced the money back to several suspects. In the case of Burkhart’s family, Mollie Burkhart’s new husband, Ernest Burkhart, a white man, was arrested for the murders.
Burkhart was convicted but soon turned state’s evidence and pointed to a conspiracy headed up by his uncle, rancher William Hale. Hale, a Texas native who built a ranching empire and petty theft ring in the area, was also convicted of one murder though he was suspected of many others. However, several suspects connected to Hale died mysteriously before the trial.
It was clear that a series of conspiracies existed to destroy the Osage and steal the oil money, but White was stopped by federal officials before he could dig further. The Osage Murders came to an end because of Agent White and his team, but only a handful had been solved. White’s work boosted the reputation of the FBI, but the final insult to the Osage came when Hoover presented the Osage tribe with a bill for $20,000 for the investigation, something no victim or group has ever had to pay. Congress moved to strengthen the Osage mineral rights and hereditary rights in a new 1925 law.
White spent the next phase of his life working directly with prisoners. He became the warden at Ft. Leavenworth in 1926. In 1932, he became warden of the La Tuna federal penitentiary near El Paso. At the age of 70, in 1951, he began serving on the Board of Pardons and Paroles. He retired for good in 1957 and died in 1971 at age 90.
The Osage continued to be haunted by the legacy of the murders. Justice was never complete, answers were never satisfactory, and the community continued to face exploitation. Hale was eventually released, and Oklahoma Gov. Henry Bellmon pardoned Burkhart in 1965. Well into the 1990s, new investigations were being conducted into many of the deaths. The Osage also charged the Department of the Interior with mismanagement of the tribal trust fund from the oil rights. The federal government settled with the Osage for $380 million in 2011.
Ken Bridges is a Texas native, writer and history professor. He can be reached at firstname.lastname@example.org. The views and opinions expressed here are the author’s own and do not necessarily reflect those of the Herald Democrat. | <urn:uuid:bd0492d1-0b26-45b7-96cd-2db26155c246> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.heralddemocrat.com/news/20191107/how-texas-ranger-solved-osage-reservation-murders | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251694908.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127051112-20200127081112-00102.warc.gz | en | 0.98043 | 1,188 | 3.75 | 4 | [
-0.22063128650188446,
0.09009207040071487,
0.17560076713562012,
-0.11159146577119827,
0.14018158614635468,
-0.03889724612236023,
-0.35650724172592163,
-0.13082000613212585,
-0.12724842131137848,
0.0669834166765213,
0.48687440156936646,
-0.16683544218540192,
0.23855090141296387,
-0.24593386... | 2 | The discovery of oil transformed communities and entire states in the closing years of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth century. Oklahoma, Texas, Arkansas, and Louisiana saw their economies transform overnight with the discovery of oil. For the Osage of Northeast Oklahoma, they saw their impoverished, dilapidated reservation transformed into one of the richest communities in Oklahoma almost overnight. It attracted great jealousy and then hatred and then murder. In the end, it took one former Texas Ranger, Thomas White, to help solve the case.
When the Osage were forced onto the reservations, the lands that once stretched from almost to the Mississippi River in Arkansas to Central Kansas were whittled down to a small area of North-Central Oklahoma. The land was poor, but the Osage were determined to hold onto it. As early as 1894, oil was suspected to lay far beneath the surface of the Osage reservation, with the first successful well dug in 1897. In 1907, the Osage tribe managed to secure the mineral rights to all the lands on their reservation. The timing was fortunate as the wells only became more successful.
For the Osage community, now down to just over 2,200 members, the oil was like a dream come true. In 1923, more than $30 million of oil was produced, or about $450 million in 2019 dollars. After generations of lost lands and an almost relentless stream of misfortunes, the Osages now saw their luck change. With profits distributed among the tribe every three months, families were building mansions and hiring servants. The quickly became one of the wealthiest communities in the nation.
With the money, the knives came out. The Osage were besieged with an array of con artists and thieves. Congress passed legislation insisting that white managers approve each purchase by each Osage individual. Administrators jealous of the Osage fortunes sold them goods at horribly inflated rates and stole an estimated $8 million from them. And in the midst of this came the deaths.
Members of the tribe began to disappear. Bodies were found in ravines, shot or mutilated. Others died of sudden, mysterious illnesses. Thirteen of these deaths occurred between 1921 and 1923. Osage County Sheriff’s Department refused to investigate. The state police did no better. The deaths only accelerated. Forty-seven more people died in the next two years.
Mollie Burkhart watched her entire family die. In 1921, her sister was found murdered. Her mother died of poisoning a month later, followed by her father. In 1923, her sister’s house exploded, killing her sister, her husband and their maid.
In 1925, FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover decided to intervene. He sent one of his agents for the new agency, Thomas Bruce White, to solve the crimes. White was born in Oak Hill, near Austin, in 1881. He briefly attended Georgetown’s Southwestern University at the turn of the century and joined the Texas Rangers. He began working for the Santa Fe and Southern Pacific Railroad in 1909 as a special investigator for crimes against the railroad in West Texas. He developed a reputation as a fair lawman and a solid investigator before he joined the federal government.
White went to Oklahoma and put together an undercover team that included a Native American and two others, with each posing either as ranch hands or salesmen. Within a matter of weeks, White traced the money back to several suspects. In the case of Burkhart’s family, Mollie Burkhart’s new husband, Ernest Burkhart, a white man, was arrested for the murders.
Burkhart was convicted but soon turned state’s evidence and pointed to a conspiracy headed up by his uncle, rancher William Hale. Hale, a Texas native who built a ranching empire and petty theft ring in the area, was also convicted of one murder though he was suspected of many others. However, several suspects connected to Hale died mysteriously before the trial.
It was clear that a series of conspiracies existed to destroy the Osage and steal the oil money, but White was stopped by federal officials before he could dig further. The Osage Murders came to an end because of Agent White and his team, but only a handful had been solved. White’s work boosted the reputation of the FBI, but the final insult to the Osage came when Hoover presented the Osage tribe with a bill for $20,000 for the investigation, something no victim or group has ever had to pay. Congress moved to strengthen the Osage mineral rights and hereditary rights in a new 1925 law.
White spent the next phase of his life working directly with prisoners. He became the warden at Ft. Leavenworth in 1926. In 1932, he became warden of the La Tuna federal penitentiary near El Paso. At the age of 70, in 1951, he began serving on the Board of Pardons and Paroles. He retired for good in 1957 and died in 1971 at age 90.
The Osage continued to be haunted by the legacy of the murders. Justice was never complete, answers were never satisfactory, and the community continued to face exploitation. Hale was eventually released, and Oklahoma Gov. Henry Bellmon pardoned Burkhart in 1965. Well into the 1990s, new investigations were being conducted into many of the deaths. The Osage also charged the Department of the Interior with mismanagement of the tribal trust fund from the oil rights. The federal government settled with the Osage for $380 million in 2011.
Ken Bridges is a Texas native, writer and history professor. He can be reached at firstname.lastname@example.org. The views and opinions expressed here are the author’s own and do not necessarily reflect those of the Herald Democrat. | 1,254 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Examine the Challenges the Virginians Faced and the Ways in Which Their Efforts Changed the Colony Essay
Examine the challenges the virginians faced and the ways in which their efforts changed the colony socially and economically over the century. DBQ #1 The Virginian people faced many challenges throughout the 17th century, and their efforts changed the colony both socially and economically. Economically, the Virginians had a lot of land to farm and even needed a cheap work source. Socially, they lived in a cruel environment full of diseases and low reproduction rate.
The Virginians had economical challenges and economical efforts that changed and effected them.
The economical challenges involved men dieing because of illness or wars. Document A] There was no money because of the ongoing war with the Indians, so the farm owners had to look for a cheap source who could work their land, known as indentured servants. There was a contract binding a servant to a land owner in the colonies, allowing him to come to the new world if he worked a certain amount of years, and in return the servant would receive land of his own.
[Document C] This effort was made a lot of farm owners tons of money, even though they had to pay for the passage of their indentured servants, they acquired fifty acres of land for every servant and it was a cheap labor source.
There were social challenges and social efforts the Virginias had to face or come up with. There were little food to go around, because the plantation is full of disease and the indentured servants where full of diseases. [Document B] This challenges they face of food shortage and disease made it hard for an indentured servant to live in the colonies, some wanted to go back to Britain but couldn’t because of their contract binding. An effort the Virginians faced to help get an even cheaper and less rebellious type of work source were to bring in slaves from Africa.
In these ships Africans were treated like animals chains up one to another treated like animals and had to lay on a ship crowded next to each other till they arrived in colonies. [Document F] There was little money the farm owners had so the African slaves were sent to the colonies to take the place of the indentured servants. African slaves were a cheaper work labor, and they didn’t have to treat them fairly, which they didn’t do either way. Bacon’s Rebellion took place when the indentured servants revolted because of harsh living environments, and they were not receiving their promised land.
Cite this Examine the Challenges the Virginians Faced and the Ways in Which Their Efforts Changed the Colony Essay
Examine the Challenges the Virginians Faced and the Ways in Which Their Efforts Changed the Colony Essay. (2016, Dec 25). Retrieved from https://graduateway.com/examine-the-challenges-the-virginians-faced-and-the-ways-in-which-their-efforts-changed-the-colony/ | <urn:uuid:62b26d97-58b3-4157-9d1b-94ab9dd735f2> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://graduateway.com/examine-the-challenges-the-virginians-faced-and-the-ways-in-which-their-efforts-changed-the-colony/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250592636.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118135205-20200118163205-00102.warc.gz | en | 0.982947 | 621 | 3.828125 | 4 | [
-0.36624079942703247,
0.26415929198265076,
0.4260811507701874,
0.08614630997180939,
0.23327374458312988,
-0.02509395405650139,
-0.22184258699417114,
-0.26035618782043457,
-0.2563857436180115,
-0.09595644474029541,
0.18057537078857422,
-0.07304679602384567,
-0.1247248649597168,
-0.089393541... | 1 | Examine the Challenges the Virginians Faced and the Ways in Which Their Efforts Changed the Colony Essay
Examine the challenges the virginians faced and the ways in which their efforts changed the colony socially and economically over the century. DBQ #1 The Virginian people faced many challenges throughout the 17th century, and their efforts changed the colony both socially and economically. Economically, the Virginians had a lot of land to farm and even needed a cheap work source. Socially, they lived in a cruel environment full of diseases and low reproduction rate.
The Virginians had economical challenges and economical efforts that changed and effected them.
The economical challenges involved men dieing because of illness or wars. Document A] There was no money because of the ongoing war with the Indians, so the farm owners had to look for a cheap source who could work their land, known as indentured servants. There was a contract binding a servant to a land owner in the colonies, allowing him to come to the new world if he worked a certain amount of years, and in return the servant would receive land of his own.
[Document C] This effort was made a lot of farm owners tons of money, even though they had to pay for the passage of their indentured servants, they acquired fifty acres of land for every servant and it was a cheap labor source.
There were social challenges and social efforts the Virginias had to face or come up with. There were little food to go around, because the plantation is full of disease and the indentured servants where full of diseases. [Document B] This challenges they face of food shortage and disease made it hard for an indentured servant to live in the colonies, some wanted to go back to Britain but couldn’t because of their contract binding. An effort the Virginians faced to help get an even cheaper and less rebellious type of work source were to bring in slaves from Africa.
In these ships Africans were treated like animals chains up one to another treated like animals and had to lay on a ship crowded next to each other till they arrived in colonies. [Document F] There was little money the farm owners had so the African slaves were sent to the colonies to take the place of the indentured servants. African slaves were a cheaper work labor, and they didn’t have to treat them fairly, which they didn’t do either way. Bacon’s Rebellion took place when the indentured servants revolted because of harsh living environments, and they were not receiving their promised land.
Cite this Examine the Challenges the Virginians Faced and the Ways in Which Their Efforts Changed the Colony Essay
Examine the Challenges the Virginians Faced and the Ways in Which Their Efforts Changed the Colony Essay. (2016, Dec 25). Retrieved from https://graduateway.com/examine-the-challenges-the-virginians-faced-and-the-ways-in-which-their-efforts-changed-the-colony/ | 600 | ENGLISH | 1 |
How Abraham Lincoln developed his trial skills and prepared himself to persuade juries
From his admission to the bar in 1837 and until he became president in 1861, Abraham Lincoln tried hundreds of jury trials. He was pretty good at it.1 Contemporary trial attorneys can learn a lot from reviewing some of Lincoln’s personal traits and talents that brought him success before juries.
In his early years as an attorney, Lincoln’s trials were mostly small cases tried on the rural judicial circuit where he had little time for preparation.2 Over the course of nearly a quarter century at the bar, his trial skills developed and he eventually was retained on a number of complicated cases requiring sophisticated trial strategies. To win for his clients, he could no longer “wing it,” as he had in many of the early matters that he picked up at county courthouses on the judicial circuit.3
Lincoln’s success was based on his exceptional diligence, power of concentration and focus on detail. The starting point for his winning trial strategy was gaining a command of the facts of a case and shaping them into a structure that told a persuasive story. He recognized that jurors are not impressed by the presentation of random evidence without a defined purpose. So digging into the facts was critical to prevail at trial.
Defending the railroad bridge
Lincoln’s trial methods depended on forming factual blocks of information that he molded into a clear, credible and forceful narrative. His methods are well-illustrated by his defense in the 1857 trial of Hurd v. The Rock Island Bridge Company, a case that symbolized a titanic clash of economic forces in the mid-19th century: modern rail was challenging traditional water transport and the burgeoning Chicago rail hub was pitted against the thriving St. Louis river port.4
The river-packet Effie Afton had struck the first railroad bridge across the Mississippi between Illinois and Iowa, damaging the vessel and burning the bridge. The ship owner sued the bridge company for obstructing the river with the bridge’s supporting piers, which he contended had caused the accident.
Abraham Lincoln was retained to defend the bridge company in a trial conducted before Supreme Court Justice John McLean, sitting in federal court in Chicago. With twenty years of trial experience under his belt, Lincoln was at his prime.
Lincoln spent months preparing to defend the bridge company. As an attorney who is the only United States president to hold a registered patent,5 Lincoln put his technical background and lawyer’s attention to detail to work investigating what had happened. He closely inspected the river at the collision site, measured currents and eddies to simulate accident conditions, interviewed witnesses about the crash, studied rail traffic and river navigation, and examined both the architecture and construction of the bridge. He also analyzed the policy argument that the railroad was the harbinger of the future and river carriers must accede to progress.6
Lincoln’s painstaking preparation formed a trial plan that was brought to a climax in his closing argument. According to an observer, “Lincoln’s examination of witnesses was very full and no point escaped his notice. I thought he carried it almost to prolixity, but when he came to his argument I changed my opinion. He went over all the details with great minuteness, until court, jury, and spectators were wrought up to the crucial points. Then drawing himself up to his full height, he delivered a peroration that trilled the courtroom and, to the minds of most persons, settled the case.”7 The jury split in favor of the bridge company. The case was finally resolved in the bridge company’s favor by the United States Supreme Court in 1862 after Lincoln had occupied the White House.8
Telling the story
Abraham Lincoln’s capacity to spin a yarn was well-recognized by those who knew him long before he determined to become a lawyer. He could sit around the proverbial cracker barrel and tell an entertaining or humorous story with the best of them.9 Lincoln’s great storytelling ability was rooted in his life experience, which he utilized to maximum advantage in beguiling juries. He used the age-old mechanism of storytelling to guide jurors, ease them into following the action and then lead them to his intended conclusions.
Lincoln knew that his mission was to build the facts of the case into a trial theme and a powerful story. Setting specific objectives and developing his trial plan around concrete facts, he avoided the jumble of witnesses and lack of organization that characterize some attorneys’ confusing approaches to trying a case. From the time that he entered a courthouse until the jury retired to deliberate, he pursued his singular goal of providing a simple and digestible narrative that pierced the heart of the controversy. How did he do this?
In preparing for trial, Lincoln “walked the walk” to ensure that every aspect of the trial conveyed a consistent message. Although most of his trials were in civil matters, an 1858 criminal matter, People v. Armstrong, dubbed the Almanac Case, exemplifies Lincoln’s courtroom skills at the height of his trial attorney prowess. Lincoln’s client Duff Armstrong was charged with bludgeoning a man over the head with a heavy lead “slingshot” weapon, killing the victim. The odds were long against Armstrong, who was the son of old friends, whom Lincoln represented as a favor without charging a fee. The defense was tough. A co-defendant had already been convicted in a separate trial and sentenced to prison.10
The prosecution’s main witness had testified convincingly that he had unmistakably seen Armstrong and his accomplice commit the grisly crime at night in the woods under an illuminating full moon. Undaunted by this strong adverse evidence, Lincoln personally interviewed witnesses and examined the crime scene from every angle. He then developed a trial plan based on an alternative version of the facts casting doubt on the eyewitness’s account.
Donning a pure white suit emblematic of his client’s innocence, Lincoln began the trial by ostentatiously handing an almanac to the bailiff in a manner that jurors could not miss. His intense cross-examination focused on how and what the eyewitness could see: Had he been close enough to see Armstrong swing the slingshot and crush the victim’s head? What did the co-defendant swing? Could the blows be seen clearly through the thick foliage? Was he absolutely certain that the moon was high in the sky over the crime scene? Was he totally sure that the moon was shining directly on down?11
Building a theory of the case through such questions intended to cast doubt on the eyewitness’s account, Lincoln doubled- down with extraordinary care to pin the man down to his version of the events. Lincoln then reached for the almanac, placed the published phases of the moon on the night in question before the witness and confronted him with the irrefutable fact that the moon was already setting at the time of the crime. Now was he sure of what he had testified? The witness could not respond further to Lincoln’s questioning. The prosecution’s case crumbled and the jury acquitted Armstrong.
Lincoln had accomplished his objective by presenting a plausible completing story with a defined structure that provided, factor after factor, how and why the eyewitness might have been mistaken. Through his tightly worded questions, he constructed a coherent narrative that kept the jury anxiously wondering how his cross-examination could overcome the facts seemingly stacked so high against the defendant. At the same time, he humanized his client by parenthetically mentioning his lifelong association with Armstrong’s family. His coup de grace, the conflicting physical evidence of the almanac entry, clinched the defense.
Lincoln’s story-of-the-case in the Armstrong trial was not a boring pile of miscellaneous information, unexplained disparate events, disconnected or dud witnesses, an incoherent “jigsaw puzzle” or confusing “roadmap” that left jurors without direction. His every action was aimed at creating tension and conflict that compelled jurors to listen and follow along. By relating a purposeful story that made sense, he cast doubt on the prosecution’s case and gave the jurors the ammunition to reach their own decision to acquit his client.
Simplicity in presentation
Lincoln did not hesitate to look jurors right in their eyes and, straight-forward and without exaggeration, tell them exactly what he wanted them to do. One colleague commented that, “Clarity, conciseness, and simplicity of statement were his forte in the trial of a case. His mind was orderly. He could marshal facts in such an orderly sequence and reduce a complicated problem to such simple terms that even the dullest layman could not fail to understand.”12
Lincoln’s advocacy was more than just style. He had a substantive approach to examining witnesses.13 To the greatest extent possible, he attempted to pose questions that had no fat on the bones. His specific and lucid questions were bullets that shot to the heart of the case. Central to his approach was ensuring that his questions were carefully selected to fit into a structure that proved the case, not superfluous inquiries that did no more than pile on non-essentials.14 By cutting through the clutter and focusing on what really mattered, Lincoln avoided turning a trial into a mess of incomprehensible contentions, lawyer histrionics or distracting bombast.
Flexibility in the heat of a trial is paramount. As a master trial tactician, Lincoln had a sixth sense to know when the sands of trial testimony were shifting against him and how he needed to adjust his strategy. When exigencies occur in trial, some attorneys mindlessly stick to their preconceived trial plans or obliviously drone on with pre-prepared questions despite altered circumstances. Lincoln, on the other hand, was alert to diagnose difficulties and react to remedy them.15
Where many lawyers would raise an objection or minor technicality “for the record,” Lincoln often would let a point pass without protesting. If a point did no great harm to his overall strategy, it was not uncommon for him to let it go by saying no more than he “reckoned” it would be “fair to let this in or that” or “admit the truth” to the inconsequential.16 As one attorney said, “By giving away six points and carrying the seventh he carried his case, and the whole case hanging on the seventh, he traded away everything which would give him the least aid in carrying that. Any man who took Lincoln for a simple-minded man would soon wake up with his back in a ditch.”17
Lincoln’s direct appeal to jurors without beating around the bush is especially well demonstrated by his representation of an elderly Revolutionary War widow who had been swindled by a government agent who greedily took half of her pension as a “fee” for his services. The indignant Lincoln aimed to do justice for the cheated old woman.
He began his pretrial prep by brushing up on his Revolutionary history. He then sketched an uncomplicated outline of a trial strategy that offered an appeal to the jurors’ common sense, patriotism and sympathy. His trial notes went straight to the point: “No contract – not professional services – unreasonable charge – money retained by Defendant not give to Plaintiff – Revolutionary War – Describe Valley Forge privations – Ice – Soldier’s bleeding feet – Plaintiff’s husband – soldier leaving home for army – Skin defendant! Close!”
Rising to present his closing, Lincoln calmly stated in a slow, sad voice, “Time rolls by; the heroes of ‘seventy-six’ have passed away and are encamped on the other shore. The soldier has gone to rest and now, crippled, blinded, and broken. His widow comes to you and to me, gentlemen of the jury, to right her wrongs. She was not always thus. She was once a beautiful woman. Her step was elastic, her face as fair . . . But now she is poor and defenseless . . . she appeals to us who enjoy the privileges achieved for us by the patriots of the Revolution, for our sympathetic and manly protection . . . All I ask you is, shall we befriend her?”18
It did not take long for the jury to agree with this plain-speaking appeal.19 Not surprisingly, this heart-rending entreaty was effectively issued by the lawyer who would later deliver the brief, 272-word Gettysburg Address and a concise, six-paragraph Second Inaugural Address beseeching the North and South to bind their wounds at the end of a brutal Civil War.20
Plain words, no legalese
Every trial attorney has been told again and again: “Don’t talk down to people by using complicated, highfalutin and technical language. Use common words that regular people understand.” Unfortunately, some counsel cannot restrain themselves; their legal mumbo-jumbo seems to roll out naturally. Not Abraham Lincoln. He used the language and talked the talk of the common folk who understood his voice.
Lincoln appreciated that his ability to persuade jurors depended on communicating in ordinary language that his audience could easily follow. Legalese and “nickel” words were foreign to him. No high-toned expressions came forth from country lawyer Lincoln, thank you. On one occasion when an attorney used a Latin term in court, the man turned to Lincoln and inquired, “That is so, is it not, Mr. Lincoln?” Lincoln replied, “If that’s Latin, you had better call another witness.”21
Unlike some trial lawyers then and now, Lincoln possessed a natural knack to convey his message to the jury wrapped in homespun wisdom without a lot of pomp and pretense.22 His keen sense of humor and ability to turn awkward situations on end with comedy were well-known.
In one trial that was not going too well, he had trouble fashioning a defense. Putting his knowledge of rural jurors to work, Lincoln happened to notice that the opposing attorney was wearing an outlandish shirt with buttons both down the back and front mimicking a then-current foppish British fashion. Perfectly reading his country audience, Lincoln swung the jury to his side with a ridiculing closing remark, “Counsel has pretended knowledge of the law, but as he has his shirt on backwards, he has his law backwards.” The jury burst out laughing at Lincoln’s mockery and found for his client.23
Lincoln had an uncanny gift to work with words to add wit to his presentations.24 A fuddy-duddy judge kept correcting Lincoln’s pronunciation of the word “lien,” which Lincoln pronounced “lean.” The judge kept telling Lincoln that it should be “lion.” After a while, Lincoln went back to pronouncing it in his own way and was corrected a second time by the court. Lincoln apologized, “As you please, your honor.” He soon slipped once again and the court warned him. Lincoln replied that, “If my client had known there was a lion on his farm, he wouldn’t have stayed there long enough to bring this suit.”25
Creating visual images
Lincoln knew that his job in the courtroom was to create an emotional atmosphere through words and other aids that paint pictures with which jurors could plausibly identify. If he was succeeding, his well-presented narrative would sketch a familiar scene or open a window in the listener allowing for a shared experience leading to an accepted message. He appreciated that if he did no more than lay out bare facts through bland, unanimated testimony, even his highly effective forensic skills would fall flat on a disinterested audience.
For these reasons, he honed his natural ability to advocate like a lawyer without looking and sounding like one. Using images to make jurors eyewitnesses to the case, he got beyond jurors’ natural skepticism that they were being sold a bill of goods. His goal, as every good trial advocate knows, was to make the jurors into witnesses and participants to the events comprising the trial.
The imagery projected by Lincoln began with his own physical appearance. At six feet and four inches tall, in a time when the average man was eight inches shorter, he typically arrived at a courthouse in a black ill-fitting suit, topped by a stove-pipe hat that reached to the sky and carrying a broken umbrella fastened around with a piece of string. His sallow facial features were marked by high cheekbones, large deep-set greyish brown eyes shaded by heavy eyebrows accenting a grim, determined look on his craggy, melancholy face. Jurors could not ignore his squeaky, high-pitched voice, and gangling arms stretching down to his oversized hands and long slender fingers.26
While some swear that humor has no place in a courtroom, Lincoln knew how to strategically use a little laughter to his advantage. His keen sense of self-deprecating humor usually allowed him to get around his ungainly appearance. But his use of humor for advocacy purpose went beyond occasionally making fun of his appearance at his own expense. When the circumstances permitted, he deftly employed parody, satire and sarcasm to drive home the righteousness of his client’s case or deflect an opponent’s position.27
An instance of Lincoln’s skill in this regard occurred during the cross-examination of a high-priced doctor, a key witness in a circumstance where Lincoln’s defense seemed tenuous. As was his custom in many trials, Lincoln passed on examining the plaintiff’s witnesses until the linchpin expert was called. He went directly to revealing his defense strategy by inquiring, “Doctor, how much are you to receive for testifying in this case?’ The witness asked the judge whether he had to answer the question. The judge acknowledged that the question was within bounds and ordered a response. The expert’s fee was such a high amount that it stole the jurors’ breaths. In closing, Lincoln wagged his boney forefinger at the jury and, in his shrill voice, ridiculed the doctor’s credibility by calling his outlandish fees into question, “Gentlemen of the jury, big fee, big swear!” The jury was won over through Lincoln’s exclamation undermining the doctor’s testimony and a favorable verdict was returned for his client.28
The power of persuasion
Lincoln, of course, could neither read jurors’ minds nor was he capable of mental telepathy. But he understood that it is the trial attorney’s job to get into jurors’ heads by creating a conversation with them, repeatedly focusing attention on the merits of the matter, and, finally, providing the means to enable jurors to figure out the case on their own in the jury room.
Some of Lincoln’s contemporaries believed that he had success as a trial lawyer because he could do all of these things with great facility. He was described by one of his best boosters as the “strongest jury-lawyer we ever had in Illinois . . . who could make a laugh, and, generally, weep at his pleasure” who was a “quick and accurate reader of character . . . [who] understood, almost intuitively, the jury, witnesses, parties, and judges, and how best to address, convince, and influence them;” and “an admirable tactician” who skillfully kept the jury on track toward his objectives.29
Lincoln’s ultimate aim was to gather together the facts, apply logic and common sense, and then, through his closing argument, urge jurors to commit to his position during their deliberations. In closing, he was at his pinnacle of persuasion. By the end of a trial, he usually had what he needed for argument. Without pounding on the table, losing his temper, bullying or strutting about, he could move jurors with a low-key logical plea premised on the facts and justice of the case, not mere emotionalism.30
Nineteenth century biographer Noah Brooks may have laid it on a little thick when he stated that, in speaking to a jury, Lincoln rose to “twenty feet high” and “no longer was the homely and ungainly man that he was reputed to be. His eyes flashed fire; his appearance underwent a change as though the inspired mind had transformed the body; his face darkened with malarial influences and seamed with wrinkles of premature age transfigured with the mysterious ‘inner light’ which some observers have said reminded them of a flame glowing with a half-transparent vase.”31
Notwithstanding such hyperbole, many of his contemporaries agreed that he was a “jury man” who had a substantially better command of rhetoric and elocution than most lawyers of his day and he worked hard to perfect trial skills that might even turn a sow’s ear of a case into a winner.
Honesty above all
Abraham Lincoln strived to maintain high moral and ethical standards in representing his clients. His trial lawyer’s toolbox necessarily included diligent efforts to create credibility, develop trust, exhibit fairness, show courtesy and, at the same time, display an appropriate level of passion with and for his clients. He seldom allowed his trial techniques, personal emotion or identification with a client’s case to interfere with his absolute sense of integrity or professional responsibilities.32
Lincoln was called “Honest Abe” by his colleagues at the bar for good reason.33 Recognizing that false or insincere arguments are easily detected, he attempted to speak with moral conviction. He did his best to be honest and maintain integrity with judges and juries by calling trustworthy witnesses who told the truth, avoiding misrepresentations of facts and never offering underhanded cross-examination.34
In an era long before lawyers typically offered representation on a pro bono basis, Lincoln was not a knight-errant who took on causes for clients. But “doing the right thing” was foremost to him, as demonstrated by him representing Duff Armstrong in the Almanac Case for gratis based on his longstanding friendship to the family. Indeed, in his closing argument in that case, he violated his general rule against injecting personal emotions into the case when he related his past relationship with the defendant’s family.35
Although typically reserved, Lincoln also could show his human side. He represented an elderly woman charged with killing her husband in self-defense. At a trial recess, she fled by stepping out a courtroom window. When the bailiff pointed to Lincoln’s complicity, he responded, “I didn’t run her off. She wanted to know where she could get a good drink of water, and I told her there was mighty good water in Tennessee.”36
Lincoln’s method of confronting ethical dilemmas that arose during trial sometimes caused him great pain. His sense of moral righteousness would not allow him to continue to represent a client whom he decided was in the wrong or untruthful. During a murder trial, he concluded that his client had no defense and was not innocent. He withdrew, stating that “I cannot argue this case because our witnesses have been lying, and I don’t believe them.”
Similarly, when representing the plaintiff in a collection matter, he absented himself from the courtroom during the trial when the evidence contradicted his client’s position. The bailiff came to bring him back. He refused to return, complaining, “Tell the Judge that I can’t come – my hands are dirty and I came over to clean them.” The judge dismissed the case, commenting with but two words that defined the situation, “Honest Abe.”37
Every attorney practicing law today knows the ethical precept that a lawyer should not assert or defend a claim or argument in a civil or criminal proceeding unless there is some basis in law and fact for doing so.38 Lincoln explicitly followed this admonition long before it was promulgated as an ethical canon by the bar.
One lawyer observed, “It was morally impossible for Lincoln to argue dishonestly. He could no more do it than he could steal.”39 Another commented on how Lincoln put his straight-arrow honesty into practice in the courtroom: “If a witness told the truth without evasion, Lincoln was respectful and patronizing to him, but he would score a perjured witness unmercifully.”40
Lincoln’s ethical message
Abraham Lincoln himself had this enduring advice regarding honesty and ethical conduct in the practice of law: “There is a vague popular belief that lawyers are necessarily dishonest. I say vague, because when we consider to what extent confidence and honors are reposed in and conferred upon lawyers by the people, it appears improbable that their impression of dishonesty is very distinct and vivid. Yet the impression is common, almost universal. Let no young man choose the law for a calling for a moment yield to the popular belief – resolve to be honest at all times; and if in your own judgment you cannot be an honest lawyer, resolve to be honest without being a lawyer. Choose some other occupation, rather than one in the choosing of which you do in advance, consent to be a knave.”41
Judge Michael L. Stern has presided over civil trial courts since his appointment to the Los Angeles Superior Court in 2001. He is a frequent speaker on trial practice matters. As an attorney, he tried cases throughout the United States. He is a graduate of Stanford University and Harvard Law School.
Copyright © 2020 by the author.
For reprint permission, contact the publisher: Advocate Magazine | <urn:uuid:279d5237-f21c-4060-86ec-8c50db438255> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.advocatemagazine.com/article/2018-july/lawyer-lincoln-s-trial-tactics | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250601040.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120224950-20200121013950-00545.warc.gz | en | 0.981978 | 5,363 | 3.78125 | 4 | [
-0.3495352268218994,
0.36541837453842163,
0.01807234436273575,
0.03834439069032669,
-0.5710957646369934,
0.10047636926174164,
0.49630871415138245,
0.16082726418972015,
-0.26279008388519287,
-0.31806373596191406,
-0.3497809171676636,
0.19011349976062775,
-0.1537456214427948,
0.2708247303962... | 1 | How Abraham Lincoln developed his trial skills and prepared himself to persuade juries
From his admission to the bar in 1837 and until he became president in 1861, Abraham Lincoln tried hundreds of jury trials. He was pretty good at it.1 Contemporary trial attorneys can learn a lot from reviewing some of Lincoln’s personal traits and talents that brought him success before juries.
In his early years as an attorney, Lincoln’s trials were mostly small cases tried on the rural judicial circuit where he had little time for preparation.2 Over the course of nearly a quarter century at the bar, his trial skills developed and he eventually was retained on a number of complicated cases requiring sophisticated trial strategies. To win for his clients, he could no longer “wing it,” as he had in many of the early matters that he picked up at county courthouses on the judicial circuit.3
Lincoln’s success was based on his exceptional diligence, power of concentration and focus on detail. The starting point for his winning trial strategy was gaining a command of the facts of a case and shaping them into a structure that told a persuasive story. He recognized that jurors are not impressed by the presentation of random evidence without a defined purpose. So digging into the facts was critical to prevail at trial.
Defending the railroad bridge
Lincoln’s trial methods depended on forming factual blocks of information that he molded into a clear, credible and forceful narrative. His methods are well-illustrated by his defense in the 1857 trial of Hurd v. The Rock Island Bridge Company, a case that symbolized a titanic clash of economic forces in the mid-19th century: modern rail was challenging traditional water transport and the burgeoning Chicago rail hub was pitted against the thriving St. Louis river port.4
The river-packet Effie Afton had struck the first railroad bridge across the Mississippi between Illinois and Iowa, damaging the vessel and burning the bridge. The ship owner sued the bridge company for obstructing the river with the bridge’s supporting piers, which he contended had caused the accident.
Abraham Lincoln was retained to defend the bridge company in a trial conducted before Supreme Court Justice John McLean, sitting in federal court in Chicago. With twenty years of trial experience under his belt, Lincoln was at his prime.
Lincoln spent months preparing to defend the bridge company. As an attorney who is the only United States president to hold a registered patent,5 Lincoln put his technical background and lawyer’s attention to detail to work investigating what had happened. He closely inspected the river at the collision site, measured currents and eddies to simulate accident conditions, interviewed witnesses about the crash, studied rail traffic and river navigation, and examined both the architecture and construction of the bridge. He also analyzed the policy argument that the railroad was the harbinger of the future and river carriers must accede to progress.6
Lincoln’s painstaking preparation formed a trial plan that was brought to a climax in his closing argument. According to an observer, “Lincoln’s examination of witnesses was very full and no point escaped his notice. I thought he carried it almost to prolixity, but when he came to his argument I changed my opinion. He went over all the details with great minuteness, until court, jury, and spectators were wrought up to the crucial points. Then drawing himself up to his full height, he delivered a peroration that trilled the courtroom and, to the minds of most persons, settled the case.”7 The jury split in favor of the bridge company. The case was finally resolved in the bridge company’s favor by the United States Supreme Court in 1862 after Lincoln had occupied the White House.8
Telling the story
Abraham Lincoln’s capacity to spin a yarn was well-recognized by those who knew him long before he determined to become a lawyer. He could sit around the proverbial cracker barrel and tell an entertaining or humorous story with the best of them.9 Lincoln’s great storytelling ability was rooted in his life experience, which he utilized to maximum advantage in beguiling juries. He used the age-old mechanism of storytelling to guide jurors, ease them into following the action and then lead them to his intended conclusions.
Lincoln knew that his mission was to build the facts of the case into a trial theme and a powerful story. Setting specific objectives and developing his trial plan around concrete facts, he avoided the jumble of witnesses and lack of organization that characterize some attorneys’ confusing approaches to trying a case. From the time that he entered a courthouse until the jury retired to deliberate, he pursued his singular goal of providing a simple and digestible narrative that pierced the heart of the controversy. How did he do this?
In preparing for trial, Lincoln “walked the walk” to ensure that every aspect of the trial conveyed a consistent message. Although most of his trials were in civil matters, an 1858 criminal matter, People v. Armstrong, dubbed the Almanac Case, exemplifies Lincoln’s courtroom skills at the height of his trial attorney prowess. Lincoln’s client Duff Armstrong was charged with bludgeoning a man over the head with a heavy lead “slingshot” weapon, killing the victim. The odds were long against Armstrong, who was the son of old friends, whom Lincoln represented as a favor without charging a fee. The defense was tough. A co-defendant had already been convicted in a separate trial and sentenced to prison.10
The prosecution’s main witness had testified convincingly that he had unmistakably seen Armstrong and his accomplice commit the grisly crime at night in the woods under an illuminating full moon. Undaunted by this strong adverse evidence, Lincoln personally interviewed witnesses and examined the crime scene from every angle. He then developed a trial plan based on an alternative version of the facts casting doubt on the eyewitness’s account.
Donning a pure white suit emblematic of his client’s innocence, Lincoln began the trial by ostentatiously handing an almanac to the bailiff in a manner that jurors could not miss. His intense cross-examination focused on how and what the eyewitness could see: Had he been close enough to see Armstrong swing the slingshot and crush the victim’s head? What did the co-defendant swing? Could the blows be seen clearly through the thick foliage? Was he absolutely certain that the moon was high in the sky over the crime scene? Was he totally sure that the moon was shining directly on down?11
Building a theory of the case through such questions intended to cast doubt on the eyewitness’s account, Lincoln doubled- down with extraordinary care to pin the man down to his version of the events. Lincoln then reached for the almanac, placed the published phases of the moon on the night in question before the witness and confronted him with the irrefutable fact that the moon was already setting at the time of the crime. Now was he sure of what he had testified? The witness could not respond further to Lincoln’s questioning. The prosecution’s case crumbled and the jury acquitted Armstrong.
Lincoln had accomplished his objective by presenting a plausible completing story with a defined structure that provided, factor after factor, how and why the eyewitness might have been mistaken. Through his tightly worded questions, he constructed a coherent narrative that kept the jury anxiously wondering how his cross-examination could overcome the facts seemingly stacked so high against the defendant. At the same time, he humanized his client by parenthetically mentioning his lifelong association with Armstrong’s family. His coup de grace, the conflicting physical evidence of the almanac entry, clinched the defense.
Lincoln’s story-of-the-case in the Armstrong trial was not a boring pile of miscellaneous information, unexplained disparate events, disconnected or dud witnesses, an incoherent “jigsaw puzzle” or confusing “roadmap” that left jurors without direction. His every action was aimed at creating tension and conflict that compelled jurors to listen and follow along. By relating a purposeful story that made sense, he cast doubt on the prosecution’s case and gave the jurors the ammunition to reach their own decision to acquit his client.
Simplicity in presentation
Lincoln did not hesitate to look jurors right in their eyes and, straight-forward and without exaggeration, tell them exactly what he wanted them to do. One colleague commented that, “Clarity, conciseness, and simplicity of statement were his forte in the trial of a case. His mind was orderly. He could marshal facts in such an orderly sequence and reduce a complicated problem to such simple terms that even the dullest layman could not fail to understand.”12
Lincoln’s advocacy was more than just style. He had a substantive approach to examining witnesses.13 To the greatest extent possible, he attempted to pose questions that had no fat on the bones. His specific and lucid questions were bullets that shot to the heart of the case. Central to his approach was ensuring that his questions were carefully selected to fit into a structure that proved the case, not superfluous inquiries that did no more than pile on non-essentials.14 By cutting through the clutter and focusing on what really mattered, Lincoln avoided turning a trial into a mess of incomprehensible contentions, lawyer histrionics or distracting bombast.
Flexibility in the heat of a trial is paramount. As a master trial tactician, Lincoln had a sixth sense to know when the sands of trial testimony were shifting against him and how he needed to adjust his strategy. When exigencies occur in trial, some attorneys mindlessly stick to their preconceived trial plans or obliviously drone on with pre-prepared questions despite altered circumstances. Lincoln, on the other hand, was alert to diagnose difficulties and react to remedy them.15
Where many lawyers would raise an objection or minor technicality “for the record,” Lincoln often would let a point pass without protesting. If a point did no great harm to his overall strategy, it was not uncommon for him to let it go by saying no more than he “reckoned” it would be “fair to let this in or that” or “admit the truth” to the inconsequential.16 As one attorney said, “By giving away six points and carrying the seventh he carried his case, and the whole case hanging on the seventh, he traded away everything which would give him the least aid in carrying that. Any man who took Lincoln for a simple-minded man would soon wake up with his back in a ditch.”17
Lincoln’s direct appeal to jurors without beating around the bush is especially well demonstrated by his representation of an elderly Revolutionary War widow who had been swindled by a government agent who greedily took half of her pension as a “fee” for his services. The indignant Lincoln aimed to do justice for the cheated old woman.
He began his pretrial prep by brushing up on his Revolutionary history. He then sketched an uncomplicated outline of a trial strategy that offered an appeal to the jurors’ common sense, patriotism and sympathy. His trial notes went straight to the point: “No contract – not professional services – unreasonable charge – money retained by Defendant not give to Plaintiff – Revolutionary War – Describe Valley Forge privations – Ice – Soldier’s bleeding feet – Plaintiff’s husband – soldier leaving home for army – Skin defendant! Close!”
Rising to present his closing, Lincoln calmly stated in a slow, sad voice, “Time rolls by; the heroes of ‘seventy-six’ have passed away and are encamped on the other shore. The soldier has gone to rest and now, crippled, blinded, and broken. His widow comes to you and to me, gentlemen of the jury, to right her wrongs. She was not always thus. She was once a beautiful woman. Her step was elastic, her face as fair . . . But now she is poor and defenseless . . . she appeals to us who enjoy the privileges achieved for us by the patriots of the Revolution, for our sympathetic and manly protection . . . All I ask you is, shall we befriend her?”18
It did not take long for the jury to agree with this plain-speaking appeal.19 Not surprisingly, this heart-rending entreaty was effectively issued by the lawyer who would later deliver the brief, 272-word Gettysburg Address and a concise, six-paragraph Second Inaugural Address beseeching the North and South to bind their wounds at the end of a brutal Civil War.20
Plain words, no legalese
Every trial attorney has been told again and again: “Don’t talk down to people by using complicated, highfalutin and technical language. Use common words that regular people understand.” Unfortunately, some counsel cannot restrain themselves; their legal mumbo-jumbo seems to roll out naturally. Not Abraham Lincoln. He used the language and talked the talk of the common folk who understood his voice.
Lincoln appreciated that his ability to persuade jurors depended on communicating in ordinary language that his audience could easily follow. Legalese and “nickel” words were foreign to him. No high-toned expressions came forth from country lawyer Lincoln, thank you. On one occasion when an attorney used a Latin term in court, the man turned to Lincoln and inquired, “That is so, is it not, Mr. Lincoln?” Lincoln replied, “If that’s Latin, you had better call another witness.”21
Unlike some trial lawyers then and now, Lincoln possessed a natural knack to convey his message to the jury wrapped in homespun wisdom without a lot of pomp and pretense.22 His keen sense of humor and ability to turn awkward situations on end with comedy were well-known.
In one trial that was not going too well, he had trouble fashioning a defense. Putting his knowledge of rural jurors to work, Lincoln happened to notice that the opposing attorney was wearing an outlandish shirt with buttons both down the back and front mimicking a then-current foppish British fashion. Perfectly reading his country audience, Lincoln swung the jury to his side with a ridiculing closing remark, “Counsel has pretended knowledge of the law, but as he has his shirt on backwards, he has his law backwards.” The jury burst out laughing at Lincoln’s mockery and found for his client.23
Lincoln had an uncanny gift to work with words to add wit to his presentations.24 A fuddy-duddy judge kept correcting Lincoln’s pronunciation of the word “lien,” which Lincoln pronounced “lean.” The judge kept telling Lincoln that it should be “lion.” After a while, Lincoln went back to pronouncing it in his own way and was corrected a second time by the court. Lincoln apologized, “As you please, your honor.” He soon slipped once again and the court warned him. Lincoln replied that, “If my client had known there was a lion on his farm, he wouldn’t have stayed there long enough to bring this suit.”25
Creating visual images
Lincoln knew that his job in the courtroom was to create an emotional atmosphere through words and other aids that paint pictures with which jurors could plausibly identify. If he was succeeding, his well-presented narrative would sketch a familiar scene or open a window in the listener allowing for a shared experience leading to an accepted message. He appreciated that if he did no more than lay out bare facts through bland, unanimated testimony, even his highly effective forensic skills would fall flat on a disinterested audience.
For these reasons, he honed his natural ability to advocate like a lawyer without looking and sounding like one. Using images to make jurors eyewitnesses to the case, he got beyond jurors’ natural skepticism that they were being sold a bill of goods. His goal, as every good trial advocate knows, was to make the jurors into witnesses and participants to the events comprising the trial.
The imagery projected by Lincoln began with his own physical appearance. At six feet and four inches tall, in a time when the average man was eight inches shorter, he typically arrived at a courthouse in a black ill-fitting suit, topped by a stove-pipe hat that reached to the sky and carrying a broken umbrella fastened around with a piece of string. His sallow facial features were marked by high cheekbones, large deep-set greyish brown eyes shaded by heavy eyebrows accenting a grim, determined look on his craggy, melancholy face. Jurors could not ignore his squeaky, high-pitched voice, and gangling arms stretching down to his oversized hands and long slender fingers.26
While some swear that humor has no place in a courtroom, Lincoln knew how to strategically use a little laughter to his advantage. His keen sense of self-deprecating humor usually allowed him to get around his ungainly appearance. But his use of humor for advocacy purpose went beyond occasionally making fun of his appearance at his own expense. When the circumstances permitted, he deftly employed parody, satire and sarcasm to drive home the righteousness of his client’s case or deflect an opponent’s position.27
An instance of Lincoln’s skill in this regard occurred during the cross-examination of a high-priced doctor, a key witness in a circumstance where Lincoln’s defense seemed tenuous. As was his custom in many trials, Lincoln passed on examining the plaintiff’s witnesses until the linchpin expert was called. He went directly to revealing his defense strategy by inquiring, “Doctor, how much are you to receive for testifying in this case?’ The witness asked the judge whether he had to answer the question. The judge acknowledged that the question was within bounds and ordered a response. The expert’s fee was such a high amount that it stole the jurors’ breaths. In closing, Lincoln wagged his boney forefinger at the jury and, in his shrill voice, ridiculed the doctor’s credibility by calling his outlandish fees into question, “Gentlemen of the jury, big fee, big swear!” The jury was won over through Lincoln’s exclamation undermining the doctor’s testimony and a favorable verdict was returned for his client.28
The power of persuasion
Lincoln, of course, could neither read jurors’ minds nor was he capable of mental telepathy. But he understood that it is the trial attorney’s job to get into jurors’ heads by creating a conversation with them, repeatedly focusing attention on the merits of the matter, and, finally, providing the means to enable jurors to figure out the case on their own in the jury room.
Some of Lincoln’s contemporaries believed that he had success as a trial lawyer because he could do all of these things with great facility. He was described by one of his best boosters as the “strongest jury-lawyer we ever had in Illinois . . . who could make a laugh, and, generally, weep at his pleasure” who was a “quick and accurate reader of character . . . [who] understood, almost intuitively, the jury, witnesses, parties, and judges, and how best to address, convince, and influence them;” and “an admirable tactician” who skillfully kept the jury on track toward his objectives.29
Lincoln’s ultimate aim was to gather together the facts, apply logic and common sense, and then, through his closing argument, urge jurors to commit to his position during their deliberations. In closing, he was at his pinnacle of persuasion. By the end of a trial, he usually had what he needed for argument. Without pounding on the table, losing his temper, bullying or strutting about, he could move jurors with a low-key logical plea premised on the facts and justice of the case, not mere emotionalism.30
Nineteenth century biographer Noah Brooks may have laid it on a little thick when he stated that, in speaking to a jury, Lincoln rose to “twenty feet high” and “no longer was the homely and ungainly man that he was reputed to be. His eyes flashed fire; his appearance underwent a change as though the inspired mind had transformed the body; his face darkened with malarial influences and seamed with wrinkles of premature age transfigured with the mysterious ‘inner light’ which some observers have said reminded them of a flame glowing with a half-transparent vase.”31
Notwithstanding such hyperbole, many of his contemporaries agreed that he was a “jury man” who had a substantially better command of rhetoric and elocution than most lawyers of his day and he worked hard to perfect trial skills that might even turn a sow’s ear of a case into a winner.
Honesty above all
Abraham Lincoln strived to maintain high moral and ethical standards in representing his clients. His trial lawyer’s toolbox necessarily included diligent efforts to create credibility, develop trust, exhibit fairness, show courtesy and, at the same time, display an appropriate level of passion with and for his clients. He seldom allowed his trial techniques, personal emotion or identification with a client’s case to interfere with his absolute sense of integrity or professional responsibilities.32
Lincoln was called “Honest Abe” by his colleagues at the bar for good reason.33 Recognizing that false or insincere arguments are easily detected, he attempted to speak with moral conviction. He did his best to be honest and maintain integrity with judges and juries by calling trustworthy witnesses who told the truth, avoiding misrepresentations of facts and never offering underhanded cross-examination.34
In an era long before lawyers typically offered representation on a pro bono basis, Lincoln was not a knight-errant who took on causes for clients. But “doing the right thing” was foremost to him, as demonstrated by him representing Duff Armstrong in the Almanac Case for gratis based on his longstanding friendship to the family. Indeed, in his closing argument in that case, he violated his general rule against injecting personal emotions into the case when he related his past relationship with the defendant’s family.35
Although typically reserved, Lincoln also could show his human side. He represented an elderly woman charged with killing her husband in self-defense. At a trial recess, she fled by stepping out a courtroom window. When the bailiff pointed to Lincoln’s complicity, he responded, “I didn’t run her off. She wanted to know where she could get a good drink of water, and I told her there was mighty good water in Tennessee.”36
Lincoln’s method of confronting ethical dilemmas that arose during trial sometimes caused him great pain. His sense of moral righteousness would not allow him to continue to represent a client whom he decided was in the wrong or untruthful. During a murder trial, he concluded that his client had no defense and was not innocent. He withdrew, stating that “I cannot argue this case because our witnesses have been lying, and I don’t believe them.”
Similarly, when representing the plaintiff in a collection matter, he absented himself from the courtroom during the trial when the evidence contradicted his client’s position. The bailiff came to bring him back. He refused to return, complaining, “Tell the Judge that I can’t come – my hands are dirty and I came over to clean them.” The judge dismissed the case, commenting with but two words that defined the situation, “Honest Abe.”37
Every attorney practicing law today knows the ethical precept that a lawyer should not assert or defend a claim or argument in a civil or criminal proceeding unless there is some basis in law and fact for doing so.38 Lincoln explicitly followed this admonition long before it was promulgated as an ethical canon by the bar.
One lawyer observed, “It was morally impossible for Lincoln to argue dishonestly. He could no more do it than he could steal.”39 Another commented on how Lincoln put his straight-arrow honesty into practice in the courtroom: “If a witness told the truth without evasion, Lincoln was respectful and patronizing to him, but he would score a perjured witness unmercifully.”40
Lincoln’s ethical message
Abraham Lincoln himself had this enduring advice regarding honesty and ethical conduct in the practice of law: “There is a vague popular belief that lawyers are necessarily dishonest. I say vague, because when we consider to what extent confidence and honors are reposed in and conferred upon lawyers by the people, it appears improbable that their impression of dishonesty is very distinct and vivid. Yet the impression is common, almost universal. Let no young man choose the law for a calling for a moment yield to the popular belief – resolve to be honest at all times; and if in your own judgment you cannot be an honest lawyer, resolve to be honest without being a lawyer. Choose some other occupation, rather than one in the choosing of which you do in advance, consent to be a knave.”41
Judge Michael L. Stern has presided over civil trial courts since his appointment to the Los Angeles Superior Court in 2001. He is a frequent speaker on trial practice matters. As an attorney, he tried cases throughout the United States. He is a graduate of Stanford University and Harvard Law School.
Copyright © 2020 by the author.
For reprint permission, contact the publisher: Advocate Magazine | 5,179 | ENGLISH | 1 |
MAGIE, Elizabeth (Lizzie), American. The original inventor of Monopoly who patented the board game in 1903. Initially, she called it the Landlord’s Game, she was a Quaker and had invented the game as a reflection on the greed of landlords who wanted to own everything (i.e., be a monopoly). Many were circulated in the 1920s and the game became well known, it was the prototype of Monopoly. Then in 1924, houses and hotels were added to improve the game, moralist issues were forgotten after that. This was not the game-version we know today, which was invented by Charles Darrow in 1933, who introduced the unique players’ markers, etc. He got a new patent, after much argument with the examiners. Lizzie also had an invention to do with typewriters.
Related further reading... | <urn:uuid:ae052df2-a943-43ad-a937-76f589dc388c> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | http://www.inventricity.com/elizabeth-magie-games-inventor | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250606269.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122012204-20200122041204-00028.warc.gz | en | 0.98807 | 179 | 3.625 | 4 | [
-0.3715532720088959,
0.11994216591119766,
0.30568212270736694,
-0.3434566259384155,
-0.44704297184944153,
0.060519102960824966,
0.5689157247543335,
0.3417385518550873,
-0.10533709824085236,
-0.006657850928604603,
-0.13761015236377716,
-0.1643345057964325,
0.18682295083999634,
-0.3529697656... | 15 | MAGIE, Elizabeth (Lizzie), American. The original inventor of Monopoly who patented the board game in 1903. Initially, she called it the Landlord’s Game, she was a Quaker and had invented the game as a reflection on the greed of landlords who wanted to own everything (i.e., be a monopoly). Many were circulated in the 1920s and the game became well known, it was the prototype of Monopoly. Then in 1924, houses and hotels were added to improve the game, moralist issues were forgotten after that. This was not the game-version we know today, which was invented by Charles Darrow in 1933, who introduced the unique players’ markers, etc. He got a new patent, after much argument with the examiners. Lizzie also had an invention to do with typewriters.
Related further reading... | 188 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Lewis and Clark, both leaders of their voyage to locate a waterway that connected the Pacific Ocean to the Atlantic Ocean, developed the Americans’ reputation and their ways of life. Fundamentally, the expedition defined the nation’s identity, shaped their migration and settlement throughout the land, and their economy. In other words, this major journey created the way Native Americans viewed us and our approaches to our nation.
Our identity, or the way we are described, is what the Natives thought of Americans. Primarily, they had an extremely negative perspective on these Americans. These Native Americans that were encountered thought the travelers were horrific and greedy because the whites forcefully stole their land and took over where families, homes, and innocent lives were occupied. In simpler terms, the Natives had a strong desire for the whites to be brutally murdered and drawn back away from the land they believed was in their ownership. This created the idea of war and major battle. Conflict was later formed, as well as the attributes of America and its citizens (Tecumseh “The West…”).
Even after being fed and assisted by the Indians, the white settlers are still careless of their impudence. Regarding the expedition of Meriwether and William, Jefferson writes to Congress that “The Indian tribes… have, for a considerable time, been growing more and more uneasy at the constant diminution of the territory they occupy” (Jefferson Rivers, Edens…”). As
In addition, the Americans elaborate on their idea of traveling and settling in the western territory. They take their Creator as the force to make decisions. Furthermore, despite the fact that the Indians already inhabit the land, the whites claim the factor of “manifest destiny,” which defines the belief of God-given will to expand and move throughout the country. This idea came from a source of religion, since it was simply a conjecture that the Father Above had set one’s fate and life to colonize and populate the west section of the nation’s land; it was written in the Americans’ future and meant to be (Harrison “To the…”). This preset fate caused the Americans to think they were supposed to expand their population to include western Americans, known as Pioneers, who were braver and rougher.
To create more insight on the movement of Lewis and Clark and their men, the wind strongly blows from the northwest are they travel west as written on the 19th of November. This begins to substantiate the difficulty and struggles that the group encountered in the journey as a whole, and it becomes more understandable what the voyage was like itself, which emphasizes and signifies how the humans on the boat migrated west, to where they desired to live. Deer, buffalo, and elk were eaten during the expedition towards the west. Also, the aspect of the group’s colonization is highlighted. On November the 20th, it is recorded that the whites move into their huts, known as Fort Mandan. This location is at a low ground level, and is established into a few areas near other civilized groups: the Mandans, Minnetarees, and Ahnahaways (Lawson “The Journal”). This provides as an explanation of where settlement took place and that the western colony was occupied by whites, as well as the way in which travel in the large odyssey took place. It helped other Americans see that it was possible for them to come to the west notwithstanding the taxing conditions. | <urn:uuid:ba1bb449-4b6c-4fb9-8b3f-91b9dcdacc0c> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://tooly.io/lewis-and-clark-expedition/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251681625.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125222506-20200126012506-00155.warc.gz | en | 0.982385 | 721 | 4.28125 | 4 | [
-0.08293908089399338,
0.2044420838356018,
0.11451438069343567,
0.039517275989055634,
-0.3422475755214691,
-0.08191955089569092,
0.002681190147995949,
0.08985131233930588,
0.015027623623609543,
0.23163452744483948,
0.30449944734573364,
-0.15564680099487305,
-0.042799726128578186,
-0.0977578... | 1 | Lewis and Clark, both leaders of their voyage to locate a waterway that connected the Pacific Ocean to the Atlantic Ocean, developed the Americans’ reputation and their ways of life. Fundamentally, the expedition defined the nation’s identity, shaped their migration and settlement throughout the land, and their economy. In other words, this major journey created the way Native Americans viewed us and our approaches to our nation.
Our identity, or the way we are described, is what the Natives thought of Americans. Primarily, they had an extremely negative perspective on these Americans. These Native Americans that were encountered thought the travelers were horrific and greedy because the whites forcefully stole their land and took over where families, homes, and innocent lives were occupied. In simpler terms, the Natives had a strong desire for the whites to be brutally murdered and drawn back away from the land they believed was in their ownership. This created the idea of war and major battle. Conflict was later formed, as well as the attributes of America and its citizens (Tecumseh “The West…”).
Even after being fed and assisted by the Indians, the white settlers are still careless of their impudence. Regarding the expedition of Meriwether and William, Jefferson writes to Congress that “The Indian tribes… have, for a considerable time, been growing more and more uneasy at the constant diminution of the territory they occupy” (Jefferson Rivers, Edens…”). As
In addition, the Americans elaborate on their idea of traveling and settling in the western territory. They take their Creator as the force to make decisions. Furthermore, despite the fact that the Indians already inhabit the land, the whites claim the factor of “manifest destiny,” which defines the belief of God-given will to expand and move throughout the country. This idea came from a source of religion, since it was simply a conjecture that the Father Above had set one’s fate and life to colonize and populate the west section of the nation’s land; it was written in the Americans’ future and meant to be (Harrison “To the…”). This preset fate caused the Americans to think they were supposed to expand their population to include western Americans, known as Pioneers, who were braver and rougher.
To create more insight on the movement of Lewis and Clark and their men, the wind strongly blows from the northwest are they travel west as written on the 19th of November. This begins to substantiate the difficulty and struggles that the group encountered in the journey as a whole, and it becomes more understandable what the voyage was like itself, which emphasizes and signifies how the humans on the boat migrated west, to where they desired to live. Deer, buffalo, and elk were eaten during the expedition towards the west. Also, the aspect of the group’s colonization is highlighted. On November the 20th, it is recorded that the whites move into their huts, known as Fort Mandan. This location is at a low ground level, and is established into a few areas near other civilized groups: the Mandans, Minnetarees, and Ahnahaways (Lawson “The Journal”). This provides as an explanation of where settlement took place and that the western colony was occupied by whites, as well as the way in which travel in the large odyssey took place. It helped other Americans see that it was possible for them to come to the west notwithstanding the taxing conditions. | 695 | ENGLISH | 1 |
AAAS Fellow Luisa DiPietro wants to unlock one of the body's most intriguing secrets, the mechanism of perfect healing.
Wounds in the mouth heal without a scar, and new blood vessels that arise around an oral wound develop and perfuse with an efficiency not seen in the skin, said DiPietro, director of the Center for Wound Healing & Tissue Regeneration of the University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC) and a professor or periodontics in UIC's College of Dentistry.
"There's definitely something very different about the oral cavity and its response to injury. It heals really well, and quickly. There's less over-exuberant repair, which is what happens in the skin," she said.
DiPietro's lab has been a leader in exploring the mechanisms of healing in oral mucosa, the type of tissue in the mouth — how new blood vessels form there after an injury, a process known as angiogenesis; the role inflammation plays in healing; and some aspects of the genomic regulation of wound repair. "If you look at the number of genes that get turned on and off, it's about half as many in the oral cavity as for the same-sized injury to the skin."
DiPietro's research leads her to believe that a few processes that occur normally in the skin actually promote scarring after injury. Her hope is to devise treatments that will allow skin to heal seamlessly.
"One of the first things we found was less inflammation in oral mucosal wounds than in the skin," she said. Researchers had already demonstrated that fetal repairs, which also scar very little, had minimal inflammation. However, without at least a modicum of white blood cells going after bacteria that invade a skin wound, "you're going to get infection. Some inflammation is definitely necessary," DiPietro said.
Why doesn't that hold true in the mouth, which has plenty of microbes that could cause infection? DiPietro said, "We think it's because there are defensins there that prevent infection. You can get away with much less inflammation in the mouth." The oral cavity also has fewer mast cells, a type of white blood cell that promotes inflammation. Saliva may also play a role; it has growth factors. Angiogenesis is another variable. DiPietro's team is looking at blood-vessel formation in human scars.
"All the surgical textbooks say angiogenesis is necessary," DiPietro said, but in healing skin, her team saw too many vessels develop, including abnormal ones that didn't do a good job of perfusing — delivering blood to the capillaries. "They don't even provide very good oxygenation," she said.
During healing, "in the oral mucosa, vessels grow just to the right level and stop. They mature more quickly and provide great perfusion," DiPietro said. There are fewer vessels in the mouth, "but they're more mature and they're better arborized" — with a desirable branching, tree-like appearance. "They're in an arrangement that provides great oxygenation."
Anna Szpaderska, then a postdoc in DiPietro's lab, developed the mouse model the team used to study the oral mucosa, Pietro said. "If you reduce the number of vessels by about half, and put in factors that tell them to mature faster, so you get that enhanced oxygenation, the wounds will heal with less scar formation in the skin. We've seen that in a mouse model, and other people have reported it in other models."
In humans, she said, "there are a few studies from the Netherlands that show that more angiogenesis actually predicts a hypertrophic scar" (an unusual, unsightly type).
DiPietro is excited about the prospect of extending perfect wound healing in humans, but she thinks it's going to take five years or so to get to that point. Her team is trying their methods in a rabbit model now. "It's going to be a lot more challenging in people," she said.
DiPietro was one of four children growing up in Charleston, Illinois, a college town in the middle of the state. Her father was a math professor who "would constantly give us puzzles or logic games. He encouraged us to think analytically. My mother was a librarian. She was the one who encouraged us to be inquisitive. I think we all have a great appreciation for that upbringing, a place where we were allowed to think very critically, to question things without any fear," she said.
So DiPietro was a natural for research. But at 19, she was in a terrible bike accident. "I broke a whole bunch of front teeth and smashed up the side of my face. I was very devastated. I felt disfigured, but I healed, right? I healed. I had a great dentist, he restored my teeth, and everything was fine,” she recalled.
Her appreciation for the restorative possibilities of dentistry played a major role in her initial choice of a career, DiPietro said. She was a full-fledged dentist before she finally admitted to herself that "I was not going to be satisfied unless I did research."
She got a PhD in immunology and worked in the lab of AAAS member Peter Polverini then at Northwestern University Medicine and Dental Schools. "He was looking at all these cell types, especially the macrophages, a type of white cell, and how they could promote tissue growth," she recalled.
DiPietro “re-engineered” herself to work in the area of wound healing; she hasn't practiced dentistry for years. Of her research, she said, "I just love it."
She said, "First of all, it's essential. If you can't heal, that's incompatible with life. But healing is really complicated. It's at the intersection of a lot of processes; it's linked with developmental processes. That gives you a lot of room to investigate, and continue to move the field forward." | <urn:uuid:cead17d8-46f5-4d36-84ac-3183dd7ea3e6> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.aaas.org/luisa-dipietro-discovers-healing-skins-secrets | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250597230.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120023523-20200120051523-00450.warc.gz | en | 0.983999 | 1,267 | 3.3125 | 3 | [
-0.36111414432525635,
-0.1381685435771942,
0.4369918406009674,
0.12838903069496155,
-0.1507723182439804,
-0.2970031499862671,
0.49423444271087646,
0.4946632981300354,
-0.12732835114002228,
-0.09565946459770203,
0.07641845941543579,
-0.5339407920837402,
-0.027747325599193573,
0.155395820736... | 11 | AAAS Fellow Luisa DiPietro wants to unlock one of the body's most intriguing secrets, the mechanism of perfect healing.
Wounds in the mouth heal without a scar, and new blood vessels that arise around an oral wound develop and perfuse with an efficiency not seen in the skin, said DiPietro, director of the Center for Wound Healing & Tissue Regeneration of the University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC) and a professor or periodontics in UIC's College of Dentistry.
"There's definitely something very different about the oral cavity and its response to injury. It heals really well, and quickly. There's less over-exuberant repair, which is what happens in the skin," she said.
DiPietro's lab has been a leader in exploring the mechanisms of healing in oral mucosa, the type of tissue in the mouth — how new blood vessels form there after an injury, a process known as angiogenesis; the role inflammation plays in healing; and some aspects of the genomic regulation of wound repair. "If you look at the number of genes that get turned on and off, it's about half as many in the oral cavity as for the same-sized injury to the skin."
DiPietro's research leads her to believe that a few processes that occur normally in the skin actually promote scarring after injury. Her hope is to devise treatments that will allow skin to heal seamlessly.
"One of the first things we found was less inflammation in oral mucosal wounds than in the skin," she said. Researchers had already demonstrated that fetal repairs, which also scar very little, had minimal inflammation. However, without at least a modicum of white blood cells going after bacteria that invade a skin wound, "you're going to get infection. Some inflammation is definitely necessary," DiPietro said.
Why doesn't that hold true in the mouth, which has plenty of microbes that could cause infection? DiPietro said, "We think it's because there are defensins there that prevent infection. You can get away with much less inflammation in the mouth." The oral cavity also has fewer mast cells, a type of white blood cell that promotes inflammation. Saliva may also play a role; it has growth factors. Angiogenesis is another variable. DiPietro's team is looking at blood-vessel formation in human scars.
"All the surgical textbooks say angiogenesis is necessary," DiPietro said, but in healing skin, her team saw too many vessels develop, including abnormal ones that didn't do a good job of perfusing — delivering blood to the capillaries. "They don't even provide very good oxygenation," she said.
During healing, "in the oral mucosa, vessels grow just to the right level and stop. They mature more quickly and provide great perfusion," DiPietro said. There are fewer vessels in the mouth, "but they're more mature and they're better arborized" — with a desirable branching, tree-like appearance. "They're in an arrangement that provides great oxygenation."
Anna Szpaderska, then a postdoc in DiPietro's lab, developed the mouse model the team used to study the oral mucosa, Pietro said. "If you reduce the number of vessels by about half, and put in factors that tell them to mature faster, so you get that enhanced oxygenation, the wounds will heal with less scar formation in the skin. We've seen that in a mouse model, and other people have reported it in other models."
In humans, she said, "there are a few studies from the Netherlands that show that more angiogenesis actually predicts a hypertrophic scar" (an unusual, unsightly type).
DiPietro is excited about the prospect of extending perfect wound healing in humans, but she thinks it's going to take five years or so to get to that point. Her team is trying their methods in a rabbit model now. "It's going to be a lot more challenging in people," she said.
DiPietro was one of four children growing up in Charleston, Illinois, a college town in the middle of the state. Her father was a math professor who "would constantly give us puzzles or logic games. He encouraged us to think analytically. My mother was a librarian. She was the one who encouraged us to be inquisitive. I think we all have a great appreciation for that upbringing, a place where we were allowed to think very critically, to question things without any fear," she said.
So DiPietro was a natural for research. But at 19, she was in a terrible bike accident. "I broke a whole bunch of front teeth and smashed up the side of my face. I was very devastated. I felt disfigured, but I healed, right? I healed. I had a great dentist, he restored my teeth, and everything was fine,” she recalled.
Her appreciation for the restorative possibilities of dentistry played a major role in her initial choice of a career, DiPietro said. She was a full-fledged dentist before she finally admitted to herself that "I was not going to be satisfied unless I did research."
She got a PhD in immunology and worked in the lab of AAAS member Peter Polverini then at Northwestern University Medicine and Dental Schools. "He was looking at all these cell types, especially the macrophages, a type of white cell, and how they could promote tissue growth," she recalled.
DiPietro “re-engineered” herself to work in the area of wound healing; she hasn't practiced dentistry for years. Of her research, she said, "I just love it."
She said, "First of all, it's essential. If you can't heal, that's incompatible with life. But healing is really complicated. It's at the intersection of a lot of processes; it's linked with developmental processes. That gives you a lot of room to investigate, and continue to move the field forward." | 1,235 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Displays, Children and Children’s Work
Personal Challenge Day in Year 6
We have been learning about Ancient Greece as our topic this term. On Thursday, all the children in Year 6 were challenged with finding out about another ancient civilisation – ancient Egypt!
For our Personal Challenge we found out about many different elements of Ancient Egypt from pyramids, to the River Nile, to music and food to Egyptian scientists. Each child shared a presenta-tion to the rest of their class. In the afternoon, lots of other classes came to see what we had been learning about. Thank you to all the parents who were able to join us at the end of the afternoon!
Greek WOW day
In the morning, a man came in to talk to us about Ancient Greece. He told us a story about the Ancient Greek people and their gods. Our two teachers, Miss Cranmer and Mrs Mason, had to hold up a flag with all of the countries that were involved in the action. He also split us into two teams – Athens (Thames class) and Sparta (Mississippi).
“I really enjoyed pushing Miss Cranmer (leader of Athens) off a bench!” Alfie
After the man had finished telling the story, he got us to do a little test. He put up four boards that were double sided with the information that we needed to fill in the test that he gave us.
After we finished, the man divided us into groups and gave us a pile of multi-coloured triangles. We had a diagram to show us what we had to eventually achieve; it was a pic-ture of a square with all of the triangles in different places. It was quite difficult as sometimes we had to flip the triangles over to see if they would fit. Olivia, Ebonny, Archie and Poppy’s group finished the task first. Then, the visitor told us about a clever man who was a genius back in ancient Greek times. The man of a genius, was called Archimedes; he has created the puzzle and solved it! He also invented the Archimedes screw. The Archimedes screw can lift water up hill. Archimedes also invented lots of other things like the puzzle that we made earlier on that day.
After break time, we played a game which was called Paletta. It was a two player game; there was two different coloured pebbles, one black and the other white, and the players took it in turns to be each colour. The aim of the game was to wipe the others player’s warriors off the board!
Then we had lunch and went back to the hall and the visitor showed us his Ancient Greek armour. He chose JJ, George and Finley to come up and try it on; there was a helmet with horse hair streaming down the back of it like a Mohican, body ar-mour that covered his chest, and armour that covered his shins. All of the armour was made out of polished bronze. After this, we all got the opportunity to try holding a sword and trying on the armour.
The last part of the afternoon consisted of us learning Ancient Greek war cries and war marches.
We also played a mini Olympic Games where we had to throw multi-coloured hoops over a bull’s horns and throw javelins at our visitor who was holding an Ancient Greek Olympic shield!
“I loved the Ancient Olympic Games and I re-enacted events at home with my sister.” Eva S
Finally, we were told the story of Jason and the Golden Fleece and some of our class mates helped to act it out. Overall, we had a fantastic day!
“I loved re-enacting the story at the end with all the characters.” Jaiden
Written by Olivia, Honey & Ria. | <urn:uuid:f2c8388b-6e21-4770-ab77-6c2acf462681> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.longwellgreenprimaryschool.co.uk/year-6/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250607407.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122191620-20200122220620-00120.warc.gz | en | 0.983922 | 795 | 3.4375 | 3 | [
-0.13967296481132507,
0.31905192136764526,
0.45991793274879456,
-0.44926509261131287,
-0.6835377216339111,
-0.30644309520721436,
-0.08638153970241547,
0.1760302037000656,
-0.386483371257782,
-0.08627214282751083,
-0.023630864918231964,
-0.38850080966949463,
-0.13393893837928772,
0.36804980... | 1 | Displays, Children and Children’s Work
Personal Challenge Day in Year 6
We have been learning about Ancient Greece as our topic this term. On Thursday, all the children in Year 6 were challenged with finding out about another ancient civilisation – ancient Egypt!
For our Personal Challenge we found out about many different elements of Ancient Egypt from pyramids, to the River Nile, to music and food to Egyptian scientists. Each child shared a presenta-tion to the rest of their class. In the afternoon, lots of other classes came to see what we had been learning about. Thank you to all the parents who were able to join us at the end of the afternoon!
Greek WOW day
In the morning, a man came in to talk to us about Ancient Greece. He told us a story about the Ancient Greek people and their gods. Our two teachers, Miss Cranmer and Mrs Mason, had to hold up a flag with all of the countries that were involved in the action. He also split us into two teams – Athens (Thames class) and Sparta (Mississippi).
“I really enjoyed pushing Miss Cranmer (leader of Athens) off a bench!” Alfie
After the man had finished telling the story, he got us to do a little test. He put up four boards that were double sided with the information that we needed to fill in the test that he gave us.
After we finished, the man divided us into groups and gave us a pile of multi-coloured triangles. We had a diagram to show us what we had to eventually achieve; it was a pic-ture of a square with all of the triangles in different places. It was quite difficult as sometimes we had to flip the triangles over to see if they would fit. Olivia, Ebonny, Archie and Poppy’s group finished the task first. Then, the visitor told us about a clever man who was a genius back in ancient Greek times. The man of a genius, was called Archimedes; he has created the puzzle and solved it! He also invented the Archimedes screw. The Archimedes screw can lift water up hill. Archimedes also invented lots of other things like the puzzle that we made earlier on that day.
After break time, we played a game which was called Paletta. It was a two player game; there was two different coloured pebbles, one black and the other white, and the players took it in turns to be each colour. The aim of the game was to wipe the others player’s warriors off the board!
Then we had lunch and went back to the hall and the visitor showed us his Ancient Greek armour. He chose JJ, George and Finley to come up and try it on; there was a helmet with horse hair streaming down the back of it like a Mohican, body ar-mour that covered his chest, and armour that covered his shins. All of the armour was made out of polished bronze. After this, we all got the opportunity to try holding a sword and trying on the armour.
The last part of the afternoon consisted of us learning Ancient Greek war cries and war marches.
We also played a mini Olympic Games where we had to throw multi-coloured hoops over a bull’s horns and throw javelins at our visitor who was holding an Ancient Greek Olympic shield!
“I loved the Ancient Olympic Games and I re-enacted events at home with my sister.” Eva S
Finally, we were told the story of Jason and the Golden Fleece and some of our class mates helped to act it out. Overall, we had a fantastic day!
“I loved re-enacting the story at the end with all the characters.” Jaiden
Written by Olivia, Honey & Ria. | 760 | ENGLISH | 1 |
The Battle of Khaybar took place in the 7th year of Hijrah. The opponents in this battle were the Jews of Khaybar. This battle came about because the Jews had amassed an army of 10000 and were ready to attack Medina. Among these 10000 were included some tribes of Jews who had taken part in hostilities against the Muslims in cooperation with the Quraish infidels. The less numbered Muslims decided to confront the large numbered Jews and the Muslims moved to Khaybar. The chief of the Fort of Khaybar was Marhab; and his brother Harith was a well-known warrior like Marhab.
Thus, these two brothers were well-known brave warriors and apparently had no equal. During this engagement, the Holy Prophet (S) was having a migraine and was therefore in his tent, but the Muslim army launched attacks for three days yet returned defeated. This continued for three days and whichever Muslim fighter went to confront the Jews, was killed by Harith. When two people used to be killed, no one from the Muslim army had the guts to go further companions for cowardice while his companions used to hold him responsible.
The Muslim army suffered this degradation for three days. Everyday, it had become a routine for the Muslim army to go to the battlefield, attack and suffer defeat and then return to their camps dejected. One day Abu Bakr took a contingent and attacked Khaybar but he returned defeated. In the same way, Umar launched an attack twice but both the times returned completely unsuccessful.1 Marhab and Harith pursued the Muslim army and chased them upto their camps and quite often the Holy Prophet (S) who was in the tent nearby learnt of these developments. It seems that Marhab and Harith were great warriors of their time because Umar could not bear to face them even for a short while.2 Shah Abdul Aziz writes that Umar used to return every time and blame his companions for cowardice while his companions used to hold him responsible.3
Thus, the army of Islam was involved in terrible difficulties in this way and they did not know what to do. The cause of their problems was that till now, the Holy Prophet (S) had not been able to accompany them in the battle. Ali (a.s.) had remained behind in Medina due to sore eyes. That is why he was apparently not fit to participate in the war, but he came to the army of Allah to contribute to the help of the Prophet.
Doubtlessly, this is true faith and assistance of Islam! Glory be to Allah, he could not bear separation from the Prophet, even during an illness and he was so eager to offer his services that he came from Medina to the Muslim camps at Khaybar, but due to the severity of the discomfort, he could not fight for three days. When the army of Islam was defeated for the third consecutive day, the Holy Prophet (S) said:
“Tomorrow, I will hand over the flag of the Islamic army to a person who is brave and who does not flee from the battlefield. That is one who is absolutely courageous and never bolts from the field. One who loves Allah and the Messenger and Allah and the Messenger love him. He will not return till Allah does not grant victory at his hands.”
This is what happened. And that prophetic tradition is mentioned in Sahih Bukhari, Khasais Nasai and Tabari.4 But the Holy Prophet (S) gave the standard to a person who had already been tested in the battles of Badr, Uhud and Khandaq and one who had till date, continued to save the religion of Allah from destruction.
Anyway, the next morning the Holy Prophet (S) applied his saliva to the sore eyes of Ali (a.s.), which cured him completely. He then handed him the standard and gave permission to initiate the battle. After this, the Holy Prophet (S) recited the famous words of supplication: “Call Ali, the one who shows extraordinary wonders of God…” (Naade A’liyyan maz’haral ajaaibi…)
The valiant warrior rushed to the battlefield, engaged his opponents in combat and soon dispatched Marhab and Harith to Hellfire, then he uprooted the gate of Khaybar and conquered the fort. The followers of Ali (a.s.) should know that such unimaginable feats are not possible without divine help. Without any doubt, Ali (a.s.) was helped by Allah. If it had not been so, it would have been impossible for him to perform such feats. How can a person who lived on barley bread and fasted often, rout the enemies of Islam time and again? How can he subdue a warrior like Amr bin Abde Wudd? How can he slay people like Marhab and Harith? And in addition to that, he uproots the gate weighing 700 mounds, and then used this gate as a shield to deflect the strikes of the foes.
O people of justice! Do you think such feats are possible without divine help? It is well known to people who know that the uprooting of the gate of Khaybar is a historical fact and it is not a work of fiction. It is recorded in history. Even the historians who are among the opponents of Islam have recorded this incident in their books.
Washington Irving has recorded this incident in his book on Islamic history. Thus, it is surprising that people of later generations have started to consider it fictional and tend to ignore this achievement of Ali (a.s.). In view of the writer, only such people can deny such incidents, who have not brought faith in the Messenger of Allah (S), because when the Holy Prophet (S) had called Ali (a.s.) as, “one who shows extraordinary wonders” (Mazharul Ajaaib) on the basis of divine revelation, one who does not accept it to be true, cannot be considered a Muslim.
In short, in this battle also, Ali (a.s.) offered such incomparable services to Islam that were not offered by anyone else. Yet, the opponents of Ali (a.s.) refrain from confessing to the bravery of Ali (a.s.). While they are bent to make Abu Bakr and Umar the bravest ones of the companions and the most brave ones of men, as apparent from the writings of Suyuti. O God! There is indeed something like justice!
Abu Bakr and Umar had no connection with valor and bravery. In such a condition, neither Abu Bakr nor Umar could be called the bravest ones. They did not perform any feat during the lifetime of the Prophet, which can make them eligible to be called the bravest ones. Leave alone being the bravest ones, how can a person like Ali (a.s.), who never fled from the battlefield and continued to often rout the enemies of Islam, should be considered inferior to those who always bolted from battles and did not even scratch the enemy of Islam. Now the readers are invited to study the account of the Battle of Hunayn. | <urn:uuid:6631b6fa-69fd-47c4-80b7-e7908e57bfd2> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.al-islam.org/misbah-uz-zulam-roots-karbala-tragedy-sayyid-imdad-imam/battle-khaybar | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250614880.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124011048-20200124040048-00381.warc.gz | en | 0.984673 | 1,466 | 3.359375 | 3 | [
-0.2783883512020111,
1.0006680488586426,
-0.0995723083615303,
0.2666704058647156,
-0.293451189994812,
0.027172064408659935,
0.21296459436416626,
0.17892134189605713,
-0.05908077582716942,
0.16688945889472961,
-0.1654171198606491,
-0.5988662242889404,
0.1852635145187378,
0.02116118371486663... | 7 | The Battle of Khaybar took place in the 7th year of Hijrah. The opponents in this battle were the Jews of Khaybar. This battle came about because the Jews had amassed an army of 10000 and were ready to attack Medina. Among these 10000 were included some tribes of Jews who had taken part in hostilities against the Muslims in cooperation with the Quraish infidels. The less numbered Muslims decided to confront the large numbered Jews and the Muslims moved to Khaybar. The chief of the Fort of Khaybar was Marhab; and his brother Harith was a well-known warrior like Marhab.
Thus, these two brothers were well-known brave warriors and apparently had no equal. During this engagement, the Holy Prophet (S) was having a migraine and was therefore in his tent, but the Muslim army launched attacks for three days yet returned defeated. This continued for three days and whichever Muslim fighter went to confront the Jews, was killed by Harith. When two people used to be killed, no one from the Muslim army had the guts to go further companions for cowardice while his companions used to hold him responsible.
The Muslim army suffered this degradation for three days. Everyday, it had become a routine for the Muslim army to go to the battlefield, attack and suffer defeat and then return to their camps dejected. One day Abu Bakr took a contingent and attacked Khaybar but he returned defeated. In the same way, Umar launched an attack twice but both the times returned completely unsuccessful.1 Marhab and Harith pursued the Muslim army and chased them upto their camps and quite often the Holy Prophet (S) who was in the tent nearby learnt of these developments. It seems that Marhab and Harith were great warriors of their time because Umar could not bear to face them even for a short while.2 Shah Abdul Aziz writes that Umar used to return every time and blame his companions for cowardice while his companions used to hold him responsible.3
Thus, the army of Islam was involved in terrible difficulties in this way and they did not know what to do. The cause of their problems was that till now, the Holy Prophet (S) had not been able to accompany them in the battle. Ali (a.s.) had remained behind in Medina due to sore eyes. That is why he was apparently not fit to participate in the war, but he came to the army of Allah to contribute to the help of the Prophet.
Doubtlessly, this is true faith and assistance of Islam! Glory be to Allah, he could not bear separation from the Prophet, even during an illness and he was so eager to offer his services that he came from Medina to the Muslim camps at Khaybar, but due to the severity of the discomfort, he could not fight for three days. When the army of Islam was defeated for the third consecutive day, the Holy Prophet (S) said:
“Tomorrow, I will hand over the flag of the Islamic army to a person who is brave and who does not flee from the battlefield. That is one who is absolutely courageous and never bolts from the field. One who loves Allah and the Messenger and Allah and the Messenger love him. He will not return till Allah does not grant victory at his hands.”
This is what happened. And that prophetic tradition is mentioned in Sahih Bukhari, Khasais Nasai and Tabari.4 But the Holy Prophet (S) gave the standard to a person who had already been tested in the battles of Badr, Uhud and Khandaq and one who had till date, continued to save the religion of Allah from destruction.
Anyway, the next morning the Holy Prophet (S) applied his saliva to the sore eyes of Ali (a.s.), which cured him completely. He then handed him the standard and gave permission to initiate the battle. After this, the Holy Prophet (S) recited the famous words of supplication: “Call Ali, the one who shows extraordinary wonders of God…” (Naade A’liyyan maz’haral ajaaibi…)
The valiant warrior rushed to the battlefield, engaged his opponents in combat and soon dispatched Marhab and Harith to Hellfire, then he uprooted the gate of Khaybar and conquered the fort. The followers of Ali (a.s.) should know that such unimaginable feats are not possible without divine help. Without any doubt, Ali (a.s.) was helped by Allah. If it had not been so, it would have been impossible for him to perform such feats. How can a person who lived on barley bread and fasted often, rout the enemies of Islam time and again? How can he subdue a warrior like Amr bin Abde Wudd? How can he slay people like Marhab and Harith? And in addition to that, he uproots the gate weighing 700 mounds, and then used this gate as a shield to deflect the strikes of the foes.
O people of justice! Do you think such feats are possible without divine help? It is well known to people who know that the uprooting of the gate of Khaybar is a historical fact and it is not a work of fiction. It is recorded in history. Even the historians who are among the opponents of Islam have recorded this incident in their books.
Washington Irving has recorded this incident in his book on Islamic history. Thus, it is surprising that people of later generations have started to consider it fictional and tend to ignore this achievement of Ali (a.s.). In view of the writer, only such people can deny such incidents, who have not brought faith in the Messenger of Allah (S), because when the Holy Prophet (S) had called Ali (a.s.) as, “one who shows extraordinary wonders” (Mazharul Ajaaib) on the basis of divine revelation, one who does not accept it to be true, cannot be considered a Muslim.
In short, in this battle also, Ali (a.s.) offered such incomparable services to Islam that were not offered by anyone else. Yet, the opponents of Ali (a.s.) refrain from confessing to the bravery of Ali (a.s.). While they are bent to make Abu Bakr and Umar the bravest ones of the companions and the most brave ones of men, as apparent from the writings of Suyuti. O God! There is indeed something like justice!
Abu Bakr and Umar had no connection with valor and bravery. In such a condition, neither Abu Bakr nor Umar could be called the bravest ones. They did not perform any feat during the lifetime of the Prophet, which can make them eligible to be called the bravest ones. Leave alone being the bravest ones, how can a person like Ali (a.s.), who never fled from the battlefield and continued to often rout the enemies of Islam, should be considered inferior to those who always bolted from battles and did not even scratch the enemy of Islam. Now the readers are invited to study the account of the Battle of Hunayn. | 1,457 | ENGLISH | 1 |
President George Washington’s devoted widow and the nation’s first first lady, Martha Dandridge Custis Washington, dies at her Mt. Vernon home on May 22, 1802. She was 70 years old.
Like her husband, Martha Washington was born in the American colonies as a British subject (1731). The petite, dark-haired 19 year old married her first husband, a prosperous 39-year-old Virginia planter named Daniel Parke Custis in 1750. The couple resided in a mansion called the White House and, after Custis died in 1757, Martha ran the plantation, aided by her innate business sense. Two years later, Martha, then 26 and a wealthy and socially prominent widow with two children, met George Washington. At the time, George was a colonel in the British army, a veteran of the French and Indian War and a member of the Virginia House of Burgesses. The two were married in 1759.
George and Martha moved to Mt. Vernon when he inherited the estate in 1761. Although the couple had no children of their own–many scholars suggest Washington may have been sterile–George adopted Martha’s children as his own. Before the American Revolution began in 1776, Martha helped to run two households–Mt. Vernon and the estate she inherited from Custis–with an enormous staff of slaves and servants. During the war, while George led the Continental Army, she frequently followed him to military encampments to take care of him and urge the local women to help feed, clothe and tend to the soldiers.
In 1789, George was elected the first president of the United States and the 57-year-old Martha struggled to fill a role for which she had no model. She shunned the spotlight and resented having her every move being restricted by advisors and documented by the press. Forbidden from dining in private homes with friends, the Washingtons held regular formal dinner parties and receptions at the presidential mansions, first in New York and then in Philadelphia. She disliked both cities and looked forward to returning to Mt. Vernon upon George’s retirement. At that time, the term first lady was not in popular use and Martha was referred to affectionately as Lady Washington.
Friends and acquaintances observed that George and Martha were very close. She considered her primary job to be taking care of her husband. When he had a cancerous growth removed from his tongue in 1789, she personally nursed him back to health and ordered that the streets around their house be cordoned off so that he could convalesce without being disturbed by the sounds of rattling carriages. Despite her doting, Martha may not have been the great passion of George’s life. Before their marriage, George had fallen in love with Sally Fairfax, the wife of an old friend, and some evidence suggest that his feelings for her remained even after his marriage to Martha. It is not known if Martha knew of George’s love for Sally. After he died in 1799, Martha burned all correspondence with her husband, according to his wishes.
Martha graciously gave up a private burial place for her husband and gave John Adams permission to entomb him in Washington at the U.S. Capitol building. He was never interred there, however, and lies buried at his beloved Mt. Vernon. Martha lived the rest of her days at Mt. Vernon and was also buried there in 1802. | <urn:uuid:69fc4bfb-a316-447c-a79a-29d282db6cf7> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/martha-washington-dies | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250598726.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120110422-20200120134422-00132.warc.gz | en | 0.986557 | 707 | 3.265625 | 3 | [
-0.3082260489463806,
0.4952740967273712,
0.17162762582302094,
-0.04273195564746857,
-0.5192790031433105,
0.6431183815002441,
0.18657907843589783,
0.006096254102885723,
0.126644104719162,
0.12144201248884201,
0.44071269035339355,
0.33979374170303345,
0.044001221656799316,
0.7186483144760132... | 11 | President George Washington’s devoted widow and the nation’s first first lady, Martha Dandridge Custis Washington, dies at her Mt. Vernon home on May 22, 1802. She was 70 years old.
Like her husband, Martha Washington was born in the American colonies as a British subject (1731). The petite, dark-haired 19 year old married her first husband, a prosperous 39-year-old Virginia planter named Daniel Parke Custis in 1750. The couple resided in a mansion called the White House and, after Custis died in 1757, Martha ran the plantation, aided by her innate business sense. Two years later, Martha, then 26 and a wealthy and socially prominent widow with two children, met George Washington. At the time, George was a colonel in the British army, a veteran of the French and Indian War and a member of the Virginia House of Burgesses. The two were married in 1759.
George and Martha moved to Mt. Vernon when he inherited the estate in 1761. Although the couple had no children of their own–many scholars suggest Washington may have been sterile–George adopted Martha’s children as his own. Before the American Revolution began in 1776, Martha helped to run two households–Mt. Vernon and the estate she inherited from Custis–with an enormous staff of slaves and servants. During the war, while George led the Continental Army, she frequently followed him to military encampments to take care of him and urge the local women to help feed, clothe and tend to the soldiers.
In 1789, George was elected the first president of the United States and the 57-year-old Martha struggled to fill a role for which she had no model. She shunned the spotlight and resented having her every move being restricted by advisors and documented by the press. Forbidden from dining in private homes with friends, the Washingtons held regular formal dinner parties and receptions at the presidential mansions, first in New York and then in Philadelphia. She disliked both cities and looked forward to returning to Mt. Vernon upon George’s retirement. At that time, the term first lady was not in popular use and Martha was referred to affectionately as Lady Washington.
Friends and acquaintances observed that George and Martha were very close. She considered her primary job to be taking care of her husband. When he had a cancerous growth removed from his tongue in 1789, she personally nursed him back to health and ordered that the streets around their house be cordoned off so that he could convalesce without being disturbed by the sounds of rattling carriages. Despite her doting, Martha may not have been the great passion of George’s life. Before their marriage, George had fallen in love with Sally Fairfax, the wife of an old friend, and some evidence suggest that his feelings for her remained even after his marriage to Martha. It is not known if Martha knew of George’s love for Sally. After he died in 1799, Martha burned all correspondence with her husband, according to his wishes.
Martha graciously gave up a private burial place for her husband and gave John Adams permission to entomb him in Washington at the U.S. Capitol building. He was never interred there, however, and lies buried at his beloved Mt. Vernon. Martha lived the rest of her days at Mt. Vernon and was also buried there in 1802. | 727 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Today, we celebrate Martin Luther King Jr. (1929-1968). He was a minister and social activist whose leadership during the American civil rights movement changed the course of history. Many of us have studied the importance of his work, but here are 5 facts about Martin Luther King Jr you may not know.
1.King’s birth name was Michael, not Martin.
The civil rights leader was born Michael King Jr. on January 15, 1929. In 1934, however, his father, a pastor at Atlanta’s Ebenezer Baptist Church, traveled to Germany and became inspired by the Protestant Reformation leader Martin Luther. As a result, King Sr. changed his own name as well as that of his 5-year-old son (from history.com).
2. Dr. King got a C in public speaking at seminary school. Dr. King’s father, a preacher in Atlanta, thought his son was the best speaker he’d ever seen, before he went away to seminary school. But in his first year of seminary school in Chester, Pennsylvania, one of Dr. King’s professors gave him a C in a public speaking course! In his third and final year, Dr. King was valedictorian with straight A’s (from constitutioncenter.org).
3. Dr. King apparently improvised parts of the “I Have A Dream” speech in August 1963, including its title passage. Clarence B. Jones worked on the draft of the speech, which was being revised up to the time Dr. King took the podium. He says Dr. King’s remarks were up in the air about 12 hours before he spoke, and the “dream” reference wasn’t in the speech. Dr. King later added it live when singer Mahalia Jackson prompted him to speak about the “dream.” In June 1963, Dr. King had talked about his dream in a speech in Detroit (from constitutioncenter.org).
4. When Dr. King was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964, at the time he was the youngest Peace Prize winner ever, at the age of 35. Currently, Malala Yousafzai is the youngest winner on record; she was 17 when she won the prize in 2014. His acceptance speech in Norway included the famous statement, “I believe that unarmed truth and unconditional love will have the final word in reality. This is why right temporarily defeated is stronger than evil triumphant” (from constitutioncenter.org).
5. King entered college at the age of 15.
King was such a gifted student that he skipped grades nine and 12 before enrolling in 1944 at Morehouse College, the alma mater of his father and maternal grandfather. Although he was the son, grandson and great-grandson of Baptist ministers, King did not intend to follow the family vocation until Morehouse president Benjamin E. Mays, a noted theologian, convinced him otherwise. King was ordained before graduating college with a degree in sociology (from history.com) | <urn:uuid:0174c166-6e2a-4da0-b4c2-5a358711fe26> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://williamsonsource.com/5-facts-about-martin-luther-king-jr/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251788528.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129041149-20200129071149-00114.warc.gz | en | 0.987364 | 631 | 3.359375 | 3 | [
-0.39376795291900635,
0.8023351430892944,
0.6214879751205444,
-0.22074070572853088,
-0.5179854035377502,
0.36053648591041565,
0.11887151002883911,
0.018181968480348587,
-0.12742117047309875,
0.3841099143028259,
-0.10509183257818222,
0.2511116862297058,
0.07575365900993347,
-0.3052355647087... | 1 | Today, we celebrate Martin Luther King Jr. (1929-1968). He was a minister and social activist whose leadership during the American civil rights movement changed the course of history. Many of us have studied the importance of his work, but here are 5 facts about Martin Luther King Jr you may not know.
1.King’s birth name was Michael, not Martin.
The civil rights leader was born Michael King Jr. on January 15, 1929. In 1934, however, his father, a pastor at Atlanta’s Ebenezer Baptist Church, traveled to Germany and became inspired by the Protestant Reformation leader Martin Luther. As a result, King Sr. changed his own name as well as that of his 5-year-old son (from history.com).
2. Dr. King got a C in public speaking at seminary school. Dr. King’s father, a preacher in Atlanta, thought his son was the best speaker he’d ever seen, before he went away to seminary school. But in his first year of seminary school in Chester, Pennsylvania, one of Dr. King’s professors gave him a C in a public speaking course! In his third and final year, Dr. King was valedictorian with straight A’s (from constitutioncenter.org).
3. Dr. King apparently improvised parts of the “I Have A Dream” speech in August 1963, including its title passage. Clarence B. Jones worked on the draft of the speech, which was being revised up to the time Dr. King took the podium. He says Dr. King’s remarks were up in the air about 12 hours before he spoke, and the “dream” reference wasn’t in the speech. Dr. King later added it live when singer Mahalia Jackson prompted him to speak about the “dream.” In June 1963, Dr. King had talked about his dream in a speech in Detroit (from constitutioncenter.org).
4. When Dr. King was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964, at the time he was the youngest Peace Prize winner ever, at the age of 35. Currently, Malala Yousafzai is the youngest winner on record; she was 17 when she won the prize in 2014. His acceptance speech in Norway included the famous statement, “I believe that unarmed truth and unconditional love will have the final word in reality. This is why right temporarily defeated is stronger than evil triumphant” (from constitutioncenter.org).
5. King entered college at the age of 15.
King was such a gifted student that he skipped grades nine and 12 before enrolling in 1944 at Morehouse College, the alma mater of his father and maternal grandfather. Although he was the son, grandson and great-grandson of Baptist ministers, King did not intend to follow the family vocation until Morehouse president Benjamin E. Mays, a noted theologian, convinced him otherwise. King was ordained before graduating college with a degree in sociology (from history.com) | 639 | ENGLISH | 1 |
The Aethelings and the Eoldermen
As you would expect with any society that was characterised by a hierarchical class
system there would be the top class who were defined by their wealth and by the power
that they wielded. In the Anglo-
The position of aetheling granted many privileges but it also bestowed certain responsibilities too. Aethelings were expected to support the king and queen and to lead the army on campaign. Military service was considered important as the cult of the warrior was a mainstay of Saxon culture and it also gave the ambitious a chance to prove their worth against the enemies of the people. Harold Godwinson, when he was Eorl of Wessex, built up a formidable reputation for himself as successful warlord defeating King Gruffydd ap Llwellyn of Wales at the command of King Edward of England.
By their very nature the aethelings were few in number, certainly not enough to govern the whole of the kingdom. To assist in this there was a lower tier to the upper class known as the eoldermen. Again these were rich and powerful men given clearly defined areas of the kingdom to manage. They were responsible for administering the king’s law, taking military action to defend the peoples for whom they were responsible, and seeing that the kingdom was properly administered.
An eolderman usually had the title of eorl and he would be responsible for a whole shire or a particular town. In later days it was not uncommon for some eorls to be responsible for several shires. Although not originally an inherited title by the late 10th century it had become something of the norm for a particular title to remain with one family, such as Eorl Godwin passing on the Eorldom of Wessex to his second son Harold Godwinson.
Along with members of the aethelings and the archbishops and bishops the eoldermen formed the ‘Witan’. In essence the witan was the king’s council although he was not necessarily bound to call it or accept its’ recommendations. It did have one very important function, however, and that was to decide on who had the best claim to the crown should a king die without an heir; they may even have decided against a named heir if they found him lacking in some way.
In January 1066 England found itself in a situation where childless King Edward died without a named heir. Although the Eorl of Wessex had no direct claim to the crown it was suggested that King Edward favoured him as he lay dying. It was known that the Duke of Normandy also had his eyes set on the English throne but he had very little influence with the Witan. The claim that came from the King of Norway was dismissed out of hand. In choosing Harold Godwinson the Witan functioned well within its’ remit, irrespective of what the pope might think. In their eyes he was the only Saxon capable of fulfilling the duties of the king and they saw no reason why they should bow to a foreign duke with a questionable claim.
The Sorrow Song Trilogy © 2013 Peter C. Whitaker. All Rights Reserved. | <urn:uuid:8c505519-dcfe-416f-9283-010ffe40863d> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | http://www.petewhitaker.karoo.net/page9.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250606269.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122012204-20200122041204-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.989677 | 657 | 3.34375 | 3 | [
-0.3444245457649231,
0.5118520259857178,
0.23738080263137817,
-0.5030739307403564,
-0.07626979053020477,
-0.29493919014930725,
0.18973079323768616,
0.06649688631296158,
-0.21311292052268982,
-0.14000435173511505,
-0.27336597442626953,
-0.4158807098865509,
0.09387742727994919,
0.04558096453... | 2 | The Aethelings and the Eoldermen
As you would expect with any society that was characterised by a hierarchical class
system there would be the top class who were defined by their wealth and by the power
that they wielded. In the Anglo-
The position of aetheling granted many privileges but it also bestowed certain responsibilities too. Aethelings were expected to support the king and queen and to lead the army on campaign. Military service was considered important as the cult of the warrior was a mainstay of Saxon culture and it also gave the ambitious a chance to prove their worth against the enemies of the people. Harold Godwinson, when he was Eorl of Wessex, built up a formidable reputation for himself as successful warlord defeating King Gruffydd ap Llwellyn of Wales at the command of King Edward of England.
By their very nature the aethelings were few in number, certainly not enough to govern the whole of the kingdom. To assist in this there was a lower tier to the upper class known as the eoldermen. Again these were rich and powerful men given clearly defined areas of the kingdom to manage. They were responsible for administering the king’s law, taking military action to defend the peoples for whom they were responsible, and seeing that the kingdom was properly administered.
An eolderman usually had the title of eorl and he would be responsible for a whole shire or a particular town. In later days it was not uncommon for some eorls to be responsible for several shires. Although not originally an inherited title by the late 10th century it had become something of the norm for a particular title to remain with one family, such as Eorl Godwin passing on the Eorldom of Wessex to his second son Harold Godwinson.
Along with members of the aethelings and the archbishops and bishops the eoldermen formed the ‘Witan’. In essence the witan was the king’s council although he was not necessarily bound to call it or accept its’ recommendations. It did have one very important function, however, and that was to decide on who had the best claim to the crown should a king die without an heir; they may even have decided against a named heir if they found him lacking in some way.
In January 1066 England found itself in a situation where childless King Edward died without a named heir. Although the Eorl of Wessex had no direct claim to the crown it was suggested that King Edward favoured him as he lay dying. It was known that the Duke of Normandy also had his eyes set on the English throne but he had very little influence with the Witan. The claim that came from the King of Norway was dismissed out of hand. In choosing Harold Godwinson the Witan functioned well within its’ remit, irrespective of what the pope might think. In their eyes he was the only Saxon capable of fulfilling the duties of the king and they saw no reason why they should bow to a foreign duke with a questionable claim.
The Sorrow Song Trilogy © 2013 Peter C. Whitaker. All Rights Reserved. | 652 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Iskender is from Turkey and he is teaching English in Mongolia. He recently completed our 120-hour TEFL certification course and was able to apply his new-learned skills in his classroom. He saw immediate results and his students improved greatly.
Below you can read feedback from an ITTT graduate regarding one section of their online TEFL certification course. Each of our online courses is broken down into concise units that focus on specific areas of English language teaching. This convenient, highly structured design means that you can quickly get to grips with each section before moving onto the next.
This unit introduces the present tenses: present simple, present continuous/progressive, present perfect, and present perfect continuous. The usages of each tense has been explained. The most interesting part of the unit was the ways with which each tense could be used (in the activate stage) and examples for the games and elicitation techniques that could be utilized.In this unit we learned about present tenses. Present tenses include present simple, present continuous, present perfect and present perfect continuous. This lesson was very important for us because we will teach this no matter to which type of students. In this lesson we also went through forms, usages, typical students errors and activate stage during teaching ideas. | <urn:uuid:d3adc430-8fd0-4b97-9513-b361fc3aab5b> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.teflonline.net/tefl-videos/tefl-video-testimonials/tesol-tefl-reviews-video-testimonial-iskender/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251694908.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127051112-20200127081112-00209.warc.gz | en | 0.980911 | 258 | 3.453125 | 3 | [
-0.25063613057136536,
0.2389405369758606,
0.39413201808929443,
-0.081930972635746,
-0.4361995756626129,
-0.20764665305614471,
-0.03600747510790825,
0.37468835711479187,
-0.33134719729423523,
-0.23294317722320557,
-0.23860661685466766,
-0.5979650020599365,
-0.012571956031024456,
0.429956048... | 4 | Iskender is from Turkey and he is teaching English in Mongolia. He recently completed our 120-hour TEFL certification course and was able to apply his new-learned skills in his classroom. He saw immediate results and his students improved greatly.
Below you can read feedback from an ITTT graduate regarding one section of their online TEFL certification course. Each of our online courses is broken down into concise units that focus on specific areas of English language teaching. This convenient, highly structured design means that you can quickly get to grips with each section before moving onto the next.
This unit introduces the present tenses: present simple, present continuous/progressive, present perfect, and present perfect continuous. The usages of each tense has been explained. The most interesting part of the unit was the ways with which each tense could be used (in the activate stage) and examples for the games and elicitation techniques that could be utilized.In this unit we learned about present tenses. Present tenses include present simple, present continuous, present perfect and present perfect continuous. This lesson was very important for us because we will teach this no matter to which type of students. In this lesson we also went through forms, usages, typical students errors and activate stage during teaching ideas. | 257 | ENGLISH | 1 |
In addition to age, gender is one of the universal dimensions on which status differences are based. Gender is a social construction that specifies socially stereotyped roles that men and women are to follow. Women have always had lower status than men, but the extent of the gap between the sexes changes across cultures and time.
In ancient Greek civilization, the role of women varies obviously from pre-classical times to the classical period. There was a huge social distinction between the women living in this society. Generally, there were three status levels a woman could evaluate in Ancient Athens; a citizen, a freedwoman and a slave. Citizen womengained their citizenship at birth by being born from parents who were also citizen.
This kind of women generally known as respectable and had to follow specific codes regarding their public and private behavior. Freedwomen consisted of the slaves who had acquired their freedom or foreigners from other countries who had settled in Greece to live. Lastly, slaves were mostly foreigners who had been captured from conquered areas or were children of slaves.
In Islam religion, there is no social distinction between women living in society obviously. On the other hand, wealth is an effective component which create social distinction between women.
Greek women had not have a chance to control own right. If they were married, control went to their husband. If they divorced, control and rights went back to their father. The primary duty of respectable women were in charge of houseworks for instance, raising children, making family clothes etc. Society limited the women time at outside home.
“Women run households and protect within their homes what has been carried across the sea, and without a woman no home is clean or prosperous. Consider their role in religion, for that, in my opinion, comesfirst | <urn:uuid:36ce1362-4cc1-477a-b263-283da0878d15> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://gemmarketingsolutions.com/comparison-of-women-status/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250609478.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123071220-20200123100220-00115.warc.gz | en | 0.987996 | 355 | 4.125 | 4 | [
0.18495553731918335,
0.4040255844593048,
0.15104176104068756,
-0.2434910386800766,
-0.25479984283447266,
0.12335281074047089,
0.14845481514930725,
0.006824697367846966,
-0.04790722578763962,
0.0909312516450882,
0.02807442657649517,
-0.10988081246614456,
-0.08948545902967453,
0.152454957365... | 1 | In addition to age, gender is one of the universal dimensions on which status differences are based. Gender is a social construction that specifies socially stereotyped roles that men and women are to follow. Women have always had lower status than men, but the extent of the gap between the sexes changes across cultures and time.
In ancient Greek civilization, the role of women varies obviously from pre-classical times to the classical period. There was a huge social distinction between the women living in this society. Generally, there were three status levels a woman could evaluate in Ancient Athens; a citizen, a freedwoman and a slave. Citizen womengained their citizenship at birth by being born from parents who were also citizen.
This kind of women generally known as respectable and had to follow specific codes regarding their public and private behavior. Freedwomen consisted of the slaves who had acquired their freedom or foreigners from other countries who had settled in Greece to live. Lastly, slaves were mostly foreigners who had been captured from conquered areas or were children of slaves.
In Islam religion, there is no social distinction between women living in society obviously. On the other hand, wealth is an effective component which create social distinction between women.
Greek women had not have a chance to control own right. If they were married, control went to their husband. If they divorced, control and rights went back to their father. The primary duty of respectable women were in charge of houseworks for instance, raising children, making family clothes etc. Society limited the women time at outside home.
“Women run households and protect within their homes what has been carried across the sea, and without a woman no home is clean or prosperous. Consider their role in religion, for that, in my opinion, comesfirst | 349 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Login / Sign-up NOW to ask your Doubts - its totally FREE !!
why we compare 1by12 of carbon atom with other elements
Before 1961, there actually were two sets of atomic masses (though everybody called them atomic weights then). One scale was used by physicists; the other by chemists. Both were based upon weights compared to Oxygen, rather than Hydrogen. Oxygen was used because it combines with a lot of things to form oxides. This made it a better choice as a standard because of the ease of chemical analysis. Oxygen was set to have an atomic mass of 16, which was just about 16 times as heavy as Hydrogen being 1. Unfortunately, Chemists picked naturally occurring Oxygen, which is a mixture of isotopes of Oxygen-16, Oxygen-17, and Oxygen-18. After all when one made an oxide of an element he would do so in naturally occurring oxygen. Physicists picked the pure isotope Oxygen-16, because they tended to make their measurements on the basis of mass spectrometry.
Though the ratio of any two atom’s masses was the same on either scale, it was horribly confusing, so in 1961, a compromise was reached. Instead of using either Hydrogen, or Oxygen as the standard, the isotope of Carbon with 6 protons and 6 neutrons in its nucleus (Carbon-12) was given a mass of exactly 12. It was a good choice, since it was in between the two previously used standards, and meant that nothing had to change too much. Additionally, Carbon-12’s atomic mass could be measured particularly accurately compared to the other elements on the periodic table.
So the Atomic Mass of Carbon-12 is defined to be 12 exactly and all other atomic, molecular and formula masses are referred to this standard. That is why Carbon or C-12 particularly is used as the benchmark for all atomic masses to be worked out on the Periodic Table ultimately. | <urn:uuid:34292997-32b2-4d5e-b806-f955c8a6a1db> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | http://doubts.dronstudy.com/question/why-we-compare-1by12-of-carbon-atom-with-other-elements/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251796127.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129102701-20200129132701-00227.warc.gz | en | 0.980432 | 409 | 3.921875 | 4 | [
-0.33916959166526794,
0.25839245319366455,
-0.1364334374666214,
0.05975189432501793,
-0.21929538249969482,
-0.017334463074803352,
0.12888136506080627,
0.02515692450106144,
-0.05890074372291565,
-0.0268501378595829,
0.3233215808868408,
-0.35137903690338135,
0.13132332265377045,
0.1158409491... | 2 | Login / Sign-up NOW to ask your Doubts - its totally FREE !!
why we compare 1by12 of carbon atom with other elements
Before 1961, there actually were two sets of atomic masses (though everybody called them atomic weights then). One scale was used by physicists; the other by chemists. Both were based upon weights compared to Oxygen, rather than Hydrogen. Oxygen was used because it combines with a lot of things to form oxides. This made it a better choice as a standard because of the ease of chemical analysis. Oxygen was set to have an atomic mass of 16, which was just about 16 times as heavy as Hydrogen being 1. Unfortunately, Chemists picked naturally occurring Oxygen, which is a mixture of isotopes of Oxygen-16, Oxygen-17, and Oxygen-18. After all when one made an oxide of an element he would do so in naturally occurring oxygen. Physicists picked the pure isotope Oxygen-16, because they tended to make their measurements on the basis of mass spectrometry.
Though the ratio of any two atom’s masses was the same on either scale, it was horribly confusing, so in 1961, a compromise was reached. Instead of using either Hydrogen, or Oxygen as the standard, the isotope of Carbon with 6 protons and 6 neutrons in its nucleus (Carbon-12) was given a mass of exactly 12. It was a good choice, since it was in between the two previously used standards, and meant that nothing had to change too much. Additionally, Carbon-12’s atomic mass could be measured particularly accurately compared to the other elements on the periodic table.
So the Atomic Mass of Carbon-12 is defined to be 12 exactly and all other atomic, molecular and formula masses are referred to this standard. That is why Carbon or C-12 particularly is used as the benchmark for all atomic masses to be worked out on the Periodic Table ultimately. | 420 | ENGLISH | 1 |
John Adams was the first vice president and the second president of the United States. He wasn’t always a very popular president because of his stubbornness and bold manner of speaking, but he was dedicated to his country and often did what he thought was best for the country regardless of how it hurt him politically. He lived a very long life and enjoyed a close friendship with Thomas Jefferson, who would become the next president of the US.
Adams was born on Oct. 30, 1735 in Quincy, Massachusetts. In 1755, he graduated from Harvard College and taught grammar school for the next three years in Worcester. Although his father had wanted Adams to pursue a career in ministry, he chose instead to study law and then began practicing it in Boston. In 1764, he married a minister’s daughter, Abigail Smith.
John and Abigail had five children: three boys and two girls. One of the boys, John Quincy Adams, would follow in his father’s footsteps and become president.
Adams didn’t like England’s power over the colonies, but he was a man of honor and integrity. In 1770, he agreed to defend the British soldiers who were being charged with murder in what is known as the Boston Massacre. Although the soldiers had fired on a crowd and killed five people, Adams argued that they had been provoked.
In 1774, Adams became a representative of the First Continental Congress, and he and his cousin, Samuel Adams, argued for leaving England’s rule. After the Second Continental Congress the following year, Adams nominated George Washington to serve as commander of the Continental Army and he chose Thomas Jefferson to draft the Declaration of Independence.
President John Adams
During the first presidential election, Adams came in second to George Washington and was elected Washington’s vice president. After Washington’s term, Adams ran again and barely won over his good friend Jefferson, receiving 71 of the electoral votes to Jefferson’s 68. Jefferson became vice president and, unfortunately, the two friends had differing political views that eventually drove their relationship apart.
Adams made a few unpopular decisions that didn’t go over well with the public, but were the right thing to do for the country in his opinion. One example is when America tried to trade with France, the French government demanded a bribe in advance. Adams recalled the delegates and began building up a naval military. Instead of going to war, which would have been the popular action, he instead tried one more time for a peaceful resolution – and succeeded.
The presidential election of 1800 had Adams losing to Jefferson and the second president immediately went home, where he planned to retire and write. As time went on, Adams started regretting the loss of his friendship and reached out to Jefferson so that they could reconcile before it was too late. “You and I ought not to die, before We have explained ourselves to each other,” he wrote.
At the age of 91, Adams died on July 4, 1826. His last words were, “Thomas Jefferson survives,” however, ironically, Jefferson had passed away just a few hours earlier. | <urn:uuid:6285e9fd-5361-4fe0-92b6-3e535118daf2> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://lngenz.com/john-adams-a-stubborn-but-dedicated-leader/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594101.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119010920-20200119034920-00061.warc.gz | en | 0.988599 | 646 | 3.765625 | 4 | [
-0.06960909068584442,
0.6574728488922119,
0.21772459149360657,
-0.35736432671546936,
-0.47370558977127075,
0.5424215793609619,
0.18601509928703308,
0.14049488306045532,
0.7239812612533569,
-0.11136636137962341,
0.1736772358417511,
0.4488329589366913,
0.4149388074874878,
0.27890831232070923... | 3 | John Adams was the first vice president and the second president of the United States. He wasn’t always a very popular president because of his stubbornness and bold manner of speaking, but he was dedicated to his country and often did what he thought was best for the country regardless of how it hurt him politically. He lived a very long life and enjoyed a close friendship with Thomas Jefferson, who would become the next president of the US.
Adams was born on Oct. 30, 1735 in Quincy, Massachusetts. In 1755, he graduated from Harvard College and taught grammar school for the next three years in Worcester. Although his father had wanted Adams to pursue a career in ministry, he chose instead to study law and then began practicing it in Boston. In 1764, he married a minister’s daughter, Abigail Smith.
John and Abigail had five children: three boys and two girls. One of the boys, John Quincy Adams, would follow in his father’s footsteps and become president.
Adams didn’t like England’s power over the colonies, but he was a man of honor and integrity. In 1770, he agreed to defend the British soldiers who were being charged with murder in what is known as the Boston Massacre. Although the soldiers had fired on a crowd and killed five people, Adams argued that they had been provoked.
In 1774, Adams became a representative of the First Continental Congress, and he and his cousin, Samuel Adams, argued for leaving England’s rule. After the Second Continental Congress the following year, Adams nominated George Washington to serve as commander of the Continental Army and he chose Thomas Jefferson to draft the Declaration of Independence.
President John Adams
During the first presidential election, Adams came in second to George Washington and was elected Washington’s vice president. After Washington’s term, Adams ran again and barely won over his good friend Jefferson, receiving 71 of the electoral votes to Jefferson’s 68. Jefferson became vice president and, unfortunately, the two friends had differing political views that eventually drove their relationship apart.
Adams made a few unpopular decisions that didn’t go over well with the public, but were the right thing to do for the country in his opinion. One example is when America tried to trade with France, the French government demanded a bribe in advance. Adams recalled the delegates and began building up a naval military. Instead of going to war, which would have been the popular action, he instead tried one more time for a peaceful resolution – and succeeded.
The presidential election of 1800 had Adams losing to Jefferson and the second president immediately went home, where he planned to retire and write. As time went on, Adams started regretting the loss of his friendship and reached out to Jefferson so that they could reconcile before it was too late. “You and I ought not to die, before We have explained ourselves to each other,” he wrote.
At the age of 91, Adams died on July 4, 1826. His last words were, “Thomas Jefferson survives,” however, ironically, Jefferson had passed away just a few hours earlier. | 646 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Self-control doesn’t just apply to sweet treats and delicious goodies! Through the use of “Advice Bubbles,” students at Achieve Charter Academy were able to practice self-control during the month of December by giving advice to each other.
The challenge varied based on grade level. Third-grade students gave advice on how they can calmly handle frustration or disappointment, fourth-grade students gave advice on how they can put responsibility first, even when tempted not to, and fifth-grade students gave advice on how they can control emotional reactions when they get upset.
Staff provided them with real-life examples of situations that they have encountered at school to help them brainstorm what they can do in those moments to show self-control.
“It is important to teach students self-control, so they can learn to respond appropriately in all situations and stay focused on their academics,” said Tiffany Kopsi, third- through fifth-grade dean at Achieve. “Self-control doesn't always come naturally to students and it is a skill that needs to be taught and practiced. Having self-control is an important life skill that will help students become successful citizens.”
Individual classrooms completed their own self-control activities either using the Moral Focus curriculum or teacher-created activities. “We focused one week on how they can show self-control at recess and during lunchtime. Another week we focused on how students can show self-control when they are upset and frustrated,” said Kopsi.
For the wing-wide activity, students were challenged to give advice to their classmates on how to use self-control on specific situations which aligned to their monthly focus provided through the Moral Focus curriculum.
Great work, Achieve! | <urn:uuid:6e3a3a05-88a7-4994-869e-166d3a97c3ab> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.nhaschools.com/schools/achieve-charter-academy/en/blog/Achieve-Charter-Students-Practice-Self-Control | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250601615.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121044233-20200121073233-00476.warc.gz | en | 0.980191 | 358 | 3.375 | 3 | [
-0.07347875088453293,
0.10846398025751114,
0.5712557435035706,
-0.4464911222457886,
-0.4547136723995209,
0.15885679423809052,
0.5934188365936279,
0.31321677565574646,
-0.028785092756152153,
-0.23469887673854828,
0.023768315091729164,
0.06893549114465714,
0.11437633633613586,
0.210015624761... | 14 | Self-control doesn’t just apply to sweet treats and delicious goodies! Through the use of “Advice Bubbles,” students at Achieve Charter Academy were able to practice self-control during the month of December by giving advice to each other.
The challenge varied based on grade level. Third-grade students gave advice on how they can calmly handle frustration or disappointment, fourth-grade students gave advice on how they can put responsibility first, even when tempted not to, and fifth-grade students gave advice on how they can control emotional reactions when they get upset.
Staff provided them with real-life examples of situations that they have encountered at school to help them brainstorm what they can do in those moments to show self-control.
“It is important to teach students self-control, so they can learn to respond appropriately in all situations and stay focused on their academics,” said Tiffany Kopsi, third- through fifth-grade dean at Achieve. “Self-control doesn't always come naturally to students and it is a skill that needs to be taught and practiced. Having self-control is an important life skill that will help students become successful citizens.”
Individual classrooms completed their own self-control activities either using the Moral Focus curriculum or teacher-created activities. “We focused one week on how they can show self-control at recess and during lunchtime. Another week we focused on how students can show self-control when they are upset and frustrated,” said Kopsi.
For the wing-wide activity, students were challenged to give advice to their classmates on how to use self-control on specific situations which aligned to their monthly focus provided through the Moral Focus curriculum.
Great work, Achieve! | 322 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.