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Colonial america slavery essay What do students make of the fact that he was searching for his mother after all those years? In some critical ways, though, the slavery that marked everything about their lives made these families very different. Tobacco had to be trimmed often, de-bugged routinely, harvested when ripe, and prepared for sale. In response to the Moynihan Report, historian Herbert Gutman undertook an extensive study of African American families. Inlaws ensured that Christian baptism could not free a person from slavery. Which is known as Haiti and the Dominican Republic today. Jordan, in his monumental study of white American attitudes to black people from toargues that prejudice and slavery may well have been equally cause and effect, 'dynamically joining hands to hustle the Negro down the road to complete degradation. Slavery in america Douglass, for example, was a victim of Northern racism when he attempted — and failed — to find work as a caulker in New Bedford even though he was well qualified and had his own tools. Which is known as Haiti and the Dominican Republic today. Eventually, however, the legal status of Africans in America evolved into an enslavement system driven by economic need. With labor at a premium in the colonial American economy, there was no shortage of people seeking to purchase slaves. This goal, however, is darkened by a contradictory event: racism. Frederick Douglass, who was enslaved in Maryland before he escaped to Massachusetts and became an abolitionist stridently working to end slavery, began the narrative of his life by examining "Eliza comes to tell Uncle Tom that he is sold and that she is running away to save her baby. In a unique approach author David Galenson examines the transition of servants to slaves during the 17th and 18th century of British America. It concluded with the systemization of slavery and racial prejudice on a scale unequaled in the Europe from which the colonists had emigrated. Both before and during African enslavement in the Americas, American Indians were forced to labor as slaves and in various other forms of unfree servitude. According to T. At the beginning of the American Revolution, there were an estimated 16, slaves in New England. Thus, we must take a closer look at the scope of unfree labor—the central means by which Europeans generated the wealth that fostered the growth of colonies. On large plantations, slave cabins and the yards of the slave quarters served as the center of interactions among enslaved family members. In she was a Fellow of the National Humanities Center. Black people who were brought over from Africa were sold into terms of indentured servitude much like poor whites wanting to come over from England. Following the invention of the cotton in that caused slavery growth examples Wall particularly in the south because it was considered as an important driver of the economy Slavery slavery the United States, United States]. based on 73 review	<urn:uuid:ffb7a07e-d90b-41f5-8949-8055cdabd511>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://xuzesalytu.dellrichards.com/colonial-america-slavery-essay347599724bw.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594662.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119151736-20200119175736-00182.warc.gz	en	0.98525	592	3.59375	4	[ -0.22737553715705872, 0.517191469669342, 0.34731796383857727, -0.014893782325088978, -0.09126971662044525, -0.0023983409628272057, -0.1676972210407257, -0.08981803059577942, -0.17110289633274078, 0.18702511489391327, 0.2698248624801636, 0.05637012794613838, -0.5027148723602295, 0.325571984...	1	Colonial america slavery essay What do students make of the fact that he was searching for his mother after all those years? In some critical ways, though, the slavery that marked everything about their lives made these families very different. Tobacco had to be trimmed often, de-bugged routinely, harvested when ripe, and prepared for sale. In response to the Moynihan Report, historian Herbert Gutman undertook an extensive study of African American families. Inlaws ensured that Christian baptism could not free a person from slavery. Which is known as Haiti and the Dominican Republic today. Jordan, in his monumental study of white American attitudes to black people from toargues that prejudice and slavery may well have been equally cause and effect, 'dynamically joining hands to hustle the Negro down the road to complete degradation. Slavery in america Douglass, for example, was a victim of Northern racism when he attempted — and failed — to find work as a caulker in New Bedford even though he was well qualified and had his own tools. Which is known as Haiti and the Dominican Republic today. Eventually, however, the legal status of Africans in America evolved into an enslavement system driven by economic need. With labor at a premium in the colonial American economy, there was no shortage of people seeking to purchase slaves. This goal, however, is darkened by a contradictory event: racism. Frederick Douglass, who was enslaved in Maryland before he escaped to Massachusetts and became an abolitionist stridently working to end slavery, began the narrative of his life by examining "Eliza comes to tell Uncle Tom that he is sold and that she is running away to save her baby. In a unique approach author David Galenson examines the transition of servants to slaves during the 17th and 18th century of British America. It concluded with the systemization of slavery and racial prejudice on a scale unequaled in the Europe from which the colonists had emigrated. Both before and during African enslavement in the Americas, American Indians were forced to labor as slaves and in various other forms of unfree servitude. According to T. At the beginning of the American Revolution, there were an estimated 16, slaves in New England. Thus, we must take a closer look at the scope of unfree labor—the central means by which Europeans generated the wealth that fostered the growth of colonies. On large plantations, slave cabins and the yards of the slave quarters served as the center of interactions among enslaved family members. In she was a Fellow of the National Humanities Center. Black people who were brought over from Africa were sold into terms of indentured servitude much like poor whites wanting to come over from England. Following the invention of the cotton in that caused slavery growth examples Wall particularly in the south because it was considered as an important driver of the economy Slavery slavery the United States, United States]. based on 73 review	595	ENGLISH	1
Herschel Grynszpan was a Polish-Jewish refugee. Born and raised in Germany, Herschel was charged with the assassination of German diplomat Ernst vom Rath. Herschel grew up in a middle class family which had emigrated from Poland to Germany in 1911. During his schooldays, Herschel was considered to be an extremely intelligent student. However, he was deemed lazy by his teachers as he refused to learn what was being taught at the school. He dropped out of school at the age of 14. He later accused his teachers and classmates of being racist towards him for being an ‘Eastern Jew.’ Herschel then moved to Belgium and later entered Paris illegally. In the late 1930s, many Polish Jews, including Herschel’s family, faced difficulties in Germany under the Nazi regime. In November 1938, Herschel decided to assassinate the German ambassador in France to avenge the persecuted Jews in Germany. However, he shot Ernst vom Rath, who was a junior Embassy official. Herschel was then kept in prison in Paris and was later handed over to Germany. His eventual fate remains unknown. On May 8, 1960, Herschel Grynszpan was declared dead in absentia. - Herschel Grynszpan was born in Hanover, The Weimar Republic on March 28, 1921. His family belonged to the Jewish community that emigrated from Poland to Germany. Herschel’s parents had moved to Germany in 1911 in search of better work opportunities.His father ran a tailor shop and the family lived a very modest life. Herschel was the youngest among six children. However, only three of his parents’ six children survived childhood.Due to the ‘German Citizenship Law’ of 1913, Herschel was not granted German citizenship in spite of being born in Germany. He also encountered racism, which was prevalent in Germany, especially towards the Polish Jews. Herschel was bullied at school and was called ‘Ostjuden’ (Eastern Jew). The German Jews were given higher priority as they considered themselves Germans first and Jews second.Herschel was an intelligent student. However, his teachers called him lazy as he never made an attempt to excel in his studies. Tired of bullying and racism, Herschel decided to quit school at the age of 14. He later accused his teachers of disliking him because of the fact that he was an Eastern Jew.Herschel grew up to become a proud Jew and was more religious than his parents. In fact, he did not hesitate to resort to violence when someone criticized his faith and religion. His short temper often landed him in trouble at school before he decided to drop out.His parents, who were worried for him, sought financial help from Hanover’s Jewish community and sent him to Frankfurt, where he studied the Torah and Hebrew. However, he returned to Hanover after 11 months and made an attempt to move to Palestine. But the Palestine emigration office denied him permission as he was too young. His parents then decided that he should go to Paris where his uncle Abraham lived.Herschel subsequently obtained a Polish passport and sought permission to leave for Belgium. However, living in Belgium was never his intention. He entered France illegally in September 1936.Continue Reading BelowRecommended Lists: Recommended Lists:Years in Paris - Herschel lived in a Yiddish-speaking enclave consisting of Polish Orthodox Jews. He learned only a few French words during his stay in Paris. He spent his days reciting Yiddish poems and lived a carefree life.He just walked around the streets of Paris without worrying about his career or future. He loved going to the coffeehouses and enjoyed watching films in theatres. He also tried getting legal residence in France, which was mandatory for him to study or work in France. However, he could not succeed as his applications were rejected by French officials.In April 1937, his permit to re-enter Germany expired. His Polish passport expired in January 1938. In March 1938, Poland government announced that Polish citizens who have been living outside Poland for more than five years would be deprived of their Polish citizenship. Hence, Herschel was now stateless. He did not have any other option but to continue living in Paris illegally.His uncle, who was a poor man, was his only source of income. His uncle would often ask him to find a job. But Herschel knew that if he worked anywhere, he would be caught as he was an illegal immigrant.From October 1938, the French police had started a highly aggressive operation to send illegal immigrants back to their countries. Herschel knew that his time in Paris was about to be over.Recommended Lists: Recommended Lists:The German-Jewish Trouble & Assassination - Herschel Grynszpan was hiding from the police officers in Paris, while his family in Hanover was suffering. His father’s business had suffered losses and his brothers had lost their jobs. The family had almost slipped into extreme poverty.Also, the Polish government had made the announcement about taking away the citizenship of those Polish people who had been living outside Poland for over five years. To make things worse, the German government’s treatment towards the Polish Jews living in its country was becoming increasingly harsh. In October 1938, the ‘Gestapo’ (secret police of Nazi Germany) was ordered to deport all Polish Jews living in Germany to Poland.On their way back to Poland, Herschel’s family and other Polish Jews were forced to stay in inhumane conditions. Many Polish Jews, who tried returning to Germany, were shot dead. Poland government refused to take them back, as they were not official citizens of Poland anymore. Poland also threatened to deport Germans living in its country. The situation had the immigrants stranded on the border for a long time.Herschel, meanwhile, was seething with anger as he was aware of the situation in Poland and Germany. He asked his uncle to send some money to his family, but his uncle refused. He then stole 300 francs from his uncle and bought a revolver and a box of 25 bullets from a local shop in Paris.His plan was to shoot the German ambassador, Count Johannes von Welczeck. On November 7, 1938, he wrote a farewell note to his parents, which he put in his pocket. He then entered the German Embassy and walked past Count Johannes von Welczeck without recognizing him. He approached the clerk on duty and asked for the German ambassador. He claimed to be a German spy with an important document.The clerk asked Ernst vom Rath, the junior of the two Embassy officials to meet Herschel. Herschel shot Ernst vom Rath five times in the abdomen. He said that he had acted in the name of persecuted Jews.Imprisonment & Death - Herschel Grynszpan did not make any attempt to escape. He was apprehended by the police and was kept in the ‘Fresnes Prison’ in Paris from 1938 to 1940. His act was considered heroic by the leftists and liberals all over the world.He also gave many interviews from the prison. Funds were raised from all over the world to provide Herschel with a strong defense. His trial was still going on when Germany attacked France during the ‘Second World War’ in 1940. German troops were ordered to capture Herschel, but he was under French government’s custody.He was eventually captured by the German troops in July 1940. He was first kept at a prison in Berlin and was then sent to a concentration camp. By now, a rumor about Herschel’s homosexual relationship with the late Ernst vom Rath had surfaced. Nazi government feared that the allegation if proven true would be an insult to them. That, along with the United States’ attack on Germany, caused the trial to be postponed indefinitely.After September 1942, Herschel’s whereabouts remained unknown. Many people claimed that he died in a concentration camp. Some even claimed that he moved to Paris and started a family there. On May 8, 1960, Herschel Grynszpan was declared dead in absentia. How To CiteArticle Title- Herschel Grynszpan BiographyAuthor- Editors, TheFamousPeople.comWebsite- TheFamousPeople.comURL- https://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/herschel-grynszpan-16558.phpLast Updated- December 31, 2018 People Also Viewed	<urn:uuid:d502f305-2188-4aa0-af3a-6d3545c8075e>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/herschel-grynszpan-16558.php	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251669967.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125041318-20200125070318-00544.warc.gz	en	0.990485	1,732	3.640625	4	[ 0.29773786664009094, 0.4433574974536896, 0.10397853702306747, -0.3716623783111572, 0.2619152069091797, -0.06520934402942657, 0.3707209825515747, 0.2456088662147522, -0.5120394825935364, -0.34101447463035583, 0.1845342516899109, -0.19833368062973022, 0.022071221843361855, 0.5421908497810364...	1	Herschel Grynszpan was a Polish-Jewish refugee. Born and raised in Germany, Herschel was charged with the assassination of German diplomat Ernst vom Rath. Herschel grew up in a middle class family which had emigrated from Poland to Germany in 1911. During his schooldays, Herschel was considered to be an extremely intelligent student. However, he was deemed lazy by his teachers as he refused to learn what was being taught at the school. He dropped out of school at the age of 14. He later accused his teachers and classmates of being racist towards him for being an ‘Eastern Jew.’ Herschel then moved to Belgium and later entered Paris illegally. In the late 1930s, many Polish Jews, including Herschel’s family, faced difficulties in Germany under the Nazi regime. In November 1938, Herschel decided to assassinate the German ambassador in France to avenge the persecuted Jews in Germany. However, he shot Ernst vom Rath, who was a junior Embassy official. Herschel was then kept in prison in Paris and was later handed over to Germany. His eventual fate remains unknown. On May 8, 1960, Herschel Grynszpan was declared dead in absentia. - Herschel Grynszpan was born in Hanover, The Weimar Republic on March 28, 1921. His family belonged to the Jewish community that emigrated from Poland to Germany. Herschel’s parents had moved to Germany in 1911 in search of better work opportunities.His father ran a tailor shop and the family lived a very modest life. Herschel was the youngest among six children. However, only three of his parents’ six children survived childhood.Due to the ‘German Citizenship Law’ of 1913, Herschel was not granted German citizenship in spite of being born in Germany. He also encountered racism, which was prevalent in Germany, especially towards the Polish Jews. Herschel was bullied at school and was called ‘Ostjuden’ (Eastern Jew). The German Jews were given higher priority as they considered themselves Germans first and Jews second.Herschel was an intelligent student. However, his teachers called him lazy as he never made an attempt to excel in his studies. Tired of bullying and racism, Herschel decided to quit school at the age of 14. He later accused his teachers of disliking him because of the fact that he was an Eastern Jew.Herschel grew up to become a proud Jew and was more religious than his parents. In fact, he did not hesitate to resort to violence when someone criticized his faith and religion. His short temper often landed him in trouble at school before he decided to drop out.His parents, who were worried for him, sought financial help from Hanover’s Jewish community and sent him to Frankfurt, where he studied the Torah and Hebrew. However, he returned to Hanover after 11 months and made an attempt to move to Palestine. But the Palestine emigration office denied him permission as he was too young. His parents then decided that he should go to Paris where his uncle Abraham lived.Herschel subsequently obtained a Polish passport and sought permission to leave for Belgium. However, living in Belgium was never his intention. He entered France illegally in September 1936.Continue Reading BelowRecommended Lists: Recommended Lists:Years in Paris - Herschel lived in a Yiddish-speaking enclave consisting of Polish Orthodox Jews. He learned only a few French words during his stay in Paris. He spent his days reciting Yiddish poems and lived a carefree life.He just walked around the streets of Paris without worrying about his career or future. He loved going to the coffeehouses and enjoyed watching films in theatres. He also tried getting legal residence in France, which was mandatory for him to study or work in France. However, he could not succeed as his applications were rejected by French officials.In April 1937, his permit to re-enter Germany expired. His Polish passport expired in January 1938. In March 1938, Poland government announced that Polish citizens who have been living outside Poland for more than five years would be deprived of their Polish citizenship. Hence, Herschel was now stateless. He did not have any other option but to continue living in Paris illegally.His uncle, who was a poor man, was his only source of income. His uncle would often ask him to find a job. But Herschel knew that if he worked anywhere, he would be caught as he was an illegal immigrant.From October 1938, the French police had started a highly aggressive operation to send illegal immigrants back to their countries. Herschel knew that his time in Paris was about to be over.Recommended Lists: Recommended Lists:The German-Jewish Trouble & Assassination - Herschel Grynszpan was hiding from the police officers in Paris, while his family in Hanover was suffering. His father’s business had suffered losses and his brothers had lost their jobs. The family had almost slipped into extreme poverty.Also, the Polish government had made the announcement about taking away the citizenship of those Polish people who had been living outside Poland for over five years. To make things worse, the German government’s treatment towards the Polish Jews living in its country was becoming increasingly harsh. In October 1938, the ‘Gestapo’ (secret police of Nazi Germany) was ordered to deport all Polish Jews living in Germany to Poland.On their way back to Poland, Herschel’s family and other Polish Jews were forced to stay in inhumane conditions. Many Polish Jews, who tried returning to Germany, were shot dead. Poland government refused to take them back, as they were not official citizens of Poland anymore. Poland also threatened to deport Germans living in its country. The situation had the immigrants stranded on the border for a long time.Herschel, meanwhile, was seething with anger as he was aware of the situation in Poland and Germany. He asked his uncle to send some money to his family, but his uncle refused. He then stole 300 francs from his uncle and bought a revolver and a box of 25 bullets from a local shop in Paris.His plan was to shoot the German ambassador, Count Johannes von Welczeck. On November 7, 1938, he wrote a farewell note to his parents, which he put in his pocket. He then entered the German Embassy and walked past Count Johannes von Welczeck without recognizing him. He approached the clerk on duty and asked for the German ambassador. He claimed to be a German spy with an important document.The clerk asked Ernst vom Rath, the junior of the two Embassy officials to meet Herschel. Herschel shot Ernst vom Rath five times in the abdomen. He said that he had acted in the name of persecuted Jews.Imprisonment & Death - Herschel Grynszpan did not make any attempt to escape. He was apprehended by the police and was kept in the ‘Fresnes Prison’ in Paris from 1938 to 1940. His act was considered heroic by the leftists and liberals all over the world.He also gave many interviews from the prison. Funds were raised from all over the world to provide Herschel with a strong defense. His trial was still going on when Germany attacked France during the ‘Second World War’ in 1940. German troops were ordered to capture Herschel, but he was under French government’s custody.He was eventually captured by the German troops in July 1940. He was first kept at a prison in Berlin and was then sent to a concentration camp. By now, a rumor about Herschel’s homosexual relationship with the late Ernst vom Rath had surfaced. Nazi government feared that the allegation if proven true would be an insult to them. That, along with the United States’ attack on Germany, caused the trial to be postponed indefinitely.After September 1942, Herschel’s whereabouts remained unknown. Many people claimed that he died in a concentration camp. Some even claimed that he moved to Paris and started a family there. On May 8, 1960, Herschel Grynszpan was declared dead in absentia. How To CiteArticle Title- Herschel Grynszpan BiographyAuthor- Editors, TheFamousPeople.comWebsite- TheFamousPeople.comURL- https://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/herschel-grynszpan-16558.phpLast Updated- December 31, 2018 People Also Viewed	1,815	ENGLISH	1
Bristol’s Temple Church is so called because the original church was built by the Knights Templar, perhaps the most famous of the medieval military orders. Founded in the early 12th century to protect pilgrims in the Holy Land, the Templars were ‘warrior monks’, obeying religious vows of chastity and poverty whilst trained for war. Robert, Earl of Gloucester, donated the site of the church to the Templars in the mid-12th century. The original building was round, deliberately recalling the Church of the Holy Sepulchre that stands in Jerusalem. It was one of the largest of only a dozen such churches in England and it appears that the Bristol Temple became the administrative centre for the order in the south-west. By 1307, however, the order had fallen into disrepute and their lands were later confiscated and handed to the Knights Hospitaller. The church was bombed during the Second World War and gutted by the resulting fire. This enabled the site to be excavated and the plan of the former Templar church was revealed. Among the treasures rescued from the debris was a unique medieval chandelier, now in Bristol Cathedral. Only the shell of the building, dating mainly from the 14th century, remained after the bombing in 1940. The Hospitallers replaced the older nave with a more spacious rectangular one with side aisles. To the west of the nave the Georgian doorway still survives, although the arcades had to be removed as they were unsafe. The church has a famous tower, which leans 5 feet (1.6 metres) out of the vertical. It was begun in the 1390s, when the lower three stages were constructed. Work was halted when the tower began to lean but was optimistically resumed in about 1460 when the tall top stage was added with a deliberate correction of the leaning angle (ie the masons tried to build a true vertical stage on top of the leaning base). The top stage is not now vertical, probably due to the fact that the base has continued to increase its lean. \|Open (1 Jan 2020 - 31 Dec 2020)\|	<urn:uuid:324e88a4-eae5-437d-85a4-671c3eb27d48>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://visitbristol.co.uk/things-to-do/temple-church-and-gardens-p1477143	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250589560.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20200117123339-20200117151339-00329.warc.gz	en	0.984565	444	3.515625	4	[ 0.08236321806907654, 0.16346457600593567, -0.07914650440216064, -0.010532306507229805, -0.1620156168937683, 0.010118357837200165, -0.3248673677444458, 0.15901748836040497, 0.4908631145954132, 0.14857199788093567, 0.007974560372531414, -0.41789063811302185, 0.21745558083057404, 0.4069166481...	1	Bristol’s Temple Church is so called because the original church was built by the Knights Templar, perhaps the most famous of the medieval military orders. Founded in the early 12th century to protect pilgrims in the Holy Land, the Templars were ‘warrior monks’, obeying religious vows of chastity and poverty whilst trained for war. Robert, Earl of Gloucester, donated the site of the church to the Templars in the mid-12th century. The original building was round, deliberately recalling the Church of the Holy Sepulchre that stands in Jerusalem. It was one of the largest of only a dozen such churches in England and it appears that the Bristol Temple became the administrative centre for the order in the south-west. By 1307, however, the order had fallen into disrepute and their lands were later confiscated and handed to the Knights Hospitaller. The church was bombed during the Second World War and gutted by the resulting fire. This enabled the site to be excavated and the plan of the former Templar church was revealed. Among the treasures rescued from the debris was a unique medieval chandelier, now in Bristol Cathedral. Only the shell of the building, dating mainly from the 14th century, remained after the bombing in 1940. The Hospitallers replaced the older nave with a more spacious rectangular one with side aisles. To the west of the nave the Georgian doorway still survives, although the arcades had to be removed as they were unsafe. The church has a famous tower, which leans 5 feet (1.6 metres) out of the vertical. It was begun in the 1390s, when the lower three stages were constructed. Work was halted when the tower began to lean but was optimistically resumed in about 1460 when the tall top stage was added with a deliberate correction of the leaning angle (ie the masons tried to build a true vertical stage on top of the leaning base). The top stage is not now vertical, probably due to the fact that the base has continued to increase its lean. \|Open (1 Jan 2020 - 31 Dec 2020)\|	455	ENGLISH	1
To What Extent Did the Weimar Republic Recover Between the Years 1924 and 1929? Essay To what extent did the Weimar Republic recover between the years 1924 and 1929? The statement about the Golden Years of the Weimar Republic is definitely to some extent true. The Weimar Republic grew in strength by virtue of Gustav Stresemann and his intervention, the introduction of a new currency and a cultural blast however there were still a number of factors holding Germany back. Opposition from the Left and Right, coalition governments and the introduction of the fuhrer principle were great obstacles to the country’s development. The foreign policy played an important role in the Weimar Republic. Stresemann, one of the most influential politicians in the years, set three main goals to complete in order to help Germany; set aside reparation problems, make life easier for the Germans living abroad and achieve alteration of the eastern borders. The completion of such targets however, meant adjustments and international agreements with Germany’s former foes. In 1925 Stresemann signed The Locarno Treaties with France, Italy and Britain securing Germany western borders, even though the eastern borders were left unresolved. The next year, in 1926, Germany was accepted in the League of Nations, meaning it again gained the ability to exert its influence on a global scale. In the year 1928 Germany finally signed the Kellogg-Briand pact which had the purpose of making nations stop using war as a tool of national policy. Nevertheless the most substantial agreement for Germany was the Young Plan; it reduced German reparations to two thirds and resulted the Allied troops leaving the Rhineland. The following arrangements helped Germany receive back its position and partly the reputation in Europe, however most of the ordinary Germans were not pleased with the decisions made as they saw them supporting the abhorred Treaty of Versailles. The economy in the Weimar Republic Germany also had its positive and negative features. Stresemann stabilized the currency, therefore promoted confidence in German economy and helped the nation keep up with the reparation repayments, while at the same time supplying the nation. To help Germany with the reparation situation even more, in 1924 Dawes Plan was created, which guaranteed Germany receiving loans from America which also helped Germany recover its industry. Many new railways, factories and houses were built and the living conditions in the country were improved. On the other hand, even though the German economy began regaining its strength, weaknesses didn’t vanish. After the hyperinflation and other serious economic issues still a number of people remained unemployed, the employers were unhappy with the high taxes they had to pay, farming was in trouble facing low income in agriculture, small shops saw their business threatened by the popularity of department stores and mainly Germany was dependant on America’s money which could possibly mean losing it all one day. So of course the economic situation in the Weimar Republic wasn’t flawless but it certainly improved and managed to almost catch up with the rest of Europe. The political problems in the Weimar Republic were more complicated. German politics were rather unstable and no party was able to win the majority of seats in the Reichstag. The Social Democrats were as always committed to the republic though other parties saw them as too revolutionary and suspicious. As all the governments were coalitions the system did not work well and became even more unstable. Parties such as the Communists and Nazis, which had seats in the Reichstag, wished to overthrow the Weimar Republic, which wasn’t making anything simpler and Hindenburg was elected as president what could possibly mean the return of old Germany. During this time the number of extremist parties stayed small, which could be called a relief and the politics generally were slowly stabilizing. The Golden Age of the Weimar Republic saw many changes to the cultural life of Germany. There was a resurgence of creative flair that made Berlin the centre of art and culture. Many new movements such as Expressionism and Modernism shaped the culture of the time which was represented in literature, art, architecture, cinema and theater created. New paintings were done so ordinary people had a chance of understanding them and art in general expressed feelings and emotions in works. Literature also gained great success, often inspired by First World War and writers such as Thomas Mann won Noble Prizes for their brilliant writing. Popularity also came across theaters and cinema. Like in art, Berlin became the world leader in cinema enjoying its golden age with great directors like Fritz Lang and Joseph von Sternberg. Germany’s capital also became famous for its nightlife, where new clubs and cabarets were shocking and sex and homosexuality were openly discussed topics. This was definitely a great change of lifestyle for many people although others saw Berlin as a disastrous city of scandalous attitudes. So even though even other countries saw Berlin as a successful city of nightlife, great culture a free lifestyle most of Germany was too conservative to accept such freedom and desired to keep traditional German values. The Weimar Republic certainly recovered between the years 1924 and 1929 to some extent. For a long time after the Great War Germany faced numerous difficulties and was considered a slowly developing country but the amount of hard work and successes that followed made it slowly stable and prosperous. Of course Germany was still vulnerable in its economy and politics but the Dawes Plan was a great help to German finances, large businesses and industries were rapidly growing, culture greatly developed and people enjoyed new freedoms and lifestyle. In these years Germany hadn’t reached perfection but it definitely recovered from its worst times. Cite this To What Extent Did the Weimar Republic Recover Between the Years 1924 and 1929? Essay To What Extent Did the Weimar Republic Recover Between the Years 1924 and 1929? Essay. (2017, Jan 31). Retrieved from https://graduateway.com/to-what-extent-did-the-weimar-republic-recover-between-the-years-1924-and-1929/	<urn:uuid:40663c5d-cf8e-45fb-ad94-e8e5d348b523>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://graduateway.com/to-what-extent-did-the-weimar-republic-recover-between-the-years-1924-and-1929/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250607118.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122131612-20200122160612-00301.warc.gz	en	0.980483	1,223	3.59375	4	[ -0.13577860593795776, 0.37900465726852417, 0.12498949468135834, 0.08846390247344971, -0.03885934501886368, 0.21749360859394073, -0.35612761974334717, 0.18034014105796814, -0.25167104601860046, -0.35914045572280884, 0.2736840844154358, -0.23112347722053528, 0.24472463130950928, 0.2478061020...	1	To What Extent Did the Weimar Republic Recover Between the Years 1924 and 1929? Essay To what extent did the Weimar Republic recover between the years 1924 and 1929? The statement about the Golden Years of the Weimar Republic is definitely to some extent true. The Weimar Republic grew in strength by virtue of Gustav Stresemann and his intervention, the introduction of a new currency and a cultural blast however there were still a number of factors holding Germany back. Opposition from the Left and Right, coalition governments and the introduction of the fuhrer principle were great obstacles to the country’s development. The foreign policy played an important role in the Weimar Republic. Stresemann, one of the most influential politicians in the years, set three main goals to complete in order to help Germany; set aside reparation problems, make life easier for the Germans living abroad and achieve alteration of the eastern borders. The completion of such targets however, meant adjustments and international agreements with Germany’s former foes. In 1925 Stresemann signed The Locarno Treaties with France, Italy and Britain securing Germany western borders, even though the eastern borders were left unresolved. The next year, in 1926, Germany was accepted in the League of Nations, meaning it again gained the ability to exert its influence on a global scale. In the year 1928 Germany finally signed the Kellogg-Briand pact which had the purpose of making nations stop using war as a tool of national policy. Nevertheless the most substantial agreement for Germany was the Young Plan; it reduced German reparations to two thirds and resulted the Allied troops leaving the Rhineland. The following arrangements helped Germany receive back its position and partly the reputation in Europe, however most of the ordinary Germans were not pleased with the decisions made as they saw them supporting the abhorred Treaty of Versailles. The economy in the Weimar Republic Germany also had its positive and negative features. Stresemann stabilized the currency, therefore promoted confidence in German economy and helped the nation keep up with the reparation repayments, while at the same time supplying the nation. To help Germany with the reparation situation even more, in 1924 Dawes Plan was created, which guaranteed Germany receiving loans from America which also helped Germany recover its industry. Many new railways, factories and houses were built and the living conditions in the country were improved. On the other hand, even though the German economy began regaining its strength, weaknesses didn’t vanish. After the hyperinflation and other serious economic issues still a number of people remained unemployed, the employers were unhappy with the high taxes they had to pay, farming was in trouble facing low income in agriculture, small shops saw their business threatened by the popularity of department stores and mainly Germany was dependant on America’s money which could possibly mean losing it all one day. So of course the economic situation in the Weimar Republic wasn’t flawless but it certainly improved and managed to almost catch up with the rest of Europe. The political problems in the Weimar Republic were more complicated. German politics were rather unstable and no party was able to win the majority of seats in the Reichstag. The Social Democrats were as always committed to the republic though other parties saw them as too revolutionary and suspicious. As all the governments were coalitions the system did not work well and became even more unstable. Parties such as the Communists and Nazis, which had seats in the Reichstag, wished to overthrow the Weimar Republic, which wasn’t making anything simpler and Hindenburg was elected as president what could possibly mean the return of old Germany. During this time the number of extremist parties stayed small, which could be called a relief and the politics generally were slowly stabilizing. The Golden Age of the Weimar Republic saw many changes to the cultural life of Germany. There was a resurgence of creative flair that made Berlin the centre of art and culture. Many new movements such as Expressionism and Modernism shaped the culture of the time which was represented in literature, art, architecture, cinema and theater created. New paintings were done so ordinary people had a chance of understanding them and art in general expressed feelings and emotions in works. Literature also gained great success, often inspired by First World War and writers such as Thomas Mann won Noble Prizes for their brilliant writing. Popularity also came across theaters and cinema. Like in art, Berlin became the world leader in cinema enjoying its golden age with great directors like Fritz Lang and Joseph von Sternberg. Germany’s capital also became famous for its nightlife, where new clubs and cabarets were shocking and sex and homosexuality were openly discussed topics. This was definitely a great change of lifestyle for many people although others saw Berlin as a disastrous city of scandalous attitudes. So even though even other countries saw Berlin as a successful city of nightlife, great culture a free lifestyle most of Germany was too conservative to accept such freedom and desired to keep traditional German values. The Weimar Republic certainly recovered between the years 1924 and 1929 to some extent. For a long time after the Great War Germany faced numerous difficulties and was considered a slowly developing country but the amount of hard work and successes that followed made it slowly stable and prosperous. Of course Germany was still vulnerable in its economy and politics but the Dawes Plan was a great help to German finances, large businesses and industries were rapidly growing, culture greatly developed and people enjoyed new freedoms and lifestyle. In these years Germany hadn’t reached perfection but it definitely recovered from its worst times. Cite this To What Extent Did the Weimar Republic Recover Between the Years 1924 and 1929? Essay To What Extent Did the Weimar Republic Recover Between the Years 1924 and 1929? Essay. (2017, Jan 31). Retrieved from https://graduateway.com/to-what-extent-did-the-weimar-republic-recover-between-the-years-1924-and-1929/	1,244	ENGLISH	1
Leisure as a site of child socialisation, agency and resistance in the Roman empire What was it like to play as a child in the late Roman world? What were the skills and attitudes that games inculcated in the young? How did children experience their leisure and how did this change over the course of the Roman empire? This chapter will try to answer these questions, however provisionally, by looking at some of the games and activities that filled children’s lives. It will focus on four main areas. The first is whether it is useful to apply the term ‘leisure’ to ancient children. Many children were obliged to start working young and it is not immediately clear that they had much of what we would term ‘leisure’. Second, it will look at the ways in which children were socialised in their play into certain types of cultural behaviour. But rather than seeing this as a purely passive process, whereby the children were forced into certain social roles, the emphasis in this piece will be on trying to see active elements to such socialisation, which allowed the children to engage with societal pressures in a dynamic and flexible way. The third aim will be to focus in more detail on the degree of agency that children had during their leisure activities. Instead of seeing them as constrained by communal norms into playing certain games, I will try to show that the freedom of the leisure period allowed children to express a relatively high level of individual decision-making. Finally, the chapter will examine how children’s leisure developed and altered as the Roman empire became Christian. A new set of understandings about the role of the child meant that the child’s experience of leisure was itself transformed.	<urn:uuid:55e9e66f-f1a9-4fef-b2d9-6d406a13ce8f>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/e/9781315568942/chapters/10.4324/9781315568942-15	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250589861.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20200117152059-20200117180059-00137.warc.gz	en	0.983325	347	3.265625	3	[ 0.13942404091358185, 0.24187299609184265, 0.5321343541145325, -0.13987761735916138, -0.39951810240745544, 0.38903266191482544, 0.0162934809923172, -0.008863803930580616, -0.025938531383872032, -0.21394307911396027, 0.19423727691173553, -0.14908930659294128, -0.06861702352762222, 0.48828813...	2	Leisure as a site of child socialisation, agency and resistance in the Roman empire What was it like to play as a child in the late Roman world? What were the skills and attitudes that games inculcated in the young? How did children experience their leisure and how did this change over the course of the Roman empire? This chapter will try to answer these questions, however provisionally, by looking at some of the games and activities that filled children’s lives. It will focus on four main areas. The first is whether it is useful to apply the term ‘leisure’ to ancient children. Many children were obliged to start working young and it is not immediately clear that they had much of what we would term ‘leisure’. Second, it will look at the ways in which children were socialised in their play into certain types of cultural behaviour. But rather than seeing this as a purely passive process, whereby the children were forced into certain social roles, the emphasis in this piece will be on trying to see active elements to such socialisation, which allowed the children to engage with societal pressures in a dynamic and flexible way. The third aim will be to focus in more detail on the degree of agency that children had during their leisure activities. Instead of seeing them as constrained by communal norms into playing certain games, I will try to show that the freedom of the leisure period allowed children to express a relatively high level of individual decision-making. Finally, the chapter will examine how children’s leisure developed and altered as the Roman empire became Christian. A new set of understandings about the role of the child meant that the child’s experience of leisure was itself transformed.	335	ENGLISH	1
Analysis of Candide by Voltaire In, “Candide,” Voltaire depicts the epic adventures of Candide, in his search for the love of his life, Cunegonde. The optimistic views of the world that he learned from Pangloss were challenged by the realities of life. He traveled the globe and met people who were selfish, immoral and inhuman. These people he became acquainted with forced Candide to start second guessing Pangloss’ philosophy of, “the best of all possible worlds. ” Candide was born as the illegitimate nephew of the Baron of Thunder-ten-tronckh, in Westphalia, Germany. Pangloss, the teacher in the castle, had a profound impact on Candide’s education. The optimistic, narrow-minded views of the world that Pangloss had were adopted by Candide. Pangloss believed that the world they lived in was “the best of all possible worlds” and that God created the world so it must be perfect. Pangloss’ beliefs were shared with the majority of people at that time and Voltaire mocks them by having a series of traumatic events occur while Pangloss remained optimistic. While living in the castle, Candide fell in love with the Baron’s daughter, Cunegonde. The Baron caught them kissing and he banishes Candide from the Castle forcing Candide apart from Cunegonde. He then traveled to the next town over, Waldberghoff-trarbk-dikdorff. He was found by two men who gave him food and enrolled him into the Bulgar Army. One day he was on a walk and was captured by soldiers, who took him to court because they thought that he was quitting the army. Candide’s punishment was to choose between execution and being stabbed by a group of men thirty-six times, resulting in death. He chose to do the stabbing but after a couple of hits the king let him go because he said that Candide was ignorant of the world. After being let go he fled to Holland and was helped by Jacques, who is an Anabaptist. He housed Candide and gave him a job. These acts of kindness helped Candide confirm that Pangloss’ teachings of living in the best world are true. Candide happened to walk into a beggar who it turns out is Pangloss. He told Candide how the Baron’s castle was attacked by the Bulgar army and how everyone died besides him, who became sick with syphilis. This story that Pangloss tells sets up the reoccurring theme of resurrection for the remainder of the book. Characters who were once thought to be dead turned out to survive and reappear. I believe that Voltaire chose to have characters “come back to life” to mock the bible for having stories of resurrection such as Jesus being resurrected on the third day and also to keep Candide going on trips throughout the story. Having Cunegonde be alive instead of being dead forced Candide to travel the globe in search for her. Without her reappearing, the story would have been dead. Candide, Pangloss, and Jacques travel to Lisbon and on their way; a horrible storm hits them, and kills Jacques. When they arrive in Lisbon they discover it was destroyed by an earthquake and that people were taking advantage of the destruction by stealing. Even with all of the horrible stuff occurring, Pangloss continues to remain ignorantly optimistic saying that the earthquake was for the better. This is another example of Voltaire mocking the philosophies of Pangloss. Pangloss got into an argument with someone over his philosophy of everything is for the better. He is labeled as a heretic which eventually led to the Portuguese government hanging him. Later that same day another earthquake hit Lisbon and that was the first time Candide started doubting whether he was actually living in the best of all possible worlds. This was the first time that he had a thought for himself that wasn’t influenced by Pangloss’ teachings. While Pangloss was hung for being a heretic, Candide was beaten for listening to his rants. A mysterious old lady cared for him by nursing him back to health and giving him shelter and food. Later, she led him to a house where Cunegonde was. She managed to escape the Bulgar’s attack on the castle because a captain sold her to a Jewish man who shared her with a grand inquisitor as their mistress. Cunegonde saw Candide being beaten and Pangloss get hung so she sent the old lady to care for Candide and bring him to her when he got healthy. The Jewish man, Don Issachar arrived at the house and was killed by Candide. Then the grand inquisitor came and was also stabbed and killed by Candide. The funeral for the grand inquisitor was very elaborate and eloquent while Don Issachar’s funeral was just his body being dumped into a hole in the ground. Voltaire does this to show how the different religions were treated. The Jewish man is simply thrown into a hole in the ground while the grand inquisitor was an important person in the Catholic Church so he was given a large funeral. In Portugal at this time, the Catholic Church dominated all other religions and Judaism was considered lesser so Voltaire displays this by showing the difference between the funerals. Candide, Cunegonde and the old lady gathered jewels and horses and then ride away from the house. They traveled to Avacena where in an inn their jewels get stolen by a reverend Franciscan. They sold one of their horses for money and traveled to Cadiz. When they arrived there Candide did drills he learned from the Bulgar Army in front of a General who made him a captain allowing him to board a ship with Cunegonde and the old lady that was heading towards the new world. As they set sail across the Atlantic Candide claimed that the new world is the best of all possible worlds because the sea was calmer and the winds were steadier. Voltaire continues to have Candide be optimistic and relying on his faith in Pangloss’ philosophies. Candide continuing to be so naively optimistic makes the reader question when he will finally change his mind about his attitude and start to negatively doubt the best possible world. Also on the journey to the new world the old lady tells her story. She was the daughter of the pope and was on a ship that was attacked by pirates. She was raped and sold as a slave in Morocco. Later she was sent around the world as a slave. She said that every person has been upset in their life. She isn’t optimistic like Candide but rather a realist. She sees the world as a negative place and she makes her own judgments on events. The old lady is unlike most women at the time because she is educated and makes her own opinion on things. She doesn’t agree with the people who are optimistic because what she has been through her entire life is negative. Her story also shows how quickly a person can lose money and power. She was the daughter of the pope and a princess but her ship was attacked by pirates and she lost everything. Voltaire does this to mock the social order of the time. Social mobility was practically nonexistent at the time. You were born into a class and that’s where you die. Having a person go from having it all to nothing was almost unheard of at the time. When their ship found land in Buenos Aires, the Governor, Don Fernando proposed to Cunegonde and she agreed to marry him. Also the Portuguese authorities were looking for the murder of the grand inquisitor so Candide had to flee Buenos Aires. He brought Cacambo with him. They run into Cunegonde’s brother, who when finding out that Candide wants to marry his sister gets angry. Because of that, Candide murders the Baron and then has to flee. On their escape, Candide and Cacambo cross paths with two naked girls screaming and running away from two monkeys biting at their behinds. Candide, thinking he is saving them shoots the monkeys. He then saw the girls crying over the dead monkeys and Cacambo tells him that the girls are in love with the monkeys. Candide laughs at him. I think that Voltaire portrayed the girls as being in love with the monkey and has Candide shoot the monkeys to show that what you see isn’t always what is going on. He wants to show that what you see at the surface may have a deeper meaning on the inside. It also shows how close minded he is. He can’t accept the fact that the women love something that isn’t a man. Candide and Cacambo continue to travel to a beautiful and rich village named Eldorado. There they collect riches such as gold and other valuable goods. Candide sees how beautiful and perfect Eldorado is and began to doubt Pangloss when he would say that Westphalia was the most magnificent and grandest castle in the world. Because of the perfection at Eldorado, he realized that everything seemed to go badly at Westphalia. Candide and Cacambo took the riches from the town and about 100 sheep and traveled back to Buenos Aries. Candide told Cacambo to go to Buenos Aires and buy Cunegonde from the governor and to meet him in Venice. Candide finds Vanderdendur who loads most of Candide’s valuables on his ship and then takes off without him. Candide then has to pay a lot of money to get on a ship headed towards Europe. On that ship he meets Martin, a realist. Martin has had the most miserable life and he views the world as it is. Martin represents the opposite of Pangloss. They have completely different views on the world. With the emergence of Martin in the story, Voltaire gives the reader a character who they can relate with. Martin is a more realistic character that people can relate to because he is down on the world because of the horrible events that have happened to him. On the voyage to Europe, Candide sees Vanderdendur’s ship sink which makes his believe that the world is actually fair. When they land in Bordeaux, Candide sells a few jewels from Eldorado for a carriage in order for them to travel to Paris. From Paris Candide, and Martin travel to Venice. For several months they waited for Cacambo to come with Cunegonde. While in Venice they visit Pococurante, who is very wealthy and has beautiful art and a lot of books. When he says he doesn’t find all of his possessions great, Candide is shocked that he doesn’t like all of the classic artworks. . Pococurante doesn’t like what he is supposed to like but likes what his preferences are. He makes his own opinions instead of what other people tell him. Martin agrees with what he was saying full heartedly. Candide finds out that Cacambo is a slave and that Cunegonde is in Constantinople. Candide buys Cacambo with a diamond and then they travel to Constantinople. On their way they find Pangloss and the Baron as slaves. Candide buys their freedom. Pangloss still sticks by his motto of the best of all possible worlds. Pangloss remaining optimistic is comical to the reader. The reader will laugh to himself because he continues to believe the best of everything even though he has almost died twice and was a slave. Candide buys Cunegonde and a farm and they get married and live out life as farmers with their friends. He is ok with living that life because the happiest person he has met was the Turkish farmer who was very content with his life. Candide living his life as a farmer is the opposite of what he was before. He went from traveling around the world to settling down. Voltaire uses Candide to criticize the society he was living in. he critiques religion by having inhumanity with the high ranking people for example, the Inquisitor executed people like Pangloss because they had different views on philosophical beliefs. He also has a pope having a daughter and Brother Giroflee having a mistress. Voltaire writes about this to show the corruption within the church. He also has all of the female characters appear weak. They are essentially owned by the males who use them as mistresses and slaves. Voltaire does this to show how little power women had at the time. Also the class system in Europe at the time was mocked by Voltaire. He portrays upper class men as being snobby; such as the baron not wanting his sister to marry Candide because he is in a lower class. Voltaire mocks the flaws of society and brings attention to the issues of the social inequality and philosophies of people at the time.	<urn:uuid:8a659a47-fd1d-48ee-8b22-1bf1372544bc>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://freebooksummary.com/analysis-of-candide-by-voltaire-120077	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250607118.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122131612-20200122160612-00243.warc.gz	en	0.985415	2,694	3.6875	4	[ -0.08808258175849915, 0.5966194868087769, 0.09704750031232834, -0.015239279717206955, -0.33603671193122864, 0.00767484912648797, 0.5659324526786804, 0.49697694182395935, -0.02671201154589653, -0.17262473702430725, -0.1502426266670227, -0.17216135561466217, 0.2114585041999817, 0.26251286268...	1	Analysis of Candide by Voltaire In, “Candide,” Voltaire depicts the epic adventures of Candide, in his search for the love of his life, Cunegonde. The optimistic views of the world that he learned from Pangloss were challenged by the realities of life. He traveled the globe and met people who were selfish, immoral and inhuman. These people he became acquainted with forced Candide to start second guessing Pangloss’ philosophy of, “the best of all possible worlds. ” Candide was born as the illegitimate nephew of the Baron of Thunder-ten-tronckh, in Westphalia, Germany. Pangloss, the teacher in the castle, had a profound impact on Candide’s education. The optimistic, narrow-minded views of the world that Pangloss had were adopted by Candide. Pangloss believed that the world they lived in was “the best of all possible worlds” and that God created the world so it must be perfect. Pangloss’ beliefs were shared with the majority of people at that time and Voltaire mocks them by having a series of traumatic events occur while Pangloss remained optimistic. While living in the castle, Candide fell in love with the Baron’s daughter, Cunegonde. The Baron caught them kissing and he banishes Candide from the Castle forcing Candide apart from Cunegonde. He then traveled to the next town over, Waldberghoff-trarbk-dikdorff. He was found by two men who gave him food and enrolled him into the Bulgar Army. One day he was on a walk and was captured by soldiers, who took him to court because they thought that he was quitting the army. Candide’s punishment was to choose between execution and being stabbed by a group of men thirty-six times, resulting in death. He chose to do the stabbing but after a couple of hits the king let him go because he said that Candide was ignorant of the world. After being let go he fled to Holland and was helped by Jacques, who is an Anabaptist. He housed Candide and gave him a job. These acts of kindness helped Candide confirm that Pangloss’ teachings of living in the best world are true. Candide happened to walk into a beggar who it turns out is Pangloss. He told Candide how the Baron’s castle was attacked by the Bulgar army and how everyone died besides him, who became sick with syphilis. This story that Pangloss tells sets up the reoccurring theme of resurrection for the remainder of the book. Characters who were once thought to be dead turned out to survive and reappear. I believe that Voltaire chose to have characters “come back to life” to mock the bible for having stories of resurrection such as Jesus being resurrected on the third day and also to keep Candide going on trips throughout the story. Having Cunegonde be alive instead of being dead forced Candide to travel the globe in search for her. Without her reappearing, the story would have been dead. Candide, Pangloss, and Jacques travel to Lisbon and on their way; a horrible storm hits them, and kills Jacques. When they arrive in Lisbon they discover it was destroyed by an earthquake and that people were taking advantage of the destruction by stealing. Even with all of the horrible stuff occurring, Pangloss continues to remain ignorantly optimistic saying that the earthquake was for the better. This is another example of Voltaire mocking the philosophies of Pangloss. Pangloss got into an argument with someone over his philosophy of everything is for the better. He is labeled as a heretic which eventually led to the Portuguese government hanging him. Later that same day another earthquake hit Lisbon and that was the first time Candide started doubting whether he was actually living in the best of all possible worlds. This was the first time that he had a thought for himself that wasn’t influenced by Pangloss’ teachings. While Pangloss was hung for being a heretic, Candide was beaten for listening to his rants. A mysterious old lady cared for him by nursing him back to health and giving him shelter and food. Later, she led him to a house where Cunegonde was. She managed to escape the Bulgar’s attack on the castle because a captain sold her to a Jewish man who shared her with a grand inquisitor as their mistress. Cunegonde saw Candide being beaten and Pangloss get hung so she sent the old lady to care for Candide and bring him to her when he got healthy. The Jewish man, Don Issachar arrived at the house and was killed by Candide. Then the grand inquisitor came and was also stabbed and killed by Candide. The funeral for the grand inquisitor was very elaborate and eloquent while Don Issachar’s funeral was just his body being dumped into a hole in the ground. Voltaire does this to show how the different religions were treated. The Jewish man is simply thrown into a hole in the ground while the grand inquisitor was an important person in the Catholic Church so he was given a large funeral. In Portugal at this time, the Catholic Church dominated all other religions and Judaism was considered lesser so Voltaire displays this by showing the difference between the funerals. Candide, Cunegonde and the old lady gathered jewels and horses and then ride away from the house. They traveled to Avacena where in an inn their jewels get stolen by a reverend Franciscan. They sold one of their horses for money and traveled to Cadiz. When they arrived there Candide did drills he learned from the Bulgar Army in front of a General who made him a captain allowing him to board a ship with Cunegonde and the old lady that was heading towards the new world. As they set sail across the Atlantic Candide claimed that the new world is the best of all possible worlds because the sea was calmer and the winds were steadier. Voltaire continues to have Candide be optimistic and relying on his faith in Pangloss’ philosophies. Candide continuing to be so naively optimistic makes the reader question when he will finally change his mind about his attitude and start to negatively doubt the best possible world. Also on the journey to the new world the old lady tells her story. She was the daughter of the pope and was on a ship that was attacked by pirates. She was raped and sold as a slave in Morocco. Later she was sent around the world as a slave. She said that every person has been upset in their life. She isn’t optimistic like Candide but rather a realist. She sees the world as a negative place and she makes her own judgments on events. The old lady is unlike most women at the time because she is educated and makes her own opinion on things. She doesn’t agree with the people who are optimistic because what she has been through her entire life is negative. Her story also shows how quickly a person can lose money and power. She was the daughter of the pope and a princess but her ship was attacked by pirates and she lost everything. Voltaire does this to mock the social order of the time. Social mobility was practically nonexistent at the time. You were born into a class and that’s where you die. Having a person go from having it all to nothing was almost unheard of at the time. When their ship found land in Buenos Aires, the Governor, Don Fernando proposed to Cunegonde and she agreed to marry him. Also the Portuguese authorities were looking for the murder of the grand inquisitor so Candide had to flee Buenos Aires. He brought Cacambo with him. They run into Cunegonde’s brother, who when finding out that Candide wants to marry his sister gets angry. Because of that, Candide murders the Baron and then has to flee. On their escape, Candide and Cacambo cross paths with two naked girls screaming and running away from two monkeys biting at their behinds. Candide, thinking he is saving them shoots the monkeys. He then saw the girls crying over the dead monkeys and Cacambo tells him that the girls are in love with the monkeys. Candide laughs at him. I think that Voltaire portrayed the girls as being in love with the monkey and has Candide shoot the monkeys to show that what you see isn’t always what is going on. He wants to show that what you see at the surface may have a deeper meaning on the inside. It also shows how close minded he is. He can’t accept the fact that the women love something that isn’t a man. Candide and Cacambo continue to travel to a beautiful and rich village named Eldorado. There they collect riches such as gold and other valuable goods. Candide sees how beautiful and perfect Eldorado is and began to doubt Pangloss when he would say that Westphalia was the most magnificent and grandest castle in the world. Because of the perfection at Eldorado, he realized that everything seemed to go badly at Westphalia. Candide and Cacambo took the riches from the town and about 100 sheep and traveled back to Buenos Aries. Candide told Cacambo to go to Buenos Aires and buy Cunegonde from the governor and to meet him in Venice. Candide finds Vanderdendur who loads most of Candide’s valuables on his ship and then takes off without him. Candide then has to pay a lot of money to get on a ship headed towards Europe. On that ship he meets Martin, a realist. Martin has had the most miserable life and he views the world as it is. Martin represents the opposite of Pangloss. They have completely different views on the world. With the emergence of Martin in the story, Voltaire gives the reader a character who they can relate with. Martin is a more realistic character that people can relate to because he is down on the world because of the horrible events that have happened to him. On the voyage to Europe, Candide sees Vanderdendur’s ship sink which makes his believe that the world is actually fair. When they land in Bordeaux, Candide sells a few jewels from Eldorado for a carriage in order for them to travel to Paris. From Paris Candide, and Martin travel to Venice. For several months they waited for Cacambo to come with Cunegonde. While in Venice they visit Pococurante, who is very wealthy and has beautiful art and a lot of books. When he says he doesn’t find all of his possessions great, Candide is shocked that he doesn’t like all of the classic artworks. . Pococurante doesn’t like what he is supposed to like but likes what his preferences are. He makes his own opinions instead of what other people tell him. Martin agrees with what he was saying full heartedly. Candide finds out that Cacambo is a slave and that Cunegonde is in Constantinople. Candide buys Cacambo with a diamond and then they travel to Constantinople. On their way they find Pangloss and the Baron as slaves. Candide buys their freedom. Pangloss still sticks by his motto of the best of all possible worlds. Pangloss remaining optimistic is comical to the reader. The reader will laugh to himself because he continues to believe the best of everything even though he has almost died twice and was a slave. Candide buys Cunegonde and a farm and they get married and live out life as farmers with their friends. He is ok with living that life because the happiest person he has met was the Turkish farmer who was very content with his life. Candide living his life as a farmer is the opposite of what he was before. He went from traveling around the world to settling down. Voltaire uses Candide to criticize the society he was living in. he critiques religion by having inhumanity with the high ranking people for example, the Inquisitor executed people like Pangloss because they had different views on philosophical beliefs. He also has a pope having a daughter and Brother Giroflee having a mistress. Voltaire writes about this to show the corruption within the church. He also has all of the female characters appear weak. They are essentially owned by the males who use them as mistresses and slaves. Voltaire does this to show how little power women had at the time. Also the class system in Europe at the time was mocked by Voltaire. He portrays upper class men as being snobby; such as the baron not wanting his sister to marry Candide because he is in a lower class. Voltaire mocks the flaws of society and brings attention to the issues of the social inequality and philosophies of people at the time.	2,610	ENGLISH	1
19TH CENTURY IRELAND By Tim Lambert At the end of the 18th century the British government decided that radical reform was needed. They decided the answer was to abolish the Irish parliament and unite Ireland with Britain. In 1800 they managed to persuade the Irish parliament to agree to the measure. It came into effect in 1801. In 1803 Robert Emmet (1778-1803) and a small group of followers attempted an uprising in Dublin. They killed the Lord Chief Justice of Ireland and his nephew but the rising was quickly crushed. Emmet was hung, drawn and quartered. In the early 19th century a movement to remove remaining restrictions on Catholics was led by Daniel O'Connell (1775-1847). In 1823 he founded the Catholic Association. In 1829 their wishes were granted. The Catholic Emancipation Act allowed Catholics to become MPs and to hold public office. In 1840 O'Connell began a Repeal Association to demand the repeal of the Act of Union. He arranged 'monster meetings' of his supporters. In 1843 he called for one at Clontarf. However, the British government banned the meeting. O'Connell canceled the meeting and his movement collapsed. THE POTATO FAMINE IN IRELAND In 1845 a large part of the Irish population lived on potatoes and buttermilk. It was an adequate diet but if anything happened to the potato crop there would be a disaster. In 1845 potato blight hit Ireland. Peel, the British Prime Minister, appointed a scientific committee to study the disease. Unfortunately, they did not understand its true nature. Faced with famine Peel started relief works to provide work for the starving. (Peel was reluctant to give away free food). The potato blight returned in 1846. By 1847 the situation was so bad that Peel's successor, Lord John Russell realized direct relief was necessary and soup kitchens were set up. Private charity also struggled to cope with the calamity. However hundreds of thousands of people died each year of starvation and disease such as cholera, typhus and dysentery. (In their weakened condition people had little resistance to disease). The famine was worst in Southern and Southwest Ireland. The North and the East coast were less affected. Many people fled aboard. In 1851 alone some 250,000 people emigrated from Ireland. (Many of them died of disease while onboard ship). The population of Ireland fell dramatically. From over 8 million in 1841 it fell to about 6 1/2 million in 1851 and it continued to fall. An estimated 1 million people died during the famine. Many others emigrated. The failure of the British government to deal with the famine caused a lasting bitterness in Ireland. THE HOME RULE MOVEMENT In 1842 an organisation called Young Ireland was formed to campaign for Irish independence. (They were called 'Young Ireland' because they were opposed to O'Connell's 'Old Ireland', which advocated peaceful methods. In 1848 Young Ireland attempted an uprising. Led by William Smith O'Brien 1803-64 a group of Irish peasants fought with 46 members of the Irish Constabulary at Ballingarry in County Tipperary. The skirmish later became known as 'the battle of the Widow McCormack's cabbage patch'. Afterward O'Brien was arrested. He was sentenced to death but instead was transported to Tasmania. In 1858 another movement called the Fenians was formed. In 1867 they attempted a rising in England, which did not succeed. In 1870 they were banned by the Catholic Church but they continued to operate. Also in 1870 a lawyer named Isaac Butt (1813-1879) founded the Irish Home Government Association. The aim was to gain MPs in the British parliament and fight for independence. The Association was a success in that it soon gained a large number of MPs but Butt was regarded as too moderate. He soon lost control of the movement to a Protestant Lawyer called Charles Steward Parnell (1846-1891). THE LAND WAR In the late 1870s Irish agriculture entered a recession and many tenant farmers were evicted. Then in 1879, a Fenian called Michael Davitt (1846-1906) founded the Irish National Land League to demand land reform. He asked Parnell to lead the movement. The land war of 1879-1882 followed. Rents were withheld until the last moment. Anyone who took the land of an evicted tenant was boycotted. This word came from a Captain Charles Boycott. He managed an estate in Mayo. Local people refused to work for him but in 1880 50 laborers from Ulster, protected by troops, were sent to harvest his farm. However, life was made so unpleasant for Boycott he was forced to leave. During the land war some people became violent. As a result in 1881, the British government passed the Coercion Act, which allowed them to imprison people without trial. The leaders of the land league were arrested. At the same time, Gladstone passed another land act. Tenants could apply to a special land court for a fair rent. Gladstone's land acts of 1881 and 1882 also gave tenant farmers greater security of tenure. The land war ended with an agreement called the Kilmainham Treaty. The government released the leaders and agreed to some more concessions and the violence died down (although the Chief Secretary for Ireland Lord Frederick Cavendish and the Under Secretary were murdered in Phoenix Park, Dublin). THE HOME RULE BILLS In 1886 Gladstone introduced his first Home Rule bill but it was rejected by the House of Commons. Gladstone introduced a second Home Rule bill in 1893. This one was passed by the House of Commons but it was rejected by the House of Lords. Gladstone introduced a second Home Rule bill in 1893. The House of Commons passed this one but the House of Lords rejected it. Nevertheless, some reforms were made to land ownership. In 1885 money was made available for leaseholders to borrow to buy their land. The loans were repaid at low rates of interest. The loan system was extended in 1891. More land acts were passed in 1903 and 1909. As a result, many thousands of tenant farmers purchased their land. In 1893 the Gaelic League was founded to make Gaelic the main language of Ireland once again. A brief history of Cork A brief history of Dublin A brief history of Galway A brief history of Limerick Ireland in the 18th Century	<urn:uuid:9261ceca-8236-4eb4-9416-5d6f38f4e15f>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://www.localhistories.org/ireland19th.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251694071.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126230255-20200127020255-00128.warc.gz	en	0.982674	1,342	3.859375	4	[ -0.21166986227035522, -0.003021783661097288, 0.3036176562309265, 0.06885536015033722, 0.09247676283121109, -0.2496652603149414, -0.433244526386261, -0.15731005370616913, -0.3304835259914398, -0.342262864112854, -0.15939690172672272, -0.54522705078125, 0.1839696168899536, 0.0685114115476608...	1	19TH CENTURY IRELAND By Tim Lambert At the end of the 18th century the British government decided that radical reform was needed. They decided the answer was to abolish the Irish parliament and unite Ireland with Britain. In 1800 they managed to persuade the Irish parliament to agree to the measure. It came into effect in 1801. In 1803 Robert Emmet (1778-1803) and a small group of followers attempted an uprising in Dublin. They killed the Lord Chief Justice of Ireland and his nephew but the rising was quickly crushed. Emmet was hung, drawn and quartered. In the early 19th century a movement to remove remaining restrictions on Catholics was led by Daniel O'Connell (1775-1847). In 1823 he founded the Catholic Association. In 1829 their wishes were granted. The Catholic Emancipation Act allowed Catholics to become MPs and to hold public office. In 1840 O'Connell began a Repeal Association to demand the repeal of the Act of Union. He arranged 'monster meetings' of his supporters. In 1843 he called for one at Clontarf. However, the British government banned the meeting. O'Connell canceled the meeting and his movement collapsed. THE POTATO FAMINE IN IRELAND In 1845 a large part of the Irish population lived on potatoes and buttermilk. It was an adequate diet but if anything happened to the potato crop there would be a disaster. In 1845 potato blight hit Ireland. Peel, the British Prime Minister, appointed a scientific committee to study the disease. Unfortunately, they did not understand its true nature. Faced with famine Peel started relief works to provide work for the starving. (Peel was reluctant to give away free food). The potato blight returned in 1846. By 1847 the situation was so bad that Peel's successor, Lord John Russell realized direct relief was necessary and soup kitchens were set up. Private charity also struggled to cope with the calamity. However hundreds of thousands of people died each year of starvation and disease such as cholera, typhus and dysentery. (In their weakened condition people had little resistance to disease). The famine was worst in Southern and Southwest Ireland. The North and the East coast were less affected. Many people fled aboard. In 1851 alone some 250,000 people emigrated from Ireland. (Many of them died of disease while onboard ship). The population of Ireland fell dramatically. From over 8 million in 1841 it fell to about 6 1/2 million in 1851 and it continued to fall. An estimated 1 million people died during the famine. Many others emigrated. The failure of the British government to deal with the famine caused a lasting bitterness in Ireland. THE HOME RULE MOVEMENT In 1842 an organisation called Young Ireland was formed to campaign for Irish independence. (They were called 'Young Ireland' because they were opposed to O'Connell's 'Old Ireland', which advocated peaceful methods. In 1848 Young Ireland attempted an uprising. Led by William Smith O'Brien 1803-64 a group of Irish peasants fought with 46 members of the Irish Constabulary at Ballingarry in County Tipperary. The skirmish later became known as 'the battle of the Widow McCormack's cabbage patch'. Afterward O'Brien was arrested. He was sentenced to death but instead was transported to Tasmania. In 1858 another movement called the Fenians was formed. In 1867 they attempted a rising in England, which did not succeed. In 1870 they were banned by the Catholic Church but they continued to operate. Also in 1870 a lawyer named Isaac Butt (1813-1879) founded the Irish Home Government Association. The aim was to gain MPs in the British parliament and fight for independence. The Association was a success in that it soon gained a large number of MPs but Butt was regarded as too moderate. He soon lost control of the movement to a Protestant Lawyer called Charles Steward Parnell (1846-1891). THE LAND WAR In the late 1870s Irish agriculture entered a recession and many tenant farmers were evicted. Then in 1879, a Fenian called Michael Davitt (1846-1906) founded the Irish National Land League to demand land reform. He asked Parnell to lead the movement. The land war of 1879-1882 followed. Rents were withheld until the last moment. Anyone who took the land of an evicted tenant was boycotted. This word came from a Captain Charles Boycott. He managed an estate in Mayo. Local people refused to work for him but in 1880 50 laborers from Ulster, protected by troops, were sent to harvest his farm. However, life was made so unpleasant for Boycott he was forced to leave. During the land war some people became violent. As a result in 1881, the British government passed the Coercion Act, which allowed them to imprison people without trial. The leaders of the land league were arrested. At the same time, Gladstone passed another land act. Tenants could apply to a special land court for a fair rent. Gladstone's land acts of 1881 and 1882 also gave tenant farmers greater security of tenure. The land war ended with an agreement called the Kilmainham Treaty. The government released the leaders and agreed to some more concessions and the violence died down (although the Chief Secretary for Ireland Lord Frederick Cavendish and the Under Secretary were murdered in Phoenix Park, Dublin). THE HOME RULE BILLS In 1886 Gladstone introduced his first Home Rule bill but it was rejected by the House of Commons. Gladstone introduced a second Home Rule bill in 1893. This one was passed by the House of Commons but it was rejected by the House of Lords. Gladstone introduced a second Home Rule bill in 1893. The House of Commons passed this one but the House of Lords rejected it. Nevertheless, some reforms were made to land ownership. In 1885 money was made available for leaseholders to borrow to buy their land. The loans were repaid at low rates of interest. The loan system was extended in 1891. More land acts were passed in 1903 and 1909. As a result, many thousands of tenant farmers purchased their land. In 1893 the Gaelic League was founded to make Gaelic the main language of Ireland once again. A brief history of Cork A brief history of Dublin A brief history of Galway A brief history of Limerick Ireland in the 18th Century	1,485	ENGLISH	1
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was born in the presidency of John F Kennedy who was elected president in 1960. His support of civil rights issue in previous years had been patchy – he had opposed Eisenhower’s 1957 Act to keep in with the Democrats hierarchy as he had plans to run for president as well as Johnson. The new president was faced with facts that were indisputable and came from the organisation created in the 1960 Civil Rights Act to analyse civil rights issue in America – the Civil Rights Commission. They found that: 57% of African American housing judged to be unacceptable African American life expectancy was 7 years less than whites African American infant mortality was twice as great as whites African Americans found it all but impossible to get mortgages from mortgage lenders Property values would dropped a great deal if an African American family moved into a neighbourhood that was not a ghetto. Kennedy himself in a passionate public speech made these facts available to the American public. Constantly in the background was the poor treatment of people in Eastern Europe during the Soviet occupation of this area. How could America condemn the Russians and turn a blind eye to the inequalities of what was clearly going on in America itself – the “land of the free”? How should Kennedy proceed? The Cuban Missile Crisis took up a great deal of his short time in power. But aligned to this was the fact that few whites considered civil rights a particularly important issue – one poll put civil rights at the bottom of a list of “what should be done for America ?” Kennedy also only won the1960 election by a very small majority (500,000 votes) so he did not have a popular mandate for doing anything too drastic. Also the Vietnam War (though not officially declared) was absorbing more time with what was American covert action in the region at this time. Kennedy’s assassination shocked the world. His vice-president – Lyndon Johnson – suddenly found himself sworn in as president on Air Force One. Johnson had done what he politically needed to do to stop the full implementation of the 1957 Civil Rights Act, but despite the fact he was a Texan, he realised that a major civil rights act was needed to advance African Americans within USA society. He also used the shock of Kennedy’s murder to push forward the 1964 Civil Rights Act, part of what he was to term his vision for America – the “Great Society”. The seeds of the 1964 Act were sown in Kennedy’s presidency. Johnson believed that he owed it to Kennedy’s life to push through this act especially as he was not an elected president. America had now moved on from the 1957 Act. Martin Luther King was now an international figure and Malcolm X was now proclaiming that a more militant approach could be used to gain civil rights. The apparent passive approach of the 1950’s was now gone. The northern city ghettos were now moving more and more towards militancy. Society had changed in just a few short years. Johnson realised this and wanted changed before potential civil unrest forced it through. The civil rights bill’s success in passing Congress owed much to the murder of Kennedy. The mood of the public in general would not have allowed any obvious deliberate attempts to damage “Kennedy’s bill”. Even so, the bill had to survive the longest attempt in Congress to seriously weaken it. Johnson played the obvious card – how could anybody vote against an issue so dear to the late president’s heart ? How could anybody be so unpatriotic ? Johnson simply appealed to the nation – still traumatised by Kennedy’s murder. To win over the Southern hard-liners, Johnson told them he would not allow the bill to tolerate anybody using it as a lever to have an easy life regardless of their colour. By January 1964, public opinion had started to change – 68% now supported a meaningful civil rights act. President Johnson signed the 1964 Civil Rights Act in July of that year. It introduced: it gave federal government the right to end segregation in the South it prohibited segregation in public places. A public place was anywhere that received any form of federal (tax) funding (most places). This stopped lawyers homing in on the private places issue. This act tried to cover every aspect that some lawyer might use to avoid implementing this act. an Equal Employment Commission was created federal funding would not be given to segregated schools (note that these had been banned in 1954, ten years previous!) any company that wanted federal business (the biggest spender of money in American business) had to have a pro-civil rights charter. Any segregationist company that applied for a federal contact would not get it. Many Southerners were horrified by the extent of the act. Johnson probably only got away with the act because he was from Texas. Ironically, the African American community were most vocal in criticising the act. There were riots by African Americans in north-eastern cities because from their point of view, the act did not go far enough and the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (a predominantly Black political party) demanded seats at the Democratic Party Convention to be held in Atlantic City as they believed that they were more representative of the people who lived in Mississippi than the politicians who would usually have attended such conventions. Johnson was dismayed at this lack of public support among the African American community. Regardless of these protests from both sides of society, many historians now believe that the 1964 Act was of major importance to America’s political and social development. The act has been called Johnson’s greatest achievement. He constantly referred to the morality of what he was doing and made constant reference to the immorality of the social structure within America that tolerated any form of discrimination. Johnson’s desire, regardless of his background, was to advance America’s society and he saw the 1964 Civil Rights Act as the way forward. - John F Kennedy is not automatically associated with civil rights issues as Kennedy's presidency is more famed for the Cuban Missile Crisis and issues surrounding… - Lyndon Baines Johnson has been credited with being one of the most important figures in the civil rights movement. Johnson does have some distracters who…	<urn:uuid:2275093d-5d47-4149-a28c-8365f607b2bd>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/the-civil-rights-movement-in-america-1945-to-1968/1964-civil-rights-act/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250592261.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118052321-20200118080321-00467.warc.gz	en	0.984642	1,260	4	4	[ -0.6565985679626465, -0.039647508412599564, 0.08950261026620865, -0.1987924575805664, 0.22476783394813538, 0.7279960513114929, -0.020573705434799194, -0.055225834250450134, -0.20156539976596832, 0.23812003433704376, 0.19053177535533905, 0.51756751537323, -0.19953174889087677, 0.21860352158...	9	The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was born in the presidency of John F Kennedy who was elected president in 1960. His support of civil rights issue in previous years had been patchy – he had opposed Eisenhower’s 1957 Act to keep in with the Democrats hierarchy as he had plans to run for president as well as Johnson. The new president was faced with facts that were indisputable and came from the organisation created in the 1960 Civil Rights Act to analyse civil rights issue in America – the Civil Rights Commission. They found that: 57% of African American housing judged to be unacceptable African American life expectancy was 7 years less than whites African American infant mortality was twice as great as whites African Americans found it all but impossible to get mortgages from mortgage lenders Property values would dropped a great deal if an African American family moved into a neighbourhood that was not a ghetto. Kennedy himself in a passionate public speech made these facts available to the American public. Constantly in the background was the poor treatment of people in Eastern Europe during the Soviet occupation of this area. How could America condemn the Russians and turn a blind eye to the inequalities of what was clearly going on in America itself – the “land of the free”? How should Kennedy proceed? The Cuban Missile Crisis took up a great deal of his short time in power. But aligned to this was the fact that few whites considered civil rights a particularly important issue – one poll put civil rights at the bottom of a list of “what should be done for America ?” Kennedy also only won the1960 election by a very small majority (500,000 votes) so he did not have a popular mandate for doing anything too drastic. Also the Vietnam War (though not officially declared) was absorbing more time with what was American covert action in the region at this time. Kennedy’s assassination shocked the world. His vice-president – Lyndon Johnson – suddenly found himself sworn in as president on Air Force One. Johnson had done what he politically needed to do to stop the full implementation of the 1957 Civil Rights Act, but despite the fact he was a Texan, he realised that a major civil rights act was needed to advance African Americans within USA society. He also used the shock of Kennedy’s murder to push forward the 1964 Civil Rights Act, part of what he was to term his vision for America – the “Great Society”. The seeds of the 1964 Act were sown in Kennedy’s presidency. Johnson believed that he owed it to Kennedy’s life to push through this act especially as he was not an elected president. America had now moved on from the 1957 Act. Martin Luther King was now an international figure and Malcolm X was now proclaiming that a more militant approach could be used to gain civil rights. The apparent passive approach of the 1950’s was now gone. The northern city ghettos were now moving more and more towards militancy. Society had changed in just a few short years. Johnson realised this and wanted changed before potential civil unrest forced it through. The civil rights bill’s success in passing Congress owed much to the murder of Kennedy. The mood of the public in general would not have allowed any obvious deliberate attempts to damage “Kennedy’s bill”. Even so, the bill had to survive the longest attempt in Congress to seriously weaken it. Johnson played the obvious card – how could anybody vote against an issue so dear to the late president’s heart ? How could anybody be so unpatriotic ? Johnson simply appealed to the nation – still traumatised by Kennedy’s murder. To win over the Southern hard-liners, Johnson told them he would not allow the bill to tolerate anybody using it as a lever to have an easy life regardless of their colour. By January 1964, public opinion had started to change – 68% now supported a meaningful civil rights act. President Johnson signed the 1964 Civil Rights Act in July of that year. It introduced: it gave federal government the right to end segregation in the South it prohibited segregation in public places. A public place was anywhere that received any form of federal (tax) funding (most places). This stopped lawyers homing in on the private places issue. This act tried to cover every aspect that some lawyer might use to avoid implementing this act. an Equal Employment Commission was created federal funding would not be given to segregated schools (note that these had been banned in 1954, ten years previous!) any company that wanted federal business (the biggest spender of money in American business) had to have a pro-civil rights charter. Any segregationist company that applied for a federal contact would not get it. Many Southerners were horrified by the extent of the act. Johnson probably only got away with the act because he was from Texas. Ironically, the African American community were most vocal in criticising the act. There were riots by African Americans in north-eastern cities because from their point of view, the act did not go far enough and the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (a predominantly Black political party) demanded seats at the Democratic Party Convention to be held in Atlantic City as they believed that they were more representative of the people who lived in Mississippi than the politicians who would usually have attended such conventions. Johnson was dismayed at this lack of public support among the African American community. Regardless of these protests from both sides of society, many historians now believe that the 1964 Act was of major importance to America’s political and social development. The act has been called Johnson’s greatest achievement. He constantly referred to the morality of what he was doing and made constant reference to the immorality of the social structure within America that tolerated any form of discrimination. Johnson’s desire, regardless of his background, was to advance America’s society and he saw the 1964 Civil Rights Act as the way forward. - John F Kennedy is not automatically associated with civil rights issues as Kennedy's presidency is more famed for the Cuban Missile Crisis and issues surrounding… - Lyndon Baines Johnson has been credited with being one of the most important figures in the civil rights movement. Johnson does have some distracters who…	1,280	ENGLISH	1
The Battle of the Bulge was an important fight because it was one that could have turned World War II around for the Germans. The Battle of the Bulge took place on December 16 1944. The Germans mobilized the last chance they had to win the war. The Germans wanted to cut the American forces in to two parts, because this way they could easily be destroyed. Hitler felt this was his last chance to win, because his forces were being pushed back and soon they would run out of the resources they would need to win the war. Hitler was mobilizing a task force of 500,000 Germans soldiers. The allies were slowly pushing through the Ardennes Forest on the German, Belgium boarder, with a force of 600,000 American solders, and 55,000 British soldiers. Hitler hoped to surprise the Allies of guard and quickly separate the army. The allies pushed through this are because they felt this was the least likely place to set up an attack to assault the Allies. The Germans selected it because it was easy to hide troops in the hills. Hitler code-named this attack as the Wacht am Rhein. The Americans went through the area in a thin line to give support to the flank where the attack was expected. During the War, Eisenhower and his staff felt this spot was the least likely to be attacked. The thought the Germans would not try anything through the narrow passageway. The American Army was kept long and thin whit a reinforced left and right flank to make sure of any attacks that would come right up the middle. Thinking the Ardennes was the least likely spot for a German offensive, American Staff Commanders chose to keep the line thin, so that the manpower might concentrate on offensives north and south of the Ardennes. The American line was thinly held by three divisions and a part of a fourth, while the fifth was making a local attack and a sixth was in reserve. Division sectors were more than double the width of normal, defensive fronts.( John Kline)The Germans wanted do of the opposite of what the Americans wanted to do. As stated above the Allied troops were ‘resting’ and reforming; they consisted of General Simpson’s 9th Army and General Hodges 1st US Army in the north and General Patton’s 3rd Army to the south. The Ardennes was held by General Middleton who had the 8th US Army Corps, 106th and 26th Infantry Divisions and 4th and 9th Armoured Divisions. In late 1944 Germany was clearly losing the war. The Russian Red Army was steadily closing in on the Eastern front while German cities were being devastated by intense American bombing. The Italian peninsula had been captured and liberated, and the Allied armies were advancing rapidly through France and the Low Countries. Hitler knew the end was near if something couldn’t be done to slow the Allied advance. He soon came up with a plan to do this. (David Sargent). This shows how Hitler has to come up with a brilliant game paln to win the war. The object of the German offensive was to push through the Belgian Ardennes, cross the Meuse, retake Antwerp and its harbor facilities, thrust to the north and reach the sea. This would cut off the Allied troops in Holland and Belgium, making it impossible for them to withdraw. The success of the operation depended on three important parts; the speed of the initial breakthrough, the seizure of Allied fuel supplies and communications centers between St.Vith and Bastogne, and the widening of the breach in the Allied lines to allow German troops to pour into Belgium. There would be three armies: the 15th Army in the North, 7th Army in the South and the main push by Sepp Dietrich’s 6th and von Manteuffel’s 7th Panzer Divisions in the center! Specially trained German soldiers who spoke English fluently were infiltrated behind the Allied lines wearing American uniforms with orders to disrupt the deployment of Allied units and prepare the way for the German advance. The crucial problem for the German was their lack of fuel and the whole ‘adventure’ depended on their initial	<urn:uuid:bdf18918-5718-4690-a476-001307b38426>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://pennsylvaniaangerclass.com/battle-of-the-bulge/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594603.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119122744-20200119150744-00374.warc.gz	en	0.985208	849	3.703125	4	[ -0.2739843726158142, 0.636620819568634, -0.11113876104354858, 0.174965500831604, -0.12760263681411743, 0.2735304832458496, -0.06093527004122734, 0.24927634000778198, -0.10714074969291687, -0.2085736095905304, 0.025423701852560043, -0.2827918529510498, 0.1608327031135559, 0.3679502904415130...	2	The Battle of the Bulge was an important fight because it was one that could have turned World War II around for the Germans. The Battle of the Bulge took place on December 16 1944. The Germans mobilized the last chance they had to win the war. The Germans wanted to cut the American forces in to two parts, because this way they could easily be destroyed. Hitler felt this was his last chance to win, because his forces were being pushed back and soon they would run out of the resources they would need to win the war. Hitler was mobilizing a task force of 500,000 Germans soldiers. The allies were slowly pushing through the Ardennes Forest on the German, Belgium boarder, with a force of 600,000 American solders, and 55,000 British soldiers. Hitler hoped to surprise the Allies of guard and quickly separate the army. The allies pushed through this are because they felt this was the least likely place to set up an attack to assault the Allies. The Germans selected it because it was easy to hide troops in the hills. Hitler code-named this attack as the Wacht am Rhein. The Americans went through the area in a thin line to give support to the flank where the attack was expected. During the War, Eisenhower and his staff felt this spot was the least likely to be attacked. The thought the Germans would not try anything through the narrow passageway. The American Army was kept long and thin whit a reinforced left and right flank to make sure of any attacks that would come right up the middle. Thinking the Ardennes was the least likely spot for a German offensive, American Staff Commanders chose to keep the line thin, so that the manpower might concentrate on offensives north and south of the Ardennes. The American line was thinly held by three divisions and a part of a fourth, while the fifth was making a local attack and a sixth was in reserve. Division sectors were more than double the width of normal, defensive fronts.( John Kline)The Germans wanted do of the opposite of what the Americans wanted to do. As stated above the Allied troops were ‘resting’ and reforming; they consisted of General Simpson’s 9th Army and General Hodges 1st US Army in the north and General Patton’s 3rd Army to the south. The Ardennes was held by General Middleton who had the 8th US Army Corps, 106th and 26th Infantry Divisions and 4th and 9th Armoured Divisions. In late 1944 Germany was clearly losing the war. The Russian Red Army was steadily closing in on the Eastern front while German cities were being devastated by intense American bombing. The Italian peninsula had been captured and liberated, and the Allied armies were advancing rapidly through France and the Low Countries. Hitler knew the end was near if something couldn’t be done to slow the Allied advance. He soon came up with a plan to do this. (David Sargent). This shows how Hitler has to come up with a brilliant game paln to win the war. The object of the German offensive was to push through the Belgian Ardennes, cross the Meuse, retake Antwerp and its harbor facilities, thrust to the north and reach the sea. This would cut off the Allied troops in Holland and Belgium, making it impossible for them to withdraw. The success of the operation depended on three important parts; the speed of the initial breakthrough, the seizure of Allied fuel supplies and communications centers between St.Vith and Bastogne, and the widening of the breach in the Allied lines to allow German troops to pour into Belgium. There would be three armies: the 15th Army in the North, 7th Army in the South and the main push by Sepp Dietrich’s 6th and von Manteuffel’s 7th Panzer Divisions in the center! Specially trained German soldiers who spoke English fluently were infiltrated behind the Allied lines wearing American uniforms with orders to disrupt the deployment of Allied units and prepare the way for the German advance. The crucial problem for the German was their lack of fuel and the whole ‘adventure’ depended on their initial	871	ENGLISH	1
Rebellion. “An act of violent or open resistance to an established government or ruler,” according to Google. Over the past hundred years, rebellions have been held in order to stop laws. Many of these have resulted in being extremely violent, killing over thousands of people. Rebellions have been a very controversial topic for the past decades. A rebellion is justified when the government has too much control over people, it targets a minority group of people, and the people don’t have a voice/ government doesn’t listen. Too much control. What is too much control? When Britain still had complete control over the colonists, they placed many laws and taxes over them. There were taxes on sugar, molasses, tea, paper, paint, etc. The King and Parliament also created the Quartering Act and Stamp Act which allowed soldiers to stay in the homes of the colonists and forced them to pay taxes on newspapers, magazines, and legal documents, laws in which they had no say. Eventually, the colonists refused to pay these taxes and started to rebel. During the Civil Rights Movement, people of color were completely separated from the whites. This law created a mindset which made whites think they are superior to blacks; that they were of higher rank. This law controlled everyone’s beliefs toward people, which eventually lead to peaceful protests. The laws from both the American Revolution and Civil Rights Movement were created by very controlling governments. A rebellion should be justified if it targets a specific group of people. The Whiskey Rebellion started because of the tax on whiskey, hence the name. All alcoholic drinks were taxed but smaller manufacturers had to pay a higher amount compared to larger businesses ($0.09 and $0.06). Then in the Civil Rights Movement, all segregation laws were aimed towards the African Americans such as: attending different schools, drinking from separate fountains, eating at different restaurants, not being able to marry the other race, and the list goes on. Also, they lost the right to vote and freedom of speech… all because their skin was darker. These two forms of rebellion were aimed at a minority group of people. The citizens having no voice in the government and/or the government not listening is the last reason a rebellion should be justified. This means that they don’t have a say in any future (or current) laws. During Shays’ Rebellion, farmers’ taxes were raised without them being able to tell their opinion, they were never asked for consent. Peaceful protests were later on used as a tactic in the Civil Rights Movement. People boycotted buses and performed sit ins at restaurants to protest and were often arrested for doing so. Although the government knew about these many protests, they ignored it instead of resolving it. These two rebellions has no consent over the laws. Rebellions should only be justified if the government has too much power over the citizens, if it’s intended for particular people, and if the people don’t have any opinion on the matter/ the government doesn’t listen to the people’s opinion. For example, the Civil Rights Movement and American Revolution are prime examples of a justified rebellion. Both rebellions were started by an extremely controlling government that had many laws. These laws were specified for certain people and when the people tried to voice an opinion, the government turned it down.	<urn:uuid:6ef68b65-b7f2-4ab1-ad2d-f5b726caf6b1>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://studylib.net/doc/25305069/rebellion	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250619323.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124100832-20200124125832-00508.warc.gz	en	0.985082	687	3.625	4	[ -0.30479544401168823, -0.07130829989910126, 0.3333854079246521, -0.28698891401290894, -0.07413025200366974, 0.3188978433609009, 0.053496744483709335, -0.01990409567952156, -0.08659311383962631, 0.5424289107322693, -0.08745366334915161, 0.10463277995586395, -0.23476393520832062, 0.256253868...	1	Rebellion. “An act of violent or open resistance to an established government or ruler,” according to Google. Over the past hundred years, rebellions have been held in order to stop laws. Many of these have resulted in being extremely violent, killing over thousands of people. Rebellions have been a very controversial topic for the past decades. A rebellion is justified when the government has too much control over people, it targets a minority group of people, and the people don’t have a voice/ government doesn’t listen. Too much control. What is too much control? When Britain still had complete control over the colonists, they placed many laws and taxes over them. There were taxes on sugar, molasses, tea, paper, paint, etc. The King and Parliament also created the Quartering Act and Stamp Act which allowed soldiers to stay in the homes of the colonists and forced them to pay taxes on newspapers, magazines, and legal documents, laws in which they had no say. Eventually, the colonists refused to pay these taxes and started to rebel. During the Civil Rights Movement, people of color were completely separated from the whites. This law created a mindset which made whites think they are superior to blacks; that they were of higher rank. This law controlled everyone’s beliefs toward people, which eventually lead to peaceful protests. The laws from both the American Revolution and Civil Rights Movement were created by very controlling governments. A rebellion should be justified if it targets a specific group of people. The Whiskey Rebellion started because of the tax on whiskey, hence the name. All alcoholic drinks were taxed but smaller manufacturers had to pay a higher amount compared to larger businesses ($0.09 and $0.06). Then in the Civil Rights Movement, all segregation laws were aimed towards the African Americans such as: attending different schools, drinking from separate fountains, eating at different restaurants, not being able to marry the other race, and the list goes on. Also, they lost the right to vote and freedom of speech… all because their skin was darker. These two forms of rebellion were aimed at a minority group of people. The citizens having no voice in the government and/or the government not listening is the last reason a rebellion should be justified. This means that they don’t have a say in any future (or current) laws. During Shays’ Rebellion, farmers’ taxes were raised without them being able to tell their opinion, they were never asked for consent. Peaceful protests were later on used as a tactic in the Civil Rights Movement. People boycotted buses and performed sit ins at restaurants to protest and were often arrested for doing so. Although the government knew about these many protests, they ignored it instead of resolving it. These two rebellions has no consent over the laws. Rebellions should only be justified if the government has too much power over the citizens, if it’s intended for particular people, and if the people don’t have any opinion on the matter/ the government doesn’t listen to the people’s opinion. For example, the Civil Rights Movement and American Revolution are prime examples of a justified rebellion. Both rebellions were started by an extremely controlling government that had many laws. These laws were specified for certain people and when the people tried to voice an opinion, the government turned it down.	669	ENGLISH	1
The First World War was not merely a global military conflict; it also had far reaching implications for civilian life. It called upon women to become a fundamental part of the war effort, carrying out domestic labor, waged industrial labor, and military nursing and doctoring. It also uprooted millions of European civilians, most of them innocent bystanders. While great armies battled against each other across central Europe, Ignacy Paderewski appealed to the world for a dedicated Polish Relief Fund. He wrote, “How can I compose when my Poland is in misery? War is raging over her soil, sweeping away every sign of civilization, destroying dwellings, devastating fields, gardens, and forest, starving and exterminating human beings and animals alike. Only very few could flee to the places which are still holding their own against the aggressors: the great majority, almost eleven millions of helpless women and children, homeless peasants, unemployed workmen, the very essence and strength of a nation, have been driven out into the open. Can one with true patriotism, true love of country, set his mind on something else than the heartrending cries of his people?” Edward Elgar: Polonia Arnold Schoenberg (1874-1951) was called up to serve in the First World War at the age of 42! A rather humorous anecdote reports that an officer demanded to know if “he was this notorious Schoenberg.” Supposedly the composer replied, “Beg to report, sir, yes. Nobody wanted to be, someone had to be, so I let it be me.” Schoenberg was drafted in 1915, and after being trained as a reserve officer, he carried out his military duties as a musician in a military ensemble. The First World War greatly affected all aspects of European society, and that certainly included how composers viewed musical language and their respective approaches to music. In a famous letter to Alma Mahler, Schoenberg severely criticized the bourgeois tendencies of musical reactionaries such as Stravinsky, Ravel and Bizet. Although published as a set, Schoenberg’s Four Orchestral Songs were composed separately. While the first song was finished on 6 October 1913, the final song dates from July of 1916. After finishing this composition—his last works to be written in a free atonal style—Schoenberg issued no new works for the next seven years. He later acknowledged that the “musical emotion, during World War I’s darkest days, is personal, in its feeling of resignation and agitation.” Schoenberg surely has believed that the Rilke poems were addressed directly to him: I can already sense the storm, and surge like the sea. And spread myself out and into myself downfall and hurtle away and am all alone In the great storm. Arnold Schoenberg: 4 Orchestral Songs, Op. 22 The English composer Gustav Holst (1874-1934) was a highly respected scholar at the Royal College of Music, a professional musician and a teacher. In 1914, and before the beginning of the Great War, Holst had already composed his most famous work, The Planets. Aged 40 when the war broke out, he was past the maximum age limit for volunteers and sported a number of health problems including seriously bad eyesight. The British military rejected him as unfit for service, and Holst resumed his duties as a music educator. Holst felt frustrated that his friends and family were contributing to the war effort, with his close friend Ralph Vaughan Williams serving in France, and his wife enlisted as an ambulance driver. And when his former student George Butterworth perished in the war, Holst was determined to do his bit. He finally got his chance when the YMCA offered Holst a post as Musical Organizer to troops on the Eastern Front waiting for demobilization. First however, he needed to change his name and dropped the “von,” because it looked too Germanic. Eventually he left for Salonica, Greece and taught music and organized concerts for soldiers. On his return, he composed his choral work, Ode to Death, a contemplation on the waste and futility of war, inspired by a Walt Whitman poem. Detailing the futility and terrible waste of life during the First World War, the score bears no dedication. However, his daughter Imogen asserts that at one point it contained the somber dedication “For Cecil Coles, a young composer.” Coles had been killed by a sniper on the Western Front. Gustav Holst: Ode to Death, Op. 38	<urn:uuid:7ab65277-9893-43f0-992d-9bd9713914ec>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://interlude.hk/wwi-composers-elgar-schoenberg-holst/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250626449.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124221147-20200125010147-00000.warc.gz	en	0.980619	955	3.625	4	[ -0.3320624828338623, 0.578135073184967, 0.18609076738357544, -0.3261459171772003, -0.17367175221443176, 0.3384771943092346, -0.13457058370113373, 0.29196810722351074, 0.026791667565703392, -0.2409881353378296, 0.3027269244194031, 0.4277811050415039, 0.14429613947868347, 0.4727570116519928,...	1	The First World War was not merely a global military conflict; it also had far reaching implications for civilian life. It called upon women to become a fundamental part of the war effort, carrying out domestic labor, waged industrial labor, and military nursing and doctoring. It also uprooted millions of European civilians, most of them innocent bystanders. While great armies battled against each other across central Europe, Ignacy Paderewski appealed to the world for a dedicated Polish Relief Fund. He wrote, “How can I compose when my Poland is in misery? War is raging over her soil, sweeping away every sign of civilization, destroying dwellings, devastating fields, gardens, and forest, starving and exterminating human beings and animals alike. Only very few could flee to the places which are still holding their own against the aggressors: the great majority, almost eleven millions of helpless women and children, homeless peasants, unemployed workmen, the very essence and strength of a nation, have been driven out into the open. Can one with true patriotism, true love of country, set his mind on something else than the heartrending cries of his people?” Edward Elgar: Polonia Arnold Schoenberg (1874-1951) was called up to serve in the First World War at the age of 42! A rather humorous anecdote reports that an officer demanded to know if “he was this notorious Schoenberg.” Supposedly the composer replied, “Beg to report, sir, yes. Nobody wanted to be, someone had to be, so I let it be me.” Schoenberg was drafted in 1915, and after being trained as a reserve officer, he carried out his military duties as a musician in a military ensemble. The First World War greatly affected all aspects of European society, and that certainly included how composers viewed musical language and their respective approaches to music. In a famous letter to Alma Mahler, Schoenberg severely criticized the bourgeois tendencies of musical reactionaries such as Stravinsky, Ravel and Bizet. Although published as a set, Schoenberg’s Four Orchestral Songs were composed separately. While the first song was finished on 6 October 1913, the final song dates from July of 1916. After finishing this composition—his last works to be written in a free atonal style—Schoenberg issued no new works for the next seven years. He later acknowledged that the “musical emotion, during World War I’s darkest days, is personal, in its feeling of resignation and agitation.” Schoenberg surely has believed that the Rilke poems were addressed directly to him: I can already sense the storm, and surge like the sea. And spread myself out and into myself downfall and hurtle away and am all alone In the great storm. Arnold Schoenberg: 4 Orchestral Songs, Op. 22 The English composer Gustav Holst (1874-1934) was a highly respected scholar at the Royal College of Music, a professional musician and a teacher. In 1914, and before the beginning of the Great War, Holst had already composed his most famous work, The Planets. Aged 40 when the war broke out, he was past the maximum age limit for volunteers and sported a number of health problems including seriously bad eyesight. The British military rejected him as unfit for service, and Holst resumed his duties as a music educator. Holst felt frustrated that his friends and family were contributing to the war effort, with his close friend Ralph Vaughan Williams serving in France, and his wife enlisted as an ambulance driver. And when his former student George Butterworth perished in the war, Holst was determined to do his bit. He finally got his chance when the YMCA offered Holst a post as Musical Organizer to troops on the Eastern Front waiting for demobilization. First however, he needed to change his name and dropped the “von,” because it looked too Germanic. Eventually he left for Salonica, Greece and taught music and organized concerts for soldiers. On his return, he composed his choral work, Ode to Death, a contemplation on the waste and futility of war, inspired by a Walt Whitman poem. Detailing the futility and terrible waste of life during the First World War, the score bears no dedication. However, his daughter Imogen asserts that at one point it contained the somber dedication “For Cecil Coles, a young composer.” Coles had been killed by a sniper on the Western Front. Gustav Holst: Ode to Death, Op. 38	959	ENGLISH	1
The surface of this basin is decorated with a coiled dragon; its head, an animal mask in the style of the late Shang dynasty, protrudes from the center. Around the rim of the basin are k'uei dragon, bird and fish motifs. Casting marks can be found on the reverse side, with traces of six join reinforcements located where the ring foot meets the underside of the vessel. On the ring foot are three square holes equally spaced that research has revealed to have been used during the casting-on process and to secure the pieces in place. As a result, holes were commonly seen on the ring feet of bronzes, and it was not until the late Shang dynasty that the problem of shift during casting was resolved. This is an important example of a Chinese Bronze Age water vessel. According to archaeological records, very few large bronze water vessels such as p'an basins or yu bowls were unearthed from Shang dynasty tombs, especially not with such grand decorative work as found in this example. This suggests that the person this p'an was buried with had been an important member of the aristocracy.	<urn:uuid:2465a1cd-24a5-486c-95bf-15b840b3e1e4>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/pan-water-vessel-with-coiling-dragon-pattern/ngH7Po4dfk6hjQ?hl=en	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250604849.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121162615-20200121191615-00198.warc.gz	en	0.985972	225	3.375	3	[ -0.2582453489303589, 0.050324298441410065, 0.4282228648662567, -0.03022637777030468, -0.1618095487356186, 0.12878508865833282, 0.14333514869213104, -0.05125141143798828, -0.2868405878543854, -0.057175613939762115, 0.03679684177041054, -0.6086143851280212, 0.0999360904097557, -0.10173744708...	3	The surface of this basin is decorated with a coiled dragon; its head, an animal mask in the style of the late Shang dynasty, protrudes from the center. Around the rim of the basin are k'uei dragon, bird and fish motifs. Casting marks can be found on the reverse side, with traces of six join reinforcements located where the ring foot meets the underside of the vessel. On the ring foot are three square holes equally spaced that research has revealed to have been used during the casting-on process and to secure the pieces in place. As a result, holes were commonly seen on the ring feet of bronzes, and it was not until the late Shang dynasty that the problem of shift during casting was resolved. This is an important example of a Chinese Bronze Age water vessel. According to archaeological records, very few large bronze water vessels such as p'an basins or yu bowls were unearthed from Shang dynasty tombs, especially not with such grand decorative work as found in this example. This suggests that the person this p'an was buried with had been an important member of the aristocracy.	227	ENGLISH	1
In my humble opinion, February is the best month to have 28 days in it. In the middle of a long winter, it is nice to know that after this short month comes March, and with it, there is really some hope for pleasant spring weather. But why does February have 28 days? Or 29 days during a leap year? And whose idea was for the month of February to be the shortest month of the year? Turns out, we know exactly how this happened and whom to blame. For many years in Ancient Rome, the Roman calendar was used which consisted of only 10 months. March was considered the first month of the year and December the last. The calendar was mostly used to calculate fieldwork and to know when to sow and harvest, so winter was not a period anyone would give extra thought. But nothing good lasts forever. In the 8th century BCE, the Roman king Numa Pompilius decided to organize a calendar reform to synchronize a calendar with the lunar year, as there are 12 lunar cycles. He introduced two additional months: January and February, with February becoming the last month of the year. But he was not going to stop there! In the old, 10-month calendar, six months had 30 days and four months had 31 days. However, Romans were superstitious and believed that even numbers were unlucky, so Numa decided to get rid of them once and for all, making every 30-day month only 29 days long. But, to paraphrase Sheldon Cooper, “Oh math, thou art a heartless bitch.” If you add an even number of odd months it makes the whole amount of days in the year even, which was unacceptable. With the lunar year being approximately 354 days, Numa decided to make it 355 days, to avoid the damned number of days and instead add one day to one of the months. The choice fell on February, the month in which the Romans honored their dead. So now, after shedding light on why February has only 28 days, we’ll now go further to see more changes that led February to its modern-day properties. Obviously, after some time of the year having only 355 days, the whole system started falling out of sync. When Julius Caesar came to power he decided to play around with the calendar some more so the situation would be in order again. He took as an example the Egyptian solar calendar with 365 ¼ days and introduced a new, Julian calendar. So now each month had either 30 or 31 days, except long-suffering February, which was left with 28 days. The extra day was added every fourth year to it to make days even. And that’s the brief story of how February became the shortest day of the year. Thank you so much for reading, and may all your days be odd! For more fun trivia on months, check out our article on how months got their names.	<urn:uuid:ce8dcd8f-add8-4c3b-ad67-39da9ec278f5>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://djaunter.com/why-does-february-have-28-days/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250593937.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118193018-20200118221018-00491.warc.gz	en	0.982168	608	3.3125	3	[ -0.5291787981987, 0.15364336967468262, 0.46058952808380127, -0.19933362305164337, -0.32026925683021545, 0.07985135912895203, -0.5048297643661499, 0.1652512103319168, 0.023354273289442062, -0.19870887696743011, 0.3112233877182007, -0.03058454394340515, 0.3858019709587097, 0.4527556300163269...	3	In my humble opinion, February is the best month to have 28 days in it. In the middle of a long winter, it is nice to know that after this short month comes March, and with it, there is really some hope for pleasant spring weather. But why does February have 28 days? Or 29 days during a leap year? And whose idea was for the month of February to be the shortest month of the year? Turns out, we know exactly how this happened and whom to blame. For many years in Ancient Rome, the Roman calendar was used which consisted of only 10 months. March was considered the first month of the year and December the last. The calendar was mostly used to calculate fieldwork and to know when to sow and harvest, so winter was not a period anyone would give extra thought. But nothing good lasts forever. In the 8th century BCE, the Roman king Numa Pompilius decided to organize a calendar reform to synchronize a calendar with the lunar year, as there are 12 lunar cycles. He introduced two additional months: January and February, with February becoming the last month of the year. But he was not going to stop there! In the old, 10-month calendar, six months had 30 days and four months had 31 days. However, Romans were superstitious and believed that even numbers were unlucky, so Numa decided to get rid of them once and for all, making every 30-day month only 29 days long. But, to paraphrase Sheldon Cooper, “Oh math, thou art a heartless bitch.” If you add an even number of odd months it makes the whole amount of days in the year even, which was unacceptable. With the lunar year being approximately 354 days, Numa decided to make it 355 days, to avoid the damned number of days and instead add one day to one of the months. The choice fell on February, the month in which the Romans honored their dead. So now, after shedding light on why February has only 28 days, we’ll now go further to see more changes that led February to its modern-day properties. Obviously, after some time of the year having only 355 days, the whole system started falling out of sync. When Julius Caesar came to power he decided to play around with the calendar some more so the situation would be in order again. He took as an example the Egyptian solar calendar with 365 ¼ days and introduced a new, Julian calendar. So now each month had either 30 or 31 days, except long-suffering February, which was left with 28 days. The extra day was added every fourth year to it to make days even. And that’s the brief story of how February became the shortest day of the year. Thank you so much for reading, and may all your days be odd! For more fun trivia on months, check out our article on how months got their names.	624	ENGLISH	1
October 31 is a big day in Nevada, and not just because it’s Halloween. That’s the day Nevada became a state. Our 150th birthday seems like a good time for us to remind you of why Nevada became a state. The myth is that Abraham Lincoln wanted our silver to help finance the Civil War, and feared Nevada would join the Confederacy. First, a lot of that myth comes from an episode of Bonanza—seriously. Also, Lincoln already HAD our silver. Nevada was a federal territory. If anything, Lincoln would have had more control over our finances if Nevada had NOT become a state. There’s also the claim that Nevada legally shouldn’t have become a state. Under federal law, a territory was supposed to have a population of sixty thousand before it could become a state. But Oregon had just been admitted to the Union with fewer people than that. Lincoln had just allowed West Virginia to become a state without the usual formalities—it had seceded from Virginia. So, some rules could be bent for Nevada, too. Nevada became a state for reasons of policy and politics. Lincoln was straining every nerve to add the thirteenth amendment to the Constitution and end slavery. Doing that requires a two-thirds vote in Congress. Lincoln and his advisers knew it would be a close call and even one congressman from Nevada could make a difference. In the end, Nevada’s first representative, Henry Worthington, voted for the amendment. It passed one-nineteen to fifty-six—three votes the other way, and it fails. Lincoln and his party also wanted support for their policies dealing with former slaves and reconstructing the South. Not that they were all united on what to do, but they expected that senators from the new state of Nevada would vote with the party that made statehood possible. When William Stewart and James Nye got to Washington, they were loyal Republicans. Then there’s Lincoln’s reelection. Historians have debated whether this really mattered to Lincoln. Consider that Lincoln was trying to become the first president since Andrew Jackson in 1832 to win a second term. Consider that in 1832, Lincoln first ran for office … and had run for office or campaigned almost constantly since then. So, on October 13, 1864, Lincoln listed the states and their votes in the pending election. He calculated that he would be reelected over his Democratic opponent, George McClellan … one-seventeen to one-fourteen. That was very close, obviously. At the bottom, someone else added Nevada and its three votes to bring it to one-twenty. Eighteen days later, Lincoln signed off on Nevada’s statehood. Not that it was easy. The original constitution hadn’t arrived. Secretary of State William Seward tried to persuade Lincoln to approve statehood without it. Lincoln wouldn’t. So, territorial governor James Nye sent the document by wire—the longest telegram sent up to that time, costing more than four thousand dollars, or about sixty thousand in today’s money. Lincoln gave his approval on October 31. Just over a week later, Lincoln won reelection, and his electoral college total was two-twelve to twenty-one. Good politicians always worry. Still, Lincoln got only two of Nevada’s electoral votes; the third elector was caught in the snow in Aurora. But Nevada kept its end of the bargain. When it became a state on October 31, it was a treat for Lincoln and the Union—not a trick. You won’t find a paywall here. Come as often as you like — we’re not counting. You’ve found a like-minded tribe that cherishes what a free press stands for. If you can spend another couple of minutes making a pledge of as little as $5, you’ll feel like a superhero defending democracy for less than the cost of a month of Netflix.	<urn:uuid:1e75dceb-8796-4f26-914b-a15c37c39ae4>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://knpr.org/knpr/2014-10/one-hundred-fifty-years	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251694908.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127051112-20200127081112-00033.warc.gz	en	0.984589	825	3.609375	4	[ -0.4544931948184967, -0.2307894229888916, -0.03326641768217087, 0.4657787084579468, -0.1293613761663437, 0.0933539941906929, 0.017830483615398407, 0.16417916119098663, -0.1991710364818573, 0.1612202525138855, 0.029438715428113937, 0.13569629192352295, -0.38666296005249023, 0.37897121906280...	2	October 31 is a big day in Nevada, and not just because it’s Halloween. That’s the day Nevada became a state. Our 150th birthday seems like a good time for us to remind you of why Nevada became a state. The myth is that Abraham Lincoln wanted our silver to help finance the Civil War, and feared Nevada would join the Confederacy. First, a lot of that myth comes from an episode of Bonanza—seriously. Also, Lincoln already HAD our silver. Nevada was a federal territory. If anything, Lincoln would have had more control over our finances if Nevada had NOT become a state. There’s also the claim that Nevada legally shouldn’t have become a state. Under federal law, a territory was supposed to have a population of sixty thousand before it could become a state. But Oregon had just been admitted to the Union with fewer people than that. Lincoln had just allowed West Virginia to become a state without the usual formalities—it had seceded from Virginia. So, some rules could be bent for Nevada, too. Nevada became a state for reasons of policy and politics. Lincoln was straining every nerve to add the thirteenth amendment to the Constitution and end slavery. Doing that requires a two-thirds vote in Congress. Lincoln and his advisers knew it would be a close call and even one congressman from Nevada could make a difference. In the end, Nevada’s first representative, Henry Worthington, voted for the amendment. It passed one-nineteen to fifty-six—three votes the other way, and it fails. Lincoln and his party also wanted support for their policies dealing with former slaves and reconstructing the South. Not that they were all united on what to do, but they expected that senators from the new state of Nevada would vote with the party that made statehood possible. When William Stewart and James Nye got to Washington, they were loyal Republicans. Then there’s Lincoln’s reelection. Historians have debated whether this really mattered to Lincoln. Consider that Lincoln was trying to become the first president since Andrew Jackson in 1832 to win a second term. Consider that in 1832, Lincoln first ran for office … and had run for office or campaigned almost constantly since then. So, on October 13, 1864, Lincoln listed the states and their votes in the pending election. He calculated that he would be reelected over his Democratic opponent, George McClellan … one-seventeen to one-fourteen. That was very close, obviously. At the bottom, someone else added Nevada and its three votes to bring it to one-twenty. Eighteen days later, Lincoln signed off on Nevada’s statehood. Not that it was easy. The original constitution hadn’t arrived. Secretary of State William Seward tried to persuade Lincoln to approve statehood without it. Lincoln wouldn’t. So, territorial governor James Nye sent the document by wire—the longest telegram sent up to that time, costing more than four thousand dollars, or about sixty thousand in today’s money. Lincoln gave his approval on October 31. Just over a week later, Lincoln won reelection, and his electoral college total was two-twelve to twenty-one. Good politicians always worry. Still, Lincoln got only two of Nevada’s electoral votes; the third elector was caught in the snow in Aurora. But Nevada kept its end of the bargain. When it became a state on October 31, it was a treat for Lincoln and the Union—not a trick. You won’t find a paywall here. Come as often as you like — we’re not counting. You’ve found a like-minded tribe that cherishes what a free press stands for. If you can spend another couple of minutes making a pledge of as little as $5, you’ll feel like a superhero defending democracy for less than the cost of a month of Netflix.	799	ENGLISH	1
Conscription in the United Kingdom has existed for two periods in modern times. The first was from 1916 to 1920, the second from 1939 to 1960, with the last conscripted soldiers leaving the service in 1963. Known as Military Service from 1916 to 1920, the system of conscription from 1939 to 1960 was called National Service, but between 1939 and 1948, it was often referred to as "war service" in documents relating to National Insurance and pension provision. Conscription during the First World War began when the British government passed the Military Service Act in January 1916. The act specified that single men aged 18 to 40 years old were liable to be called up for military service unless they were widowed with children or ministers of a religion. There was a system of Military Service Tribunals to adjudicate upon claims for exemption upon the grounds of performing civilian work of national importance, domestic hardship, health, and conscientious objection. The law went through several changes before the war ended. Married men were exempt in the original Act, although this was changed in June 1916. The age limit was also eventually raised to 51 years old. Recognition of work of national importance also diminished, and in the last year of the war there was some support for the conscription of clergy. Conscription lasted until mid-1919. Conscription legislation lapsed in 1920. However, as a result of the deteriorating international situation and the rise of Nazi Germany, Leslie Hore-Belisha, Secretary of State for War, persuaded the cabinet of Neville Chamberlain to introduce a limited form of conscription on 27 April 1939, with the Military Training Act being passed the following month. Only single men 20 to 22 years old were liable to be called up, and they were to be known as "militiamen" to distinguish them from the regular army. To emphasise this distinction, each man was issued with a suit in addition to a uniform. The intention was for the first intake to undergo six months of basic training before being discharged into an active reserve. They would then be recalled for short training periods and attend an annual camp. At the outbreak of war, on 3 September 1939, the Military Training Act was overtaken by the National Service (Armed Forces) Act, and the first intake was absorbed into the army. This act imposed a liability to conscription of all men 18 to 41 years old. Men could be rejected for medical reasons, and those engaged in vital industries or occupations were "reserved" at a particular age beyond which no one in that job would be enlisted. For example, lighthouse keepers were "reserved" at 18 years old. From 1943, some conscripts were directed into the British coal mining industry and become known as the "Bevin Boys". Provision was also made for conscientious objectors, who were required to justify their position to a tribunal, with power to allocate the applicant to one of three categories: unconditional exemption; exemption conditional upon performing specified civilian work (frequently farming, forestry or menial hospital work); exemption from only combatant service, meaning that the objector had to serve in the specially created Non-Combatant Corps or in some other non-combatant unit such as the Royal Army Medical Corps. By 1942 all male British subjects between 18 and 51 years old and all females 20 to 30 years old resident in Britain were liable to be called up, with some exemptions: Pregnant women were not exempted, but in practice were not called up. Men under 20 years old were initially not liable to be sent overseas, but this exemption was lifted by 1942. People called up before they were 51 years old but who reached their 51st birthday during their service were liable to serve until the end of the war. People who had retired, resigned or been dismissed from the forces before the war were liable to be called back if they had not reached 51 years of age. Britain did not completely demobilise in 1945, as conscription continued after the war. Those already in the armed forces were given a release class determined by length of service and age. In practice, releases began in June 1945, and the last of the wartime conscripts had been released by 1949. However, urgently needed men, particularly those in the building trades, were released in 1945, although some restrictions on their immediate employment were supposed to be enforced. All women were released at the end of the war. National Service as peacetime conscription was formulated by the National Service Act 1948. From 1 January 1949, healthy males 17 to 21 years old were expected to serve in the armed forces for 18 months, and remain on the reserve list for four years. They could be recalled to their units for up to 20 days for no more than three occasions during these four years. Men were exempt from National Service if they worked in one of the three "essential services": coal mining, farming and the merchant navy for a period of eight years. If they quit early, they were subject to being called up. Exemption continued for conscientious objectors, with the same tribunal system and categories. In October 1950, in response to the British involvement in the Korean War, the service period was extended to two years; in compensation, the reserve period was reduced by six months. National Servicemen who showed promise could be commissioned as officers. National Service personnel were used in combat operations, including the Malayan Emergency, the Cyprus Emergency, in Kenya against the Mau Mau Uprising, and the Korean War, where conscripts to the Gloucestershire Regiment took part in the last stand during the Battle of the Imjin River. In addition, National Servicemen served in the Suez Crisis in 1956. During the 1950s there was a prohibition on serving members of the armed forces standing for election to parliament. A few National Servicemen stood for election in the 1951 and 1955 general elections in order to be dismissed from service. National Service ended gradually from 1957. It was decided that those born on or after 1 October 1939 would not be required, but conscription continued for those born earlier whose call-up had been delayed for any reason. In November 1960 the last men entered service, as call-ups formally ended on 31 December 1960, and the last National Servicemen left the armed forces in May 1963. Service in the old Bermuda Militia from 1612 to 1816, as in the Militia of the Kingdom of England (including the Principality of Wales) and subsequently the English and Welsh Militia of the Kingdom of Great Britain, had been compulsory, with all able-bodied, military-aged males, whether free, indentured, or enslaved, liable. The Militia was divided into nine companies, one for each parish (collectively forming a battalion under a Lieutenant-Colonel), and were embodied annually for training, or as required by war or emergency. Volunteers, organised under appointed Captains of Forts, also manned fortified coastal artillery batteries to maintain a standing defence against enemy vessels or landing parties. This Militia was raised under acts of the colonial Parliament of Bermuda, which required periodic renewal. Bermuda had received its first regular (English Army) unit (an Independent Company, detached from the 2nd Regiment of Foot) in 1701. This was withdrawn in 1763, following the Seven Years' War, and replaced by a company detached from the 9th Regiment of Foot in Florida and a detachment from the Independent Company of the Bahamas, but these were withdrawn in 1768, leaving only the militia and volunteer gunners. Two companies of the invalid Royal Garrison Battalion were posted to Bermuda during the American War of Independence, but this unit was disbanded at Bermuda in 1783. Regular British Army infantry (a detachment of the 47th Regiment of Foot) was detached to Bermuda to re-establish the Bermuda Garrison in 1793 as the French Revolution led to war between Britain and France. This unit was joined in 1794 by a company Invalid Royal Artillery from the Board of Ordnance Military Corps (and not at that time part of the British Army). Royal Engineers officers had already been posted to Bermuda to survey the defences and oversee their improvement. There were no Royal Sappers and Miners present, however, until the 19th Century, and civilians (including retired soldiers) were hired locally to carry out the construction work. At the same time, the Royal Navy established in Bermuda what was to become the Royal Naval Dockyard, Bermuda and an Admiralty House, and the primary role of the growing military garrison became the protection of the main base of the Royal Navy's North America and West Indies Station as the British Government came to view Fortress Bermuda more as a base than a colony. The build-up of the regular military forces led to the Parliament of Bermuda allowing the Militia Act to lapse after 1816 as the reserve forces were perceived as an unnecessary expense (the Militia in the United Kingdom was also allowed to become a paper tiger after the conclusion of the Napoleonic Wars and the American War of 1812, and was not restored until the 1850s, from which time it recruited only volunteers; the Volunteer Force was raised at the same time to boost Britain's defences). The British Government spent the next eight decades unsuccessfully asking, pleading and cajoling the local government to restore the militia until the requirement of consent for American investment into the Princess Hotel and the dredging of the channel into the St. George's Harbour led the local parliament to pass new militia and volunteer acts in 1892. During the interim, Bermudian volunteers had been recruited for local-service only into the regular army and the Board of Ordnance Military Corps, under terms of service similar to those of the old militia. From 1894, recruitment into the new part-time military reserves raised under the 1892 acts had originally followed the post-1850s practices in England for the Militia of the United Kingdom, in which soldiers voluntarily enlisted for six years (embodied for the duration of wars or emergencies, or otherwise only for annual training), and the Volunteer Force, in which part-time soldiers served voluntarily and could quit their service with 14 days' notice, except while embodied for training, war, or national emergency. The Militia, Volunteer force, and Yeomanry were merged into the Territorial Force (later renamed the Territorial Army) in Britain in 1907-1908, with the introduction of terms of service (specific lengths of service for which volunteers enlisted), but this did not occur in Bermuda until the 1920s (1921 for the BVRC and 1928 for the BMA, as post-war reductions of the Bitish Government's defence budget let to the reduction of the regular army components of the Bermuda Garrison, with the reserve units taking on greater responsibilities). Conscription into the Bermuda Militia Artillery and the Bermuda Volunteer Rifle Corps was discussed during the First World War, but had not been put into place before the cessation of hostilities. It was introduced during the Second World War, with conscripts serving full-time for the duration in the BMA, BVRC, the Bermuda Volunteer Engineers (raised in 1931), or the Bermuda Militia Infantry (raised in 1939). Those unable to serve full-time were directed into the Bermuda Home Guard (raised for the duration of the war). Although conscription ended with the war, a shortfall of volunteers led to its reintroduction to the BVRC in 1957 (when the regular army components of the Bermuda Garrison were withdrawn, leaving only the two territorials in Bermuda) and the BMA in 1960. Since the two units were amalgamated in 1965, conscription has been retained, making the Royal Bermuda Regiment the only conscripted force still serving under the British Crown. Conscription is for three years of part-time service, with the terms of service otherwise identical to those which originally applied to Territorial soldiers in Britain (with a basic service requirement of one drill night per week, one weekend camp per month, and one two-week annual camp per year, not including embodiment for active service. As was originally the case for Territorial Force units in the United Kingdom, service is for home defence purposes, and soldiers cannot be compelled to serve in overseas campaigns). In 2015 Prince Harry made a call for bringing back conscription. Following the launch of his 2009 film Harry Brown, English actor Michael Caine called for the reintroduction of national service in the UK to give young people "a sense of belonging rather than a sense of violence". The following productions have content inspired by British conscription or National Service:	<urn:uuid:83089b9a-3975-4ac9-811c-931faf32c3df>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://popflock.com/learn?s=Conscription_in_the_United_Kingdom	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250599718.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120165335-20200120194335-00499.warc.gz	en	0.983594	2,537	3.78125	4	[ -0.41640010476112366, 0.5812289714813232, 0.23250830173492432, -0.4274255335330963, 0.06815041601657867, 0.1536840796470642, -0.053567368537187576, -0.16730375587940216, -0.07297801226377487, -0.3964844346046448, 0.24981757998466492, 0.016936328262090683, 0.1798068732023239, 0.248521924018...	1	Conscription in the United Kingdom has existed for two periods in modern times. The first was from 1916 to 1920, the second from 1939 to 1960, with the last conscripted soldiers leaving the service in 1963. Known as Military Service from 1916 to 1920, the system of conscription from 1939 to 1960 was called National Service, but between 1939 and 1948, it was often referred to as "war service" in documents relating to National Insurance and pension provision. Conscription during the First World War began when the British government passed the Military Service Act in January 1916. The act specified that single men aged 18 to 40 years old were liable to be called up for military service unless they were widowed with children or ministers of a religion. There was a system of Military Service Tribunals to adjudicate upon claims for exemption upon the grounds of performing civilian work of national importance, domestic hardship, health, and conscientious objection. The law went through several changes before the war ended. Married men were exempt in the original Act, although this was changed in June 1916. The age limit was also eventually raised to 51 years old. Recognition of work of national importance also diminished, and in the last year of the war there was some support for the conscription of clergy. Conscription lasted until mid-1919. Conscription legislation lapsed in 1920. However, as a result of the deteriorating international situation and the rise of Nazi Germany, Leslie Hore-Belisha, Secretary of State for War, persuaded the cabinet of Neville Chamberlain to introduce a limited form of conscription on 27 April 1939, with the Military Training Act being passed the following month. Only single men 20 to 22 years old were liable to be called up, and they were to be known as "militiamen" to distinguish them from the regular army. To emphasise this distinction, each man was issued with a suit in addition to a uniform. The intention was for the first intake to undergo six months of basic training before being discharged into an active reserve. They would then be recalled for short training periods and attend an annual camp. At the outbreak of war, on 3 September 1939, the Military Training Act was overtaken by the National Service (Armed Forces) Act, and the first intake was absorbed into the army. This act imposed a liability to conscription of all men 18 to 41 years old. Men could be rejected for medical reasons, and those engaged in vital industries or occupations were "reserved" at a particular age beyond which no one in that job would be enlisted. For example, lighthouse keepers were "reserved" at 18 years old. From 1943, some conscripts were directed into the British coal mining industry and become known as the "Bevin Boys". Provision was also made for conscientious objectors, who were required to justify their position to a tribunal, with power to allocate the applicant to one of three categories: unconditional exemption; exemption conditional upon performing specified civilian work (frequently farming, forestry or menial hospital work); exemption from only combatant service, meaning that the objector had to serve in the specially created Non-Combatant Corps or in some other non-combatant unit such as the Royal Army Medical Corps. By 1942 all male British subjects between 18 and 51 years old and all females 20 to 30 years old resident in Britain were liable to be called up, with some exemptions: Pregnant women were not exempted, but in practice were not called up. Men under 20 years old were initially not liable to be sent overseas, but this exemption was lifted by 1942. People called up before they were 51 years old but who reached their 51st birthday during their service were liable to serve until the end of the war. People who had retired, resigned or been dismissed from the forces before the war were liable to be called back if they had not reached 51 years of age. Britain did not completely demobilise in 1945, as conscription continued after the war. Those already in the armed forces were given a release class determined by length of service and age. In practice, releases began in June 1945, and the last of the wartime conscripts had been released by 1949. However, urgently needed men, particularly those in the building trades, were released in 1945, although some restrictions on their immediate employment were supposed to be enforced. All women were released at the end of the war. National Service as peacetime conscription was formulated by the National Service Act 1948. From 1 January 1949, healthy males 17 to 21 years old were expected to serve in the armed forces for 18 months, and remain on the reserve list for four years. They could be recalled to their units for up to 20 days for no more than three occasions during these four years. Men were exempt from National Service if they worked in one of the three "essential services": coal mining, farming and the merchant navy for a period of eight years. If they quit early, they were subject to being called up. Exemption continued for conscientious objectors, with the same tribunal system and categories. In October 1950, in response to the British involvement in the Korean War, the service period was extended to two years; in compensation, the reserve period was reduced by six months. National Servicemen who showed promise could be commissioned as officers. National Service personnel were used in combat operations, including the Malayan Emergency, the Cyprus Emergency, in Kenya against the Mau Mau Uprising, and the Korean War, where conscripts to the Gloucestershire Regiment took part in the last stand during the Battle of the Imjin River. In addition, National Servicemen served in the Suez Crisis in 1956. During the 1950s there was a prohibition on serving members of the armed forces standing for election to parliament. A few National Servicemen stood for election in the 1951 and 1955 general elections in order to be dismissed from service. National Service ended gradually from 1957. It was decided that those born on or after 1 October 1939 would not be required, but conscription continued for those born earlier whose call-up had been delayed for any reason. In November 1960 the last men entered service, as call-ups formally ended on 31 December 1960, and the last National Servicemen left the armed forces in May 1963. Service in the old Bermuda Militia from 1612 to 1816, as in the Militia of the Kingdom of England (including the Principality of Wales) and subsequently the English and Welsh Militia of the Kingdom of Great Britain, had been compulsory, with all able-bodied, military-aged males, whether free, indentured, or enslaved, liable. The Militia was divided into nine companies, one for each parish (collectively forming a battalion under a Lieutenant-Colonel), and were embodied annually for training, or as required by war or emergency. Volunteers, organised under appointed Captains of Forts, also manned fortified coastal artillery batteries to maintain a standing defence against enemy vessels or landing parties. This Militia was raised under acts of the colonial Parliament of Bermuda, which required periodic renewal. Bermuda had received its first regular (English Army) unit (an Independent Company, detached from the 2nd Regiment of Foot) in 1701. This was withdrawn in 1763, following the Seven Years' War, and replaced by a company detached from the 9th Regiment of Foot in Florida and a detachment from the Independent Company of the Bahamas, but these were withdrawn in 1768, leaving only the militia and volunteer gunners. Two companies of the invalid Royal Garrison Battalion were posted to Bermuda during the American War of Independence, but this unit was disbanded at Bermuda in 1783. Regular British Army infantry (a detachment of the 47th Regiment of Foot) was detached to Bermuda to re-establish the Bermuda Garrison in 1793 as the French Revolution led to war between Britain and France. This unit was joined in 1794 by a company Invalid Royal Artillery from the Board of Ordnance Military Corps (and not at that time part of the British Army). Royal Engineers officers had already been posted to Bermuda to survey the defences and oversee their improvement. There were no Royal Sappers and Miners present, however, until the 19th Century, and civilians (including retired soldiers) were hired locally to carry out the construction work. At the same time, the Royal Navy established in Bermuda what was to become the Royal Naval Dockyard, Bermuda and an Admiralty House, and the primary role of the growing military garrison became the protection of the main base of the Royal Navy's North America and West Indies Station as the British Government came to view Fortress Bermuda more as a base than a colony. The build-up of the regular military forces led to the Parliament of Bermuda allowing the Militia Act to lapse after 1816 as the reserve forces were perceived as an unnecessary expense (the Militia in the United Kingdom was also allowed to become a paper tiger after the conclusion of the Napoleonic Wars and the American War of 1812, and was not restored until the 1850s, from which time it recruited only volunteers; the Volunteer Force was raised at the same time to boost Britain's defences). The British Government spent the next eight decades unsuccessfully asking, pleading and cajoling the local government to restore the militia until the requirement of consent for American investment into the Princess Hotel and the dredging of the channel into the St. George's Harbour led the local parliament to pass new militia and volunteer acts in 1892. During the interim, Bermudian volunteers had been recruited for local-service only into the regular army and the Board of Ordnance Military Corps, under terms of service similar to those of the old militia. From 1894, recruitment into the new part-time military reserves raised under the 1892 acts had originally followed the post-1850s practices in England for the Militia of the United Kingdom, in which soldiers voluntarily enlisted for six years (embodied for the duration of wars or emergencies, or otherwise only for annual training), and the Volunteer Force, in which part-time soldiers served voluntarily and could quit their service with 14 days' notice, except while embodied for training, war, or national emergency. The Militia, Volunteer force, and Yeomanry were merged into the Territorial Force (later renamed the Territorial Army) in Britain in 1907-1908, with the introduction of terms of service (specific lengths of service for which volunteers enlisted), but this did not occur in Bermuda until the 1920s (1921 for the BVRC and 1928 for the BMA, as post-war reductions of the Bitish Government's defence budget let to the reduction of the regular army components of the Bermuda Garrison, with the reserve units taking on greater responsibilities). Conscription into the Bermuda Militia Artillery and the Bermuda Volunteer Rifle Corps was discussed during the First World War, but had not been put into place before the cessation of hostilities. It was introduced during the Second World War, with conscripts serving full-time for the duration in the BMA, BVRC, the Bermuda Volunteer Engineers (raised in 1931), or the Bermuda Militia Infantry (raised in 1939). Those unable to serve full-time were directed into the Bermuda Home Guard (raised for the duration of the war). Although conscription ended with the war, a shortfall of volunteers led to its reintroduction to the BVRC in 1957 (when the regular army components of the Bermuda Garrison were withdrawn, leaving only the two territorials in Bermuda) and the BMA in 1960. Since the two units were amalgamated in 1965, conscription has been retained, making the Royal Bermuda Regiment the only conscripted force still serving under the British Crown. Conscription is for three years of part-time service, with the terms of service otherwise identical to those which originally applied to Territorial soldiers in Britain (with a basic service requirement of one drill night per week, one weekend camp per month, and one two-week annual camp per year, not including embodiment for active service. As was originally the case for Territorial Force units in the United Kingdom, service is for home defence purposes, and soldiers cannot be compelled to serve in overseas campaigns). In 2015 Prince Harry made a call for bringing back conscription. Following the launch of his 2009 film Harry Brown, English actor Michael Caine called for the reintroduction of national service in the UK to give young people "a sense of belonging rather than a sense of violence". The following productions have content inspired by British conscription or National Service:	2,813	ENGLISH	1
The purpose of this section is to share your learning experiences to use these experiences as the basis of reflection as you understand learning theories. Learning is about reflection therefore think about your various learning experiences over the course of your life. These experiences form the basis for understanding and interpreting learning theory. To complete this activity, think about 2-3 learning experiences, preferably: - a memory you recall from when you were learning something in elementary or middle school; - a memory from when you learned something in high school or college or university; and - an experience you had learning in a professional setting (first job, current career, etc.). Answer the following questions for each of the three learning experiences listed above. For each of the 3 learning experiences above that you recall, describe in 4-5 sentences a memory you recall from when you were learning something by answering these questions for all 3 memories: - What was the topic you were learning? - Who was teaching you the topic? - How did you learn the information or skill? - What type of information/ skills were you learning? E.g. history or skill like using Microsoft Office Why were you learning the information or skills? Here are my personal memories and some reflections. As you write this down for yourself, you will find some interesting observations…………. Experience 1 – Junior school Learning how to write: I recall our teacher always writing out a new set of letters on the blackboard. We then we had to practice them in special writing books and take them home for practice. When you were proficient enough at individual letters, you could progress onto cursive writing. This was viewed as more grown-up than regular print and a recognised advancement when you were allowed to progress. The “why” is interesting – the ability to express oneself, share ideas, critically think…these were not things we discussed. It was just part of the curriculum and a basic life skill. Years later, my son was a prolific storyteller from a super early age and would scribble down his stories like a mad professor and then retell them. If you wanted to read his stories, you needed him to translate as it was not illegible. His teacher forced him to slow down and practice doing his letters properly. This, in my view, stifled his creativity – he never came jumping in with his pages and pages of writing again…..So the purpose of writing for me is clear – to enable creativity and ideas to flow. Perfect writing is a by-product and has not ability to guarantee that there are good ideas on the page. Experience 2 – high school Learning maths: We has a very good maths teacher (good because you got good results in her class and she was known for no nonsense and hardworking environments). She would walk in..there would be absolute silence and then she would spend 15-20 minutes explaining a maths concept on the blackboard. You then opened up your maths book to the exercises and were required to work through them independently. You could ask her questions. At the end, she would give additional homework to continue the practice. Why was it needed? It was a core subject and all “smart” people did maths. Those that were deemed not smart enough did typing. Typing as the alternative is interesting – it was an all girls boarding school and I suppose the bias was you could be someone’s useful assistant – Netflix Mad Men, set in 1960s New York City, this award-winning series takes a peek inside an ad agency during an era when the cut-throat business had a glamorous lure with an interesting take on the role of female assistants in the agency. Experience 3 – professional life Learning to be human-centred: WHY – because the company I worked for said consumer-centricity was at the heart of the business strategy. I wanted to understand what it meant to be human-centred and so I started to ask others in my office what they thought it meant. No one could truly “walk the talk” of this term, “consumer-centric,” therefore I decided to make meaning of it for myself. I supervised a group of interns for a couple of months, choosing the theme, “what does consumer-centricity mean for you?” The interns did a great job interviewing front office, back office and middle management employees to get an understanding of what they believed consumer-centricity was. I had not realised it then but I was already applying design thinking methods and techniques – going out to understand / discover, coming back and synthesizing, coming up with prototypes to test assumptions and getting feedback throughout. The results were “interesting” – the people on the front line really understood the meaning of consumer-centricity, middle management hardly connected and it became even more distant as you progressed up the executive command and control hierarchy. The insight was enough for me to want to learn more about how I could alter my own mindset. I knew when I walked through the corporate doors of my office, I could not think like a consumer, even though I was one. My mission was to re-orientate, at will…to have an “outside-in” mindset not an “inside-out” mindset. I then researched online to find out if others had “worked it out” and found David Kelley’s book on “Creative Confidence” – this book, Creative Confidence, was all about how to be “human-centred” and completely changed my worldview in an instant. I read the short stories to my family as we drove to France on a ski trip. It was life changing for me. I completely changed my perspective and it was not long after this that I read Carol Dweck’s book on Mindset– a book so many people have yet to even think about discovering which still surprises me today. There is also an amazing TED talk by Carol Dweck on the power of a growth mindset rather than a fixed mindset. Following reading Creative Confidence, I looked for courses on how to be human centred and found some of the best courses on mindset, leadership and innovation from one of the largest online learning platforms in the social sector, +Acumen. The Introduction to Human-Centred Design course forces you to find a group of at least 4 people to do the immersive 8-9 week course properly. Undeterred, I recruited some friends from my village, my husband and my 9 year old daughter. Another colleague of mine wanted to learn as well so we skyped him in each week for the weekly 2-3 hour session. The process of learning was really life changing. I started a social innovation learning group in Cambridge. So many interesting people came that wanted to learn to be consumer-centric / human-centric. I also learnt it is hard to keep people motivated and coming. Whilst they recognised learning / skills gaps, they don’t always truly commit to a goal. Here is a slideshare of one of our cohorts and their learnings: Cambridge Social Innovation meetup group My goal was to become human-centric – it’s a way of life for me to constantly improve and become better everyday. I want to augment that with futurism – a necessary set of skills for people to imagine the possible futures and to take the steps to collaborate and co-create it.	<urn:uuid:40f4ad92-f65c-4f78-b9c6-831f9274512a>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://cxbeyondthemetrics.com/personal-learning-experiences/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250591763.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118023429-20200118051429-00366.warc.gz	en	0.980235	1,523	3.3125	3	[ 0.0837540552020073, 0.30161410570144653, 0.45573925971984863, -0.12398086488246918, -0.4795417785644531, 0.12580500543117523, 0.4504506587982178, 0.11540956795215607, 0.10950727760791779, -0.5142675638198853, 0.05020376294851303, -0.24988192319869995, 0.08390524983406067, 0.379882842302322...	8	The purpose of this section is to share your learning experiences to use these experiences as the basis of reflection as you understand learning theories. Learning is about reflection therefore think about your various learning experiences over the course of your life. These experiences form the basis for understanding and interpreting learning theory. To complete this activity, think about 2-3 learning experiences, preferably: - a memory you recall from when you were learning something in elementary or middle school; - a memory from when you learned something in high school or college or university; and - an experience you had learning in a professional setting (first job, current career, etc.). Answer the following questions for each of the three learning experiences listed above. For each of the 3 learning experiences above that you recall, describe in 4-5 sentences a memory you recall from when you were learning something by answering these questions for all 3 memories: - What was the topic you were learning? - Who was teaching you the topic? - How did you learn the information or skill? - What type of information/ skills were you learning? E.g. history or skill like using Microsoft Office Why were you learning the information or skills? Here are my personal memories and some reflections. As you write this down for yourself, you will find some interesting observations…………. Experience 1 – Junior school Learning how to write: I recall our teacher always writing out a new set of letters on the blackboard. We then we had to practice them in special writing books and take them home for practice. When you were proficient enough at individual letters, you could progress onto cursive writing. This was viewed as more grown-up than regular print and a recognised advancement when you were allowed to progress. The “why” is interesting – the ability to express oneself, share ideas, critically think…these were not things we discussed. It was just part of the curriculum and a basic life skill. Years later, my son was a prolific storyteller from a super early age and would scribble down his stories like a mad professor and then retell them. If you wanted to read his stories, you needed him to translate as it was not illegible. His teacher forced him to slow down and practice doing his letters properly. This, in my view, stifled his creativity – he never came jumping in with his pages and pages of writing again…..So the purpose of writing for me is clear – to enable creativity and ideas to flow. Perfect writing is a by-product and has not ability to guarantee that there are good ideas on the page. Experience 2 – high school Learning maths: We has a very good maths teacher (good because you got good results in her class and she was known for no nonsense and hardworking environments). She would walk in..there would be absolute silence and then she would spend 15-20 minutes explaining a maths concept on the blackboard. You then opened up your maths book to the exercises and were required to work through them independently. You could ask her questions. At the end, she would give additional homework to continue the practice. Why was it needed? It was a core subject and all “smart” people did maths. Those that were deemed not smart enough did typing. Typing as the alternative is interesting – it was an all girls boarding school and I suppose the bias was you could be someone’s useful assistant – Netflix Mad Men, set in 1960s New York City, this award-winning series takes a peek inside an ad agency during an era when the cut-throat business had a glamorous lure with an interesting take on the role of female assistants in the agency. Experience 3 – professional life Learning to be human-centred: WHY – because the company I worked for said consumer-centricity was at the heart of the business strategy. I wanted to understand what it meant to be human-centred and so I started to ask others in my office what they thought it meant. No one could truly “walk the talk” of this term, “consumer-centric,” therefore I decided to make meaning of it for myself. I supervised a group of interns for a couple of months, choosing the theme, “what does consumer-centricity mean for you?” The interns did a great job interviewing front office, back office and middle management employees to get an understanding of what they believed consumer-centricity was. I had not realised it then but I was already applying design thinking methods and techniques – going out to understand / discover, coming back and synthesizing, coming up with prototypes to test assumptions and getting feedback throughout. The results were “interesting” – the people on the front line really understood the meaning of consumer-centricity, middle management hardly connected and it became even more distant as you progressed up the executive command and control hierarchy. The insight was enough for me to want to learn more about how I could alter my own mindset. I knew when I walked through the corporate doors of my office, I could not think like a consumer, even though I was one. My mission was to re-orientate, at will…to have an “outside-in” mindset not an “inside-out” mindset. I then researched online to find out if others had “worked it out” and found David Kelley’s book on “Creative Confidence” – this book, Creative Confidence, was all about how to be “human-centred” and completely changed my worldview in an instant. I read the short stories to my family as we drove to France on a ski trip. It was life changing for me. I completely changed my perspective and it was not long after this that I read Carol Dweck’s book on Mindset– a book so many people have yet to even think about discovering which still surprises me today. There is also an amazing TED talk by Carol Dweck on the power of a growth mindset rather than a fixed mindset. Following reading Creative Confidence, I looked for courses on how to be human centred and found some of the best courses on mindset, leadership and innovation from one of the largest online learning platforms in the social sector, +Acumen. The Introduction to Human-Centred Design course forces you to find a group of at least 4 people to do the immersive 8-9 week course properly. Undeterred, I recruited some friends from my village, my husband and my 9 year old daughter. Another colleague of mine wanted to learn as well so we skyped him in each week for the weekly 2-3 hour session. The process of learning was really life changing. I started a social innovation learning group in Cambridge. So many interesting people came that wanted to learn to be consumer-centric / human-centric. I also learnt it is hard to keep people motivated and coming. Whilst they recognised learning / skills gaps, they don’t always truly commit to a goal. Here is a slideshare of one of our cohorts and their learnings: Cambridge Social Innovation meetup group My goal was to become human-centric – it’s a way of life for me to constantly improve and become better everyday. I want to augment that with futurism – a necessary set of skills for people to imagine the possible futures and to take the steps to collaborate and co-create it.	1,465	ENGLISH	1
One of God’s greatest prophets was Elijah the Tishbite. God gave him a mighty work to do as he tried time after time to save Israel from their sins. Remind yourself of Elijah’s life and see whether you too can relate to the discouragement he felt at one point as he dealt with what seemed to be an impossible task. Take note the various events in his lifetime and the miracles he performed. Try to understand his goal and why he must have felt like a failure when Israel did not respond the way they should have (1 Kings 19:14), because he didn’t know about the 7,000 ‘successes’ he had. A monsoon is a seasonal change in the direction of the prevailing, or strongest, winds of a region. These winds cause wet and dry seasons throughout much of the tropics and are most often associated with the Indian Ocean. Monsoons always blow from cold to warm regions. The summer monsoon and the winter monsoon determine the climate for most of India and Southeast Asia. They regularly last for two months, so smile, get out your umbrellas and your rubber flip-flops because the rainy season will be here at least until January if the nation is blessed with that much water to fill the wells and increase groundwater. QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION - One of the first things people notice about the length of life in Genesis is that men lived more than 900 years. To what age would man be limited after the flood (Gen. 6:3)? - Were there giants in the earth during Noah’s time (Gen. 6:4)? - Were there rivers in Noah’s time (Gen. 2:10-14)? - How was everything watered before the flood (Gen. 2:6)? - Would the wicked people of Noah’s time believe the warning about a flood when there had been no rain up to that time (Gen. 2:6)? - Did God know that man would become as wicked as these people had become (Gen. 6:6-7)? - What was said of Noah that made God save him and his family (Gen. 6:8-9)? - Jude 14 says Enoch was the seventh from Adam. How many more generations was it until Noah was born (Gen. 5:21-29; Luke 3:37-38). Don’t confuse Enos (Gen. 5:10 with Enoch (Gen. 5:18). - The law about clean and unclean animals, birds, fish, insects, etc. was written down in (Lev. 11:1-47). Notice the different categories such as birds, creeping things and animals. How would Noah know which beasts were clean and unclean before the Law was written? This is a trick question. - How many of each of the clean animals would Noah take into the ark (Gen. 7:2)? - How many of each of the unclean animals would Noah take into the ark (Gen. 7:8)? - How was Noah supposed to get these into the ark (Gen. 6:20)? - What would these animals, birds and creeping things eat while they were in the ark (Gen. 6:21)? - What would Noah and his family eat (Gen. 6:21)? - Name the men who were living at the same time Noah lived? - Which of these would have been alive when the flood came (Gen. 5:25-31)? - How old was Noah before he had three sons (Gen. 5:32)? - Did Noah walk with God like Enoch (Gen. 5:24, 6:9)? - How old was Noah when God shut him and his family in the ark and the flood came (Gen. 7:6)? - Many denominational commentaries say that it took Noah 120 years to build the ark. Can that be true? Why or why not? - Why do we have a rainbow today (Gen. 9:13-14, 16)? - When did God give Noah permission to eat the animals (Gen. 9:3)? - What had God given the generations between Adam and Noah permission to eat (Gen. 1:29)? - Genesis 9:20-21 says Noah drank of the wine and was drunk. At this time was there any written law against drinking too much wine? - What are the “nations” in Genesis 10? - Which direction did each of Noah’s sons go after the flood? See maps for help.	<urn:uuid:29813a74-329c-4583-a9f2-7c97d0c3b11d>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://helpmeettohim.org/tag/rain/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250613416.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123191130-20200123220130-00518.warc.gz	en	0.980975	963	3.328125	3	[ -0.19475793838500977, 0.44510164856910706, -0.07116533815860748, -0.19765052199363708, -0.05634014308452606, 0.046299949288368225, 0.5152988433837891, 0.03465444594621658, -0.05419818311929703, 0.42914581298828125, -0.21924662590026855, -0.23309847712516785, 0.3148083984851837, 0.049157135...	7	One of God’s greatest prophets was Elijah the Tishbite. God gave him a mighty work to do as he tried time after time to save Israel from their sins. Remind yourself of Elijah’s life and see whether you too can relate to the discouragement he felt at one point as he dealt with what seemed to be an impossible task. Take note the various events in his lifetime and the miracles he performed. Try to understand his goal and why he must have felt like a failure when Israel did not respond the way they should have (1 Kings 19:14), because he didn’t know about the 7,000 ‘successes’ he had. A monsoon is a seasonal change in the direction of the prevailing, or strongest, winds of a region. These winds cause wet and dry seasons throughout much of the tropics and are most often associated with the Indian Ocean. Monsoons always blow from cold to warm regions. The summer monsoon and the winter monsoon determine the climate for most of India and Southeast Asia. They regularly last for two months, so smile, get out your umbrellas and your rubber flip-flops because the rainy season will be here at least until January if the nation is blessed with that much water to fill the wells and increase groundwater. QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION - One of the first things people notice about the length of life in Genesis is that men lived more than 900 years. To what age would man be limited after the flood (Gen. 6:3)? - Were there giants in the earth during Noah’s time (Gen. 6:4)? - Were there rivers in Noah’s time (Gen. 2:10-14)? - How was everything watered before the flood (Gen. 2:6)? - Would the wicked people of Noah’s time believe the warning about a flood when there had been no rain up to that time (Gen. 2:6)? - Did God know that man would become as wicked as these people had become (Gen. 6:6-7)? - What was said of Noah that made God save him and his family (Gen. 6:8-9)? - Jude 14 says Enoch was the seventh from Adam. How many more generations was it until Noah was born (Gen. 5:21-29; Luke 3:37-38). Don’t confuse Enos (Gen. 5:10 with Enoch (Gen. 5:18). - The law about clean and unclean animals, birds, fish, insects, etc. was written down in (Lev. 11:1-47). Notice the different categories such as birds, creeping things and animals. How would Noah know which beasts were clean and unclean before the Law was written? This is a trick question. - How many of each of the clean animals would Noah take into the ark (Gen. 7:2)? - How many of each of the unclean animals would Noah take into the ark (Gen. 7:8)? - How was Noah supposed to get these into the ark (Gen. 6:20)? - What would these animals, birds and creeping things eat while they were in the ark (Gen. 6:21)? - What would Noah and his family eat (Gen. 6:21)? - Name the men who were living at the same time Noah lived? - Which of these would have been alive when the flood came (Gen. 5:25-31)? - How old was Noah before he had three sons (Gen. 5:32)? - Did Noah walk with God like Enoch (Gen. 5:24, 6:9)? - How old was Noah when God shut him and his family in the ark and the flood came (Gen. 7:6)? - Many denominational commentaries say that it took Noah 120 years to build the ark. Can that be true? Why or why not? - Why do we have a rainbow today (Gen. 9:13-14, 16)? - When did God give Noah permission to eat the animals (Gen. 9:3)? - What had God given the generations between Adam and Noah permission to eat (Gen. 1:29)? - Genesis 9:20-21 says Noah drank of the wine and was drunk. At this time was there any written law against drinking too much wine? - What are the “nations” in Genesis 10? - Which direction did each of Noah’s sons go after the flood? See maps for help.	975	ENGLISH	1
Gaebelein's Annotated Bible Moreover Josiah kept a passover unto the LORD in Jerusalem: and they killed the passover on the fourteenth day of the first month.CHAPTER 35 The Keeping of the Passover and Josiah’s Death 1. The Passover kept (2Chronicles 35:1-19) 2. The death of Josiah (2Chronicles 35:20-27) In the eighteenth year of his reign, Josiah, like his great-grandfather Hezekiah, kept the Passover. No doubt the reading of the law had made this feast once more an urgent necessity. Moreover they had made a solemn covenant “to walk after the LORD, to keep His commandments, His testimonies and His statutes, and to perform the words of the covenant written in the book.” Therefore in the appointed time, on the fourteenth day of the first month, they kept the memorial feast, the last before the house of Judah was carried into captivity. (Hezekiah’s Passover was kept in the second month. See 2Chronicles 30:2-3.) And all was done by the godly king “according to the word of the LORD”--”as it is written in the book of Moses.” It was obedience to the Word. And such an obedience is needed in the days of decline in the professing Church. It is this which pleases God. The Passover kept was even greater than that of Hezekiah (verse 18). All Judah and Israel (those who were still left) kept the great feast. The death of this excellent man and king of Judah has its lessons. The king of Egypt, who was Necho, also called Pharaoh-Necho, came up to fight against Charchemish by Euphrates. Josiah went out against him. But did Josiah ask counsel of the LORD? Was the good man guided by the LORD when he went out against Necho, who did not intend to attack Judah? The evidence is conclusive that Josiah acted of himself and was not directed by the LORD. The Egyptian king rebuked him. Necho had not come against Judah. God had commanded him to make haste and fight against Assyria. Josiah should have known what the prophets had announced about Assyria and its overthrow. Thus Necho sent his ambassadors to give a warning. Necho was on a mission which he knew was of God. Josiah opposed him. “Forbear thee from meddling with God, who is with me, that He destroy thee not.” But he gave no heed. The king who had cleansed Jerusalem and Judah, who had repaired the temple, obeyed the word and kept the Passover, neglected to ask the LORD in this matter and then continued in the wrong course. Perhaps pride played here also an important part. It would have greatly humbled him if he had desisted from his uncalled for warfare. How all this has been repeated and is being repeated in the individual experience of Christians needs hardly to be pointed out. Many who were much used like Josiah, stumbled and fell, when they ceased to depend on the Lord and acted in self will. Like Ahab (2Chronicles 18:29) he disguised himself. The arrow found him as it was with Ahab. He was pierced in the valley of Megiddo; he died in Jerusalem. There was great lamentation. The lamentations of Jeremiah are not the lamentations as we possess them in the book which bears that name. Jeremiah, however, refers to him (Jeremiah 22:10-13; Lamentations 4:20). In Zechariah 12:10-14 the lamentation in the valley of Meggido is mentioned. It is connected there prophetically with another lamentation for another son of David, who was pierced. And He, our Lord, was pierced and wounded for our transgression. When He comes again to fill the throne of His father David, the people shall mourn for Him, but in a different way as they mourned for Josiah. Josiah was the last good king of the house of David who reigned. But there is another one coming who shall rule in righteousness (Isaiah 32:1).	<urn:uuid:d3bfd617-0fed-46d4-96d6-5f89876a11fa>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://biblehub.com/commentaries/gaebelein/2_chronicles/35.htm	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251671078.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125071430-20200125100430-00115.warc.gz	en	0.986455	882	3.390625	3	[ -0.33083105087280273, 0.5066813230514526, 0.09185315668582916, -0.03690612316131592, -0.19030031561851501, -0.41423648595809937, 0.5080715417861938, 0.04326332360506058, -0.07649050652980804, 0.04710783809423447, -0.3526800870895386, -0.10763905197381973, 0.5203781127929688, 0.098822176456...	2	Gaebelein's Annotated Bible Moreover Josiah kept a passover unto the LORD in Jerusalem: and they killed the passover on the fourteenth day of the first month.CHAPTER 35 The Keeping of the Passover and Josiah’s Death 1. The Passover kept (2Chronicles 35:1-19) 2. The death of Josiah (2Chronicles 35:20-27) In the eighteenth year of his reign, Josiah, like his great-grandfather Hezekiah, kept the Passover. No doubt the reading of the law had made this feast once more an urgent necessity. Moreover they had made a solemn covenant “to walk after the LORD, to keep His commandments, His testimonies and His statutes, and to perform the words of the covenant written in the book.” Therefore in the appointed time, on the fourteenth day of the first month, they kept the memorial feast, the last before the house of Judah was carried into captivity. (Hezekiah’s Passover was kept in the second month. See 2Chronicles 30:2-3.) And all was done by the godly king “according to the word of the LORD”--”as it is written in the book of Moses.” It was obedience to the Word. And such an obedience is needed in the days of decline in the professing Church. It is this which pleases God. The Passover kept was even greater than that of Hezekiah (verse 18). All Judah and Israel (those who were still left) kept the great feast. The death of this excellent man and king of Judah has its lessons. The king of Egypt, who was Necho, also called Pharaoh-Necho, came up to fight against Charchemish by Euphrates. Josiah went out against him. But did Josiah ask counsel of the LORD? Was the good man guided by the LORD when he went out against Necho, who did not intend to attack Judah? The evidence is conclusive that Josiah acted of himself and was not directed by the LORD. The Egyptian king rebuked him. Necho had not come against Judah. God had commanded him to make haste and fight against Assyria. Josiah should have known what the prophets had announced about Assyria and its overthrow. Thus Necho sent his ambassadors to give a warning. Necho was on a mission which he knew was of God. Josiah opposed him. “Forbear thee from meddling with God, who is with me, that He destroy thee not.” But he gave no heed. The king who had cleansed Jerusalem and Judah, who had repaired the temple, obeyed the word and kept the Passover, neglected to ask the LORD in this matter and then continued in the wrong course. Perhaps pride played here also an important part. It would have greatly humbled him if he had desisted from his uncalled for warfare. How all this has been repeated and is being repeated in the individual experience of Christians needs hardly to be pointed out. Many who were much used like Josiah, stumbled and fell, when they ceased to depend on the Lord and acted in self will. Like Ahab (2Chronicles 18:29) he disguised himself. The arrow found him as it was with Ahab. He was pierced in the valley of Megiddo; he died in Jerusalem. There was great lamentation. The lamentations of Jeremiah are not the lamentations as we possess them in the book which bears that name. Jeremiah, however, refers to him (Jeremiah 22:10-13; Lamentations 4:20). In Zechariah 12:10-14 the lamentation in the valley of Meggido is mentioned. It is connected there prophetically with another lamentation for another son of David, who was pierced. And He, our Lord, was pierced and wounded for our transgression. When He comes again to fill the throne of His father David, the people shall mourn for Him, but in a different way as they mourned for Josiah. Josiah was the last good king of the house of David who reigned. But there is another one coming who shall rule in righteousness (Isaiah 32:1).	900	ENGLISH	1
Essays 1 page, words Edith Wharton is an American author of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. In her novella Ethan Frome, Wharton uses symbolism as a means of developing the theme of her story. How to Write a Summary of an Article? During this time, both men and women were torn between duty and morality, and personal desire. People were expected to follow the societal norms, which although plagued them, were deemed as correct and proper. During this time, society was trapped in a web of their own formed ideas and opinions. But with the recent death of his father, he is forced to return to Starkfield and run the family farm while continuing to provide for his ailing wife. This negation of his aspirations causes him to live with a sense of regret that plagues him, and drastically effects his future decisions. The truth is that Ethan, being as intelligent and as motivated as he is, did try to leave Starkfield in the pursuit of a fulfilling career in engineering, but was trapped by the harsh grasp of conformity in the form of the Frome Farm. This failure to accomplish his ambitions gives his persona a tone of remorse, and by extension, the entire novel. The conflict strengthens the theme in the way it shows that if he would have followed his dreams of studying engineering, his life would have played out much differently. Wharton depicts Zeena as old, cold, and insensitive while Mattie is warm, loving, kind, and most importantly, a much more fitting wife for Ethan. Yet, just like in the case of his engineering career, Ethan cannot bear to leave Zeena, on the account that society would severely frown upon a husband that abandons his sickly wife. It is important to note that his love for Mattie never falters—The conflict is external, not internal. He is afraid of what people would think, and not whether or not he loves Mattie. Although he has one night alone with Mattie, he cannot stop thinking about all of the responsibilities placed on him. Time and time again, Wharton shows how society has oppressed Ethan to neglect his aspirations. Even when Ethan has the opportunity to elope with Mattie to the west, his morals keep him from lying to his neighbors to secure the sufficient amount of money to go. These failures in following his own desire weaken him, and force him to live a life of submissiveness to the wills of society. His desire to conform restricts his happiness. He felt as if he would never be able to escape the clutch of society, and be with Mattie. As they are coasting down the side of the slope, he becomes mentally encumbered with all of the responsibilities that he would be leaving behind, and becomes distracted. Instead, he severely cripples both himself and Mattie, forcing them to return to the farm and live like Zeena. In a way, he did succeed in killing both himself and Mattie. Society did not allow them to die that day, instead, suffer through a forming of living death that will never grant them the happiness they desired in death.LitCharts assigns a color and icon to each theme in Ethan Frome, which you can use to track the themes throughout the work. Determinism and Free Will In Ethan Frome, Wharton explores the concept of determinism—the idea that human lives are determined by outside forces, including social customs, heredity, environment, history, and laws of nature. Ethan Frome by Edith Wharton The novel Ethan Frome, by Edith Wharton, is set in turn-of-the-century New England, in the fake town of Starkfield, Massachusetts. During this time, both men and women were torn between duty and morality, and personal desire. Edith Wharton packs a lot of heartbreak into her short, and arguably darkest, novel, Ethan Frome. It is the story of star-crossed lovers, Ethan Frome, and Mattie Silver, the dependent. Major themes in Ethan Frome include silence, isolation, illusion, and the consequences that are the result of living according to the rules of society. Wharton relies on . A summary of Themes in Edith Wharton's Ethan Frome. Learn exactly what happened in this chapter, scene, or section of Ethan Frome and what it means. Perfect for acing essays, tests, and quizzes, as well as for writing lesson plans. Ethan Frome, the main character in the book entitled Ethan Frome, by Edith Wharton, has many complex problems going on at the same time. His family has died and he has a wife that is continually sick, and the only form of happiness he has is from his wife’s cousin Mattie.	<urn:uuid:791b54c6-8690-4dc4-a819-d7784efd7864>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://mohicefybajy.leslutinsduphoenix.com/the-theme-of-failure-in-edith-whartons-ethan-frome-4972fl.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250603761.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121103642-20200121132642-00528.warc.gz	en	0.984366	990	3.265625	3	[ -0.050462670624256134, 0.17780755460262299, 0.028581703081727028, 0.18151037395000458, -0.06072590500116348, 0.3189563751220703, 0.16528013348579407, -0.019500646740198135, -0.17292194068431854, -0.1193993017077446, 0.1276208758354187, 0.2353070080280304, 0.2148374766111374, 0.092876002192...	2	Essays 1 page, words Edith Wharton is an American author of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. In her novella Ethan Frome, Wharton uses symbolism as a means of developing the theme of her story. How to Write a Summary of an Article? During this time, both men and women were torn between duty and morality, and personal desire. People were expected to follow the societal norms, which although plagued them, were deemed as correct and proper. During this time, society was trapped in a web of their own formed ideas and opinions. But with the recent death of his father, he is forced to return to Starkfield and run the family farm while continuing to provide for his ailing wife. This negation of his aspirations causes him to live with a sense of regret that plagues him, and drastically effects his future decisions. The truth is that Ethan, being as intelligent and as motivated as he is, did try to leave Starkfield in the pursuit of a fulfilling career in engineering, but was trapped by the harsh grasp of conformity in the form of the Frome Farm. This failure to accomplish his ambitions gives his persona a tone of remorse, and by extension, the entire novel. The conflict strengthens the theme in the way it shows that if he would have followed his dreams of studying engineering, his life would have played out much differently. Wharton depicts Zeena as old, cold, and insensitive while Mattie is warm, loving, kind, and most importantly, a much more fitting wife for Ethan. Yet, just like in the case of his engineering career, Ethan cannot bear to leave Zeena, on the account that society would severely frown upon a husband that abandons his sickly wife. It is important to note that his love for Mattie never falters—The conflict is external, not internal. He is afraid of what people would think, and not whether or not he loves Mattie. Although he has one night alone with Mattie, he cannot stop thinking about all of the responsibilities placed on him. Time and time again, Wharton shows how society has oppressed Ethan to neglect his aspirations. Even when Ethan has the opportunity to elope with Mattie to the west, his morals keep him from lying to his neighbors to secure the sufficient amount of money to go. These failures in following his own desire weaken him, and force him to live a life of submissiveness to the wills of society. His desire to conform restricts his happiness. He felt as if he would never be able to escape the clutch of society, and be with Mattie. As they are coasting down the side of the slope, he becomes mentally encumbered with all of the responsibilities that he would be leaving behind, and becomes distracted. Instead, he severely cripples both himself and Mattie, forcing them to return to the farm and live like Zeena. In a way, he did succeed in killing both himself and Mattie. Society did not allow them to die that day, instead, suffer through a forming of living death that will never grant them the happiness they desired in death.LitCharts assigns a color and icon to each theme in Ethan Frome, which you can use to track the themes throughout the work. Determinism and Free Will In Ethan Frome, Wharton explores the concept of determinism—the idea that human lives are determined by outside forces, including social customs, heredity, environment, history, and laws of nature. Ethan Frome by Edith Wharton The novel Ethan Frome, by Edith Wharton, is set in turn-of-the-century New England, in the fake town of Starkfield, Massachusetts. During this time, both men and women were torn between duty and morality, and personal desire. Edith Wharton packs a lot of heartbreak into her short, and arguably darkest, novel, Ethan Frome. It is the story of star-crossed lovers, Ethan Frome, and Mattie Silver, the dependent. Major themes in Ethan Frome include silence, isolation, illusion, and the consequences that are the result of living according to the rules of society. Wharton relies on . A summary of Themes in Edith Wharton's Ethan Frome. Learn exactly what happened in this chapter, scene, or section of Ethan Frome and what it means. Perfect for acing essays, tests, and quizzes, as well as for writing lesson plans. Ethan Frome, the main character in the book entitled Ethan Frome, by Edith Wharton, has many complex problems going on at the same time. His family has died and he has a wife that is continually sick, and the only form of happiness he has is from his wife’s cousin Mattie.	965	ENGLISH	1
Juan Ponce de Leon was born in 1460 in Santervás, Spain. He was an explorer and fighter from an early age and helped fight the Muslims in southern Spain in the early 1490s. He was on board Christopher Columbus’s second expedition to the Americas in 1493. Rather than returning to Spain, the adventurer remained at an island called Santo Domingo (now called the Dominican Republic). De Leon was soon appointed as the governor of the Higüey region of Santo Domingo. Like many Spanish explorers, he was bloodthirsty for gold. When he heard rumors that a nearby island called Borinquen (now Puerto Rico) was full of gold, he invaded the island and brutally conquered the natives. He was soon appointed governor of the island but lost his title in 1511 because of his extreme brutality toward the natives. The Search for the Fountain of Youth De Leon’s misfortunes as governor did not stop him from sailing the seas looking for gold and, according to some legends, the Fountain of Youth. After returning to Puerto Rico, de Leon took three ships and 200 men on a mission to explore lands to the north. De Leon was said to have searched for the Fountain of Youth, a mythical spring that was said to make anyone who drank its water young forever. After making several stops at Caribbean islands and conquering the island of Bimini, de Leon and his men reached the east coast of Florida (St. Augustine) on April 2, 1513. He named the land “Pascua de Florida,” or Feast of Flowers, because he discovered it on Palm Sunday. He claimed all of the land for Spain. On April 8, 1513, de Leon and his men left northern Florida and sailed south along the Gulf Stream. After a fight between his men and natives in southern Florida, he sailed to Cuba. He tried to sail back to Bimini but could not find it. De Leon soon returned to Puerto Rico where he sacked a rebellion of natives against Spanish rule. After returning to Spain, he was named captain general by the king on September 27, 1514. De Leon did not return to the New World until 1521 when he once again tried to find the island of Bimini. Instead, de Leon and his men landed on the Gulf coast of Florida, where they were met by hostile Indians who shot his men with arrows. De Leon himself was wounded and died a short time after sailing to Havana, Cuba, in July of 1521.	<urn:uuid:7411760a-3327-4d93-b975-dcbd96513ec5>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://mrnussbaum.com/ponce-de-leon-biography	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250595282.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119205448-20200119233448-00485.warc.gz	en	0.985573	522	3.65625	4	[ -0.14156322181224823, 0.21879218518733978, 0.298419326543808, -0.03983107581734657, 0.11597993224859238, -0.3007843792438507, 0.09550092369318008, 0.3605680763721466, -0.11178795248270035, -0.27245429158210754, 0.4187871515750885, -0.007760354783385992, -0.30607250332832336, 0.365130394697...	3	Juan Ponce de Leon was born in 1460 in Santervás, Spain. He was an explorer and fighter from an early age and helped fight the Muslims in southern Spain in the early 1490s. He was on board Christopher Columbus’s second expedition to the Americas in 1493. Rather than returning to Spain, the adventurer remained at an island called Santo Domingo (now called the Dominican Republic). De Leon was soon appointed as the governor of the Higüey region of Santo Domingo. Like many Spanish explorers, he was bloodthirsty for gold. When he heard rumors that a nearby island called Borinquen (now Puerto Rico) was full of gold, he invaded the island and brutally conquered the natives. He was soon appointed governor of the island but lost his title in 1511 because of his extreme brutality toward the natives. The Search for the Fountain of Youth De Leon’s misfortunes as governor did not stop him from sailing the seas looking for gold and, according to some legends, the Fountain of Youth. After returning to Puerto Rico, de Leon took three ships and 200 men on a mission to explore lands to the north. De Leon was said to have searched for the Fountain of Youth, a mythical spring that was said to make anyone who drank its water young forever. After making several stops at Caribbean islands and conquering the island of Bimini, de Leon and his men reached the east coast of Florida (St. Augustine) on April 2, 1513. He named the land “Pascua de Florida,” or Feast of Flowers, because he discovered it on Palm Sunday. He claimed all of the land for Spain. On April 8, 1513, de Leon and his men left northern Florida and sailed south along the Gulf Stream. After a fight between his men and natives in southern Florida, he sailed to Cuba. He tried to sail back to Bimini but could not find it. De Leon soon returned to Puerto Rico where he sacked a rebellion of natives against Spanish rule. After returning to Spain, he was named captain general by the king on September 27, 1514. De Leon did not return to the New World until 1521 when he once again tried to find the island of Bimini. Instead, de Leon and his men landed on the Gulf coast of Florida, where they were met by hostile Indians who shot his men with arrows. De Leon himself was wounded and died a short time after sailing to Havana, Cuba, in July of 1521.	543	ENGLISH	1
Sir Ernest Shackleton Endurance Expedition Trans-Antarctica 1914-1917 So was born what became the Imperial Trans-Antarctica expedition of 1914 – 1917.The goal was ambitious – audacious even, considering that only 10 men had ever stood at the South Pole and 5 of those had died on the way back. The story that would unfold was to be beyond any expectations and completely different to that planned. It is quite simply one of the most incredible adventure stories of all time. Remarkable even for an era and region that already has far more than its fair share of incredible tales of heroism and fortitude in the face of appalling hardships. The intention was to cross the Antarctic continent from one coast to the other via the South Pole. In the event, the main expedition never set foot on continental Antarctica. The expedition managed to survive the loss of their ship in the middle of the Antarctic pack ice at a time when there was no chance of contacting the outside world, let alone of being rescued. Shackleton began planning his next journey to Antarctica almost as soon as he returned from the Nimrod expedition of 1907 – 1909. He felt certain that others would soon succeed in reaching the South Pole where he had failed having come so close, and so looked to the next goal. This he took as being the crossing of the Antarctic continent from coast to coast via the South Pole, a distance of about 1800 miles, a long way certainly, but not so much further than a “there and back” journey to the pole. He planned to set out from the Weddell sea region (to the south of South America) across a completely unexplored region of Antarctica, to the pole, and then to the Ross sea / McMurdo sound area (to the south of New Zealand). Typically for such trips, the attention grabbing exploratory part of the expedition was but a small part of a whole. Other scientific and exploratory sledging trips were planned for parties setting out from the main base as well as another party who were to remain at the base and carry out a variety of scientific work. Another group of men would be required to set out from the Ross sea region and lay depots for the trans-Antarctic party to use on their journey to the coast from the pole, they would be on a second ship. The ship used for the journey to the Weddell sea was newly constructed in a Norwegian shipyard, and had been intended for tourist cruises in the Arctic. She was the Endurance. The ship to take the Ross Sea party was the Aurora purchased from Douglas Mawson and used by his 1911 – 1914 Antarctic expedition. The expedition was inundated with applications from volunteers to join, despite (or maybe because of) the tragic end of Robert Scott and his team after reaching the South Pole only two years beforehand. There is a much publicized, but almost certainly apocryphal newspaper advertisement supposedly placed by Shackleton (no trace of a copy has ever been found in any archive). Funding became a problem and so Shackleton found himself recruiting and preparing for the departure of the Endurance while also desperately struggling for funds that if not forthcoming might result in the expedition not taking place at all. Eventually however, funding was obtained and towards the end of July 1914 preparations were almost complete. The dark clouds of World War 1 were beginning to gather however. The Endurance was anchored off Southend on August 4th 1914 when Shackleton read in a daily newspaper the order for general mobilization of troops and supplies along with calls for volunteer soldiers. He immediately returned to the ship, gathered all hands, and told them that he would send a to telegram the Admiralty offering the ships, stores and services to the country in the event of war breaking out. Within an hour after sending the telegram, Shackleton received a reply from the Admiralty with the single word “Proceed”. Within two hours, another arrived from Winston Churchill in which he thanked them for their offer but desired that the expedition go on. That night, at midnight, war broke out. On August 8th the Endurance sailed for the Antarctic via Buenos Aires and the sub Antarctic island of South Georgia where there was a Norwegian whaling station. It was thought that the war would be over within six months so when it came time to leave for the south, they left with no regrets. On November 5th 1914 they arrived at South Georgia. Shackleton learnt much from the whaling captains about the conditions between there and the Weddell Sea which indicated that this was a particularly heavy ice year. The plan had been to spend only a few days collecting stores, but instead the Endurance remained at South Georgia for a month to allow the ice further south to disperse. This month was one where bonds of friendship and mutual respect were formed between the Endurance crew and the Norwegian whalers. Bonds that were to prove unexpectedly useful some time later to Shackleton and his men. The Weddell Sea was known to be particularly ice bound at the best of times and the Endurance left with a deck-load of coal in addition to normal stores to help with the extra load on the engines when it came to pushing through pack ice in the Weddell Sea to the Antarctic continent beyond. Extra clothing and stores were taken from South Georgia in the event that the Endurance may have to winter in the ice if caught in the Weddell Sea as it froze, unable to reach the continent first. They left South Georgia on the 5th of December 1914. Into the Pack ice The Endurance battled her way through a thousand miles of pack ice over a six week period and was one hundred miles – one days sail – from her destination, when on the 18th of January 1915 at 76Â°34’S, the ice closed in around her. The temperature dropped dramatically cementing together the loose ice that surrounded the ship as the ship’s storekeeper wrote, she was “Like an almond in a piece of toffee”. On the one hand this was not totally unexpected, it had happened to ships in the Arctic and Antarctic many times, but it was a significant setback and for Shackleton, the disappointment must have been bitter. He was 40 years old, his country was at war, the expedition had taken huge amounts of effort and energy to prepare, he was unlikely to have this opportunity again. Nevertheless, his men looked towards “the Boss” as they called him. This collection of Royal Naval sailors, rough and ready trawler hands and recent Cambridge University graduates amongst others were now dependent on the man who had led them to this place and this very unfortunate predicament. The ship was drifting to the southwest with the ice. Attempts were made to free the ship when sometimes cracks appeared in the ice nearby, but to no avail. The ice around the ship itself was thick and solid. Men with heavy improvised ice chisels and iron bars breaking the ice up near the ship and the ship at full speed ahead had no effect at all, they continued to drift. By the end of February, temperatures had fallen and were regularly -20Â°C, the ship was now clearly frozen in for the winter. The worry was where the drifting ice would take them and would it be possible to break out in the spring? The sides of the ship were cleared so that if the ice began to press together, then hopefully the Endurance would be able to rise above the ice and ride on it rather than being crushed. This eventuality had not really been planned for and the men became frustrated and restless, football and hockey games were regular features on the sea ice until the darkness of the Antarctic winter began. Sunrise glows came in early July heralding the return of the sun and daylight, but the weather was not kind with regular blizzards and low temperatures. Most worrying of all was the pressure from the ice, floes began to “raft” over each other. Everyone knew that one of two things would happen, either the pack ice would thaw, break up and disperse in the spring, so freeing the ship, or it would consolidate and driven by the effects of wind and tide over hundreds of miles of sea would take hold of and crush the ship – like a toy in a vice. The men went out to look for fresh meat for the dogs and themselves in the form of seals and penguins, they were still in low supply having disappeared at the start of winter, a few were taken at the end of September. On Sunday, October 23rd 1915 their position was 69Â°11’S, longitude 51Â°5’W. The Endurance was under heavy pressure from the ice and not held in a good position, instead of being able to slip upwards with the increasing pressure, the ice had hold of her. The first real damage was to the stern-post which twisted with the planking buckling in the same area, she sprang a leak. The bilge pumps were started and the leak was initially kept in check. On October 27th Shackleton wrote, “The position was lat. 69Â°5’S, long. 51Â°30’W. The temperature was -8.5Â°F, a gentle southerly breeze was blowing and the sun shone in a clear sky. After long months of ceaseless anxiety and strain, after times when hope beat high and times when the outlook was black indeed, we have been compelled to abandon the ship, which is crushed beyond all hope of ever being righted, we are alive and well, and we have stores and equipment for the task that lies before us. The task is to reach land with all the members of the Expedition. It is hard to write what I feel”. The Endurance had drifted at least 1186 miles since first becoming fast in the ice 281 days previously, she was 346 miles from Paulet Island, the nearest point where there was any possibility of finding food and shelter. Shackleton ordered the boats, gear, provisions and sledges lowered onto the ice. The men pitched five tents 100 yards from the ship but were forced to move when a pressure ridge started to split the ice beneath them. “Ocean Camp” was established on a thick, heavy floe about a mile and a half from what was fast becoming the wreck of the Endurance. The Endurance finally broke up and sank below the ice and waters of the Weddell sea on November 21st 1915. The men had saved as many supplies as they could (including Frank Hurley’s precious photo archive) before she disappeared. The 28 men of the expedition were now isolated on the drifting pack ice hundreds of miles from land, with no ship, no means of communication with the outside world and with limited supplies. What was worse was that the ice itself was now starting to break up as the Antarctic spring got under way. On December 20th Shackleton decide that the time had come to abandon their camp and march westward to where they thought the nearest land was, at Paulet Island. They had three lifeboats named after patrons of the expedition who had donated funds. Two of these were now manhauled in relays, the James Caird and Dudley Docker. The third boat, the Stancomb Wills was left behind. If the ice began to disappear under them, the men would take to the 20 foot boats. Some of the crew led by Frank Wild returned to the area where the Endurance had been to retrieve the Stancomb Wills to give them more space, it would prove to be a wise decision in the months to come. They were all forced into the boats by the thinning and increasingly fragile ice on April 9th 1916 and made their way across a stretch of open water, by the evening they were able once again to haul the boats onto a large ice floe and pitch their tents. That the crew kept going during this time was a tribute to Shackleton’s leadership skills and his abilities and understanding of the importance of keeping up morale. The whole group were kept together in the monotonous and strenuous task of pulling laden lifeboats across broken up and ridged ice floes. It was now 14 months since the Endurance had become frozen into the ice and nearly 5 months since she had sunk marooning them in a featureless icy wilderness. On April 12th Shackleton found that instead of making good progress westwards, they had actually traveled 30 miles to the east as a result of the drifting ice. They did however spot Elephant Island, part of the South Shetlands group and headed that way in seas that were by now largely open for navigation. They made landfall on Elephant Island being ecstatic to do so. It had been 497 days since they had last set foot on land. Their first landing place wasn’t ideal by any means, but they soon found a more appropriate place to make camp at a place they called Point Wildafter Frank Wild who had gone down the coast to scout. For the time being they were more safe and secure than they had been for a long time, but they were still stranded far from civilization with no-one knowing where they were or what their condition was. There was no chance of rescue. No ships passed that way. No radio at that time was capable of summoning help. The outside world was not going to come to Elephant Island. Shackleton realised that in order to effect a rescue, he was going to have to travel to the nearest inhabited place which was the whaling station back on South Georgia, some 800 miles distant and across the most stormy stretch of ocean in the world. They expected to encounter waves that were 50 feet from tip to trough “Cape Horn Rollers” in a 22 foot long boat. Their navigation was by a sextant and a chronometer of unknown accuracy, they were dependent on sightings of the sun that could sometimes not be seen for weeks in the overcast weather so characteristic of these latitudes. Shackleton chose Frank Wild to stay behind with the men on Elephant Island as he felt that he could hold them together well. If there was no rescue by the spring they were to try and reach Deception Island which was regularly used by whalers and sealers. The lifeboat chosen for the journey was the James Caird, it was made seaworthy by whatever limited means were available and equipped with a part cover against the weather and the sea. Launching her was eventful with many of the men being soaked to the skin, a serious matter in the cold climate and with very limited facilities for drying their clothes out and getting warm again. The party left behind on Elephant Island used the two remaining life boats to make a hut, they were turned upside down and placed on top of two low stone walls, tent and sail fabric were used as lining to keep the wind and weather out. The men were even able to make small celluloid windows from an old photograph case, a blubber stove provided heat and was used as a cooker. Conditions were cramped and food was in short supply. One of the party, Blackborow, (little more than a boy who had joined the ship as a stow-away in Buenos Aries when his companion had been hired though he had not) suffered from frostbitten toes. These were amputated by the surgeons by the meager light given out by the blubber stove. Journey to South Georgia The James Caird set off on the 24th of April 1916, the very last day before the pack closed in again around Elephant Island on a day of relative calm. The crew was Shackleton, Worsley, Crean, McNeish, McCarthy and Vincent, the anticipated journey time was a month. It was to become one of the most astonishing small boat journeys of all time The James Caird made progress at the rate of around 60-70 miles per day through rough sea conditions. The sea constantly came in and made everything including the sleeping bags wet, it was difficult to find any warmth at all. There were four sleeping bags made of reindeer hide which shed their hairs in the constant dampness, making them less effective and clogging the pump used to empty the sea water that spilled over into the boat. The boat was relatively unladed and so boulders and other ballast had been placed aboard in order to trim her, these had to be constantly moved around. The weather worsened and they encountered fierce storms, As the temperature dropped, ice formed on the outside of the boat from frozen sea spray, up to 15 inches deep on the deck. This made the boat much heavier and affected the trim – more moving around of the boulders – the men also tried as far as they could to chip away the accumulated ice with any tools that they could improvise, though the situation worsened. They began to throw items overboard in order to save weight, the spare oars went as did two sleeping bags that by now were soaked through and hard and heavy with ice. At other times they had to bale out water for dear life, the only solace during this journey were hot meals every four hours by the light of a primus stove. They had been drifting for some time under light sail held back by the sea anchor due to the sea state (a sea anchor is a sort of large canvas bag that acted to slow the boat and prevent it from being tossed around quite so violently during stormy seas). The sea anchor however was lost as the boat fell into a large trough between waves and the men then had to beat the canvas sails free of ice and set them again properly in order to keep on course. Frostbite was beginning to affect exposed fingers and hands in the cold and constant wet. Navigation was also a problem due to the continually overcast weather. On the seventh day at sea however a break in the cloud came and Worsley was able to take a reading from the sun, six days since the last observation, he calculated that they had traveled around 380 miles and were almost half-way to South Georgia. The short period of sunshine meant that the men were able to spread their clothing and other gear over the boat deck and the mast to dry out. The ice became less dense and they occasionally were accompanied by wildlife, porpoises and tiny storm petrels. On May 7th Worsley again was able to take a navigational reading and reckoned that they were not more than a hundred miles from the northwest corner of South Georgia, another two days with the wind with them and they should have the island within sight. On the morning of the 8th of May, they began seeing kelp floating in the sea, then some sea birds,just after noon they caught a glimpse of South Georgia, only fourteen days after leaving Elephant Island and about half as long as they thought the journey would take. Landing was to be a less than straightforward affair, reefs (shallow rocks just below the sea surface) stretched all along the region of the coast where they were and great waves broke over them. The rocky coast in many places descended steeply into the sea. Despite being so close and running out of fresh water to drink, they had no choice but to wait for the next morning to break before attempting to land on the shore. The morning brought a shift in the wind and a terrible storm arose, the James Caird was tossed around in the sea and when light broke, they were out of sight of land once again. They made their way back to South Georgia just after noon, but again, it was a coast of huge breakers and sheer cliffs that greeted them. The day wore on and there seemed no hope, later though in the evening, the wind shifted direction and began to die down. By the morning of the 10th of May, there was very little wind and they were able to look for a landing place. Reefs and breaking waves dogged their every attempt. They found a likely bay to land, but were blown out to sea again by a change in the wind. In approaching darkness they eventually were able to enter a small cove fronted by a reef, they had to take in the oars to pass through, but at long last, carried by the swell, the James Caird was able to land on a South Georgia beach at King Haakon Bay. They had got through thanks to Shackleton’s leadership and the incredible navigational skills of New Zealander Frank Worsley. Worsley had only been able to take sightings of the sun four times, on April 26th and May 3rd, 4th and 7th, all the rest had been dead reckoning, keeping on the same straight line in the same heading. Had they failed to land, the boat would have been swept onwards to be lost in the mid Atlantic, and no rescue party would have set out for the men on Elephant Island. Arrival at South Georgia There was still a major obstacle to overcome. The crew of 6 on the James Caird had landed 22 miles from the Stromness whaling station as the crow flies. In order to get there they had to go across the backbone of mountains that ran the length of South Georgia, a journey that no-one had ever managed, the map depicted the area as a blank. McNeish and Vincent were too weak to attempt the journey so Shackleton left them with MaCarthy to care for them. On May 15th Shackleton, Crean and Worsley set out to cross the mountains and reach the whaling station, they crossed glaciers, icy slopes and snow fields. At a height of about 4500 feet, they looked back and saw the fog closing up behind them. Night was falling and with no tent or sleeping bags, they had to descend to a lower altitude. They slid down a snowy slope in a matter of minutes losing around 900 feet in the process. They had a hot meal with two of them sheltering the cooker from the wind. Darkness fell and they carried on walking, soon a full moon appeared lighting their way. They climbed again and ate another hot meal to renew their energy. They were soon able to make out an island in the distance that they recognized, but realised that they had taken the wrong direction and had to retrace their steps. At 5 a.m. they sat down exhausted in the lee of a large rock wrapping their arms around each other to keep warm. Worsley and Crean fell asleep, but Shackleton realised that if they all did so, they may never wake again. He woke them five minutes later and told them they had been asleep for half an hour, once again they set off. There was now but one ridge of jagged peaks between them and Stromness, they found a gap and went through. At 6.30 a.m. Shackleton was standing on a ridge he had climbed to get a better look at the land below, he thought he heard the sound of a steam whistle calling the men of the whaling station from their beds. He went back to Worsley and Crean and told them to watch for 7 o’clock as this would be when the whalers were called to work. Sure enough, the whistle sounded right on time, the three men must have never heard a more welcome sound. The three walked downwards to 2000 feet above sea level. They came across a gradient of steep ice, two hours later, they had cut steps and roped down another 500 feet, a slide down a slippery slope placed them at 1500 feet above sea level on a plateau. They still had some distance to go before they reached the whaling station. The going was still less than easy and they had some climbing still to do to negotiate ridges between them and their goal. At 1:30 p.m. they climbed the final ridge and saw a small whaling boat entering the bay 2500 feet below. They hurried forward and spotted a sailing ship lying at a wharf. Tiny figures could be seen wandering about and then the whaling factory was sighted. The men paused, shook hands and congratulated each other on accomplishing their heroic journey. The only possible way down seemed to be along a stream flowing to the sea below. They went down through the icy water, wet to their waist, shivering cold and tired. Then they heard the unwelcome sound of a waterfall. The stream went over a 30 foot fall with impassable ice-cliffs on both sides. They were too tired to look for another way down so they agreed the only way down was through the waterfall itself. They fastened their rope around a rock and slowly lowered Crean, the heaviest, into the waterfall. He completely disappeared and came out the bottom gasping for air. Shackleton went next and Worsley, the most nimble member of the party, went last. They had dropped the logbook, adze and cooker before going over the edge and once on solid ground, the items were retrieved, the only items brought out of the Antarctic. The whaling station, was now just a mile and a half away. They tried to smarten themselves up a little bit before entering the station, but their beards were long, their hair was matted, their clothes, tattered and stained as they hadn’t been washed in nearly a year. At 3 o’clock in the afternoon of May 20th 1916, they walked into the outskirts of Stromness whaling station, as they approached the station, two small boys met them. Shackleton asked them where the manager’s house was and they didn’t answer, they just turned and ran from them as fast as they could. They came to the wharf where the man in charge was asked if Mr. Sorlle (the manager) was in the house. They washed, shaved, ate and slept. Worsley boarded a whaler went to rescue the three left on the other side of South Georgia at King Haakon Bay sheltering under the upturned James Caird. During this rescue a storm blew up that had it come the day previously could have spelled disaster for the three men crossing to Stromness and consequently the whole of the crew, those on the wrong side of South Georgia and all those on Elephant Island. Shackleton remained at Stromness and prepared plans for the rescue of the men on Elephant Island. Shackleton, Worsley and Crean left on the British whale catcher Southern Sky that had been laid up for the winter. On the 23rd of May they were bound for Elephant Island hoping to rescue the 22 left there. Sixty miles from the island the pack ice forced them to retreat to the Falkland Islands whereupon the Uruguayan Government loaned Shackleton the trawler Instituto de Pesca but once again the ice turned them away. They went to Punta Arenas in southern Chile where British and Chilean residents donated £1500 to Shackleton in order to charter the schooner Emma. One hundred miles north of Elephant Island the auxiliary engine broke down and thus a fourth attempt would be necessary. The Chilean Government now loaned the steam tug Yelcho, under the command of Captain Luis Alberto Pardo, to Shackleton. As the steamer approached Elephant Island, the men on the island were approaching lunchtime. It was August 30th 1916 when Marston spotted the Yelcho in an opening in the mist. He yelled, “Ship O!” but the men thought he was announcing lunch. A few moments later the men inside the “hut” heard him running forward, shouting, “Wild, there’s a ship! Hadn’t we better light a flare?” As they scrambled for the door, those bringing up the rear tore down the canvas walls. Wild put a hole in their last tin of fuel, soaked clothes in it, walked to the end of the spit and set them afire. The boat soon approached close enough for Shackleton, who was standing on the bow, to shout to Wild, “Are you all well?”. Wild replied, “All safe, all well!” and the Boss replied, “Thank God!” Blackborow, since he couldn’t walk, was carried to a high rock and propped up in his sleeping bag so he could view the scene. Frank Wild invited Shackleton ashore to see how they had lived on the Island, but he declined being keen to on their way as soon as possible in the light of previous failed attempts to reach the men due to ice conditions. Within an hour they were headed north to the world from which no news had been heard since October, 1914; they had survived on Elephant Island for 137 days, it was 128 days since Shackleton had left for South Georgia with his small crew on the James Caird. Not a single man of Shackleton’s original twenty-eight was lost. And though the Endurance was lost to the sea ice, the James Caird was brought back to England and survives to this day in Dulwich College London, a living reminder of an act of remarkable courage in the heroic age of exploration. James Caird Society an official charitable organization honouring the memory of Shackleton In 1921 Shackleton was once more drawn back to Antarctica in an attempt to map 2000 miles (3200 km) of coastline and conduct meteorological and geological research. Although he was only 47, he died of a suspected heart attack on board the Quest as she was at anchor in King Edward Cove, South Georgia. Shackleton was buried on South Georgia and his death brought to a close the “Heroic Age” of Antarctic exploration. The grave was marked by a headstone of Scottish granite in 1928 and is visited regularly by scientists and tourists to this day.	<urn:uuid:fb84c8c2-8f6d-4df7-a58d-1b29b2ec7063>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://emergencyservices.ie/sir-ernest-shackleton-endurance-expedition-trans-antarctica-1914-1917/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250606872.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122071919-20200122100919-00359.warc.gz	en	0.987948	6,127	3.71875	4	[ -0.06795676052570343, 0.4410973787307739, 0.15602299571037292, -0.02960878424346447, -0.19904690980911255, 0.01600712165236473, -0.16506437957286835, 0.15603342652320862, -0.5019639730453491, -0.09561276435852051, 0.3938256502151489, -0.6441446542739868, 0.3256753087043762, 0.3750536143779...	6	Sir Ernest Shackleton Endurance Expedition Trans-Antarctica 1914-1917 So was born what became the Imperial Trans-Antarctica expedition of 1914 – 1917.The goal was ambitious – audacious even, considering that only 10 men had ever stood at the South Pole and 5 of those had died on the way back. The story that would unfold was to be beyond any expectations and completely different to that planned. It is quite simply one of the most incredible adventure stories of all time. Remarkable even for an era and region that already has far more than its fair share of incredible tales of heroism and fortitude in the face of appalling hardships. The intention was to cross the Antarctic continent from one coast to the other via the South Pole. In the event, the main expedition never set foot on continental Antarctica. The expedition managed to survive the loss of their ship in the middle of the Antarctic pack ice at a time when there was no chance of contacting the outside world, let alone of being rescued. Shackleton began planning his next journey to Antarctica almost as soon as he returned from the Nimrod expedition of 1907 – 1909. He felt certain that others would soon succeed in reaching the South Pole where he had failed having come so close, and so looked to the next goal. This he took as being the crossing of the Antarctic continent from coast to coast via the South Pole, a distance of about 1800 miles, a long way certainly, but not so much further than a “there and back” journey to the pole. He planned to set out from the Weddell sea region (to the south of South America) across a completely unexplored region of Antarctica, to the pole, and then to the Ross sea / McMurdo sound area (to the south of New Zealand). Typically for such trips, the attention grabbing exploratory part of the expedition was but a small part of a whole. Other scientific and exploratory sledging trips were planned for parties setting out from the main base as well as another party who were to remain at the base and carry out a variety of scientific work. Another group of men would be required to set out from the Ross sea region and lay depots for the trans-Antarctic party to use on their journey to the coast from the pole, they would be on a second ship. The ship used for the journey to the Weddell sea was newly constructed in a Norwegian shipyard, and had been intended for tourist cruises in the Arctic. She was the Endurance. The ship to take the Ross Sea party was the Aurora purchased from Douglas Mawson and used by his 1911 – 1914 Antarctic expedition. The expedition was inundated with applications from volunteers to join, despite (or maybe because of) the tragic end of Robert Scott and his team after reaching the South Pole only two years beforehand. There is a much publicized, but almost certainly apocryphal newspaper advertisement supposedly placed by Shackleton (no trace of a copy has ever been found in any archive). Funding became a problem and so Shackleton found himself recruiting and preparing for the departure of the Endurance while also desperately struggling for funds that if not forthcoming might result in the expedition not taking place at all. Eventually however, funding was obtained and towards the end of July 1914 preparations were almost complete. The dark clouds of World War 1 were beginning to gather however. The Endurance was anchored off Southend on August 4th 1914 when Shackleton read in a daily newspaper the order for general mobilization of troops and supplies along with calls for volunteer soldiers. He immediately returned to the ship, gathered all hands, and told them that he would send a to telegram the Admiralty offering the ships, stores and services to the country in the event of war breaking out. Within an hour after sending the telegram, Shackleton received a reply from the Admiralty with the single word “Proceed”. Within two hours, another arrived from Winston Churchill in which he thanked them for their offer but desired that the expedition go on. That night, at midnight, war broke out. On August 8th the Endurance sailed for the Antarctic via Buenos Aires and the sub Antarctic island of South Georgia where there was a Norwegian whaling station. It was thought that the war would be over within six months so when it came time to leave for the south, they left with no regrets. On November 5th 1914 they arrived at South Georgia. Shackleton learnt much from the whaling captains about the conditions between there and the Weddell Sea which indicated that this was a particularly heavy ice year. The plan had been to spend only a few days collecting stores, but instead the Endurance remained at South Georgia for a month to allow the ice further south to disperse. This month was one where bonds of friendship and mutual respect were formed between the Endurance crew and the Norwegian whalers. Bonds that were to prove unexpectedly useful some time later to Shackleton and his men. The Weddell Sea was known to be particularly ice bound at the best of times and the Endurance left with a deck-load of coal in addition to normal stores to help with the extra load on the engines when it came to pushing through pack ice in the Weddell Sea to the Antarctic continent beyond. Extra clothing and stores were taken from South Georgia in the event that the Endurance may have to winter in the ice if caught in the Weddell Sea as it froze, unable to reach the continent first. They left South Georgia on the 5th of December 1914. Into the Pack ice The Endurance battled her way through a thousand miles of pack ice over a six week period and was one hundred miles – one days sail – from her destination, when on the 18th of January 1915 at 76Â°34’S, the ice closed in around her. The temperature dropped dramatically cementing together the loose ice that surrounded the ship as the ship’s storekeeper wrote, she was “Like an almond in a piece of toffee”. On the one hand this was not totally unexpected, it had happened to ships in the Arctic and Antarctic many times, but it was a significant setback and for Shackleton, the disappointment must have been bitter. He was 40 years old, his country was at war, the expedition had taken huge amounts of effort and energy to prepare, he was unlikely to have this opportunity again. Nevertheless, his men looked towards “the Boss” as they called him. This collection of Royal Naval sailors, rough and ready trawler hands and recent Cambridge University graduates amongst others were now dependent on the man who had led them to this place and this very unfortunate predicament. The ship was drifting to the southwest with the ice. Attempts were made to free the ship when sometimes cracks appeared in the ice nearby, but to no avail. The ice around the ship itself was thick and solid. Men with heavy improvised ice chisels and iron bars breaking the ice up near the ship and the ship at full speed ahead had no effect at all, they continued to drift. By the end of February, temperatures had fallen and were regularly -20Â°C, the ship was now clearly frozen in for the winter. The worry was where the drifting ice would take them and would it be possible to break out in the spring? The sides of the ship were cleared so that if the ice began to press together, then hopefully the Endurance would be able to rise above the ice and ride on it rather than being crushed. This eventuality had not really been planned for and the men became frustrated and restless, football and hockey games were regular features on the sea ice until the darkness of the Antarctic winter began. Sunrise glows came in early July heralding the return of the sun and daylight, but the weather was not kind with regular blizzards and low temperatures. Most worrying of all was the pressure from the ice, floes began to “raft” over each other. Everyone knew that one of two things would happen, either the pack ice would thaw, break up and disperse in the spring, so freeing the ship, or it would consolidate and driven by the effects of wind and tide over hundreds of miles of sea would take hold of and crush the ship – like a toy in a vice. The men went out to look for fresh meat for the dogs and themselves in the form of seals and penguins, they were still in low supply having disappeared at the start of winter, a few were taken at the end of September. On Sunday, October 23rd 1915 their position was 69Â°11’S, longitude 51Â°5’W. The Endurance was under heavy pressure from the ice and not held in a good position, instead of being able to slip upwards with the increasing pressure, the ice had hold of her. The first real damage was to the stern-post which twisted with the planking buckling in the same area, she sprang a leak. The bilge pumps were started and the leak was initially kept in check. On October 27th Shackleton wrote, “The position was lat. 69Â°5’S, long. 51Â°30’W. The temperature was -8.5Â°F, a gentle southerly breeze was blowing and the sun shone in a clear sky. After long months of ceaseless anxiety and strain, after times when hope beat high and times when the outlook was black indeed, we have been compelled to abandon the ship, which is crushed beyond all hope of ever being righted, we are alive and well, and we have stores and equipment for the task that lies before us. The task is to reach land with all the members of the Expedition. It is hard to write what I feel”. The Endurance had drifted at least 1186 miles since first becoming fast in the ice 281 days previously, she was 346 miles from Paulet Island, the nearest point where there was any possibility of finding food and shelter. Shackleton ordered the boats, gear, provisions and sledges lowered onto the ice. The men pitched five tents 100 yards from the ship but were forced to move when a pressure ridge started to split the ice beneath them. “Ocean Camp” was established on a thick, heavy floe about a mile and a half from what was fast becoming the wreck of the Endurance. The Endurance finally broke up and sank below the ice and waters of the Weddell sea on November 21st 1915. The men had saved as many supplies as they could (including Frank Hurley’s precious photo archive) before she disappeared. The 28 men of the expedition were now isolated on the drifting pack ice hundreds of miles from land, with no ship, no means of communication with the outside world and with limited supplies. What was worse was that the ice itself was now starting to break up as the Antarctic spring got under way. On December 20th Shackleton decide that the time had come to abandon their camp and march westward to where they thought the nearest land was, at Paulet Island. They had three lifeboats named after patrons of the expedition who had donated funds. Two of these were now manhauled in relays, the James Caird and Dudley Docker. The third boat, the Stancomb Wills was left behind. If the ice began to disappear under them, the men would take to the 20 foot boats. Some of the crew led by Frank Wild returned to the area where the Endurance had been to retrieve the Stancomb Wills to give them more space, it would prove to be a wise decision in the months to come. They were all forced into the boats by the thinning and increasingly fragile ice on April 9th 1916 and made their way across a stretch of open water, by the evening they were able once again to haul the boats onto a large ice floe and pitch their tents. That the crew kept going during this time was a tribute to Shackleton’s leadership skills and his abilities and understanding of the importance of keeping up morale. The whole group were kept together in the monotonous and strenuous task of pulling laden lifeboats across broken up and ridged ice floes. It was now 14 months since the Endurance had become frozen into the ice and nearly 5 months since she had sunk marooning them in a featureless icy wilderness. On April 12th Shackleton found that instead of making good progress westwards, they had actually traveled 30 miles to the east as a result of the drifting ice. They did however spot Elephant Island, part of the South Shetlands group and headed that way in seas that were by now largely open for navigation. They made landfall on Elephant Island being ecstatic to do so. It had been 497 days since they had last set foot on land. Their first landing place wasn’t ideal by any means, but they soon found a more appropriate place to make camp at a place they called Point Wildafter Frank Wild who had gone down the coast to scout. For the time being they were more safe and secure than they had been for a long time, but they were still stranded far from civilization with no-one knowing where they were or what their condition was. There was no chance of rescue. No ships passed that way. No radio at that time was capable of summoning help. The outside world was not going to come to Elephant Island. Shackleton realised that in order to effect a rescue, he was going to have to travel to the nearest inhabited place which was the whaling station back on South Georgia, some 800 miles distant and across the most stormy stretch of ocean in the world. They expected to encounter waves that were 50 feet from tip to trough “Cape Horn Rollers” in a 22 foot long boat. Their navigation was by a sextant and a chronometer of unknown accuracy, they were dependent on sightings of the sun that could sometimes not be seen for weeks in the overcast weather so characteristic of these latitudes. Shackleton chose Frank Wild to stay behind with the men on Elephant Island as he felt that he could hold them together well. If there was no rescue by the spring they were to try and reach Deception Island which was regularly used by whalers and sealers. The lifeboat chosen for the journey was the James Caird, it was made seaworthy by whatever limited means were available and equipped with a part cover against the weather and the sea. Launching her was eventful with many of the men being soaked to the skin, a serious matter in the cold climate and with very limited facilities for drying their clothes out and getting warm again. The party left behind on Elephant Island used the two remaining life boats to make a hut, they were turned upside down and placed on top of two low stone walls, tent and sail fabric were used as lining to keep the wind and weather out. The men were even able to make small celluloid windows from an old photograph case, a blubber stove provided heat and was used as a cooker. Conditions were cramped and food was in short supply. One of the party, Blackborow, (little more than a boy who had joined the ship as a stow-away in Buenos Aries when his companion had been hired though he had not) suffered from frostbitten toes. These were amputated by the surgeons by the meager light given out by the blubber stove. Journey to South Georgia The James Caird set off on the 24th of April 1916, the very last day before the pack closed in again around Elephant Island on a day of relative calm. The crew was Shackleton, Worsley, Crean, McNeish, McCarthy and Vincent, the anticipated journey time was a month. It was to become one of the most astonishing small boat journeys of all time The James Caird made progress at the rate of around 60-70 miles per day through rough sea conditions. The sea constantly came in and made everything including the sleeping bags wet, it was difficult to find any warmth at all. There were four sleeping bags made of reindeer hide which shed their hairs in the constant dampness, making them less effective and clogging the pump used to empty the sea water that spilled over into the boat. The boat was relatively unladed and so boulders and other ballast had been placed aboard in order to trim her, these had to be constantly moved around. The weather worsened and they encountered fierce storms, As the temperature dropped, ice formed on the outside of the boat from frozen sea spray, up to 15 inches deep on the deck. This made the boat much heavier and affected the trim – more moving around of the boulders – the men also tried as far as they could to chip away the accumulated ice with any tools that they could improvise, though the situation worsened. They began to throw items overboard in order to save weight, the spare oars went as did two sleeping bags that by now were soaked through and hard and heavy with ice. At other times they had to bale out water for dear life, the only solace during this journey were hot meals every four hours by the light of a primus stove. They had been drifting for some time under light sail held back by the sea anchor due to the sea state (a sea anchor is a sort of large canvas bag that acted to slow the boat and prevent it from being tossed around quite so violently during stormy seas). The sea anchor however was lost as the boat fell into a large trough between waves and the men then had to beat the canvas sails free of ice and set them again properly in order to keep on course. Frostbite was beginning to affect exposed fingers and hands in the cold and constant wet. Navigation was also a problem due to the continually overcast weather. On the seventh day at sea however a break in the cloud came and Worsley was able to take a reading from the sun, six days since the last observation, he calculated that they had traveled around 380 miles and were almost half-way to South Georgia. The short period of sunshine meant that the men were able to spread their clothing and other gear over the boat deck and the mast to dry out. The ice became less dense and they occasionally were accompanied by wildlife, porpoises and tiny storm petrels. On May 7th Worsley again was able to take a navigational reading and reckoned that they were not more than a hundred miles from the northwest corner of South Georgia, another two days with the wind with them and they should have the island within sight. On the morning of the 8th of May, they began seeing kelp floating in the sea, then some sea birds,just after noon they caught a glimpse of South Georgia, only fourteen days after leaving Elephant Island and about half as long as they thought the journey would take. Landing was to be a less than straightforward affair, reefs (shallow rocks just below the sea surface) stretched all along the region of the coast where they were and great waves broke over them. The rocky coast in many places descended steeply into the sea. Despite being so close and running out of fresh water to drink, they had no choice but to wait for the next morning to break before attempting to land on the shore. The morning brought a shift in the wind and a terrible storm arose, the James Caird was tossed around in the sea and when light broke, they were out of sight of land once again. They made their way back to South Georgia just after noon, but again, it was a coast of huge breakers and sheer cliffs that greeted them. The day wore on and there seemed no hope, later though in the evening, the wind shifted direction and began to die down. By the morning of the 10th of May, there was very little wind and they were able to look for a landing place. Reefs and breaking waves dogged their every attempt. They found a likely bay to land, but were blown out to sea again by a change in the wind. In approaching darkness they eventually were able to enter a small cove fronted by a reef, they had to take in the oars to pass through, but at long last, carried by the swell, the James Caird was able to land on a South Georgia beach at King Haakon Bay. They had got through thanks to Shackleton’s leadership and the incredible navigational skills of New Zealander Frank Worsley. Worsley had only been able to take sightings of the sun four times, on April 26th and May 3rd, 4th and 7th, all the rest had been dead reckoning, keeping on the same straight line in the same heading. Had they failed to land, the boat would have been swept onwards to be lost in the mid Atlantic, and no rescue party would have set out for the men on Elephant Island. Arrival at South Georgia There was still a major obstacle to overcome. The crew of 6 on the James Caird had landed 22 miles from the Stromness whaling station as the crow flies. In order to get there they had to go across the backbone of mountains that ran the length of South Georgia, a journey that no-one had ever managed, the map depicted the area as a blank. McNeish and Vincent were too weak to attempt the journey so Shackleton left them with MaCarthy to care for them. On May 15th Shackleton, Crean and Worsley set out to cross the mountains and reach the whaling station, they crossed glaciers, icy slopes and snow fields. At a height of about 4500 feet, they looked back and saw the fog closing up behind them. Night was falling and with no tent or sleeping bags, they had to descend to a lower altitude. They slid down a snowy slope in a matter of minutes losing around 900 feet in the process. They had a hot meal with two of them sheltering the cooker from the wind. Darkness fell and they carried on walking, soon a full moon appeared lighting their way. They climbed again and ate another hot meal to renew their energy. They were soon able to make out an island in the distance that they recognized, but realised that they had taken the wrong direction and had to retrace their steps. At 5 a.m. they sat down exhausted in the lee of a large rock wrapping their arms around each other to keep warm. Worsley and Crean fell asleep, but Shackleton realised that if they all did so, they may never wake again. He woke them five minutes later and told them they had been asleep for half an hour, once again they set off. There was now but one ridge of jagged peaks between them and Stromness, they found a gap and went through. At 6.30 a.m. Shackleton was standing on a ridge he had climbed to get a better look at the land below, he thought he heard the sound of a steam whistle calling the men of the whaling station from their beds. He went back to Worsley and Crean and told them to watch for 7 o’clock as this would be when the whalers were called to work. Sure enough, the whistle sounded right on time, the three men must have never heard a more welcome sound. The three walked downwards to 2000 feet above sea level. They came across a gradient of steep ice, two hours later, they had cut steps and roped down another 500 feet, a slide down a slippery slope placed them at 1500 feet above sea level on a plateau. They still had some distance to go before they reached the whaling station. The going was still less than easy and they had some climbing still to do to negotiate ridges between them and their goal. At 1:30 p.m. they climbed the final ridge and saw a small whaling boat entering the bay 2500 feet below. They hurried forward and spotted a sailing ship lying at a wharf. Tiny figures could be seen wandering about and then the whaling factory was sighted. The men paused, shook hands and congratulated each other on accomplishing their heroic journey. The only possible way down seemed to be along a stream flowing to the sea below. They went down through the icy water, wet to their waist, shivering cold and tired. Then they heard the unwelcome sound of a waterfall. The stream went over a 30 foot fall with impassable ice-cliffs on both sides. They were too tired to look for another way down so they agreed the only way down was through the waterfall itself. They fastened their rope around a rock and slowly lowered Crean, the heaviest, into the waterfall. He completely disappeared and came out the bottom gasping for air. Shackleton went next and Worsley, the most nimble member of the party, went last. They had dropped the logbook, adze and cooker before going over the edge and once on solid ground, the items were retrieved, the only items brought out of the Antarctic. The whaling station, was now just a mile and a half away. They tried to smarten themselves up a little bit before entering the station, but their beards were long, their hair was matted, their clothes, tattered and stained as they hadn’t been washed in nearly a year. At 3 o’clock in the afternoon of May 20th 1916, they walked into the outskirts of Stromness whaling station, as they approached the station, two small boys met them. Shackleton asked them where the manager’s house was and they didn’t answer, they just turned and ran from them as fast as they could. They came to the wharf where the man in charge was asked if Mr. Sorlle (the manager) was in the house. They washed, shaved, ate and slept. Worsley boarded a whaler went to rescue the three left on the other side of South Georgia at King Haakon Bay sheltering under the upturned James Caird. During this rescue a storm blew up that had it come the day previously could have spelled disaster for the three men crossing to Stromness and consequently the whole of the crew, those on the wrong side of South Georgia and all those on Elephant Island. Shackleton remained at Stromness and prepared plans for the rescue of the men on Elephant Island. Shackleton, Worsley and Crean left on the British whale catcher Southern Sky that had been laid up for the winter. On the 23rd of May they were bound for Elephant Island hoping to rescue the 22 left there. Sixty miles from the island the pack ice forced them to retreat to the Falkland Islands whereupon the Uruguayan Government loaned Shackleton the trawler Instituto de Pesca but once again the ice turned them away. They went to Punta Arenas in southern Chile where British and Chilean residents donated £1500 to Shackleton in order to charter the schooner Emma. One hundred miles north of Elephant Island the auxiliary engine broke down and thus a fourth attempt would be necessary. The Chilean Government now loaned the steam tug Yelcho, under the command of Captain Luis Alberto Pardo, to Shackleton. As the steamer approached Elephant Island, the men on the island were approaching lunchtime. It was August 30th 1916 when Marston spotted the Yelcho in an opening in the mist. He yelled, “Ship O!” but the men thought he was announcing lunch. A few moments later the men inside the “hut” heard him running forward, shouting, “Wild, there’s a ship! Hadn’t we better light a flare?” As they scrambled for the door, those bringing up the rear tore down the canvas walls. Wild put a hole in their last tin of fuel, soaked clothes in it, walked to the end of the spit and set them afire. The boat soon approached close enough for Shackleton, who was standing on the bow, to shout to Wild, “Are you all well?”. Wild replied, “All safe, all well!” and the Boss replied, “Thank God!” Blackborow, since he couldn’t walk, was carried to a high rock and propped up in his sleeping bag so he could view the scene. Frank Wild invited Shackleton ashore to see how they had lived on the Island, but he declined being keen to on their way as soon as possible in the light of previous failed attempts to reach the men due to ice conditions. Within an hour they were headed north to the world from which no news had been heard since October, 1914; they had survived on Elephant Island for 137 days, it was 128 days since Shackleton had left for South Georgia with his small crew on the James Caird. Not a single man of Shackleton’s original twenty-eight was lost. And though the Endurance was lost to the sea ice, the James Caird was brought back to England and survives to this day in Dulwich College London, a living reminder of an act of remarkable courage in the heroic age of exploration. James Caird Society an official charitable organization honouring the memory of Shackleton In 1921 Shackleton was once more drawn back to Antarctica in an attempt to map 2000 miles (3200 km) of coastline and conduct meteorological and geological research. Although he was only 47, he died of a suspected heart attack on board the Quest as she was at anchor in King Edward Cove, South Georgia. Shackleton was buried on South Georgia and his death brought to a close the “Heroic Age” of Antarctic exploration. The grave was marked by a headstone of Scottish granite in 1928 and is visited regularly by scientists and tourists to this day.	6,241	ENGLISH	1
the only time an elementary aged child was encouraged to read was during the 45 minutes of reading class time in school. Would he be a strong reader and lover of books by the time he reached high school? the only time a child was invited to do math was during the math period in school. Would she really love and understand math by the time she was in high school. Would she ever dream of a math based career such as engineering, architecture or financial analysis? Parents absolutely have the ability to affect their child’s math accomplishment simply by engaging in math activities and discussions at home. It’s up to you to surround your child in a positive math environment so that they may reach their full math potential. How do you feel about math? As a parent, your feelings about math will surely have an impact on how your children perceive and value mathematics, as well as how they view themselves as mathematicians. Take a moment to ask yourself these questions: - Did you like math in school? - Do you think everyone can learn math? - Do you believe girls are just as good at math as boys? - Do you think of math as important and useful in everyday life? - Do you believe that most jobs today require math skills? - How are your attitudes about math impacting your child’s attitudes? There are two very important math goals for all students: 1) they learn to value mathematics and 2) they become confident in their ability to do mathematics. Learning a math skill alone is not enough. Parents can help children develop a “can do” disposition toward math by nurturing their natural curiosity and providing support and encouragement.	<urn:uuid:6d858af2-c830-4d12-b539-4a91f6ac5f28>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://explorationsinmath.org/programs/parents/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250604397.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121132900-20200121161900-00538.warc.gz	en	0.981454	342	3.984375	4	[ -0.1236712783575058, -0.16357728838920593, 0.16080635786056519, -0.694593608379364, -0.728167712688446, 0.2718623876571655, 0.13821393251419067, -0.028867632150650024, -0.036632899194955826, -0.17710915207862854, 0.14452341198921204, -0.07088765501976013, 0.15994714200496674, 0.36415010690...	2	the only time an elementary aged child was encouraged to read was during the 45 minutes of reading class time in school. Would he be a strong reader and lover of books by the time he reached high school? the only time a child was invited to do math was during the math period in school. Would she really love and understand math by the time she was in high school. Would she ever dream of a math based career such as engineering, architecture or financial analysis? Parents absolutely have the ability to affect their child’s math accomplishment simply by engaging in math activities and discussions at home. It’s up to you to surround your child in a positive math environment so that they may reach their full math potential. How do you feel about math? As a parent, your feelings about math will surely have an impact on how your children perceive and value mathematics, as well as how they view themselves as mathematicians. Take a moment to ask yourself these questions: - Did you like math in school? - Do you think everyone can learn math? - Do you believe girls are just as good at math as boys? - Do you think of math as important and useful in everyday life? - Do you believe that most jobs today require math skills? - How are your attitudes about math impacting your child’s attitudes? There are two very important math goals for all students: 1) they learn to value mathematics and 2) they become confident in their ability to do mathematics. Learning a math skill alone is not enough. Parents can help children develop a “can do” disposition toward math by nurturing their natural curiosity and providing support and encouragement.	327	ENGLISH	1
John F. Kennedy This article needs more sources for reliability. (September 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) John Fitzgerald Kennedy (May 29, 1917 – November 22, 1963), often called JFK and Jack, was the 35th President of the United States. He was in office from 1961 until his assassination in 1963. He was the youngest President elected to the office, at the age of 43. Events during his presidency included the Bay of Pigs Invasion, the Cuban Missile Crisis, the building of the Berlin Wall, the Space Race, the African American Civil Rights Movement, and early stages of the Vietnam War. He was the youngest President of the United States to die in office. Kennedy was born in Brookline, Massachusetts on May 29, 1917. He was the second of nine children of Joseph P. Kennedy (1888–1969). His father was a businessman and later US ambassador in the United Kingdom from 1938 until 1940. His mother was Rose Fitzgerald (1890–1995). Kennedy graduated from Harvard University with a Bachelor's Degree in International Relations. Before World War II began, he tried joining the U.S. Army, but was rejected because he had back problems; he instead joined the Navy. When his PT boat was sunk by a Japanese destroyer in 1943, he seriously injured his back. He still saved his surviving crew, for which he was later rewarded with a medal for his bravery. He was elected to the US Congress in 1946, and the US Senate in 1952. He married Jacqueline Bouvier on September 12, 1953. The couple had four children; a stillborn daughter (b. 1956), Caroline (b. 1957), John (1960–1999) and Patrick, who was born prematurely in August 1963 and lived only for two days. Kennedy was a member of the United States Democratic Party. He beat his Republican Party opponent, Richard Nixon, in the 1960 presidential election. Kennedy was the youngest president ever elected. He was also the first Roman Catholic President and the first president to win a Pulitzer Prize. Kennedy was a very good speaker and inspired a new generation of young Americans. In the beginning of his term, he approved the CIA's plan to invade Cuba. After the invasion turned out to be a failure, the Cuban Missile Crisis began. During the crisis, Cuba ordered a lot of nuclear missiles from the Soviet Union. It was the closest the world was to having a nuclear war. Kennedy ordered US Navy ships to surround Cuba. He ended the crisis peacefully by making an agreement with the Soviet Union. They agreed that the Soviet Union would stop selling nuclear weapons to Cuba. In return, the U.S. would take its missiles out of Turkey and promise to never invade Cuba again. He also created a plan called the New Frontier. This was a series of government programs, such as urban renewal, to help poor and working class people. He created the Peace Corps to help poor countries all over the world. He agreed to a large tax cut to help the economy. He also called for the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which would make discrimination and segregation illegal. Kennedy intended to reach a détente with Cuban Premier, Fidel Castro, and to withdraw all US military advisers from Vietnam. Kennedy was assassinated on November 22, 1963, in Dallas, Texas. He was being driven through the city in an open-top car, along with John Connally, the Governor of Texas. As the car drove into Dealey Plaza, shots were fired. Kennedy was shot once in the throat and once in the head. He was taken to Parkland Memorial Hospital 4 miles (6.4 km) away. At 1:00 p.m., Kennedy was pronounced dead. Lee Harvey Oswald, a former U.S. Marine, was the prime suspect in the murder, and he was arrested on the same day for the murder of a policeman called J. D. Tippit. Oswald denied shooting anyone and was killed two days later on November 24 by Jack Ruby. - "John F. Kennedy Miscellaneous Information". John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum. Archived from the original on August 31, 2009. Retrieved February 22, 2012. - Garrow, David J. (May 28, 2003). "Substance Over Sex In Kennedy Biography". The New York Times. Retrieved January 20, 2013. - John F. Kennedy at White House.gov - JFK's embrace of third world nationalists - Dallek 2003, p. 700. - "The American Experience – JFK".	<urn:uuid:7b470002-d478-4d1d-9c9a-8e46f1fd12cd>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251700988.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127143516-20200127173516-00460.warc.gz	en	0.983743	932	3.828125	4	[ -0.4699059724807739, 0.3309091329574585, 0.4107687771320343, -0.23494023084640503, 0.2749974727630615, 0.5468755960464478, -0.2024000734090805, 0.03086802363395691, -0.14692027866840363, -0.14775335788726807, 0.04255589842796326, 0.5335997343063354, 0.3009691834449768, 0.5117948055267334, ...	4	John F. Kennedy This article needs more sources for reliability. (September 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) John Fitzgerald Kennedy (May 29, 1917 – November 22, 1963), often called JFK and Jack, was the 35th President of the United States. He was in office from 1961 until his assassination in 1963. He was the youngest President elected to the office, at the age of 43. Events during his presidency included the Bay of Pigs Invasion, the Cuban Missile Crisis, the building of the Berlin Wall, the Space Race, the African American Civil Rights Movement, and early stages of the Vietnam War. He was the youngest President of the United States to die in office. Kennedy was born in Brookline, Massachusetts on May 29, 1917. He was the second of nine children of Joseph P. Kennedy (1888–1969). His father was a businessman and later US ambassador in the United Kingdom from 1938 until 1940. His mother was Rose Fitzgerald (1890–1995). Kennedy graduated from Harvard University with a Bachelor's Degree in International Relations. Before World War II began, he tried joining the U.S. Army, but was rejected because he had back problems; he instead joined the Navy. When his PT boat was sunk by a Japanese destroyer in 1943, he seriously injured his back. He still saved his surviving crew, for which he was later rewarded with a medal for his bravery. He was elected to the US Congress in 1946, and the US Senate in 1952. He married Jacqueline Bouvier on September 12, 1953. The couple had four children; a stillborn daughter (b. 1956), Caroline (b. 1957), John (1960–1999) and Patrick, who was born prematurely in August 1963 and lived only for two days. Kennedy was a member of the United States Democratic Party. He beat his Republican Party opponent, Richard Nixon, in the 1960 presidential election. Kennedy was the youngest president ever elected. He was also the first Roman Catholic President and the first president to win a Pulitzer Prize. Kennedy was a very good speaker and inspired a new generation of young Americans. In the beginning of his term, he approved the CIA's plan to invade Cuba. After the invasion turned out to be a failure, the Cuban Missile Crisis began. During the crisis, Cuba ordered a lot of nuclear missiles from the Soviet Union. It was the closest the world was to having a nuclear war. Kennedy ordered US Navy ships to surround Cuba. He ended the crisis peacefully by making an agreement with the Soviet Union. They agreed that the Soviet Union would stop selling nuclear weapons to Cuba. In return, the U.S. would take its missiles out of Turkey and promise to never invade Cuba again. He also created a plan called the New Frontier. This was a series of government programs, such as urban renewal, to help poor and working class people. He created the Peace Corps to help poor countries all over the world. He agreed to a large tax cut to help the economy. He also called for the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which would make discrimination and segregation illegal. Kennedy intended to reach a détente with Cuban Premier, Fidel Castro, and to withdraw all US military advisers from Vietnam. Kennedy was assassinated on November 22, 1963, in Dallas, Texas. He was being driven through the city in an open-top car, along with John Connally, the Governor of Texas. As the car drove into Dealey Plaza, shots were fired. Kennedy was shot once in the throat and once in the head. He was taken to Parkland Memorial Hospital 4 miles (6.4 km) away. At 1:00 p.m., Kennedy was pronounced dead. Lee Harvey Oswald, a former U.S. Marine, was the prime suspect in the murder, and he was arrested on the same day for the murder of a policeman called J. D. Tippit. Oswald denied shooting anyone and was killed two days later on November 24 by Jack Ruby. - "John F. Kennedy Miscellaneous Information". John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum. Archived from the original on August 31, 2009. Retrieved February 22, 2012. - Garrow, David J. (May 28, 2003). "Substance Over Sex In Kennedy Biography". The New York Times. Retrieved January 20, 2013. - John F. Kennedy at White House.gov - JFK's embrace of third world nationalists - Dallek 2003, p. 700. - "The American Experience – JFK".	1,049	ENGLISH	1
James Joyce 1882–1941 (Full name James Augustine Aloysius Joyce) Irish novelist, short story writer, poet, dramatist, memoirist, and critic. Joyce is considered one of the most prominent literary figures of the first half of the twentieth century. His experiments in prose contributed to a redefinition of the form of the modern novel. As a poet, Joyce's contribution has been regarded as much less noteworthy than that of his fiction, and some critics describe him as a "minor" poet. Joyce was born in a suburb of Dublin to middle-class parents. He was educated by Jesuits and underwent the same emotional hardship and intellectual discipline as Stephen Dedalus, the hero of his first novel, A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. In 1902 Joyce graduated from University College after earning a degree in Romance languages. He then left Ireland and studied at the Bibliothèque Nationale in Paris. His mother's serious illness caused his return to Dublin in 1903. Following his mother's death in 1904, Joyce moved permanently to the continent with his future wife, Nora Barnacle. Settling in Trieste, a city located in the Austro-Hungarian empire, he struggled to support himself and his family by working as an English-language instructor at a Berlitz school. Two months before the birth of his daughter Lucia in 1907, a collection of Joyce's poems, Chamber Music, was published. He would continue throughout his life to write poetry, but would make little effort to develop his technique beyond the form of these early poems that he had begun before he left Dublin. His first major success, the short fiction collection Dubliners, depicts middleand lower middle-class Dublin life. While composing these short stories, Joyce was also writing a novel, Stephen Hero, which he abandoned to turn his attention to A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. With the onset of World War I, Joyce moved to Zurich, Switzerland, in 1915. He used the next four years to complete most of his novel Ulysses, which was published in 1922. In 1920 Joyce moved to Paris. Following the international renown accorded Ulysses, Joyce gained the financial patronship of Harriet Shaw and was able to devote himself exclusively to writing. He spent nearly all of his remaining years composing his final work, Finnegans Wake. Joyce's final years were darkened by the worsening insanity of his daughter Lucia and by several surgical attempts to save his failing eyesight. After the publication of Finnegans Wake in 1939, Joyce fled Paris and the approaching turmoil of the Second World War. He died in Zurich of a perforated ulcer. Joyce's first book of verse, Chamber Music, was started during his youth as a college student in Dublin in the late 1890s and published after he had moved to the continent in 1907. A wide range of influences—from Victorian love ballads, Irish songs, and the poetry of William Butler Yeats, Paul Verlaine, and Horace—can be detected in the poems comprising the volume. Most of the poems are brief, simple, and unambiguous. In 1927 Joyce published his second book of poetry, Pomes Penyeach, a collection of thirteen lyric poems. He composed most of them over a period of eleven years, between 1913 to 1924, though one poem, "Tilly," dates back to 1903. With little stylistic variation, they are noteworthy for their distinct rhythm and diction as well as their autobiographical content. Upon its publication, Chamber Music received mixed critical attention. Critics recognized the lyrical qualities of the poems, but faulted them for a lack of innovation and emotion. However, as Joyce's reputation grew, some commentators have reassessed the verses comprising Chamber Music. Later critics have examined Joyce's use of biblical and classical allusions in the poems. Other commentators have analyzed the thematic and stylistic connections between the poems and Joyce's later fiction. His second collection, Pomes Penyeach , received more praise upon publication than... (The entire section is 38,478 words.)	<urn:uuid:db89dc15-a344-43fe-bb51-4948b187a6c5>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.enotes.com/topics/james-joyce/critical-essays/joyce-james	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251783342.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128215526-20200129005526-00494.warc.gz	en	0.981693	838	3.46875	3	[ -0.14878442883491516, -0.07441291213035583, 0.5789104700088501, 0.09253530204296112, -0.23147132992744446, 0.19379064440727234, -0.15928582847118378, 0.08044854551553726, -0.2624221742153168, -0.21564778685569763, -0.05231164023280144, 0.2670586109161377, 0.19093382358551025, 0.63208222389...	2	James Joyce 1882–1941 (Full name James Augustine Aloysius Joyce) Irish novelist, short story writer, poet, dramatist, memoirist, and critic. Joyce is considered one of the most prominent literary figures of the first half of the twentieth century. His experiments in prose contributed to a redefinition of the form of the modern novel. As a poet, Joyce's contribution has been regarded as much less noteworthy than that of his fiction, and some critics describe him as a "minor" poet. Joyce was born in a suburb of Dublin to middle-class parents. He was educated by Jesuits and underwent the same emotional hardship and intellectual discipline as Stephen Dedalus, the hero of his first novel, A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. In 1902 Joyce graduated from University College after earning a degree in Romance languages. He then left Ireland and studied at the Bibliothèque Nationale in Paris. His mother's serious illness caused his return to Dublin in 1903. Following his mother's death in 1904, Joyce moved permanently to the continent with his future wife, Nora Barnacle. Settling in Trieste, a city located in the Austro-Hungarian empire, he struggled to support himself and his family by working as an English-language instructor at a Berlitz school. Two months before the birth of his daughter Lucia in 1907, a collection of Joyce's poems, Chamber Music, was published. He would continue throughout his life to write poetry, but would make little effort to develop his technique beyond the form of these early poems that he had begun before he left Dublin. His first major success, the short fiction collection Dubliners, depicts middleand lower middle-class Dublin life. While composing these short stories, Joyce was also writing a novel, Stephen Hero, which he abandoned to turn his attention to A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. With the onset of World War I, Joyce moved to Zurich, Switzerland, in 1915. He used the next four years to complete most of his novel Ulysses, which was published in 1922. In 1920 Joyce moved to Paris. Following the international renown accorded Ulysses, Joyce gained the financial patronship of Harriet Shaw and was able to devote himself exclusively to writing. He spent nearly all of his remaining years composing his final work, Finnegans Wake. Joyce's final years were darkened by the worsening insanity of his daughter Lucia and by several surgical attempts to save his failing eyesight. After the publication of Finnegans Wake in 1939, Joyce fled Paris and the approaching turmoil of the Second World War. He died in Zurich of a perforated ulcer. Joyce's first book of verse, Chamber Music, was started during his youth as a college student in Dublin in the late 1890s and published after he had moved to the continent in 1907. A wide range of influences—from Victorian love ballads, Irish songs, and the poetry of William Butler Yeats, Paul Verlaine, and Horace—can be detected in the poems comprising the volume. Most of the poems are brief, simple, and unambiguous. In 1927 Joyce published his second book of poetry, Pomes Penyeach, a collection of thirteen lyric poems. He composed most of them over a period of eleven years, between 1913 to 1924, though one poem, "Tilly," dates back to 1903. With little stylistic variation, they are noteworthy for their distinct rhythm and diction as well as their autobiographical content. Upon its publication, Chamber Music received mixed critical attention. Critics recognized the lyrical qualities of the poems, but faulted them for a lack of innovation and emotion. However, as Joyce's reputation grew, some commentators have reassessed the verses comprising Chamber Music. Later critics have examined Joyce's use of biblical and classical allusions in the poems. Other commentators have analyzed the thematic and stylistic connections between the poems and Joyce's later fiction. His second collection, Pomes Penyeach , received more praise upon publication than... (The entire section is 38,478 words.)	890	ENGLISH	1
Jane Austen’s novel Pride and Prejudice is constructed with a third-person omniscient narrator, as we often see in old novels. This is seen by the fact that the narrator is outside the plot and knows about the thoughts and feelings of all characters, which means we have multiple points of view in this story. However, although we get to see different points of view, the narrator mostly follows the point of view of Elizabeth Bennet. Very often, throughout the novel, we know what Elizabeth is thinking and how she perceives different events. Here is one example: Elizabeth took up some needlework and was sufficiently amused in attending to what passed between Darcy and his companion. The perpetual commendations of the lady either on his handwriting, or on the evenness of his lines, or on the length of his letter, with the perfect unconcern with which her praises were received, formed a curious dialogue, and was exactly in unison with her opinion of each. (p. 32) As mentioned, an omniscient narrator can theoretically access the minds of all characters, which we see in this passage where we get to go inside Darcy head: Darcy had at first scarcely allowed her to be pretty; he had looked at her without admiration at the ball; and when they next met, he looked at her only to criticise. But no sooner had he made it clear to himself and his friends that she hardly had a good feature in her face, than he began to find it was rendered uncommonly intelligent by the beautiful expression o...	<urn:uuid:d6a07e4b-0525-45a5-9b2d-6de6df9bbef8>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://liceunet.ro/pride-and-prejudice/analysis/narrator-and-point-of-view	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251773463.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128030221-20200128060221-00263.warc.gz	en	0.990503	319	3.390625	3	[ 0.14672771096229553, 0.09040843695402145, 0.00533405551686883, 0.19949184358119965, -0.06256203353404999, 0.05580979213118553, 0.28611764311790466, 0.14620976150035858, 0.14017850160598755, -0.014410586096346378, 0.26491057872772217, -0.42700710892677307, 0.2236577570438385, 0.165280625224...	9	Jane Austen’s novel Pride and Prejudice is constructed with a third-person omniscient narrator, as we often see in old novels. This is seen by the fact that the narrator is outside the plot and knows about the thoughts and feelings of all characters, which means we have multiple points of view in this story. However, although we get to see different points of view, the narrator mostly follows the point of view of Elizabeth Bennet. Very often, throughout the novel, we know what Elizabeth is thinking and how she perceives different events. Here is one example: Elizabeth took up some needlework and was sufficiently amused in attending to what passed between Darcy and his companion. The perpetual commendations of the lady either on his handwriting, or on the evenness of his lines, or on the length of his letter, with the perfect unconcern with which her praises were received, formed a curious dialogue, and was exactly in unison with her opinion of each. (p. 32) As mentioned, an omniscient narrator can theoretically access the minds of all characters, which we see in this passage where we get to go inside Darcy head: Darcy had at first scarcely allowed her to be pretty; he had looked at her without admiration at the ball; and when they next met, he looked at her only to criticise. But no sooner had he made it clear to himself and his friends that she hardly had a good feature in her face, than he began to find it was rendered uncommonly intelligent by the beautiful expression o...	315	ENGLISH	1
Greedy for greater land, the Americans wanted to colonize the vacant land of Texas. Moses Austin, in an attempt to start a colony in Texas, asked Mexico for permission, and they responded positively to his son Stephen Austin due to Moses¡¯ unfortunate death (Sanchez 16). Soon the American¡¯s population rapidly grew into the tens of thousands and spread widely in the large frontier. However, Mexico, feeling apprehensive about such quick expansion, attempted to contain such growth. The Americans felt greatly unwelcomed and their distaste and dissatisfaction with the Mexico¡¯s law started to create a friction that would later bring about the Texas Independence. The Americans were unused to the Mexican laws and the Spanish customs and had a different ideology about owning slaves, and thus conflict was bound to occur. The Americans abhorred the Mexican¡¯s centralized rules and simply refused to concur with them. Having been accustomed to the American democratic laws, the Americans had difficulties following the Mexican¡¯s laws (Frantz 55). Although, the Mexican government was really lenient to the Americans, this leniency quickly changed with Americans negative attitude toward the Mexican government. However, the Mexican government would not allow Texas to become an independent state blaming it on the fact that they had little population. Soon the government canceled the exemption of Americans paying tax, which really frustrated the Americans (McComb 37). To further the conflict, Bradburn from Mexico was arrested for not following the Mexican laws. This caused a small conflict between the Americans and the Mexicans in Velasco where Mexicans were forced to surrender with the exhaustion of their ammunition. Another conflict was over the issue of slavery. The Mexican¡¯ emancipated all the slaves during the Mexican Independence Day while the Texans, mostly coming from the slave state south, felt the slaves were vital. Another big issue that led to such conflict was the lack of good communication. The miscommunication led to misunderstanding, which caused the pressure to build up even more. The main problem, however, was that Santa Anna, a strict president of Mexico, was beginning to concentrate his power more greatly and demanded that Texans (or Americans) do as they were told (McComb 38). However, the Texans were unwilling to listen and this would cause the battle between U.S and Texas more evident and prominent. Although there were several battles in the Texas Independence, the most famous battle was the Battle of Alamo, which can be the main representation of this independence. Though the Texans were whining about the strict rule of Santa Anna, they had an ill-prepared army and it seemed evident that the Texans would be easily crushed. Sam Houston was the main commander of the force with the assistance from Travis, leading the regular armies with Bowie commanding the heroic volunteers (McDonald 31). When the Mexican army troops came to Texas...	<urn:uuid:66f05146-f3d3-46f6-a446-09d5365a88aa>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://brightkite.com/essay-on/the-alamo-7	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250605075.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121192553-20200121221553-00265.warc.gz	en	0.980976	579	4.125	4	[ -0.17827194929122925, 0.31421178579330444, 0.3060256242752075, 0.12168166041374207, 0.12869098782539368, -0.06936392188072205, -0.3974524140357971, -0.005030903033912182, -0.33404287695884705, -0.013425173237919807, 0.17717473208904266, 0.10294350981712341, 0.13181853294372559, 0.037278518...	1	Greedy for greater land, the Americans wanted to colonize the vacant land of Texas. Moses Austin, in an attempt to start a colony in Texas, asked Mexico for permission, and they responded positively to his son Stephen Austin due to Moses¡¯ unfortunate death (Sanchez 16). Soon the American¡¯s population rapidly grew into the tens of thousands and spread widely in the large frontier. However, Mexico, feeling apprehensive about such quick expansion, attempted to contain such growth. The Americans felt greatly unwelcomed and their distaste and dissatisfaction with the Mexico¡¯s law started to create a friction that would later bring about the Texas Independence. The Americans were unused to the Mexican laws and the Spanish customs and had a different ideology about owning slaves, and thus conflict was bound to occur. The Americans abhorred the Mexican¡¯s centralized rules and simply refused to concur with them. Having been accustomed to the American democratic laws, the Americans had difficulties following the Mexican¡¯s laws (Frantz 55). Although, the Mexican government was really lenient to the Americans, this leniency quickly changed with Americans negative attitude toward the Mexican government. However, the Mexican government would not allow Texas to become an independent state blaming it on the fact that they had little population. Soon the government canceled the exemption of Americans paying tax, which really frustrated the Americans (McComb 37). To further the conflict, Bradburn from Mexico was arrested for not following the Mexican laws. This caused a small conflict between the Americans and the Mexicans in Velasco where Mexicans were forced to surrender with the exhaustion of their ammunition. Another conflict was over the issue of slavery. The Mexican¡¯ emancipated all the slaves during the Mexican Independence Day while the Texans, mostly coming from the slave state south, felt the slaves were vital. Another big issue that led to such conflict was the lack of good communication. The miscommunication led to misunderstanding, which caused the pressure to build up even more. The main problem, however, was that Santa Anna, a strict president of Mexico, was beginning to concentrate his power more greatly and demanded that Texans (or Americans) do as they were told (McComb 38). However, the Texans were unwilling to listen and this would cause the battle between U.S and Texas more evident and prominent. Although there were several battles in the Texas Independence, the most famous battle was the Battle of Alamo, which can be the main representation of this independence. Though the Texans were whining about the strict rule of Santa Anna, they had an ill-prepared army and it seemed evident that the Texans would be easily crushed. Sam Houston was the main commander of the force with the assistance from Travis, leading the regular armies with Bowie commanding the heroic volunteers (McDonald 31). When the Mexican army troops came to Texas...	578	ENGLISH	1
The researches at the James Cook University have found a link between fast food consumption and depression. While depression also depends on other social and environmental factors, diet may just have some contribution for causing it. The higher the consumption of takeaway food or a diet rich in 6-PUFA may contribute towards it. Food Effects On Mental Health The research team studied people on Torres Strait island which has fast food availability and compared it to those living on an island that has no takeaway food whatsoever. “We asked them about their diet, screened them for their levels of depression and took blood samples. As you’d expect, people on the more isolated island with no fast food outlets reported significantly higher seafood consumption and lower take-away food consumption compared with people on the other island,” said Dr Maximus Berger, the lead author of the study. They found that out of 100 people studied, 19 were having depressive symptoms and 16 of these were from the island where fast food is available. Blood samples were also analysed for the research and levels of fatty acids were compared. “The level of the fatty acid associated with depression and found in many take-away foods was higher in people living on the island with ready access to fast food, the level of the fatty acid associated with protection against depression and found in seafood was higher on the other island,” said Dr Berger. “Depression is complex, it’s also linked to social and environmental factors so there will be no silver bullet cure, but our data suggests that a diet that is rich in n-3 LCPUFA as provided by seafood and low in n-6 PUFA as found in many take-away foods may be beneficial,” said Professor Sarnyai. “It should be a priority and may be beneficial not only to physical health but also to mental health and wellbeing,” he added.	<urn:uuid:1dcce271-c217-45db-8c0e-98d7d64768ec>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.hungryforever.com/fast-food-may-affect-your-mental-health-says-research/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250606269.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122012204-20200122041204-00445.warc.gz	en	0.981452	386	3.328125	3	[ -0.15751060843467712, 0.2221790850162506, 0.048798684030771255, 0.03422673046588898, 0.3273363709449768, 0.3737388253211975, 0.12048835307359695, 0.0191944669932127, -0.4742310345172882, -0.041611019521951675, 0.2179328203201294, -0.5625868439674377, 0.07578197121620178, 0.1633390486240387...	3	The researches at the James Cook University have found a link between fast food consumption and depression. While depression also depends on other social and environmental factors, diet may just have some contribution for causing it. The higher the consumption of takeaway food or a diet rich in 6-PUFA may contribute towards it. Food Effects On Mental Health The research team studied people on Torres Strait island which has fast food availability and compared it to those living on an island that has no takeaway food whatsoever. “We asked them about their diet, screened them for their levels of depression and took blood samples. As you’d expect, people on the more isolated island with no fast food outlets reported significantly higher seafood consumption and lower take-away food consumption compared with people on the other island,” said Dr Maximus Berger, the lead author of the study. They found that out of 100 people studied, 19 were having depressive symptoms and 16 of these were from the island where fast food is available. Blood samples were also analysed for the research and levels of fatty acids were compared. “The level of the fatty acid associated with depression and found in many take-away foods was higher in people living on the island with ready access to fast food, the level of the fatty acid associated with protection against depression and found in seafood was higher on the other island,” said Dr Berger. “Depression is complex, it’s also linked to social and environmental factors so there will be no silver bullet cure, but our data suggests that a diet that is rich in n-3 LCPUFA as provided by seafood and low in n-6 PUFA as found in many take-away foods may be beneficial,” said Professor Sarnyai. “It should be a priority and may be beneficial not only to physical health but also to mental health and wellbeing,” he added.	372	ENGLISH	1
Although West Virginia adopted Virginia's game and fish code when it became a state in 1863, the Mountain State created its first game laws – and its first hunting season – in 1869. Unlike today's hunting regulations, the 1869 game laws were very simple. Killing certain species of birds was prohibited. All game shared the same hunting season, Feb. 14 – Sept. 15. Although the laws were in place, there was agency devoted to enforcing them at the time. However, it is interesting to note that the West Virginia Legislature created what is today the DNR Law Enforcement Section more than 20 years before it created the West Virginia State Police. In 1897, the legislature created the office of Game and Fish Warden. It wasn't much of an office, however, as it was basically limited to one man – the game and fish warden himself. In 1901, lawmakers gave the warden power to hire deputies, but gave him no money to do so. The deputies were basically freelancers who could keep whatever fines they collected, but got no other pay. West Virginia's first hunting license requirement was in 1899 and for non-residents only (residents required no license). The annually-renewed license cost $25, leading to two classes of hunters in the state – residents and well-to-do. Adjusted for inflation, that 1899 license would cost nearly $650 in today's dollars. In 1906, thankfully, that license fee was reduced to $15 – a cost of more than $350 in today's dollars. The game warden kept $1 of that fee. In 1909, West Virginia passed its first significant regulations – and gave the game and fish warden the teeth to enforce it by hiring full-time deputy wardens. The regulation made it illegal to ship game out-of-state. This state legislation was basically a mirror of the federal Lacey Act of 1900, but now it could be enforced and bring to a close commercial market hunting that had decimated so many of the state's game species. Moreover, that legislative session created the state's first statewide hunting license for residents. It cost $1 ($23 when adjusted for inflation and about the same real cost as today). As a funding source, it was a huge-success, even though landowners could hunt on their own land – as well as that of their consenting neighbors without one. More than 24,000 licenses were sold. Fish and Game Warden J.H. Marcum had been pushing hard for it as a vital game-management tool. “No state,” Marcum told legislators in his report to the legislature, “after adopting the license system has ever repealed the law. Naturally, the state of West Virginia repealed the resident-license requirement the following year. In 1915, the legislature created a new license allowing people to hunt in their county of residence for free. If you wanted to hunt in another county, however, you had to pay $3 for your license.	<urn:uuid:72356697-ce68-4a68-934a-b87490c70ffb>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://wvexplorer.com/west-virginia-hunter-magazine/history-of-hunting-regulations/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250609478.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123071220-20200123100220-00363.warc.gz	en	0.980864	610	3.703125	4	[ -0.45822975039482117, -0.0824374258518219, -0.04431360214948654, -0.36591672897338867, 0.02436503767967224, 0.2859003245830536, 0.04371366649866104, 0.1366478055715561, 0.09478709846735, 0.32037317752838135, -0.1406126469373703, -0.07362639904022217, 0.053501419723033905, 0.081061065196990...	12	Although West Virginia adopted Virginia's game and fish code when it became a state in 1863, the Mountain State created its first game laws – and its first hunting season – in 1869. Unlike today's hunting regulations, the 1869 game laws were very simple. Killing certain species of birds was prohibited. All game shared the same hunting season, Feb. 14 – Sept. 15. Although the laws were in place, there was agency devoted to enforcing them at the time. However, it is interesting to note that the West Virginia Legislature created what is today the DNR Law Enforcement Section more than 20 years before it created the West Virginia State Police. In 1897, the legislature created the office of Game and Fish Warden. It wasn't much of an office, however, as it was basically limited to one man – the game and fish warden himself. In 1901, lawmakers gave the warden power to hire deputies, but gave him no money to do so. The deputies were basically freelancers who could keep whatever fines they collected, but got no other pay. West Virginia's first hunting license requirement was in 1899 and for non-residents only (residents required no license). The annually-renewed license cost $25, leading to two classes of hunters in the state – residents and well-to-do. Adjusted for inflation, that 1899 license would cost nearly $650 in today's dollars. In 1906, thankfully, that license fee was reduced to $15 – a cost of more than $350 in today's dollars. The game warden kept $1 of that fee. In 1909, West Virginia passed its first significant regulations – and gave the game and fish warden the teeth to enforce it by hiring full-time deputy wardens. The regulation made it illegal to ship game out-of-state. This state legislation was basically a mirror of the federal Lacey Act of 1900, but now it could be enforced and bring to a close commercial market hunting that had decimated so many of the state's game species. Moreover, that legislative session created the state's first statewide hunting license for residents. It cost $1 ($23 when adjusted for inflation and about the same real cost as today). As a funding source, it was a huge-success, even though landowners could hunt on their own land – as well as that of their consenting neighbors without one. More than 24,000 licenses were sold. Fish and Game Warden J.H. Marcum had been pushing hard for it as a vital game-management tool. “No state,” Marcum told legislators in his report to the legislature, “after adopting the license system has ever repealed the law. Naturally, the state of West Virginia repealed the resident-license requirement the following year. In 1915, the legislature created a new license allowing people to hunt in their county of residence for free. If you wanted to hunt in another county, however, you had to pay $3 for your license.	648	ENGLISH	1
The shocking fall of communism in Eastern and central Europe in the late eighties was remarkable for both it;s rapidity and its scope. In each of the nations, the communist regimes in power were forces to transfer that power to radically different institutions than they were accustomed to. Democracy had been spreading throughout the world for the preceding two decades, but with a very important difference. In Europe, the shift from communism was taking place in a different context then that of the Soviet Union. The peoples involved were not looking to affect a narrow set of policy reforms, rather what was at stake what the shift from communist ideology to a more western plan for governmental and economic policy development. It seemed that the sole reasonthat the downfall of communism took so long was the veto power of the Soviet Union. Due to Eastern Europe;s longtime adherence to communist policies, these nations faced greatdifficulty in making the transition to a market economy without being forced to unite with another economic system. Mikhail Gorbachev was a different kind of Soviet leader. He recognized that communists in the Soviet Union could not remain politically and economically isolated and that the Soviet system had to be changed if it was to survive. The key pieces to his plan was a series of reforms that included Glasnost – an openness and greater form of expression for the people, Perestroika – a restructuring as to decentralize the soviet economy with market reforms all of which were designed to reform, not abolish socialism, and the renunciation of the Brezhnev Doctrine. Central planning in a modern economy brought many inefficiencies. The socialist system was ineffective in that communism promised a classless society with collective ownership but instead it produced a new class of communist party functionaries. In addition, the soviet state could not longer afford the high defense spending tha…	<urn:uuid:7441a133-19ea-4841-bb9e-f7dbb3293dd6>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://gemmarketingsolutions.com/communism-and-its-fall/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250598726.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120110422-20200120134422-00001.warc.gz	en	0.980385	369	3.609375	4	[ -0.5184997916221619, -0.10283757001161575, 0.20243465900421143, 0.49475428462028503, 0.2711750268936157, 0.09001947939395905, -0.13813035190105438, 0.40709707140922546, -0.20895923674106598, 0.06830883771181107, 0.2818243205547333, 0.2764374017715454, 0.42858409881591797, -0.13135214149951...	1	The shocking fall of communism in Eastern and central Europe in the late eighties was remarkable for both it;s rapidity and its scope. In each of the nations, the communist regimes in power were forces to transfer that power to radically different institutions than they were accustomed to. Democracy had been spreading throughout the world for the preceding two decades, but with a very important difference. In Europe, the shift from communism was taking place in a different context then that of the Soviet Union. The peoples involved were not looking to affect a narrow set of policy reforms, rather what was at stake what the shift from communist ideology to a more western plan for governmental and economic policy development. It seemed that the sole reasonthat the downfall of communism took so long was the veto power of the Soviet Union. Due to Eastern Europe;s longtime adherence to communist policies, these nations faced greatdifficulty in making the transition to a market economy without being forced to unite with another economic system. Mikhail Gorbachev was a different kind of Soviet leader. He recognized that communists in the Soviet Union could not remain politically and economically isolated and that the Soviet system had to be changed if it was to survive. The key pieces to his plan was a series of reforms that included Glasnost – an openness and greater form of expression for the people, Perestroika – a restructuring as to decentralize the soviet economy with market reforms all of which were designed to reform, not abolish socialism, and the renunciation of the Brezhnev Doctrine. Central planning in a modern economy brought many inefficiencies. The socialist system was ineffective in that communism promised a classless society with collective ownership but instead it produced a new class of communist party functionaries. In addition, the soviet state could not longer afford the high defense spending tha…	361	ENGLISH	1
Trump Faced Long Odds Winning the White House, but …News at Home tags: election 2016, Trump With Donald Trump’s inauguration as the 45th President of the United States, America has had 20 Presidents since the beginning of the 20th century, when Theodore Roosevelt succeeded the assassinated William McKinley on September 14, 1901. If one looks back at those Presidents, it is clear that fate played the major role in these leaders reaching the Oval Office, as there is no obvious case to make that any of them would have reached the Presidency by any clear-cut plan. Theodore Roosevelt would be unlikely to have reached the Presidency with his controversial, reform oriented agenda as New York’s Republican Governor, if it were not for the fact that he was chosen against his will to be the second term Vice President to William McKinley. If Vice President Garret Hobart had not died in office in 1899, he most certainly would have been the second term Vice President, and would have become President upon McKinley’s death six months into the second term. Theodore Roosevelt chose his Secretary of War, William Howard Taft, to be his successor, and with his popularity, he was able to gain the Presidency for Taft, over the third-time nominated William Jennings Bryan. But to have had a cabinet officer who had never been elected to any political position become President was unprecedented; one would have thought that Vice President Charles Fairbanks might have been the anointed successor, rather than Taft. Woodrow Wilson, Princeton University President, with only 18 months elected political experience as New Jersey Governor, only gained the Democratic nomination in 1912, due to the two-thirds rule that held in the Democratic Party from 1832 to 1936, which led to a prolonged fight at the national convention (46 ballots), a case of pure luck that aided Wilson over original frontrunner,Speaker of the House Champ Clark of Missouri. And then, having the popular former President Theodore Roosevelt challenge his own successor, President Taft, all the way to November on the most serious and significant third party movement in American history (Progressive Bull Moose Party), allowed Wilson to triumph, even though only Abraham Lincoln had a lower popular vote percentage in winning the Presidency. Warren G. Harding, with no special qualifications to be President and a mediocre record as an Ohio Senator was fortunate in facing a contested Republican convention in 1920, and being seen as the ideal candidate precisely because he was not a crusading type political leader as TR and Wilson had been. Disillusionment with Wilson’s Treaty of Versailles and League of Nations also gave Harding the edge to win the Presidency by the greatest margin of any first-term President in all of American history. Calvin Coolidge was chosen as Harding’s Vice Presidential running mate after others, including California progressive Senator Hiram Johnson, turned down the offer. His only chance to become President came when Harding died in office suddenly in August 1923, with Coolidge becoming the sixth person to succeed to the White House after the death of the incumbent. Herbert Hoover became the second and last Presidential Cabinet member (he was Secretary of Commerce) to gain the chance to run for President, despite having never being elected to any public office. Hoover had the benefit of what seemed to be a prosperous economy. Add to that he didn’t face a challenge from sitting Vice President Charles G. Dawes. He was also fortunate in his Democratic opponent: Alfred E. Smith, who was Catholic. Franklin D. Roosevelt, considered by journalist Walter Lippmann as a charming New York Governor with no special qualifications to be President, was able to overcome his polio paralysis, and that surely involved luck along with hard work. As the party’s nominee he had the advantage at a time when the Great Depression made a vast majority of Americans willing to take a chance on a Presidential candidate who had no special announced solutions to the economic crisis. (He did, though, project an air of confidence and optimism, which helped put him over the top.) Harry Truman was an unlikely choice for president, though the political bosses who backed his bid for Vice President believed he could be trusted to take over for FDR should Roosevelt die in office, as many insiders thought he would. But he was also in the right place at the right time as FDR’s third Vice President to succeed to the Presidency. Had FDR passed away just months earlier, Henry Wallace would have become President, instead of Truman, who fully realized how fate had played a role in his reaching the Oval Office. Dwight D. Eisenhower displayed zero interest in politics during his military career, and had not even registered as a member of either political party. He had to be convinced by a draft movement led by Republican Senator Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr. of Massachusetts to agree to run in 1952. Ike had earlier rejected an offer from President Truman that he run as a Democrat in 1948, with Truman being his Vice Presidential running mate, an astonishing offer. John F. Kennedy had a Senate career far less impressive than Democratic rivals Lyndon B. Johnson of Texas, Stuart Symington of Missouri, and Hubert Humphrey of Minnesota. Also, being a Catholic, and knowing what had happened to Catholic nominee Alfred E. Smith, who lost in a landslide to Herbert Hoover in 1928, the thought that a Catholic nominee for President could actually be elected, seemed highly unlikely in the minds of most political observers. Lyndon B. Johnson had sought the Presidency in 1960, and failing that, had agreed to be JFK’s Vice Presidential running mate, but was very unhappy at his lack of responsibility and proper respect while he was Vice President. The odds that he could have won the Presidency in the future seemed dim, as no Southerner had been elected President since Zachary Taylor in 1848. But the assassination of JFK offered him the one and only route to the Oval Office. Richard Nixon made many enemies during his political career and lost a very close race to John F. Kennedy in 1960. Two years later he suffered a loss for the California Governorship, declaring that his political career was at an end. He famously told the press they wouldn’t have Nixon to kick around anymore. But then, miraculously, he regained respect and support due to his foreign policy expertise, as the war in Vietnam divided the Democratic Party under LBJ, and was able to overcome Republican rivals George Romney, Nelson Rockefeller, and Ronald Reagan, and effectively, “come back from the dead” and win the Presidency in 1968. It also helped that the party had been so repudiated at the polls in 1964 with Barry Goldwater that Nixon seemed like a safe bet. Gerald Ford never wanted to be President. He wanted to be the Republican Speaker of the House some day. But then Spiro Agnew resigned as vice president and Nixon needed an uncontroversial well-liked congressman to replace Agnew. Ford fit the bill. He entered the position well aware that Nixon was in danger of being forced out of office, and was careful to “walk on eggs” as the Watergate scandal consumed Nixon’s presidency. Ford was certainly the most unlikely of all people reviewed here to end up as President. Jimmy Carter was an obscure political figure whom most people had never heard of despite his one successful term as Georgia Governor. He was certainly the least known of all Democratic Presidential candidates in 1976. But he had the fortune of offering change at a time when there was disillusionment with Washington insiders, and ran an impressive campaign. It helped that the economy was in a recession and that voters still hadn’t forgiven Ford for pardoning Nixon. Ronald Reagan was just short of 70 years old when he ran for President in 1980, after having unsuccessfully run against Gerald Ford for the 1976 nomination. Many people also thought a former movie actor and television figure from GE Theater and Death Valley Days, who had been the host of the opening of Disneyland with Walt Disney, could not be seen as a serious Presidential candidate, despite his two terms as California Governor. His age seemed to be against him, but voters didn’t seem to mind; Reagan projected a youthful bearing. George H. W. Bush had an impressive resume, but had sought the Presidency in 1980, losing to Reagan, and agreeing to be his Vice President. But to imagine that Bush would have been the next President went against history; no Vice President had succeeded to the Presidency by direct election for 152 years when Martin Van Buren succeeded Andrew Jackson in 1836. Bill Clinton was the somewhat obscure Governor of Arkansas, who had bored the Democratic National Convention of 1988 with his long, drawn-out speech nominating Michael Dukakis. And when the revelations of his liaison with Gennifer Flowers became a major scandal early in the primary season of 1992, particularly after Colorado Senator Gary Hart’s Presidential candidacy was derailed in 1987 due to a sexual escapade, it looked as if Clinton was doomed. But he overcame the disadvantage by appearing on 60 Minutes with his wife Hillary and went on to become President, helped along by an economic recession and the independent candidacy of H. Ross Perot. George W. Bush was Texas Governor, and the son of the 41st President, but had his brother Jeb Bush won the Florida Governorship in 1994 when Bush won Texas, Jeb would have been the Presidential candidate in 2000, not W. And without the contested Florida vote count which gave Bush the Presidency after 36 days of recounts, George W. Bush would not have been President. When Barack Hussein Obama, a mixed race African American first term Illinois Senator, announced for President ten years ago, pundits were skeptical that he could overcome First Lady Hillary Clinton. And with his last name rhyming with Osama bin Laden, and his middle name being that of the former Iraqi dictator America had gone to war with, and many claiming he was a secret Muslim and might have been born in Kenya or Indonesia, it looked impossible for him to win the Presidency. But the severe economic downturn of 2008 aided Obama in overcoming his much better known opponent, Republican John McCain. And finally, there is Donald Trump, who had never served in the military or in government, and had made his career in real estate and as a television reality star. Was there ever an unlikelier presidential candidate? Jeb Bush, a rival, said you cannot insult your way to the White House. But Trump managed to do it. So every one of the 20 men who have occupied the Presidency since 1901 could be seen as a “long shot” who overcame great odds, and had fate smile on them. comments powered by Disqus - The Titanic Wreck Will Now Be Protected Under a 'Momentous Agreement' With the U.S. - Arrested for having sex with men, this gay civil rights leader could finally be pardoned in California - Ancient aboriginal aquaculture system older than Stonehenge uncovered by Australia wildfires - How the Government Came to Decide the Color of Your Food - In 1851, a Maryland Farmer Tried to Kidnap Free Blacks in Pennsylvania. He Wasn’t Expecting the Neighborhood to Fight Back - The Way We Write History Has Changed - Rethinking How We Train Historians - Building a digital archive for decaying paper documents, preserving centuries of records about enslaved people - The Radical Lives of Abolitionists - National Security Archive Releases USCYBERCOM documents which shed new light on the campaign to counter ISIS in cyberspace	<urn:uuid:071ae45b-69f2-4eef-8c88-37fb85b67841>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://historynewsnetwork.org/article/164946	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251694176.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127020458-20200127050458-00438.warc.gz	en	0.985154	2,360	3.34375	3	[ -0.007456302642822266, 0.06505408138036728, 0.2800465226173401, -0.07598504424095154, -0.018306447193026543, 0.6498154401779175, 0.13141298294067383, -0.23019123077392578, 0.28097137808799744, 0.005056345835328102, 0.29434919357299805, 0.5720106363296509, 0.00043019047006964684, 0.64981663...	1	Trump Faced Long Odds Winning the White House, but …News at Home tags: election 2016, Trump With Donald Trump’s inauguration as the 45th President of the United States, America has had 20 Presidents since the beginning of the 20th century, when Theodore Roosevelt succeeded the assassinated William McKinley on September 14, 1901. If one looks back at those Presidents, it is clear that fate played the major role in these leaders reaching the Oval Office, as there is no obvious case to make that any of them would have reached the Presidency by any clear-cut plan. Theodore Roosevelt would be unlikely to have reached the Presidency with his controversial, reform oriented agenda as New York’s Republican Governor, if it were not for the fact that he was chosen against his will to be the second term Vice President to William McKinley. If Vice President Garret Hobart had not died in office in 1899, he most certainly would have been the second term Vice President, and would have become President upon McKinley’s death six months into the second term. Theodore Roosevelt chose his Secretary of War, William Howard Taft, to be his successor, and with his popularity, he was able to gain the Presidency for Taft, over the third-time nominated William Jennings Bryan. But to have had a cabinet officer who had never been elected to any political position become President was unprecedented; one would have thought that Vice President Charles Fairbanks might have been the anointed successor, rather than Taft. Woodrow Wilson, Princeton University President, with only 18 months elected political experience as New Jersey Governor, only gained the Democratic nomination in 1912, due to the two-thirds rule that held in the Democratic Party from 1832 to 1936, which led to a prolonged fight at the national convention (46 ballots), a case of pure luck that aided Wilson over original frontrunner,Speaker of the House Champ Clark of Missouri. And then, having the popular former President Theodore Roosevelt challenge his own successor, President Taft, all the way to November on the most serious and significant third party movement in American history (Progressive Bull Moose Party), allowed Wilson to triumph, even though only Abraham Lincoln had a lower popular vote percentage in winning the Presidency. Warren G. Harding, with no special qualifications to be President and a mediocre record as an Ohio Senator was fortunate in facing a contested Republican convention in 1920, and being seen as the ideal candidate precisely because he was not a crusading type political leader as TR and Wilson had been. Disillusionment with Wilson’s Treaty of Versailles and League of Nations also gave Harding the edge to win the Presidency by the greatest margin of any first-term President in all of American history. Calvin Coolidge was chosen as Harding’s Vice Presidential running mate after others, including California progressive Senator Hiram Johnson, turned down the offer. His only chance to become President came when Harding died in office suddenly in August 1923, with Coolidge becoming the sixth person to succeed to the White House after the death of the incumbent. Herbert Hoover became the second and last Presidential Cabinet member (he was Secretary of Commerce) to gain the chance to run for President, despite having never being elected to any public office. Hoover had the benefit of what seemed to be a prosperous economy. Add to that he didn’t face a challenge from sitting Vice President Charles G. Dawes. He was also fortunate in his Democratic opponent: Alfred E. Smith, who was Catholic. Franklin D. Roosevelt, considered by journalist Walter Lippmann as a charming New York Governor with no special qualifications to be President, was able to overcome his polio paralysis, and that surely involved luck along with hard work. As the party’s nominee he had the advantage at a time when the Great Depression made a vast majority of Americans willing to take a chance on a Presidential candidate who had no special announced solutions to the economic crisis. (He did, though, project an air of confidence and optimism, which helped put him over the top.) Harry Truman was an unlikely choice for president, though the political bosses who backed his bid for Vice President believed he could be trusted to take over for FDR should Roosevelt die in office, as many insiders thought he would. But he was also in the right place at the right time as FDR’s third Vice President to succeed to the Presidency. Had FDR passed away just months earlier, Henry Wallace would have become President, instead of Truman, who fully realized how fate had played a role in his reaching the Oval Office. Dwight D. Eisenhower displayed zero interest in politics during his military career, and had not even registered as a member of either political party. He had to be convinced by a draft movement led by Republican Senator Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr. of Massachusetts to agree to run in 1952. Ike had earlier rejected an offer from President Truman that he run as a Democrat in 1948, with Truman being his Vice Presidential running mate, an astonishing offer. John F. Kennedy had a Senate career far less impressive than Democratic rivals Lyndon B. Johnson of Texas, Stuart Symington of Missouri, and Hubert Humphrey of Minnesota. Also, being a Catholic, and knowing what had happened to Catholic nominee Alfred E. Smith, who lost in a landslide to Herbert Hoover in 1928, the thought that a Catholic nominee for President could actually be elected, seemed highly unlikely in the minds of most political observers. Lyndon B. Johnson had sought the Presidency in 1960, and failing that, had agreed to be JFK’s Vice Presidential running mate, but was very unhappy at his lack of responsibility and proper respect while he was Vice President. The odds that he could have won the Presidency in the future seemed dim, as no Southerner had been elected President since Zachary Taylor in 1848. But the assassination of JFK offered him the one and only route to the Oval Office. Richard Nixon made many enemies during his political career and lost a very close race to John F. Kennedy in 1960. Two years later he suffered a loss for the California Governorship, declaring that his political career was at an end. He famously told the press they wouldn’t have Nixon to kick around anymore. But then, miraculously, he regained respect and support due to his foreign policy expertise, as the war in Vietnam divided the Democratic Party under LBJ, and was able to overcome Republican rivals George Romney, Nelson Rockefeller, and Ronald Reagan, and effectively, “come back from the dead” and win the Presidency in 1968. It also helped that the party had been so repudiated at the polls in 1964 with Barry Goldwater that Nixon seemed like a safe bet. Gerald Ford never wanted to be President. He wanted to be the Republican Speaker of the House some day. But then Spiro Agnew resigned as vice president and Nixon needed an uncontroversial well-liked congressman to replace Agnew. Ford fit the bill. He entered the position well aware that Nixon was in danger of being forced out of office, and was careful to “walk on eggs” as the Watergate scandal consumed Nixon’s presidency. Ford was certainly the most unlikely of all people reviewed here to end up as President. Jimmy Carter was an obscure political figure whom most people had never heard of despite his one successful term as Georgia Governor. He was certainly the least known of all Democratic Presidential candidates in 1976. But he had the fortune of offering change at a time when there was disillusionment with Washington insiders, and ran an impressive campaign. It helped that the economy was in a recession and that voters still hadn’t forgiven Ford for pardoning Nixon. Ronald Reagan was just short of 70 years old when he ran for President in 1980, after having unsuccessfully run against Gerald Ford for the 1976 nomination. Many people also thought a former movie actor and television figure from GE Theater and Death Valley Days, who had been the host of the opening of Disneyland with Walt Disney, could not be seen as a serious Presidential candidate, despite his two terms as California Governor. His age seemed to be against him, but voters didn’t seem to mind; Reagan projected a youthful bearing. George H. W. Bush had an impressive resume, but had sought the Presidency in 1980, losing to Reagan, and agreeing to be his Vice President. But to imagine that Bush would have been the next President went against history; no Vice President had succeeded to the Presidency by direct election for 152 years when Martin Van Buren succeeded Andrew Jackson in 1836. Bill Clinton was the somewhat obscure Governor of Arkansas, who had bored the Democratic National Convention of 1988 with his long, drawn-out speech nominating Michael Dukakis. And when the revelations of his liaison with Gennifer Flowers became a major scandal early in the primary season of 1992, particularly after Colorado Senator Gary Hart’s Presidential candidacy was derailed in 1987 due to a sexual escapade, it looked as if Clinton was doomed. But he overcame the disadvantage by appearing on 60 Minutes with his wife Hillary and went on to become President, helped along by an economic recession and the independent candidacy of H. Ross Perot. George W. Bush was Texas Governor, and the son of the 41st President, but had his brother Jeb Bush won the Florida Governorship in 1994 when Bush won Texas, Jeb would have been the Presidential candidate in 2000, not W. And without the contested Florida vote count which gave Bush the Presidency after 36 days of recounts, George W. Bush would not have been President. When Barack Hussein Obama, a mixed race African American first term Illinois Senator, announced for President ten years ago, pundits were skeptical that he could overcome First Lady Hillary Clinton. And with his last name rhyming with Osama bin Laden, and his middle name being that of the former Iraqi dictator America had gone to war with, and many claiming he was a secret Muslim and might have been born in Kenya or Indonesia, it looked impossible for him to win the Presidency. But the severe economic downturn of 2008 aided Obama in overcoming his much better known opponent, Republican John McCain. And finally, there is Donald Trump, who had never served in the military or in government, and had made his career in real estate and as a television reality star. Was there ever an unlikelier presidential candidate? Jeb Bush, a rival, said you cannot insult your way to the White House. But Trump managed to do it. So every one of the 20 men who have occupied the Presidency since 1901 could be seen as a “long shot” who overcame great odds, and had fate smile on them. comments powered by Disqus - The Titanic Wreck Will Now Be Protected Under a 'Momentous Agreement' With the U.S. - Arrested for having sex with men, this gay civil rights leader could finally be pardoned in California - Ancient aboriginal aquaculture system older than Stonehenge uncovered by Australia wildfires - How the Government Came to Decide the Color of Your Food - In 1851, a Maryland Farmer Tried to Kidnap Free Blacks in Pennsylvania. He Wasn’t Expecting the Neighborhood to Fight Back - The Way We Write History Has Changed - Rethinking How We Train Historians - Building a digital archive for decaying paper documents, preserving centuries of records about enslaved people - The Radical Lives of Abolitionists - National Security Archive Releases USCYBERCOM documents which shed new light on the campaign to counter ISIS in cyberspace	2,439	ENGLISH	1
In Greek mythology, the Greeks believed in many gods. Each god possessed different powers. One of the most important gods was Apollo. He was one of the twelve gods who lived on Mount Olympus. He was recognized as the god of music, truth and prophecy, healing, and the sun and light (Berens 68). Apollo greatly impacted humanity in both a positive and negative way. Apollo was the god of music, prophecy, healing, and the sun (Theoi). He was called the god of light for two very significant reasons. “First, as representing the great orb of day which illumines the world; and secondly, as the heavenly light which animates the soul of man” (Berens 70). He was also known as the god of destruction where he brought plaques upon people that displeased him. Many people , however, prayed to Apollo to destroy unwanted habits. They counted on him to bring them blessings and courage. He was important to Greek mythology because he was the god of healing and without it, no one would get better from a sickness. In addition to being the god of healing, he was also the god of music. Music is important because it can either relieve stress and is a source of entertainment for many people. Apollo is an important figure in Greek mythology for many different reasons. Even gods in Greek mythology possess human lifestyles and characteristics. Apollo is also referred to as Phoebus which means bright and connects him to his grandmother, Phoebe (Greek gods). His parents were Zeus, who was the god of the sky, and Leto, who was the goddess of motherhood (Berens 69). He had an older twin sister named Artemis who was the goddess of the hunt. He also had kids whose names were Asclepius, Troilus, and Orpheus (Ducksters). Apollo is represented by the poets as being eternally young; his countenance, glowing with joyous life, is the embodiment of immortal beauty; his eyes are of a deep blue; his forehead low, but broad and intellectual; his hair, which falls over his shoulders in long waving locks, is of a golden, or warm chestnut hue. He is crowned with laurel, and wears a purple robe; in his hand he bears his silver bow, which is unbent when he smiles, but ready for use when he menaces evil-doers (Berens 74). Apollo was admired because of his powers and good looks. Apollo had many different symbols that represented him for different reasons. One of his symbols was the lyre or the greek harp. It became his symbol because, according to Greek mythology, he invented it. Another one of his symbols was the bow (Theoi). Besides for his symbols, he is also known for sacred animals and plants. One of these animals is a dolphin. He once sent a dolphin to save a young harpist who was about to be thrown off a ship by evil sailors. Other sacred animals were the raven, swan, and wolf. The Laurel Tree was one of his sacred plants. It got its name because a women named laurel turned herself into a tree rather than to be with Apollo. Whenever he won a competition he would receive a crown of laurels as a prize. Other sacred plants were the larkspur, and the cypress (Theoi). According to Greek myths, the earth smiled when Apollo was first born (Berens 69). The Greeks believed Apollo drove his chariot which was full of fire across the sky every morning bringing joy and happiness to everyone (Greek gods). The Greeks also believed that he played an important role in the Trojan War where he infected the Greek camp with a plague and helped Paris kill Achilles (Greek gods). Medicine and healing are also associated with Apollo, however, he can also bring sickness and plague. Apollo was also known as the “healer” because he taught men about medicine (Greek gods). Apollo was greatly admired and feared at the same time. Apollo was one of the most popular Greek gods. Greeks admired him for his strength, power wisdom, and beauty. He was a god that was admired as well as feared, thus he was given the name of god of sunshine and god of destruction. He was also known for many other powers which were most beneficial to the Greeks. He had the power of healing and taught the Greeks medicine (Greek godswa4). He was also able to predict the future and guided the greeks on to the right path. Apollo was a very important god in greek mythology.	<urn:uuid:4130a214-c23c-431a-8d98-a66ce2bfa810>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://shakespearecomputer.com/in-goddess-of-motherhood-berens-69-he-had/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251678287.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125161753-20200125190753-00555.warc.gz	en	0.993248	929	3.59375	4	[ 0.2684170603752136, 0.11866116523742676, 0.12053988128900528, -0.41317999362945557, -0.7797239422798157, -0.032875970005989075, 0.5787315368652344, 0.4344666004180908, 0.10962174832820892, -0.11799252033233643, -0.4265093207359314, -0.35137122869491577, -0.12895992398262024, 0.582665026187...	1	In Greek mythology, the Greeks believed in many gods. Each god possessed different powers. One of the most important gods was Apollo. He was one of the twelve gods who lived on Mount Olympus. He was recognized as the god of music, truth and prophecy, healing, and the sun and light (Berens 68). Apollo greatly impacted humanity in both a positive and negative way. Apollo was the god of music, prophecy, healing, and the sun (Theoi). He was called the god of light for two very significant reasons. “First, as representing the great orb of day which illumines the world; and secondly, as the heavenly light which animates the soul of man” (Berens 70). He was also known as the god of destruction where he brought plaques upon people that displeased him. Many people , however, prayed to Apollo to destroy unwanted habits. They counted on him to bring them blessings and courage. He was important to Greek mythology because he was the god of healing and without it, no one would get better from a sickness. In addition to being the god of healing, he was also the god of music. Music is important because it can either relieve stress and is a source of entertainment for many people. Apollo is an important figure in Greek mythology for many different reasons. Even gods in Greek mythology possess human lifestyles and characteristics. Apollo is also referred to as Phoebus which means bright and connects him to his grandmother, Phoebe (Greek gods). His parents were Zeus, who was the god of the sky, and Leto, who was the goddess of motherhood (Berens 69). He had an older twin sister named Artemis who was the goddess of the hunt. He also had kids whose names were Asclepius, Troilus, and Orpheus (Ducksters). Apollo is represented by the poets as being eternally young; his countenance, glowing with joyous life, is the embodiment of immortal beauty; his eyes are of a deep blue; his forehead low, but broad and intellectual; his hair, which falls over his shoulders in long waving locks, is of a golden, or warm chestnut hue. He is crowned with laurel, and wears a purple robe; in his hand he bears his silver bow, which is unbent when he smiles, but ready for use when he menaces evil-doers (Berens 74). Apollo was admired because of his powers and good looks. Apollo had many different symbols that represented him for different reasons. One of his symbols was the lyre or the greek harp. It became his symbol because, according to Greek mythology, he invented it. Another one of his symbols was the bow (Theoi). Besides for his symbols, he is also known for sacred animals and plants. One of these animals is a dolphin. He once sent a dolphin to save a young harpist who was about to be thrown off a ship by evil sailors. Other sacred animals were the raven, swan, and wolf. The Laurel Tree was one of his sacred plants. It got its name because a women named laurel turned herself into a tree rather than to be with Apollo. Whenever he won a competition he would receive a crown of laurels as a prize. Other sacred plants were the larkspur, and the cypress (Theoi). According to Greek myths, the earth smiled when Apollo was first born (Berens 69). The Greeks believed Apollo drove his chariot which was full of fire across the sky every morning bringing joy and happiness to everyone (Greek gods). The Greeks also believed that he played an important role in the Trojan War where he infected the Greek camp with a plague and helped Paris kill Achilles (Greek gods). Medicine and healing are also associated with Apollo, however, he can also bring sickness and plague. Apollo was also known as the “healer” because he taught men about medicine (Greek gods). Apollo was greatly admired and feared at the same time. Apollo was one of the most popular Greek gods. Greeks admired him for his strength, power wisdom, and beauty. He was a god that was admired as well as feared, thus he was given the name of god of sunshine and god of destruction. He was also known for many other powers which were most beneficial to the Greeks. He had the power of healing and taught the Greeks medicine (Greek godswa4). He was also able to predict the future and guided the greeks on to the right path. Apollo was a very important god in greek mythology.	937	ENGLISH	1
Learning from past flu epidemics to model outbreaks as they happen Mathematicians have developed a powerful tool to quantify the spread and infectiousness of viruses like the pandemic H1N1 flu strain, which can be used together with modern laboratory techniques to help the healthcare system plan its response to disease outbreaks. By putting statistical data under the microscope, University of Warwick researchers have created a model to predict the impact of future pandemics in real-time as they strike. During the 2009 outbreak, the true extent of H1N1 was difficult to detect as in some people it caused severe symptoms, even death, whereas in others it was so mild that they did not realise they had the virus. During an outbreak like this, it is vital that public health authorities have a clear picture of the disease among the population so they can take precautionary measures such as distributing antibiotics or closing schools if necessary. When H1N1 struck three years ago, the main source of information in the UK was laboratory testing of nose and throat swabs taken from people who went to the doctor with symptoms of the virus. But tracking the virus through this method alone has been shown to underestimate the true number of cases as those who had mild symptoms would not have gone to their doctors and would have been missed in the data. This underestimate has been confirmed by subsequent studies of blood samples from the wider population taken at the time of the outbreak, which showed that around 90 per cent of cases were missed. Large-scale blood testing is an extremely useful tool to give a true picture of infection at the level of the wider population – but it is slow and costly to put in place. Now University of Warwick mathematicians have developed a complementary, maths-based tool that can give a real-time snapshot of the virus's spread at any stage of the outbreak simply by running a model on a computer. L ooking specifically at households where one member had been identified as having the H1N1 virus, the model analysed data on how many people were living in the household, the number of symptomatic individuals, the number of individuals who were swabbed and the number of lab-confirmed cases within that household. By using this stratified data, the team were able to estimate within-house infection rates directly, finding that infection rates were higher than previously thought from models relying solely on laboratory confirmed cases. The researchers also found that a large number of people were likely to have been real cases even if they did not have a positive swab, for example if they had recovered before the swab was taken. They also found that transmission probabilities between two people decrease with increasing household size. Although these findings specifically relate to the H1N1 outbreak, the model behind them could equally be applied in any future pandemic situation. It can also be used with any directly transmitted disease, such as flu-like illnesses, gastrointestinal diseases and childhood diseases like chicken pox. Dr Thomas House of the Mathematics Institute at the University of Warwick said: "In situations like the one we faced in 2009, it's very important to assess early on in the outbreak exactly how the virus is being transmitted so public health authorities can take the appropriate action. "Clearly large-scale blood sampling has an important role to play when faced with an outbreak of a new virus. "But our method provides another extremely fast and cheap-to-deploy weapon in the armoury – and the more tools we have for combatting the spread of pandemic flu the better. "We are confident that we can now use this model to keep tabs on future pandemics as they are unfolding." The study is based on data gathered during the summer of 2009 from a virus hotspot - inner-city Birmingham. This involved initial cases in 424 separate households and their 1612 household contacts. Dr House said there was an unusual 'signature' of virus spread apparent within the data, which served as a starting point to develop the model. He said: "The fact that there was a u-shaped curve to attack rates within households gave us a clue that there was a mathematical pattern that we could tap into. "Many households had a pattern where either just one individual became ill, or most of the individuals became ill, but less had a pattern where few of those people became ill. "It was this distinctive signature in the data was the key to developing the model."	<urn:uuid:3d97a31d-8a00-4f1d-8399-7908e906c9dc>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://medicalxpress.com/news/2012-10-flu-epidemics-outbreaks.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250589560.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20200117123339-20200117151339-00003.warc.gz	en	0.9806	908	3.53125	4	[ -0.16949784755706787, 0.16685707867145538, 0.37352874875068665, -0.05569435656070709, 0.3001372218132019, 0.047938425093889236, 0.2804564833641052, 0.3039073348045349, 0.29404088854789734, -0.06502103805541992, 0.012456968426704407, -0.2478923797607422, 0.2756291627883911, 0.20047840476036...	1	Learning from past flu epidemics to model outbreaks as they happen Mathematicians have developed a powerful tool to quantify the spread and infectiousness of viruses like the pandemic H1N1 flu strain, which can be used together with modern laboratory techniques to help the healthcare system plan its response to disease outbreaks. By putting statistical data under the microscope, University of Warwick researchers have created a model to predict the impact of future pandemics in real-time as they strike. During the 2009 outbreak, the true extent of H1N1 was difficult to detect as in some people it caused severe symptoms, even death, whereas in others it was so mild that they did not realise they had the virus. During an outbreak like this, it is vital that public health authorities have a clear picture of the disease among the population so they can take precautionary measures such as distributing antibiotics or closing schools if necessary. When H1N1 struck three years ago, the main source of information in the UK was laboratory testing of nose and throat swabs taken from people who went to the doctor with symptoms of the virus. But tracking the virus through this method alone has been shown to underestimate the true number of cases as those who had mild symptoms would not have gone to their doctors and would have been missed in the data. This underestimate has been confirmed by subsequent studies of blood samples from the wider population taken at the time of the outbreak, which showed that around 90 per cent of cases were missed. Large-scale blood testing is an extremely useful tool to give a true picture of infection at the level of the wider population – but it is slow and costly to put in place. Now University of Warwick mathematicians have developed a complementary, maths-based tool that can give a real-time snapshot of the virus's spread at any stage of the outbreak simply by running a model on a computer. L ooking specifically at households where one member had been identified as having the H1N1 virus, the model analysed data on how many people were living in the household, the number of symptomatic individuals, the number of individuals who were swabbed and the number of lab-confirmed cases within that household. By using this stratified data, the team were able to estimate within-house infection rates directly, finding that infection rates were higher than previously thought from models relying solely on laboratory confirmed cases. The researchers also found that a large number of people were likely to have been real cases even if they did not have a positive swab, for example if they had recovered before the swab was taken. They also found that transmission probabilities between two people decrease with increasing household size. Although these findings specifically relate to the H1N1 outbreak, the model behind them could equally be applied in any future pandemic situation. It can also be used with any directly transmitted disease, such as flu-like illnesses, gastrointestinal diseases and childhood diseases like chicken pox. Dr Thomas House of the Mathematics Institute at the University of Warwick said: "In situations like the one we faced in 2009, it's very important to assess early on in the outbreak exactly how the virus is being transmitted so public health authorities can take the appropriate action. "Clearly large-scale blood sampling has an important role to play when faced with an outbreak of a new virus. "But our method provides another extremely fast and cheap-to-deploy weapon in the armoury – and the more tools we have for combatting the spread of pandemic flu the better. "We are confident that we can now use this model to keep tabs on future pandemics as they are unfolding." The study is based on data gathered during the summer of 2009 from a virus hotspot - inner-city Birmingham. This involved initial cases in 424 separate households and their 1612 household contacts. Dr House said there was an unusual 'signature' of virus spread apparent within the data, which served as a starting point to develop the model. He said: "The fact that there was a u-shaped curve to attack rates within households gave us a clue that there was a mathematical pattern that we could tap into. "Many households had a pattern where either just one individual became ill, or most of the individuals became ill, but less had a pattern where few of those people became ill. "It was this distinctive signature in the data was the key to developing the model."	882	ENGLISH	1
Starting in 1848, Prussian Prime Minister Otto von Bismarck sought to unite the many German states into a German empire. Prussia was by far the largest and most populous state. Three successful wars against neighboring countries (Denmark 1864, Austria 1866 and France 1870-71) demonstrated to the citizenry how powerful a united Germany could be. Germany also created a colonial empire, claiming much of Africa not yet claimed by other European powers. As Bismarck was succeeded by Wilhelm II in 1890, the German Empire was becoming one of the most powerful nations in the world. It had the largest army; its navy was second only to the British Royal Navy. Germany had the largest economy in Europe and only the United States’ was larger. By the turn of the century, many European nations had formed alliances for mutual defense. If one were attacked, allies would come to its aid. This arrangement set the stage for how a relatively minor event could lead to a truly global war. Germany was aligned with the Austro-Hungarian Empire and Italy. Under Bismarck it had been allied with Tsarist Russia, but Kaiser Wilhelm II had allowed that treaty to lapse. Russia then aligned with Britain and France. On 28 June 1914, a Bosnian Serb and Yugoslavian nationalist assassinated the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, in Sarajevo, causing a diplomatic crisis. One month later, the Austro/Hungarians shelled the Serbian capital of Belgrade, starting the war. Soon Russia mobilized and France mobilized to support Russia. Germany invaded Belgium, causing it to invoke the 1839 Treaty of London, requiring Britain to join the war. Even Japan joined the Allied Powers as it hoped to seize German possessions in China and the Pacific. Italy left its alliance with Germany to join the Allies. The Ottoman Empire joined with Germany and the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Eventually fighting spread to the African colonies. In 1917, the Russian Revolution ended Tsarist autocracy, and Russian military resistance to Germany collapsed. Germany transferred a large number of troops to the Western Front. After the sinking of seven U. S. merchant ships and the revelation that Germany was trying to incite Mexico to make war on its neighbor, the United States declared war on Germany on 6 April 1917. The U.S. had already been on somewhat of a war footing in that it had been providing war materials and foodstuffs to war-ravaged Europe for some time. The cover page of this issue is one of several large posters displayed in our museum. They were used to encourage men to sign up and citizens to buy War Bonds, in effect lending funds to the government so it could prosecute the war. That the country was at war was evident right here in Hartland, where the National Guard was detailed to guard railroad bridges. Much of what we know about Hartland in the World War comes from a paper prepared by Walter Hatch in September, 1966. Mr. Hatch reprints an Honor Roll of 62 men who served in the War. It was prepared by Wilbur Sturtevant who was Town Clerk for fifty years. The men’s names are followed by the unit to which they were assigned. The original handwritten Honor Roll is displayed in our museum. - Claude E. Wood had the highest rank of the Hartland men. He was commissioned Captain in the Medical Reserve Corps. He was the town’s doctor for many years. He had an office in his home in Three Corners on the left side of the road to Woodstock. - Lee Graham was a 1st Lieutenant in the Air Service. He was a graduate of Dartmouth and Harvard. Stationed in England, he was assigned to ferry a very old type of plane to France. He ran into a storm, the plane’s controls failed, and he crashed into a trash dump in Hastings, England, breaking his ankles. - Earle Graham was a 2nd Lieutenant in the Air Service, stationed at Love Field in Dallas, Texas. The Grahams grew up in the brick house near the Fire Station. - Rodney Burk was an Engineer in what was called the American Expeditionary Force (the AEF). Mr. Hatch recalls him later telling stories at hunting camp of his time in France, including building a bridge while under enemy fire. He lived in the red house on the corner where the County Road begins. - Elbridge Davis grew up in Hartland and Windsor. In the war, he was with a Coast Artillery Unit of the AEF. When he returned, he married Eudora Sykes of Brownsville. They knew each other here but happened to meet in France where she was a WWI nurse. They had five children: Arthur was a well-known businessman in the area; Virginia married Micky Cochrane of Windsor and three of their children became Olympic skiers. - Mr. Hatch knew Orso Patch in Springfield where they grew up. When Hatch moved to Hartland in 1911, he roomed with the Patch family that was then living in the first house on Rice Road. Hatch worked at nearby Martin’s Mill. Orso went to France, where he drove a car for a Major. - The local National Guard trained during the summer of 1917 and sailed from Halifax on October 3, 1917. Frank Bement, Frank Russell and Ben Russell served in that unit. Ben was wounded in the Meuse offensive just before the war ended. The other two were in an ammunition train unit. Mr. Hatch recalls stories at hunting camp of what it was like in France to harness kicking mules to wagons at night while under orders to use no lights and make no sound. The roads were deep in mud and often ran through woods. Frank Bement married Ethel Russell [Yes, that happens a lot in wartime, your buddy’s sister starts writing you. In this case, they were classmates at Windsor High.]. - Webb Hatch went to England on the Mauritania, without convoy as it was a fast ship. His unit crossed the Channel to Le Havre, France where they engaged in moving supplies. At first, they lived in tents in a muddy field but later were billeted in a barn’s hay loft, which was not so bad. - William Crane was one of the National Guard soldiers sent to guard the Martinsville railroad bridge when America entered the War. He later was in an artillery unit of the AEF. About three months after arriving in Hartland, William married a local girl, Mildred Howe, who was not yet seventeen. Mildred was born in 1900 and lived to 1992. She was aunt to Raymond, Viola, Paul, Avery and Laura Howe. - Walter Hatch was a corporal when discharged. He was stationed at an Aviation Repair Depot in Montgomery, Alabama. He lived in the house by the bridge just south of the Village. He was Marjorie Royce’s father. Mr. Hatch was involved with establishing an American Legion Post in Hartland in 1938. Much of his 1966 paper is concerned with members of the Legion—whom they married, what they did for work and leisure, and when they died. There was a lot of information about the old folks in town when I was growing up in the ‘50s and ‘60s. The majority of Hartland men served in units of the American Expeditionary Force and probably went overseas. Several were at camps or bases stateside. Five men were in specialized training at Dartmouth, UVM and Clarkson College when the war ended. Three Hartland men died in the war, all of disease: Winfred Morgan on March 11, 1918, Lester Harwood on September 26, 1918, and Isaac Springer on October 4, 1918 at sea. The disease may have been the “Spanish” flu. While millions of people died in the World War, tens of millions around the world died of the influenza that probably didn’t originate in Spain. Certainly that so many people were displaced by the war and troops moved from one place to another–often living in crowded, sometimes unsanitary, conditions–contributed to the spread of disease. For a local perspective of the War, I scanned the 1918 weekly Vermont Journals published in Windsor. One article stated that deaths by influenza in the U.S. in just two weeks were far greater than those in the American Army in the past year. A November paper stated that the ban on places of public congregation and all other rules enforced for the prevention of the spread of influenza had been lifted on November 9. The Hartland News column noted that no events or meetings had been held at Damon Hall in October fbecause of the ban. I wondered how I might learn how many Hartland people died from the Flu. I remembered something from the information HHS Secretary/Treasurer Pip Parker had provided me about the Howe family. Mildred Howe had an older brother, Raymond Stickney Howe, who married a Hartland girl the same age as Mildred. Christine Barbour married June 18, 1917 and died October 19, 1918. Raymond then married her sister Hazel Barbour. According to the recorded Certificates of Death in the Hartland Town Clerk’s office, Christine’s cause of death was Pneumonia Lobar – Influenza. William Nugent, age 45, a Canadian working in a woolen mill, and Francis Spaulding, age 1, also died of the flu in early Fall 1918. It’s apparent that civilians were expected to make sacrifices and volunteer for the war effort. At HHS, we have quilts that were made to raise money. We have several booklets in which groups of women kept track of the items they had made. They were making knitted items, surgical dressing, hospital garments, and so on. An item in the Windsor paper stated that 8 million had volunteered for the Red Cross, and 291 million items had been made. Every week included a section of the paper devoted to war news. By late summer of 1918, it was clear that Germany was nearly beaten, and discussion turned to what it would take to make the Germans surrender and what the terms should be. Articles encouraged farmers to produce as much as possible as Europe would need help long after the end of the War. The government was still asking landowners with walnut trees to sell them to sawmills with government contracts as walnut was the best wood for gunstocks and aero-plane propellers. The November 5, 1918, edition reprinted an article from the Boston Globe, saying it would be especially interesting to Hartlanders. “Daniel Willard, Chairman of the Baltimore and Ohio R.R., has been appointed a Colonel of Engineers, U.S. Army, for duty in France. General Pershing recommended the appointment. The French Government has taken over operation of all French railroads and thought it desirable to have an American executive in view of the extensive use the American Expeditionary Force is making of those railways.” [Daniel Willard was born in North Hartland.] In Hartland news. “Deer hunters at Plymouth are F. A. Durphey, Frank Barrell, Frank French, A. B. Howe and Raymond Howe.” Germany surrendered November 11, 1918. My grandparents’ generation knew it as Armistice Day. The U. S., Britain and France returned to peace; Germany was in chaos. Millions had died, great damage had been done, and the terms of the Peace Treaty were particularly harsh. Germany was marginalized by its former enemies. With no government, leftist and rightist groups fought for power. Just over twenty years after the Armistice, Germany would start an even larger World War. Hartland Celebration: Those who were overseas didn’t come home immediately after Germany surrendered as there was still work to be done. It wasn’t until August 23, 1919 that Hartland held an all-day War Service Festival in honor of those from Hartland who served. The morning was devoted to sports. At noon there was a banquet at Damon Hall. At 2 p.m. there was band music and an address by Vermont’s Adjutant General. In the evening there was a band concert and dancing until midnight. Background on Germany and the World War is mostly from Wikipedia. Thanks to Susan Motschman for typing and arranging and Pat Richardson for editing.	<urn:uuid:09307ed8-e276-4c62-aaad-bda89ba25774>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://hartlandhistory.org/?p=1171	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250610919.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123131001-20200123160001-00538.warc.gz	en	0.984906	2,552	4.25	4	[ -0.3199779987335205, 0.3881642520427704, -0.03442005813121796, -0.18084321916103363, 0.06881090253591537, -0.20816752314567566, -0.29708459973335266, 0.4418930113315582, -0.21541225910186768, -0.30289942026138306, 0.3599380850791931, -0.6351622343063354, -0.031091060489416122, 0.2992379665...	21	Starting in 1848, Prussian Prime Minister Otto von Bismarck sought to unite the many German states into a German empire. Prussia was by far the largest and most populous state. Three successful wars against neighboring countries (Denmark 1864, Austria 1866 and France 1870-71) demonstrated to the citizenry how powerful a united Germany could be. Germany also created a colonial empire, claiming much of Africa not yet claimed by other European powers. As Bismarck was succeeded by Wilhelm II in 1890, the German Empire was becoming one of the most powerful nations in the world. It had the largest army; its navy was second only to the British Royal Navy. Germany had the largest economy in Europe and only the United States’ was larger. By the turn of the century, many European nations had formed alliances for mutual defense. If one were attacked, allies would come to its aid. This arrangement set the stage for how a relatively minor event could lead to a truly global war. Germany was aligned with the Austro-Hungarian Empire and Italy. Under Bismarck it had been allied with Tsarist Russia, but Kaiser Wilhelm II had allowed that treaty to lapse. Russia then aligned with Britain and France. On 28 June 1914, a Bosnian Serb and Yugoslavian nationalist assassinated the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, in Sarajevo, causing a diplomatic crisis. One month later, the Austro/Hungarians shelled the Serbian capital of Belgrade, starting the war. Soon Russia mobilized and France mobilized to support Russia. Germany invaded Belgium, causing it to invoke the 1839 Treaty of London, requiring Britain to join the war. Even Japan joined the Allied Powers as it hoped to seize German possessions in China and the Pacific. Italy left its alliance with Germany to join the Allies. The Ottoman Empire joined with Germany and the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Eventually fighting spread to the African colonies. In 1917, the Russian Revolution ended Tsarist autocracy, and Russian military resistance to Germany collapsed. Germany transferred a large number of troops to the Western Front. After the sinking of seven U. S. merchant ships and the revelation that Germany was trying to incite Mexico to make war on its neighbor, the United States declared war on Germany on 6 April 1917. The U.S. had already been on somewhat of a war footing in that it had been providing war materials and foodstuffs to war-ravaged Europe for some time. The cover page of this issue is one of several large posters displayed in our museum. They were used to encourage men to sign up and citizens to buy War Bonds, in effect lending funds to the government so it could prosecute the war. That the country was at war was evident right here in Hartland, where the National Guard was detailed to guard railroad bridges. Much of what we know about Hartland in the World War comes from a paper prepared by Walter Hatch in September, 1966. Mr. Hatch reprints an Honor Roll of 62 men who served in the War. It was prepared by Wilbur Sturtevant who was Town Clerk for fifty years. The men’s names are followed by the unit to which they were assigned. The original handwritten Honor Roll is displayed in our museum. - Claude E. Wood had the highest rank of the Hartland men. He was commissioned Captain in the Medical Reserve Corps. He was the town’s doctor for many years. He had an office in his home in Three Corners on the left side of the road to Woodstock. - Lee Graham was a 1st Lieutenant in the Air Service. He was a graduate of Dartmouth and Harvard. Stationed in England, he was assigned to ferry a very old type of plane to France. He ran into a storm, the plane’s controls failed, and he crashed into a trash dump in Hastings, England, breaking his ankles. - Earle Graham was a 2nd Lieutenant in the Air Service, stationed at Love Field in Dallas, Texas. The Grahams grew up in the brick house near the Fire Station. - Rodney Burk was an Engineer in what was called the American Expeditionary Force (the AEF). Mr. Hatch recalls him later telling stories at hunting camp of his time in France, including building a bridge while under enemy fire. He lived in the red house on the corner where the County Road begins. - Elbridge Davis grew up in Hartland and Windsor. In the war, he was with a Coast Artillery Unit of the AEF. When he returned, he married Eudora Sykes of Brownsville. They knew each other here but happened to meet in France where she was a WWI nurse. They had five children: Arthur was a well-known businessman in the area; Virginia married Micky Cochrane of Windsor and three of their children became Olympic skiers. - Mr. Hatch knew Orso Patch in Springfield where they grew up. When Hatch moved to Hartland in 1911, he roomed with the Patch family that was then living in the first house on Rice Road. Hatch worked at nearby Martin’s Mill. Orso went to France, where he drove a car for a Major. - The local National Guard trained during the summer of 1917 and sailed from Halifax on October 3, 1917. Frank Bement, Frank Russell and Ben Russell served in that unit. Ben was wounded in the Meuse offensive just before the war ended. The other two were in an ammunition train unit. Mr. Hatch recalls stories at hunting camp of what it was like in France to harness kicking mules to wagons at night while under orders to use no lights and make no sound. The roads were deep in mud and often ran through woods. Frank Bement married Ethel Russell [Yes, that happens a lot in wartime, your buddy’s sister starts writing you. In this case, they were classmates at Windsor High.]. - Webb Hatch went to England on the Mauritania, without convoy as it was a fast ship. His unit crossed the Channel to Le Havre, France where they engaged in moving supplies. At first, they lived in tents in a muddy field but later were billeted in a barn’s hay loft, which was not so bad. - William Crane was one of the National Guard soldiers sent to guard the Martinsville railroad bridge when America entered the War. He later was in an artillery unit of the AEF. About three months after arriving in Hartland, William married a local girl, Mildred Howe, who was not yet seventeen. Mildred was born in 1900 and lived to 1992. She was aunt to Raymond, Viola, Paul, Avery and Laura Howe. - Walter Hatch was a corporal when discharged. He was stationed at an Aviation Repair Depot in Montgomery, Alabama. He lived in the house by the bridge just south of the Village. He was Marjorie Royce’s father. Mr. Hatch was involved with establishing an American Legion Post in Hartland in 1938. Much of his 1966 paper is concerned with members of the Legion—whom they married, what they did for work and leisure, and when they died. There was a lot of information about the old folks in town when I was growing up in the ‘50s and ‘60s. The majority of Hartland men served in units of the American Expeditionary Force and probably went overseas. Several were at camps or bases stateside. Five men were in specialized training at Dartmouth, UVM and Clarkson College when the war ended. Three Hartland men died in the war, all of disease: Winfred Morgan on March 11, 1918, Lester Harwood on September 26, 1918, and Isaac Springer on October 4, 1918 at sea. The disease may have been the “Spanish” flu. While millions of people died in the World War, tens of millions around the world died of the influenza that probably didn’t originate in Spain. Certainly that so many people were displaced by the war and troops moved from one place to another–often living in crowded, sometimes unsanitary, conditions–contributed to the spread of disease. For a local perspective of the War, I scanned the 1918 weekly Vermont Journals published in Windsor. One article stated that deaths by influenza in the U.S. in just two weeks were far greater than those in the American Army in the past year. A November paper stated that the ban on places of public congregation and all other rules enforced for the prevention of the spread of influenza had been lifted on November 9. The Hartland News column noted that no events or meetings had been held at Damon Hall in October fbecause of the ban. I wondered how I might learn how many Hartland people died from the Flu. I remembered something from the information HHS Secretary/Treasurer Pip Parker had provided me about the Howe family. Mildred Howe had an older brother, Raymond Stickney Howe, who married a Hartland girl the same age as Mildred. Christine Barbour married June 18, 1917 and died October 19, 1918. Raymond then married her sister Hazel Barbour. According to the recorded Certificates of Death in the Hartland Town Clerk’s office, Christine’s cause of death was Pneumonia Lobar – Influenza. William Nugent, age 45, a Canadian working in a woolen mill, and Francis Spaulding, age 1, also died of the flu in early Fall 1918. It’s apparent that civilians were expected to make sacrifices and volunteer for the war effort. At HHS, we have quilts that were made to raise money. We have several booklets in which groups of women kept track of the items they had made. They were making knitted items, surgical dressing, hospital garments, and so on. An item in the Windsor paper stated that 8 million had volunteered for the Red Cross, and 291 million items had been made. Every week included a section of the paper devoted to war news. By late summer of 1918, it was clear that Germany was nearly beaten, and discussion turned to what it would take to make the Germans surrender and what the terms should be. Articles encouraged farmers to produce as much as possible as Europe would need help long after the end of the War. The government was still asking landowners with walnut trees to sell them to sawmills with government contracts as walnut was the best wood for gunstocks and aero-plane propellers. The November 5, 1918, edition reprinted an article from the Boston Globe, saying it would be especially interesting to Hartlanders. “Daniel Willard, Chairman of the Baltimore and Ohio R.R., has been appointed a Colonel of Engineers, U.S. Army, for duty in France. General Pershing recommended the appointment. The French Government has taken over operation of all French railroads and thought it desirable to have an American executive in view of the extensive use the American Expeditionary Force is making of those railways.” [Daniel Willard was born in North Hartland.] In Hartland news. “Deer hunters at Plymouth are F. A. Durphey, Frank Barrell, Frank French, A. B. Howe and Raymond Howe.” Germany surrendered November 11, 1918. My grandparents’ generation knew it as Armistice Day. The U. S., Britain and France returned to peace; Germany was in chaos. Millions had died, great damage had been done, and the terms of the Peace Treaty were particularly harsh. Germany was marginalized by its former enemies. With no government, leftist and rightist groups fought for power. Just over twenty years after the Armistice, Germany would start an even larger World War. Hartland Celebration: Those who were overseas didn’t come home immediately after Germany surrendered as there was still work to be done. It wasn’t until August 23, 1919 that Hartland held an all-day War Service Festival in honor of those from Hartland who served. The morning was devoted to sports. At noon there was a banquet at Damon Hall. At 2 p.m. there was band music and an address by Vermont’s Adjutant General. In the evening there was a band concert and dancing until midnight. Background on Germany and the World War is mostly from Wikipedia. Thanks to Susan Motschman for typing and arranging and Pat Richardson for editing.	2,637	ENGLISH	1
Prather’s Pick: The story behind a Christmas classic Christmas wouldn’t be Christmas without “A Christmas Carol,” written in the 1800s by Charles Dickens. “The Man Who Invented Christmas: How Charles Dickens’s ‘A Christmas Carol ’Rescued His Career And Revived Our Holiday Spirits” was written by Les Standiford and published by Broadway Paperbacks (an imprint of Crown Publishing), 2008. In “Nativity,” the first chapter of the book, the reader learns that John Dickens, although employed, did not make enough money and ended up in debt. As was the custom in London, in 1824, the sheriff’s men took John to a “sponging house” where he was given a few days to find a way to pay his debt. He did not so was imprisoned in Marshalsea. John Dickens had seven children. Charles, then twelve, went to work to help his family. Each day for ten hours, Charles filled small pots with shoe blacking, tied the pots with paper, and pasted a printed label on each of them. Charles lost his childhood, but he did learn about the lifestyles of the ordinary people who lived in London and poverty, ignorance, the need for goodwill, and family unity. All of these things had a profound influence on his writings. Charles Dickens’s writing career began at age twenty-two when he began writing for the “Morning Chronicle, “ including stories about ordinary London life. Eventually he came to be considered one of the most accomplished writers of the English language and published twenty novels in his lifetime, including “Oliver Twist,” “David Copperfield,” and “Great Expectations.” The best-known and beloved of all Dickens’s works is “A Christmas Carol.” It is short novel of about 30,000 words. When Dickens sat down to write “A Christmas Carol” he was faced with bankruptcy and he was “dispirited.” It was a cold and harsh world. Dickens worked out the novel’s plot in his head. He had only six weeks to write the novel but also to edit, illustrate, typeset, print, bound, advertise, and distribute to the book shops—all before December 25th. But the novel was an immediate success and has become a classic. This week’s book covers Dickens’s career and his production of “A Christmas Carol.” It is interesting reading, indeed! A selected bibliography is included in the book. “The Man Who Invented Christmas” costs $14.99 in paperback.	<urn:uuid:00423b87-7830-4942-8577-767857f125ee>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.craigdailypress.com/opinion/prathers-pick-the-story-behind-a-christmas-classic/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251696046.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127081933-20200127111933-00139.warc.gz	en	0.983052	570	3.65625	4	[ 0.17619848251342773, 0.27695485949516296, 0.24126139283180237, 0.02129242569208145, 0.07233311235904694, -0.42314866185188293, -0.04098392277956009, 0.18225395679473877, -0.19084356725215912, 0.11621944606304169, 0.1806635856628418, 0.5461869239807129, 0.0862601026892662, 0.007889093831181...	1	Prather’s Pick: The story behind a Christmas classic Christmas wouldn’t be Christmas without “A Christmas Carol,” written in the 1800s by Charles Dickens. “The Man Who Invented Christmas: How Charles Dickens’s ‘A Christmas Carol ’Rescued His Career And Revived Our Holiday Spirits” was written by Les Standiford and published by Broadway Paperbacks (an imprint of Crown Publishing), 2008. In “Nativity,” the first chapter of the book, the reader learns that John Dickens, although employed, did not make enough money and ended up in debt. As was the custom in London, in 1824, the sheriff’s men took John to a “sponging house” where he was given a few days to find a way to pay his debt. He did not so was imprisoned in Marshalsea. John Dickens had seven children. Charles, then twelve, went to work to help his family. Each day for ten hours, Charles filled small pots with shoe blacking, tied the pots with paper, and pasted a printed label on each of them. Charles lost his childhood, but he did learn about the lifestyles of the ordinary people who lived in London and poverty, ignorance, the need for goodwill, and family unity. All of these things had a profound influence on his writings. Charles Dickens’s writing career began at age twenty-two when he began writing for the “Morning Chronicle, “ including stories about ordinary London life. Eventually he came to be considered one of the most accomplished writers of the English language and published twenty novels in his lifetime, including “Oliver Twist,” “David Copperfield,” and “Great Expectations.” The best-known and beloved of all Dickens’s works is “A Christmas Carol.” It is short novel of about 30,000 words. When Dickens sat down to write “A Christmas Carol” he was faced with bankruptcy and he was “dispirited.” It was a cold and harsh world. Dickens worked out the novel’s plot in his head. He had only six weeks to write the novel but also to edit, illustrate, typeset, print, bound, advertise, and distribute to the book shops—all before December 25th. But the novel was an immediate success and has become a classic. This week’s book covers Dickens’s career and his production of “A Christmas Carol.” It is interesting reading, indeed! A selected bibliography is included in the book. “The Man Who Invented Christmas” costs $14.99 in paperback.	521	ENGLISH	1
Renowned for his innovative techniques and emotional realism, his skill and artistry is said to be second only to Michelangelo, who was born almost a century after him, making Donatello's body of work all the more remarkable and ground-breaking. Born in Florence in circa 1386, Donatello, or "little Donato", was the son of a wool carder. Being born into the artisan class meant that, as a young man, he was afforded opportunity to learn skills and a trade. Although it is documented that he received his early education with the Martelli family, he learned his love of metal work when he trained at a local Goldsmith's shop. However, it was later, when he was apprenticed to the great Lorenzo Ghiberti, that his artistic gifts began to develop. Indeed, it is said that Ghiberti's influence stayed with Donatello throughout his career, evident in the emotion and realism of his work. Little is known about Donatello, the man. It seems to be a general consensus that he was a quite living man who devoted himself to his work and the pursuit of artistic expression. He never married, but enjoyed a large circle of influential and learned friends. Although he, himself, was not an intellectual, he was profoundly influenced by the Humanist movement of the time. Donatello's apprenticeship with Ghiberti lasted less than 5 years. It appears, however, that it was sufficient time for the young artist to become confident enough to accept paid commissions of his own. There are records to indicate that he was receiving payments for work from 1406, at merely 20 years old. Only 2 years later, in 1408, he had completed his first David, a beautiful marble statue now housed in the Bargello in Florence. The David was commissioned to sit on top of the Florence Catherdral, but in the end it was too small to be see from the ground so it ended up in the square outside the town hall. This David, lovely though it may be, clearly shows the influence of the gothic style, popular with Donatello's contempoaries. This is evidence of a young artist who had not yet developed his own style, a style which was to change the world of art forever. By 1408, Donatello was working on a new sculpture of St John the Evangelist. It was in this work that he first moved away from the gothic style to the classical style of which he was to become so well known. Looking at this sculpture today, which sits in the Duomo in Florence, it is clear that the artist had found his genius. No longer did he adhere to the traditional symbolism of religious art, rather he had injected life into the stone by creating detailed realism of anatomy and facial expression. The statue is made even more imposing by Donatello's clever and classical use of perspective when, realising the statue would be sitting high above the viewer, he elongated the figure's legs to ensure realistic proportions. Most Famous Work Without doubt the most important and well know of Donatello's works is the bronze David. Commissioned by Cosimo de’ Medici, an extremely prominent Florentine of the time, in circa 1430, the bronze is a seminal work of the renaissance as it is the first free standing nude fashioned since antiquity. The statue stands in stark contrast to his marble rendition as it clearly details the physical as well as the emotional energy of the subject, which provides an altogether more human work. Today it is found in the Bargello Museum in Florence. Another remarkable bronze work which at the time was considered to be Donatello's greatest work is named Gattamelatta or "Speckled-Cat". Commissioned in Padua in 1443 and complete in 1450, it depicts Erasmo da Narni, an famous soldier of fortune of the renaissance, dressed for battle astride his horse. This sculpture was the first cast bronze equine statue since the Romans. It was and is considered so remarkably life-like, that it subsequently became a gold standard for all such bronze work since, including those of the Emperor Napolean. The statue can still be found today in the main square in Padua. Any list of Donatello's great works would not be complete without mentioning the Magdalene Penitent. Commissioned by the convent at Santa Maria di Cestello in 1455 in Florence, it depicts the Magdalene during her time in the wilderness repenting of her sins. Scuplted from wood, it shows a woman who is gaunt and haggard in an attitude of prayer. In this sculpture Donatello reached a pinnacle of realism that is unsurpassed. Painted to highlight the effects of her pain, the Magdalene is so emotionally crafted her anguish is palpable. The Statue is displayed today in the Museo dell'Opera del Duomo in Florence. Donatello's primary influence was certainly bronze sculptor, Lorenzo Ghiberti. During his apprenticeship with him, Donatello helped Ghiberti create the North Baptistery gates in Florence and he would have learned a great deal about the gothic style favoured by his mentor. As is seen in much of his work, he would also have learned the skill of bringing life and movement together. Additional influence also came from Donatello's friendship with Brunelleschi, a fellow sculpture and architect. The pair spent several years in Rome, studying the classics. This interest became a life long quest and informed his greatest works. His love of the classical form also led him to developing many Humanist friends, including the de'Medicis who were important patrons of the arts. While all of these influences are clear in Donatello's works, it is also true that he was an independent thinker and visionary. Although he would, like any artist, have drawn from contemporary work at the time, he would not be swayed by the status quo or norms of his day, and that was his true genius. His clear vision is what made him an influence on the artists who followed throughout the renaissance and to this day. Donatello's signature was his mastery of sculpture. He developed a way to bring realism and emotion together in his work like no other before him. His work most definately marked a turning point both in the way artists created, and in the way people perceived art. However, there was another important style of sculpture that Donatello pioneered. Known as schiacciato or "flattening out" it is a technique where by the sculptor can create a 3D effect with very little depth. It was a craft which Donatello perfected and used to great effect in his St George and the Dragon, The Ascension and The Donation of the Keys and The Assumption of the Virgin among other works. His new approach to flat-surface carving was so popular that he, in fact, headed a workshop in Padua for several years training young artists to master the new skill. The Artist's Legacy Donatello was the first to move away from the limitations of gothic mannerism and embrace the freshness of classical realism. He brought the beauty of the Roman and Greek works into a new light and made them more fluid and human. This shift, while it may only have been an artist following his own truth, lay a framework for generations of artists who followed in his wake. The likes of Michelangelo and Raphael were likely made bold by the changes Donatello had the courage to make; all in pursuit of perfection. Even today, artists are inspired by the breath and expression that Donatello managed to bring to his work; making life from metal, plaster and wood. See also the much later Rodin sculptures from 19th century France as well as the architecture and sculptured artworks of Catalan Antoni Gaudi.	<urn:uuid:563c87de-1137-4ad5-9ae0-7670a1b803a0>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://www.donatellosculptures.com/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250601241.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121014531-20200121043531-00478.warc.gz	en	0.986093	1,632	3.28125	3	[ -0.2470162808895111, 0.4791502356529236, 0.459316611289978, 0.09273400902748108, -0.7361324429512024, 0.13259759545326233, 0.07376973330974579, 0.13913004100322723, -0.15925684571266174, -0.2889154553413391, -0.08459945768117905, -0.024512654170393944, 0.3127225935459137, 0.533115386962890...	9	Renowned for his innovative techniques and emotional realism, his skill and artistry is said to be second only to Michelangelo, who was born almost a century after him, making Donatello's body of work all the more remarkable and ground-breaking. Born in Florence in circa 1386, Donatello, or "little Donato", was the son of a wool carder. Being born into the artisan class meant that, as a young man, he was afforded opportunity to learn skills and a trade. Although it is documented that he received his early education with the Martelli family, he learned his love of metal work when he trained at a local Goldsmith's shop. However, it was later, when he was apprenticed to the great Lorenzo Ghiberti, that his artistic gifts began to develop. Indeed, it is said that Ghiberti's influence stayed with Donatello throughout his career, evident in the emotion and realism of his work. Little is known about Donatello, the man. It seems to be a general consensus that he was a quite living man who devoted himself to his work and the pursuit of artistic expression. He never married, but enjoyed a large circle of influential and learned friends. Although he, himself, was not an intellectual, he was profoundly influenced by the Humanist movement of the time. Donatello's apprenticeship with Ghiberti lasted less than 5 years. It appears, however, that it was sufficient time for the young artist to become confident enough to accept paid commissions of his own. There are records to indicate that he was receiving payments for work from 1406, at merely 20 years old. Only 2 years later, in 1408, he had completed his first David, a beautiful marble statue now housed in the Bargello in Florence. The David was commissioned to sit on top of the Florence Catherdral, but in the end it was too small to be see from the ground so it ended up in the square outside the town hall. This David, lovely though it may be, clearly shows the influence of the gothic style, popular with Donatello's contempoaries. This is evidence of a young artist who had not yet developed his own style, a style which was to change the world of art forever. By 1408, Donatello was working on a new sculpture of St John the Evangelist. It was in this work that he first moved away from the gothic style to the classical style of which he was to become so well known. Looking at this sculpture today, which sits in the Duomo in Florence, it is clear that the artist had found his genius. No longer did he adhere to the traditional symbolism of religious art, rather he had injected life into the stone by creating detailed realism of anatomy and facial expression. The statue is made even more imposing by Donatello's clever and classical use of perspective when, realising the statue would be sitting high above the viewer, he elongated the figure's legs to ensure realistic proportions. Most Famous Work Without doubt the most important and well know of Donatello's works is the bronze David. Commissioned by Cosimo de’ Medici, an extremely prominent Florentine of the time, in circa 1430, the bronze is a seminal work of the renaissance as it is the first free standing nude fashioned since antiquity. The statue stands in stark contrast to his marble rendition as it clearly details the physical as well as the emotional energy of the subject, which provides an altogether more human work. Today it is found in the Bargello Museum in Florence. Another remarkable bronze work which at the time was considered to be Donatello's greatest work is named Gattamelatta or "Speckled-Cat". Commissioned in Padua in 1443 and complete in 1450, it depicts Erasmo da Narni, an famous soldier of fortune of the renaissance, dressed for battle astride his horse. This sculpture was the first cast bronze equine statue since the Romans. It was and is considered so remarkably life-like, that it subsequently became a gold standard for all such bronze work since, including those of the Emperor Napolean. The statue can still be found today in the main square in Padua. Any list of Donatello's great works would not be complete without mentioning the Magdalene Penitent. Commissioned by the convent at Santa Maria di Cestello in 1455 in Florence, it depicts the Magdalene during her time in the wilderness repenting of her sins. Scuplted from wood, it shows a woman who is gaunt and haggard in an attitude of prayer. In this sculpture Donatello reached a pinnacle of realism that is unsurpassed. Painted to highlight the effects of her pain, the Magdalene is so emotionally crafted her anguish is palpable. The Statue is displayed today in the Museo dell'Opera del Duomo in Florence. Donatello's primary influence was certainly bronze sculptor, Lorenzo Ghiberti. During his apprenticeship with him, Donatello helped Ghiberti create the North Baptistery gates in Florence and he would have learned a great deal about the gothic style favoured by his mentor. As is seen in much of his work, he would also have learned the skill of bringing life and movement together. Additional influence also came from Donatello's friendship with Brunelleschi, a fellow sculpture and architect. The pair spent several years in Rome, studying the classics. This interest became a life long quest and informed his greatest works. His love of the classical form also led him to developing many Humanist friends, including the de'Medicis who were important patrons of the arts. While all of these influences are clear in Donatello's works, it is also true that he was an independent thinker and visionary. Although he would, like any artist, have drawn from contemporary work at the time, he would not be swayed by the status quo or norms of his day, and that was his true genius. His clear vision is what made him an influence on the artists who followed throughout the renaissance and to this day. Donatello's signature was his mastery of sculpture. He developed a way to bring realism and emotion together in his work like no other before him. His work most definately marked a turning point both in the way artists created, and in the way people perceived art. However, there was another important style of sculpture that Donatello pioneered. Known as schiacciato or "flattening out" it is a technique where by the sculptor can create a 3D effect with very little depth. It was a craft which Donatello perfected and used to great effect in his St George and the Dragon, The Ascension and The Donation of the Keys and The Assumption of the Virgin among other works. His new approach to flat-surface carving was so popular that he, in fact, headed a workshop in Padua for several years training young artists to master the new skill. The Artist's Legacy Donatello was the first to move away from the limitations of gothic mannerism and embrace the freshness of classical realism. He brought the beauty of the Roman and Greek works into a new light and made them more fluid and human. This shift, while it may only have been an artist following his own truth, lay a framework for generations of artists who followed in his wake. The likes of Michelangelo and Raphael were likely made bold by the changes Donatello had the courage to make; all in pursuit of perfection. Even today, artists are inspired by the breath and expression that Donatello managed to bring to his work; making life from metal, plaster and wood. See also the much later Rodin sculptures from 19th century France as well as the architecture and sculptured artworks of Catalan Antoni Gaudi.	1,631	ENGLISH	1
"The ancestors of the Indians in Illinois first arrived here thousands of years ago from Northeastern Asia. They came across a land bridge that existed at what is now called the Bering Strait. They had coarse black hair, beardless faces, copper-colored bodies that suggested Mongoloid ancestry. Yet their eyes were round, more like Europeans. At the time of the arrival of the first whites, the land had a confederacy which consisted the Peoria, Kaskaskia, Cahokia, Kickapoo, Michigamea and the Tamaroa. The Peoria were to be mainly found near Lake Pimiteau (Peoria) on the Illinois River. The Cahokia and Tamaroa lived on the American Bottom. The fierce Kickapoo lived in the Sangamon River valley and Mackinaw River valley Most of the early French traders and trappers took Indian squaws for wives. The word squaw comes from the Algonquin for woman. White women were scarce in the harsh and dangerous environment of New France. Indian women made attractive wives for several reasons. First, they were already skilled in survival and had cooking and sewing skills to make life more pleasant for her husband. Second, marrying an Indian maiden afforded protection when the Indians went on the warpath. Frenchmen with Indian wives were usually left alone by warring braves. Squaws usually returned to their work within a week of giving birth. Their task was made easier by the use of a papoose board or cradle that was strapped to her back, giving her the freedom to do other things. Strangely, white women never adopted this practical device in large numbers. While adultery was sometimes committed by squaws, the punishment was much harsher than the wearing of a scarlet letter A. In some cases, the woman was taken to the middle of the village and offered to any and all braves who wanted her. Prostitution, as we know it in the western world, simply did not exist among the Indians. As a whole, Indians did not treat their wives in the romantic notion of today's standards. She was more of a baby factory and a beast of burden. Half-breed children were plentiful, especially during the early French regime. Many whites did not legally marry their Indian wives and were free to take white ones when they became available." Get the Story: Bill Nunes: American Indians in Illinois country (The Edwardsville Journal 6/6)	<urn:uuid:0b746d1b-f807-47a9-bee5-dc394c9dcbe1>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://indianz.com/News/2007/003309.asp	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251783621.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129010251-20200129040251-00097.warc.gz	en	0.983135	502	3.5625	4	[ -0.09573838114738464, 0.0916164368391037, -0.031016604974865913, 0.07952853292226791, -0.500908374786377, -0.1738419085741043, 0.3629179298877716, -0.059735413640737534, 0.0026778930332511663, -0.10536021739244461, 0.23320156335830688, -0.2892276644706726, -0.17155535519123077, 0.216544404...	1	"The ancestors of the Indians in Illinois first arrived here thousands of years ago from Northeastern Asia. They came across a land bridge that existed at what is now called the Bering Strait. They had coarse black hair, beardless faces, copper-colored bodies that suggested Mongoloid ancestry. Yet their eyes were round, more like Europeans. At the time of the arrival of the first whites, the land had a confederacy which consisted the Peoria, Kaskaskia, Cahokia, Kickapoo, Michigamea and the Tamaroa. The Peoria were to be mainly found near Lake Pimiteau (Peoria) on the Illinois River. The Cahokia and Tamaroa lived on the American Bottom. The fierce Kickapoo lived in the Sangamon River valley and Mackinaw River valley Most of the early French traders and trappers took Indian squaws for wives. The word squaw comes from the Algonquin for woman. White women were scarce in the harsh and dangerous environment of New France. Indian women made attractive wives for several reasons. First, they were already skilled in survival and had cooking and sewing skills to make life more pleasant for her husband. Second, marrying an Indian maiden afforded protection when the Indians went on the warpath. Frenchmen with Indian wives were usually left alone by warring braves. Squaws usually returned to their work within a week of giving birth. Their task was made easier by the use of a papoose board or cradle that was strapped to her back, giving her the freedom to do other things. Strangely, white women never adopted this practical device in large numbers. While adultery was sometimes committed by squaws, the punishment was much harsher than the wearing of a scarlet letter A. In some cases, the woman was taken to the middle of the village and offered to any and all braves who wanted her. Prostitution, as we know it in the western world, simply did not exist among the Indians. As a whole, Indians did not treat their wives in the romantic notion of today's standards. She was more of a baby factory and a beast of burden. Half-breed children were plentiful, especially during the early French regime. Many whites did not legally marry their Indian wives and were free to take white ones when they became available." Get the Story: Bill Nunes: American Indians in Illinois country (The Edwardsville Journal 6/6)	497	ENGLISH	1
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde Jekyll does deserve his final miserable fate because he commits several selfish deeds to the point where he brings his miserable fate upon himself. In Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, Robert Louis Stevenson uses Jekyll to represent how man prioritizes by putting himself over others. Throughout the book, Jekyll’s two different sides are used to show that man is consistently selfish and will usually think of himself before others. Even though Jekyll has a good side and an evil side, both sides of him are selfish. Jekyll originally takes the potion for selfish reasons, Jekyll uses Hyde to conquer his own evil temptations, and in the end Jekyll gives into Hyde and completely gives up. Jekyll originally taking the potion can be conveyed as a selfish act because he mainly took the potion to benefit himself. Jekyll said he took the potion so he could become recognized for his good deeds, even though he was well respected by his peers he wanted more recognition from the public, he wanted to be famous for his deeds and become well known among the public. Jekyll says, “? ond of the respect of the wise and good among my fellowmen… And indeed the worst of my faults was a certain impatient gaiety of disposition, such as has made the happiness of many, but such as I found to reconcile with my imperious desire to carry my head high, and wear a more commonly grave countenance before the public. ” (Page 103). Jekyll wanted to be acknowledged for his good deeds because having the satisfaction of doing something good wasn’t enough for him. He took the potion in the first place to become famous rather than to help others, making it a selfish act. Jekyll is tempted to do bad things and he uses Hyde to overcome his temptations. Jekyll gets his satisfaction of doing bad deeds by becoming Hyde. Jekyll says “If each, I told myself, could be housed in separate identities, life would be relieved of all that was unbearable; the unjust might go his way” (Page 105). He states that he wants to do bad things but knowing he cannot and still live the life he has, he uses Hyde as an escape from his temptations. Once Jekyll is able to control his temptations but still do bad as Mr. Hyde he says “I felt younger, lighter, happier in the body” (Page 106) Mr. Hyde is Jekyll’s way of escaping his sophisticated lifestyle and entering a totally separate way of life. Jekyll then didn’t feel any guilt for Hyde’s actions. In the end, Jekyll decides to let Hyde take over and he gives up. Hyde is able to take control over Jekyll because Jekyll had originally taken the potion for selfish reasons. Jekyll knows that there is a good chance Hyde will take over but he continues with his experiment knowing the risks. He says, “To cast in my lot with Jekyll, was to die those appetites which I had long secretly indulged and had of late begun to pamper. To cast it in with Hyde, was to die a thousand interests and aspirations, and to become at a blow and forever, despised and friendless. ” (Page 114) Jekyll runs out of the salt needed to transform himself and gives up. Jekyll lets Hyde take control of himself leaving Hyde to do whatever he wants. He tells Utterson that he doesn’t care what Hyde does with himself because Jekyll will be gone therefore any decision that Hyde makes will not affect Jekyll. He closes out his letter saying, ” God knows, I am careless; this is my true hour of death, and what is to follow concerns another than myself. (Page 124). He doesn’t care what happens to Hyde or what happens to others as a result of Hyde still living. Jekyll brought his fate upon himself as a result of his selfish acts. Hyde was able to take over Jekyll’s body because Jekyll originally took the potion for selfish reasons. Jekyll did deserve his miserable fate for what he had done because he originally took the potion for selfish reasons, he uses Hyde to control his evil temptations, and because he gives up in the end allowing Hyde to continue committing evil deeds.	<urn:uuid:1186d638-9ba7-4ba1-b994-a9276ae62675>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://freebooksummary.com/dr-jekyll-and-mr-hyde-7-37890	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250591431.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20200117234621-20200118022621-00380.warc.gz	en	0.982928	930	3.265625	3	[ -0.5864834785461426, 0.41423049569129944, 0.049690552055835724, -0.2303219735622406, -0.4559817314147949, 0.21361681818962097, 0.7436131834983826, 0.06320638954639435, -0.09483799338340759, -0.30086666345596313, -0.21425150334835052, 0.16856636106967926, 0.2699117958545685, 0.3149495720863...	1	Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde Jekyll does deserve his final miserable fate because he commits several selfish deeds to the point where he brings his miserable fate upon himself. In Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, Robert Louis Stevenson uses Jekyll to represent how man prioritizes by putting himself over others. Throughout the book, Jekyll’s two different sides are used to show that man is consistently selfish and will usually think of himself before others. Even though Jekyll has a good side and an evil side, both sides of him are selfish. Jekyll originally takes the potion for selfish reasons, Jekyll uses Hyde to conquer his own evil temptations, and in the end Jekyll gives into Hyde and completely gives up. Jekyll originally taking the potion can be conveyed as a selfish act because he mainly took the potion to benefit himself. Jekyll said he took the potion so he could become recognized for his good deeds, even though he was well respected by his peers he wanted more recognition from the public, he wanted to be famous for his deeds and become well known among the public. Jekyll says, “? ond of the respect of the wise and good among my fellowmen… And indeed the worst of my faults was a certain impatient gaiety of disposition, such as has made the happiness of many, but such as I found to reconcile with my imperious desire to carry my head high, and wear a more commonly grave countenance before the public. ” (Page 103). Jekyll wanted to be acknowledged for his good deeds because having the satisfaction of doing something good wasn’t enough for him. He took the potion in the first place to become famous rather than to help others, making it a selfish act. Jekyll is tempted to do bad things and he uses Hyde to overcome his temptations. Jekyll gets his satisfaction of doing bad deeds by becoming Hyde. Jekyll says “If each, I told myself, could be housed in separate identities, life would be relieved of all that was unbearable; the unjust might go his way” (Page 105). He states that he wants to do bad things but knowing he cannot and still live the life he has, he uses Hyde as an escape from his temptations. Once Jekyll is able to control his temptations but still do bad as Mr. Hyde he says “I felt younger, lighter, happier in the body” (Page 106) Mr. Hyde is Jekyll’s way of escaping his sophisticated lifestyle and entering a totally separate way of life. Jekyll then didn’t feel any guilt for Hyde’s actions. In the end, Jekyll decides to let Hyde take over and he gives up. Hyde is able to take control over Jekyll because Jekyll had originally taken the potion for selfish reasons. Jekyll knows that there is a good chance Hyde will take over but he continues with his experiment knowing the risks. He says, “To cast in my lot with Jekyll, was to die those appetites which I had long secretly indulged and had of late begun to pamper. To cast it in with Hyde, was to die a thousand interests and aspirations, and to become at a blow and forever, despised and friendless. ” (Page 114) Jekyll runs out of the salt needed to transform himself and gives up. Jekyll lets Hyde take control of himself leaving Hyde to do whatever he wants. He tells Utterson that he doesn’t care what Hyde does with himself because Jekyll will be gone therefore any decision that Hyde makes will not affect Jekyll. He closes out his letter saying, ” God knows, I am careless; this is my true hour of death, and what is to follow concerns another than myself. (Page 124). He doesn’t care what happens to Hyde or what happens to others as a result of Hyde still living. Jekyll brought his fate upon himself as a result of his selfish acts. Hyde was able to take over Jekyll’s body because Jekyll originally took the potion for selfish reasons. Jekyll did deserve his miserable fate for what he had done because he originally took the potion for selfish reasons, he uses Hyde to control his evil temptations, and because he gives up in the end allowing Hyde to continue committing evil deeds.	883	ENGLISH	1
Get help with any kind of project - from a high school essay to a PhD dissertation Once the King of England, Scotland, as well as Ireland, along with the second son of James VI and Anne of Denmark, King Charles I was born in Scotland on November 19,1600 and died January 30, 1649 by the hands of execution. At a young age King Charles had been granted authority since Duke of Albany in his own baptism. Nevertheless he didn't stop there soon after in 1605 that he had been proclaimed Duke of York. King Charles was not perfect however, from and early age he suffered from feeble ankle joints which in return affected his physical growth. Not only was King Charles also suffering physically but mentally too. He was quite slow in learning how to talk as a kid, however he would some day grow out of all of his little issues and become a strong King. King Charles was not an only child, he was aided by his older brother and sister who played a huge role in his rise to power. Nevertheless his ability will soon be analyzed as he participated in a power tug of war with the Parliament of England which sought out to change his imperial methods by which he thought was his divine right. King Charles was not the sole child of James VI and Anne of Denmark he had a sister named Elizabeth and elder brother Prince Henry of Wales who later on died in the year 1612 at the age of 18 of suspected typhoid. Heavy hearted wasn't even the term for King Charles after his brother died, due to the simple fact that King Charles was accompanied by his older brother, a person to look up to. However sadness was not all that came from the passing of Prince Henry something good came of it too that was a bond that was created between King Charles and his sister Elizabeth while they mourned the death of their older brother together. Henry's departure was King Charles open doorway into the throne because the new.	<urn:uuid:0dd17fac-96f8-43a1-b641-86775af842f7>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://studybay.com/example-works/essay/biology/1016061/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250624328.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124161014-20200124190014-00391.warc.gz	en	0.995621	387	3.390625	3	[ -0.32528966665267944, 0.6578987240791321, 0.33938923478126526, -0.3245391547679901, -0.1776856780052185, -0.3213953673839569, 0.23616965115070343, 0.011774028651416302, -0.15111804008483887, -0.18129022419452667, 0.3226644694805145, -0.033347342163324356, 0.38482823967933655, 0.17832392454...	2	Get help with any kind of project - from a high school essay to a PhD dissertation Once the King of England, Scotland, as well as Ireland, along with the second son of James VI and Anne of Denmark, King Charles I was born in Scotland on November 19,1600 and died January 30, 1649 by the hands of execution. At a young age King Charles had been granted authority since Duke of Albany in his own baptism. Nevertheless he didn't stop there soon after in 1605 that he had been proclaimed Duke of York. King Charles was not perfect however, from and early age he suffered from feeble ankle joints which in return affected his physical growth. Not only was King Charles also suffering physically but mentally too. He was quite slow in learning how to talk as a kid, however he would some day grow out of all of his little issues and become a strong King. King Charles was not an only child, he was aided by his older brother and sister who played a huge role in his rise to power. Nevertheless his ability will soon be analyzed as he participated in a power tug of war with the Parliament of England which sought out to change his imperial methods by which he thought was his divine right. King Charles was not the sole child of James VI and Anne of Denmark he had a sister named Elizabeth and elder brother Prince Henry of Wales who later on died in the year 1612 at the age of 18 of suspected typhoid. Heavy hearted wasn't even the term for King Charles after his brother died, due to the simple fact that King Charles was accompanied by his older brother, a person to look up to. However sadness was not all that came from the passing of Prince Henry something good came of it too that was a bond that was created between King Charles and his sister Elizabeth while they mourned the death of their older brother together. Henry's departure was King Charles open doorway into the throne because the new.	407	ENGLISH	1
Bristol is a bustling, vibrant city with deep historical roots thanks to its link with the water. The most infamous and feared pirate of all the seas was from Bristol and if you haven’t guessed already, that pirate was Blackbeard. His name was Edward Teach and he was born in the city around 1680. Little is known about his early life but it is thought that he was most likely a sailor during Queen Anne’s War in the early 18th century. He was soon to settle in the Bahamas, I can certainly see the attraction, and joined forces with Captain Benjamin Hornigold in 1716. The two began a career in piracy with four ships at their disposal. When Hornigold retired and took two vessels with him, Teach decided to commandeer a French boat and renamed her Queen Anne’s Revenge. She was decked out with forty guns and became a much feared vessel. His beard was said to have almost covered his whole face and to instill fear and awe in his enemies, he would place lit fuses under his hat and wrapped them up in his beard. He wenas rumoured to have been a man of large stature and many a victim would have surrendered merely at the sight of him approaching. Much of what the famed pirate got up to is myth and conjecture but we do know that after causing considerable trouble in South Carolina, he received a Royal pardon and settled down for a short time. Even though Blackbeard has become synonymous with swashbuckling, bloodthirsty pirates, it is known that he chose the use of force wisely and preferred to rely on building up his reputation as a fearsome and frightening persona. There is no actual evidence that he harmed any of his crew and seems to have commanded them with full cooperation from them. There is also no evidence that he murdered those whom he held captive. We think if there were pirates around these days that they probably would have to have a Fire risk assessment Bristol company check their boat for any potential hazards which thanks to technology you can do through companies like keloscape. The 17th century rise of colonies in the America’s belonging to Britain and the rapid rise of the slave trade had put Bristol firmly on the map as a crucial international sea port. Edward Teach could almost certainly read and write which suggests that he may have been born of a wealthy, respectable family. At his peak he could have been in charge of at least 150 men over three vessels. He was once described as “such a figure that imagination cannot form an idea of a fury from hell to look more frightful”. By 1718 he had given himself the title of Commodore and was at the height of his reign over the ocean. He was killed in the same year after a large battle with Captain Maynard of the U.S Navy. He was cornered and cut across the neck, unable to fight back, he was attacked and killed by several of Maynard’s crew. His body had been shot more than five times and cut about twenty times. His head was chopped off and displayed on the mast of Maynard’s boat so the reward could be collected.	<urn:uuid:512165d1-5ef4-41c8-ad6d-8161cc183831>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://esscnyc.com/pirates-leaving-bristol-with-a-sword-and-pistol/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250598726.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120110422-20200120134422-00468.warc.gz	en	0.993547	647	3.375	3	[ -0.1789383590221405, -0.10297760367393494, 0.29304373264312744, -0.5247640609741211, 0.19927741587162018, -0.5824368596076965, 0.24439364671707153, 0.171314537525177, 0.06567343324422836, -0.01977388933300972, 0.2218615710735321, -0.3863082230091095, -0.09910871088504791, 0.097223676741123...	11	Bristol is a bustling, vibrant city with deep historical roots thanks to its link with the water. The most infamous and feared pirate of all the seas was from Bristol and if you haven’t guessed already, that pirate was Blackbeard. His name was Edward Teach and he was born in the city around 1680. Little is known about his early life but it is thought that he was most likely a sailor during Queen Anne’s War in the early 18th century. He was soon to settle in the Bahamas, I can certainly see the attraction, and joined forces with Captain Benjamin Hornigold in 1716. The two began a career in piracy with four ships at their disposal. When Hornigold retired and took two vessels with him, Teach decided to commandeer a French boat and renamed her Queen Anne’s Revenge. She was decked out with forty guns and became a much feared vessel. His beard was said to have almost covered his whole face and to instill fear and awe in his enemies, he would place lit fuses under his hat and wrapped them up in his beard. He wenas rumoured to have been a man of large stature and many a victim would have surrendered merely at the sight of him approaching. Much of what the famed pirate got up to is myth and conjecture but we do know that after causing considerable trouble in South Carolina, he received a Royal pardon and settled down for a short time. Even though Blackbeard has become synonymous with swashbuckling, bloodthirsty pirates, it is known that he chose the use of force wisely and preferred to rely on building up his reputation as a fearsome and frightening persona. There is no actual evidence that he harmed any of his crew and seems to have commanded them with full cooperation from them. There is also no evidence that he murdered those whom he held captive. We think if there were pirates around these days that they probably would have to have a Fire risk assessment Bristol company check their boat for any potential hazards which thanks to technology you can do through companies like keloscape. The 17th century rise of colonies in the America’s belonging to Britain and the rapid rise of the slave trade had put Bristol firmly on the map as a crucial international sea port. Edward Teach could almost certainly read and write which suggests that he may have been born of a wealthy, respectable family. At his peak he could have been in charge of at least 150 men over three vessels. He was once described as “such a figure that imagination cannot form an idea of a fury from hell to look more frightful”. By 1718 he had given himself the title of Commodore and was at the height of his reign over the ocean. He was killed in the same year after a large battle with Captain Maynard of the U.S Navy. He was cornered and cut across the neck, unable to fight back, he was attacked and killed by several of Maynard’s crew. His body had been shot more than five times and cut about twenty times. His head was chopped off and displayed on the mast of Maynard’s boat so the reward could be collected.	647	ENGLISH	1
Fear of Change in To Kill a Mockingbird In Harper Lee’s book To Kill a Mockingbird expresses the fear of change. Fear of change is very relevant in this story because with the fear of change comes prejudice, violence, and compassion. Prejudice is common in the 1930s setting of To Kill a Mockingbird. Many of the families had been in Maycomb since the Battle of Hasting. Change was not usual in this sleepy town, with a trial of what seemed like the century to this small community. People, young and old, were forced to wake up and face their greatest fear……change. The town has an ignorance of their prejudice they believe that what they believe is right and that is that. Scouts’ teacher proves just what most Maycomb County believes. “Over here we don’t believe in persecuting anybody. Persecution comes from people who are prejudiced.” (pg. 248) In class Miss Gates was discussing Hitler persecuting the Jews and how awful he was and not realizing it by saying that she was being a hypocrite. She believed that “there are no better people in the world than Jews.” (pg. 248) Miss Gates believed that putting innocent people in concentration camps was wrong but sending an innocent man to jail was acceptable. “…I guess it ain’t your fault if Uncle Atticus is a ******lover besides, but I am here to tell you it certainly does mortify the rest of the family…” (pg. 87) Family even began to insult Atticus because of the reputation he was making of himself in the town. Scout and Jem receive taunts by children, adults, and even family members for the Atticus’s involvement as the defense attorney in the case against Tom Robinson. The Maycomb populations’ prejudices began to boil over to hate. The children begin to realize that Maycomb County is turned upside down. Scout hears the adults talking before and after the trial and do not understand how some of the teachers and ladies in the town can talk about helping others when they are oppressing the people living across the street from them. Scout experiences that first hand with her teacher. “Well, coming out of the courthouse that night Miss Gates was- she was goin’ down the steps in front of us, you musta not seen her- she was talking with Miss Stephanie Crawford. I heard her say it’s time somebody taught ‘em a lesson, they were getting’ way above themselves, an’ the next thing they think they can do is marry us. Jem, how can you hate Hitler so bad an’ then turn around and be ugly about the folks right at home –”(pg. 249) Scout from various experiences learn that many people in her town do not practice what they preach. They are stuck in tradition and if they believe something than it is right even if it means killing an innocent person. Violence plays a huge part in To Kill a Mockingbird. Towards the end of the book you see that Scout and Jem are not immune to the violence portrayed in the book. Bob Ewell expresses his prejudice in violence. Bob Ewell after the trial was viewed worse than a black man. Everybody knew that he daughter had tried to seduce a black man and the town was talking. Bob went as far as to hurt Atticus’s kids to get back at him. The violence was a cover up for the embarrassment and hate Bob had for black people and any people that stood in his way and made a mockery of him. Atticus on the stand had made a fool of him and Bob knew it. The judge to Bob Ewell had made a joke of him in front of the whole town. Prejudice was the only reason Tom Robinson was put in jail and Bob Ewell and the whole town knew that.	<urn:uuid:f19fc352-c679-4daa-9fc3-353a65eb97a0>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://acasestudy.com/fear-of-change-in-to-kill-a-mockingbird/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250608062.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123011418-20200123040418-00495.warc.gz	en	0.984548	806	3.328125	3	[ 0.0941752940416336, -0.13512305915355682, 0.195161372423172, 0.36357030272483826, 0.4014431834220886, 0.05550188571214676, 0.6556906700134277, 0.17503085732460022, -0.15689605474472046, -0.26610851287841797, 0.18947765231132507, 0.04100416228175163, 0.1051766574382782, -0.06976263225078583...	7	Fear of Change in To Kill a Mockingbird In Harper Lee’s book To Kill a Mockingbird expresses the fear of change. Fear of change is very relevant in this story because with the fear of change comes prejudice, violence, and compassion. Prejudice is common in the 1930s setting of To Kill a Mockingbird. Many of the families had been in Maycomb since the Battle of Hasting. Change was not usual in this sleepy town, with a trial of what seemed like the century to this small community. People, young and old, were forced to wake up and face their greatest fear……change. The town has an ignorance of their prejudice they believe that what they believe is right and that is that. Scouts’ teacher proves just what most Maycomb County believes. “Over here we don’t believe in persecuting anybody. Persecution comes from people who are prejudiced.” (pg. 248) In class Miss Gates was discussing Hitler persecuting the Jews and how awful he was and not realizing it by saying that she was being a hypocrite. She believed that “there are no better people in the world than Jews.” (pg. 248) Miss Gates believed that putting innocent people in concentration camps was wrong but sending an innocent man to jail was acceptable. “…I guess it ain’t your fault if Uncle Atticus is a ******lover besides, but I am here to tell you it certainly does mortify the rest of the family…” (pg. 87) Family even began to insult Atticus because of the reputation he was making of himself in the town. Scout and Jem receive taunts by children, adults, and even family members for the Atticus’s involvement as the defense attorney in the case against Tom Robinson. The Maycomb populations’ prejudices began to boil over to hate. The children begin to realize that Maycomb County is turned upside down. Scout hears the adults talking before and after the trial and do not understand how some of the teachers and ladies in the town can talk about helping others when they are oppressing the people living across the street from them. Scout experiences that first hand with her teacher. “Well, coming out of the courthouse that night Miss Gates was- she was goin’ down the steps in front of us, you musta not seen her- she was talking with Miss Stephanie Crawford. I heard her say it’s time somebody taught ‘em a lesson, they were getting’ way above themselves, an’ the next thing they think they can do is marry us. Jem, how can you hate Hitler so bad an’ then turn around and be ugly about the folks right at home –”(pg. 249) Scout from various experiences learn that many people in her town do not practice what they preach. They are stuck in tradition and if they believe something than it is right even if it means killing an innocent person. Violence plays a huge part in To Kill a Mockingbird. Towards the end of the book you see that Scout and Jem are not immune to the violence portrayed in the book. Bob Ewell expresses his prejudice in violence. Bob Ewell after the trial was viewed worse than a black man. Everybody knew that he daughter had tried to seduce a black man and the town was talking. Bob went as far as to hurt Atticus’s kids to get back at him. The violence was a cover up for the embarrassment and hate Bob had for black people and any people that stood in his way and made a mockery of him. Atticus on the stand had made a fool of him and Bob knew it. The judge to Bob Ewell had made a joke of him in front of the whole town. Prejudice was the only reason Tom Robinson was put in jail and Bob Ewell and the whole town knew that.	784	ENGLISH	1
Life in the trenches is not what you would ever want to experience during WW1. Trench warfare was a popular method of attack and defense during WW1 as they are dugouts or underground rooms used as officer’s quarters and command post. The trenches didn’t consist of a large area for the men so it would get crowded in small areas. From the start to the end, soldiers had settled in these trenches throughout most of the war fighting or doing some sort of job. Most people say that life in the trenches was a living hell, but many soldiers had dealt with diseases, poor living conditions, and hard working labor which they make up an important part of world history. Diseases severely affected a numerous amount of men during the war. It was a big problem because there was not much medicine that could cure or treat the diseases the soldiers had. In the trenches, there were not a lot of doctors or health professionals so soldiers waited quite some time before getting their treatments. If a soldier caught the disease, he would have to delay in taking part of the war so he could recover. Without much professional care and treatment, many men suffered from these diseases and died in the trenches. Some of the common diseases that spread were blindness or burns from mustard gas, influenza, shell shock, typhoid, trench foot, trench fever, and malaria.There were other types of minor diseases that could be easily recoverable but most diseases the men received were life-threatening. One of the diseases that mainly occurred in the trenches was Trench foot. Trench foot is caused by exposure to wet and damp conditions for a long period of time taking up to as long as 6 months to recover because of losing blood circulation. This caused a delay to soldiers who had this disease because they weren’t able to fight in the war. Another disease that was special to trenches was Trench fever, caused by body lice, and was very contagious. Body lice were when lice would infest their bodies and clothes, making the soldiers very uncomfortable and itchy. But body lice was very hard to exterminate because soldiers could not wash properly in the trenches. Bullet wounds and gunshots were not the only ways of dying during the war; diseases were also a cause of death to soldiers. Living in the trenches was not considered pleasant or comfortable. Not being able to stay clean every day by washing up or changing for weeks was a daily obstacle soldiers had to deal with. Soldiers on the front line were not given the chance to take regular baths and change their clothes. The baths were large communal makeshift locations like breweries. Most trenches were filled with rats, lice and frogs living there. Rats would often eat soldier’s food and at the actual soldiers, while they slept, lice caused the disease Trench Fever. The weather conditions during WW1 caused trench foot because of the persistent water build up in the trenches the flesh of the feet would be wet and cold. The injuries became fatal and infected when there was not a dry environment to heal in. Latrines were outhouses that were used in the trenches by soldiers which was a deep hole dug in the ground as much as possible, with a plant mounted on top to sit on, but they were more than just outhouses. Latrines became targets for enemy snipers and shellfire, and the health hazard for the men in the trenches was unsanitary. It was dangerous at times to go to the latrine and the smell would often linger over the trenches. The best-made latrines were in the forms of buckets, often officers were assigned to be sanitary personnel. Those officers job was to keep the latrines in a good condition and the job was mostly used as a punishment. A man always had to do some sort of job in the trenches whether it be cleaning, moving supplies, washing clothes, repairing, etc. There was always a set agenda for what needed to be done in the trench. First, men awake at dawn and then go through inspections throughout the trench. Then, they do their chores and other essential works to sustain the trench. Lastly, a few men prepare to go to rest while the others stay on guard duty. Guard duty was a very important job because you have to keep an eye out for hostile units coming unexpectedly. Men had to warn their crew to be prepared to fire when they sought danger from their enemy. Other jobs included inspections, digging, fixing, supplying, cooking, etc. Many of these jobs were simple and required less work and focus versus repairing, fixing, and being on guard duty. Work in the trenches was vital to making sure everything is sustained and kept tidy. Most people say that life in the trenches was a misery, but soldiers had to battle through diseases, poor living conditions, and hard working labor which they make up an important part of American history. Men living in these harsh conditions in the trenches dealt with so much pain through blood, sweat, and tears to win this war. Each and every person who took part in the war should be incredibly honored because they sacrificed themselves to great measured of battle through the living hell of trench warfare. Believe it or not, these men not only showed pride and commitment to the army, but they showed leadership and authority to people today through their fearless attitudes even though they lived in the worst conditions anyone could ever inhabit.	<urn:uuid:35107806-4fa0-4f0d-a5b9-f875a5d63e5d>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://taxteaparty.com/life-had-dealt-with-diseases-poor-living-conditions/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251672537.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125131641-20200125160641-00370.warc.gz	en	0.990599	1,082	3.734375	4	[ -0.20971444249153137, 0.4251808524131775, 0.5644949078559875, 0.25884658098220825, -0.07551714777946472, 0.03121882677078247, 0.3869750499725342, 0.4472225308418274, -0.315362811088562, -0.2618105411529541, 0.07344093173742294, -0.2530127763748169, 0.37155547738075256, 0.2497352659702301, ...	1	Life in the trenches is not what you would ever want to experience during WW1. Trench warfare was a popular method of attack and defense during WW1 as they are dugouts or underground rooms used as officer’s quarters and command post. The trenches didn’t consist of a large area for the men so it would get crowded in small areas. From the start to the end, soldiers had settled in these trenches throughout most of the war fighting or doing some sort of job. Most people say that life in the trenches was a living hell, but many soldiers had dealt with diseases, poor living conditions, and hard working labor which they make up an important part of world history. Diseases severely affected a numerous amount of men during the war. It was a big problem because there was not much medicine that could cure or treat the diseases the soldiers had. In the trenches, there were not a lot of doctors or health professionals so soldiers waited quite some time before getting their treatments. If a soldier caught the disease, he would have to delay in taking part of the war so he could recover. Without much professional care and treatment, many men suffered from these diseases and died in the trenches. Some of the common diseases that spread were blindness or burns from mustard gas, influenza, shell shock, typhoid, trench foot, trench fever, and malaria.There were other types of minor diseases that could be easily recoverable but most diseases the men received were life-threatening. One of the diseases that mainly occurred in the trenches was Trench foot. Trench foot is caused by exposure to wet and damp conditions for a long period of time taking up to as long as 6 months to recover because of losing blood circulation. This caused a delay to soldiers who had this disease because they weren’t able to fight in the war. Another disease that was special to trenches was Trench fever, caused by body lice, and was very contagious. Body lice were when lice would infest their bodies and clothes, making the soldiers very uncomfortable and itchy. But body lice was very hard to exterminate because soldiers could not wash properly in the trenches. Bullet wounds and gunshots were not the only ways of dying during the war; diseases were also a cause of death to soldiers. Living in the trenches was not considered pleasant or comfortable. Not being able to stay clean every day by washing up or changing for weeks was a daily obstacle soldiers had to deal with. Soldiers on the front line were not given the chance to take regular baths and change their clothes. The baths were large communal makeshift locations like breweries. Most trenches were filled with rats, lice and frogs living there. Rats would often eat soldier’s food and at the actual soldiers, while they slept, lice caused the disease Trench Fever. The weather conditions during WW1 caused trench foot because of the persistent water build up in the trenches the flesh of the feet would be wet and cold. The injuries became fatal and infected when there was not a dry environment to heal in. Latrines were outhouses that were used in the trenches by soldiers which was a deep hole dug in the ground as much as possible, with a plant mounted on top to sit on, but they were more than just outhouses. Latrines became targets for enemy snipers and shellfire, and the health hazard for the men in the trenches was unsanitary. It was dangerous at times to go to the latrine and the smell would often linger over the trenches. The best-made latrines were in the forms of buckets, often officers were assigned to be sanitary personnel. Those officers job was to keep the latrines in a good condition and the job was mostly used as a punishment. A man always had to do some sort of job in the trenches whether it be cleaning, moving supplies, washing clothes, repairing, etc. There was always a set agenda for what needed to be done in the trench. First, men awake at dawn and then go through inspections throughout the trench. Then, they do their chores and other essential works to sustain the trench. Lastly, a few men prepare to go to rest while the others stay on guard duty. Guard duty was a very important job because you have to keep an eye out for hostile units coming unexpectedly. Men had to warn their crew to be prepared to fire when they sought danger from their enemy. Other jobs included inspections, digging, fixing, supplying, cooking, etc. Many of these jobs were simple and required less work and focus versus repairing, fixing, and being on guard duty. Work in the trenches was vital to making sure everything is sustained and kept tidy. Most people say that life in the trenches was a misery, but soldiers had to battle through diseases, poor living conditions, and hard working labor which they make up an important part of American history. Men living in these harsh conditions in the trenches dealt with so much pain through blood, sweat, and tears to win this war. Each and every person who took part in the war should be incredibly honored because they sacrificed themselves to great measured of battle through the living hell of trench warfare. Believe it or not, these men not only showed pride and commitment to the army, but they showed leadership and authority to people today through their fearless attitudes even though they lived in the worst conditions anyone could ever inhabit.	1,077	ENGLISH	1
Improve your brain Power with Tetris Tetris is a popular puzzle game that was developed 25 years ago in Russia. The object of Tetris is to put together falling shapes by rotating them with the aim of completing horizontal rows of pieces without gaps. Researchers in New Mexico have found a link between playing Tetris and improving your ability to think efficiently. 26 teenage girls were asked to play the puzzle game Tetris for 30 minutes a day for three months. MRI scans found that they had improved efficiency in the parts of the brain that are connected to critical thinking, language and processing, and reasoning. There were also scans that showed increased matter in the cortex in areas associated with intricate coordinated movements and combined sensory experiences such as sight, sound and touch. A psychologist with the Mind Research Network in Albuquerque Richard Haier said in a press release “We were excited to see cortical thickness differences between the girls that practiced Tetris and those that did not. But, it was surprising that these changes were not where we saw more efficiency – how a thicker cortex and increased brain efficiency are related remains a mystery.” Researchers hope to further study how Tetris can increase and improve certain areas of the brain.	<urn:uuid:3e561546-7789-47b4-b239-a96b5d5e616f>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.pharmapassport.com/blog/improve-your-brain-power-with-tetris/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594333.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119064802-20200119092802-00444.warc.gz	en	0.981134	241	3.484375	3	[ -0.29897579550743103, 0.20276330411434174, 0.14159761369228363, -0.0033637217711657286, -0.45991024374961853, 0.4846133887767792, -0.0743940994143486, 0.4944162964820862, 0.3437359929084778, -0.033887431025505066, -0.018845727667212486, -0.282265841960907, 0.3325938284397125, 0.22888295352...	9	Improve your brain Power with Tetris Tetris is a popular puzzle game that was developed 25 years ago in Russia. The object of Tetris is to put together falling shapes by rotating them with the aim of completing horizontal rows of pieces without gaps. Researchers in New Mexico have found a link between playing Tetris and improving your ability to think efficiently. 26 teenage girls were asked to play the puzzle game Tetris for 30 minutes a day for three months. MRI scans found that they had improved efficiency in the parts of the brain that are connected to critical thinking, language and processing, and reasoning. There were also scans that showed increased matter in the cortex in areas associated with intricate coordinated movements and combined sensory experiences such as sight, sound and touch. A psychologist with the Mind Research Network in Albuquerque Richard Haier said in a press release “We were excited to see cortical thickness differences between the girls that practiced Tetris and those that did not. But, it was surprising that these changes were not where we saw more efficiency – how a thicker cortex and increased brain efficiency are related remains a mystery.” Researchers hope to further study how Tetris can increase and improve certain areas of the brain.	244	ENGLISH	1
Solomon Asch - Conformity Claudia Hammond looks at the conformity experiments conducted by the American social psychologist, Solomon Asch. Every day we try to fit in. We may like to think we're individual but most of the time we don't actually want to stand out too much. It's this idea of conformity that the American social psychologist Solomon Asch studied in the 1950s, using nothing more complex than straight black lines drawn on pieces of card - it's one of the classic experiments in psychology. Asch believed people wouldn't go along with the crowd; he set up his experiment to prove that people would stand up against group pressure. Unknown to his subjects, the rest of the group were stooges or plants, who'd been instructed to say A was longer than B, even though it patently wasn't. Contrary to his expectations, Asch discovered that a third of people went along with the group, even when it contradicted the evidence of their own eyes. Claudia Hammond investigates the reasons for this and asks whether we're more or less likely to conform today.	<urn:uuid:05835a4c-d59b-4a68-af05-325ba0f22151>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00f8mzr	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251684146.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126013015-20200126043015-00498.warc.gz	en	0.985079	225	3.71875	4	[ -0.10304328799247742, 0.21168839931488037, -0.30577749013900757, 0.3373238742351532, -0.24411700665950775, 0.5071796178817749, 0.5184690952301025, 0.08074536174535751, -0.43631711602211, -0.2883777916431427, 0.475513756275177, -0.3326386511325836, 0.1450388878583908, -0.042841583490371704,...	1	Solomon Asch - Conformity Claudia Hammond looks at the conformity experiments conducted by the American social psychologist, Solomon Asch. Every day we try to fit in. We may like to think we're individual but most of the time we don't actually want to stand out too much. It's this idea of conformity that the American social psychologist Solomon Asch studied in the 1950s, using nothing more complex than straight black lines drawn on pieces of card - it's one of the classic experiments in psychology. Asch believed people wouldn't go along with the crowd; he set up his experiment to prove that people would stand up against group pressure. Unknown to his subjects, the rest of the group were stooges or plants, who'd been instructed to say A was longer than B, even though it patently wasn't. Contrary to his expectations, Asch discovered that a third of people went along with the group, even when it contradicted the evidence of their own eyes. Claudia Hammond investigates the reasons for this and asks whether we're more or less likely to conform today.	228	ENGLISH	1
Glenamaddy Union Workhouse was located in Mountkelly about a kilometre to the east of the town, opposite Glenamaddy Turlough and adjacent to Creggs Road Cemetery. It was erected on the Browne estate. It is a grim reminder of the tragedy that unfolded in Ireland towards the middle of the 19th century when famine and starvation stalked the land. It was designed by the British Poor Law Commissioners’ architect, George Wilkinson, based on his standard plans to accommodate 500 inmates, a number never reached by Glenamaddy Workhouse. With the arrival of Christianity to Ireland and Great Britain, the sick and the destitute were looked after by religious Orders and Abbeys. The suppression of the monasteries in the 16th century ended this support system. The problem was compounded over centuries by conquests, the imposition of draconian laws and a concerted effort to obliterate the native Irish way of life by suppressing customs, traditions, language and religious beliefs. The majority of people who were Catholic became slaves in their own land with no social services safety-net to fall back on when disaster or misfortune struck. There was extreme poverty in Ireland in the early 19th century which was exacerbated by an unprecedented increase in the population. It is estimated that the population of Ireland was in the region of 3 million in 1700. By 1821 the first reliable census conducted in Ireland puts that population at 6.8 million. The 1841 census returns tell us that by then it had increased to 8.2 million with over two million at starvation level. The potato had become the staple diet of the vast majority of the people and it stood to reason that potato crop failure would expose a large segment of the population to starvation. The successive famine tragedies which unfolded in the middle of the nineteenth century visited untold suffering, dislocation and loss of life on a traumatised population. The famine was a tragedy waiting to happen, was entirely predictable and its adverse consequences could have been averted. The Irish Parliament had been abolished with the Act of Union in 1801 and Members of Parliament elected to represent the people in Ireland transferred to Westminster. Many of them were from a landed gentry background and they were out of touch with the worsening living conditions of the Irish peasant population. The various commissions and committees established between 1801 and 1845 to enquire into the state of Ireland concluded that “without exception their findings prophesied disaster; Ireland was on the verge of starvation, her population rapidly increasing, three-quarters of her labourers unemployed, housing conditions appalling and the standard of living unbelievably low”. Absentee landlords and greedy middlemen who regarded the land as simply a source of income, from which to extract as much as possible were largely unsympathetic to the plight of their distressed tenants. Most tenants had no security of tenure on the land and they could be evicted at short notice. Shortly before the famine the British government reported that poverty was so widespread that one-third of all Irish small holdings could not support their families after paying their rent, except by earnings of seasonal migrant labour in England and Scotland. The practice of young men travelling to England for seasonal employment on farms was prevalent in the Glenamaddy area well into the twentieth century. Many of those involved walked to Dublin to catch the cattle boat to Holyhead. Sometimes they carried farm implements to which they had become accustomed with them on their journey. There were certain familiar houses that they routinely over-nighted in along the way. Many of them posted their wages home in the form of a sovereign or half-sovereign wrapped in newspaper on a regular basis. Those who opted to retain their savings had to face the prospect of being robbed on their return journey and hence they travelled in groups to improve security. The farm implements they carried also helped to deter would-be highway robbers. This practice supplemented the meagre income which their families earned from the land and helped to pay the rent which was demanded relentlessly on a yearly or half-yearly basis. It wasn’t until the destitute from Ireland began to seek help in England that the British government woke up and seriously considered the introduction of workhouses in Ireland. Workhouses had been part of the safety net for the poor in England for many generations. People needed to be desperate to seek shelter in a workhouse as freedom was severely curtailed, rations were minimal and the regimental lifestyle was something people were not accustomed to. Workhouses were not designed to be welcoming institutions lest they attract too many applications for admission. Ratepayers which included the landlord class had to fund the operational costs and, therefore, they were most anxious to keep expenditure as low as possible. On the basis of he who pays the piper calls the tune, landlords usually made it their business to be elected onto the Board of Guardians. The Irish system differed from that in England and Wales, as the civil parish was not used as the basis for the election of guardians. In their place electoral divisions were formed by the amalgamation of townlands. The ratio of ex-officio guardians was to be at least three to one, with an election to be held among the qualified magistrates for ex-officio positions if their number exceeded the limit. When Ireland achieved independence in 1922 guardians were abolished and replaced by County Boards of Health. Paddy Crosby N.T. has the following interesting vignette in his 1973 Folklore submission regarding one Board of Guardians election which took place in Glenamaddy. “The second landlord was Farrell McDonnell. He was called the Rag Picker from Cork. Be that as it may he established himself well as a business man in Dunmore. To get into his shop, either full time or on trial you had to provide evidence of good character. His wages were £10 per year and how delighted those shop boys were. They thought they were millionaires. On one occasion he sought to get appointed to one of the guardianships of the workhouse in Glenamaddy. Now it happened that a man named Molloy and who had a son working for McDonald sought the same seat. However, McDonald lost the seat and showed his temper to the young Molloy. When the boy saw this he tendered his resignation to McDonnell. “What’s this for”, said McDonnell who was frothing at the lips. Molloy explained. “Stay with me and 10 pounds” said McDonnell. I can tell you that Molloy celebrated that night.” Minutes of Board of Guardian meetings show that local landlords, Browne and McDonnell, were members of the Board of Guardians of Glenamaddy Union Workhouse over a long period. Browne was a Protestant and McDonnell a Catholic and for various reasons they did not always see eye to eye. Wilkinson had been dispatched to Ireland following the Poor Law (Ireland) Act of 1838 to set establish the workhouse system. Glenamaddy Union was created from the southern part of Castlerea Union and covered an area of 157 square miles. It cost £5,250 to build and an additional £995 to fit out. The design was somewhat different to Wilkinson’s earlier plan and was a similar size and layout to workhouses in Urlingford and Mitchelstown which were built around the same time. The front of the site to the south had an entrance gateway flanked by two two-storey blocks containing school rooms and accommodation for boys and girls. A dispensary was also located at the workhouse entrance. There was a chapel where Mass was celebrated every day. On each side were accommodation wings for men and for women. To the rear, the main building had a T-shaped layout. The central wing running southwards was probably a single-storey block containing the dining-hall and kitchens. A hospital block lay to the north of the site, with a fever hospital and burial ground close by. The Workhouse which overlooked the turlough was surrounded in its entirety by a limestone wall which has collapsed in some places and is crumbling in others. Workhouses were typical institutional, functional buildings with large wards furnished with sleeping platforms that were placed too close together, straw mattresses, stone stairs and open fireplaces. Food was scarce, sanitation facilities very basic, discipline was strict and punishment for infringements were severe. The building contractor Andrew Egan, Tuam, was engaged to construct the building, He was responsible for some, or, perhaps all work on Tuam workhouse and Town Hall in the late 1800’s. In February 1852 Andrew Egan reported that the workhouse was almost ready regardless of the harshness of the winter weather. The stone used, it is locally claimed, was quarried in Scotland, a townland opposite the former St. Benin’s Vocational School, on the Kilkerrin Road. Very Rev. Walter Conway,P.P., Glenamadd,y 1896-1919 provided the following account of the Workhouse in his booklet entitled “Historical Notes on the Parish of Glenamaddy”. “Glenamaddy being the centre of a Poor-Law Union, has its workhouse – an institution of hated memories in Ireland. This institution, like all others of its class throughout the country, was built to hold – I cannot say accommodate – ten times the present number of its inmates. And its revenues, as elsewhere, were spent one half in administering the other half. More than twenty years ago it was doomed to extinction, and its inmates ordered to be scattered among the surrounding workhouses. And, no doubt, it deserved its doom. For, besides its costliness, it was allowed to fall into a state of disrepair, if not dilapidation, and it had become so infested with rats and other vermin as to endanger the health and lives of the unfortunate wretches who were compelled to seek shelter there. By some secret influence its doom was postponed, pending general amalgamation, and, under a more enlightened administration, it was repaired and renovated and made habitable if not comfortable. The good Bon Secours Sisters were placed in charge, and in the capable hands of the Superioress – the good and gentle Sister St. Basil – the whole face of the institution was changed from being a den of filth and misery into a comfortable asylum for the aged, the feeble and the sick poor. While under the skilful, careful and intelligent supervision of the medical officer, Dr. Michael Costello, the hospital has become a model of its kind, and with thirty beds, its skilful medical officer and its staff of devoted religious nurses, it compares very favourably with, if it does not excel, the larger county institutions elsewhere. Notwithstanding all this, the bad memories associated with the Irish Workhouses cling to it, and few disinterested people would regret its extinction or its conversion to some more useful and reproductive purpose. Its continued existence, as well as the existence of hundreds of similar institutions throughout Ireland, is a standing memorial of England’s step-motherly treatment of the unfortunate victims of England’s own artificially created famine”. As part of a submission to The National Folklore Department in U.C.D. in 1973 Paddy Crosby, former Principal of St. Joseph’s National School, Glenamaddy, refers to the workhouse as follows – “it kept the wolf from the door of many a poor house in this area. There were 10 men of good standing elected to rule over it. They were called guardians and a good job they made of it. They met once a month to see how matters were going on. One of them told me how they brought the Dr. to his knees. He was a very haughty man and if you saluted him whenever you met him that meant a half one for him in the village. The guardians told me he refused to go out in the night to attend a woman in labour. That is why he was subdued. He married an English woman and her daughter married J.A. Costello T.D.. His sons were urged to join the army in the first world war. One of them visited the local school here and with tears in his eyes admitted that he didn’t want to fight. Two months later he was blown in Flanders. As time rolled on some of the inmates escaped over the walls and built little scraw cabins for themselves on the roadside here. Thus they lived and were supported by charity. The last of them died a short time ago. The nuns took over the running of the workhouse in 1916. There was a master, registrar and teacher appointed. The poor children were thought the three r’s in a miserable sort of way by a Mr Garvey. Subsequently he transferred to a thatched house one side of the Ulster Bank. His assistant was Miss Raftery and she was known as a nickname “at, at”. Later, when this building fell in, the children transferred to the top of the old P.O.. It would do your heart good if you saw the attempts at cramming there. I could supply you if needed with an old photograph of the old school if needed anytime. In the year 1900 Fr. Conway built the town school and that put an end to the misery. The children in the workhouse called their home the Union and indeed all credit to the good nuns two big baskets of sliced bread with butter and jam was sent down to the school every day. The only thing I think was uncharitable was they used to wear ugly grey clothes, all the same colour. In 1921 the I.R.A. burned down the Workhouse in case B. and Tans would take it over. Subsequently the inmates were transferred to Tuam and later to Limerick. Some of the children were adopted by the good people here and when the emigrants married and settled down they often pay visits back here and were very kind to their foster parents. In fact, it has to be said, that they loved them more than their own children. Some of the spill-outs of the Workhouse weren’t too nice. There was one called Mickeen Do-Wren. I remember well he came into our house while the good woman was cooking cabbage. He was filthy, lousy. While the good woman took the lid off he skillet to see if the cabbage was boiled he started throwing fistfuls of vermin in the fire over the skillet. A man who was in the house said to him, “get out you dirty swine”. Whereupon he seized his old coat, made for the door, went down on one knee and shouted “May the Lord our God have you damned in hell before this time tomorrow”. As a child I nearly died. I thought it would come true. It was a big farmer named Jones who supplied the Workhouse everyday with milk. It was delivered from Creggs where the farmer lived, by a gig, two milk cans behind and driven by a man named John Noone. Anyone plying that time between Creggs and Glenamaddy was always sure of a lift. The remains of the Workhouse was bought by a man for a trifle. He afterwards sold the parts to Hammmon Lane. It is said he made a fortune. A man who knew the Union pretty well said to me some time ago, “There is a garden of saints over there”. He was referring to the inmates who were buried there. This piece of information was given to me by a John Egan, Ardoslough. I am quoting him almost verbatim. – I cannot say exactly what year the workhouse was built. At that time it functioned just as a workhouse for tramps. It served mostly as a centre for Tuam and Roscommon. They were only kept for one night. In those days the roads were in a shocking condition, pot-holed and rough. All the stoned for the road were carted into the yard and after breakfast the tramps had to break a certain amount of stones before hitting the road again. Later on a hospital was set up, also a chapel and Mass was said there every Sunday until 1920. Joe Connolly was master during first of this century and its functions were run by a Board of Guardians acting in the same capacity as members of the Co. Council or visiting committees to hospitals or mental institutions. During the flu epidemic of 1918 it served as a local hospital run by the nuns. A horse-drawn van acted as an ambulance in those days. Dr. O’Malley was M.O. at the time and a man named O’Leary was driver. Many patients died there during the epidemic, quite a number of tramps who contracted the flu died there as well. There is a small graveyard there where they are buried in unmarked graves. At that time there was no ESB or gas so they depended on turf. Many people around the area cut turf for sale. It had to be carted in horse carts at 2/6 a cart. They had a measure of so many cubic feet capacity and any load of turf that was short of four measures was cut in price, so turf cutting was not a lucrative business -.” The principal officers of the Workhouse Administration were the Master, a Matron, a School Teacher and a Porter. The duties of the Master centred on the admission and registering of inmates, noting their religion and if they were able-bodied, providing work – hence the name workhouse. Joe Conneally, the last Master built an elegant townhouse as a family home in Main Street when the Workhouse ceased operations. It later became the residence of Pádraig Ó Séadhacháin, Principal of Lisín na h-Eilte National School and after that it formed part of Áras Bríde Nursing Home. The Matron supervised the nurses, checked the linen and beds for cleanliness and deputised for the Master should he be absent on other business. Schooling had an important role too, children received instruction, were disciplined and advised on morals and industry. Thomas Garvey, Clondoyle, was a teacher in the Workhouse. The Workhouse porter manned the gate, recorded the name of and business of all officers or other persons entering or leaving. He took charge of the clothes of the inmates and searched anyone whom he may suspect of having spirits. M. Brennan was a porter at Glenamaddy Workhouse in 1913 and James Leary who was a van driver in the same year requested an increase in his salary from £10 to £12. All workhouses had a chaplain. Their duties involved the celebration of Mass or divine office, visiting the sick and examining the children and recording their progress. Very Re. Walter Conway P.P. 1896-1919 in his book on Glenamaddy despised the workhouse system but accepted the role of chaplain. In 2014 Martin Keaveny, Esker, who was born in 1920 recalled his school days memory of children from the Workhouse attending St. Joseph’s Boys’ National School, Ballymoe Road. “About a dozen boys from the workhouse attended Glenamaddy school. They were in Mr O’Dea’s room. They were seated on a long forum along the wall. They were what we now call segregated. They didn’t join in any games with the other children. There was a big fellow called Mathias and he was in charge of the others. He carried a basketful of sandwiches and milk. They were all dressed the same in a grey uniform. They were well looked after. They moved to Tuam in 1927 and were later adopted by local families”. The Bon Secours Sisters, a Nursing Congregation from Mount Street, Dublin, came to Glenamaddy Workhouse shortly after 1900. This was the first time Sisters of the Nursing Order were invited to run the Workhouse on behalf of the Board of Guardians. The Hospital Wing was temporarily retained in Glenamaddy for the very ill, and as a home for the orphaned and destitute children of the area. The Sisters brought joy and life to all that remained of the old Workhouse. The children attended the local schools until the planned transfer of the institution to the proposed Children’s Home in Tuam. Fr. James Fergus served as a curate in Glenamaddy from 1921 until 1924. It was his first appointment in the diocese. He went on to become bishop of Achonry in 1947. He said Mass each week-day in the Workhouse chapel and he got to know the workers and the sisters who worked there well. His time in Glenamaddy coincided with the troubles and it was he who was called out to remove the blessed sacrament and sacred vessels from the Workhouse chapel when the IRA burned part of the Workhouse in 1921 in case it was occupied by the Black and Tans. The Bon Secours Sisters who transferred to the Grove in Tuam following the closure of Glenamaddy Workhouse Children’s Home presented Fr. Michael Goaley, P.P. of Glenamaddy from 1989 to 2006, with Fr. Fergus’ written account of his time in Glenamaddy. In it he named the Sisters who worked in Glenamaddy and commented on the excellence of their work. He also mentioned Joe Conneally, Master of the Board of Guardians, Dr. O’Malley, medical officer, father of three Columban priests and some of the lay staff. He recorded the burning of part of the Workhouse by members of the old IRA to prevent the British Army from occupying the building. A copy of Fr. Fergus’s booklet will be filed in the Parochial House in Church Street, Glenamaddy. A Memorial Plaque in memory of those who died, or, were in any way associated with the Workhouse during the period of its operation was erected by Glenamaddy Arts and Historical Society on the roadside close to the original entrance to the Workhouse in 1995. The Memorial was unveiled and blessed by Dr. Michael Neary, Archbishop of Tuam. The memorial stone is one of two pointed arch windows (now round-headed, keystone missing) rescued when the Dead House of Ballinasloe Workhouse was demolished. The memorial reads: Glenamaddy Poor Law Union 1850. Workhouse conducted by Board of Guardians. Fire Damage 1921. Bon Secours Sister founded St. Mary’s Home. Famine 1845-1850. Memorial Mass 1995. Kathleen Hurley who lived in Corlach House, Ballymoe, was a regular contributor to the Irish Folklore Commission in the 1940’s. She recounts an incident which is reputed to have occurred in Glenamaddy Workhouse. The story goes that as a child she met a very old man who in his youth was an inmate in Glenamaddy Workhouse. His name was Patch. It was his duty to carry the remains of any person who had died to the Dead House where bodies were dressed and prepared for burial. The Doctor doing his rounds through the sick ward told Patch, “Patch, when Séamus dies carry him to the Dead House”. “Yes”, your Honour, replied Patch. When the Doctor had gone, Patch approached the dying man’s bed, caught him by the two wrists and slung him across his shoulders. Poor Seamus shouted, “I am not dead yet”. Patch in a hurry to do his work replied, “Stop you…, the Doctor knows best” Glenamaddy Workhouse Accounts An examination of some Workhouse Accounts for 1894 reveals the following payments for Workhouse supplies: Kate Fahey Bread £36.11. 3 M.B. Collins Clothing £6. 6. 0 Patrick Lowry Potatoes £0. 11. 5 Thomas Morgan Coffins £0. 18. 0 P.A. McDermott Groceries & Clothing £21. 17. 0 John Mockler Straw £1. 1. 1 Patrick Ward Land £0. 14. 8 Galway Hospital Board £60. 0. 0 John Burke Rent for Vaccination Station £ 0. 10. 0 Workhouse Clerk Held in High Regard In 1916 the Board of Guardians, having regard for the high cost of living, sanctioned a salary increase by £90 a year for James Bruen, Clerk of the Union. Monsignor P. J. Bruen, P.P. Aughrim-Kilconnell, whose father James was the last Union Clerk concelebrated the Famine Memorial Mass in Glenamaddy on Sunday 6th August 1995. James Bruen dioed in 1964 and he is interred with his wife, Norah who died in 1953, in Creggs Road Cemetery, Glenamaddy. Unsatisfactory Conditions Criticised The Glenamaddy Workhouse was inspected twice annually by the Local Government Board. In a lengthy report on one inspection, Major Ruthledge Fairs remarked on the poor cleanliness and sanitary, nursing and hospital facilities not satisfactory, the yards and in general the overall upkeep of the workhouse neglected. The serious concern was on the agenda of a Board of Guardians meeting in March of the same year that Fr Walter Conway attended. Fear that the amalgamation scheme was near, the improvements outlined by Major Ruthledge Fairs report was not an issue of importance the Board felt. The following dialogue comes from the report of the meeting. Michael F. Neary: If you amalgamate there is no use incurring large expenditure in repairing the house. Fr. Conway P.P.: Whether you amalgamate or not something could be done about the hospital. You are here as the guardians of the poor, and so should look after the poor. We, and including myself among the number, cannot surely call ourselves Christian gentlemen, who would allow the poor people coming into this house to roll the clothes around their heads at night to keep away the rats from them. We cannot call ourselves Christian people or guardians of the poor who would allow this state of things to happen. Michael F. Neary: I never heard that before or knew that such a state of things existed. Other Guardians: Neither did we. Towards the end of the meeting, the Board agreed to undertake repairs and engage the services of architect Robert Kirwan. Dr Joseph McDonnell was medical officer to the Union in 1894-95. He resided, it is locally claimed, in Barna in a single storey modest house long since replaced by the current residence of Thomas McLoughlin. Dr McDonnell’s report on conditions in the workhouse dated 5th January 2895 states that “there are no infectious diseases apparent in the workhouse and the general sanitary conditions continue satisfactory”. He recommended that Martin Jennings get a pair of boots, His recommendation was granted. Fees paid to Dr. McDonnell in early 1895 amounted to £1.18 shillings. It appears from a notice in the Roscommon Journal and Western Reporter that Dr Joseph McDonnell died at the turn of the century. The notice applies to claims against the estate and requests particulars be furnished to a Roscommon address not later than 15th August 1901. Vote of Sympathy “That we, the Board of Guardians of the Glenamaddy Union, take this our earliest opportunity of expressing our deepest sympathy with the friends and relatives of the late Mr M,B, Collins, Glenamaddy. The deceased who was a respected merchant was upright and honourable in all his dealings and for a long number of years was contractor for supplies to the Union in which he gave every satisfaction. He endeared himself to all who knew him. His passing will be keenly felt in the District, especially by the poor. We tender to his afflicted widow and his family our deepest sympathy in their sad bereavement.” Water Supply Problems The workhouse had at times water supply shortages when the source from wells in the groiungs failed to respond thus causing the matter to be discussed at meetings of the Board of Guardians. The winter of 1895 was severe, the workhouse Master reported to the Board that a lead pipe had burst and requested the of a plumber to carry out repairs. The Master also stated that “he requires a few stones of oats for the jennit as he has this day commenced to change manure with him and the jennit would not be able to work if he did not at least have one feed of oats a day”. In a letter dated 17th April 1913, John Moran, engineer, inspected the pump erected by Messrs Campbell & Sons. He stated that it had failed to raise the supply of water to the cistern and ordered that the contractors be required to either modify or replace the pump within ten days, otherwise legal proceedings would be taken. Responding Messers Casey & Collins Solicitors for Campbell & Sons stated that “the supply of water to the cistern was a subsequent matter independent of the contract, further, if the water does not reach the cistern, it is solely because of the defective pipe from the pump to the cistern, for which their clients are in no way responsible”. Henry Concannon, Solicitor, Tuam, represented the Baord of Guardians. A person was engaged to draw water to workhouse on contract, and today, it is of interest that there are two pumps remaining in the original workhouse grounds. Author: Pat Keaveny - Glenamaddy Arts and Historical Society Journal. Volume 3, 2001. Millennium Edition. - The Great Hunger by Cecil Woodham-Smith - Historical Notes on the Parish of Glenamaddy by Very Rev. Walter Conway P.P. - Submission by Paddy Crosby N.T. in the National Folklore Commission archive - Guidance Notes by Canon Michael Goaley	<urn:uuid:2e32cb87-54c9-4b36-8329-d77782228578>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.glenamaddyheritage.com/heritage/history/glenamaddy-workhouse/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251705142.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127174507-20200127204507-00020.warc.gz	en	0.984802	6,173	3.5625	4	[ -0.20560558140277863, -0.17186689376831055, 0.2068394422531128, 0.2798422574996948, -0.004779034294188023, 0.007462807931005955, -0.11655564606189728, -0.5136494636535645, -0.2806260883808136, -0.34548985958099365, 0.14377795159816742, -0.37832558155059814, 0.24510353803634644, 0.491440534...	1	Glenamaddy Union Workhouse was located in Mountkelly about a kilometre to the east of the town, opposite Glenamaddy Turlough and adjacent to Creggs Road Cemetery. It was erected on the Browne estate. It is a grim reminder of the tragedy that unfolded in Ireland towards the middle of the 19th century when famine and starvation stalked the land. It was designed by the British Poor Law Commissioners’ architect, George Wilkinson, based on his standard plans to accommodate 500 inmates, a number never reached by Glenamaddy Workhouse. With the arrival of Christianity to Ireland and Great Britain, the sick and the destitute were looked after by religious Orders and Abbeys. The suppression of the monasteries in the 16th century ended this support system. The problem was compounded over centuries by conquests, the imposition of draconian laws and a concerted effort to obliterate the native Irish way of life by suppressing customs, traditions, language and religious beliefs. The majority of people who were Catholic became slaves in their own land with no social services safety-net to fall back on when disaster or misfortune struck. There was extreme poverty in Ireland in the early 19th century which was exacerbated by an unprecedented increase in the population. It is estimated that the population of Ireland was in the region of 3 million in 1700. By 1821 the first reliable census conducted in Ireland puts that population at 6.8 million. The 1841 census returns tell us that by then it had increased to 8.2 million with over two million at starvation level. The potato had become the staple diet of the vast majority of the people and it stood to reason that potato crop failure would expose a large segment of the population to starvation. The successive famine tragedies which unfolded in the middle of the nineteenth century visited untold suffering, dislocation and loss of life on a traumatised population. The famine was a tragedy waiting to happen, was entirely predictable and its adverse consequences could have been averted. The Irish Parliament had been abolished with the Act of Union in 1801 and Members of Parliament elected to represent the people in Ireland transferred to Westminster. Many of them were from a landed gentry background and they were out of touch with the worsening living conditions of the Irish peasant population. The various commissions and committees established between 1801 and 1845 to enquire into the state of Ireland concluded that “without exception their findings prophesied disaster; Ireland was on the verge of starvation, her population rapidly increasing, three-quarters of her labourers unemployed, housing conditions appalling and the standard of living unbelievably low”. Absentee landlords and greedy middlemen who regarded the land as simply a source of income, from which to extract as much as possible were largely unsympathetic to the plight of their distressed tenants. Most tenants had no security of tenure on the land and they could be evicted at short notice. Shortly before the famine the British government reported that poverty was so widespread that one-third of all Irish small holdings could not support their families after paying their rent, except by earnings of seasonal migrant labour in England and Scotland. The practice of young men travelling to England for seasonal employment on farms was prevalent in the Glenamaddy area well into the twentieth century. Many of those involved walked to Dublin to catch the cattle boat to Holyhead. Sometimes they carried farm implements to which they had become accustomed with them on their journey. There were certain familiar houses that they routinely over-nighted in along the way. Many of them posted their wages home in the form of a sovereign or half-sovereign wrapped in newspaper on a regular basis. Those who opted to retain their savings had to face the prospect of being robbed on their return journey and hence they travelled in groups to improve security. The farm implements they carried also helped to deter would-be highway robbers. This practice supplemented the meagre income which their families earned from the land and helped to pay the rent which was demanded relentlessly on a yearly or half-yearly basis. It wasn’t until the destitute from Ireland began to seek help in England that the British government woke up and seriously considered the introduction of workhouses in Ireland. Workhouses had been part of the safety net for the poor in England for many generations. People needed to be desperate to seek shelter in a workhouse as freedom was severely curtailed, rations were minimal and the regimental lifestyle was something people were not accustomed to. Workhouses were not designed to be welcoming institutions lest they attract too many applications for admission. Ratepayers which included the landlord class had to fund the operational costs and, therefore, they were most anxious to keep expenditure as low as possible. On the basis of he who pays the piper calls the tune, landlords usually made it their business to be elected onto the Board of Guardians. The Irish system differed from that in England and Wales, as the civil parish was not used as the basis for the election of guardians. In their place electoral divisions were formed by the amalgamation of townlands. The ratio of ex-officio guardians was to be at least three to one, with an election to be held among the qualified magistrates for ex-officio positions if their number exceeded the limit. When Ireland achieved independence in 1922 guardians were abolished and replaced by County Boards of Health. Paddy Crosby N.T. has the following interesting vignette in his 1973 Folklore submission regarding one Board of Guardians election which took place in Glenamaddy. “The second landlord was Farrell McDonnell. He was called the Rag Picker from Cork. Be that as it may he established himself well as a business man in Dunmore. To get into his shop, either full time or on trial you had to provide evidence of good character. His wages were £10 per year and how delighted those shop boys were. They thought they were millionaires. On one occasion he sought to get appointed to one of the guardianships of the workhouse in Glenamaddy. Now it happened that a man named Molloy and who had a son working for McDonald sought the same seat. However, McDonald lost the seat and showed his temper to the young Molloy. When the boy saw this he tendered his resignation to McDonnell. “What’s this for”, said McDonnell who was frothing at the lips. Molloy explained. “Stay with me and 10 pounds” said McDonnell. I can tell you that Molloy celebrated that night.” Minutes of Board of Guardian meetings show that local landlords, Browne and McDonnell, were members of the Board of Guardians of Glenamaddy Union Workhouse over a long period. Browne was a Protestant and McDonnell a Catholic and for various reasons they did not always see eye to eye. Wilkinson had been dispatched to Ireland following the Poor Law (Ireland) Act of 1838 to set establish the workhouse system. Glenamaddy Union was created from the southern part of Castlerea Union and covered an area of 157 square miles. It cost £5,250 to build and an additional £995 to fit out. The design was somewhat different to Wilkinson’s earlier plan and was a similar size and layout to workhouses in Urlingford and Mitchelstown which were built around the same time. The front of the site to the south had an entrance gateway flanked by two two-storey blocks containing school rooms and accommodation for boys and girls. A dispensary was also located at the workhouse entrance. There was a chapel where Mass was celebrated every day. On each side were accommodation wings for men and for women. To the rear, the main building had a T-shaped layout. The central wing running southwards was probably a single-storey block containing the dining-hall and kitchens. A hospital block lay to the north of the site, with a fever hospital and burial ground close by. The Workhouse which overlooked the turlough was surrounded in its entirety by a limestone wall which has collapsed in some places and is crumbling in others. Workhouses were typical institutional, functional buildings with large wards furnished with sleeping platforms that were placed too close together, straw mattresses, stone stairs and open fireplaces. Food was scarce, sanitation facilities very basic, discipline was strict and punishment for infringements were severe. The building contractor Andrew Egan, Tuam, was engaged to construct the building, He was responsible for some, or, perhaps all work on Tuam workhouse and Town Hall in the late 1800’s. In February 1852 Andrew Egan reported that the workhouse was almost ready regardless of the harshness of the winter weather. The stone used, it is locally claimed, was quarried in Scotland, a townland opposite the former St. Benin’s Vocational School, on the Kilkerrin Road. Very Rev. Walter Conway,P.P., Glenamadd,y 1896-1919 provided the following account of the Workhouse in his booklet entitled “Historical Notes on the Parish of Glenamaddy”. “Glenamaddy being the centre of a Poor-Law Union, has its workhouse – an institution of hated memories in Ireland. This institution, like all others of its class throughout the country, was built to hold – I cannot say accommodate – ten times the present number of its inmates. And its revenues, as elsewhere, were spent one half in administering the other half. More than twenty years ago it was doomed to extinction, and its inmates ordered to be scattered among the surrounding workhouses. And, no doubt, it deserved its doom. For, besides its costliness, it was allowed to fall into a state of disrepair, if not dilapidation, and it had become so infested with rats and other vermin as to endanger the health and lives of the unfortunate wretches who were compelled to seek shelter there. By some secret influence its doom was postponed, pending general amalgamation, and, under a more enlightened administration, it was repaired and renovated and made habitable if not comfortable. The good Bon Secours Sisters were placed in charge, and in the capable hands of the Superioress – the good and gentle Sister St. Basil – the whole face of the institution was changed from being a den of filth and misery into a comfortable asylum for the aged, the feeble and the sick poor. While under the skilful, careful and intelligent supervision of the medical officer, Dr. Michael Costello, the hospital has become a model of its kind, and with thirty beds, its skilful medical officer and its staff of devoted religious nurses, it compares very favourably with, if it does not excel, the larger county institutions elsewhere. Notwithstanding all this, the bad memories associated with the Irish Workhouses cling to it, and few disinterested people would regret its extinction or its conversion to some more useful and reproductive purpose. Its continued existence, as well as the existence of hundreds of similar institutions throughout Ireland, is a standing memorial of England’s step-motherly treatment of the unfortunate victims of England’s own artificially created famine”. As part of a submission to The National Folklore Department in U.C.D. in 1973 Paddy Crosby, former Principal of St. Joseph’s National School, Glenamaddy, refers to the workhouse as follows – “it kept the wolf from the door of many a poor house in this area. There were 10 men of good standing elected to rule over it. They were called guardians and a good job they made of it. They met once a month to see how matters were going on. One of them told me how they brought the Dr. to his knees. He was a very haughty man and if you saluted him whenever you met him that meant a half one for him in the village. The guardians told me he refused to go out in the night to attend a woman in labour. That is why he was subdued. He married an English woman and her daughter married J.A. Costello T.D.. His sons were urged to join the army in the first world war. One of them visited the local school here and with tears in his eyes admitted that he didn’t want to fight. Two months later he was blown in Flanders. As time rolled on some of the inmates escaped over the walls and built little scraw cabins for themselves on the roadside here. Thus they lived and were supported by charity. The last of them died a short time ago. The nuns took over the running of the workhouse in 1916. There was a master, registrar and teacher appointed. The poor children were thought the three r’s in a miserable sort of way by a Mr Garvey. Subsequently he transferred to a thatched house one side of the Ulster Bank. His assistant was Miss Raftery and she was known as a nickname “at, at”. Later, when this building fell in, the children transferred to the top of the old P.O.. It would do your heart good if you saw the attempts at cramming there. I could supply you if needed with an old photograph of the old school if needed anytime. In the year 1900 Fr. Conway built the town school and that put an end to the misery. The children in the workhouse called their home the Union and indeed all credit to the good nuns two big baskets of sliced bread with butter and jam was sent down to the school every day. The only thing I think was uncharitable was they used to wear ugly grey clothes, all the same colour. In 1921 the I.R.A. burned down the Workhouse in case B. and Tans would take it over. Subsequently the inmates were transferred to Tuam and later to Limerick. Some of the children were adopted by the good people here and when the emigrants married and settled down they often pay visits back here and were very kind to their foster parents. In fact, it has to be said, that they loved them more than their own children. Some of the spill-outs of the Workhouse weren’t too nice. There was one called Mickeen Do-Wren. I remember well he came into our house while the good woman was cooking cabbage. He was filthy, lousy. While the good woman took the lid off he skillet to see if the cabbage was boiled he started throwing fistfuls of vermin in the fire over the skillet. A man who was in the house said to him, “get out you dirty swine”. Whereupon he seized his old coat, made for the door, went down on one knee and shouted “May the Lord our God have you damned in hell before this time tomorrow”. As a child I nearly died. I thought it would come true. It was a big farmer named Jones who supplied the Workhouse everyday with milk. It was delivered from Creggs where the farmer lived, by a gig, two milk cans behind and driven by a man named John Noone. Anyone plying that time between Creggs and Glenamaddy was always sure of a lift. The remains of the Workhouse was bought by a man for a trifle. He afterwards sold the parts to Hammmon Lane. It is said he made a fortune. A man who knew the Union pretty well said to me some time ago, “There is a garden of saints over there”. He was referring to the inmates who were buried there. This piece of information was given to me by a John Egan, Ardoslough. I am quoting him almost verbatim. – I cannot say exactly what year the workhouse was built. At that time it functioned just as a workhouse for tramps. It served mostly as a centre for Tuam and Roscommon. They were only kept for one night. In those days the roads were in a shocking condition, pot-holed and rough. All the stoned for the road were carted into the yard and after breakfast the tramps had to break a certain amount of stones before hitting the road again. Later on a hospital was set up, also a chapel and Mass was said there every Sunday until 1920. Joe Connolly was master during first of this century and its functions were run by a Board of Guardians acting in the same capacity as members of the Co. Council or visiting committees to hospitals or mental institutions. During the flu epidemic of 1918 it served as a local hospital run by the nuns. A horse-drawn van acted as an ambulance in those days. Dr. O’Malley was M.O. at the time and a man named O’Leary was driver. Many patients died there during the epidemic, quite a number of tramps who contracted the flu died there as well. There is a small graveyard there where they are buried in unmarked graves. At that time there was no ESB or gas so they depended on turf. Many people around the area cut turf for sale. It had to be carted in horse carts at 2/6 a cart. They had a measure of so many cubic feet capacity and any load of turf that was short of four measures was cut in price, so turf cutting was not a lucrative business -.” The principal officers of the Workhouse Administration were the Master, a Matron, a School Teacher and a Porter. The duties of the Master centred on the admission and registering of inmates, noting their religion and if they were able-bodied, providing work – hence the name workhouse. Joe Conneally, the last Master built an elegant townhouse as a family home in Main Street when the Workhouse ceased operations. It later became the residence of Pádraig Ó Séadhacháin, Principal of Lisín na h-Eilte National School and after that it formed part of Áras Bríde Nursing Home. The Matron supervised the nurses, checked the linen and beds for cleanliness and deputised for the Master should he be absent on other business. Schooling had an important role too, children received instruction, were disciplined and advised on morals and industry. Thomas Garvey, Clondoyle, was a teacher in the Workhouse. The Workhouse porter manned the gate, recorded the name of and business of all officers or other persons entering or leaving. He took charge of the clothes of the inmates and searched anyone whom he may suspect of having spirits. M. Brennan was a porter at Glenamaddy Workhouse in 1913 and James Leary who was a van driver in the same year requested an increase in his salary from £10 to £12. All workhouses had a chaplain. Their duties involved the celebration of Mass or divine office, visiting the sick and examining the children and recording their progress. Very Re. Walter Conway P.P. 1896-1919 in his book on Glenamaddy despised the workhouse system but accepted the role of chaplain. In 2014 Martin Keaveny, Esker, who was born in 1920 recalled his school days memory of children from the Workhouse attending St. Joseph’s Boys’ National School, Ballymoe Road. “About a dozen boys from the workhouse attended Glenamaddy school. They were in Mr O’Dea’s room. They were seated on a long forum along the wall. They were what we now call segregated. They didn’t join in any games with the other children. There was a big fellow called Mathias and he was in charge of the others. He carried a basketful of sandwiches and milk. They were all dressed the same in a grey uniform. They were well looked after. They moved to Tuam in 1927 and were later adopted by local families”. The Bon Secours Sisters, a Nursing Congregation from Mount Street, Dublin, came to Glenamaddy Workhouse shortly after 1900. This was the first time Sisters of the Nursing Order were invited to run the Workhouse on behalf of the Board of Guardians. The Hospital Wing was temporarily retained in Glenamaddy for the very ill, and as a home for the orphaned and destitute children of the area. The Sisters brought joy and life to all that remained of the old Workhouse. The children attended the local schools until the planned transfer of the institution to the proposed Children’s Home in Tuam. Fr. James Fergus served as a curate in Glenamaddy from 1921 until 1924. It was his first appointment in the diocese. He went on to become bishop of Achonry in 1947. He said Mass each week-day in the Workhouse chapel and he got to know the workers and the sisters who worked there well. His time in Glenamaddy coincided with the troubles and it was he who was called out to remove the blessed sacrament and sacred vessels from the Workhouse chapel when the IRA burned part of the Workhouse in 1921 in case it was occupied by the Black and Tans. The Bon Secours Sisters who transferred to the Grove in Tuam following the closure of Glenamaddy Workhouse Children’s Home presented Fr. Michael Goaley, P.P. of Glenamaddy from 1989 to 2006, with Fr. Fergus’ written account of his time in Glenamaddy. In it he named the Sisters who worked in Glenamaddy and commented on the excellence of their work. He also mentioned Joe Conneally, Master of the Board of Guardians, Dr. O’Malley, medical officer, father of three Columban priests and some of the lay staff. He recorded the burning of part of the Workhouse by members of the old IRA to prevent the British Army from occupying the building. A copy of Fr. Fergus’s booklet will be filed in the Parochial House in Church Street, Glenamaddy. A Memorial Plaque in memory of those who died, or, were in any way associated with the Workhouse during the period of its operation was erected by Glenamaddy Arts and Historical Society on the roadside close to the original entrance to the Workhouse in 1995. The Memorial was unveiled and blessed by Dr. Michael Neary, Archbishop of Tuam. The memorial stone is one of two pointed arch windows (now round-headed, keystone missing) rescued when the Dead House of Ballinasloe Workhouse was demolished. The memorial reads: Glenamaddy Poor Law Union 1850. Workhouse conducted by Board of Guardians. Fire Damage 1921. Bon Secours Sister founded St. Mary’s Home. Famine 1845-1850. Memorial Mass 1995. Kathleen Hurley who lived in Corlach House, Ballymoe, was a regular contributor to the Irish Folklore Commission in the 1940’s. She recounts an incident which is reputed to have occurred in Glenamaddy Workhouse. The story goes that as a child she met a very old man who in his youth was an inmate in Glenamaddy Workhouse. His name was Patch. It was his duty to carry the remains of any person who had died to the Dead House where bodies were dressed and prepared for burial. The Doctor doing his rounds through the sick ward told Patch, “Patch, when Séamus dies carry him to the Dead House”. “Yes”, your Honour, replied Patch. When the Doctor had gone, Patch approached the dying man’s bed, caught him by the two wrists and slung him across his shoulders. Poor Seamus shouted, “I am not dead yet”. Patch in a hurry to do his work replied, “Stop you…, the Doctor knows best” Glenamaddy Workhouse Accounts An examination of some Workhouse Accounts for 1894 reveals the following payments for Workhouse supplies: Kate Fahey Bread £36.11. 3 M.B. Collins Clothing £6. 6. 0 Patrick Lowry Potatoes £0. 11. 5 Thomas Morgan Coffins £0. 18. 0 P.A. McDermott Groceries & Clothing £21. 17. 0 John Mockler Straw £1. 1. 1 Patrick Ward Land £0. 14. 8 Galway Hospital Board £60. 0. 0 John Burke Rent for Vaccination Station £ 0. 10. 0 Workhouse Clerk Held in High Regard In 1916 the Board of Guardians, having regard for the high cost of living, sanctioned a salary increase by £90 a year for James Bruen, Clerk of the Union. Monsignor P. J. Bruen, P.P. Aughrim-Kilconnell, whose father James was the last Union Clerk concelebrated the Famine Memorial Mass in Glenamaddy on Sunday 6th August 1995. James Bruen dioed in 1964 and he is interred with his wife, Norah who died in 1953, in Creggs Road Cemetery, Glenamaddy. Unsatisfactory Conditions Criticised The Glenamaddy Workhouse was inspected twice annually by the Local Government Board. In a lengthy report on one inspection, Major Ruthledge Fairs remarked on the poor cleanliness and sanitary, nursing and hospital facilities not satisfactory, the yards and in general the overall upkeep of the workhouse neglected. The serious concern was on the agenda of a Board of Guardians meeting in March of the same year that Fr Walter Conway attended. Fear that the amalgamation scheme was near, the improvements outlined by Major Ruthledge Fairs report was not an issue of importance the Board felt. The following dialogue comes from the report of the meeting. Michael F. Neary: If you amalgamate there is no use incurring large expenditure in repairing the house. Fr. Conway P.P.: Whether you amalgamate or not something could be done about the hospital. You are here as the guardians of the poor, and so should look after the poor. We, and including myself among the number, cannot surely call ourselves Christian gentlemen, who would allow the poor people coming into this house to roll the clothes around their heads at night to keep away the rats from them. We cannot call ourselves Christian people or guardians of the poor who would allow this state of things to happen. Michael F. Neary: I never heard that before or knew that such a state of things existed. Other Guardians: Neither did we. Towards the end of the meeting, the Board agreed to undertake repairs and engage the services of architect Robert Kirwan. Dr Joseph McDonnell was medical officer to the Union in 1894-95. He resided, it is locally claimed, in Barna in a single storey modest house long since replaced by the current residence of Thomas McLoughlin. Dr McDonnell’s report on conditions in the workhouse dated 5th January 2895 states that “there are no infectious diseases apparent in the workhouse and the general sanitary conditions continue satisfactory”. He recommended that Martin Jennings get a pair of boots, His recommendation was granted. Fees paid to Dr. McDonnell in early 1895 amounted to £1.18 shillings. It appears from a notice in the Roscommon Journal and Western Reporter that Dr Joseph McDonnell died at the turn of the century. The notice applies to claims against the estate and requests particulars be furnished to a Roscommon address not later than 15th August 1901. Vote of Sympathy “That we, the Board of Guardians of the Glenamaddy Union, take this our earliest opportunity of expressing our deepest sympathy with the friends and relatives of the late Mr M,B, Collins, Glenamaddy. The deceased who was a respected merchant was upright and honourable in all his dealings and for a long number of years was contractor for supplies to the Union in which he gave every satisfaction. He endeared himself to all who knew him. His passing will be keenly felt in the District, especially by the poor. We tender to his afflicted widow and his family our deepest sympathy in their sad bereavement.” Water Supply Problems The workhouse had at times water supply shortages when the source from wells in the groiungs failed to respond thus causing the matter to be discussed at meetings of the Board of Guardians. The winter of 1895 was severe, the workhouse Master reported to the Board that a lead pipe had burst and requested the of a plumber to carry out repairs. The Master also stated that “he requires a few stones of oats for the jennit as he has this day commenced to change manure with him and the jennit would not be able to work if he did not at least have one feed of oats a day”. In a letter dated 17th April 1913, John Moran, engineer, inspected the pump erected by Messrs Campbell & Sons. He stated that it had failed to raise the supply of water to the cistern and ordered that the contractors be required to either modify or replace the pump within ten days, otherwise legal proceedings would be taken. Responding Messers Casey & Collins Solicitors for Campbell & Sons stated that “the supply of water to the cistern was a subsequent matter independent of the contract, further, if the water does not reach the cistern, it is solely because of the defective pipe from the pump to the cistern, for which their clients are in no way responsible”. Henry Concannon, Solicitor, Tuam, represented the Baord of Guardians. A person was engaged to draw water to workhouse on contract, and today, it is of interest that there are two pumps remaining in the original workhouse grounds. Author: Pat Keaveny - Glenamaddy Arts and Historical Society Journal. Volume 3, 2001. Millennium Edition. - The Great Hunger by Cecil Woodham-Smith - Historical Notes on the Parish of Glenamaddy by Very Rev. Walter Conway P.P. - Submission by Paddy Crosby N.T. in the National Folklore Commission archive - Guidance Notes by Canon Michael Goaley	6,263	ENGLISH	1
Chief sitting bull and the crow indians When the movement reached Standing Rock, Sitting Bull allowed the dancers to gather at his camp. When did sitting bull die Crow warriors enlisted with the US Army for this war. Soon after his return, Sitting Bull experienced another mystical vision. An illustrated article about a recent Sioux Council at standing Rock Agency to consider questions of divine of their reservation lands. It was the last major commission of its kind. Following the hunt, Jumping Badger set out on his first vision quest. They hoped the White Mother, or Grandmother the term preferred by the Sioux , would give them sanctuary in her land. I hope I never need it again. Moments later, Walsh and his men rounded a hill to find a large camp spread before them. Dried bison meat was ground with fat and berries to make pemmican. I want you to leave what you have got here and turn back from here. The episode seems to be the worst armed conflict between the Crows and a group of whites until the Sword Bearer uprising in Often specific tipi designs were unique to the individual owner, family, or society that resided in the tipi. The leather for their clothing, robes and pouches were created from the skin of buffalo, deer and elk. George Armstrong Custer led a military expedition from Fort Abraham Lincoln near Bismarckto explore the Black Hills for gold and to determine a suitable location for a military fort in the Hills. After a struggle, Sitting Bull tired and slumped to the ground, and the other chief released him. The Sioux claimed they had suffered greatly at the hands of the blue-clad Long Knives, that they had been fighting on the defensive for years. On August 26,he was visited by census taker William T. They entered the cabin at daybreak, aroused the chief from a sound slumber, helped him to dress, and led him unresisting from the house; but when he came out in the gray dawn of that December morning into find his cabin surrounded by armed men and himself led away to he knew not what fate, he cried out loudly: "They have taken me: what say you to it? The Sioux victory in the war led to their temporarily preserving their control of the Powder River country. He remained defiant toward American military power and contemptuous of American promises to the end. Sitting bull biography The Lower Sioux were displaced from their traditional woodlands, and were dissatisfied with their new territory of mostly prairie. A week prior to the attack, he had performed the Sun Dance, in which he fasted and sacrificed over pieces of flesh from his arms. Visit Website With other Sioux leaders he soon took his followers to the pristine valleys of the Powder and Yellowstone rivers where buffalo and other game were abundant. They depended on the buffalo for their livelihood, and the buffalo, under the steady encroachment of whites, were rapidly becoming extinct. Despite the reluctance of most Sioux to put themselves at the mercy of the American government, the thought that food might be more readily obtainable drove small bands of them about to lodges back over the medicine line in July to surrender to military authorities at Fort Keogh, at the mouth of the Tongue River on the Yellowstone. Remember that there were councils which gave their decisions in accordance with the highest ideal of human justice before there were any cities on this continent; before there were bridges to span the Mississippi; before this network of railroads was dreamed of! Fetterman and his men from Fort Phil Kearny. In , he and Lt. An American military post was not established at the confluence of the St. The leather for their clothing, robes and pouches were created from the skin of buffalo, deer and elk. When Custer and Reno attacked the camp at both ends, the chief was caught napping. I am your friend Sitting Bull. Before winter snows swept across the northern Plains insoldiers, U. He has been called a "medicine man" and a "dreamer. The Indian agent in charge of the reservation was determined to deny the great chief any respect, even forcing him to do manual labor in the fields. Walsh ordered Morin to pull out two long poles from the hay corral and lay them on the ground out in front of the post. Still, it was one thing to expect their arrival but another to actually deal with them. Chief sitting bull and the crow indians It is through this mysterious power that we too have our being, and we therefore yield to our neighbors, even to our animal neighbors, the same right as ourselves to inhabit this vast land. They compel her to produce out of season, and when sterile she is made to take medicine in order to produce again. Little Crow was forced to retreat sometime in September Croix with the Mississippi, but Fort Snelling was established in along the Minnesota and Mississippi rivers. In his later years, Sitting Bull's most favored children were a son named Crow Foot and a daughter named Standing Holy. The Crow, Hidatsa, Eastern Shoshone and Northern Shoshone soon became noted as horse breeders and dealers and developed relatively large horse herds. In May , he led his band across the border into Canada, beyond the reach of the U. Despite the ban, prospectors began a rush to the Black Hills. Those were fighting virtues that people saw in Sitting Bull. He is remembered among the Lakota not only as an inspirational leader and fearless warrior but as a loving father, a gifted singer, a man always affable and friendly toward others, whose deep religious faith gave him prophetic insight and lent special power to his prayers. He overtook him at last on Cedar Creek, near the Yellowstone, and the two met midway between the lines for a parley. Paul and Chicago. based on 15 review	<urn:uuid:a015cc50-1ce7-47c2-9c31-09a7ad4e4b6a>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://penivyhozesameju.whatshanesaid.com/chief-sitting-bull-and-the-crow-indians477649333xf.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250599718.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120165335-20200120194335-00524.warc.gz	en	0.984543	1,195	3.765625	4	[ -0.059199027717113495, 0.4819537401199341, 0.21455368399620056, 0.15620934963226318, -0.1956193447113037, 0.27523916959762573, 0.22925692796707153, -0.27933865785598755, -0.2639583647251129, -0.15818403661251068, -0.14694476127624512, -0.17667174339294434, 0.20983999967575073, 0.2146061211...	1	Chief sitting bull and the crow indians When the movement reached Standing Rock, Sitting Bull allowed the dancers to gather at his camp. When did sitting bull die Crow warriors enlisted with the US Army for this war. Soon after his return, Sitting Bull experienced another mystical vision. An illustrated article about a recent Sioux Council at standing Rock Agency to consider questions of divine of their reservation lands. It was the last major commission of its kind. Following the hunt, Jumping Badger set out on his first vision quest. They hoped the White Mother, or Grandmother the term preferred by the Sioux , would give them sanctuary in her land. I hope I never need it again. Moments later, Walsh and his men rounded a hill to find a large camp spread before them. Dried bison meat was ground with fat and berries to make pemmican. I want you to leave what you have got here and turn back from here. The episode seems to be the worst armed conflict between the Crows and a group of whites until the Sword Bearer uprising in Often specific tipi designs were unique to the individual owner, family, or society that resided in the tipi. The leather for their clothing, robes and pouches were created from the skin of buffalo, deer and elk. George Armstrong Custer led a military expedition from Fort Abraham Lincoln near Bismarckto explore the Black Hills for gold and to determine a suitable location for a military fort in the Hills. After a struggle, Sitting Bull tired and slumped to the ground, and the other chief released him. The Sioux claimed they had suffered greatly at the hands of the blue-clad Long Knives, that they had been fighting on the defensive for years. On August 26,he was visited by census taker William T. They entered the cabin at daybreak, aroused the chief from a sound slumber, helped him to dress, and led him unresisting from the house; but when he came out in the gray dawn of that December morning into find his cabin surrounded by armed men and himself led away to he knew not what fate, he cried out loudly: "They have taken me: what say you to it? The Sioux victory in the war led to their temporarily preserving their control of the Powder River country. He remained defiant toward American military power and contemptuous of American promises to the end. Sitting bull biography The Lower Sioux were displaced from their traditional woodlands, and were dissatisfied with their new territory of mostly prairie. A week prior to the attack, he had performed the Sun Dance, in which he fasted and sacrificed over pieces of flesh from his arms. Visit Website With other Sioux leaders he soon took his followers to the pristine valleys of the Powder and Yellowstone rivers where buffalo and other game were abundant. They depended on the buffalo for their livelihood, and the buffalo, under the steady encroachment of whites, were rapidly becoming extinct. Despite the reluctance of most Sioux to put themselves at the mercy of the American government, the thought that food might be more readily obtainable drove small bands of them about to lodges back over the medicine line in July to surrender to military authorities at Fort Keogh, at the mouth of the Tongue River on the Yellowstone. Remember that there were councils which gave their decisions in accordance with the highest ideal of human justice before there were any cities on this continent; before there were bridges to span the Mississippi; before this network of railroads was dreamed of! Fetterman and his men from Fort Phil Kearny. In , he and Lt. An American military post was not established at the confluence of the St. The leather for their clothing, robes and pouches were created from the skin of buffalo, deer and elk. When Custer and Reno attacked the camp at both ends, the chief was caught napping. I am your friend Sitting Bull. Before winter snows swept across the northern Plains insoldiers, U. He has been called a "medicine man" and a "dreamer. The Indian agent in charge of the reservation was determined to deny the great chief any respect, even forcing him to do manual labor in the fields. Walsh ordered Morin to pull out two long poles from the hay corral and lay them on the ground out in front of the post. Still, it was one thing to expect their arrival but another to actually deal with them. Chief sitting bull and the crow indians It is through this mysterious power that we too have our being, and we therefore yield to our neighbors, even to our animal neighbors, the same right as ourselves to inhabit this vast land. They compel her to produce out of season, and when sterile she is made to take medicine in order to produce again. Little Crow was forced to retreat sometime in September Croix with the Mississippi, but Fort Snelling was established in along the Minnesota and Mississippi rivers. In his later years, Sitting Bull's most favored children were a son named Crow Foot and a daughter named Standing Holy. The Crow, Hidatsa, Eastern Shoshone and Northern Shoshone soon became noted as horse breeders and dealers and developed relatively large horse herds. In May , he led his band across the border into Canada, beyond the reach of the U. Despite the ban, prospectors began a rush to the Black Hills. Those were fighting virtues that people saw in Sitting Bull. He is remembered among the Lakota not only as an inspirational leader and fearless warrior but as a loving father, a gifted singer, a man always affable and friendly toward others, whose deep religious faith gave him prophetic insight and lent special power to his prayers. He overtook him at last on Cedar Creek, near the Yellowstone, and the two met midway between the lines for a parley. Paul and Chicago. based on 15 review	1,187	ENGLISH	1
The Developmental Benefits of Playgrounds – Part 3 4 min read by Urszula Semerda with Dr. Lucy Jane Miller The first 2 parts of this 3 part series discussed self- regulation strategies, self-esteem & self-confidence benefits from playing on a playground. In this post I will further expand on playground benefits by discussing social participation benefits. Playground Benefits: Social Participation One of the most exciting benefits of children playing on the playground is the possibility of learning new skills. Skills that allow the child to become a ‘good friend’ and develop meaningful relationships with his or her peers. The Sand and Water Circle Story One of the most popular activities was playing in the STAR Center sand and water circle, which has a manually activated water feature. Children instantly gravitate to it. Initially the play was not always successful due to children’s decreased awareness of their peers. They were self-aware and knew exactly what they wanted to do. This however, led to sand being thrown in all directions, water being unexpectedly splashed onto children and tears when there was not enough turn taking. We knew that getting all the children to play together was a huge opportunity to increase their abilities to relate and engage… but how could we do that? So, we decided to target each individual situation, one at a time. First came the water feature, then the sand play, and then turn taking. After some discussion with the children and some prompting from the camp leader we came up with a plan for Friday, the last day of camp. Friday finally arrived. Now most children were playing in the sand area. “Water! Ready for water?” asked Ben as he carefully looked around at his friends while raising his thumb up acknowledging that he was ready to push the button to activate the water. One by one all the other children raised their thumbs and Adrian slowly moved away so the water could not reach him. “Waatttterrrrr START NOW!!!” Ben pressed the button with excitement. As the water flowed down the rock into the sand Jack and Jamie jumped up and down with excitement. Their aluminum boats were sliding down the rock pushed by the flow of water from the water feature. “We need more sand!” shouted Adrian as he started to pick up more sand. Liam and Emma joined him and the three of them started building more dams around the water feature as Jack and Jamie collected all the boats to get them ready for another ride. As the positive interactions increased camp leaders were able to scale back the support and step in only at the times of need. Working in this wonderful natural setting provided numerous opportunities for children to grasp learned strategies and develop meaningful friendships. Another success at the Sensational Camp. We all couldn’t be happier! Positive friendships are very powerful and can affect or change children’s regulation. This was very clear with a boy named Jacob who also participated in the summer camp. He was a sweet young boy who was very eager to participate in the camp. Jacob, did however struggle with regulating his body and was unable to stay on any task for longer than a minute. The therapists tried numerous regulating strategies to help him slow down and participate in an activity for longer. Unfortunately Jacob continued to struggle. During the free play on the third day of our Moovin’ and Groovin’ camp, Liam, another group participant was surrounded with few friends including Jacob who was quickly running from one play structure to the next. “Guys, guys!! Come on!” said Liam as he picked up a soft noodle and a foam ball “Let’s play!” He walked over to the open area between the structures. What a perfect opportunity to see if Liam and Jacob could engage and play with one another. I walked over to Jacob and gave him some slow but deep pressure on his shoulders. This allowed him to slow down and look at me. “Jacob … Liam wants to play with you.” He looked up at Liam who was all set up to play baseball. I guided Jacob towards Liam. “Liam wants to play some baseball. Would you like to play with him?” … “Sure” said Jacob. Jacob was a ‘yes’ boy, always willing to do everything . . . but would he stay engaged? We were all eager to see what happened. “Liam… Jacob will play with you” I said. “Great!” Liam walked over and started directing Jacob about what he could do and where he should stay. Jacob followed all of Liam’s instructions to the tee. They played and played… I was overjoyed. We kept taking pictures to make sure I captured these wonderful moments for their parents. I looked down at my watch… 15 minutes had passed and they kept playing together, even when another friend came to join them. As the days passed it was clear that their friendship grew and Jacob was able to stay regulated for most of the activities while playing with Liam. “He is my best friend!” Jacob kept telling everyone. After the camp the boys were very clear with their parents about their friendship. The two mothers decided to support this wonderful friendship with play dates after camp was over. Playgrounds have amazing benefits! It is rewarding to watch children be happy, having a good time, learning new skills, experiencing meaningful interactions with peers, and improving their ability to handle feelings and negotiate conflicts. What could be more fun . . . than having fun?	<urn:uuid:d1593d2f-f707-4667-a9d3-22ccaf0cecaf>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.sensorylifestyle.com/resources-learn/playground-developmental-benefits-part-3	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251694071.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126230255-20200127020255-00243.warc.gz	en	0.980677	1,161	3.421875	3	[ 0.029066666960716248, -0.15244224667549133, 0.3991541266441345, -0.11651965975761414, -0.2435007393360138, 0.48798906803131104, 0.464755654335022, 0.0774185061454773, 0.0328647755086422, -0.005979870446026325, 0.34512680768966675, -0.42332759499549866, 0.18369492888450623, 0.55940151214599...	13	The Developmental Benefits of Playgrounds – Part 3 4 min read by Urszula Semerda with Dr. Lucy Jane Miller The first 2 parts of this 3 part series discussed self- regulation strategies, self-esteem & self-confidence benefits from playing on a playground. In this post I will further expand on playground benefits by discussing social participation benefits. Playground Benefits: Social Participation One of the most exciting benefits of children playing on the playground is the possibility of learning new skills. Skills that allow the child to become a ‘good friend’ and develop meaningful relationships with his or her peers. The Sand and Water Circle Story One of the most popular activities was playing in the STAR Center sand and water circle, which has a manually activated water feature. Children instantly gravitate to it. Initially the play was not always successful due to children’s decreased awareness of their peers. They were self-aware and knew exactly what they wanted to do. This however, led to sand being thrown in all directions, water being unexpectedly splashed onto children and tears when there was not enough turn taking. We knew that getting all the children to play together was a huge opportunity to increase their abilities to relate and engage… but how could we do that? So, we decided to target each individual situation, one at a time. First came the water feature, then the sand play, and then turn taking. After some discussion with the children and some prompting from the camp leader we came up with a plan for Friday, the last day of camp. Friday finally arrived. Now most children were playing in the sand area. “Water! Ready for water?” asked Ben as he carefully looked around at his friends while raising his thumb up acknowledging that he was ready to push the button to activate the water. One by one all the other children raised their thumbs and Adrian slowly moved away so the water could not reach him. “Waatttterrrrr START NOW!!!” Ben pressed the button with excitement. As the water flowed down the rock into the sand Jack and Jamie jumped up and down with excitement. Their aluminum boats were sliding down the rock pushed by the flow of water from the water feature. “We need more sand!” shouted Adrian as he started to pick up more sand. Liam and Emma joined him and the three of them started building more dams around the water feature as Jack and Jamie collected all the boats to get them ready for another ride. As the positive interactions increased camp leaders were able to scale back the support and step in only at the times of need. Working in this wonderful natural setting provided numerous opportunities for children to grasp learned strategies and develop meaningful friendships. Another success at the Sensational Camp. We all couldn’t be happier! Positive friendships are very powerful and can affect or change children’s regulation. This was very clear with a boy named Jacob who also participated in the summer camp. He was a sweet young boy who was very eager to participate in the camp. Jacob, did however struggle with regulating his body and was unable to stay on any task for longer than a minute. The therapists tried numerous regulating strategies to help him slow down and participate in an activity for longer. Unfortunately Jacob continued to struggle. During the free play on the third day of our Moovin’ and Groovin’ camp, Liam, another group participant was surrounded with few friends including Jacob who was quickly running from one play structure to the next. “Guys, guys!! Come on!” said Liam as he picked up a soft noodle and a foam ball “Let’s play!” He walked over to the open area between the structures. What a perfect opportunity to see if Liam and Jacob could engage and play with one another. I walked over to Jacob and gave him some slow but deep pressure on his shoulders. This allowed him to slow down and look at me. “Jacob … Liam wants to play with you.” He looked up at Liam who was all set up to play baseball. I guided Jacob towards Liam. “Liam wants to play some baseball. Would you like to play with him?” … “Sure” said Jacob. Jacob was a ‘yes’ boy, always willing to do everything . . . but would he stay engaged? We were all eager to see what happened. “Liam… Jacob will play with you” I said. “Great!” Liam walked over and started directing Jacob about what he could do and where he should stay. Jacob followed all of Liam’s instructions to the tee. They played and played… I was overjoyed. We kept taking pictures to make sure I captured these wonderful moments for their parents. I looked down at my watch… 15 minutes had passed and they kept playing together, even when another friend came to join them. As the days passed it was clear that their friendship grew and Jacob was able to stay regulated for most of the activities while playing with Liam. “He is my best friend!” Jacob kept telling everyone. After the camp the boys were very clear with their parents about their friendship. The two mothers decided to support this wonderful friendship with play dates after camp was over. Playgrounds have amazing benefits! It is rewarding to watch children be happy, having a good time, learning new skills, experiencing meaningful interactions with peers, and improving their ability to handle feelings and negotiate conflicts. What could be more fun . . . than having fun?	1,086	ENGLISH	1
Statue of Zeus at Olympia The Statue of Zeus at Olympia was located in Olympia, Greece. The construction began in approximately 430 BC and was completed in 422 BC. It has become one of the seven wonders of the ancient world since. It was created by a sculptor named Phidias. He took almost 12 years to complete the structure. The statue was about 42 feet tall. A frame made of cedar wood was used and then it was covered with ivory stripes and gold panels. It required a special care because the Olympia was a damp place. The humidity could damage it. Olive oil was applied to prevent the ivory from cracking and wood from deteriorating. Fast Facts: – - The statue depicted ‘Zeus’. Zeus is the Greek god of the sky, lighting, thunder, law, and order. - The Statue of Zeus at Olympia holds Nike, the goddess of victory in Greek mythology in his right hand. - There is a scepter with an eagle perched on the top of it. A scepter like this is carried by a king as a symbol of power. - The robe, shoes, hair, and beard of the statue were made of gold. The exposed part of the skin was made of ivory. - The statue was sculpted in a seated position on a throne that was carved with different animal figures. - Phidias set up a workshop next to the temple of Zeus in which the statue was to be placed. - In the 1950s, that workshop was discovered by archaeologists. His tools were also found during the excavation. - The eyes of the statue were set with precious jewels, - The sculpture was so tall that its head nearly brushed the roof of the temple. - The Olympic Games were one of the most important festivals of Greeks. These games were held every 4 years in the honor of the king of their gods, Zeus. - It is said that the temple was stroked with a thunderbolt after the completion of the statue that caused no damage. - It is believed that Phidias, the sculptor who made the statue asked Zeus for a sign of approval. - The statue was destroyed by fire in the fifth century. Cite This Page You may cut-and-paste the below MLA and APA citation examples: MLA Style Citation Declan, Tobin. " Fun Facts for Kids about Statue of Zeus at Olympia ." Easy Science for Kids, Jan 2020. Web. 21 Jan 2020. < https://easyscienceforkids.com/statue-of-zeus-at-olympia/ >. APA Style Citation Tobin, Declan. (2020). Fun Facts for Kids about Statue of Zeus at Olympia. Easy Science for Kids. Retrieved from https://easyscienceforkids.com/statue-of-zeus-at-olympia/ Sponsored Links :	<urn:uuid:872ea669-b6a5-4bda-90ee-5419c9e19157>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://easyscienceforkids.com/statue-of-zeus-at-olympia/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250603761.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121103642-20200121132642-00259.warc.gz	en	0.981032	604	3.5625	4	[ -0.04730343073606491, 0.07466426491737366, 0.3676221966743469, -0.1225472241640091, -0.7024818062782288, -0.08958743512630463, 0.10001032054424286, 0.5486243367195129, 0.06011192128062248, 0.2959860861301422, -0.10614176094532013, -0.5684515237808228, -0.03708690032362938, 0.59225702285766...	1	Statue of Zeus at Olympia The Statue of Zeus at Olympia was located in Olympia, Greece. The construction began in approximately 430 BC and was completed in 422 BC. It has become one of the seven wonders of the ancient world since. It was created by a sculptor named Phidias. He took almost 12 years to complete the structure. The statue was about 42 feet tall. A frame made of cedar wood was used and then it was covered with ivory stripes and gold panels. It required a special care because the Olympia was a damp place. The humidity could damage it. Olive oil was applied to prevent the ivory from cracking and wood from deteriorating. Fast Facts: – - The statue depicted ‘Zeus’. Zeus is the Greek god of the sky, lighting, thunder, law, and order. - The Statue of Zeus at Olympia holds Nike, the goddess of victory in Greek mythology in his right hand. - There is a scepter with an eagle perched on the top of it. A scepter like this is carried by a king as a symbol of power. - The robe, shoes, hair, and beard of the statue were made of gold. The exposed part of the skin was made of ivory. - The statue was sculpted in a seated position on a throne that was carved with different animal figures. - Phidias set up a workshop next to the temple of Zeus in which the statue was to be placed. - In the 1950s, that workshop was discovered by archaeologists. His tools were also found during the excavation. - The eyes of the statue were set with precious jewels, - The sculpture was so tall that its head nearly brushed the roof of the temple. - The Olympic Games were one of the most important festivals of Greeks. These games were held every 4 years in the honor of the king of their gods, Zeus. - It is said that the temple was stroked with a thunderbolt after the completion of the statue that caused no damage. - It is believed that Phidias, the sculptor who made the statue asked Zeus for a sign of approval. - The statue was destroyed by fire in the fifth century. Cite This Page You may cut-and-paste the below MLA and APA citation examples: MLA Style Citation Declan, Tobin. " Fun Facts for Kids about Statue of Zeus at Olympia ." Easy Science for Kids, Jan 2020. Web. 21 Jan 2020. < https://easyscienceforkids.com/statue-of-zeus-at-olympia/ >. APA Style Citation Tobin, Declan. (2020). Fun Facts for Kids about Statue of Zeus at Olympia. Easy Science for Kids. Retrieved from https://easyscienceforkids.com/statue-of-zeus-at-olympia/ Sponsored Links :	605	ENGLISH	1
Mule Bone was written in 1930. It was a joint collaboration between noted African-American authors Zora Neale Hurston and Langston Hughes who joined forces to write a play based on a folktale, ‘‘The Bone of Contention,’’ that Hurston had discovered in her anthropological studies. Both writers conceived the play as representative of authentic black comedy. Shortly after the play’s creation, however, Hurston copyrighted the play in her name only. The two authors had a falling out and did not speak to one another again. A legal battle ensued and, because of those legal issues, the play could not be produced during either writer’s lifetime. Mule Bone remained locked away. Few people read the play and it was largely forgotten until critic and historian Henry Louis Gates discovered the play in the early-1980s. Mule Bone was not performed on stage until 1991. In many ways, Mule Bone has the ability to evoke both discussion and controversy. Hurston and Hughes felt that by incorporating a black folktale and southern black vernacular English into their play, they could refute a racist tradition of black characters as ignorant. However, when the play was finally developed for the stage more than sixty years later, there were concerns that this comedy might, instead, recall stereotypes and bring back the very issues that the authors had hoped to refute. It was thought that the play, as viewed by an audience in the 1990s, might appear to cast blacks as backward or ignorant. The director sought to mitigate that problem by including a section of Hurston’s writings that explained her views on black vernacular English. Each writer brought separate talents to the writing of Mule Bone. Hughes was primarily a poet; Hurston was an essayist and novelist. Their quarrel ended what might have been a successful collaboration. As it stands today, Mule Bone is still considered a significant work of drama and is notable as an early work of African-American theatre. Act I takes place in the area immediately in front of Joe Clarke’s store. On this Saturday afternoon, a number of men are gathered on the porch talking, chewing sugar cane, whittling, or playing cards. There are children playing in the dirt in front of the store and women, who are shopping, are entering and leaving. The opening of this act introduces a number of minor characters who enter the stage for a few moments and then exit. Mrs. Roberts is the first to interrupt the group of men gossiping in front of the store. She is a huge woman whose role is to badger and whine her way into convincing Clarke to extend her more credit and more meat. After she leaves with her meat, the conversation turns to a mule bone that is brought into the store. The audience learns that the bone is from a legendary mule. The mule is remembered as especially strong, stubborn, and even evil. Then the men began to speak of Daisy. This young woman is especially beautiful, but the discussion changes when two other young women enter the stage. Both of these women, Teets and Bootsie, used to date Jim and Dave. But both men are now enamored of Daisy instead. In this manner, the audience learns that two young men, the best of friends since childhood, are now courting the same young woman. The audience also learns that Jim and Dave are not as close as they once were and that Daisy has come between them. Daisy enters briefly and is asked which man she prefers, but she declines to pick one. The men gathered on Clarke’s porch continue gossiping, and a brief discussion about religion ensues. This establishes that there is some conflict in town between the Methodists and the Baptists. The audience also learns that there is no jail, and that the town marshal is really an errand boy for Clarke, who controls most elements of the town. Eventually Jim and Dave enter. They have made some money playing and singing, and when Daisy appears and asks them to entertain, they do so. There is some jealous banter between the two men, but it... (The entire section is 1,360 words.)	<urn:uuid:f901003d-df5e-467e-a1fa-a1a4ab292984>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.enotes.com/topics/mule-bone	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250591234.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20200117205732-20200117233732-00238.warc.gz	en	0.983642	857	3.390625	3	[ -0.42708703875541687, 0.1202254593372345, 0.2157624065876007, -0.1542283296585083, -0.07446449995040894, -0.02281324192881584, -0.3083643317222595, 0.08874587714672089, -0.31200161576271057, -0.4067801833152771, 0.19008859992027283, 0.20335426926612854, 0.1336546391248703, 0.34339481592178...	1	Mule Bone was written in 1930. It was a joint collaboration between noted African-American authors Zora Neale Hurston and Langston Hughes who joined forces to write a play based on a folktale, ‘‘The Bone of Contention,’’ that Hurston had discovered in her anthropological studies. Both writers conceived the play as representative of authentic black comedy. Shortly after the play’s creation, however, Hurston copyrighted the play in her name only. The two authors had a falling out and did not speak to one another again. A legal battle ensued and, because of those legal issues, the play could not be produced during either writer’s lifetime. Mule Bone remained locked away. Few people read the play and it was largely forgotten until critic and historian Henry Louis Gates discovered the play in the early-1980s. Mule Bone was not performed on stage until 1991. In many ways, Mule Bone has the ability to evoke both discussion and controversy. Hurston and Hughes felt that by incorporating a black folktale and southern black vernacular English into their play, they could refute a racist tradition of black characters as ignorant. However, when the play was finally developed for the stage more than sixty years later, there were concerns that this comedy might, instead, recall stereotypes and bring back the very issues that the authors had hoped to refute. It was thought that the play, as viewed by an audience in the 1990s, might appear to cast blacks as backward or ignorant. The director sought to mitigate that problem by including a section of Hurston’s writings that explained her views on black vernacular English. Each writer brought separate talents to the writing of Mule Bone. Hughes was primarily a poet; Hurston was an essayist and novelist. Their quarrel ended what might have been a successful collaboration. As it stands today, Mule Bone is still considered a significant work of drama and is notable as an early work of African-American theatre. Act I takes place in the area immediately in front of Joe Clarke’s store. On this Saturday afternoon, a number of men are gathered on the porch talking, chewing sugar cane, whittling, or playing cards. There are children playing in the dirt in front of the store and women, who are shopping, are entering and leaving. The opening of this act introduces a number of minor characters who enter the stage for a few moments and then exit. Mrs. Roberts is the first to interrupt the group of men gossiping in front of the store. She is a huge woman whose role is to badger and whine her way into convincing Clarke to extend her more credit and more meat. After she leaves with her meat, the conversation turns to a mule bone that is brought into the store. The audience learns that the bone is from a legendary mule. The mule is remembered as especially strong, stubborn, and even evil. Then the men began to speak of Daisy. This young woman is especially beautiful, but the discussion changes when two other young women enter the stage. Both of these women, Teets and Bootsie, used to date Jim and Dave. But both men are now enamored of Daisy instead. In this manner, the audience learns that two young men, the best of friends since childhood, are now courting the same young woman. The audience also learns that Jim and Dave are not as close as they once were and that Daisy has come between them. Daisy enters briefly and is asked which man she prefers, but she declines to pick one. The men gathered on Clarke’s porch continue gossiping, and a brief discussion about religion ensues. This establishes that there is some conflict in town between the Methodists and the Baptists. The audience also learns that there is no jail, and that the town marshal is really an errand boy for Clarke, who controls most elements of the town. Eventually Jim and Dave enter. They have made some money playing and singing, and when Daisy appears and asks them to entertain, they do so. There is some jealous banter between the two men, but it... (The entire section is 1,360 words.)	850	ENGLISH	1
The Jungle by Upton Sinclair “The Jungle,” by Upton Sinclair is a writing meant to advocate for the working man; the novel is a socialist tract. The book shows the reader through the life of Jurgis, a Lithuanian immigrant, the benefits that could be obtain through becoming a socialist society and the downfalls of remaining one biased on capitalism. By pointing out the downfalls of capitalism we see the advantages of socialism. Sinclair uses Jurgis to appeal to our hearts and souls. He describes the trials and defeats of the poor at the hands of those who have more wealth. By allowing ourselves to become the protagonist we see the way the system beats down the working man until all hope and goodness is gone from him, till his spirit and physical being is strangled, tortured to death. The family of Jurgis was one most American readers could relate to. The values portrayed by the Lithuanian family of immigrants: honesty,family and strength crossed the boundaries of class, religion, and ethnicity. Upton made it easy for the reader to see himself in Jurgis and to see how socialism would benefit him, the reader. During the time of the books publication there was much dissatisfaction in the nation. The government, political systems and police were corrupt. There were few labor laws, building codes or health inspections. Those that were in effect could easily be overrode with bribes or gifts. A million and three-quarters of children (were) engaged in earning their living in the United States. These children of the poor were forced into unsafe jobs so their families could eat. The children of the rich were able to go to school, while the children of the poor needed to work and work for less wages than other doing the same job. Many in America could see their children in the place of Stanislovas. What kind of society exploits its children for money? A capitalist society. The United States was not a country, rich or poor, (where) a man was free. It was a country where the fittest or richest survived. In “The Jungle,” Sinclair teaches the reader the ways of socialisms in order to give the working man some control over his life. Without coming out and saying it Sinclair implies that the children who died in the factories or from lack of food did so at the hands of the capitalists, as it was the capitalist who ran the factories. The little bodies of the children were not strong enough to survive the harsh working conditions or the brutality of the bosses. The bosses children were well fed, well clothed and spent their days in school. It was survival of the fittest in Packingtown – or more appropriately survival of the richest. Upon Jurgis’ arrival to Packingtown, he was young, a picture of health and arms with rolling muscles. Not only was his body healthy, his mind and his heart were sound. The capitalist society took him and used him until he no longer retained his former wholesomeness. Jurgis and his family were honest, hardworking and optimistic upon their arrival to America. The society in which they now lived taught them this was not the way to survive. They were defeated by the American capitalism. A capitalist society is not one biased on morals. It is a society that allows bosses to use and abuse its workers. The Industrial capitalism of Chicago showed no mercy for the poor. The distinction between those who had and those who did not was great. Those who had were able to socially, economically and morally take advantage of those who did not; the world was an order devised by those who possessed it for the subjugation of those who did not. The poor had no voice. We see this repeatedly throughout the novel. Capitalism constantly undermines the values of the people. Women are forced to choose between prostitution and starvation. Ona is afraid to tell of her boss raping her for fear of losing her job, in which case her family would be homeless. Workers are injured with no compensation. It would not be this way if America were a socialist society. Socialists were the enemy of the American institute-could not be bought, and would not combine or make any sort of “dicker. ” Upton promotes socialism by providing a common goal for all the people. It would be a way to get ride of class distinction, giving everyone a voice to be heard. Ending capitalism would end wage slavery, allowing the men not to be underpaid. It would allow for an equal distribution of goods; the workingman’s family would have food, warm clothing, education and a home. They would be able to hold their heads high and not to be treated as the animals they were slaughtering. The degrading conditions created by a society ruled by materialism made it one that was open to the teachings of socialism, as we see in Jurgis. He first walks into a socialist meeting to escape from the cold. What he heard lit a fire within him, that could not be put out, a fire that would spread to all who would listen. Socialism gave him what he sought when joining the union. Through Jurgis we learned that all must become ”class conscious,” and that there must be an end to property. Jurgis by taking the learnings of socialism could return to his morals of his forefathers and become part of his family again. Socialism could bring back the humanity and pride to the working man. By exposing Americans to socialism, Sinclair provided all women, children, and men with an answer to the oppressive brutal degrading life taking system of capitalism.	<urn:uuid:202b5d37-3a5f-4709-b237-cc1bb203832b>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://freebooksummary.com/the-jungle-by-upton-sinclair-essay	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250591763.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118023429-20200118051429-00475.warc.gz	en	0.989419	1,139	3.4375	3	[ -0.41098469495773315, 0.48492076992988586, 0.22460560500621796, 0.02877965196967125, 0.32336464524269104, 0.16598746180534363, -0.1196596622467041, -0.02191515639424324, -0.2301642894744873, 0.3575422465801239, 0.14237499237060547, 0.14300239086151123, 0.06536093354225159, 0.25754138827323...	1	The Jungle by Upton Sinclair “The Jungle,” by Upton Sinclair is a writing meant to advocate for the working man; the novel is a socialist tract. The book shows the reader through the life of Jurgis, a Lithuanian immigrant, the benefits that could be obtain through becoming a socialist society and the downfalls of remaining one biased on capitalism. By pointing out the downfalls of capitalism we see the advantages of socialism. Sinclair uses Jurgis to appeal to our hearts and souls. He describes the trials and defeats of the poor at the hands of those who have more wealth. By allowing ourselves to become the protagonist we see the way the system beats down the working man until all hope and goodness is gone from him, till his spirit and physical being is strangled, tortured to death. The family of Jurgis was one most American readers could relate to. The values portrayed by the Lithuanian family of immigrants: honesty,family and strength crossed the boundaries of class, religion, and ethnicity. Upton made it easy for the reader to see himself in Jurgis and to see how socialism would benefit him, the reader. During the time of the books publication there was much dissatisfaction in the nation. The government, political systems and police were corrupt. There were few labor laws, building codes or health inspections. Those that were in effect could easily be overrode with bribes or gifts. A million and three-quarters of children (were) engaged in earning their living in the United States. These children of the poor were forced into unsafe jobs so their families could eat. The children of the rich were able to go to school, while the children of the poor needed to work and work for less wages than other doing the same job. Many in America could see their children in the place of Stanislovas. What kind of society exploits its children for money? A capitalist society. The United States was not a country, rich or poor, (where) a man was free. It was a country where the fittest or richest survived. In “The Jungle,” Sinclair teaches the reader the ways of socialisms in order to give the working man some control over his life. Without coming out and saying it Sinclair implies that the children who died in the factories or from lack of food did so at the hands of the capitalists, as it was the capitalist who ran the factories. The little bodies of the children were not strong enough to survive the harsh working conditions or the brutality of the bosses. The bosses children were well fed, well clothed and spent their days in school. It was survival of the fittest in Packingtown – or more appropriately survival of the richest. Upon Jurgis’ arrival to Packingtown, he was young, a picture of health and arms with rolling muscles. Not only was his body healthy, his mind and his heart were sound. The capitalist society took him and used him until he no longer retained his former wholesomeness. Jurgis and his family were honest, hardworking and optimistic upon their arrival to America. The society in which they now lived taught them this was not the way to survive. They were defeated by the American capitalism. A capitalist society is not one biased on morals. It is a society that allows bosses to use and abuse its workers. The Industrial capitalism of Chicago showed no mercy for the poor. The distinction between those who had and those who did not was great. Those who had were able to socially, economically and morally take advantage of those who did not; the world was an order devised by those who possessed it for the subjugation of those who did not. The poor had no voice. We see this repeatedly throughout the novel. Capitalism constantly undermines the values of the people. Women are forced to choose between prostitution and starvation. Ona is afraid to tell of her boss raping her for fear of losing her job, in which case her family would be homeless. Workers are injured with no compensation. It would not be this way if America were a socialist society. Socialists were the enemy of the American institute-could not be bought, and would not combine or make any sort of “dicker. ” Upton promotes socialism by providing a common goal for all the people. It would be a way to get ride of class distinction, giving everyone a voice to be heard. Ending capitalism would end wage slavery, allowing the men not to be underpaid. It would allow for an equal distribution of goods; the workingman’s family would have food, warm clothing, education and a home. They would be able to hold their heads high and not to be treated as the animals they were slaughtering. The degrading conditions created by a society ruled by materialism made it one that was open to the teachings of socialism, as we see in Jurgis. He first walks into a socialist meeting to escape from the cold. What he heard lit a fire within him, that could not be put out, a fire that would spread to all who would listen. Socialism gave him what he sought when joining the union. Through Jurgis we learned that all must become ”class conscious,” and that there must be an end to property. Jurgis by taking the learnings of socialism could return to his morals of his forefathers and become part of his family again. Socialism could bring back the humanity and pride to the working man. By exposing Americans to socialism, Sinclair provided all women, children, and men with an answer to the oppressive brutal degrading life taking system of capitalism.	1,126	ENGLISH	1
Feast of the Ass annually on January 14th The Feast of the Ass was a Christian feast during medieval times, which was mainly celebrated in France. It celebrated all of the donkeys of the Bible, especially the one that was believed to have brought Jesus and his family into Egypt after Jesus' birth, during what is known as the Flight into Egypt. At that time, the family was fleeing the killing of young boys by Herod the Great. Another example of a donkey in the Bible is the one that Jesus rode on into Jerusalem on Palm Sunday. It is also believed that a donkey was in the stable in which Jesus was born. First celebrated during the eleventh century, the holiday is connected to the Feast of Fools, and was inspired by the pagan Roman festival Cervulus. On the day, a girl would ride a donkey through a town to a church. She would carry a baby, or be pregnant herself, and a song would be sung by those on the streets as she rode. The words of the song can be translated to, "From Oriental country came a lordly ass of highest fame, so beautiful, so strong and trim, no burden was too great for him. Hail, Sir Donkey, hail." When the donkey arrived at the church, it stood beside the altar during the service, and sometimes was given food and drink. The congregation would bray or "hee-haw" its responses back to the priest, and the priest would sometimes bray as well. Beauvais, a city in Northern France, had particularly raucous Feast of the Ass celebrations. The holiday began being celebrated less and less during the second half of the fifteenth century after the Catholic Church officially spoke out against it. The Feast of Fools fell from favor at this time as well. Both celebrations were seen as not being proper, although, this was much more the case with the Feast of Fools than it was with Feast of the Ass. How to Observe Here are some ways to celebrate the day: - Read the Biblical account of the Flight to Egypt or Palm Sunday. - Look for other instances in the Bible where donkeys are mentioned. - Say "hee-haw" or bray like a donkey. - Ride your donkey if you own one. - Recite the phrase that was sung on the day during medieval times: "From Oriental country came a lordly ass of highest fame, so beautiful, so strong and trim, no burden was too great for him. Hail, Sir Donkey, hail." - Play pin the the tail on the donkey.	<urn:uuid:a7d2d86f-2187-4d6d-9cba-1000d9b7cee0>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.checkiday.com/26fc9fa5e2afbd8cc45f8e193e1587a5/feast-of-the-ass	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251681625.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125222506-20200126012506-00383.warc.gz	en	0.984322	532	3.375	3	[ 0.20995007455348969, 0.3384965658187866, 0.11951954662799835, -0.11287911236286163, 0.019809741526842117, -0.11898423731327057, 0.09863082319498062, 0.36623871326446533, 0.3060779571533203, 0.14362730085849762, -0.10990911722183228, -0.18331721425056458, 0.2654653787612915, 0.0208329446613...	4	Feast of the Ass annually on January 14th The Feast of the Ass was a Christian feast during medieval times, which was mainly celebrated in France. It celebrated all of the donkeys of the Bible, especially the one that was believed to have brought Jesus and his family into Egypt after Jesus' birth, during what is known as the Flight into Egypt. At that time, the family was fleeing the killing of young boys by Herod the Great. Another example of a donkey in the Bible is the one that Jesus rode on into Jerusalem on Palm Sunday. It is also believed that a donkey was in the stable in which Jesus was born. First celebrated during the eleventh century, the holiday is connected to the Feast of Fools, and was inspired by the pagan Roman festival Cervulus. On the day, a girl would ride a donkey through a town to a church. She would carry a baby, or be pregnant herself, and a song would be sung by those on the streets as she rode. The words of the song can be translated to, "From Oriental country came a lordly ass of highest fame, so beautiful, so strong and trim, no burden was too great for him. Hail, Sir Donkey, hail." When the donkey arrived at the church, it stood beside the altar during the service, and sometimes was given food and drink. The congregation would bray or "hee-haw" its responses back to the priest, and the priest would sometimes bray as well. Beauvais, a city in Northern France, had particularly raucous Feast of the Ass celebrations. The holiday began being celebrated less and less during the second half of the fifteenth century after the Catholic Church officially spoke out against it. The Feast of Fools fell from favor at this time as well. Both celebrations were seen as not being proper, although, this was much more the case with the Feast of Fools than it was with Feast of the Ass. How to Observe Here are some ways to celebrate the day: - Read the Biblical account of the Flight to Egypt or Palm Sunday. - Look for other instances in the Bible where donkeys are mentioned. - Say "hee-haw" or bray like a donkey. - Ride your donkey if you own one. - Recite the phrase that was sung on the day during medieval times: "From Oriental country came a lordly ass of highest fame, so beautiful, so strong and trim, no burden was too great for him. Hail, Sir Donkey, hail." - Play pin the the tail on the donkey.	536	ENGLISH	1
The sufferance of her race is shown, and retrospect of life(Herman Melville)Poems such as these were and still are written to show the hardships that many African Americans faced as their everyday life. Slavery in the South made lives unbearable, especially for the African American victims. Slavery all started when in 1619 African Americans were brought down to the state of Virginia to help out with crops. Slave owners liked to use slaves because they could buy them for cheap and they didn’t have to pay them for labor. Most major plantation owners needed slaves for crops like tobacco. The first slave, John Casor, was actually owned by another African American known as Anthony Johnson signed a document when he purchased John and that was the moment where owning a slave was legal. From that point on the number of slaves only grew, no one would ever have guessed the miserable outcome known now as slavery. Slavery not only made life by the work that was endured upon them but also hard because their families were split apart. African American families were separated, infants were taken away from their mothers and spouses were forced apart. They had no idea where they themselves or family members would end up, they weren’t even sure if they were alive. African Americans were also made to give up their heritage and tradition. Most slaves felt as if they had nothing to live for. So not only was their freedom taken away but so was the things that they cherished to make their lives enjoyable. Slavery only increased in size from that point on. Slaves tried and tried again to escape and some did make it to freedom, but most were caught and either killed or brought back and punished. Most of the time it would be better to be killed than punished, because their punishments were very brutal. They began to create systems to help out like the Underground Railroad. The Underground railroad was a chain of people both black and white they would help to offer African Americans safety and an escape plans.(History.com, n.d.) The people that lead were called conductors they would risk their lives to go out and help store away the slaves. There were routes that headed up North sometimes all the way to Canada or New England, the most used were through Ohio to Indiana and Iowa. Conductors and slaves usually travel during the night by lantern so that there was a smaller chance of being caught. Many very important famous people came from the Underground railroad. Like Harriet Tubman who was the most famous conductor for the Underground Railroad (History.com, n.d.). Harriet was born a slave in Dorchester County, MD . After marrying her husband, which was not allowed, she ran away from her Maryland plantation with her two brothers. They then went back, but once again Harriet escaped and made it to Pennsylvania. She went back to the plantation several other times to rescue friends and family. She then joined the Underground Railroad and help to smuggle escapees to Maryland and occasionally to Canada. Another famous figure is Frederick Douglass, he was a former slave, a writer and he helped with the Underground Railroad. He hid over 400 slaves in his house in NY, allowing them get to Canada. Frederick Douglass also wrote an autobiography, called Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass (Biography.com Editors, 11/20/17). Many African Americans like Harriet Tubman and Frederick Douglass helped to save many lives, but there were also people to help end slavery.Abraham Lincoln, the 16 President, had felt as if the U.S. needed more free states to help out with voting, but even though Northern Politicians liked the idea the politicians in the South disagreed. The Southern part of the U.S. felt that if there were more free states not as many things would go their way. On September 22, 1862 after the battle at Antietam, Lincoln issued a preliminary Emancipation Proclamation, declaring all slaves free in the rebellious states as of January 1, 1863. On January 1, President Abraham Lincoln signed the Emancipation Proclamation to end slavery(History.com, n.d.) But even though the Proclamation was signed and declared didn’t mean that all slaves would be free, some slaves like the ones in Texas didn’t get their freedom until two years later. Slavery has been a long fought process that still continues today, African Americans are still looked at in a negative way and are treated differently than whites at times. Slavery and racism has never truly ended. Slavery made many lives miserable and it was a very tragic event that will be remembered forever. Slavery made the world a different place along the lines of how we see others by the color of skin and by their religion. Slavery was the beginning of other tragic events against others’ race and religion, slavery would forever change the way people think about others. As Americans we decided to treat people, who hadn’t done anything, terribly because the color of their skin and even though slavery was abolished it will live on forever.	<urn:uuid:d07942f3-4509-4173-9e2d-4c8593bceed2>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://johnnyfavourit.com/the-pay-them-for-labor-most-major-plantation/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250603761.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121103642-20200121132642-00030.warc.gz	en	0.99175	1,022	4	4	[ -0.20133575797080994, 0.5344545245170593, 0.31748905777931213, 0.48122888803482056, -0.2004728615283966, 0.0852200835943222, -0.06255961954593658, -0.24942821264266968, -0.23733258247375488, 0.05370676890015602, 0.336885541677475, 0.17872333526611328, -0.09689882397651672, 0.07665993273258...	2	The sufferance of her race is shown, and retrospect of life(Herman Melville)Poems such as these were and still are written to show the hardships that many African Americans faced as their everyday life. Slavery in the South made lives unbearable, especially for the African American victims. Slavery all started when in 1619 African Americans were brought down to the state of Virginia to help out with crops. Slave owners liked to use slaves because they could buy them for cheap and they didn’t have to pay them for labor. Most major plantation owners needed slaves for crops like tobacco. The first slave, John Casor, was actually owned by another African American known as Anthony Johnson signed a document when he purchased John and that was the moment where owning a slave was legal. From that point on the number of slaves only grew, no one would ever have guessed the miserable outcome known now as slavery. Slavery not only made life by the work that was endured upon them but also hard because their families were split apart. African American families were separated, infants were taken away from their mothers and spouses were forced apart. They had no idea where they themselves or family members would end up, they weren’t even sure if they were alive. African Americans were also made to give up their heritage and tradition. Most slaves felt as if they had nothing to live for. So not only was their freedom taken away but so was the things that they cherished to make their lives enjoyable. Slavery only increased in size from that point on. Slaves tried and tried again to escape and some did make it to freedom, but most were caught and either killed or brought back and punished. Most of the time it would be better to be killed than punished, because their punishments were very brutal. They began to create systems to help out like the Underground Railroad. The Underground railroad was a chain of people both black and white they would help to offer African Americans safety and an escape plans.(History.com, n.d.) The people that lead were called conductors they would risk their lives to go out and help store away the slaves. There were routes that headed up North sometimes all the way to Canada or New England, the most used were through Ohio to Indiana and Iowa. Conductors and slaves usually travel during the night by lantern so that there was a smaller chance of being caught. Many very important famous people came from the Underground railroad. Like Harriet Tubman who was the most famous conductor for the Underground Railroad (History.com, n.d.). Harriet was born a slave in Dorchester County, MD . After marrying her husband, which was not allowed, she ran away from her Maryland plantation with her two brothers. They then went back, but once again Harriet escaped and made it to Pennsylvania. She went back to the plantation several other times to rescue friends and family. She then joined the Underground Railroad and help to smuggle escapees to Maryland and occasionally to Canada. Another famous figure is Frederick Douglass, he was a former slave, a writer and he helped with the Underground Railroad. He hid over 400 slaves in his house in NY, allowing them get to Canada. Frederick Douglass also wrote an autobiography, called Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass (Biography.com Editors, 11/20/17). Many African Americans like Harriet Tubman and Frederick Douglass helped to save many lives, but there were also people to help end slavery.Abraham Lincoln, the 16 President, had felt as if the U.S. needed more free states to help out with voting, but even though Northern Politicians liked the idea the politicians in the South disagreed. The Southern part of the U.S. felt that if there were more free states not as many things would go their way. On September 22, 1862 after the battle at Antietam, Lincoln issued a preliminary Emancipation Proclamation, declaring all slaves free in the rebellious states as of January 1, 1863. On January 1, President Abraham Lincoln signed the Emancipation Proclamation to end slavery(History.com, n.d.) But even though the Proclamation was signed and declared didn’t mean that all slaves would be free, some slaves like the ones in Texas didn’t get their freedom until two years later. Slavery has been a long fought process that still continues today, African Americans are still looked at in a negative way and are treated differently than whites at times. Slavery and racism has never truly ended. Slavery made many lives miserable and it was a very tragic event that will be remembered forever. Slavery made the world a different place along the lines of how we see others by the color of skin and by their religion. Slavery was the beginning of other tragic events against others’ race and religion, slavery would forever change the way people think about others. As Americans we decided to treat people, who hadn’t done anything, terribly because the color of their skin and even though slavery was abolished it will live on forever.	1,027	ENGLISH	1
FREE Catholic Classes (Latinized form of Chinese MENG-TZE, i.e. MENG THE SAGE). Philosopher, b. 371 or 372 B.C. He was a disciple of the grandson of Confucius, and ranks next to the great master as an expounder of Confucian wisdom. His work, known as the "Book of Mencius", or simply, "Mencius", is one of the four Shuh, or books, given the place of honour in Chinese literature after the King , or classics. Of Mencius' life only a meagre account has been handed down, and this is so like the story of Confucius in its main outlines, that one is tempted to question its strictly historical character. He is said to have lived to the advanced age of eighty-four years, being thus a contemporary of the great Greek philosophers, Plato and Aristotle. His father died when he was very young. The care of his training was thrown upon his mother, and so well did she fulfil her task that she has been honoured ever since, among the Chinese of all classes, as the pattern of the true mother. After a thorough instruction in the doctrine of Confucius, Mencius was honoured with the position of minister of state to one of the feudal princes, Hsüan. But after some years, seeing that the prince was not disposed to follow his counsels, he reigned his charge, and for years went about from state to state, expounding the principles of Confucius. At last he was kindly received by Prince Hui, and was instrumental in promoting the welfare of his people through his wise measures of reform. After the death of the prince he retired to private life, and spent his last years instructing his disciples, and preparing with them the book that bears his name. The "Book of Mencius" consists of seven parts or books, and treats of the proper regulation of human conduct from the point of view of society and the state. Religion as a motive of right conduct seems to have concerned him much less than it did Confucius. He is interested in human conduct only in so far as it leads to the highest common weal. One of his recorded sayings runs: "The people are of the highest importance; the gods come second; the sovereign is of lesser weight." His work abounds in sententious utterances. If we may trust the records, he knew how to speak plainly and strongly. To Prince Hui, whom he found living in careless luxury, while his people were perishing for lack of economic reforms, he said: "In your kitchen there is fat meat, and in your stables there are sleek horses, while famine sits upon the faces of your people, and men die of hunger in the fields. This is to be a beast and prey on your fellow men." Mencius was a staunch champion of the Confucian principle that human nature tends to what is morally good, and only runs to evil by reason of the perverse influences of external enviroment. His treatise is one of the most noteworthy attempts to teach morality independently of religion. The "Book of Mencius" is generally accepted as genuine, though the evidence of its Mencian authorship is of a kind that would not be judged sufficient if it fell within the scope of modern historic criticism. In a Chinese history dating from 100 B.C., a short account of Mencius is given, in which he is declared to be the author of the work in seven books that bears his name. There are extant portions of literary works composed as early as 186-178 B.C., containing quotations from the "Book of Mencius". There remains still, somewhat more than a century to bridge over, but the reputation for accuracy of the Chinese annals is taken as a warrant that the work goes back to the days of Mencius and issued from his pen. A partial acquaintance with the teachings of Mencius was obtained by European scholars through the writings of the Jesuit missionaries to China in the eighteenth century. The "Book of Mencius" was translated into Latin by Stanislaus Julien in the early part of the last century. English readers have ready access to the sayings of Mencius in the admirable edition and version of the "Chinese Classics", by J. Legge. FREE Catholic Classes Pick a class, you can learn anything Copyright 2020 Catholic Online. All materials contained on this site, whether written, audible or visual are the exclusive property of Catholic Online and are protected under U.S. and International copyright laws, © Copyright 2020 Catholic Online. Any unauthorized use, without prior written consent of Catholic Online is strictly forbidden and prohibited. Catholic Online is a Project of Your Catholic Voice Foundation, a Not-for-Profit Corporation. Your Catholic Voice Foundation has been granted a recognition of tax exemption under Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code. Federal Tax Identification Number: 81-0596847. Your gift is tax-deductible as allowed by law.	<urn:uuid:a2c76c2a-bb9a-4602-a20e-e88b74c2aa62>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.catholic.org/encyclopedia/view.php?id=7869	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251687725.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126043644-20200126073644-00428.warc.gz	en	0.980857	1,032	3.5	4	[ -0.01529410295188427, 0.24199840426445007, 0.2373289167881012, -0.4635331332683563, -0.0929996445775032, -0.21157848834991455, 0.22217458486557007, 0.3346991240978241, -0.01539592631161213, -0.3382853865623474, -0.1487017273902893, -0.3734988570213318, 0.054913341999053955, 0.2604387998580...	1	FREE Catholic Classes (Latinized form of Chinese MENG-TZE, i.e. MENG THE SAGE). Philosopher, b. 371 or 372 B.C. He was a disciple of the grandson of Confucius, and ranks next to the great master as an expounder of Confucian wisdom. His work, known as the "Book of Mencius", or simply, "Mencius", is one of the four Shuh, or books, given the place of honour in Chinese literature after the King , or classics. Of Mencius' life only a meagre account has been handed down, and this is so like the story of Confucius in its main outlines, that one is tempted to question its strictly historical character. He is said to have lived to the advanced age of eighty-four years, being thus a contemporary of the great Greek philosophers, Plato and Aristotle. His father died when he was very young. The care of his training was thrown upon his mother, and so well did she fulfil her task that she has been honoured ever since, among the Chinese of all classes, as the pattern of the true mother. After a thorough instruction in the doctrine of Confucius, Mencius was honoured with the position of minister of state to one of the feudal princes, Hsüan. But after some years, seeing that the prince was not disposed to follow his counsels, he reigned his charge, and for years went about from state to state, expounding the principles of Confucius. At last he was kindly received by Prince Hui, and was instrumental in promoting the welfare of his people through his wise measures of reform. After the death of the prince he retired to private life, and spent his last years instructing his disciples, and preparing with them the book that bears his name. The "Book of Mencius" consists of seven parts or books, and treats of the proper regulation of human conduct from the point of view of society and the state. Religion as a motive of right conduct seems to have concerned him much less than it did Confucius. He is interested in human conduct only in so far as it leads to the highest common weal. One of his recorded sayings runs: "The people are of the highest importance; the gods come second; the sovereign is of lesser weight." His work abounds in sententious utterances. If we may trust the records, he knew how to speak plainly and strongly. To Prince Hui, whom he found living in careless luxury, while his people were perishing for lack of economic reforms, he said: "In your kitchen there is fat meat, and in your stables there are sleek horses, while famine sits upon the faces of your people, and men die of hunger in the fields. This is to be a beast and prey on your fellow men." Mencius was a staunch champion of the Confucian principle that human nature tends to what is morally good, and only runs to evil by reason of the perverse influences of external enviroment. His treatise is one of the most noteworthy attempts to teach morality independently of religion. The "Book of Mencius" is generally accepted as genuine, though the evidence of its Mencian authorship is of a kind that would not be judged sufficient if it fell within the scope of modern historic criticism. In a Chinese history dating from 100 B.C., a short account of Mencius is given, in which he is declared to be the author of the work in seven books that bears his name. There are extant portions of literary works composed as early as 186-178 B.C., containing quotations from the "Book of Mencius". There remains still, somewhat more than a century to bridge over, but the reputation for accuracy of the Chinese annals is taken as a warrant that the work goes back to the days of Mencius and issued from his pen. A partial acquaintance with the teachings of Mencius was obtained by European scholars through the writings of the Jesuit missionaries to China in the eighteenth century. The "Book of Mencius" was translated into Latin by Stanislaus Julien in the early part of the last century. English readers have ready access to the sayings of Mencius in the admirable edition and version of the "Chinese Classics", by J. Legge. FREE Catholic Classes Pick a class, you can learn anything Copyright 2020 Catholic Online. All materials contained on this site, whether written, audible or visual are the exclusive property of Catholic Online and are protected under U.S. and International copyright laws, © Copyright 2020 Catholic Online. Any unauthorized use, without prior written consent of Catholic Online is strictly forbidden and prohibited. Catholic Online is a Project of Your Catholic Voice Foundation, a Not-for-Profit Corporation. Your Catholic Voice Foundation has been granted a recognition of tax exemption under Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code. Federal Tax Identification Number: 81-0596847. Your gift is tax-deductible as allowed by law.	1,061	ENGLISH	1
A REFLECTIVE RECORD ON THE INITIAL SESSION 1 ) Main points of the session 1 ) MAIN POINTS OF SESSION The initial session was an preliminary session of the course. It highlighted very important elements which will with any luck , help to make a healthy, beneficial and great learning environment during the study course period. The session was very systematically divided in various parts with specific time allotted with each part. * It started with a conversation starter which manufactured the students a bit calm. * This was then accompanied by registrations. The tutor made sure that the registration were completed in good time. * The trainees were then handed down a bed sheet wherein we were holding they were likely to reflect on their particular hopes, dread, expectations and goals based on the course. The trainees had been divided in groups and made to discuss with the peers comparable. The tutor then extremely effectively used a switch chart to write down different points with which the groups developed in all those reflective areas. Finally the tutor accumulated the bedding from the students for her documents. This approach might prove useful to both teacher as well as trainees. For the tutor, it would help her to know her students with regards to their amounts, aspirations, strengths and weaknesses to a certain extent and for the students, it would provide them with an opportunity to evaluate their self- objectives prior to the course plus the outcomes linked to those objectives by the end of the course. * This was then followed by the setting in the Ground rules. The trainees were given a group activity wherein just about every group was supposed to produce at least three rules. Each group came up with lots of ideas. The tutor then simply made the trainees reflect on why the ground rules had been important through questions and answer approach. Then one student from every group was supposed to come up and expose the rules proclaiming the reasons for selecting them. The concept of setting...	<urn:uuid:b27ccc13-5d93-4ab4-88d7-980961b6b241>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://educationcultural.com/a-reflective-diary-on-the/76289-a-reflective-diary-around-the-first.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251779833.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128153713-20200128183713-00364.warc.gz	en	0.981972	388	3.453125	3	[ -0.026235947385430336, 0.2673450708389282, 0.3727472424507141, -0.3139345943927765, -0.29669100046157837, 0.2968919277191162, 0.15895803272724152, -0.041326042264699936, 0.41457873582839966, -0.007750640623271465, -0.16005352139472961, -0.09064590185880661, 0.037131503224372864, 0.72727370...	1	A REFLECTIVE RECORD ON THE INITIAL SESSION 1 ) Main points of the session 1 ) MAIN POINTS OF SESSION The initial session was an preliminary session of the course. It highlighted very important elements which will with any luck , help to make a healthy, beneficial and great learning environment during the study course period. The session was very systematically divided in various parts with specific time allotted with each part. * It started with a conversation starter which manufactured the students a bit calm. * This was then accompanied by registrations. The tutor made sure that the registration were completed in good time. * The trainees were then handed down a bed sheet wherein we were holding they were likely to reflect on their particular hopes, dread, expectations and goals based on the course. The trainees had been divided in groups and made to discuss with the peers comparable. The tutor then extremely effectively used a switch chart to write down different points with which the groups developed in all those reflective areas. Finally the tutor accumulated the bedding from the students for her documents. This approach might prove useful to both teacher as well as trainees. For the tutor, it would help her to know her students with regards to their amounts, aspirations, strengths and weaknesses to a certain extent and for the students, it would provide them with an opportunity to evaluate their self- objectives prior to the course plus the outcomes linked to those objectives by the end of the course. * This was then followed by the setting in the Ground rules. The trainees were given a group activity wherein just about every group was supposed to produce at least three rules. Each group came up with lots of ideas. The tutor then simply made the trainees reflect on why the ground rules had been important through questions and answer approach. Then one student from every group was supposed to come up and expose the rules proclaiming the reasons for selecting them. The concept of setting...	380	ENGLISH	1
Background[ edit ] Italy was unified by Rome in the third century BC. For years, it was a kind of territorial extension of the capital of the Roman Republic and Empireenjoying, for a long time, a privileged status and so it was not converted into a province. However, the emperor was an absentee German -speaking foreigner who had little concern for the governance of Italy as a state; as a result, Italy gradually developed into a system of city-states. Southern Italy however was governed by the long-lasting Kingdom of Sicily or Kingdom of Naplesinitially established by the Normans. How to Write a Summary of an Article? Mazzini, Cavour and Garibaldi Evaluate the relative importance of Mazzini, Cavour, and Garibaldi for the Italian Unification between and In order to achieve the unification the Italians had to go through a long struggle starting from and ending in Thanks to the leading of Mazzini, Cavour and Garibaldi, the Mediterranean peninsula was able to defeat its foreign enemies, especially the Austrian Empire, and create a united nation under the King of Piedmont, Viktor Emmanuel II. Although Mazzini was the starter of nationalism movements and aroused the spirits of many Italians, Cavour and Garibaldi were the two leaders who were able, both in their own way, to create a consolidated country. We will write a custom essay sample on The Italian Unification: In his first years of revolutionary movements in the s he was exiled from Italy, and moved to Switzerland to create a new movement, the Young Italy. This movement was different from the precedent Carbonari, that were less prepared and more violent, and it was made up by the middle class and as well as the working class and the peasants. Later in his life, Mazzini worked cooperating with Garibaldi, and together with him they made a lot of progress in the process of achieving their goal. Cavour was the mind and About italian unification essay brain of the Italian Unification, who created the political strategies to defeat Austria. He was a noble man but had liberals ideas, and wanted to unite the country under the Kingdom of Piedmont, working with Viktor Emmanuel II. With his domestic polices he created new banks, that made loans to middle class men to open businesses, that gave jobs to the working classes. The banks also made loans to businesses that wanted to create railroads so that Italy was modernized like the rest of Europe. He then facilitated the trading to gain industrial goods from England and strengthen the army of Piedmont, in order to prepare it for war. Cavour used once again his diplomatic skills when he decided to support France and England in the Crimean War inwhere his troops won many battles. He then secretly met with Napoleon III in Plombieres, and signed a compact in which the French Emperor promised to support Italy in a war against Austria in exchange of the territories of Nice and Savoy. When the war broke out in though, Napoleon III, unexpectedly resigned and withdrew his troops, signing a peace contract in Villafranca with the Austrians. With his foreign and domestic policies, Cavour had created the opportunities and the circumstances for Italy to unite. If Cavour was the mind and the brain of the Italian Unification, Garibaldi was the heart of the movement. He was an idealist who believed, like Mazzini, that Italy had to be unified under a republic and without foreign aid. He became the leader of the unification when, with his troops, the thousand red shirts, he conquered Sicily in sending away the Bourbon family and the king of the Two Sicilies, Ferdinand II. He conquered Naples, and marched up north, until he got to Rome, where the troops of the Kingdom of Piedmont waited for him. Even though he was a republican, he decided to hand out the territories he conquered to the king Viktor Emmanuel II, who was now the king of Italy. Venetia was still part of the Austrian Empire and Rome was still part of the papal state. Garibaldi then tried to conquer the Papal State but was defeated by the French troops and was exiled from Italy. He was able to escaped but failed again sending an army from Tuscany to Rome again. The Italian Kingdom was finally united when Venetia was handed to the Italian kingdom after the Austro-Prussian war, and Rome was invaded by the Italian troops in and the Pope was given sovereignty on the Vatican City. Garibaldi was able to send away the Bourbon family and to conquer the south of Italy, and became one of the greatest military leaders of all times in Italy. Even though Mazzini was the starter of the Italian movement the Young Italy and rose the nationalism spirits of the Italians to initiate the process of the unification, the mind and the heart of the unification, Cavour and Garibaldi, were essential to the creation of a united nation. They both were able to use their qualities, one of being a diplomatic and smart men, while the other being a brave and romantic military leader, and together were able to defeat the Austrian and hand to the Piedmont king, Viktor Emmanuel II, the Italian Peninsula.Introduction is a year to remember in Italian history: indeed, on 20 September , the Italian army marched into Rome and captured the city, completing the unification process begun by Garibaldi and his Thousand in Sicily ten years earlier, in Italian Unification Count Camillo Benso di Cavour and Giuseppe Garibaldi can be seen as a contrast between two inspirational and great leaders during the time of the Italian Unification. Cavour was a nobleman, always calm and well educated while Garibaldi was a . He was the saint of Italian unification, by constantly champion the cause of Italian unification he kept alive a nationalist thinking and "endow the revolutionary movement with a spiritual quality." He was the teacher of Italian unification. His role was essential if not crucial. It. Unif. (essay). To what extent did foreign intervention impact the Italian unification movement? Italy, The unification movement of Italy has just been completed, the movement that could not have been successful without the efforts of Italy itself. This essay will compare and contrast the unification of Germany and the unification of Italy. War is war. It is a natural force, it can unite some, and divide others, and the unification of both Germany and Italy are to be understood with the same frame of thought for this essay. Cavour & Italian unification In at the close of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars the statesmen representing the great powers, in their efforts to restore stable governance to Europe after twenty-six years of turmoil, came to accept (under the persuasion of Talleyrand - the Foreign Minister of the recently restored French monarchy) that "legitimate sovereigns" should be.	<urn:uuid:c4c5260b-8945-4568-89c3-6ed41753602f>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://jonoxuvutuvo.srmvision.com/about-italian-unification-essay-42767lg.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251678287.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125161753-20200125190753-00417.warc.gz	en	0.981143	1,411	3.75	4	[ -0.5613279938697815, 0.3809128403663635, 0.24827754497528076, 0.03489508107304573, -0.6194819808006287, 0.02396526373922825, -0.010598033666610718, 0.2695971131324768, 0.0004223366267979145, 0.004436093848198652, -0.13264968991279602, -0.31626078486442566, 0.2769414186477661, 0.47750067710...	1	Background[ edit ] Italy was unified by Rome in the third century BC. For years, it was a kind of territorial extension of the capital of the Roman Republic and Empireenjoying, for a long time, a privileged status and so it was not converted into a province. However, the emperor was an absentee German -speaking foreigner who had little concern for the governance of Italy as a state; as a result, Italy gradually developed into a system of city-states. Southern Italy however was governed by the long-lasting Kingdom of Sicily or Kingdom of Naplesinitially established by the Normans. How to Write a Summary of an Article? Mazzini, Cavour and Garibaldi Evaluate the relative importance of Mazzini, Cavour, and Garibaldi for the Italian Unification between and In order to achieve the unification the Italians had to go through a long struggle starting from and ending in Thanks to the leading of Mazzini, Cavour and Garibaldi, the Mediterranean peninsula was able to defeat its foreign enemies, especially the Austrian Empire, and create a united nation under the King of Piedmont, Viktor Emmanuel II. Although Mazzini was the starter of nationalism movements and aroused the spirits of many Italians, Cavour and Garibaldi were the two leaders who were able, both in their own way, to create a consolidated country. We will write a custom essay sample on The Italian Unification: In his first years of revolutionary movements in the s he was exiled from Italy, and moved to Switzerland to create a new movement, the Young Italy. This movement was different from the precedent Carbonari, that were less prepared and more violent, and it was made up by the middle class and as well as the working class and the peasants. Later in his life, Mazzini worked cooperating with Garibaldi, and together with him they made a lot of progress in the process of achieving their goal. Cavour was the mind and About italian unification essay brain of the Italian Unification, who created the political strategies to defeat Austria. He was a noble man but had liberals ideas, and wanted to unite the country under the Kingdom of Piedmont, working with Viktor Emmanuel II. With his domestic polices he created new banks, that made loans to middle class men to open businesses, that gave jobs to the working classes. The banks also made loans to businesses that wanted to create railroads so that Italy was modernized like the rest of Europe. He then facilitated the trading to gain industrial goods from England and strengthen the army of Piedmont, in order to prepare it for war. Cavour used once again his diplomatic skills when he decided to support France and England in the Crimean War inwhere his troops won many battles. He then secretly met with Napoleon III in Plombieres, and signed a compact in which the French Emperor promised to support Italy in a war against Austria in exchange of the territories of Nice and Savoy. When the war broke out in though, Napoleon III, unexpectedly resigned and withdrew his troops, signing a peace contract in Villafranca with the Austrians. With his foreign and domestic policies, Cavour had created the opportunities and the circumstances for Italy to unite. If Cavour was the mind and the brain of the Italian Unification, Garibaldi was the heart of the movement. He was an idealist who believed, like Mazzini, that Italy had to be unified under a republic and without foreign aid. He became the leader of the unification when, with his troops, the thousand red shirts, he conquered Sicily in sending away the Bourbon family and the king of the Two Sicilies, Ferdinand II. He conquered Naples, and marched up north, until he got to Rome, where the troops of the Kingdom of Piedmont waited for him. Even though he was a republican, he decided to hand out the territories he conquered to the king Viktor Emmanuel II, who was now the king of Italy. Venetia was still part of the Austrian Empire and Rome was still part of the papal state. Garibaldi then tried to conquer the Papal State but was defeated by the French troops and was exiled from Italy. He was able to escaped but failed again sending an army from Tuscany to Rome again. The Italian Kingdom was finally united when Venetia was handed to the Italian kingdom after the Austro-Prussian war, and Rome was invaded by the Italian troops in and the Pope was given sovereignty on the Vatican City. Garibaldi was able to send away the Bourbon family and to conquer the south of Italy, and became one of the greatest military leaders of all times in Italy. Even though Mazzini was the starter of the Italian movement the Young Italy and rose the nationalism spirits of the Italians to initiate the process of the unification, the mind and the heart of the unification, Cavour and Garibaldi, were essential to the creation of a united nation. They both were able to use their qualities, one of being a diplomatic and smart men, while the other being a brave and romantic military leader, and together were able to defeat the Austrian and hand to the Piedmont king, Viktor Emmanuel II, the Italian Peninsula.Introduction is a year to remember in Italian history: indeed, on 20 September , the Italian army marched into Rome and captured the city, completing the unification process begun by Garibaldi and his Thousand in Sicily ten years earlier, in Italian Unification Count Camillo Benso di Cavour and Giuseppe Garibaldi can be seen as a contrast between two inspirational and great leaders during the time of the Italian Unification. Cavour was a nobleman, always calm and well educated while Garibaldi was a . He was the saint of Italian unification, by constantly champion the cause of Italian unification he kept alive a nationalist thinking and "endow the revolutionary movement with a spiritual quality." He was the teacher of Italian unification. His role was essential if not crucial. It. Unif. (essay). To what extent did foreign intervention impact the Italian unification movement? Italy, The unification movement of Italy has just been completed, the movement that could not have been successful without the efforts of Italy itself. This essay will compare and contrast the unification of Germany and the unification of Italy. War is war. It is a natural force, it can unite some, and divide others, and the unification of both Germany and Italy are to be understood with the same frame of thought for this essay. Cavour & Italian unification In at the close of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars the statesmen representing the great powers, in their efforts to restore stable governance to Europe after twenty-six years of turmoil, came to accept (under the persuasion of Talleyrand - the Foreign Minister of the recently restored French monarchy) that "legitimate sovereigns" should be.	1,401	ENGLISH	1
11 to 14: Modeling Modeling your own behavior to provide a consistent, positive example for your child Take a look at this example of parents as models. As you read, think about these questions: - Are these parents being positive role models? - Do the parents' words and actions match? - Are the parents showing respect to others? To their children? - Are these parents being honest with themselves about their own actions? - How might you handle a similar situation with your child? \|Anna, Ignacio, and Tomás (Age 11)1,2,3,14\| What's the Story? Tomás has been getting into trouble at school. To figure out what the problem might be, Anna and Ignacio met with Tomás' teachers. According to his teachers, Tomás is usually a well-behaved, calm little boy. But when he spends time around some of the girls in the class, he is aggressive and usually more physical, often pushing or pinching them. When questioned, Tomás explained that he is "just goofing around" with the girls and doesn't mean to hurt them. But Tomás is big for his age, the teacher says, and doesn't know how strong he really is. Anna and Ignacio are worried; they tell the teachers that they will talk to their son. I think I know what he's doing. Ignacio and I are a physical couple. We sometimes tease and wrestle as a way of showing our fondness for each other. In fact, Ignacio has told Tomás that we are "just goofing around" a number of times. Maybe Tomás is starting to notice girls and being physical is how he's showing it. That's silly! Tomás knows that he shouldn't be pushing or hitting the girls. His mother and I tease each other, but it is never as physical as pushing or hitting. Tomás must've gotten this from TV. I think we should punish him by not letting him watch TV for a while. That'll stop this nonsense. What's the Point? Even though Anna and Ignacio know the context of their playful contact with one another, Tomás does not. Ignacio knows that his and Anna's actions are the result of many years together, their respect for each other, and their love; in his mind, these facts should be clear to Tomás. But Tomás is only 11 and love and respect are only words to him. Tomás is not aware of the time and work that Anna and Ignacio have put into their relationship; he only sees the end result. Tomás thinks that all men and women are playful with each other because that is what he sees every day; if he "likes" a girl he should be playful with her, too. Tomás also has a limited knowledge of his own body. He grows and changes every day, so he may not know his own strength. What he sees as "goofing around" may actually hurt someone else. Ignacio and Anna's actions never go far enough to hurt, Tomás doesn't have that kind of control over his body yet. He doesn't know when to stop. Anna and Ignacio need to discuss how they want to handle this situation and find a compromise. Anna may have a point about Tomás and his possible new interest in girls; Ignacio could be correct about the types of TV shows that Tomás is watching. It could be that their son's actions result from a combination of things. By talking over their thoughts and opinions, Anna and Ignacio can come up with a plan of action that is acceptable to both of them. Ignacio and Anna need to explain to Tomás that how they act with each other is special. It's different from how Tomás should act with other people. They may want to tell Tomás that he shouldn't touch any of the kids in his class for a little while, even if he thinks he is just being playful. These limits will allow Tomás to learn some level of control for his own body. He will also learn what actions are proper, when, and with whom. The process of developing self-control or regulating one's own social behavior is a slow process. In addition to having patience with their son, Anna and Ignacio also need to model more appropriate behaviors for Tomás to learn and adopt in his daily life. These behaviors may include keeping their relationship more private, until Tomás is older and can understand it better.	<urn:uuid:8bbb801f-de4c-4de5-885d-a16623965fcc>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.mentalhelp.net/parenting/11-to-14/modeling/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251700988.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127143516-20200127173516-00165.warc.gz	en	0.982461	926	3.828125	4	[ -0.2506781220436096, -0.19154328107833862, 0.1874706894159317, -0.790836751461029, -0.4088274836540222, 0.0808463990688324, 0.084536612033844, 0.013785804621875286, 0.1480819582939148, -0.12801063060760498, 0.39084988832473755, -0.16700217127799988, -0.16721777617931366, 0.1558037400245666...	2	11 to 14: Modeling Modeling your own behavior to provide a consistent, positive example for your child Take a look at this example of parents as models. As you read, think about these questions: - Are these parents being positive role models? - Do the parents' words and actions match? - Are the parents showing respect to others? To their children? - Are these parents being honest with themselves about their own actions? - How might you handle a similar situation with your child? \|Anna, Ignacio, and Tomás (Age 11)1,2,3,14\| What's the Story? Tomás has been getting into trouble at school. To figure out what the problem might be, Anna and Ignacio met with Tomás' teachers. According to his teachers, Tomás is usually a well-behaved, calm little boy. But when he spends time around some of the girls in the class, he is aggressive and usually more physical, often pushing or pinching them. When questioned, Tomás explained that he is "just goofing around" with the girls and doesn't mean to hurt them. But Tomás is big for his age, the teacher says, and doesn't know how strong he really is. Anna and Ignacio are worried; they tell the teachers that they will talk to their son. I think I know what he's doing. Ignacio and I are a physical couple. We sometimes tease and wrestle as a way of showing our fondness for each other. In fact, Ignacio has told Tomás that we are "just goofing around" a number of times. Maybe Tomás is starting to notice girls and being physical is how he's showing it. That's silly! Tomás knows that he shouldn't be pushing or hitting the girls. His mother and I tease each other, but it is never as physical as pushing or hitting. Tomás must've gotten this from TV. I think we should punish him by not letting him watch TV for a while. That'll stop this nonsense. What's the Point? Even though Anna and Ignacio know the context of their playful contact with one another, Tomás does not. Ignacio knows that his and Anna's actions are the result of many years together, their respect for each other, and their love; in his mind, these facts should be clear to Tomás. But Tomás is only 11 and love and respect are only words to him. Tomás is not aware of the time and work that Anna and Ignacio have put into their relationship; he only sees the end result. Tomás thinks that all men and women are playful with each other because that is what he sees every day; if he "likes" a girl he should be playful with her, too. Tomás also has a limited knowledge of his own body. He grows and changes every day, so he may not know his own strength. What he sees as "goofing around" may actually hurt someone else. Ignacio and Anna's actions never go far enough to hurt, Tomás doesn't have that kind of control over his body yet. He doesn't know when to stop. Anna and Ignacio need to discuss how they want to handle this situation and find a compromise. Anna may have a point about Tomás and his possible new interest in girls; Ignacio could be correct about the types of TV shows that Tomás is watching. It could be that their son's actions result from a combination of things. By talking over their thoughts and opinions, Anna and Ignacio can come up with a plan of action that is acceptable to both of them. Ignacio and Anna need to explain to Tomás that how they act with each other is special. It's different from how Tomás should act with other people. They may want to tell Tomás that he shouldn't touch any of the kids in his class for a little while, even if he thinks he is just being playful. These limits will allow Tomás to learn some level of control for his own body. He will also learn what actions are proper, when, and with whom. The process of developing self-control or regulating one's own social behavior is a slow process. In addition to having patience with their son, Anna and Ignacio also need to model more appropriate behaviors for Tomás to learn and adopt in his daily life. These behaviors may include keeping their relationship more private, until Tomás is older and can understand it better.	917	ENGLISH	1
UNITED STATES MINTS Click for Modern United States Mints The name "mint" is derived from the Temple of Juno Monetos, Rome, where coins were made as early as 269 B.C. The present mint, operating the most modern machinery for the manufacture of coins, is indeed a marked contrast to the early day methods of coining money. The melting departments which formerly were fired with coal burning furnaces were improved at the turn of the century to gas and electric furnaces. In 1782, Thomas Jefferson, then a member of the House of Representatives, recommended a Dollar Unit of Exchange, because it was already at that time familiar to most people and a convenient decimal. On March 3, 1791, the Congress of the United States, by the passing of a resolution directed that a mint be established. President Washington did not act upon these recommendations until April of 1792. President George Washington appointed a well known scientist, David Rittenhouse, as the first director of the U. S. mint, and a mint building was within a few months under construction in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, located at Seventh and Sugar Alley (now Filbert Street.). It was a three story building and bore the familiar sign painted on the building between the second and third floors, "Ye Old Mint". "Ye Olde Mint" First United States Mint Established by Congress in 1792, at Seventh and Sugar Alley (now Filbert Street), Philadelphia. THE PHILADELPHIA MINT The Philadelphia Mint, now rebuilt, is still in Operations. United States Mint, Philadelphia, PA. THE DAHLONEGA, GEORGIA MINT The Dahlonega Mint was authorized by Act of March 3, 1835, with first coinage in The building passed out of government possession in 1871. The United States Branch Mint at Dahlonega, erected 1837 Mint was in operation from 1838 to February 1961. Building donated to Georgia for educational purposes, April 10, 1871. Destroyed by fire, December 20, 1878. THE CHARLOTTE, NORTH CAROLINA MINT The Charlotte Mint was authorized by Act of March 3, 1835. Coinage operations were conducted there from 1838 through May 20, 1861. The operations were discontinued due to the Civil War and never resumed. The mint property was reopened as an assay office in 1868, and ceased operations June 13, 1913, when the plant was closed. THE NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA MINT The New Orleans Mint was authorized by the Act of March 3, 1835. It first produced coins in 1838. Operations were suspended from 1861 to 1879, however, it continued its assay operations from 1876. United States Mint, New Orleans, organized in 1838 Suspended operations in 1861, when it was seized by the Confederates. Reopened in 1879. Mint Mark, "O". Coinage resumed in 1879, and continued until 1909. It operated as an assay office from 1909 until 1942, when it was permanently closed. At one time this mint was used as a federal prison. This mint also was taken over by the Confederate Army during the Civil War and some Confederate coins were produced there. THE SAN FRANCISCO MINT The San Francisco Mint was established by authorization of the Act of July 3, 1852. The first coinage was recorded in 1854. Coinage operations were suspended in 1955, but the mint continued to operate as an assay office. United States Mint, San Francisco, California Established by Congress July 3, 1852. Coinage was first recorded in 1854, and coinage operations were suspended in 1955. The name was officially changed from "mint" to "assay office" on July 11, 1962. THE DENVER MINT The Denver Mint was authorized by the Act of April 21, 1862, and it operated as an assay office until 1906. Coinage operations were started at the Denver mint in 1906, and the mint is still in operation. United States Mint, Denver, Colorado Authorized by Congress April 21, 1862. Coinage operations were started in 1906 and the mint is still in operation. THE CARSON CITY MINT The Carson City Mint was authorized by Act of March 3, 1863. Coinage operations started in 1870 and lasted through 1893. The mint then operated as an assay office until 1933 when it was closed. The United States Mint at Carson City, Nevada Organized in 1870; discontinued in 1893. Min Mark, "CC". WEST POINT MINT - NEW YORK The West Point Bullion Depository was erected in 1937 as a storage facility for silver bullion and was nicknamed "The Fort Knox of Silver." In 1988, the US government approved the most recent branch mint at West Point, N.Y. to assist in striking modern gold and silver issues with the "W" mint mark including various Commemoratives and Bullion Coins. From 1973 to 1986, West Point produced cents, and in 1980 began striking gold medallions. Shortly afterward, approximately 20 billion dollars worth of gold was stored in its vaults, making it second only to Fort Knox for gold storage. Today, it is also the major producer of gold coins. 1992-2019 DC2NET, Inc. All Rights Reserved	<urn:uuid:9e2655d3-d431-47d7-a47a-547b63978561>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://megacoins.com/United-States-Mints.htm	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594209.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119035851-20200119063851-00198.warc.gz	en	0.98149	1,122	3.515625	4	[ -0.3361397087574005, 0.06740060448646545, 0.2609662413597107, 0.11202704906463623, -0.20582813024520874, -0.0442914143204689, -0.04057208076119423, -0.13009417057037354, 0.15161612629890442, 0.2954629063606262, 0.19995750486850739, 0.1187467947602272, 0.015323515981435776, 0.05128657072782...	1	UNITED STATES MINTS Click for Modern United States Mints The name "mint" is derived from the Temple of Juno Monetos, Rome, where coins were made as early as 269 B.C. The present mint, operating the most modern machinery for the manufacture of coins, is indeed a marked contrast to the early day methods of coining money. The melting departments which formerly were fired with coal burning furnaces were improved at the turn of the century to gas and electric furnaces. In 1782, Thomas Jefferson, then a member of the House of Representatives, recommended a Dollar Unit of Exchange, because it was already at that time familiar to most people and a convenient decimal. On March 3, 1791, the Congress of the United States, by the passing of a resolution directed that a mint be established. President Washington did not act upon these recommendations until April of 1792. President George Washington appointed a well known scientist, David Rittenhouse, as the first director of the U. S. mint, and a mint building was within a few months under construction in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, located at Seventh and Sugar Alley (now Filbert Street.). It was a three story building and bore the familiar sign painted on the building between the second and third floors, "Ye Old Mint". "Ye Olde Mint" First United States Mint Established by Congress in 1792, at Seventh and Sugar Alley (now Filbert Street), Philadelphia. THE PHILADELPHIA MINT The Philadelphia Mint, now rebuilt, is still in Operations. United States Mint, Philadelphia, PA. THE DAHLONEGA, GEORGIA MINT The Dahlonega Mint was authorized by Act of March 3, 1835, with first coinage in The building passed out of government possession in 1871. The United States Branch Mint at Dahlonega, erected 1837 Mint was in operation from 1838 to February 1961. Building donated to Georgia for educational purposes, April 10, 1871. Destroyed by fire, December 20, 1878. THE CHARLOTTE, NORTH CAROLINA MINT The Charlotte Mint was authorized by Act of March 3, 1835. Coinage operations were conducted there from 1838 through May 20, 1861. The operations were discontinued due to the Civil War and never resumed. The mint property was reopened as an assay office in 1868, and ceased operations June 13, 1913, when the plant was closed. THE NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA MINT The New Orleans Mint was authorized by the Act of March 3, 1835. It first produced coins in 1838. Operations were suspended from 1861 to 1879, however, it continued its assay operations from 1876. United States Mint, New Orleans, organized in 1838 Suspended operations in 1861, when it was seized by the Confederates. Reopened in 1879. Mint Mark, "O". Coinage resumed in 1879, and continued until 1909. It operated as an assay office from 1909 until 1942, when it was permanently closed. At one time this mint was used as a federal prison. This mint also was taken over by the Confederate Army during the Civil War and some Confederate coins were produced there. THE SAN FRANCISCO MINT The San Francisco Mint was established by authorization of the Act of July 3, 1852. The first coinage was recorded in 1854. Coinage operations were suspended in 1955, but the mint continued to operate as an assay office. United States Mint, San Francisco, California Established by Congress July 3, 1852. Coinage was first recorded in 1854, and coinage operations were suspended in 1955. The name was officially changed from "mint" to "assay office" on July 11, 1962. THE DENVER MINT The Denver Mint was authorized by the Act of April 21, 1862, and it operated as an assay office until 1906. Coinage operations were started at the Denver mint in 1906, and the mint is still in operation. United States Mint, Denver, Colorado Authorized by Congress April 21, 1862. Coinage operations were started in 1906 and the mint is still in operation. THE CARSON CITY MINT The Carson City Mint was authorized by Act of March 3, 1863. Coinage operations started in 1870 and lasted through 1893. The mint then operated as an assay office until 1933 when it was closed. The United States Mint at Carson City, Nevada Organized in 1870; discontinued in 1893. Min Mark, "CC". WEST POINT MINT - NEW YORK The West Point Bullion Depository was erected in 1937 as a storage facility for silver bullion and was nicknamed "The Fort Knox of Silver." In 1988, the US government approved the most recent branch mint at West Point, N.Y. to assist in striking modern gold and silver issues with the "W" mint mark including various Commemoratives and Bullion Coins. From 1973 to 1986, West Point produced cents, and in 1980 began striking gold medallions. Shortly afterward, approximately 20 billion dollars worth of gold was stored in its vaults, making it second only to Fort Knox for gold storage. Today, it is also the major producer of gold coins. 1992-2019 DC2NET, Inc. All Rights Reserved	1,296	ENGLISH	1
On Saturday 14th October 1066 King Harold II of England was defeated by William, Duke of Normandy (also known as William the Conqueror) at what is now known as the Battle of Hastings. The battle was was fought on Senlac Hill, a location that’s approximately seven miles from Hastings, England. By the end of the bloody day King Harold had been killed. Legend says that Harold was killed by an arrow in the eye, although this may be more folklore than fact. Henry and his forces were destroyed by William and his Norman army, and Harold was the last Anglo-Saxon king of England. Overview of the Battle of Hastings Edward the Confessor, the English king that preceded Henry, was raised in Normandy and as such had a number of Norman friends. Duke William of Normandy claimed that during a visit to see King Edward he told William that he would succeed him as king.Duke William also claimed that Harold Godwinson agreed that William should be the successor of Edward the Confessor. However, Harold Godwinson accepted the crown and became King of England after Edward’s death, and Duke William receives support from the Pope to mount a campaign against England to claim the crown. King Harold hears of the impending attack and positioned his army on the south coast in preparation for the arrival of the Norman invasion, when the Vikings suddenly launch an invasion in north of England. King Harold and his army are forced to answer the Viking invasion, and Henry marched his army to York to defend against the Viking attack.Harold and his men defeat the Vikings, but they have to immediately march back to the south coast to answer the Norman invasion that landed while Harold was in York. Despite the unexpected attack on the Vikings, the English troops managed to hold off the initial Norman attack. Knowing that they may be losing the battle, the Norman forces changed their strategy and fired their arrows up into the air. Believing that the Normans are retreating, the English give chase, giving up their position on higher ground which was giving the English troops a great advantage, which ultimately cost the English the Battle of Hastings. The Factors that Contributed to the Battle of Hastings In 1051, William Duke of Normandy is said to have visited England, and during his visit he met with his cousin Edward the Confessor. Edward had ruled England, but had failed to produce a son that would be heir to the throne. This meant that King Edward would need to name a successor. On his deathbed, King Edward granted the kingdom to Harold Godwine. Prior to his appointment as king, Henry was the head of a leading noble family in England. King Edward died on the 4th January 1066 and Harold Godwine was crowned as King Harold II just two days later. William Duke of Normandy immediately disputed his claim, and put forward his own claim, stating that Edward had promised him the throne during his visit in 1051. Whether Edward had indeed made such a promise is impossible to prove, however, William felt he was entitled to the English throne, and he was not going to give up his chance to rule without a fight. Harold, however, thought of himself as a serious contender for the title of king, and he had no intention of letting William take the title from him. Furious, William sought support, and he found it in the Pope. The Pope encouraged William to go to England and take the crown that he felt was so rightly his. William also found support from his fellow noblemen in Normandy, and he also found allies in the noblemen of Brittany and Flanders. Within six months William had gathered enough men and resources to launch an attack on English soil. By July, William was preparing his forces, ready for an attack. The Lead up to the Battle of Hastings While King Harold was busy preparing his troops for the impending Norman invasion, the Vikings had also been preparing for an English invasion. In mid September Harald Hadrada and Tostig travelled towards England, ready to do battle. It is estimated that they had around 10,000 men for an army. With both the Vikings and the Normans attacking England, King Harold would be very busy during the month of September, trying to fight off two enemies from two ends of the country. On September 20th 1066 Harald Hadrada and Tostig successfully launched an attack at Gate Fulford. King Harold realises that he cannot allow this attack to go unanswered, and he had to withdraw his army from the southern coast, leading them to York to do battle with the Vikings. In just four days, Henry and his army marched around 180 miles. On September 25th 1066 King Harold and his army battled with Harald Hadrada and his Viking forces, and they successfully quashed the Viking invasion in the Stamford Bridge Battle. The victory did come at a cost though; Henry’s men were tired and mauled from the battle. On September 27th 1066 Duke William of Normandy set sail with this army, and a day later he and his men landed on English soil. On September 28, 1066, William landed at Pevensey with approximately 15,000 troops as his army. Once William and his army were safe on English soil, William ordered that some of the boats that they had used to be burnt. This was a clear message from William to say that he had no intention of going anywhere. The rest of William’s ships were protected by an earth embankment that was built by the troops across the mouth of the harbour. A small castle was also constructed, yet another sign of William’s intention to remain and takeover. With the ships protected, William and his troops set to work causing enough trouble to attract Harold’s attention. William’s army pillaged and burned the local area before marching onwards to Hastings, and by the 29th September Hastings was under the control of William and his Norman forces. By October 1st King Harold was told about the Norman invasion, and he did not hesitate in giving his response. Once informed of William's landing in England, King Harold made all arrangements to swiftly move and redeploy his army to answer the Norman threat. King Harold and his army marched back down the old Roman road of Ermine Street. They paused to pray for victory. Within a few days, King Harold was back in London and reorganising his forces and resources ready to face William. King Harold went on quickly to Hastings, ready to do battle with Duke William of Normandy. Friday 13th October On Friday 13th October 1066, Harold arrived at Senlac, near Hastings, with his army, which was of a roughly one third of the size of William’s army. Once established, the Normans and Saxon negotiators met, in an attempt to prevent another war. William’s demands were simple; he wanted King Harold to: a) Give up the throne and crown and hand them to William b) Refer the matter to the arbitration of the Pope (which William knew would fall in his favour) or c) Let the matter be resolved in a single combat Harold declined all three requests, and the King and the contender were resigned to committing to war. Saturday 14th October - The Battle of Hastings 1066 The next day, on Saturday 14th October, Duke William of Normandy led his forces out to Senlac to do battle with the King of England and his men. Harold and his army adopted a defensive position, and using the shield-wall tactic that the English had perfected, he and his men attempted to hold their position. The tactic worked very well, and waves of Norman troops threw themselves at the English army, and yet were unable to make any ground. The strength and determination of the British damaged the moral of the Norman allies, and suddenly the line began to fall and withdraw. A short speech of encouragement from William was enough to restore order in his army, and the English, in the interim, had allowed crack to form in their shield wall. This was the opportunity needed by the Normans to gain advantage, and they used this opportunity well. They changed their tactics, and began to reduce the size and numbers of the defending Saxon army down. Along with his army, Harold lost his life that day. Legend says that an arrow was fired and had hit him in the eye. What we do know is that King Harold’s brothers, Gyrth and Leofwine, also died that die trying to protect England from the Norman invasion. In less than ten hours, the Saxon reign had come to an end, and Duke William of Normandy would become known as William the Conqueror. The field was left full of bloody corpses, and William the Conqueror marched on to London to claim the crown as his. Following the Battle of Hastings 1066 William arrived in London and immediately received the submission of the city. - Christmas Day in 1066, William the Conqueror was crowned in Westminster Abbey as the first Norman king of England, ending the Anglo-Saxon rule over England. French was adopted as the language of the king's court and the language was gradually blended with the Anglo-Saxon tongue, helping to give rise to the modern form of English. King William I proved to be an effective king, even though he faced a number of rebellions against him. William ruled England for a total of 21 years. His commissioning of the "Domesday Book" has been heralded as one of his greatest achievements while on the throne, despite the fact that he did not live long enough to see the work completed. William I died in 1087, leaving his son, William Rufus, to become the successor of the throne as William II, making him the second Norman king of England. The Battle of Hastings may have been short and bloody, but the results of that battle led to great changes in English society. Through The Norman takeover law, language and culture all adapted. The Normans paved the way for the English feudal system, which would later be challenged with the Black Death and the Peasant’s Revolt. The Impact of The Battle of Hastings on English Society The Battle of Hastings is often attributed with the title of "the battle that changed history". It is often given this title because of the huge impact the demise of the Saxon empire and the rise of a Norman king had on the country and the culture of England. The battle didn’t just change things inside England, it also changed the way that England was perceived by other countries. The citizens of England were Saxons at heart, and they did not appreciate or approve of William and his men stripping them of their rights and privileges. Many rebellions were attempted and failed, and William was not shy of ensuring that his law was enforced. Despite his unpopularity with the people, William the Conqueror was able to rule uninterrupted for more than 20 years. Changes to the legal system During the Saxon rule citizens were able to enjoy certain freedoms and “Earls” could share similar power and influence as that enjoyed by the king. However, William was quick to make changes to this system. Under William's law, the king was the sole authority figure, making it almost impossible for anyone, no matter what their nobility, to argue against the king. Changes to English Culture A culture and set of customs that had lasted more than 3000 years was wiped out and changed forever with the arrival of the new king. William’s rule saw the elimination of the Saxon way of life, and society was pushed toward Norman thinking. Introduction of the Feudal System Saxon ownership was completely undermined with the arrival of the new king and his noblemen with the development of the feudal system. William had previously developed and implemented a similar system in Normandy with great success. The system was founded upon the idea that the best soldiers would be rewarded with a piece of land, creating a bond of loyalty between the troops and their leader. In William's case, he took the land owned by Anglo-Saxon land and redistributed it to his Norman nobleman. Anglo-Saxons were forced to work their own land for new landlords at poor rates of pay.	<urn:uuid:54bda51a-75ca-4d9a-8c09-47e3eb028b7c>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.thefinertimes.com/Middle-Ages/battle-of-hastings.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250614086.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123221108-20200124010108-00358.warc.gz	en	0.988887	2,529	3.78125	4	[ -0.4016777276992798, 0.5072696208953857, -0.03239719569683075, -0.12944552302360535, -0.2541849613189697, -0.1485224962234497, 0.22026720643043518, 0.14720144867897034, 0.107976034283638, -0.019180214032530785, -0.017853014171123505, -0.5774672627449036, 0.24917477369308472, 0.286065757274...	1	On Saturday 14th October 1066 King Harold II of England was defeated by William, Duke of Normandy (also known as William the Conqueror) at what is now known as the Battle of Hastings. The battle was was fought on Senlac Hill, a location that’s approximately seven miles from Hastings, England. By the end of the bloody day King Harold had been killed. Legend says that Harold was killed by an arrow in the eye, although this may be more folklore than fact. Henry and his forces were destroyed by William and his Norman army, and Harold was the last Anglo-Saxon king of England. Overview of the Battle of Hastings Edward the Confessor, the English king that preceded Henry, was raised in Normandy and as such had a number of Norman friends. Duke William of Normandy claimed that during a visit to see King Edward he told William that he would succeed him as king.Duke William also claimed that Harold Godwinson agreed that William should be the successor of Edward the Confessor. However, Harold Godwinson accepted the crown and became King of England after Edward’s death, and Duke William receives support from the Pope to mount a campaign against England to claim the crown. King Harold hears of the impending attack and positioned his army on the south coast in preparation for the arrival of the Norman invasion, when the Vikings suddenly launch an invasion in north of England. King Harold and his army are forced to answer the Viking invasion, and Henry marched his army to York to defend against the Viking attack.Harold and his men defeat the Vikings, but they have to immediately march back to the south coast to answer the Norman invasion that landed while Harold was in York. Despite the unexpected attack on the Vikings, the English troops managed to hold off the initial Norman attack. Knowing that they may be losing the battle, the Norman forces changed their strategy and fired their arrows up into the air. Believing that the Normans are retreating, the English give chase, giving up their position on higher ground which was giving the English troops a great advantage, which ultimately cost the English the Battle of Hastings. The Factors that Contributed to the Battle of Hastings In 1051, William Duke of Normandy is said to have visited England, and during his visit he met with his cousin Edward the Confessor. Edward had ruled England, but had failed to produce a son that would be heir to the throne. This meant that King Edward would need to name a successor. On his deathbed, King Edward granted the kingdom to Harold Godwine. Prior to his appointment as king, Henry was the head of a leading noble family in England. King Edward died on the 4th January 1066 and Harold Godwine was crowned as King Harold II just two days later. William Duke of Normandy immediately disputed his claim, and put forward his own claim, stating that Edward had promised him the throne during his visit in 1051. Whether Edward had indeed made such a promise is impossible to prove, however, William felt he was entitled to the English throne, and he was not going to give up his chance to rule without a fight. Harold, however, thought of himself as a serious contender for the title of king, and he had no intention of letting William take the title from him. Furious, William sought support, and he found it in the Pope. The Pope encouraged William to go to England and take the crown that he felt was so rightly his. William also found support from his fellow noblemen in Normandy, and he also found allies in the noblemen of Brittany and Flanders. Within six months William had gathered enough men and resources to launch an attack on English soil. By July, William was preparing his forces, ready for an attack. The Lead up to the Battle of Hastings While King Harold was busy preparing his troops for the impending Norman invasion, the Vikings had also been preparing for an English invasion. In mid September Harald Hadrada and Tostig travelled towards England, ready to do battle. It is estimated that they had around 10,000 men for an army. With both the Vikings and the Normans attacking England, King Harold would be very busy during the month of September, trying to fight off two enemies from two ends of the country. On September 20th 1066 Harald Hadrada and Tostig successfully launched an attack at Gate Fulford. King Harold realises that he cannot allow this attack to go unanswered, and he had to withdraw his army from the southern coast, leading them to York to do battle with the Vikings. In just four days, Henry and his army marched around 180 miles. On September 25th 1066 King Harold and his army battled with Harald Hadrada and his Viking forces, and they successfully quashed the Viking invasion in the Stamford Bridge Battle. The victory did come at a cost though; Henry’s men were tired and mauled from the battle. On September 27th 1066 Duke William of Normandy set sail with this army, and a day later he and his men landed on English soil. On September 28, 1066, William landed at Pevensey with approximately 15,000 troops as his army. Once William and his army were safe on English soil, William ordered that some of the boats that they had used to be burnt. This was a clear message from William to say that he had no intention of going anywhere. The rest of William’s ships were protected by an earth embankment that was built by the troops across the mouth of the harbour. A small castle was also constructed, yet another sign of William’s intention to remain and takeover. With the ships protected, William and his troops set to work causing enough trouble to attract Harold’s attention. William’s army pillaged and burned the local area before marching onwards to Hastings, and by the 29th September Hastings was under the control of William and his Norman forces. By October 1st King Harold was told about the Norman invasion, and he did not hesitate in giving his response. Once informed of William's landing in England, King Harold made all arrangements to swiftly move and redeploy his army to answer the Norman threat. King Harold and his army marched back down the old Roman road of Ermine Street. They paused to pray for victory. Within a few days, King Harold was back in London and reorganising his forces and resources ready to face William. King Harold went on quickly to Hastings, ready to do battle with Duke William of Normandy. Friday 13th October On Friday 13th October 1066, Harold arrived at Senlac, near Hastings, with his army, which was of a roughly one third of the size of William’s army. Once established, the Normans and Saxon negotiators met, in an attempt to prevent another war. William’s demands were simple; he wanted King Harold to: a) Give up the throne and crown and hand them to William b) Refer the matter to the arbitration of the Pope (which William knew would fall in his favour) or c) Let the matter be resolved in a single combat Harold declined all three requests, and the King and the contender were resigned to committing to war. Saturday 14th October - The Battle of Hastings 1066 The next day, on Saturday 14th October, Duke William of Normandy led his forces out to Senlac to do battle with the King of England and his men. Harold and his army adopted a defensive position, and using the shield-wall tactic that the English had perfected, he and his men attempted to hold their position. The tactic worked very well, and waves of Norman troops threw themselves at the English army, and yet were unable to make any ground. The strength and determination of the British damaged the moral of the Norman allies, and suddenly the line began to fall and withdraw. A short speech of encouragement from William was enough to restore order in his army, and the English, in the interim, had allowed crack to form in their shield wall. This was the opportunity needed by the Normans to gain advantage, and they used this opportunity well. They changed their tactics, and began to reduce the size and numbers of the defending Saxon army down. Along with his army, Harold lost his life that day. Legend says that an arrow was fired and had hit him in the eye. What we do know is that King Harold’s brothers, Gyrth and Leofwine, also died that die trying to protect England from the Norman invasion. In less than ten hours, the Saxon reign had come to an end, and Duke William of Normandy would become known as William the Conqueror. The field was left full of bloody corpses, and William the Conqueror marched on to London to claim the crown as his. Following the Battle of Hastings 1066 William arrived in London and immediately received the submission of the city. - Christmas Day in 1066, William the Conqueror was crowned in Westminster Abbey as the first Norman king of England, ending the Anglo-Saxon rule over England. French was adopted as the language of the king's court and the language was gradually blended with the Anglo-Saxon tongue, helping to give rise to the modern form of English. King William I proved to be an effective king, even though he faced a number of rebellions against him. William ruled England for a total of 21 years. His commissioning of the "Domesday Book" has been heralded as one of his greatest achievements while on the throne, despite the fact that he did not live long enough to see the work completed. William I died in 1087, leaving his son, William Rufus, to become the successor of the throne as William II, making him the second Norman king of England. The Battle of Hastings may have been short and bloody, but the results of that battle led to great changes in English society. Through The Norman takeover law, language and culture all adapted. The Normans paved the way for the English feudal system, which would later be challenged with the Black Death and the Peasant’s Revolt. The Impact of The Battle of Hastings on English Society The Battle of Hastings is often attributed with the title of "the battle that changed history". It is often given this title because of the huge impact the demise of the Saxon empire and the rise of a Norman king had on the country and the culture of England. The battle didn’t just change things inside England, it also changed the way that England was perceived by other countries. The citizens of England were Saxons at heart, and they did not appreciate or approve of William and his men stripping them of their rights and privileges. Many rebellions were attempted and failed, and William was not shy of ensuring that his law was enforced. Despite his unpopularity with the people, William the Conqueror was able to rule uninterrupted for more than 20 years. Changes to the legal system During the Saxon rule citizens were able to enjoy certain freedoms and “Earls” could share similar power and influence as that enjoyed by the king. However, William was quick to make changes to this system. Under William's law, the king was the sole authority figure, making it almost impossible for anyone, no matter what their nobility, to argue against the king. Changes to English Culture A culture and set of customs that had lasted more than 3000 years was wiped out and changed forever with the arrival of the new king. William’s rule saw the elimination of the Saxon way of life, and society was pushed toward Norman thinking. Introduction of the Feudal System Saxon ownership was completely undermined with the arrival of the new king and his noblemen with the development of the feudal system. William had previously developed and implemented a similar system in Normandy with great success. The system was founded upon the idea that the best soldiers would be rewarded with a piece of land, creating a bond of loyalty between the troops and their leader. In William's case, he took the land owned by Anglo-Saxon land and redistributed it to his Norman nobleman. Anglo-Saxons were forced to work their own land for new landlords at poor rates of pay.	2,546	ENGLISH	1
Here are five reasons why math worksheets don't work if you want students to understand math, enjoy math, and think mathematically. _ Math worksheets are not engaging. Numerous research studies have found that when students are actively engaged with the content, they have a much better chance of understanding and remembering what they have learned. Unfortunately, math worksheets tend to bore most students, especially those who need the most help in math. Provide moral support: Children generally depend on their parents most. They rely on their parents in many aspects. They need their parents the most especially when they face some unmanageable difficulties or problems. In that case, parent's moral support works as healing mantras to them. Many failed students can again do better results by having moral support from their parents.	<urn:uuid:e8242020-24f8-45e0-9a63-06570c34dfe0>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.bayesianwitch.com/math-worksheet/003-translations-3points-6units-2step-001-pin2v1360948566-translation-worksheet/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250608062.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123011418-20200123040418-00224.warc.gz	en	0.981564	162	3.421875	3	[ -0.31129583716392517, -0.00318604102358222, 0.07018155604600906, -0.6540207266807556, -0.6891942620277405, 0.3243429362773895, -0.24189560115337372, 0.3168571889400482, -0.02194025181233883, -0.17334432899951935, 0.32457834482192993, -0.09770435094833374, 0.17030981183052063, 0.21640518307...	1	Here are five reasons why math worksheets don't work if you want students to understand math, enjoy math, and think mathematically. _ Math worksheets are not engaging. Numerous research studies have found that when students are actively engaged with the content, they have a much better chance of understanding and remembering what they have learned. Unfortunately, math worksheets tend to bore most students, especially those who need the most help in math. Provide moral support: Children generally depend on their parents most. They rely on their parents in many aspects. They need their parents the most especially when they face some unmanageable difficulties or problems. In that case, parent's moral support works as healing mantras to them. Many failed students can again do better results by having moral support from their parents.	155	ENGLISH	1
The History of Gas Rationing Stickers By Lauren Fix Recently, I was walking around a car show and found beautiful cars , many with an “A” on the windshield. The “A” piqued my interest and brought me back to the days of gas rationing. Gas rationing occurred during World War II (1942), in order to help control gasoline usage. The U.S. Office of Price Administration (OPA) rationed gasoline on May 15, 1942 on the east coast, and nationwide that December to assist in the war effort, which had caused massive shortages of gasoline. The OPA issued a variety of stickers to identify users and control the amount of petrol used. These stickers had to be affixed to a car’s windshield, and indicated that particular vehicle’s gasoline need. To get your classification and ration stamps, you had to certify to a local board that you needed gas and owned no more than five tires. The “A” sticker is the most common of the WW2 gas ration stickers, and was issued to the general public and entitled the holder to four gallons a week. The “B” sticker was issued primarily to business owners and was worth about eight gallons a week. The “C” sticker was issued primarily to professional people: physicians, nurses, dentists, ministers, priests, mail delivery, embalmers, farm workers, construction or maintenance workers, soldiers and armed forces going to duty, and several others. A tab under the “C” sticker allowed an individual to check the box of his occupation. There are 17 different occupations for this sticker. Immediately after the war, they were quickly scraped off the windshields as many professional people did not wish their occupation indicated on their cars. The “M” sticker was issued to motorcycle drivers, which included Western Union and other types of delivery people who used motorcycles for their business. The “T” sticker was issued to truck drivers. The “X” sticker was issued in special instances for high mileage type jobs such as traveling salesmen that needed be able to purchase gasoline in unlimited quantities. Many rich people and politicians also received these stickers. Actually, gas wasn’t what they were rationing at all. The main purpose of the restrictions on gas purchasing was to conserve tires. Japanese armies in the Far East had cut the U.S. off from its chief supply of rubber. Rationing was handled through the federal Office of Price Administration. To get a classification and rationing stamps, citizens appeared at the OPA office in person and swore to the high heavens that they needed gas desperately and owned no more than five automobile tires (any in excess of five were confiscated by the government). Each driver was given a windshield sticker that proclaimed his classification for all the world to see. Theoretically, each gallon of gasoline sold was accounted for at that time. The buyer surrendered his stamp at the point of purchase, and the vendor forwarded the records to the OPA. Gas rationing began nationwide on December 1, 1942 and ended on August 15, 1945. Speed limits were 35 MPH for the duration. For a short time in 1943, rations were reduced further and all pleasure driving was outlawed.Follow Us:	<urn:uuid:e93adfbe-ed6b-4e5f-abaf-294d71056d72>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://laurenfix.com/article/gas-rationing-gas-ration-stickers/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250628549.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125011232-20200125040232-00272.warc.gz	en	0.985756	683	3.484375	3	[ -0.14372220635414124, 0.39188042283058167, 0.4085168242454529, -0.2730898857116699, -0.03769219294190407, 0.268511027097702, 0.20340405404567719, 0.3388485908508301, -0.3081231415271759, 0.3022783696651459, -0.1904243528842926, -0.2699207663536072, -0.18034961819648743, 0.6110624074935913,...	2	The History of Gas Rationing Stickers By Lauren Fix Recently, I was walking around a car show and found beautiful cars , many with an “A” on the windshield. The “A” piqued my interest and brought me back to the days of gas rationing. Gas rationing occurred during World War II (1942), in order to help control gasoline usage. The U.S. Office of Price Administration (OPA) rationed gasoline on May 15, 1942 on the east coast, and nationwide that December to assist in the war effort, which had caused massive shortages of gasoline. The OPA issued a variety of stickers to identify users and control the amount of petrol used. These stickers had to be affixed to a car’s windshield, and indicated that particular vehicle’s gasoline need. To get your classification and ration stamps, you had to certify to a local board that you needed gas and owned no more than five tires. The “A” sticker is the most common of the WW2 gas ration stickers, and was issued to the general public and entitled the holder to four gallons a week. The “B” sticker was issued primarily to business owners and was worth about eight gallons a week. The “C” sticker was issued primarily to professional people: physicians, nurses, dentists, ministers, priests, mail delivery, embalmers, farm workers, construction or maintenance workers, soldiers and armed forces going to duty, and several others. A tab under the “C” sticker allowed an individual to check the box of his occupation. There are 17 different occupations for this sticker. Immediately after the war, they were quickly scraped off the windshields as many professional people did not wish their occupation indicated on their cars. The “M” sticker was issued to motorcycle drivers, which included Western Union and other types of delivery people who used motorcycles for their business. The “T” sticker was issued to truck drivers. The “X” sticker was issued in special instances for high mileage type jobs such as traveling salesmen that needed be able to purchase gasoline in unlimited quantities. Many rich people and politicians also received these stickers. Actually, gas wasn’t what they were rationing at all. The main purpose of the restrictions on gas purchasing was to conserve tires. Japanese armies in the Far East had cut the U.S. off from its chief supply of rubber. Rationing was handled through the federal Office of Price Administration. To get a classification and rationing stamps, citizens appeared at the OPA office in person and swore to the high heavens that they needed gas desperately and owned no more than five automobile tires (any in excess of five were confiscated by the government). Each driver was given a windshield sticker that proclaimed his classification for all the world to see. Theoretically, each gallon of gasoline sold was accounted for at that time. The buyer surrendered his stamp at the point of purchase, and the vendor forwarded the records to the OPA. Gas rationing began nationwide on December 1, 1942 and ended on August 15, 1945. Speed limits were 35 MPH for the duration. For a short time in 1943, rations were reduced further and all pleasure driving was outlawed.Follow Us:	674	ENGLISH	1
Scientists have reconstructed the cooking techniques of the early inhabitants of Puerto Rico by analysing the remains of clams. Led by Philip Staudigel, who conducted the analysis as a graduate student at the University of Miami Rosenstiel School and is now a postdoctoral researcher at Cardiff University, the team has used new chemical analysis techniques to identify the exact cooking temperatures at which clams were cooked over 2500 years ago. With cooking temperatures getting up to around 200oC according to the new analysis, the team believe the early Puerto Ricans were partial to a barbeque rather than boiling their food as a soup. The study, which also involved academics from the University of Miami and Valencia College, has been published today in the journal Science Advances. Whilst the results throw new light on the cultural practices of the first communities to arrive on the island of Puerto Rico, they also provide at least circumstantial evidence that ceramic pottery technology was not widespread during this period of history - it's likely that this would be the only way in which the clams could have been boiled. Lead author of the study Dr Philip Staudigel, currently at Cardiff University's School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, said: "Much of peoples' identity draws upon on where they came from, one of the most profound expressions of this is in cooking. We learn to cook from our parents, who learned from their parents. "In many parts of the world, written records extend back thousands of years, which often includes recipes. This is not the case in the Caribbean, as there were no written texts, except for petroglyphs. By learning more about how ancient Puerto Rican natives cooked their meals, we can relate to these long-gone peoples through their food." In their study, the team analysed over 20kg of fossilised clam shells at the University of Miami's Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences Stable Isotope Lab, which were collected from an archaeological site in Cabo Rojo, Puerto Rico. The pre-Arawak population of Puerto Rico were the first inhabitants of the island, arriving sometime before 3000 BC, and came from Central and/or South America. They existed primarily from fishing, hunting, and gathering near the mangrove swamps and coastal areas where they had settled. The fossilised shells, dating back to around 700 BC, were cleaned and turned into a powder, which was then analysed to determine its mineralogy, as well as the abundance of specific chemical bonds in the sample. When certain minerals are heated, the bonds between atoms in the mineral can rearrange themselves, which can then be measured in the lab. The amount of rearrangement is proportional to the temperature the mineral is heated. This technique, known as clumped isotope geochemistry, is often used to determine the temperature an organism formed at but in this instance was used to reconstruct the temperature at which the clams were cooked. The abundance of bonds in the powdered fossils was then compared to clams which were cooked at known temperatures, as well as uncooked modern clams collected from a nearby beach. Results showed that that the majority of clams were heated to temperatures greater than 100°C - the boiling point of water - but no greater than 200°C. The results also revealed a disparity between the cooking temperature of different clams, which the researchers believe could be associated with a grilling technique in which the clams are heated from below, meaning the ones at the bottom were heated more than the ones at the top. "The clams from the archaeological site appeared to be most similar to clams which had been barbequed," continued Dr Staudigel. "Ancient Puerto Ricans didn't use cookbooks, at least none that lasted to the present day. The only way we have of knowing how our ancestors cooked is to study what they left behind. Here, we demonstrated that a relatively new technique can be used to learn what temperature they cooked at, which is one important detail of the cooking process."	<urn:uuid:06ec6163-c4d1-4dae-8137-33232b35fd6f>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-11/cu-bco112719.php	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594662.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119151736-20200119175736-00222.warc.gz	en	0.980815	827	3.75	4	[ -0.2616773843765259, 0.4131322503089905, 0.47275739908218384, -0.07652617245912552, 0.49150514602661133, -0.07164289057254791, -0.2010066658258438, -0.1370430886745453, -0.5778173208236694, -0.3680908679962158, -0.0934298112988472, -0.5140501260757446, -0.2248624712228775, 0.24166174232959...	2	Scientists have reconstructed the cooking techniques of the early inhabitants of Puerto Rico by analysing the remains of clams. Led by Philip Staudigel, who conducted the analysis as a graduate student at the University of Miami Rosenstiel School and is now a postdoctoral researcher at Cardiff University, the team has used new chemical analysis techniques to identify the exact cooking temperatures at which clams were cooked over 2500 years ago. With cooking temperatures getting up to around 200oC according to the new analysis, the team believe the early Puerto Ricans were partial to a barbeque rather than boiling their food as a soup. The study, which also involved academics from the University of Miami and Valencia College, has been published today in the journal Science Advances. Whilst the results throw new light on the cultural practices of the first communities to arrive on the island of Puerto Rico, they also provide at least circumstantial evidence that ceramic pottery technology was not widespread during this period of history - it's likely that this would be the only way in which the clams could have been boiled. Lead author of the study Dr Philip Staudigel, currently at Cardiff University's School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, said: "Much of peoples' identity draws upon on where they came from, one of the most profound expressions of this is in cooking. We learn to cook from our parents, who learned from their parents. "In many parts of the world, written records extend back thousands of years, which often includes recipes. This is not the case in the Caribbean, as there were no written texts, except for petroglyphs. By learning more about how ancient Puerto Rican natives cooked their meals, we can relate to these long-gone peoples through their food." In their study, the team analysed over 20kg of fossilised clam shells at the University of Miami's Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences Stable Isotope Lab, which were collected from an archaeological site in Cabo Rojo, Puerto Rico. The pre-Arawak population of Puerto Rico were the first inhabitants of the island, arriving sometime before 3000 BC, and came from Central and/or South America. They existed primarily from fishing, hunting, and gathering near the mangrove swamps and coastal areas where they had settled. The fossilised shells, dating back to around 700 BC, were cleaned and turned into a powder, which was then analysed to determine its mineralogy, as well as the abundance of specific chemical bonds in the sample. When certain minerals are heated, the bonds between atoms in the mineral can rearrange themselves, which can then be measured in the lab. The amount of rearrangement is proportional to the temperature the mineral is heated. This technique, known as clumped isotope geochemistry, is often used to determine the temperature an organism formed at but in this instance was used to reconstruct the temperature at which the clams were cooked. The abundance of bonds in the powdered fossils was then compared to clams which were cooked at known temperatures, as well as uncooked modern clams collected from a nearby beach. Results showed that that the majority of clams were heated to temperatures greater than 100°C - the boiling point of water - but no greater than 200°C. The results also revealed a disparity between the cooking temperature of different clams, which the researchers believe could be associated with a grilling technique in which the clams are heated from below, meaning the ones at the bottom were heated more than the ones at the top. "The clams from the archaeological site appeared to be most similar to clams which had been barbequed," continued Dr Staudigel. "Ancient Puerto Ricans didn't use cookbooks, at least none that lasted to the present day. The only way we have of knowing how our ancestors cooked is to study what they left behind. Here, we demonstrated that a relatively new technique can be used to learn what temperature they cooked at, which is one important detail of the cooking process."	821	ENGLISH	1
The Mayflower left England in 1620, carrying both a colony of religious Separatists we later called the Pilgrims and other folk who went to settle in North America. Among them was John Billington and his family. Billington was fleeing from debt, and paid for his passage by agreeing to work for the Separatist's colony for seven years, even though he was loyal to the Church of England. He was, in effect, an indentured servant. Billington made multiple enemies on the harsh trip across the Atlantic, earning a reputation as a “foul mouthed miscreant.” After many weeks at sea, the crew finally sighted land and dropped anchor off the coast of Cape Cod, Massachusetts—where an unexpected blaze nearly sunk the ship. The cause? Billington’s son, Francis, who shot off his father’s gun near a barrel of gunpowder, almost killing the passengers before they set foot on shore. Billington, his wife Elinor, and his two sons, were quickly marked as troublemakers. Billington's relationship with the Pilgrims was troubled for quite a few years, until he ultimately ended up killing one of them. The article calls him the first convicted murderer in the New World, which is a little far fetched, considering that whole civilizations came and went before that, and Europeans had already spent over a hundred years killing any native who got in their way. But he was convicted in a trial under English law and found guilty. Read the story of John Billington at The Lineup. -Thanks, Aliza!	<urn:uuid:c5cd9473-74ce-4e29-9dde-1141e7457faa>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.neatorama.com/2016/11/22/The-Murderer-Who-Came-on-the-Mayflower/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251779833.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128153713-20200128183713-00365.warc.gz	en	0.98728	333	3.53125	4	[ 0.0798388123512268, 0.08285941928625107, 0.4019409716129303, -0.3583729863166809, 0.09701354056596756, -0.5533449053764343, 0.08049061894416809, 0.007924050092697144, 0.16690880060195923, 0.12029086798429489, -0.2765933573246002, -0.031640294939279556, 0.04877220094203949, -0.1140362471342...	2	The Mayflower left England in 1620, carrying both a colony of religious Separatists we later called the Pilgrims and other folk who went to settle in North America. Among them was John Billington and his family. Billington was fleeing from debt, and paid for his passage by agreeing to work for the Separatist's colony for seven years, even though he was loyal to the Church of England. He was, in effect, an indentured servant. Billington made multiple enemies on the harsh trip across the Atlantic, earning a reputation as a “foul mouthed miscreant.” After many weeks at sea, the crew finally sighted land and dropped anchor off the coast of Cape Cod, Massachusetts—where an unexpected blaze nearly sunk the ship. The cause? Billington’s son, Francis, who shot off his father’s gun near a barrel of gunpowder, almost killing the passengers before they set foot on shore. Billington, his wife Elinor, and his two sons, were quickly marked as troublemakers. Billington's relationship with the Pilgrims was troubled for quite a few years, until he ultimately ended up killing one of them. The article calls him the first convicted murderer in the New World, which is a little far fetched, considering that whole civilizations came and went before that, and Europeans had already spent over a hundred years killing any native who got in their way. But he was convicted in a trial under English law and found guilty. Read the story of John Billington at The Lineup. -Thanks, Aliza!	322	ENGLISH	1
The Monastery of the Great Lavra, (Greek: Μεγίστη Λαύρα, Megísti Lávra) is located on the Mount Athos Peninsula in northern Greece. The Great Lavra was founded in 963 by St. Athanasius the Athonite. It is ranked first in the hierarchical order of the Mount Athos monasteries located on the peninsula. It is considered the mother monastery of Mount Athos. The Great Lavra was one of the earliest of the monasteries built on the Athos Peninsula. It was built by St. Athanasius with the financial support of the emperors in Constantinople including Nikephorus Phocas, Romanos II, and Ioannis Tzimikes. Nikephoros had promised Athanasius that he would soon become a monk of Great Lavra but the circumstances and his death canceled those plans. However, a permanent imperial grant, which was doubled by John I Tzimiskes, allowed the integration of the buildings. St. Athanasius is considered to be the founder of athonite monasticism. The monastery is built in the form of a small medieval town within a strong walled fortress with fifteen towers. There are 37 chapels associated with the Lavra. These are located both within and without the fortress walls. The central church within the Lavra, the Katholikon, was among the first structures built starting in 963. It is a domed four-column church that was modified over time to a more cruciform shape. The church was initially dedicated to the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary, but was re-dedicated to St. Athanasius in the 15th century. His tomb is located in the chapel of the Forty Martyrs which is located next to the narthex of the Katholikon. If you want to pray for you or to donate, click here.	<urn:uuid:8fae11a2-bebb-477b-93c6-844cff1d2a95>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://asceticexperience.com/portfolio/the-holy-monastery-of-the-great-lavra-mount-athos/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250607118.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122131612-20200122160612-00548.warc.gz	en	0.982205	403	3.328125	3	[ 0.23531843721866608, 0.16851456463336945, 0.2736484706401825, -0.11531320214271545, -0.2706902325153351, -0.4316475987434387, -0.43543344736099243, 0.15708991885185242, 0.02550048753619194, 0.0025104808155447245, -0.21083137392997742, -0.44311055541038513, -0.1772012859582901, 0.6125094890...	8	The Monastery of the Great Lavra, (Greek: Μεγίστη Λαύρα, Megísti Lávra) is located on the Mount Athos Peninsula in northern Greece. The Great Lavra was founded in 963 by St. Athanasius the Athonite. It is ranked first in the hierarchical order of the Mount Athos monasteries located on the peninsula. It is considered the mother monastery of Mount Athos. The Great Lavra was one of the earliest of the monasteries built on the Athos Peninsula. It was built by St. Athanasius with the financial support of the emperors in Constantinople including Nikephorus Phocas, Romanos II, and Ioannis Tzimikes. Nikephoros had promised Athanasius that he would soon become a monk of Great Lavra but the circumstances and his death canceled those plans. However, a permanent imperial grant, which was doubled by John I Tzimiskes, allowed the integration of the buildings. St. Athanasius is considered to be the founder of athonite monasticism. The monastery is built in the form of a small medieval town within a strong walled fortress with fifteen towers. There are 37 chapels associated with the Lavra. These are located both within and without the fortress walls. The central church within the Lavra, the Katholikon, was among the first structures built starting in 963. It is a domed four-column church that was modified over time to a more cruciform shape. The church was initially dedicated to the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary, but was re-dedicated to St. Athanasius in the 15th century. His tomb is located in the chapel of the Forty Martyrs which is located next to the narthex of the Katholikon. If you want to pray for you or to donate, click here.	406	ENGLISH	1
The paper "Citizen Kane and William Randolph Hearst" is an excellent example of a movie review on visual arts and film studies. William Randolph Hearst, born April 29, 1863, was raised by millionaire parents. After his father, George, received the San Francisco Examiner newspaper as payment for a debt, Hearst was determined to run it. He then went on to raise the paper to notoriety, before purchasing the New York Journal, building himself a mass media empire. Hearst even enticed much of Joseph Pulitzer’ s staff to join him at the Journal. His paper fabricated sensationalistic stories, including some about the war in Cuba, politicians and even staged crimes so his reporters would have something to write, bringing “ yellow journalism” to new depths previously unseen. But, in 1941, RKO studios, along with director/writer/actor Orson Welles, released the cinematic masterpiece, Citizen Kane. The film openly criticized many moguls, including Hearst, among others, by depicting their irresponsible actions and lavish lifestyles. In Kane, the main protagonist, Charles Foster Kane, built a media empire by buying out his competitors (including enticing his rival’ s writers to join his newspaper, as Hearst did with the Journal). Kane also built a prolific palace for himself and his various collected objects from around the world, known as Xanadu, as Hearst had built Sam Simeon, filled with obscure items without regard to aesthetics. However, although Xanadu was depicted as a dark, secluded estate, Sam Simeon was constantly full of parties. Also, Kane’ s shaky relationship with his love, Susan Alexander, is in stark contrast to the relationship between Hearst and actress Marion Davies, one in which Davies sold her jewelry and other possessions to support Hearst when he lacked sufficient funds. As the film was released, Hearst understood the connection between the new film and his own life and attempted to thwart Welles’ s new motion picture. He even convinced numerous theatres to refuse to play the film, which ultimately cost Welles a great deal of box-office revenue. But Citizen Kane was ultimately voted by the American Film Institute as the greatest film in history, vindicating Welles’ s attempt to expose the life of William Randolph Hearst.	<urn:uuid:b4302b9d-2e30-4a96-b619-0e6fde35c706>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://libraryofessays.com/movie-review/history-extra-credit-paper-1894785	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250607314.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122161553-20200122190553-00105.warc.gz	en	0.982061	470	3.3125	3	[ -0.680306077003479, 0.03361121937632561, -0.10820835828781128, 0.2674296796321869, 0.2055574357509613, -0.1184844970703125, 0.25555241107940674, -0.08408809453248978, -0.698724627494812, 0.3907047510147095, 0.16954867541790009, 0.6753500699996948, 0.4240606129169464, 0.7475969791412354, ...	1	The paper "Citizen Kane and William Randolph Hearst" is an excellent example of a movie review on visual arts and film studies. William Randolph Hearst, born April 29, 1863, was raised by millionaire parents. After his father, George, received the San Francisco Examiner newspaper as payment for a debt, Hearst was determined to run it. He then went on to raise the paper to notoriety, before purchasing the New York Journal, building himself a mass media empire. Hearst even enticed much of Joseph Pulitzer’ s staff to join him at the Journal. His paper fabricated sensationalistic stories, including some about the war in Cuba, politicians and even staged crimes so his reporters would have something to write, bringing “ yellow journalism” to new depths previously unseen. But, in 1941, RKO studios, along with director/writer/actor Orson Welles, released the cinematic masterpiece, Citizen Kane. The film openly criticized many moguls, including Hearst, among others, by depicting their irresponsible actions and lavish lifestyles. In Kane, the main protagonist, Charles Foster Kane, built a media empire by buying out his competitors (including enticing his rival’ s writers to join his newspaper, as Hearst did with the Journal). Kane also built a prolific palace for himself and his various collected objects from around the world, known as Xanadu, as Hearst had built Sam Simeon, filled with obscure items without regard to aesthetics. However, although Xanadu was depicted as a dark, secluded estate, Sam Simeon was constantly full of parties. Also, Kane’ s shaky relationship with his love, Susan Alexander, is in stark contrast to the relationship between Hearst and actress Marion Davies, one in which Davies sold her jewelry and other possessions to support Hearst when he lacked sufficient funds. As the film was released, Hearst understood the connection between the new film and his own life and attempted to thwart Welles’ s new motion picture. He even convinced numerous theatres to refuse to play the film, which ultimately cost Welles a great deal of box-office revenue. But Citizen Kane was ultimately voted by the American Film Institute as the greatest film in history, vindicating Welles’ s attempt to expose the life of William Randolph Hearst.	473	ENGLISH	1
For many a time, educators and teachers have tried to teach students on the benefits of gaining a reputable education, to learn as much as they could as well as to inspire them on the price of knowledge in this world. While some students don't like the idea of ??putting their noses into books and they don't find the relevancy of education towards real-life experiences, teachers and educators alike would have to instill such values ??in them and to motivate their students in their very own ways. The question is: How could the educators and teachers bring out the self-motivation in their students? One of the most effective methods educators around the world have done is through authentic learning. Lessons that are taught have to be made practical. While most subjects are often theoretical, activities in classroom and out-of-classroom can be conducted among the students to prevent boredom or disinterest. While it is common that students have done experiment during their science classes, other subjects such as History can be done out of classroom as well by taking these students to the real historical sites. Apart from that, educators and teachers can also motivate their students intrinsically. Motivation has to start from the students themselves. Self-appreciation and self-recognition are traits that a student should have in order to gain intrinsic motivation. For example, educators and teachers can always praise their students for a job or assignment well done. They can make their own students proud of their very own achievement while in the mean time; encourage them to pursue higher goals or higher achievements. Extrinsic motivation in terms of rewards can also be given to these students, depending on the situations or the circumstances that the educators and the students are involved. An example of extrinsic motivation can be in the form of a small gift. To conclude, as most subjects often follow a syllabus or a course outline, teachers and educators have to begin to think and act creatively. They can try changing the course outline for the day or add-in some interesting activities to make the class more interesting. They should encourage students to think out of the box to help shape the way the course should be or to improve the lessons day by day to encourage motivation among the students. Source by Anna Peacocks	<urn:uuid:c6ca3af1-0232-415c-9267-95ddff332ab6>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://www.quotesmotivation.com/how-to-bring-up-self-motivation-of-students/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251696046.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127081933-20200127111933-00528.warc.gz	en	0.98174	457	3.84375	4	[ -0.056529685854911804, 0.2590903639793396, 0.5024600028991699, -0.3673534095287323, -0.3660530745983124, -0.007174789439886808, 0.07047774642705917, 0.31011897325515747, 0.08480007201433182, 0.06451811641454697, 0.10867304354906082, 0.04853833094239235, -0.09701608866453171, 0.373466253280...	2	For many a time, educators and teachers have tried to teach students on the benefits of gaining a reputable education, to learn as much as they could as well as to inspire them on the price of knowledge in this world. While some students don't like the idea of ??putting their noses into books and they don't find the relevancy of education towards real-life experiences, teachers and educators alike would have to instill such values ??in them and to motivate their students in their very own ways. The question is: How could the educators and teachers bring out the self-motivation in their students? One of the most effective methods educators around the world have done is through authentic learning. Lessons that are taught have to be made practical. While most subjects are often theoretical, activities in classroom and out-of-classroom can be conducted among the students to prevent boredom or disinterest. While it is common that students have done experiment during their science classes, other subjects such as History can be done out of classroom as well by taking these students to the real historical sites. Apart from that, educators and teachers can also motivate their students intrinsically. Motivation has to start from the students themselves. Self-appreciation and self-recognition are traits that a student should have in order to gain intrinsic motivation. For example, educators and teachers can always praise their students for a job or assignment well done. They can make their own students proud of their very own achievement while in the mean time; encourage them to pursue higher goals or higher achievements. Extrinsic motivation in terms of rewards can also be given to these students, depending on the situations or the circumstances that the educators and the students are involved. An example of extrinsic motivation can be in the form of a small gift. To conclude, as most subjects often follow a syllabus or a course outline, teachers and educators have to begin to think and act creatively. They can try changing the course outline for the day or add-in some interesting activities to make the class more interesting. They should encourage students to think out of the box to help shape the way the course should be or to improve the lessons day by day to encourage motivation among the students. Source by Anna Peacocks	446	ENGLISH	1
The ekimmu was in ancient Assyria, the evil Ghost of one who was denied entrance to the underworld and was doomed to wander the earth. Ekimmu means “that which is snatched away.” One became an ekimmu by dying a violent or unsavory death, such as by murder, in battle, drowning, or succumbing to exposure in the desert, which left the corpse unburied. The spirits of buried corpses also could become an ekimmu under other conditions: if the proper funeral rites were not observed at graveside; if the person died without surviving family; or if the spirit had no one to care for it. The ekimmu was greatly feared, for it would attach itself quite easily to virtually any living person regardless of whether that person had been acquainted with the dead one. So much as looking at an impure corpse could result in being haunted by the ekimmu. At the least, the ekimmu was a nuisance, and at the worst, it could cause the deaths of an entire household. Once attached to the living, it was extremely difficult to exorcise. The ekimmu also appeared as a DEATH OMEN outside of houses, wailing in the same manner as the Irish Banshee. Ekimmu One of the most fearsome creatures of the ancient world, found among the Assyrians and Babylonians, a departed spirit, the soul of a dead person who was unable to find peace. The creature wandered over the earth, waiting to attack. Its characteristics were very similar to the utukku, although the ekimmu was more widely known and more dreaded. There were many ways in which a deceased could become an ekimmu, including violent or premature death, dying before love could be fulfilled, improper burial, drowning, dying in pregnancy, starvation, improper libations or food offerings, and the failure, for various reasons, to be buried at all. Note: Since the Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians, Assyrians and others all shared essentially the same pantheon and belief systms, these articles are all combined under the Mesopotamian mythology / deities / legendary creatures category.	<urn:uuid:04fdc7a6-c982-4bf2-b11b-49638c586e1d>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://occult-world.com/mesopotamian-mythology/ekimmu/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251694908.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127051112-20200127081112-00391.warc.gz	en	0.982152	457	3.265625	3	[ -0.22021813690662384, 0.11780233681201935, 0.1440916359424591, 0.31206369400024414, 0.04654039815068245, -0.1282564401626587, 0.532245397567749, 0.03673867881298065, 0.26121068000793457, -0.018425587564706802, -0.21772484481334686, -0.71692955493927, 0.15833084285259247, 0.1333454251289367...	4	The ekimmu was in ancient Assyria, the evil Ghost of one who was denied entrance to the underworld and was doomed to wander the earth. Ekimmu means “that which is snatched away.” One became an ekimmu by dying a violent or unsavory death, such as by murder, in battle, drowning, or succumbing to exposure in the desert, which left the corpse unburied. The spirits of buried corpses also could become an ekimmu under other conditions: if the proper funeral rites were not observed at graveside; if the person died without surviving family; or if the spirit had no one to care for it. The ekimmu was greatly feared, for it would attach itself quite easily to virtually any living person regardless of whether that person had been acquainted with the dead one. So much as looking at an impure corpse could result in being haunted by the ekimmu. At the least, the ekimmu was a nuisance, and at the worst, it could cause the deaths of an entire household. Once attached to the living, it was extremely difficult to exorcise. The ekimmu also appeared as a DEATH OMEN outside of houses, wailing in the same manner as the Irish Banshee. Ekimmu One of the most fearsome creatures of the ancient world, found among the Assyrians and Babylonians, a departed spirit, the soul of a dead person who was unable to find peace. The creature wandered over the earth, waiting to attack. Its characteristics were very similar to the utukku, although the ekimmu was more widely known and more dreaded. There were many ways in which a deceased could become an ekimmu, including violent or premature death, dying before love could be fulfilled, improper burial, drowning, dying in pregnancy, starvation, improper libations or food offerings, and the failure, for various reasons, to be buried at all. Note: Since the Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians, Assyrians and others all shared essentially the same pantheon and belief systms, these articles are all combined under the Mesopotamian mythology / deities / legendary creatures category.	443	ENGLISH	1
In the early 1960s improved observations of distant radio sources revealed that the radio emission was often coming from two regions in space located on opposite sides of a faint, visible galaxy. The double radio source might be a minute of arc or so in extent with a much smaller (in angular size) galaxy located between the radio "blobs." Double radio sources were duly found to be common, but because of the poor resolution of those early radio telescopes little more could be said than that the radio source was a double. I recall endless discussions over lunch at Jodrell Bank in which we wondered why radio sources might be double. It soon became fashionable to invoke explosive events inside galaxies, which for some unknown reason ejected material in two directions. The central galaxy, if one could be seen at all, was often observed to have very active nucleus, inferred from the Doppler shifts of their light emission that implied chaotic motion. An alternative explanation to account for the chaos in those distant radio sources was that galaxies were in collision, with each being torn asunder by their interaction. Whichever idea one favored, it became apparent that in these radio galaxies immense amounts of radio, light, and even X-ray energy were being generated by dramatic events in the nucleus of what was usually the most massive member of a dense cluster of galaxies. As a teenager I used to listen to the BBC on shortwave radio and one evening heard a talk about radio astronomy by Bernard Lovell, the Director at Jodrell Bank in England. I had never heard of radio astronomy, Jodrell Bank, or Lovell. During his talk he played a tape recording of what he claimed was the sound of colliding galaxies. 1 listened to the hiss of receiver noise, which gradually grew stronger and then weaker as the radio source Cyg A passed through the beam of the Jodrell Bank telescope. This stirred my imagination and about 8 years later I began working at Jodrell Bank as a graduate student. Was this article helpful?	<urn:uuid:ff2bb47e-3e74-4edd-b3d6-2799c671c63c>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.astronomyclub.xyz/radio-sources/the-largest-things-in-the-universe.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250601040.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120224950-20200121013950-00537.warc.gz	en	0.981102	406	3.734375	4	[ -0.139396533370018, 0.22901546955108643, 0.05313362926244736, -0.1747421771287918, 0.6303236484527588, 0.054102327674627304, -0.5454257130622864, 0.35925936698913574, -0.04850051924586296, -0.17725923657417297, 0.06166696548461914, -0.3419148325920105, 0.0009629913256503642, -0.00265381205...	2	In the early 1960s improved observations of distant radio sources revealed that the radio emission was often coming from two regions in space located on opposite sides of a faint, visible galaxy. The double radio source might be a minute of arc or so in extent with a much smaller (in angular size) galaxy located between the radio "blobs." Double radio sources were duly found to be common, but because of the poor resolution of those early radio telescopes little more could be said than that the radio source was a double. I recall endless discussions over lunch at Jodrell Bank in which we wondered why radio sources might be double. It soon became fashionable to invoke explosive events inside galaxies, which for some unknown reason ejected material in two directions. The central galaxy, if one could be seen at all, was often observed to have very active nucleus, inferred from the Doppler shifts of their light emission that implied chaotic motion. An alternative explanation to account for the chaos in those distant radio sources was that galaxies were in collision, with each being torn asunder by their interaction. Whichever idea one favored, it became apparent that in these radio galaxies immense amounts of radio, light, and even X-ray energy were being generated by dramatic events in the nucleus of what was usually the most massive member of a dense cluster of galaxies. As a teenager I used to listen to the BBC on shortwave radio and one evening heard a talk about radio astronomy by Bernard Lovell, the Director at Jodrell Bank in England. I had never heard of radio astronomy, Jodrell Bank, or Lovell. During his talk he played a tape recording of what he claimed was the sound of colliding galaxies. 1 listened to the hiss of receiver noise, which gradually grew stronger and then weaker as the radio source Cyg A passed through the beam of the Jodrell Bank telescope. This stirred my imagination and about 8 years later I began working at Jodrell Bank as a graduate student. Was this article helpful?	407	ENGLISH	1
The Sacrifice of Patroclus: Glory Above Love By Jeremiah St Thomas In The Iliad, a poem detailing the rage of Achilles, two fates are offered to the hero: a long life or a glorious life. By refusing to fight for Agamemnon in defense of his own pride, Achilles paints himself into a corner, forcing him to find a means of obtaining glory without sacrificing his pride. Only the death of his dearest friend could allow for a change in heart that would justify the path to his violent young death and eternal glory within the walls of Troy. Achilles sends Patroclus to his death because he values glory and his pride more than Patroclus’ life. This mistake costs Patroclus his life, while necessary for Achilles to discover his own vulnerability and humanity. The trap Achilles sets for himself is sprung when his pride sets his heart against Agamemnon. Upset at having to surrender his prize female to appease the god Apollo, and at Achilles’ insolence, Agamemnon takes ownership of Briseis from Achilles, which sparks Achilles’ rage towards Agamemnon. Achilles refuses to take up arms against the Trojans and threatens to return home with his troops. But Achilles’ goddess mother, Thetis, visits him and he asks her to go to Zeus and request his assistance in allowing the Trojans to inflict enough damage on the Achaeans to show them how much they need his services. At this point, Achilles had threatened to leave, and could have, but forgoes leaving to punish his detractors and force them to come begging for his service of violence. He must know of the two possible fates that await him based on this crucial choice. “If I voyage back to the fatherland I love, my pride, my glory dies…true. But the life that’s left me will be long.” (9.502–4) Achilles’ plan works in that Agamemnon offers a large treasure to Achilles as a peace offering between the two, and as a means to request that he joins the battle, but without apology for the slight itself. After initially refusing the bounty, he was convinced to stay and fight if the Trojans reach his own ships only as the well-respected Phoenix convinced him to do so, or possibly as he knows what awaits his legacy if he returns home. The choice of the two fates maintains its hold on Achilles, and the conflict between fate and his rage at Agamemnon’s insult continue. Even as he is confronted with an opportunity for glory if he forgives the king and accepts the large bounty, he holds steady. The battles against the Trojans raged on and moved closer to the ships which Achilles and his Myrmidons commanded. Upon returning from a reconnaissance mission to understand the situation, Patroclus informs Achilles of the horrible losses taken by the Achaeans. Although Achilles expresses regret at their fate, he holds on to his pride by reminding Patroclus of the oath he took to stay steady by the ships and not strike until the Trojans reached them. Instead, sensing Patroclus’ eagerness to assist the Achaeans, and possibly feeling a sense of guilt at the losses he could have prevented, he sends Patroclus into battle to stay the Trojan assault. Achilles arms Patroclus with his armor, but not his spear, and commands him to fight only to push back the Trojan assault, and to hold his rage during battle and resist any urge to push beyond and take the city itself. The glory of sacking the city must not be for anyone but Achilles. After killing many Trojan warriors, and inspiring the battle worn Achaeans, Patroclus is defeated by a combination of Apollo, a Dardan spear, and Hector, who taunts him as he finishes him off with a blade to the gut. “Poor, doomed…not for all his power could Achilles save you now — and how he must have filled your ears with orders as you went marching out and the hero stayed behind.” (16.977–979) In reading the account of the incredible funeral Achilles demands in recognition of Patroclus, I was reminded of my son. As a means of deflecting guilt, he often feigns injury to gain sympathy. As soon as he sees my displeasure with his behavior, he often works to draw my attention to his injured knee, finger, or whatever body part that may have been bumped in the commission of his crime. For Achilles, the injury is to his heart. The guilt he must feel for sending his best friend into battle while he awaits a chance at glory, realizing the error of his ways, weighs heavy on his chest. If not for Achilles’ rage at Agamemnon, and his pride which held tight to it, he could have had glory and possibly obtained it with his friend by his side. His sadness and guilt is on full display during the extravagant funeral processions for Patroclus which include human and animal sacrifices, the parading of Hector’s body, Achilles’ refusal to wash blood stains from his own body until the cutting of his own hair and several traditional games. During one sleeping spell, Patroclus visits Achilles in a dream and asks to be laid to rest, as he cannot pass to the gates of Hades until he is burned on the pyre. Achilles’ display is for Achilles, and does not benefit the soul of Patroclus. It is this realization, and the humility of loss, that changes Achilles from simply a beast of violence to a human in the essence of the gods they are meant to reflect. This newly connected version of Achilles is on full display as he interacts with Priam, the Trojan king. Hector, Priam’s son, is thoroughly washed and prepared for Priam as directed by Achilles, so to be buried and given the rights due a warrior and fellow human. Achilles shows a connection to humanity, which is likely a consequence of his self-reflection upon his flawed decisions that resulted in the death of his best friend. Achilles offers Priam his first meal as recognition to the end of mourning that they both must concede and return to the world of the living. “Now, at last, let us turn our thoughts to supper. Even Niobe with her lustrous hair remembered food, though she saw a dozen children killed in her own halls. Nine days they lay in their blood. . . then on the tenth . . . Niobe, gaunt. Worn to the bone with weeping, turned her thoughts to food.” (24.707–22) Did Patroclus have to die in order for Achilles to obtain glory? Not according to the fate of the two paths he acknowledged. But Patroclus did need to die in order for Achilles to obtain glory as a human connected to the suffering that is endemic of us all, and not simply as a beast of violence. He will eventually pass to the gates of Hades, joining his friend after sacking the city he was promised, but as a member of our society of suffering, and not an outsider.	<urn:uuid:a1802658-e19b-40f4-b4e1-e60a299a02d8>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://onlinegreatbooks.com/the-sacrifice-of-patroclus-glory-above-love/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251688806.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126104828-20200126134828-00057.warc.gz	en	0.981513	1,481	3.578125	4	[ -0.33842211961746216, 0.40557318925857544, -0.03395446389913559, 0.17386847734451294, -0.2800571918487549, -0.6140585541725159, 0.048390090465545654, 0.5052018165588379, 0.38511037826538086, -0.31038469076156616, -0.30614393949508667, -0.6461727619171143, 0.10976648330688477, 0.25807198882...	10	The Sacrifice of Patroclus: Glory Above Love By Jeremiah St Thomas In The Iliad, a poem detailing the rage of Achilles, two fates are offered to the hero: a long life or a glorious life. By refusing to fight for Agamemnon in defense of his own pride, Achilles paints himself into a corner, forcing him to find a means of obtaining glory without sacrificing his pride. Only the death of his dearest friend could allow for a change in heart that would justify the path to his violent young death and eternal glory within the walls of Troy. Achilles sends Patroclus to his death because he values glory and his pride more than Patroclus’ life. This mistake costs Patroclus his life, while necessary for Achilles to discover his own vulnerability and humanity. The trap Achilles sets for himself is sprung when his pride sets his heart against Agamemnon. Upset at having to surrender his prize female to appease the god Apollo, and at Achilles’ insolence, Agamemnon takes ownership of Briseis from Achilles, which sparks Achilles’ rage towards Agamemnon. Achilles refuses to take up arms against the Trojans and threatens to return home with his troops. But Achilles’ goddess mother, Thetis, visits him and he asks her to go to Zeus and request his assistance in allowing the Trojans to inflict enough damage on the Achaeans to show them how much they need his services. At this point, Achilles had threatened to leave, and could have, but forgoes leaving to punish his detractors and force them to come begging for his service of violence. He must know of the two possible fates that await him based on this crucial choice. “If I voyage back to the fatherland I love, my pride, my glory dies…true. But the life that’s left me will be long.” (9.502–4) Achilles’ plan works in that Agamemnon offers a large treasure to Achilles as a peace offering between the two, and as a means to request that he joins the battle, but without apology for the slight itself. After initially refusing the bounty, he was convinced to stay and fight if the Trojans reach his own ships only as the well-respected Phoenix convinced him to do so, or possibly as he knows what awaits his legacy if he returns home. The choice of the two fates maintains its hold on Achilles, and the conflict between fate and his rage at Agamemnon’s insult continue. Even as he is confronted with an opportunity for glory if he forgives the king and accepts the large bounty, he holds steady. The battles against the Trojans raged on and moved closer to the ships which Achilles and his Myrmidons commanded. Upon returning from a reconnaissance mission to understand the situation, Patroclus informs Achilles of the horrible losses taken by the Achaeans. Although Achilles expresses regret at their fate, he holds on to his pride by reminding Patroclus of the oath he took to stay steady by the ships and not strike until the Trojans reached them. Instead, sensing Patroclus’ eagerness to assist the Achaeans, and possibly feeling a sense of guilt at the losses he could have prevented, he sends Patroclus into battle to stay the Trojan assault. Achilles arms Patroclus with his armor, but not his spear, and commands him to fight only to push back the Trojan assault, and to hold his rage during battle and resist any urge to push beyond and take the city itself. The glory of sacking the city must not be for anyone but Achilles. After killing many Trojan warriors, and inspiring the battle worn Achaeans, Patroclus is defeated by a combination of Apollo, a Dardan spear, and Hector, who taunts him as he finishes him off with a blade to the gut. “Poor, doomed…not for all his power could Achilles save you now — and how he must have filled your ears with orders as you went marching out and the hero stayed behind.” (16.977–979) In reading the account of the incredible funeral Achilles demands in recognition of Patroclus, I was reminded of my son. As a means of deflecting guilt, he often feigns injury to gain sympathy. As soon as he sees my displeasure with his behavior, he often works to draw my attention to his injured knee, finger, or whatever body part that may have been bumped in the commission of his crime. For Achilles, the injury is to his heart. The guilt he must feel for sending his best friend into battle while he awaits a chance at glory, realizing the error of his ways, weighs heavy on his chest. If not for Achilles’ rage at Agamemnon, and his pride which held tight to it, he could have had glory and possibly obtained it with his friend by his side. His sadness and guilt is on full display during the extravagant funeral processions for Patroclus which include human and animal sacrifices, the parading of Hector’s body, Achilles’ refusal to wash blood stains from his own body until the cutting of his own hair and several traditional games. During one sleeping spell, Patroclus visits Achilles in a dream and asks to be laid to rest, as he cannot pass to the gates of Hades until he is burned on the pyre. Achilles’ display is for Achilles, and does not benefit the soul of Patroclus. It is this realization, and the humility of loss, that changes Achilles from simply a beast of violence to a human in the essence of the gods they are meant to reflect. This newly connected version of Achilles is on full display as he interacts with Priam, the Trojan king. Hector, Priam’s son, is thoroughly washed and prepared for Priam as directed by Achilles, so to be buried and given the rights due a warrior and fellow human. Achilles shows a connection to humanity, which is likely a consequence of his self-reflection upon his flawed decisions that resulted in the death of his best friend. Achilles offers Priam his first meal as recognition to the end of mourning that they both must concede and return to the world of the living. “Now, at last, let us turn our thoughts to supper. Even Niobe with her lustrous hair remembered food, though she saw a dozen children killed in her own halls. Nine days they lay in their blood. . . then on the tenth . . . Niobe, gaunt. Worn to the bone with weeping, turned her thoughts to food.” (24.707–22) Did Patroclus have to die in order for Achilles to obtain glory? Not according to the fate of the two paths he acknowledged. But Patroclus did need to die in order for Achilles to obtain glory as a human connected to the suffering that is endemic of us all, and not simply as a beast of violence. He will eventually pass to the gates of Hades, joining his friend after sacking the city he was promised, but as a member of our society of suffering, and not an outsider.	1,462	ENGLISH	1
The battle of Cynoscephalae in 197 BCE concluded the Second Macedonian War (200-197 BCE) and consolidated Rome's power in the Mediterranean, finally resulting in Greece becoming a province of Rome in 146 BCE. This engagement is sometimes cited as the birth of the Roman Empire in that it proved the superiority of the legions of the Roman army over the Macedonian-Greek phalanx in battle, placed Greece in a subordinate position to Rome, and encouraged further expansion in the region through military conquest which would eventually elevate Rome to the preeminent power in the world of its day. Significant as Cynoscephalae was, it did not launch the Roman Empire - that came about, at least in part, due to the dynamics in the relationship between three forceful personalities: Octavian (l. 63 BCE - 14 CE, later Augustus Caesar, r. 27 BCE - 14 CE), Mark Antony (l. 83-30 BCE), and Cleopatra VII of Egypt (l. c. 69-30 BCE). The drama which unfolded between these three was concluded at the Battle of Actium in 31 BCE which was orchestrated and then capitalized upon by Octavian, enabling him to found the Roman Empire. Octavian was born Gaius Octavius Thurinus on 23 September 63 BCE. His father died when he was young, and he was raised, in part, by his grandmother, Julia Minor (l. 101-51 BCE), sister of Julius Caesar. He was kept under her guidance through his teens, even after he had attained the age of maturity at 15. Octavian was a handsome, studious, and scholarly youth who was indisposed to military life and Roman warfare but, at the same time, was ambitious and intelligent enough to recognize what his culture valued and would reward. In 46 BCE, Julia consented to his request to join his great-uncle on campaign in Hispania. Octavian and a few companions survived a shipwreck, crossed hostile territories, and arrived safely at the Roman camp, which Caesar found most impressive. In 44 BCE, Octavian was adopted by Caesar as his legitimate heir and was afterwards known as Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus. When Caesar was assassinated 15 March 44 BCE, Octavian was in Illyria on the Balkan Peninsula engaged in military exercises. He returned to Rome, in spite of suggestions he remain where he was or hide himself from the assassins, where he allied himself with Mark Antony and Marcus Aemilius Lepidus (l. 89-12 BCE) to hunt down and punish Caesar’s assassins. Forming themselves into the Second Triumvirate (43-33 BCE) the three would work well together (at least on the surface of things) until the leading assassins Cassius (l. c. 85-42 BCE) and Brutus (l. 85-42 BCE) were defeated in October of 42 BCE at the Battle of Philippi where they took their own lives. Lepidus was given Africa to govern (which effectively removed him from any further power plays) while Antony remained in the east and Octavian returned to Rome. Julius Caesar's third cousin, once removed, Marcus Antonius was a brilliant general, much loved by his soldiers, and Caesar's best friend. Antony was a rebellious and spendthrift youth but, in his early twenties devoted himself to military training and “quickly showed his aptitude for soldiering, being tough and brave and possessing a gift for leadership” (Everitt, 25). As renowned as he was as a leader of men, he was equally known for his inordinate love of pleasure in the form of wine, women, and gaming. Scholar Anthony Everitt notes: He much enjoyed having sex with women, a weakness that won him considerable sympathy, writes Plutarch, “for he often helped others in their love affairs and always accepted with good humor the jokes they made about his own.” When he was in funds, he showered money on his friends and was usually generous to soldiers under his command. (25) He fought alongside Caesar in Gaul, and the two became close friends even though Caesar abstained from drinking and Antony was notorious for drinking with the troops, telling dirty jokes, and encouraging romantic matches for his friends and colleagues. After Caesar’s assassination, Antony used the education he had received in Athens on oratory to sway public opinion against Caesar’s assassins and then joined with Octavian and Lepidus in hunting down and destroying them. After Philippi, Antony went to Tarsus in Cilicia where he commanded Cleopatra VII to come to him and answer charges that she had aided and abetted Cassius and Brutus. She met him at the gates of Tarsus, arrayed in Egyptian splendor on her royal barge as it docked on the Cydnus River in 41 BCE, and the two of them soon became lovers. Antony had always set a premium on enjoying himself, especially in the company of women, and, in Cleopatra, he found the perfect companion for these pursuits. Plutarch writes: Her own beauty, so we are told, was not of that incomparable type that immediately captivates the beholder. But the charm of her presence was irresistible and there was an attraction in her person and in her conversation that, along with a peculiar force of character in her every word and action, laid all who associated with her under her spell… Plato admits four sorts of flattery, but she had a thousand...she played at dice with him, drank with him, hunted with him...at night she would go rambling with him to disturb and torment people at their doors and windows, dressed like a servant woman. (Lives, Antony, Ch. 8) Cleopatra already had a child by Julius Caesar, Caesarion, and would have three more with Antony – Alexander, Cleopatra Selene II, and Ptolemy. After their meeting at Tarsus, Antony devoted himself to her and would not leave her even when his political career, and even his life, was at stake. Cleopatra VII was the daughter of Ptolemy XII Auletes (l. 117-51 BCE) and ruled jointly with him until his death when she was around the age of 18. The Ptolemaic Dynasty of Egypt, which had ruled since 323 BCE, insisted on a male monarch in keeping with Egypt’s tradition and so she was ceremoniously married to her younger brother, Ptolemy XIII (l. 62/61 - 47 BCE) to co-rule but she dropped his name from official documents shortly afterwards and more or less ignored him. Unlike any of the earlier Ptolemaic monarchs, Cleopatra learned Egyptian as well as a number of other languages so that she was able to communicate with foreign dignitaries and messengers in their own tongue. She was notoriously strong-willed and so difficult for the court advisors to control. In 48 BCE, a coup was orchestrated by her top advisors who placed Ptolemy XIII on the throne, as they thought he would be easier to control, and Cleopatra was driven into exile. Julius Caesar arrived in Egypt, pursuing his rival Pompey the Great (l. c. 106-48 BCE) in the course of their civil war for the control of Rome. Pompey was assassinated under the direction of Ptolemy XIII, which Caesar is alleged to have strongly objected to, and shortly afterwards Cleopatra had herself smuggled in past Ptolemy XIII’s guards to meet the great Roman general. They became lovers, even though Caesar was married at the time to Calpurnia, and had a son together, Caesarion. Caesar brought them both to Rome in 46 BCE, publicly acknowledging them, and this upset a number of the members of the Roman Senate and the upper class owing to the Roman prohibition of bigamy. When Caesar was assassinated in 44 BCE, Cleopatra fled with Caesarion back to Egypt which is where she was when Antony summoned her to Tarsus in 41 BCE. Cleopatra had actually met Antony years before when she was a young girl of 14 and Antony was said to have been attracted to her but, when she met him in 41 BCE, the attraction was mutual. The two of them quickly became inseparable but, while their love affair was developing, Octavian was bearing the brunt of taking care of the affairs of Rome. Tensions & War The son of Pompey the Great, Sextus Pompey (l. 67-35 BCE), had continued to fight against Caesar’s forces even after his father had been killed in 48 BCE. He controlled Sicily and operated a fleet of pirate ships, which harried Roman merchants. In 41 BCE, Octavian launched a campaign against Sextus, who was supported by Antony simply because Antony would support anyone who opposed Octavian and, further, Octavian had recently put down a rebellion by Antony’s younger brother. Octavian and Antony met and agreed on a peace between them which included Antony marrying Octavian’s sister Octavia. Without Antony’s support, Sextus was fair game for Octavian who, with the assistance of his great general Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa (l. 64-12 BCE) and Lepidus, destroyed Sextus’ fleet and killed him in 35 BCE. Lepidus then claimed Sicily and Sextus’ goods as his own which displeased Octavian who exiled him from the Second Triumvirate and sent him back to his regions of Africa. Antony, meanwhile, had attempted to elevate his stature with an invasion of Parthia which failed on a grand scale, costing him 30,000 men, and then was also defeated in an attempt at taking Armenia. Octavian, at the same time, had elevated his status by resolving the piracy issue in killing Sextus and also securing the frontiers of northeast Italy in a series of stunning campaigns. In 33 BCE, the legal tenure of the Second Triumvirate was up and Antony sent word to the Senate that he did not wish to be nominated again. He had already repudiated Octavia when she arrived at his palace and had married Cleopatra. When Octavian objected, Antony wrote him: What has upset you? Because I go to bed with Cleopatra? But she is my wife, and I’ve been doing so for nine years, not just recently. And, anyway, is [your wife] your only pleasure? I expect that you will have managed, by the time you read this, to have hopped into bed with [many different women]. Does it really matter where, or with what women, you get your excitement? (Lewis, 133) Octavian found Antony’s humiliation of Octavia and association with Cleopatra intolerable, but then Antony declared Caesarion the true heir to Caesar’s legacy and, further, bequeathed a number of regions he held – or presumed he held – to his children with Cleopatra – Alexander, Cleopatra, and Ptolemy. Octavian understood he needed to destroy Antony but could not because Antony was still so popular in Rome. Octavian’s Propaganda Campaign To destroy Antony, Octavian understood, he would need to first undermine his support and, to do that, he struck at Cleopatra – not through military might but through words. Octavian was informed that Antony’s will was kept in the temple of the goddess Vesta, which was tended by the Vestal Virgins. Octavian arrived there and demanded they surrender the will, which they refused to do but gave him leave to take it if he wanted as there was really very little they could do to stop him. Octavian read the will to the Senate and Assembly, pointing out that Antony planned to leave a sizeable inheritance – which by rights belonged to the people of Rome – to a bastard son whom Cleopatra claimed was Caesar’s and the three children Antony and Cleopatra had together. He further encouraged the belief that Cleopatra had seduced Antony through charms and spells, bewitching him, and had him under her control – through supernatural means – just as she had done earlier with Caesar. Octavian’s plan worked and the people – and Senate – blamed Cleopatra for all of Antony’s recent failings. The Senate then declared war on Cleopatra which Octavian’s propaganda spun as a mission to save Antony from her enchantment. The Battle of Actium Confident that Antony would not abandon Cleopatra, Octavian drove his propaganda forward and, of course, he was right. Antony mobilized his armies, with Cleopatra’s support, and established a position at Actium, Greece on the coast of the Ionian Sea. He understood that he could not march on Octavian in Italy with Cleopatra by his side because her reputation had been so completely destroyed by Octavian that he would find no support at home. He also could not march on Rome without Cleopatra because he needed her for both moral and financial support. He had to make Octavian come to meet him in battle and Octavian did just that. Long before Antony expected his arrival, Octavian came with Agrippa and destroyed Antony’s supply lines – which were coming up from Egypt - along the Peloponnese. Octavian then encamped his land forces five miles north of Antony and Cleopatra’s site while Agrippa held the sea, preventing any escape. Antony understood his situation was dire and had the war chests loaded onto Cleopatra’s flagship, and the sails of his warships kept ready to be unfurled in case the battle went against him. He agreed with Cleopatra that, if Octavian seemed to be gaining the upper hand, they would break through the lines of Agrippa’s fleet and escape back to Egypt. At around noon on 2 September 31 BCE, the ships of Mark Antony and Cleopatra met the fleet of Agrippa under Octavian’s supervision outside the Gulf of Actium in Greece. Antony's ships were Roman quinqueremes which were the largest and best equipped of those used in Roman naval warfare. His ships, however, were seriously undermanned due to a malaria outbreak which had struck his crews and, further, were difficult to maneuver quickly. Octavian's ships, on the other hand, were the smaller vessels known as Liburnian ships, usually employed for patrols, which were easy to maneuver, equipped with ramming devices at the prow, and fully manned with healthy crews. A further blow against Antony's hopes for success was the defection of one of his generals, Quintus Dellius, to Octavian's side with all of Antony's battle plans. Antony also hinged his hopes on the belief that the wind would aid him in turning Agrippa’s fleet southward which would give Antony an advantage. Sometime after midday, on the 2nd of September, the two fleets met in battle on the sea. It was apparent, shortly, that the battle was not going well for Antony primarily because of Agrippa’s superior tactics and his use of the weapon known as the harpax – a wooden beam encased in iron with a hook at one end and rope at the other attached to a windlass aboard a ship. The harpax would be fired from a catapult, strike the enemy ship, and then be reeled in by the windlass, securing the opposing ship for boarding. Antony’s own flagship was secured by a harpax and the sea battle soon took on the form of a land battle with Antony’s ships stalled in the water while Agrippa’s crews boarded and attacked. As it became increasingly apparent that Antony was going to lose the engagement, his ships began to surrender, either returning to the harbor or raising their oars as a signal. As per their agreement, Cleopatra, with her 60 ships, raised sail and left the battle for the open sea. Antony left his flagship, which was hopelessly overwhelmed, by jumping to another and followed Cleopatra with 40 of his own ships, leaving some 5,000 men and 300 ships to be destroyed by Octavian. Once they were back in Egypt, Cleopatra tried to rally Antony to pursue other measures against Octavian. She suggested they flee to Spain where they could capture the silver mines to pay for an army and begin life again by setting up a new and even more powerful kingdom elsewhere. Antony, crushed by his defeat at Actium, had no interest in her plans and preferred to drink and neglect his responsibilities. He only returned to a semblance of his former greatness when Octavian arrived in Egypt in July of 30 BCE. Antony led his army against the advance troops of Octavian’s army, scattering them, but a day later most of his troops had defected, realizing there was no future for them in continuing to follow Antony. After hearing about his troops’ defection, Antony was told that Cleopatra had died. He stabbed himself, asking only that he be brought to wherever her body had been placed. Cleopatra still lived, however, secure in a citadel in Alexandria, and Antony lived long enough to die in her arms. Octavian took the city without effort and presented Cleopatra with his terms – which included her transport to Rome as a captive to be paraded in a Roman triumph. Cleopatra requested time to prepare herself, which was granted, and then killed herself to deprive Octavian of his prize. Octavian had Antony and Cleopatra buried together, in accordance with their wishes, and then had Caesarion strangled. Antony and Cleopatra’s three children were taken to Rome where they appeared in Octavian’s triumphal procession marching behind an effigy of their mother. Octavian was heralded as the savior of Rome who had delivered the people from eastern domination but, keenly attuned to how fickle the mob can be, he was careful to present himself as their humble servant who had only done what was required of him as his duty. In 27 BCE, he declared the time of crisis had passed and surrendered his power, which was hastily restored to him by the grateful Senate of Rome along with the title Augustus – and the Roman Empire was born.	<urn:uuid:f324df5f-6681-417d-8675-0235f3e87a75>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.ancient.eu/article/36/the-battle-of-actium-birth-of-an-empire/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251690379.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126195918-20200126225918-00387.warc.gz	en	0.989435	3,934	3.625	4	[ -0.20218105614185333, 0.4937736690044403, 0.21911513805389404, 0.22930994629859924, -0.6752028465270996, -0.3549308478832245, 0.04102654755115509, 0.7515512704849243, 0.24175342917442322, -0.19771228730678558, 0.09947680681943893, -0.7755721211433411, -0.18571822345256805, 0.17408971488475...	7	The battle of Cynoscephalae in 197 BCE concluded the Second Macedonian War (200-197 BCE) and consolidated Rome's power in the Mediterranean, finally resulting in Greece becoming a province of Rome in 146 BCE. This engagement is sometimes cited as the birth of the Roman Empire in that it proved the superiority of the legions of the Roman army over the Macedonian-Greek phalanx in battle, placed Greece in a subordinate position to Rome, and encouraged further expansion in the region through military conquest which would eventually elevate Rome to the preeminent power in the world of its day. Significant as Cynoscephalae was, it did not launch the Roman Empire - that came about, at least in part, due to the dynamics in the relationship between three forceful personalities: Octavian (l. 63 BCE - 14 CE, later Augustus Caesar, r. 27 BCE - 14 CE), Mark Antony (l. 83-30 BCE), and Cleopatra VII of Egypt (l. c. 69-30 BCE). The drama which unfolded between these three was concluded at the Battle of Actium in 31 BCE which was orchestrated and then capitalized upon by Octavian, enabling him to found the Roman Empire. Octavian was born Gaius Octavius Thurinus on 23 September 63 BCE. His father died when he was young, and he was raised, in part, by his grandmother, Julia Minor (l. 101-51 BCE), sister of Julius Caesar. He was kept under her guidance through his teens, even after he had attained the age of maturity at 15. Octavian was a handsome, studious, and scholarly youth who was indisposed to military life and Roman warfare but, at the same time, was ambitious and intelligent enough to recognize what his culture valued and would reward. In 46 BCE, Julia consented to his request to join his great-uncle on campaign in Hispania. Octavian and a few companions survived a shipwreck, crossed hostile territories, and arrived safely at the Roman camp, which Caesar found most impressive. In 44 BCE, Octavian was adopted by Caesar as his legitimate heir and was afterwards known as Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus. When Caesar was assassinated 15 March 44 BCE, Octavian was in Illyria on the Balkan Peninsula engaged in military exercises. He returned to Rome, in spite of suggestions he remain where he was or hide himself from the assassins, where he allied himself with Mark Antony and Marcus Aemilius Lepidus (l. 89-12 BCE) to hunt down and punish Caesar’s assassins. Forming themselves into the Second Triumvirate (43-33 BCE) the three would work well together (at least on the surface of things) until the leading assassins Cassius (l. c. 85-42 BCE) and Brutus (l. 85-42 BCE) were defeated in October of 42 BCE at the Battle of Philippi where they took their own lives. Lepidus was given Africa to govern (which effectively removed him from any further power plays) while Antony remained in the east and Octavian returned to Rome. Julius Caesar's third cousin, once removed, Marcus Antonius was a brilliant general, much loved by his soldiers, and Caesar's best friend. Antony was a rebellious and spendthrift youth but, in his early twenties devoted himself to military training and “quickly showed his aptitude for soldiering, being tough and brave and possessing a gift for leadership” (Everitt, 25). As renowned as he was as a leader of men, he was equally known for his inordinate love of pleasure in the form of wine, women, and gaming. Scholar Anthony Everitt notes: He much enjoyed having sex with women, a weakness that won him considerable sympathy, writes Plutarch, “for he often helped others in their love affairs and always accepted with good humor the jokes they made about his own.” When he was in funds, he showered money on his friends and was usually generous to soldiers under his command. (25) He fought alongside Caesar in Gaul, and the two became close friends even though Caesar abstained from drinking and Antony was notorious for drinking with the troops, telling dirty jokes, and encouraging romantic matches for his friends and colleagues. After Caesar’s assassination, Antony used the education he had received in Athens on oratory to sway public opinion against Caesar’s assassins and then joined with Octavian and Lepidus in hunting down and destroying them. After Philippi, Antony went to Tarsus in Cilicia where he commanded Cleopatra VII to come to him and answer charges that she had aided and abetted Cassius and Brutus. She met him at the gates of Tarsus, arrayed in Egyptian splendor on her royal barge as it docked on the Cydnus River in 41 BCE, and the two of them soon became lovers. Antony had always set a premium on enjoying himself, especially in the company of women, and, in Cleopatra, he found the perfect companion for these pursuits. Plutarch writes: Her own beauty, so we are told, was not of that incomparable type that immediately captivates the beholder. But the charm of her presence was irresistible and there was an attraction in her person and in her conversation that, along with a peculiar force of character in her every word and action, laid all who associated with her under her spell… Plato admits four sorts of flattery, but she had a thousand...she played at dice with him, drank with him, hunted with him...at night she would go rambling with him to disturb and torment people at their doors and windows, dressed like a servant woman. (Lives, Antony, Ch. 8) Cleopatra already had a child by Julius Caesar, Caesarion, and would have three more with Antony – Alexander, Cleopatra Selene II, and Ptolemy. After their meeting at Tarsus, Antony devoted himself to her and would not leave her even when his political career, and even his life, was at stake. Cleopatra VII was the daughter of Ptolemy XII Auletes (l. 117-51 BCE) and ruled jointly with him until his death when she was around the age of 18. The Ptolemaic Dynasty of Egypt, which had ruled since 323 BCE, insisted on a male monarch in keeping with Egypt’s tradition and so she was ceremoniously married to her younger brother, Ptolemy XIII (l. 62/61 - 47 BCE) to co-rule but she dropped his name from official documents shortly afterwards and more or less ignored him. Unlike any of the earlier Ptolemaic monarchs, Cleopatra learned Egyptian as well as a number of other languages so that she was able to communicate with foreign dignitaries and messengers in their own tongue. She was notoriously strong-willed and so difficult for the court advisors to control. In 48 BCE, a coup was orchestrated by her top advisors who placed Ptolemy XIII on the throne, as they thought he would be easier to control, and Cleopatra was driven into exile. Julius Caesar arrived in Egypt, pursuing his rival Pompey the Great (l. c. 106-48 BCE) in the course of their civil war for the control of Rome. Pompey was assassinated under the direction of Ptolemy XIII, which Caesar is alleged to have strongly objected to, and shortly afterwards Cleopatra had herself smuggled in past Ptolemy XIII’s guards to meet the great Roman general. They became lovers, even though Caesar was married at the time to Calpurnia, and had a son together, Caesarion. Caesar brought them both to Rome in 46 BCE, publicly acknowledging them, and this upset a number of the members of the Roman Senate and the upper class owing to the Roman prohibition of bigamy. When Caesar was assassinated in 44 BCE, Cleopatra fled with Caesarion back to Egypt which is where she was when Antony summoned her to Tarsus in 41 BCE. Cleopatra had actually met Antony years before when she was a young girl of 14 and Antony was said to have been attracted to her but, when she met him in 41 BCE, the attraction was mutual. The two of them quickly became inseparable but, while their love affair was developing, Octavian was bearing the brunt of taking care of the affairs of Rome. Tensions & War The son of Pompey the Great, Sextus Pompey (l. 67-35 BCE), had continued to fight against Caesar’s forces even after his father had been killed in 48 BCE. He controlled Sicily and operated a fleet of pirate ships, which harried Roman merchants. In 41 BCE, Octavian launched a campaign against Sextus, who was supported by Antony simply because Antony would support anyone who opposed Octavian and, further, Octavian had recently put down a rebellion by Antony’s younger brother. Octavian and Antony met and agreed on a peace between them which included Antony marrying Octavian’s sister Octavia. Without Antony’s support, Sextus was fair game for Octavian who, with the assistance of his great general Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa (l. 64-12 BCE) and Lepidus, destroyed Sextus’ fleet and killed him in 35 BCE. Lepidus then claimed Sicily and Sextus’ goods as his own which displeased Octavian who exiled him from the Second Triumvirate and sent him back to his regions of Africa. Antony, meanwhile, had attempted to elevate his stature with an invasion of Parthia which failed on a grand scale, costing him 30,000 men, and then was also defeated in an attempt at taking Armenia. Octavian, at the same time, had elevated his status by resolving the piracy issue in killing Sextus and also securing the frontiers of northeast Italy in a series of stunning campaigns. In 33 BCE, the legal tenure of the Second Triumvirate was up and Antony sent word to the Senate that he did not wish to be nominated again. He had already repudiated Octavia when she arrived at his palace and had married Cleopatra. When Octavian objected, Antony wrote him: What has upset you? Because I go to bed with Cleopatra? But she is my wife, and I’ve been doing so for nine years, not just recently. And, anyway, is [your wife] your only pleasure? I expect that you will have managed, by the time you read this, to have hopped into bed with [many different women]. Does it really matter where, or with what women, you get your excitement? (Lewis, 133) Octavian found Antony’s humiliation of Octavia and association with Cleopatra intolerable, but then Antony declared Caesarion the true heir to Caesar’s legacy and, further, bequeathed a number of regions he held – or presumed he held – to his children with Cleopatra – Alexander, Cleopatra, and Ptolemy. Octavian understood he needed to destroy Antony but could not because Antony was still so popular in Rome. Octavian’s Propaganda Campaign To destroy Antony, Octavian understood, he would need to first undermine his support and, to do that, he struck at Cleopatra – not through military might but through words. Octavian was informed that Antony’s will was kept in the temple of the goddess Vesta, which was tended by the Vestal Virgins. Octavian arrived there and demanded they surrender the will, which they refused to do but gave him leave to take it if he wanted as there was really very little they could do to stop him. Octavian read the will to the Senate and Assembly, pointing out that Antony planned to leave a sizeable inheritance – which by rights belonged to the people of Rome – to a bastard son whom Cleopatra claimed was Caesar’s and the three children Antony and Cleopatra had together. He further encouraged the belief that Cleopatra had seduced Antony through charms and spells, bewitching him, and had him under her control – through supernatural means – just as she had done earlier with Caesar. Octavian’s plan worked and the people – and Senate – blamed Cleopatra for all of Antony’s recent failings. The Senate then declared war on Cleopatra which Octavian’s propaganda spun as a mission to save Antony from her enchantment. The Battle of Actium Confident that Antony would not abandon Cleopatra, Octavian drove his propaganda forward and, of course, he was right. Antony mobilized his armies, with Cleopatra’s support, and established a position at Actium, Greece on the coast of the Ionian Sea. He understood that he could not march on Octavian in Italy with Cleopatra by his side because her reputation had been so completely destroyed by Octavian that he would find no support at home. He also could not march on Rome without Cleopatra because he needed her for both moral and financial support. He had to make Octavian come to meet him in battle and Octavian did just that. Long before Antony expected his arrival, Octavian came with Agrippa and destroyed Antony’s supply lines – which were coming up from Egypt - along the Peloponnese. Octavian then encamped his land forces five miles north of Antony and Cleopatra’s site while Agrippa held the sea, preventing any escape. Antony understood his situation was dire and had the war chests loaded onto Cleopatra’s flagship, and the sails of his warships kept ready to be unfurled in case the battle went against him. He agreed with Cleopatra that, if Octavian seemed to be gaining the upper hand, they would break through the lines of Agrippa’s fleet and escape back to Egypt. At around noon on 2 September 31 BCE, the ships of Mark Antony and Cleopatra met the fleet of Agrippa under Octavian’s supervision outside the Gulf of Actium in Greece. Antony's ships were Roman quinqueremes which were the largest and best equipped of those used in Roman naval warfare. His ships, however, were seriously undermanned due to a malaria outbreak which had struck his crews and, further, were difficult to maneuver quickly. Octavian's ships, on the other hand, were the smaller vessels known as Liburnian ships, usually employed for patrols, which were easy to maneuver, equipped with ramming devices at the prow, and fully manned with healthy crews. A further blow against Antony's hopes for success was the defection of one of his generals, Quintus Dellius, to Octavian's side with all of Antony's battle plans. Antony also hinged his hopes on the belief that the wind would aid him in turning Agrippa’s fleet southward which would give Antony an advantage. Sometime after midday, on the 2nd of September, the two fleets met in battle on the sea. It was apparent, shortly, that the battle was not going well for Antony primarily because of Agrippa’s superior tactics and his use of the weapon known as the harpax – a wooden beam encased in iron with a hook at one end and rope at the other attached to a windlass aboard a ship. The harpax would be fired from a catapult, strike the enemy ship, and then be reeled in by the windlass, securing the opposing ship for boarding. Antony’s own flagship was secured by a harpax and the sea battle soon took on the form of a land battle with Antony’s ships stalled in the water while Agrippa’s crews boarded and attacked. As it became increasingly apparent that Antony was going to lose the engagement, his ships began to surrender, either returning to the harbor or raising their oars as a signal. As per their agreement, Cleopatra, with her 60 ships, raised sail and left the battle for the open sea. Antony left his flagship, which was hopelessly overwhelmed, by jumping to another and followed Cleopatra with 40 of his own ships, leaving some 5,000 men and 300 ships to be destroyed by Octavian. Once they were back in Egypt, Cleopatra tried to rally Antony to pursue other measures against Octavian. She suggested they flee to Spain where they could capture the silver mines to pay for an army and begin life again by setting up a new and even more powerful kingdom elsewhere. Antony, crushed by his defeat at Actium, had no interest in her plans and preferred to drink and neglect his responsibilities. He only returned to a semblance of his former greatness when Octavian arrived in Egypt in July of 30 BCE. Antony led his army against the advance troops of Octavian’s army, scattering them, but a day later most of his troops had defected, realizing there was no future for them in continuing to follow Antony. After hearing about his troops’ defection, Antony was told that Cleopatra had died. He stabbed himself, asking only that he be brought to wherever her body had been placed. Cleopatra still lived, however, secure in a citadel in Alexandria, and Antony lived long enough to die in her arms. Octavian took the city without effort and presented Cleopatra with his terms – which included her transport to Rome as a captive to be paraded in a Roman triumph. Cleopatra requested time to prepare herself, which was granted, and then killed herself to deprive Octavian of his prize. Octavian had Antony and Cleopatra buried together, in accordance with their wishes, and then had Caesarion strangled. Antony and Cleopatra’s three children were taken to Rome where they appeared in Octavian’s triumphal procession marching behind an effigy of their mother. Octavian was heralded as the savior of Rome who had delivered the people from eastern domination but, keenly attuned to how fickle the mob can be, he was careful to present himself as their humble servant who had only done what was required of him as his duty. In 27 BCE, he declared the time of crisis had passed and surrendered his power, which was hastily restored to him by the grateful Senate of Rome along with the title Augustus – and the Roman Empire was born.	3,883	ENGLISH	1
Tuesday, November 4, 2019 GUN POWDER DAY-ELECTION DAY But by the turn of the 17th century, many within the English Catholic community had some hope for relief. With childless Queen Elizabeth growing older, they pinned their hopes on a successor that would lift these onerous restrictions. While some daydreamed of a Catholic prince or princess from the Continent—a foreign invasion by an alliance of Catholic sovereigns—others fixed their hopes on King James VI of Scotland. Son of Mary Queen of Scots, whom many believed to be a martyr for the faith after her execution in 1587 for allegedly plotting to overthrow Elizabeth, James was the most likely successor. He was married to a Catholic convert, Anne of Denmark, and rumors swirled within Catholic circles (including the Holy See) that James might be open to conversion himself, or at the very least open to Catholic toleration. James did absolutely nothing to discourage such rumors and, particularly with the papacy, encouraged them. After James, while in Scotland, misled Pope Clement VIII about his potential conversion, the pope certainly looked favorably on him. So, when Elizabeth died on March 24, 1603 and James was formally declared her successor, Catholic hopes soared. Such hopes dimmed almost immediately, however, as Catholics noticed that, in honor of his succession, the new King James granted routine pardons to everyone but murderers and Catholics. When the first Parliament of his reign was called for the spring of 1604, King James made his position on Catholics very clear. In February of 1604 he demanded that all priests be thrown out of his realm, and in March he complained bitterly of alleged Catholic growth to Protestant leaders. In April a bill was introduced to class all Catholics as outlaws.	<urn:uuid:aa8d62e2-743e-4738-80d0-84b14aa1daa8>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://www.icemanforchrist.org/2019/11/tuesday-november-4-2019.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594209.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119035851-20200119063851-00127.warc.gz	en	0.984184	355	3.421875	3	[ -0.4825628399848938, -0.04067022353410721, 0.39516469836235046, -0.13234920799732208, -0.14455735683441162, 0.1414470672607422, -0.20002983510494232, -0.07521829754114151, -0.06448490172624588, 0.23399795591831207, -0.02011873759329319, -0.05198244750499725, 0.018824510276317596, 0.1265378...	2	Tuesday, November 4, 2019 GUN POWDER DAY-ELECTION DAY But by the turn of the 17th century, many within the English Catholic community had some hope for relief. With childless Queen Elizabeth growing older, they pinned their hopes on a successor that would lift these onerous restrictions. While some daydreamed of a Catholic prince or princess from the Continent—a foreign invasion by an alliance of Catholic sovereigns—others fixed their hopes on King James VI of Scotland. Son of Mary Queen of Scots, whom many believed to be a martyr for the faith after her execution in 1587 for allegedly plotting to overthrow Elizabeth, James was the most likely successor. He was married to a Catholic convert, Anne of Denmark, and rumors swirled within Catholic circles (including the Holy See) that James might be open to conversion himself, or at the very least open to Catholic toleration. James did absolutely nothing to discourage such rumors and, particularly with the papacy, encouraged them. After James, while in Scotland, misled Pope Clement VIII about his potential conversion, the pope certainly looked favorably on him. So, when Elizabeth died on March 24, 1603 and James was formally declared her successor, Catholic hopes soared. Such hopes dimmed almost immediately, however, as Catholics noticed that, in honor of his succession, the new King James granted routine pardons to everyone but murderers and Catholics. When the first Parliament of his reign was called for the spring of 1604, King James made his position on Catholics very clear. In February of 1604 he demanded that all priests be thrown out of his realm, and in March he complained bitterly of alleged Catholic growth to Protestant leaders. In April a bill was introduced to class all Catholics as outlaws.	375	ENGLISH	1
Above is a photograph of a single red leaf. It is on a vine that is on an oak tree. Although the image is bright, it has a somewhat darker idea underneath. The leaf is red, not because red is bright nice color, but rather because the leaf is dying in the winter. The vine is losing it leaves. Additionally, the vine is using the oak tree. Although the vine benefits from the structure of the tree, it is to the detriment of the tree. This idea, of something that seems bright in meaning having a darker underside, can inspire poetry. Here is an example poem: for the party he put on his knight costume little did he know though not all in on the joke would be dressed normally Above is a photograph of a dead curly tendril of a grape vine. The tendril is dead, but the vine is still alive in its roots. This photograph can inspire poetry. Here is a poem inspired by it: the curls of her hair seemed to spell a word as the light reflected off and the shadows moved about The artwork above is of a vine with leaves, berries and flowers. The artwork was made using four mediums: the main stem and the stems of the flowers and berries were made using a colored pencil, the leaves and their stems were made using a crayon, the red berries were made using a marker, and the orange flowers were made using paint (possibly acrylic). There was also some slight digital alteration. This artwork can inspire poetry directly by the image of the vine. It can also inspire poetry by how it was made. This artwork is a combination of four things made in four ways. This idea could inspire a poet to write a poem that uses four as the basis of the form. For example, a poet might write a poem with four stanzas each with a different meter or rhyming pattern. Also, this idea might inspire a poet to combine different ideas that have some similarity in to one poem. For example, a poet could write a poem about light and write about it in four ways: light as opposed to darkness, light in color, light in weight, light as in “light a match”.	<urn:uuid:f1e63af6-9a47-4f39-936f-ed4898a9554c>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://msakran.wordpress.com/tag/vine/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251678287.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125161753-20200125190753-00542.warc.gz	en	0.981235	458	3.296875	3	[ -0.19320082664489746, -0.21983923017978668, -0.00234062597155571, 0.024736763909459114, 0.4237040877342224, -0.028389398008584976, -0.06963846832513809, 0.3471870422363281, -0.09842914342880249, 0.4319685697555542, 0.2320667803287506, 0.02440498024225235, -0.09791924804449081, 0.1703321784...	2	Above is a photograph of a single red leaf. It is on a vine that is on an oak tree. Although the image is bright, it has a somewhat darker idea underneath. The leaf is red, not because red is bright nice color, but rather because the leaf is dying in the winter. The vine is losing it leaves. Additionally, the vine is using the oak tree. Although the vine benefits from the structure of the tree, it is to the detriment of the tree. This idea, of something that seems bright in meaning having a darker underside, can inspire poetry. Here is an example poem: for the party he put on his knight costume little did he know though not all in on the joke would be dressed normally Above is a photograph of a dead curly tendril of a grape vine. The tendril is dead, but the vine is still alive in its roots. This photograph can inspire poetry. Here is a poem inspired by it: the curls of her hair seemed to spell a word as the light reflected off and the shadows moved about The artwork above is of a vine with leaves, berries and flowers. The artwork was made using four mediums: the main stem and the stems of the flowers and berries were made using a colored pencil, the leaves and their stems were made using a crayon, the red berries were made using a marker, and the orange flowers were made using paint (possibly acrylic). There was also some slight digital alteration. This artwork can inspire poetry directly by the image of the vine. It can also inspire poetry by how it was made. This artwork is a combination of four things made in four ways. This idea could inspire a poet to write a poem that uses four as the basis of the form. For example, a poet might write a poem with four stanzas each with a different meter or rhyming pattern. Also, this idea might inspire a poet to combine different ideas that have some similarity in to one poem. For example, a poet could write a poem about light and write about it in four ways: light as opposed to darkness, light in color, light in weight, light as in “light a match”.	447	ENGLISH	1
Japanese women have made themselves an important part of society, one that allows them to have equal representation with men. Throughout Japanese history, women have had an ever-changing role in society. They have overcome hardships while soaring through the good, yet one thing has not changed; women are an integral part of society. Their opportunities have grown in areas of education, family values, and work. They are now looked upon as the roots of Japanese culture and families. The hardships of Japanese women began at the very beginning of their lives. A boy born into a Japanese family was highly desirable, but a female Japanese baby was not looked upon as an asset to the family. Some female babies were put up for adoption, and sometimes the extreme of killing the newborn baby happened. The reason why male Japanese babies were preferred over females was because the male child could grow up and carry on the family name, while the female would cause nothing but a hassle for the family. She had to be married off for a certain dowry that would benefit her family. As a Japanese girl grew up, there were many duties which she was to uphold. She followed in the footsteps of her mother and learned the duties of a growing woman. She was to clean the house, learn to cook, make clothing, and wait on her superiors, which included all the males in her family. Young girls were not allowed to go to school, so what they learned was what their mother and the women around them taught them. Girls would learn to write in a flowing Japanese style, not regular Chinese calligraphy, and read classic Japanese poetry and novels. The mother?s job was to help her child understand the large separation in social status between men and women. Through the transition from adolescence to adulthood, Japanese girls become familiarize with the separation between men and women. Throughout all of this, they still have the ability and strength to carry out their roles as women in the Japanese society. ?A girl?s upbringing could be thought of as a preparation for marriage for it taught her how to fit in with the new household when she left home? (Dunn 173). This especially included sexual techniques to make sure she was able to please her husband. As they reached their early teens, Japanese girls would be engaged to marry without regard for their thoughts about it. The parents of the bride would sell their daughter to a male who they thought was fit and would give him the highest exchange in dowry. In most cases, the daughter would be very unhappy because the marriage was arranged out of money and not love. The husband could easily divorce a wife if he chose to; there did not have to be a reason. In many cases though, it was because the wife would not become pregnant. The husband then could go to another wife and try to have a child with her. To divorce, the husband would write a letter telling the wife telling her she was able to leave and was free to form any other connections. ?An official divorce document consisted of three and a half lines called, mikudari-han? (Dunn 174). If there was a case where the wife was pregnant, within three months of leaving, the husband had to take care of the child. Though Japanese women felt very used by their husbands and their male superiors, they still performed to the best of their ability to be successful in the males? eye. Japanese women were not allowed to leave their husbands. If they decided to go against the rules, they had to run away to a temple where they could stay for three years, if not found by the husband and their marriage would be dissolved my the government. She would then be free from her marriage. The death penalty was the most serious punishment that the Japanese people faced. Either murder, robbery, or some type of adultery could put them to death. Many Japanese women would be punished by having their hair shaved. Women would not be imprisoned as a final punishment, only for a detention while a decision was taken about. Today, Japan has changed a great deal regarding women, but some things have still stayed the same. ?With millions of men removed from the industry because of World War II, women found themselves working in coal mines, steel mills, and arms factories? (Friedman 3). This past experience that Japanese women went through made it possible for them to gain independence through working and a sense of success in providing for their families.. ?Japanese wives sometimes found themselves doing double and even triple duties? (Friedman 3). Women were now in control of the home. Many women have drifted from a group-oriented thinking to a more individualistic approach to life. For example, women have waited to marry, been living at home for a longer period of time, taking vacations, and have taken paid employment in order to find a husband on their own. Also, ?Japanese women have taken control over finances and decisions regarding the children? (Friedman 4). Though they took on a great deal of responsibility, they still do not have the freedom to divorce or be guaranteed to women?s rights. On the other hand, women who are still unmarried passed the age of thirty can be considered the topic of gossip assuming something must be wrong with them to explain their marital status. It wasn?t until the 1950?s where women would be able to provide for themselves with a sense of well being. Education has changed significantly for Japanese women. They are now able to receive equal pay for equal work, as well as being guaranteed work after marriage or childbirth. Boys and girls are able to attend school together, and receive an education on the same level. In conclusion, Japanese women have struggled greatly in their society in order to succeed and be recognized today. Though Japanese women still do not feel as though they are on the exact same level as men, they have come a long way in order to get some- what equal rights and recognition similar to Japanese men. They will continue to rise on the socioeconomic ladder in spite of the battles they may have to face. I dont have the bibliography	<urn:uuid:646319e4-d98d-4caa-b5c9-c4821a76ab76>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://essay.ua-referat.com/Japanese_Women	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250604397.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121132900-20200121161900-00104.warc.gz	en	0.990867	1,230	4.125	4	[ -0.07947394251823425, 0.2842874228954315, 0.1680610477924347, -0.3537901043891907, 0.03631623834371567, 0.5571728944778442, 0.22858546674251556, 0.24596336483955383, 0.1819218248128891, -0.09622491151094437, 0.19989970326423645, 0.041051704436540604, 0.4938008785247803, 0.4989663362503052,...	2	Japanese women have made themselves an important part of society, one that allows them to have equal representation with men. Throughout Japanese history, women have had an ever-changing role in society. They have overcome hardships while soaring through the good, yet one thing has not changed; women are an integral part of society. Their opportunities have grown in areas of education, family values, and work. They are now looked upon as the roots of Japanese culture and families. The hardships of Japanese women began at the very beginning of their lives. A boy born into a Japanese family was highly desirable, but a female Japanese baby was not looked upon as an asset to the family. Some female babies were put up for adoption, and sometimes the extreme of killing the newborn baby happened. The reason why male Japanese babies were preferred over females was because the male child could grow up and carry on the family name, while the female would cause nothing but a hassle for the family. She had to be married off for a certain dowry that would benefit her family. As a Japanese girl grew up, there were many duties which she was to uphold. She followed in the footsteps of her mother and learned the duties of a growing woman. She was to clean the house, learn to cook, make clothing, and wait on her superiors, which included all the males in her family. Young girls were not allowed to go to school, so what they learned was what their mother and the women around them taught them. Girls would learn to write in a flowing Japanese style, not regular Chinese calligraphy, and read classic Japanese poetry and novels. The mother?s job was to help her child understand the large separation in social status between men and women. Through the transition from adolescence to adulthood, Japanese girls become familiarize with the separation between men and women. Throughout all of this, they still have the ability and strength to carry out their roles as women in the Japanese society. ?A girl?s upbringing could be thought of as a preparation for marriage for it taught her how to fit in with the new household when she left home? (Dunn 173). This especially included sexual techniques to make sure she was able to please her husband. As they reached their early teens, Japanese girls would be engaged to marry without regard for their thoughts about it. The parents of the bride would sell their daughter to a male who they thought was fit and would give him the highest exchange in dowry. In most cases, the daughter would be very unhappy because the marriage was arranged out of money and not love. The husband could easily divorce a wife if he chose to; there did not have to be a reason. In many cases though, it was because the wife would not become pregnant. The husband then could go to another wife and try to have a child with her. To divorce, the husband would write a letter telling the wife telling her she was able to leave and was free to form any other connections. ?An official divorce document consisted of three and a half lines called, mikudari-han? (Dunn 174). If there was a case where the wife was pregnant, within three months of leaving, the husband had to take care of the child. Though Japanese women felt very used by their husbands and their male superiors, they still performed to the best of their ability to be successful in the males? eye. Japanese women were not allowed to leave their husbands. If they decided to go against the rules, they had to run away to a temple where they could stay for three years, if not found by the husband and their marriage would be dissolved my the government. She would then be free from her marriage. The death penalty was the most serious punishment that the Japanese people faced. Either murder, robbery, or some type of adultery could put them to death. Many Japanese women would be punished by having their hair shaved. Women would not be imprisoned as a final punishment, only for a detention while a decision was taken about. Today, Japan has changed a great deal regarding women, but some things have still stayed the same. ?With millions of men removed from the industry because of World War II, women found themselves working in coal mines, steel mills, and arms factories? (Friedman 3). This past experience that Japanese women went through made it possible for them to gain independence through working and a sense of success in providing for their families.. ?Japanese wives sometimes found themselves doing double and even triple duties? (Friedman 3). Women were now in control of the home. Many women have drifted from a group-oriented thinking to a more individualistic approach to life. For example, women have waited to marry, been living at home for a longer period of time, taking vacations, and have taken paid employment in order to find a husband on their own. Also, ?Japanese women have taken control over finances and decisions regarding the children? (Friedman 4). Though they took on a great deal of responsibility, they still do not have the freedom to divorce or be guaranteed to women?s rights. On the other hand, women who are still unmarried passed the age of thirty can be considered the topic of gossip assuming something must be wrong with them to explain their marital status. It wasn?t until the 1950?s where women would be able to provide for themselves with a sense of well being. Education has changed significantly for Japanese women. They are now able to receive equal pay for equal work, as well as being guaranteed work after marriage or childbirth. Boys and girls are able to attend school together, and receive an education on the same level. In conclusion, Japanese women have struggled greatly in their society in order to succeed and be recognized today. Though Japanese women still do not feel as though they are on the exact same level as men, they have come a long way in order to get some- what equal rights and recognition similar to Japanese men. They will continue to rise on the socioeconomic ladder in spite of the battles they may have to face. I dont have the bibliography	1,225	ENGLISH	1
In 1982 a baby boy was born to Inayat Bibi and Saif Masih. They named him Iqbal Masih. Sometime after Iqbal’s birth, Saif Masih deserted the family. While Iqbal’s mother worked, his older sisters took care of him and his older siblings. Iqbal did not go to school. Education was not compulsory or widely available in Pakistan. Very few poor children learnt to read and write. He spent his earliest years playing in the fields until he was ready to help his family by going to work. To pay off the wedding of Saif’ oldest son, he turned to a local thekedar, an employer who owns a nearby carpet factory. In return for the loan, the employer expects collateral, a guarantee of something of value to secure the loan. Said Masih’s only valuable possessions were his children. Iqbal, a scrappy four-year-old, was considered ready to work. Little Iqbal would weave carpets until all the money, including an undisclosed amount of interest and expenses, was paid back.. From that day forward, Iqbal became a “debt-bonded slave.” Iqbal’s job at the carpet factory was essentially no different from that of millions of other young people who work day and night to help their families. At four o’clock in the morning, he was picked up by the thekedar and driven to the factory where he was to work for the next six years of his life. He was put in an airless room, big enough for about twenty looms. A small, bare light bulb gave out little light. It was sticky and hot inside the room because all the windows were sealed tight to keep out any insects that might damage the wool. When Iqbal completed his work as an apprentice, he was then ready to weave carpets. He worked beside twenty other boys. His earnings amounted to one rupee a day (two cents), even though he worked from four o’clock in the morning until seven in the evening. The children in the shop were not allowed to speak to one another. “If the children spoke, they were not giving the complete attention to the product and were liable to make errors,” Iqbal later told journalists. Many other freed child slaves told similar stories.Read More »	<urn:uuid:73649ae2-f6e4-48ac-b674-80b3a9f46b27>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://catholico.org/2020/01/09/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594333.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119064802-20200119092802-00376.warc.gz	en	0.992981	498	3.265625	3	[ -0.10622622072696686, 0.45757198333740234, -0.10732930898666382, -0.13525846600532532, 0.1568761169910431, -0.2043897956609726, 0.05553382635116577, 0.009542237967252731, -0.328716516494751, -0.07849235832691193, 0.5363839268684387, -0.22024692595005035, 0.45338472723960876, 0.354237765073...	5	In 1982 a baby boy was born to Inayat Bibi and Saif Masih. They named him Iqbal Masih. Sometime after Iqbal’s birth, Saif Masih deserted the family. While Iqbal’s mother worked, his older sisters took care of him and his older siblings. Iqbal did not go to school. Education was not compulsory or widely available in Pakistan. Very few poor children learnt to read and write. He spent his earliest years playing in the fields until he was ready to help his family by going to work. To pay off the wedding of Saif’ oldest son, he turned to a local thekedar, an employer who owns a nearby carpet factory. In return for the loan, the employer expects collateral, a guarantee of something of value to secure the loan. Said Masih’s only valuable possessions were his children. Iqbal, a scrappy four-year-old, was considered ready to work. Little Iqbal would weave carpets until all the money, including an undisclosed amount of interest and expenses, was paid back.. From that day forward, Iqbal became a “debt-bonded slave.” Iqbal’s job at the carpet factory was essentially no different from that of millions of other young people who work day and night to help their families. At four o’clock in the morning, he was picked up by the thekedar and driven to the factory where he was to work for the next six years of his life. He was put in an airless room, big enough for about twenty looms. A small, bare light bulb gave out little light. It was sticky and hot inside the room because all the windows were sealed tight to keep out any insects that might damage the wool. When Iqbal completed his work as an apprentice, he was then ready to weave carpets. He worked beside twenty other boys. His earnings amounted to one rupee a day (two cents), even though he worked from four o’clock in the morning until seven in the evening. The children in the shop were not allowed to speak to one another. “If the children spoke, they were not giving the complete attention to the product and were liable to make errors,” Iqbal later told journalists. Many other freed child slaves told similar stories.Read More »	477	ENGLISH	1
Isabelle Koerber, The Circle People around the world come to Canada to create a better life but is this what they achieve? Canada has accepted many immigrants over the last 150 years. Approximately 20.6 percent of the Canadian population is composed of immigrants (Immigration and Ethnocultural Diversity in Canada, 2016). While Canada is one of the most accepting countries towards immigrants, this does not mean that immigrants have an easy time adapting when they arrive. Firstly, children of immigrant families feel like they have to choose between their two cultures and are more vulnerable to joining gangs. Also, immigrant women are discriminated against not only as immigrants, but also as women. Many immigrants also have difficulty finding jobs even if they are qualified for the position that they are looking for. Immigrants face many barriers when they come to Canada. It is clear that young Canadians are under a lot of stress. However, the stress experienced by young Canadians who are also first or second generation immigrants is much more substantial. Dr. Audrey Kobayashi, a professor at Queen’s University, said many children of immigrants feel torn about their identity (Rieti, 2012). Immigrant children often feel that they are disappointing their parents if they embrace Canadian traditions rather than follow the traditions of their previous countries. Research suggests that because of this, immigrant youth often face parental criticism at home as well as bullying at school. An example of this is Ronia Arab who often argues with her parents because of the “Canadian” way she dresses, in contrast to the traditional Muslim clothing worn by her family. “My parents…want me to be like them, but I do not know anything about their culture,” says the young woman of 16 years (Rieti, 2012). Several academic papers have also raised the issue that many young Canadian immigrants end up in gangs and other illegal activities. Dr. Hieu Van Ngo, an Assistant Professor at the University of Calgary, started a research report which examined why children of immigrant families join gangs. According to Van Ngo’s study, immigrant children often join gangs to fill an emotional void; gangs give them a sense of belonging, as well as security, power and access to money (Breit, 2015). Amir Javid is a young immigrant who has experienced the danger of gangs. At the age of 16 Amir and his brother began getting involved with small crimes and eventually created their own gang, resulting in his brother’s arrest. Amir now runs a charity called Real World Truth which aims to educate young people about the dangers of gangs (Escaping gang life, 2011). Most people believe that discrimination against women and immigrants does not exist; this is unfortunately not true. Today, one in five women in Canada are immigrants (Rose, 2013). Immigrant women are more likely to have completed university than Canadian-born women, nevertheless, they are more likely to be unemployed than Canadian-born women or even immigrant men. In 2011, 27.7 percent of female immigrants age 15 and over had a university degree. Comparatively, 19.2 percent of women born in Canada of the same age have a university degree. In the working age group, 8.8 percent of immigrant women had no job, compared with 5.2 percent of Canadian-born women and 6.1 percent of immigrant men (Study: Women in Canada: Immigrant women, 2015). A female immigrant named Jane recounts her experience with discrimination in Canada. “I graduated from SFU with a degree in computing science,” she says. Jane tells of a case where one of her instructors took her aside during a training exercise. “She said ‘You realize you need to have very high standards in your work because you’re going to be judged both as females and as visible minorities.’ [So] I was always really aware that I had to outperform in order to prove [myself]” (Ibid). This is a clear demonstration of the discrimination and pressure that Canadian immigrant women face in their daily lives; they must work harder than their competitors, simply because they are immigrants as well as women. One of the biggest injustices facing Canadian immigrants is that they are not fairly considered for jobs. According to Statistics Canada, one of the biggest challenges for immigrants is finding a job (The Biggest Difficulties, 2016). In 2005, immigrant men earned 63 cents and immigrant women earned 56 cents for every dollar earned by men and women born in Canada. They also had difficulty finding a job even though they were more likely to have a university degree than those born in Canada. The unemployment rate for immigrants in 2006 was 11.5 percent; more than double that of the Canadian-born population: 4.9 percent (Rennie, 2013). As a result, many immigrants who came to Canada did not stay. According to Statistics Canada, one third of male immigrants leave Canada within 20 years of arriving. More than half of those who leave will do so in the first year of their arrival (Roy, 2012). Zain Mir, a Canadian immigrant spoke of his struggles finding a job in Canada. “I feel like my career is going nowhere. I am overqualified for the position that I have currently” says Mir (Roy, 2012). Mir is ready to leave Canada and return to Pakistan; he believes he will get a more deserving position there. Mir admits that leaving Canada is a very small price to pay to be professionally satisfied (Roy, 2012). Samer Elbanna, another immigrant, stated “Pm thinking about going back to Egypt. I have everything there. It’s very difficult, you feel like, so what’s the benefit of my experience? What is the benefit of my education? It’s nothing.” (Rennie, 2013). It is unfortunate that highly educated people cannot achieve their potential simply because they are immigrants. After examining the evidence, it is clear that Canadian immigrants face many struggles. Children of immigrants often feel torn between their two cultures and resort to joining gangs in order to feel that they belong. Immigrant women are discriminated against as women as well as immigrants. In addition, immigrants have great difficulty finding jobs, even though they are more qualified than those born in Canada. It is unfortunate that many immigrants do not get the life they hoped for when they come to Canada.	<urn:uuid:06e44f91-e4a4-4658-8564-c9a9d44602c3>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://thecrcl.ca/canadian-immigrants/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594603.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119122744-20200119150744-00313.warc.gz	en	0.98252	1,304	3.34375	3	[ 0.16690462827682495, 0.21194541454315186, 0.2297770231962204, -0.13837763667106628, -0.17576119303703308, 0.2623993158340454, -0.1287854164838791, 0.16071507334709167, 0.17279279232025146, 0.2657068967819214, 0.5585909485816956, -0.03820381313562393, 0.17242607474327087, -0.343712657690048...	12	Isabelle Koerber, The Circle People around the world come to Canada to create a better life but is this what they achieve? Canada has accepted many immigrants over the last 150 years. Approximately 20.6 percent of the Canadian population is composed of immigrants (Immigration and Ethnocultural Diversity in Canada, 2016). While Canada is one of the most accepting countries towards immigrants, this does not mean that immigrants have an easy time adapting when they arrive. Firstly, children of immigrant families feel like they have to choose between their two cultures and are more vulnerable to joining gangs. Also, immigrant women are discriminated against not only as immigrants, but also as women. Many immigrants also have difficulty finding jobs even if they are qualified for the position that they are looking for. Immigrants face many barriers when they come to Canada. It is clear that young Canadians are under a lot of stress. However, the stress experienced by young Canadians who are also first or second generation immigrants is much more substantial. Dr. Audrey Kobayashi, a professor at Queen’s University, said many children of immigrants feel torn about their identity (Rieti, 2012). Immigrant children often feel that they are disappointing their parents if they embrace Canadian traditions rather than follow the traditions of their previous countries. Research suggests that because of this, immigrant youth often face parental criticism at home as well as bullying at school. An example of this is Ronia Arab who often argues with her parents because of the “Canadian” way she dresses, in contrast to the traditional Muslim clothing worn by her family. “My parents…want me to be like them, but I do not know anything about their culture,” says the young woman of 16 years (Rieti, 2012). Several academic papers have also raised the issue that many young Canadian immigrants end up in gangs and other illegal activities. Dr. Hieu Van Ngo, an Assistant Professor at the University of Calgary, started a research report which examined why children of immigrant families join gangs. According to Van Ngo’s study, immigrant children often join gangs to fill an emotional void; gangs give them a sense of belonging, as well as security, power and access to money (Breit, 2015). Amir Javid is a young immigrant who has experienced the danger of gangs. At the age of 16 Amir and his brother began getting involved with small crimes and eventually created their own gang, resulting in his brother’s arrest. Amir now runs a charity called Real World Truth which aims to educate young people about the dangers of gangs (Escaping gang life, 2011). Most people believe that discrimination against women and immigrants does not exist; this is unfortunately not true. Today, one in five women in Canada are immigrants (Rose, 2013). Immigrant women are more likely to have completed university than Canadian-born women, nevertheless, they are more likely to be unemployed than Canadian-born women or even immigrant men. In 2011, 27.7 percent of female immigrants age 15 and over had a university degree. Comparatively, 19.2 percent of women born in Canada of the same age have a university degree. In the working age group, 8.8 percent of immigrant women had no job, compared with 5.2 percent of Canadian-born women and 6.1 percent of immigrant men (Study: Women in Canada: Immigrant women, 2015). A female immigrant named Jane recounts her experience with discrimination in Canada. “I graduated from SFU with a degree in computing science,” she says. Jane tells of a case where one of her instructors took her aside during a training exercise. “She said ‘You realize you need to have very high standards in your work because you’re going to be judged both as females and as visible minorities.’ [So] I was always really aware that I had to outperform in order to prove [myself]” (Ibid). This is a clear demonstration of the discrimination and pressure that Canadian immigrant women face in their daily lives; they must work harder than their competitors, simply because they are immigrants as well as women. One of the biggest injustices facing Canadian immigrants is that they are not fairly considered for jobs. According to Statistics Canada, one of the biggest challenges for immigrants is finding a job (The Biggest Difficulties, 2016). In 2005, immigrant men earned 63 cents and immigrant women earned 56 cents for every dollar earned by men and women born in Canada. They also had difficulty finding a job even though they were more likely to have a university degree than those born in Canada. The unemployment rate for immigrants in 2006 was 11.5 percent; more than double that of the Canadian-born population: 4.9 percent (Rennie, 2013). As a result, many immigrants who came to Canada did not stay. According to Statistics Canada, one third of male immigrants leave Canada within 20 years of arriving. More than half of those who leave will do so in the first year of their arrival (Roy, 2012). Zain Mir, a Canadian immigrant spoke of his struggles finding a job in Canada. “I feel like my career is going nowhere. I am overqualified for the position that I have currently” says Mir (Roy, 2012). Mir is ready to leave Canada and return to Pakistan; he believes he will get a more deserving position there. Mir admits that leaving Canada is a very small price to pay to be professionally satisfied (Roy, 2012). Samer Elbanna, another immigrant, stated “Pm thinking about going back to Egypt. I have everything there. It’s very difficult, you feel like, so what’s the benefit of my experience? What is the benefit of my education? It’s nothing.” (Rennie, 2013). It is unfortunate that highly educated people cannot achieve their potential simply because they are immigrants. After examining the evidence, it is clear that Canadian immigrants face many struggles. Children of immigrants often feel torn between their two cultures and resort to joining gangs in order to feel that they belong. Immigrant women are discriminated against as women as well as immigrants. In addition, immigrants have great difficulty finding jobs, even though they are more qualified than those born in Canada. It is unfortunate that many immigrants do not get the life they hoped for when they come to Canada.	1,348	ENGLISH	1
Part explorer, part thrill-seeker, part philosopher, Richard Byrd is best known for his exploration of Antarctica, but for all his successes, it was an embarrassing defeat that opened his eyes to what’s important in life. Byrd was born in Virginia in 1888. He was a graduate of the Naval Academy and served as an admiral in the U.S. Navy. He came to New England when he married Marie Ames, daughter of a wealthy Boston industrialist and settled on Brimmer Street on Beacon Hill, the house a gift of Marie’s father. But it was adventure that Byrd truly craved as a young man. He aspired to compete with the likes of Charles Lindbergh, the aviator who was the first to cross the Atlantic. A born adventurer, Byrd chose the North Pole as his target. In a race to be the first to fly over the pole, Byrd claimed he crossed over on a flight on May 9, 1926. That claim is highly suspect, given the amount of time the trip took. His charitable critics figure he miscalculated his position; other say the claim was an intentional fraud. Nevertheless, the flight put Byrd firmly in the public eye as a hero, and for his next target, he chose the South Pole. In 1928, he departed America and travelled with an extensive expedition to Antarctica. He set up his camp, Little America, and after 14 months of effort, on November 19, 1929, Byrd and his pilot, Bernt Balchen, flew over the South Pole and Byrd became known as the Admiral of Antarctica. Byrd was nothing if not a showman. He knew his next journey would have to top his last. He needed his fame to procure funding, since at this stage of his career his expeditions were privately sponsored by patrons with names like Ford and Rockefeller. While the key point of his next voyage to Antarctica would be gathering scientific data about the continent and conducting extensive mapping and surveying, for the public Byrd concocted a stunt. He would spend the winter of 1934 living alone in the interior of the continent. It was a bust. Byrd could not last the winter. He suffered carbon monoxide poisoning. He had to be rescued by his own men. The incident forever scarred his health, and upon his return he was mocked for naming features such as mountains in Antarctica after his famous investors. But the failed winter stay also marked a profound shift in Byrd’s attitudes. The swashbuckling adventurer had been mellowed by what he witnessed and his brush with death. In 1938, when he wrote of the experience in his book, Alone, Byrd recalled that he came to realize how little a person actually “needs” in life. “Solitude is greater than I anticipated. My sense of values is changing, and many things which before were in solution in my mind now seem to be crystallizing. I am better able to tell what in the world is wheat for me and what is chaff. In fact, my definition of success itself is changing,” he wrote. “Part of me remained forever at Latitude 80 degrees 08 minutes South: what survived of my youth, my vanity, perhaps, and certainly my skepticism. On the other hand, I did take away something that I had not fully possessed before: appreciation of the sheer beauty and miracle of being alive, and a humble set of values. All this happened four years ago. Civilization has not altered my ideas. I live more simply now, and with more peace.” Byrd committed himself to working for a vision of world peace in which men learned to coexist in harmony. He would make two more trips to the South Pole, interrupted by his wartime service in the Pacific. The last two trips were funded by the government and he engaged in far less promotion, letting the science take the lead.	<urn:uuid:ea2d292b-5f24-4eb0-89c0-a6c02d9bd146>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.newenglandhistoricalsociety.com/education-richard-byrd-south-pole-philosopher/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250606975.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122101729-20200122130729-00532.warc.gz	en	0.987625	800	3.46875	3	[ -0.10478322207927704, 0.45732614398002625, 0.06403127312660217, -0.13657057285308838, -0.4097602665424347, 0.17006739974021912, 0.7918307781219482, 0.08884358406066895, -0.2449207901954651, -0.02362333983182907, 0.3416091799736023, -0.30218279361724854, 0.462515652179718, 0.267969697713851...	5	Part explorer, part thrill-seeker, part philosopher, Richard Byrd is best known for his exploration of Antarctica, but for all his successes, it was an embarrassing defeat that opened his eyes to what’s important in life. Byrd was born in Virginia in 1888. He was a graduate of the Naval Academy and served as an admiral in the U.S. Navy. He came to New England when he married Marie Ames, daughter of a wealthy Boston industrialist and settled on Brimmer Street on Beacon Hill, the house a gift of Marie’s father. But it was adventure that Byrd truly craved as a young man. He aspired to compete with the likes of Charles Lindbergh, the aviator who was the first to cross the Atlantic. A born adventurer, Byrd chose the North Pole as his target. In a race to be the first to fly over the pole, Byrd claimed he crossed over on a flight on May 9, 1926. That claim is highly suspect, given the amount of time the trip took. His charitable critics figure he miscalculated his position; other say the claim was an intentional fraud. Nevertheless, the flight put Byrd firmly in the public eye as a hero, and for his next target, he chose the South Pole. In 1928, he departed America and travelled with an extensive expedition to Antarctica. He set up his camp, Little America, and after 14 months of effort, on November 19, 1929, Byrd and his pilot, Bernt Balchen, flew over the South Pole and Byrd became known as the Admiral of Antarctica. Byrd was nothing if not a showman. He knew his next journey would have to top his last. He needed his fame to procure funding, since at this stage of his career his expeditions were privately sponsored by patrons with names like Ford and Rockefeller. While the key point of his next voyage to Antarctica would be gathering scientific data about the continent and conducting extensive mapping and surveying, for the public Byrd concocted a stunt. He would spend the winter of 1934 living alone in the interior of the continent. It was a bust. Byrd could not last the winter. He suffered carbon monoxide poisoning. He had to be rescued by his own men. The incident forever scarred his health, and upon his return he was mocked for naming features such as mountains in Antarctica after his famous investors. But the failed winter stay also marked a profound shift in Byrd’s attitudes. The swashbuckling adventurer had been mellowed by what he witnessed and his brush with death. In 1938, when he wrote of the experience in his book, Alone, Byrd recalled that he came to realize how little a person actually “needs” in life. “Solitude is greater than I anticipated. My sense of values is changing, and many things which before were in solution in my mind now seem to be crystallizing. I am better able to tell what in the world is wheat for me and what is chaff. In fact, my definition of success itself is changing,” he wrote. “Part of me remained forever at Latitude 80 degrees 08 minutes South: what survived of my youth, my vanity, perhaps, and certainly my skepticism. On the other hand, I did take away something that I had not fully possessed before: appreciation of the sheer beauty and miracle of being alive, and a humble set of values. All this happened four years ago. Civilization has not altered my ideas. I live more simply now, and with more peace.” Byrd committed himself to working for a vision of world peace in which men learned to coexist in harmony. He would make two more trips to the South Pole, interrupted by his wartime service in the Pacific. The last two trips were funded by the government and he engaged in far less promotion, letting the science take the lead.	815	ENGLISH	1
who first set men to the plough and a settled life. It was the ideas of the gods and plenty, working with the acquiescence of common men. The early rulers of Sumer we know were all priests, kings only because they were chief priests. And priestly government had its own weaknesses as well as its peculiar deep-rooted strength. The power of a priesthood is a power over their own people alone. It is a subjugation through mysterious fears and hopes. The priesthood can gather its people together for war, but its traditionalism and all its methods unfit it for military control. Against the enemy without, a priest-led people is feeble. Moreover, a priest is a man vowed, trained, and consecrated, a man belonging to a special corps, and necessarily with an intense esprit de corps. He has given up his life to his temple and his god. This is a very excellent thing for the internal vigour of his own priesthood, his own temple. He lives or dies for the honour of his particular god. But in the next town or village is another temple with another god. It is his constant preoccupation to keep his people from that god. Religious cults and priesthoods are sectarian by nature; they will convert, they will overcome, but they will never coalesce. Our first perceptions of events in Sumer, in the dim uncertain light before history began, is of priests and gods in conflict; until the Sumerians were conquered by the Semites they were never united; and the same incurable conflict of priesthoods scars all the temple ruins of Egypt. It was impossible that it could have been otherwise, having regard to the elements out of which religion arose. It was out of those two main weaknesses of all priesthoods, namely, the incapacity for efficient military leadership and their inevitable jealousy of all other religious cults, that the power of secular kingship arose. The foreign enemy either prevailed and set up a king over the people, or the priesthoods who would not give way to each other set up a common fighting captain, who retained more or less power in peace time. This secular king developed a group of officials about him and began, in relation to military organization, to take a share in the priestly administration of the people's affairs. So, growing out of priestcraft and beside the priest, the king, the protagonist of the priest,	<urn:uuid:b268de82-e799-4242-9222-b43d23a98e14>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:The_Outline_of_History_Vol_1.djvu/266	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250591431.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20200117234621-20200118022621-00324.warc.gz	en	0.98253	488	3.34375	3	[ 0.012611274607479572, 0.6316530704498291, -0.03994346410036087, -0.4516705572605133, -0.19238729774951935, -0.16783535480499268, 0.24046801030635834, -0.14628498256206512, 0.2857040464878082, -0.18462027609348297, -0.12927451729774475, -0.18516667187213898, 0.39212068915367126, 0.015245839...	1	who first set men to the plough and a settled life. It was the ideas of the gods and plenty, working with the acquiescence of common men. The early rulers of Sumer we know were all priests, kings only because they were chief priests. And priestly government had its own weaknesses as well as its peculiar deep-rooted strength. The power of a priesthood is a power over their own people alone. It is a subjugation through mysterious fears and hopes. The priesthood can gather its people together for war, but its traditionalism and all its methods unfit it for military control. Against the enemy without, a priest-led people is feeble. Moreover, a priest is a man vowed, trained, and consecrated, a man belonging to a special corps, and necessarily with an intense esprit de corps. He has given up his life to his temple and his god. This is a very excellent thing for the internal vigour of his own priesthood, his own temple. He lives or dies for the honour of his particular god. But in the next town or village is another temple with another god. It is his constant preoccupation to keep his people from that god. Religious cults and priesthoods are sectarian by nature; they will convert, they will overcome, but they will never coalesce. Our first perceptions of events in Sumer, in the dim uncertain light before history began, is of priests and gods in conflict; until the Sumerians were conquered by the Semites they were never united; and the same incurable conflict of priesthoods scars all the temple ruins of Egypt. It was impossible that it could have been otherwise, having regard to the elements out of which religion arose. It was out of those two main weaknesses of all priesthoods, namely, the incapacity for efficient military leadership and their inevitable jealousy of all other religious cults, that the power of secular kingship arose. The foreign enemy either prevailed and set up a king over the people, or the priesthoods who would not give way to each other set up a common fighting captain, who retained more or less power in peace time. This secular king developed a group of officials about him and began, in relation to military organization, to take a share in the priestly administration of the people's affairs. So, growing out of priestcraft and beside the priest, the king, the protagonist of the priest,	486	ENGLISH	1
The Proud History of the O’Neill Clan By Liam Moriarty, Contributor Febuary / March 2006 The O’Neill family traces its history back to 360 A.D. to the legendary warrior king of Ireland, Niall Noigiallach (Niall of the Nine Hostages), who is said to have been responsible for bringing St. Patrick to Ireland. The Ui Neill dynasty split into two septs, the Northern Ui Neill and the Southern Ui Neill, around 400 A.D. The name is derived from two separate Gaelic words, “Ua Niall,” which means grandson of Niall, and “Neill” meaning “champion.” When Nial Gluin Dubh (Niall of the Back Knee), the King of Ireland from 890 until 919 A.D., was killed fighting the raiding Norsemen, his grandson Domhnall adopted the surname Neill. The O’Neills were known by the nickname “Creagh” which comes from the Gaelic word “craobh” meaning branch, because they were known to camouflage themselves to resemble the forest when fighting the Norsemen. Another story tells of three O’Neill brothers who were given laurel branches as a result of their victory over the Vikings and added the nickname “Creagh” to their names. The significance of the red hand on the O’Neill family coat of arms is often debated, and there are many interpretations as to what it signifies. The most prominent myth recounts that two Mileasan chiefs wished to settle a land dispute with a boating contest. The first man to touch the shore with his right hand would be the winner and rightful king. The chief who was about to lose, cut off his right hand and threw it to the shore before his opponent could touch it. King Aedh “the Stout” O’Neill of Ulster first used the crest during his reign in the mid-1300s. Subsequent generations and kings made their own modifications resulting in the current coat of arms. The Great Hugh O’Neill (1550-1616) was the second Earl of Tyrone. After a number of years and patriotic Irish actions, Hugh O’Neill was inaugurated as “The O’Neill” in 1595. He defended his lands for six years from the English but left his northern strong-hold to attack them with fellow Irish leader Red Hugh O’Donnell and Spanish allies at the Battle of Kinsale on December 24, 1601. The Irish forces were defeated and Hugh O’Neill and Red Hugh O’Donnell were forced to leave Ireland, in what is now known as the “Flight of the Earls,” in 1607. The departure of those two Irish chieftains for Europe effectively ended the Gaelic order in Ireland. Hugh O’Neill spent his last days in Rome, where he died in 1616 being buried next to his son in San Pietro. His death is the last entry in the Annals of the Four Masters, the best-known account of medieval Irish history. After the defeat at Kinsale, many O’Neills fled to Spain and Portugal. The remaining O’Neills split into two septs; the senior branch were called the Tyrone O’Neills and the younger branch were known as the “Clan Aedh Buidhe,” the Yellow-haired Hughs or Clanaboy. The O’Neills continued to distinguish themselves in the fight for Ireland’s independence. Owen Roe O’Neill organized the return of 300 Irish officers in the Spanish service to Ireland to support the Irish Rebellion of 1641, which was led by Felim O’Neill of Kinard (Phelim O’Neill). Felim also fought with Owen Roe O’Neill during the Irish Confederate Wars, also known as the War of the Three Kingdoms, 1639-51 (an intertwined series of conflicts that took place in Ireland, Scotland and England), and was put to death by the British in 1653. Owen Roe’s nephew, Hugh Dubh O’Neill, who was born in Brussels in 1611, also played an important role in the Wars, especially with his defense of Clonmel against England’s “New Model Army” in 1650. Hugh Dubh’s father, Art Óg O’Neill, was among those exiles who made careers for themselves in the Spanish Army of Flanders after the Battle of Kinsale. In America, O’Neills continued to distinguish themselves as soldiers. Some 175 O’Neills served in the Continental Army, including Captain William O’Neill who served with great distinction during the Battle of Brandywine. And the town of O’Neill, Nebraska, is named for General John O’Neill, an Irish immigrant who fought for the Union during the Civil War. More recently, O’Neills have been active in politics on both sides of the Atlantic. Thomas Phillip “Tip” O’Neill Jr. (1912-1994) was an outspoken Democrat who served in the House of Representatives and was the second-longest-serving Speaker of the House. Paul O’Neill, who is successful in both business and politics served as the 72nd United States Secretary of the Treasury on behalf of President George W. Bush until 2002. During his time as treasurer he made a trip to Africa with U2’s Bono. He was asked to resign by the White House over differences he had with the President’s tax cuts. O’Neills are also well known in the art world, displaying their skills in a variety of areas. Henry Nelson O’Neil (1817-1880) painted historical scenes and was also a minor Victorian writer. His best-known paintings are Eastward, Ho! and Home Again, along with a number of paintings portraying the deaths of Mozart and Raphael. Eugene Gladstone O’Neill (1888-1953), the great American dramatist who is featured in this issue, was born in New York City, the son of an Irish immigrant, James O’Neill, who made his living as an actor. O’Neill’s first published play, Beyond the Horizon, won the Pulitzer Prize for Drama in 1920. In 1936 he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature. He died in Boston on November 27, 1953. Kevin O’Neill is a renowned illustrator who has contributed to children’s comics as well as several science-fiction series such as ABC Warriors, Nemesis the Warlock and Metalzpic. Most recently Kevin has done the illustrations for the ongoing comic series and recent movie The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen. Several O’Neills have made their mark in the sports world. Jonjo O’Neill is a well-known Irish jockey and trainer, Martin O’Neill has managed Scotland’s Celtic football club to huge success in recent years, and baseball player Paul O’Neill made a name for himself with the New York Yankees. Paul’s sister Molly O’Neill, is a food columnist for The New York Times. Two more O’Neills who have distinguished themselves are brothers William and Tom O’Neill. William is a human rights lawyer, and Tom, a former writer for Premiere and US magazine when it was a monthly, is currently working on a book about the CIA. Their grandfather, Congressman Harry P. O’Neill, was a representative from Scranton, Pennsylvania. ♦	<urn:uuid:bbbfd84a-179b-4eca-8ad4-7ee567c796c5>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://irishamerica.com/2006/02/the-proud-history-of-the-oneill-clan/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251681625.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125222506-20200126012506-00374.warc.gz	en	0.980302	1,624	3.515625	4	[ -0.20952028036117554, 0.6954447627067566, 0.2129022479057312, -0.17078609764575958, -0.11685928702354431, -0.19924473762512207, 0.6519218683242798, -0.26805269718170166, -0.1964668333530426, -0.46362555027008057, -0.03591953590512276, -0.3600834608078003, 0.16807472705841064, 0.01360386516...	8	The Proud History of the O’Neill Clan By Liam Moriarty, Contributor Febuary / March 2006 The O’Neill family traces its history back to 360 A.D. to the legendary warrior king of Ireland, Niall Noigiallach (Niall of the Nine Hostages), who is said to have been responsible for bringing St. Patrick to Ireland. The Ui Neill dynasty split into two septs, the Northern Ui Neill and the Southern Ui Neill, around 400 A.D. The name is derived from two separate Gaelic words, “Ua Niall,” which means grandson of Niall, and “Neill” meaning “champion.” When Nial Gluin Dubh (Niall of the Back Knee), the King of Ireland from 890 until 919 A.D., was killed fighting the raiding Norsemen, his grandson Domhnall adopted the surname Neill. The O’Neills were known by the nickname “Creagh” which comes from the Gaelic word “craobh” meaning branch, because they were known to camouflage themselves to resemble the forest when fighting the Norsemen. Another story tells of three O’Neill brothers who were given laurel branches as a result of their victory over the Vikings and added the nickname “Creagh” to their names. The significance of the red hand on the O’Neill family coat of arms is often debated, and there are many interpretations as to what it signifies. The most prominent myth recounts that two Mileasan chiefs wished to settle a land dispute with a boating contest. The first man to touch the shore with his right hand would be the winner and rightful king. The chief who was about to lose, cut off his right hand and threw it to the shore before his opponent could touch it. King Aedh “the Stout” O’Neill of Ulster first used the crest during his reign in the mid-1300s. Subsequent generations and kings made their own modifications resulting in the current coat of arms. The Great Hugh O’Neill (1550-1616) was the second Earl of Tyrone. After a number of years and patriotic Irish actions, Hugh O’Neill was inaugurated as “The O’Neill” in 1595. He defended his lands for six years from the English but left his northern strong-hold to attack them with fellow Irish leader Red Hugh O’Donnell and Spanish allies at the Battle of Kinsale on December 24, 1601. The Irish forces were defeated and Hugh O’Neill and Red Hugh O’Donnell were forced to leave Ireland, in what is now known as the “Flight of the Earls,” in 1607. The departure of those two Irish chieftains for Europe effectively ended the Gaelic order in Ireland. Hugh O’Neill spent his last days in Rome, where he died in 1616 being buried next to his son in San Pietro. His death is the last entry in the Annals of the Four Masters, the best-known account of medieval Irish history. After the defeat at Kinsale, many O’Neills fled to Spain and Portugal. The remaining O’Neills split into two septs; the senior branch were called the Tyrone O’Neills and the younger branch were known as the “Clan Aedh Buidhe,” the Yellow-haired Hughs or Clanaboy. The O’Neills continued to distinguish themselves in the fight for Ireland’s independence. Owen Roe O’Neill organized the return of 300 Irish officers in the Spanish service to Ireland to support the Irish Rebellion of 1641, which was led by Felim O’Neill of Kinard (Phelim O’Neill). Felim also fought with Owen Roe O’Neill during the Irish Confederate Wars, also known as the War of the Three Kingdoms, 1639-51 (an intertwined series of conflicts that took place in Ireland, Scotland and England), and was put to death by the British in 1653. Owen Roe’s nephew, Hugh Dubh O’Neill, who was born in Brussels in 1611, also played an important role in the Wars, especially with his defense of Clonmel against England’s “New Model Army” in 1650. Hugh Dubh’s father, Art Óg O’Neill, was among those exiles who made careers for themselves in the Spanish Army of Flanders after the Battle of Kinsale. In America, O’Neills continued to distinguish themselves as soldiers. Some 175 O’Neills served in the Continental Army, including Captain William O’Neill who served with great distinction during the Battle of Brandywine. And the town of O’Neill, Nebraska, is named for General John O’Neill, an Irish immigrant who fought for the Union during the Civil War. More recently, O’Neills have been active in politics on both sides of the Atlantic. Thomas Phillip “Tip” O’Neill Jr. (1912-1994) was an outspoken Democrat who served in the House of Representatives and was the second-longest-serving Speaker of the House. Paul O’Neill, who is successful in both business and politics served as the 72nd United States Secretary of the Treasury on behalf of President George W. Bush until 2002. During his time as treasurer he made a trip to Africa with U2’s Bono. He was asked to resign by the White House over differences he had with the President’s tax cuts. O’Neills are also well known in the art world, displaying their skills in a variety of areas. Henry Nelson O’Neil (1817-1880) painted historical scenes and was also a minor Victorian writer. His best-known paintings are Eastward, Ho! and Home Again, along with a number of paintings portraying the deaths of Mozart and Raphael. Eugene Gladstone O’Neill (1888-1953), the great American dramatist who is featured in this issue, was born in New York City, the son of an Irish immigrant, James O’Neill, who made his living as an actor. O’Neill’s first published play, Beyond the Horizon, won the Pulitzer Prize for Drama in 1920. In 1936 he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature. He died in Boston on November 27, 1953. Kevin O’Neill is a renowned illustrator who has contributed to children’s comics as well as several science-fiction series such as ABC Warriors, Nemesis the Warlock and Metalzpic. Most recently Kevin has done the illustrations for the ongoing comic series and recent movie The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen. Several O’Neills have made their mark in the sports world. Jonjo O’Neill is a well-known Irish jockey and trainer, Martin O’Neill has managed Scotland’s Celtic football club to huge success in recent years, and baseball player Paul O’Neill made a name for himself with the New York Yankees. Paul’s sister Molly O’Neill, is a food columnist for The New York Times. Two more O’Neills who have distinguished themselves are brothers William and Tom O’Neill. William is a human rights lawyer, and Tom, a former writer for Premiere and US magazine when it was a monthly, is currently working on a book about the CIA. Their grandfather, Congressman Harry P. O’Neill, was a representative from Scranton, Pennsylvania. ♦	1,593	ENGLISH	1
The trail was also followed by explorers and traders of European origin known as Kaintucks, who traversed the area in small flat-bottom boats. These traders were usually from Kentucky and floated merchandise from the Ohio River and Mississippi Rivers. The trail was also traversed by early settlers who established small family farms. Many of these first farmers became or were replaced by planters who acquired vast landholdings that were worked by enslaved persons who were led down this trail by foot. Slave traders led caravans of enslaved persons from Virginia and other Southern states to the area known as the Old Southwest in the early 1800s. Meriwether Lewis died along the trail in Tennessee. President Andrew Jackson also traveled the Natchez Trace. The proliferation of steamships led to an end to the trail's use.Today, the former trail is part of the second-largest parkway in the United States.	<urn:uuid:d499cadb-7d10-40cc-97bd-7d8491af1308>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.theclio.com/entry/63047	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251801423.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129164403-20200129193403-00502.warc.gz	en	0.991812	182	3.71875	4	[ -0.3775266110897064, 0.06796874850988388, 0.500817596912384, -0.0057115089148283005, -0.03843265771865845, 0.15627087652683258, -0.03774609416723251, -0.11539296060800552, -0.38145869970321655, 0.10160905122756958, 0.3879847526550293, -0.174945667386055, 0.019222784787416458, -0.0720865428...	2	The trail was also followed by explorers and traders of European origin known as Kaintucks, who traversed the area in small flat-bottom boats. These traders were usually from Kentucky and floated merchandise from the Ohio River and Mississippi Rivers. The trail was also traversed by early settlers who established small family farms. Many of these first farmers became or were replaced by planters who acquired vast landholdings that were worked by enslaved persons who were led down this trail by foot. Slave traders led caravans of enslaved persons from Virginia and other Southern states to the area known as the Old Southwest in the early 1800s. Meriwether Lewis died along the trail in Tennessee. President Andrew Jackson also traveled the Natchez Trace. The proliferation of steamships led to an end to the trail's use.Today, the former trail is part of the second-largest parkway in the United States.	182	ENGLISH	1
The Boer War was a dirty war. After a series of initial conventional victories over the British forces in late 1899, the forces of the Transvaal Republic and the Orange Free State were defeated and broken. The British captured the Transvaal capital of Pretoria in June of 1900 and thought that for all intents and purposes the war was over. They were very, very wrong. The Boers, descendants of Dutch settlers in South Africa, were horsemen and riflemen of consummate skill. They readily reverted to guerrilla warfare, where their mobility across the vast and wild terrain of South Africa gave them tremendous advantages over the rail-bound British forces. In frustration, the British under Lord Horatio Kitchener determined to drain the sea in which the guerrilla’s swam, emptying the veld, burning farmsteads and herding the commandos’ families into concentration camps where 26,000 — many children — would die of disease and malnourishment. In an effort to take the pressure off the two Republics, Boer commanders determined to raid into the Cape Colony. They hoped to open another front — and perhaps to rouse a rebellion among the Cape Boers, who remained under British government. The raids, which started in December 1900, slashed through the spectacular and rugged landscape of the Karoo, hitting British towns and outposts. The Commandos sustained themselves on captured stores and stayed in the saddle constantly, eluding British patrols and columns sent to intercept them. It was extremely tough campaigning, but the Commandos proved to be among the most brilliant cavalry raiders in history. Among them was a 23-year-old Commandant named Gideon Scheepers. Scheepers was born and raised in the Transvaal and served as a heliograph operator in the State Artillery, the most regularized branch of service in the Boer nation-in-arms. in 1898, he was seconded to the Transvaal’s sister republic, the Orange Free State, and was promoted to sergeant. He served under the outstanding Boer General Christiaan DeWet, who deployed him as a scout and eventually made him captain of a recon force. His skills as a scout would serve him well on his raid into the Cape Colony. He crossed the Orange River riding with Commandant P.H. Kritzinger and quickly earned notice for his skill in recruiting Cape Rebels. This was no easy task, for though they were certainly sympathetic with their brethren from the Republics, joining theme was an act of treason against the Crown punishable by hanging. So successful was he that when Commandant Kritzinger re-crossed the Orange after an eight-week campaign, Scheepers, now a Commandant himself, stayed in the Cape at the head of a Commando of 150 hard-bitten men, whose only unit insignia was a white puggaree band on their slouch hats. The “Witkoppen” marauders raised hell across the Karoo, burning and pillaging, derailing trains and raiding supply depots. Scheepers was unquestionably a brilliant raider. He was also a very hard man. His Commando executed some 30 black men they captured under arms, serving as spies and scouts for the British. They flogged any number of others. The war had started with a kind of gentleman’s agreement that it would be a “White Man’s War,” but by this stage Kitchener was arming any blacks willing to fight, regardless of what the War Office thought about the practice. The Boers were enraged. They were as fearful of a black uprising as were the slaveholders of the Old South, and their response was brutal. So, too, was their treatment of any Boer found scouting or working for the British. Such traitors, as the commandos considered them to be, were often shot down like dogs as well. In September 1901, Scheepers fell ill — possibly with appendicitis. The illness became so debilitating that his Commando had to leave him behind. The British captured him on his sickbed in a farmhouse. He was transported to a prison in the town of Graaff-Reinet. When he had recovered sufficiently, he was court martialled on multiple charges for what we would now call war crimes: 7 counts of murder, 1 of attempted murder, 1 that he placed a prisoner in the enemy’s line of fire, 1 of maltreatment of a POW, 3 of assault, 2 of malicious injury to property and 1 of arson (15 incidents). Scheepers’ defense was that he was acting under orders, and that the men he killed were executed legitimately as spies. He was convicted and sentenced to death. There was widespread opposition to the sentence. The U.S. House of Representatives even weighed in with a resolution condemning it. The British — sick to death of this grinding, inglorious war — were unmoved. For them, and for Cape loyalists, Scheepers and the Boer Commando raiders were no better than bandits. On January 18, the young Commandant was marched out into the Karoo veld and tied to a chair, just like Breaker Morant, and blown into eternity by a firing squad. The British buried him on the spot. Then, deciding that the execution ground might become a shrine for Cape Rebels and a focal point for Boer sympathizers, troopers exhumed Scheepers’ body in the midst of a booming South African thunderstorm. They allegedly carried the body off toward a small river and reburied it. When the war ended a few short months later, Gideon’s parents traveled to Graaff-Reinet to retrieve his remains. They were horrified to find his grave empty and the location of their boy’s bones unknown. His mother never gave up hope of finding Gideon’s remains, and for years after the Union of South Africa was formed, a reward was offered for their retrieval — which only brought out frauds and crooks. Scheepers’ mother died in 1956 and his bones remain lost on the veld. A memorial was constructed near the execution site to honor a man most Afrikaners considered a hero. The tragic image of a mother’s never-ending search for her son’s bones inspired a well-known South African poem: But so many bones lie under the rosemary… Bless, Lord, all the pale bones of the struggle – I know as mother after half a century of pain: one country full of skulls and bones, one big tomb across which Your north wind blows the dry thistle and fills creek and crag with intermittent shrieks of the vulture, the wild dogs and the crow – that we as one great nation in this rough country with every piece of corrugated iron and every wheel, and white and brown and black foil behind clear glass forever capture Your sunlight and shine it for one another. – DJ Opperman: Prayer for the Bones, translation Margriet Engel	<urn:uuid:de1b3410-67ff-4bf0-a427-d921867b7d8c>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://frontierpartisans.com/12643/prayer-for-the-bones/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251684146.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126013015-20200126043015-00091.warc.gz	en	0.981597	1,470	3.421875	3	[ -0.22869795560836792, 0.8849337697029114, 0.3832470178604126, -0.08696036785840988, 0.17567402124404907, -0.45148199796676636, 0.25948143005371094, -0.09515652060508728, -0.3691936135292053, 0.19729426503181458, 0.0840209424495697, -0.6197085380554199, 0.009304494597017765, 0.3131953775882...	2	The Boer War was a dirty war. After a series of initial conventional victories over the British forces in late 1899, the forces of the Transvaal Republic and the Orange Free State were defeated and broken. The British captured the Transvaal capital of Pretoria in June of 1900 and thought that for all intents and purposes the war was over. They were very, very wrong. The Boers, descendants of Dutch settlers in South Africa, were horsemen and riflemen of consummate skill. They readily reverted to guerrilla warfare, where their mobility across the vast and wild terrain of South Africa gave them tremendous advantages over the rail-bound British forces. In frustration, the British under Lord Horatio Kitchener determined to drain the sea in which the guerrilla’s swam, emptying the veld, burning farmsteads and herding the commandos’ families into concentration camps where 26,000 — many children — would die of disease and malnourishment. In an effort to take the pressure off the two Republics, Boer commanders determined to raid into the Cape Colony. They hoped to open another front — and perhaps to rouse a rebellion among the Cape Boers, who remained under British government. The raids, which started in December 1900, slashed through the spectacular and rugged landscape of the Karoo, hitting British towns and outposts. The Commandos sustained themselves on captured stores and stayed in the saddle constantly, eluding British patrols and columns sent to intercept them. It was extremely tough campaigning, but the Commandos proved to be among the most brilliant cavalry raiders in history. Among them was a 23-year-old Commandant named Gideon Scheepers. Scheepers was born and raised in the Transvaal and served as a heliograph operator in the State Artillery, the most regularized branch of service in the Boer nation-in-arms. in 1898, he was seconded to the Transvaal’s sister republic, the Orange Free State, and was promoted to sergeant. He served under the outstanding Boer General Christiaan DeWet, who deployed him as a scout and eventually made him captain of a recon force. His skills as a scout would serve him well on his raid into the Cape Colony. He crossed the Orange River riding with Commandant P.H. Kritzinger and quickly earned notice for his skill in recruiting Cape Rebels. This was no easy task, for though they were certainly sympathetic with their brethren from the Republics, joining theme was an act of treason against the Crown punishable by hanging. So successful was he that when Commandant Kritzinger re-crossed the Orange after an eight-week campaign, Scheepers, now a Commandant himself, stayed in the Cape at the head of a Commando of 150 hard-bitten men, whose only unit insignia was a white puggaree band on their slouch hats. The “Witkoppen” marauders raised hell across the Karoo, burning and pillaging, derailing trains and raiding supply depots. Scheepers was unquestionably a brilliant raider. He was also a very hard man. His Commando executed some 30 black men they captured under arms, serving as spies and scouts for the British. They flogged any number of others. The war had started with a kind of gentleman’s agreement that it would be a “White Man’s War,” but by this stage Kitchener was arming any blacks willing to fight, regardless of what the War Office thought about the practice. The Boers were enraged. They were as fearful of a black uprising as were the slaveholders of the Old South, and their response was brutal. So, too, was their treatment of any Boer found scouting or working for the British. Such traitors, as the commandos considered them to be, were often shot down like dogs as well. In September 1901, Scheepers fell ill — possibly with appendicitis. The illness became so debilitating that his Commando had to leave him behind. The British captured him on his sickbed in a farmhouse. He was transported to a prison in the town of Graaff-Reinet. When he had recovered sufficiently, he was court martialled on multiple charges for what we would now call war crimes: 7 counts of murder, 1 of attempted murder, 1 that he placed a prisoner in the enemy’s line of fire, 1 of maltreatment of a POW, 3 of assault, 2 of malicious injury to property and 1 of arson (15 incidents). Scheepers’ defense was that he was acting under orders, and that the men he killed were executed legitimately as spies. He was convicted and sentenced to death. There was widespread opposition to the sentence. The U.S. House of Representatives even weighed in with a resolution condemning it. The British — sick to death of this grinding, inglorious war — were unmoved. For them, and for Cape loyalists, Scheepers and the Boer Commando raiders were no better than bandits. On January 18, the young Commandant was marched out into the Karoo veld and tied to a chair, just like Breaker Morant, and blown into eternity by a firing squad. The British buried him on the spot. Then, deciding that the execution ground might become a shrine for Cape Rebels and a focal point for Boer sympathizers, troopers exhumed Scheepers’ body in the midst of a booming South African thunderstorm. They allegedly carried the body off toward a small river and reburied it. When the war ended a few short months later, Gideon’s parents traveled to Graaff-Reinet to retrieve his remains. They were horrified to find his grave empty and the location of their boy’s bones unknown. His mother never gave up hope of finding Gideon’s remains, and for years after the Union of South Africa was formed, a reward was offered for their retrieval — which only brought out frauds and crooks. Scheepers’ mother died in 1956 and his bones remain lost on the veld. A memorial was constructed near the execution site to honor a man most Afrikaners considered a hero. The tragic image of a mother’s never-ending search for her son’s bones inspired a well-known South African poem: But so many bones lie under the rosemary… Bless, Lord, all the pale bones of the struggle – I know as mother after half a century of pain: one country full of skulls and bones, one big tomb across which Your north wind blows the dry thistle and fills creek and crag with intermittent shrieks of the vulture, the wild dogs and the crow – that we as one great nation in this rough country with every piece of corrugated iron and every wheel, and white and brown and black foil behind clear glass forever capture Your sunlight and shine it for one another. – DJ Opperman: Prayer for the Bones, translation Margriet Engel	1,467	ENGLISH	1
Siena was an Etruscan settlement and a small Roman town. By the 5th century it became the seat of a bishop, but only from the 12th century, when a self-governing commune replaced the earlier aristocratic government, it began to be a city of interest. The consuls who governed the republic, began include slowly but surely more and more the people of the poblani, and the commune increased its territory as the surrounding nobles in their fortified castles submitted to the city’s power. The Republic of Siena was struggling between the nobility and the people, usually worked in political opposition to a big rival, Florence, in the 13th century it was Ghibelline. In opposition to the wells position of Florence, which is the background of the Divine Comedy of Dante.	<urn:uuid:8081ceea-b5b4-4e1f-a1e6-420d035022ab>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://mobilehome-italie.nl/en/surroundings/siena/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251671078.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125071430-20200125100430-00104.warc.gz	en	0.980617	169	3.75	4	[ 0.11918314546346664, -0.08316308259963989, -0.001977803884074092, -0.1566038429737091, -0.4595240354537964, -0.1761266142129898, 0.07959748059511185, -0.2196115404367447, -0.10776404291391373, -0.045653827488422394, -0.07890870422124863, -0.400907963514328, 0.39075255393981934, 0.276819854...	3	Siena was an Etruscan settlement and a small Roman town. By the 5th century it became the seat of a bishop, but only from the 12th century, when a self-governing commune replaced the earlier aristocratic government, it began to be a city of interest. The consuls who governed the republic, began include slowly but surely more and more the people of the poblani, and the commune increased its territory as the surrounding nobles in their fortified castles submitted to the city’s power. The Republic of Siena was struggling between the nobility and the people, usually worked in political opposition to a big rival, Florence, in the 13th century it was Ghibelline. In opposition to the wells position of Florence, which is the background of the Divine Comedy of Dante.	169	ENGLISH	1
Why is Tokchae a prisoner? What reasons does he give for not leaving his father? The first sentence of the story gives readers important setting details: The northern village at the border of the Thirty-eighth Parallel was snugly settled under the high, bright autumn sky. The 38th Parallel is an important location because it means that the story is taking place at the dividing line between North Korea and South Korea. During the war, villages located on or near this line changed hands several times as each side pushed their front line deeper into enemy territory. Tok-chae and Song-sam grew up as boyhood friends in this particular village, but the war caused them to end up on opposite sides of the conflict. Tok-chae has been captured because he's the "enemy," and Song-sam is the officer in charge of taking his childhood friend to the prisoner camp. As Song-sam is escorting his friend, Song-sam has a flash of anger because Tok-chae wound up fighting for the other side: Song-sam felt a sudden surge of anger in spite of himself and shouted, “So how many have you killed?” Song-sam then asks why Tok-chae stayed behind to fight instead of fleeing like he did. Tok-chae says that he wanted to, but his father wouldn't leave. His father saw no point in running away and didn't know what he would do in another place. Tok-chae simply couldn't bring himself to leave his father. Tok-chae says, I wanted to be with him in his last moments so that I could close his eyes with my own hand. check Approved by eNotes Editorial	<urn:uuid:e9358ece-d84a-43b0-b22e-a841ae95c688>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.enotes.com/homework-help/why-tokchae-prisoner-what-reasons-he-give-not-1331971	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251672440.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125101544-20200125130544-00088.warc.gz	en	0.987503	351	3.625	4	[ -0.05347329005599022, 0.4569961726665497, 0.029751602560281754, -0.6796857714653015, 0.1588028222322464, -0.27757763862609863, 0.7096090316772461, 0.11101522296667099, -0.09423632174730301, -0.3952297866344452, 0.23341552913188934, -0.18391069769859314, 0.16980387270450592, 0.5189474225044...	2	Why is Tokchae a prisoner? What reasons does he give for not leaving his father? The first sentence of the story gives readers important setting details: The northern village at the border of the Thirty-eighth Parallel was snugly settled under the high, bright autumn sky. The 38th Parallel is an important location because it means that the story is taking place at the dividing line between North Korea and South Korea. During the war, villages located on or near this line changed hands several times as each side pushed their front line deeper into enemy territory. Tok-chae and Song-sam grew up as boyhood friends in this particular village, but the war caused them to end up on opposite sides of the conflict. Tok-chae has been captured because he's the "enemy," and Song-sam is the officer in charge of taking his childhood friend to the prisoner camp. As Song-sam is escorting his friend, Song-sam has a flash of anger because Tok-chae wound up fighting for the other side: Song-sam felt a sudden surge of anger in spite of himself and shouted, “So how many have you killed?” Song-sam then asks why Tok-chae stayed behind to fight instead of fleeing like he did. Tok-chae says that he wanted to, but his father wouldn't leave. His father saw no point in running away and didn't know what he would do in another place. Tok-chae simply couldn't bring himself to leave his father. Tok-chae says, I wanted to be with him in his last moments so that I could close his eyes with my own hand. check Approved by eNotes Editorial	334	ENGLISH	1
Unlike most biographies, this one begins not with the birth, but with the death of its subject. Not much is known about William Shakespeare’s life, but much has come to be known about the playwright since his death in 1616. This growth in the reputation of the Bard (as he became known) is a fascinating story in its own right. His remains were interred on April 25, 1616 (two days after his alleged date of death), but we do not know who attended his funeral. Nothing but reasonable speculations can be inferred. And so things might have remained if history had not eventually shed more light on this provincial playwright who was popular in London for some years before his retirement back to his hometown of Stratford-upon-Avon. The first major event in the slow but sure growth of the Bard’s reputation occurred with the publication of the First Folio in 1623. The importance of this event cannot be overemphasized. With this book, Shakespeare’s mere “entertainments” on the stage were made available for future generations to read and to study. But this statement is a bit hasty for the early part of the 17th century, because not long after Shakespeare’s death and the publication of the First Folio came the Puritan Interregnum — a period of military and parliamentary rule, during which Puritan views were imposed on the country—and the closing of the theaters on “moral” grounds. This event occurred in 1642, a mere 26 years after the end of Shakespeare’s earthly existence. In 1660, when Charles II became king, he ushered in the Restoration, and, with it, the beginning of the restoration of Shakespeare as well. The king brought with him a taste for the theater from France, and bawdy plays became fashionable. But a revival of Shakespeare’s plays was also in the offing, with another major change: Female roles were now performed by women and not by boys in drag. Actors and actresses were by this time making names for themselves for playing the roles of some of Shakespeare’s characters. Among the most famous ones were David Garrick and Fanny Kemble. With the resurgence of his plays on the stage came another major factor in Shakespeare becoming “Shakespeare.” Publications of his plays were ever more popular. But so were more and more writings about his works. Writers like John Dryden and, later, Samuel Johnson, sang his praises. Dryden lauded the Bard for having “the greatest and most comprehensive soul.” Johnson, whose praise of Shakespeare was not untouched by critical remarks, nevertheless defended him against the French critics who faulted the Bard for not keeping the unities intact in his plays. The French made a fetish of Aristotle’s dictum about the unities (of action, place, and time), but Johnson claimed that Shakespeare’s innate genius could not be constrained by such overrated Neoclassical technicalities. The first critical work devoted entirely to Shakespeare, Shakespeare Restored, was written by Lewis Theobald and published in 1726, a little over 100 years after the publication of the First Folio. As the title of this work suggests, by then—and long thereafter—critics were concerned about the authenticity of the Shakespearean text. What did Shakespeare actually write? What were the mistakes made by his various editors? And what was the legacy of the pirated editions of Shakespeare’s plays that appeared in quarto form in his own lifetime? How accurate is the text in the First Folio? Add to this the remarkable development of “improving Shakespeare,” which went beyond merely changing some dialogue here and there; it modified the plots or endings of his plays, letting “virtue” triumph, which Shakespeare seems to have sacrificed without “rhyme or reason” in the view of some of the producers of his plays. Thus, the ending of King Lear, for example, was turned into a happy one, where Cordelia doesn’t die but is rewarded for her “virtue.” This sort of “improvement,” however, didn’t bother people in the 18th century. It went along with the taste of the times for happy endings. But then, in due course, another kind of “improvement” began to take hold of Shakespeare’s reputation. It is a well-known fact that his plays are full of puns of a sexual or bawdy nature. The first person to really make an issue of this element was Henrietta Maria Bowdler, who published (although not under her own name at first) the four-volume edition of The Family Shakespeare in 1807. Later, she collaborated with her brother, Thomas Bowdler, in removing all that was not “morally uplifting” in Shakespeare’s works. The Family Shakespeare was popular in Victorian England, but soon its critics began to defend Shakespeare’s original words with more and more vehemence. And the Bowdler theme gave a new word to the English language—to “bowdlerize,” which means to modify by distorting. The “worshipping of Shakespeare” began by the late 18th century. The most significant event of this adulation was the three-day grand celebration, the Jubilee in 1769, put on in Stratford-upon-Avon, Shakespeare’s birthplace and the site of his tomb This event marked a shift from Shakespeare’s reputation as merely a playwright to that of the great Bard. As the 18th century progressed, more and more countries began to put on, publish and study Shakespeare’s plays. His reputation in America was also great. In spite of his royalist leanings, Americans adopted him as the son of the people. He did, after all, come from a small town, went to the big city, and succeeded. Jack Lynch, associate professor at Rutgers University, who specializes in 18th-century English literature, ends his book with the 300-year celebration of the playwright’s birth in 1864. In an epilogue, he quickly covers the Bard’s ever-growing reputation in our own time. Today, courses are offered on Shakespeare; movies are made of his plays and his reputation as the greatest English-language playwright that ever lived is beyond compare. In fact, it might be reasonable to say that the very meaning of the word genius as we use it today came about, in the opinion of the critic Jonathan Bates, “in order to account for what was peculiar about Shakespeare.” This “biography” of Shakespeare’s afterlife, of how he became “Shakespeare,” is an absolutely delightful and enlightening read. No reader who likes—nay, loves—Shakespeare is going to be able to put it down until the last page is read. Steven C. Scheer is a freelance writer and former college professor living in Indiana.	<urn:uuid:3e564163-6dbb-4365-9dce-4174c939cc71>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://simplycharly.com/people/william-shakespeare/read/reviews/jack-lynch-shakespeare-afterlife-turned-provincial-playwright-bard-new-york-walker-company-2007-306pp	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594209.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119035851-20200119063851-00344.warc.gz	en	0.982988	1,472	3.671875	4	[ 0.032884132117033005, 0.12385872006416321, 0.7941701412200928, -0.2776586413383484, -0.534608781337738, 0.14928075671195984, 0.16152144968509674, 0.21531128883361816, 0.006711585447192192, -0.09480075538158417, -0.22414016723632812, 0.2650853097438812, -0.13850201666355133, 0.1304312497377...	1	Unlike most biographies, this one begins not with the birth, but with the death of its subject. Not much is known about William Shakespeare’s life, but much has come to be known about the playwright since his death in 1616. This growth in the reputation of the Bard (as he became known) is a fascinating story in its own right. His remains were interred on April 25, 1616 (two days after his alleged date of death), but we do not know who attended his funeral. Nothing but reasonable speculations can be inferred. And so things might have remained if history had not eventually shed more light on this provincial playwright who was popular in London for some years before his retirement back to his hometown of Stratford-upon-Avon. The first major event in the slow but sure growth of the Bard’s reputation occurred with the publication of the First Folio in 1623. The importance of this event cannot be overemphasized. With this book, Shakespeare’s mere “entertainments” on the stage were made available for future generations to read and to study. But this statement is a bit hasty for the early part of the 17th century, because not long after Shakespeare’s death and the publication of the First Folio came the Puritan Interregnum — a period of military and parliamentary rule, during which Puritan views were imposed on the country—and the closing of the theaters on “moral” grounds. This event occurred in 1642, a mere 26 years after the end of Shakespeare’s earthly existence. In 1660, when Charles II became king, he ushered in the Restoration, and, with it, the beginning of the restoration of Shakespeare as well. The king brought with him a taste for the theater from France, and bawdy plays became fashionable. But a revival of Shakespeare’s plays was also in the offing, with another major change: Female roles were now performed by women and not by boys in drag. Actors and actresses were by this time making names for themselves for playing the roles of some of Shakespeare’s characters. Among the most famous ones were David Garrick and Fanny Kemble. With the resurgence of his plays on the stage came another major factor in Shakespeare becoming “Shakespeare.” Publications of his plays were ever more popular. But so were more and more writings about his works. Writers like John Dryden and, later, Samuel Johnson, sang his praises. Dryden lauded the Bard for having “the greatest and most comprehensive soul.” Johnson, whose praise of Shakespeare was not untouched by critical remarks, nevertheless defended him against the French critics who faulted the Bard for not keeping the unities intact in his plays. The French made a fetish of Aristotle’s dictum about the unities (of action, place, and time), but Johnson claimed that Shakespeare’s innate genius could not be constrained by such overrated Neoclassical technicalities. The first critical work devoted entirely to Shakespeare, Shakespeare Restored, was written by Lewis Theobald and published in 1726, a little over 100 years after the publication of the First Folio. As the title of this work suggests, by then—and long thereafter—critics were concerned about the authenticity of the Shakespearean text. What did Shakespeare actually write? What were the mistakes made by his various editors? And what was the legacy of the pirated editions of Shakespeare’s plays that appeared in quarto form in his own lifetime? How accurate is the text in the First Folio? Add to this the remarkable development of “improving Shakespeare,” which went beyond merely changing some dialogue here and there; it modified the plots or endings of his plays, letting “virtue” triumph, which Shakespeare seems to have sacrificed without “rhyme or reason” in the view of some of the producers of his plays. Thus, the ending of King Lear, for example, was turned into a happy one, where Cordelia doesn’t die but is rewarded for her “virtue.” This sort of “improvement,” however, didn’t bother people in the 18th century. It went along with the taste of the times for happy endings. But then, in due course, another kind of “improvement” began to take hold of Shakespeare’s reputation. It is a well-known fact that his plays are full of puns of a sexual or bawdy nature. The first person to really make an issue of this element was Henrietta Maria Bowdler, who published (although not under her own name at first) the four-volume edition of The Family Shakespeare in 1807. Later, she collaborated with her brother, Thomas Bowdler, in removing all that was not “morally uplifting” in Shakespeare’s works. The Family Shakespeare was popular in Victorian England, but soon its critics began to defend Shakespeare’s original words with more and more vehemence. And the Bowdler theme gave a new word to the English language—to “bowdlerize,” which means to modify by distorting. The “worshipping of Shakespeare” began by the late 18th century. The most significant event of this adulation was the three-day grand celebration, the Jubilee in 1769, put on in Stratford-upon-Avon, Shakespeare’s birthplace and the site of his tomb This event marked a shift from Shakespeare’s reputation as merely a playwright to that of the great Bard. As the 18th century progressed, more and more countries began to put on, publish and study Shakespeare’s plays. His reputation in America was also great. In spite of his royalist leanings, Americans adopted him as the son of the people. He did, after all, come from a small town, went to the big city, and succeeded. Jack Lynch, associate professor at Rutgers University, who specializes in 18th-century English literature, ends his book with the 300-year celebration of the playwright’s birth in 1864. In an epilogue, he quickly covers the Bard’s ever-growing reputation in our own time. Today, courses are offered on Shakespeare; movies are made of his plays and his reputation as the greatest English-language playwright that ever lived is beyond compare. In fact, it might be reasonable to say that the very meaning of the word genius as we use it today came about, in the opinion of the critic Jonathan Bates, “in order to account for what was peculiar about Shakespeare.” This “biography” of Shakespeare’s afterlife, of how he became “Shakespeare,” is an absolutely delightful and enlightening read. No reader who likes—nay, loves—Shakespeare is going to be able to put it down until the last page is read. Steven C. Scheer is a freelance writer and former college professor living in Indiana.	1,413	ENGLISH	1
By Leonie Scherer at July 12 2019 23:27:35 The informal lifestyle of California became popular as early as the late 1940s and magazines began to promote casual living as the ideal. Influences such as courtyards, patios and other Spanish colonial architectural details were embraced and played upon. What was known as the front porch or veranda, was moved from the front to the back of the house and heralded the arrival of a significant lifestyle change. Families now preferred the privacy of their back yard rather than sitting on the front porch watching traffic. The availability and increasing popularity of the automobile also defined the heyday of the ranch house floor plan. For the first time, the garage was moved to the front of the home. This was the first generation of home owners to have a highly prized freedom and mobility to work and shop in the city and then retreat to the suburbs to live. Because the suburbs removed the need to build houses close together, lots became increasingly larger and the square footage of the average house floor plan expanded accordingly. Ranch house floor plans generally accentuated the width of the lot.	<urn:uuid:7c7b827d-eebf-45bd-8744-ebfda4f19509>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.clientific.net/double-wide-floor-plans-nc/manufactured-modular-homes-built-in-red-bay-al-sunshine-homes-31/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250604397.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121132900-20200121161900-00153.warc.gz	en	0.980581	225	3.265625	3	[ 0.4699603319168091, -0.2713237702846527, 0.3869031071662903, 0.16514459252357483, -0.02971106953918934, 0.009904599748551846, -0.3082798421382904, 0.17874135076999664, 0.3593924939632416, 0.044663142412900925, -0.0034359165001660585, 0.29694893956184387, 0.20811639726161957, 0.245874717831...	1	By Leonie Scherer at July 12 2019 23:27:35 The informal lifestyle of California became popular as early as the late 1940s and magazines began to promote casual living as the ideal. Influences such as courtyards, patios and other Spanish colonial architectural details were embraced and played upon. What was known as the front porch or veranda, was moved from the front to the back of the house and heralded the arrival of a significant lifestyle change. Families now preferred the privacy of their back yard rather than sitting on the front porch watching traffic. The availability and increasing popularity of the automobile also defined the heyday of the ranch house floor plan. For the first time, the garage was moved to the front of the home. This was the first generation of home owners to have a highly prized freedom and mobility to work and shop in the city and then retreat to the suburbs to live. Because the suburbs removed the need to build houses close together, lots became increasingly larger and the square footage of the average house floor plan expanded accordingly. Ranch house floor plans generally accentuated the width of the lot.	238	ENGLISH	1
The brain function of very late risers and ‘morning larks’ during the hours of the working day is different, according to a study. Researchers scanned the brains of night owls with a bedtime of 02:30 and a wake time of 10:15, along with early risers. The tests, performed between 08:00 and 20:00, found night owls had less connectivity in brain regions linked to maintaining consciousness. They also had poorer attention, slower reactions and increased sleepiness. Researchers said it suggested that night owls were disadvantaged by the ‘constraints’ of the typical working day. They called for more research to understand the health implications of night owls performing on a work or school schedule to which they are not naturally suited. ‘Fighting innate rhythms’ Scientists took 38 people who were either night owls or morning larks (people who went to bed just before 23:00 and woke at 06:30) and investigated their brain function at rest using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. The volunteers then carried out a series of tasks at various times, from 08:00 to 20:00, and were asked to report on their levels of sleepiness. Morning larks were least sleepy and had their fastest reaction time in the early morning tests. They were also found to perform significantly better at this time than night owls. In contrast, night owls were least sleepy and had their fastest reaction time at 20:00, although they did not do significantly better than the larks at this time. The brain connectivity in the regions that predicted better performance and lower sleepiness was significantly higher in larks at all time points, suggesting connectivity in late risers is impaired throughout the whole working day, researchers said. The lead researcher, Dr Elise Facer-Childs, of the University of Birmingham’s Centre for Human Brain Health, said the findings “could be partly driven by the fact that night owls tend to be compromised throughout their lives.” Dr Facer-Childs said, “Night owls during school have to get up earlier, then they go into work and they have to get up earlier, so they are constantly having to fight against their preferences and their innate rhythms.” She said there was a ‘critical need’ to better understand how adapting to school and work times to which people are not suited, may be affecting health and productivity. About 40-50% of the population identify as having a preference for later bedtimes and for getting up after 08:20, researchers said. Dr Facer-Childs added, “A typical day might last from 09:00 to 17:00, but for a night owl this could result in diminished performance during the morning, lower brain connectivity in regions linked to consciousness, and increased daytime sleepiness.” She said, “If, as a society, we could be more flexible about how we manage time, we could go a long way towards maximising productivity and minimising health risks.” Dr Facer-Childs stressed that the differences in brain connectivity are not a type of damage and are probably reversible. There are also some limitations to the study. The tests did not look at brain function later in the day, and it is possible that other factors not picked up on in the study, like lifestyle choices, may have affected the results. Dr Alex Nesbitt, consultant neurologist at King’s College London, who was not involved in the research, said the study added to evidence that a person’s brain performance is influenced not only by the time of the day but also their body clock. “It is becoming increasingly clear that these factors are important when 9-to-5 routines are widely imposed on people,” he added. The authors of the study called for more research to look at whether other brain regions might be affected by being a night owl or morning lark. The research, which also involved the University of Surrey, is published in the journal Sleep.	<urn:uuid:bd3a6ee3-e3e4-4c50-bf1a-d0ebbae93e5a>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://www.mymedicalmantra.com/night-owls-brains-work-differently-to-early-birds-reveals-new-study/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250626449.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124221147-20200125010147-00451.warc.gz	en	0.980506	848	3.328125	3	[ 0.04681236296892166, 0.10127753019332886, -0.04365037754178047, 0.08437950164079666, 0.2311055064201355, 0.2845299243927002, 0.2093866467475891, 0.19216963648796082, 0.27716490626335144, -0.19394585490226746, -0.25661641359329224, 0.10770587623119354, 0.02487443946301937, 0.504556119441986...	2	The brain function of very late risers and ‘morning larks’ during the hours of the working day is different, according to a study. Researchers scanned the brains of night owls with a bedtime of 02:30 and a wake time of 10:15, along with early risers. The tests, performed between 08:00 and 20:00, found night owls had less connectivity in brain regions linked to maintaining consciousness. They also had poorer attention, slower reactions and increased sleepiness. Researchers said it suggested that night owls were disadvantaged by the ‘constraints’ of the typical working day. They called for more research to understand the health implications of night owls performing on a work or school schedule to which they are not naturally suited. ‘Fighting innate rhythms’ Scientists took 38 people who were either night owls or morning larks (people who went to bed just before 23:00 and woke at 06:30) and investigated their brain function at rest using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. The volunteers then carried out a series of tasks at various times, from 08:00 to 20:00, and were asked to report on their levels of sleepiness. Morning larks were least sleepy and had their fastest reaction time in the early morning tests. They were also found to perform significantly better at this time than night owls. In contrast, night owls were least sleepy and had their fastest reaction time at 20:00, although they did not do significantly better than the larks at this time. The brain connectivity in the regions that predicted better performance and lower sleepiness was significantly higher in larks at all time points, suggesting connectivity in late risers is impaired throughout the whole working day, researchers said. The lead researcher, Dr Elise Facer-Childs, of the University of Birmingham’s Centre for Human Brain Health, said the findings “could be partly driven by the fact that night owls tend to be compromised throughout their lives.” Dr Facer-Childs said, “Night owls during school have to get up earlier, then they go into work and they have to get up earlier, so they are constantly having to fight against their preferences and their innate rhythms.” She said there was a ‘critical need’ to better understand how adapting to school and work times to which people are not suited, may be affecting health and productivity. About 40-50% of the population identify as having a preference for later bedtimes and for getting up after 08:20, researchers said. Dr Facer-Childs added, “A typical day might last from 09:00 to 17:00, but for a night owl this could result in diminished performance during the morning, lower brain connectivity in regions linked to consciousness, and increased daytime sleepiness.” She said, “If, as a society, we could be more flexible about how we manage time, we could go a long way towards maximising productivity and minimising health risks.” Dr Facer-Childs stressed that the differences in brain connectivity are not a type of damage and are probably reversible. There are also some limitations to the study. The tests did not look at brain function later in the day, and it is possible that other factors not picked up on in the study, like lifestyle choices, may have affected the results. Dr Alex Nesbitt, consultant neurologist at King’s College London, who was not involved in the research, said the study added to evidence that a person’s brain performance is influenced not only by the time of the day but also their body clock. “It is becoming increasingly clear that these factors are important when 9-to-5 routines are widely imposed on people,” he added. The authors of the study called for more research to look at whether other brain regions might be affected by being a night owl or morning lark. The research, which also involved the University of Surrey, is published in the journal Sleep.	836	ENGLISH	1
The Colonisation of Australia Jordan T. Sharp Charles Sturt University Word Count: 2067 Colonisation was created through the emergence of European capitalism from the 1500’s and continues today. Colonisation depends on the systematic exploitation of environmental and human resources which still continue in today’s societies. Colonisation is the process of where control over spirituality, land, language and education, health and family structures and also culture itself is passed down from the indigenous people to the colonisers. (Colonisation and Racism, 2000.) Pre-invasion in Australia, the aboriginal people had their own way of life, they had been living in Australia “Terra Nullis” for about 50,000 to 120,000 years. They were…show more content… Aboriginal people built semi-permanent dwellings; as a society emphasis was on the relations in the family, group and country rather than the development of an agrarian society. The land was so important to the Aboriginal people, their ownership and legal systems were far different from the European legal systems. Different areas of land were created by the dreaming creation stories and each individual belonged to certain territories within the family group and also had different spiritual connections, therefore they belonged to their land they didn’t own it. Different systems placed each individual in different relationship to every other person in the groups and determined the behaviour of an individual to one another. This was called the ‘kingship’ system. It also determined the behaviour of individuals and how they spoke to one another, there were the codes of behaviour that outlined their roles on the community. The aboriginal people had different defined roles amongst the community depending on their age and genders; generally the men’s role was the hunter and was also giving the role of managing cultural obligations that were important to their group. Whereas the women’s role in the community was the gatherer where they prepared food for the family, they also had the role of early child rearing and they also had talks in cultural obligations. (Bearndt and Bearndt, 1992). Captain James Cook Landed in Botany Bay in 1770 which at the time	<urn:uuid:4fe6d187-b209-4b0f-a044-3f39fd3381f7>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.bartleby.com/essay/The-Colonisation-Of-Australia-By-Jordan-T-P3RTF4LCPL95	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250592636.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118135205-20200118163205-00242.warc.gz	en	0.980337	449	3.484375	3	[ 0.299854576587677, 0.1896987110376358, 0.14490461349487305, 0.2276022732257843, -0.03825872391462326, 0.04246175289154053, 0.11484377831220627, 0.13902615010738373, -0.24494528770446777, -0.06665538996458054, 0.06416259706020355, -0.7951899766921997, 0.13754096627235413, 0.1164648979902267...	1	The Colonisation of Australia Jordan T. Sharp Charles Sturt University Word Count: 2067 Colonisation was created through the emergence of European capitalism from the 1500’s and continues today. Colonisation depends on the systematic exploitation of environmental and human resources which still continue in today’s societies. Colonisation is the process of where control over spirituality, land, language and education, health and family structures and also culture itself is passed down from the indigenous people to the colonisers. (Colonisation and Racism, 2000.) Pre-invasion in Australia, the aboriginal people had their own way of life, they had been living in Australia “Terra Nullis” for about 50,000 to 120,000 years. They were…show more content… Aboriginal people built semi-permanent dwellings; as a society emphasis was on the relations in the family, group and country rather than the development of an agrarian society. The land was so important to the Aboriginal people, their ownership and legal systems were far different from the European legal systems. Different areas of land were created by the dreaming creation stories and each individual belonged to certain territories within the family group and also had different spiritual connections, therefore they belonged to their land they didn’t own it. Different systems placed each individual in different relationship to every other person in the groups and determined the behaviour of an individual to one another. This was called the ‘kingship’ system. It also determined the behaviour of individuals and how they spoke to one another, there were the codes of behaviour that outlined their roles on the community. The aboriginal people had different defined roles amongst the community depending on their age and genders; generally the men’s role was the hunter and was also giving the role of managing cultural obligations that were important to their group. Whereas the women’s role in the community was the gatherer where they prepared food for the family, they also had the role of early child rearing and they also had talks in cultural obligations. (Bearndt and Bearndt, 1992). Captain James Cook Landed in Botany Bay in 1770 which at the time	454	ENGLISH	1
Saint Hilary of Arles (d.449) for May 5 Saint Hilary of Arles was born into an aristocratic family. He had a tough decision to make: strive for a secular career or enter into religious life. With the persuasion and guidance of a family member, Saint Honoratus, Hilary chose religious life. He first became a monk, but eventually succeeded Honoratus as bishop of Arles. Hilary dove head-first into his duties as bishop. He worked to make money for the poor, sold Church artifacts to free captives, and became a renowned preacher. He always traveled on foot and adorned himself in simple clothing. Saint Hilary of Arles faced severe opposition from some bishops who questioned his methods, but nobody questioned his faith or holiness. Image via Wikipedia Saint Hilary of Arles was largely known for his compassion to everyone. As Jesus taught his disciples, people will know followers of Christ by how they treat others. Saint Hilary strove always to act compassionately, whether on behalf of the poor or the prisoner, the innocent or the guilty. Who in your life is in need of compassion? Dear Jesus, please help me to be always compassionate.	<urn:uuid:7c80dc02-6591-4216-a187-47a8038295ae>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.smp.org/resourcecenter/resource/7565/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250601241.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121014531-20200121043531-00099.warc.gz	en	0.985629	245	3.28125	3	[ -0.076217882335186, 0.09457331895828247, -0.23698760569095612, -0.5406882762908936, 0.05312244966626167, 0.1139877662062645, 0.12025976926088333, -0.2497769147157669, 0.3979972004890442, 0.018657952547073364, 0.051745593547821045, -0.228507399559021, 0.38049694895744324, 0.0167958680540323...	1	Saint Hilary of Arles (d.449) for May 5 Saint Hilary of Arles was born into an aristocratic family. He had a tough decision to make: strive for a secular career or enter into religious life. With the persuasion and guidance of a family member, Saint Honoratus, Hilary chose religious life. He first became a monk, but eventually succeeded Honoratus as bishop of Arles. Hilary dove head-first into his duties as bishop. He worked to make money for the poor, sold Church artifacts to free captives, and became a renowned preacher. He always traveled on foot and adorned himself in simple clothing. Saint Hilary of Arles faced severe opposition from some bishops who questioned his methods, but nobody questioned his faith or holiness. Image via Wikipedia Saint Hilary of Arles was largely known for his compassion to everyone. As Jesus taught his disciples, people will know followers of Christ by how they treat others. Saint Hilary strove always to act compassionately, whether on behalf of the poor or the prisoner, the innocent or the guilty. Who in your life is in need of compassion? Dear Jesus, please help me to be always compassionate.	245	ENGLISH	1
Art Movements Essay After the enlightenment became common, people started diverting their attention from religion to science, politics and art. During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, there was a lot of development in the field of art. Artists such as Jacques-Louis David who painted for the French Royal family started becoming popular. The fact that Jacques stood up for politics and became involved in the revolution shows an example of social commentary. When a revolution occurs, people seek a change, which in most cases would be a cultural change. Through art, people learn about different cultures, norms and ideas. If they feel something needs to be improved in their society, or, if they are being oppressed, they become involved in movements. For instance, Jacques-Louis David was a painter himself, and was also a friend of Napoleon Bonaparte but his students Gros and Anne Louis Girodet Roussey de Trison were the ones who caused the revolution in Italy to stop. Art movements became so famous that in France, there used to be the annual Salon where the works of the artists were showcased. Painters gained popularity by displaying their works during the event and they soon caught the attention of not only the academic juries, but also of the general public. Moreover, as time passed, the genres of art changed as well. For example different groups became popular and each was differentiated from the other by its style. Examples are of the Poussinistes – the people who were advocates of art and discipline in the society, and the Rubenistes – advocates of color in art and also of individual freedom in societies. Preoccupations also changed during the era which can be related to art movements. There were quarrels among different groups who had different ideas. A great example is of Neoclassicism versus Romanticism, which in other words was the conflict between emotion and reason.All free essay examples and term paper samples you can find online are completely plagiarized. Don't use them as your own academic papers! If you need unique essays, term papers or research projects of superior quality, don't hesitate to hire experts at EssayLib who will write any custom paper for you. A professional team of essay writers is available 24/7 for immediate assistance:	<urn:uuid:d45a89b6-45ed-4a8f-ab75-6efc3cd93670>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://yourtermpapers.com/art-movements-essay/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251705142.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127174507-20200127204507-00203.warc.gz	en	0.983908	457	3.359375	3	[ -0.06699206680059433, 0.05112128332257271, 0.3230571150779724, -0.1012972816824913, -0.3050217032432556, 0.36064890027046204, -0.09205669164657593, 0.3681336045265198, 0.10843997448682785, -0.13038305938243866, 0.3674751818180084, 0.46422278881073, 0.05032777413725853, 0.22530366480350494,...	11	Art Movements Essay After the enlightenment became common, people started diverting their attention from religion to science, politics and art. During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, there was a lot of development in the field of art. Artists such as Jacques-Louis David who painted for the French Royal family started becoming popular. The fact that Jacques stood up for politics and became involved in the revolution shows an example of social commentary. When a revolution occurs, people seek a change, which in most cases would be a cultural change. Through art, people learn about different cultures, norms and ideas. If they feel something needs to be improved in their society, or, if they are being oppressed, they become involved in movements. For instance, Jacques-Louis David was a painter himself, and was also a friend of Napoleon Bonaparte but his students Gros and Anne Louis Girodet Roussey de Trison were the ones who caused the revolution in Italy to stop. Art movements became so famous that in France, there used to be the annual Salon where the works of the artists were showcased. Painters gained popularity by displaying their works during the event and they soon caught the attention of not only the academic juries, but also of the general public. Moreover, as time passed, the genres of art changed as well. For example different groups became popular and each was differentiated from the other by its style. Examples are of the Poussinistes – the people who were advocates of art and discipline in the society, and the Rubenistes – advocates of color in art and also of individual freedom in societies. Preoccupations also changed during the era which can be related to art movements. There were quarrels among different groups who had different ideas. A great example is of Neoclassicism versus Romanticism, which in other words was the conflict between emotion and reason.All free essay examples and term paper samples you can find online are completely plagiarized. Don't use them as your own academic papers! If you need unique essays, term papers or research projects of superior quality, don't hesitate to hire experts at EssayLib who will write any custom paper for you. A professional team of essay writers is available 24/7 for immediate assistance:	452	ENGLISH	1
The Character of the German Naval Offensive: October 1940-June 1941 As remarkable a logistical achievement as the German surface campaign was, its success only underscores the extent to which the German naval offensive was conducted on a shoe string. However, the character of the German naval offensive was defined not so much by this fact, or its various components, as by its underlying conception. Skl's "psychological" strategy of dispersion and disruption was — and could be — no more than a holding action fought against the superior maritime power of the Royal Navy. Moreover, the inability of Britain's west coast harbors to handle the import traffic that was arriving muted the impact of the German naval offensive. Karl Donitz significantly overestimated Germany's industrial potential and capability to win the war at sea, but he correctly understood it to be a war between economies, one that could only be won by attacking the industrial strength of the enemy at its source.	<urn:uuid:c1afdfe5-b098-41b6-a816-b6523883a955>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/e/9780367274795/chapters/10.4324/9780367274795-6	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250613416.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123191130-20200123220130-00113.warc.gz	en	0.981673	187	3.328125	3	[ -0.25657936930656433, 0.5532264709472656, 0.09306077659130096, -0.13748033344745636, 0.10405682772397995, 0.15614189207553864, 0.1411551833152771, 0.4892134964466095, -0.2963744103908539, -0.6663554310798645, 0.24551036953926086, -0.3959743082523346, 0.24827396869659424, 0.1625692695379257...	1	The Character of the German Naval Offensive: October 1940-June 1941 As remarkable a logistical achievement as the German surface campaign was, its success only underscores the extent to which the German naval offensive was conducted on a shoe string. However, the character of the German naval offensive was defined not so much by this fact, or its various components, as by its underlying conception. Skl's "psychological" strategy of dispersion and disruption was — and could be — no more than a holding action fought against the superior maritime power of the Royal Navy. Moreover, the inability of Britain's west coast harbors to handle the import traffic that was arriving muted the impact of the German naval offensive. Karl Donitz significantly overestimated Germany's industrial potential and capability to win the war at sea, but he correctly understood it to be a war between economies, one that could only be won by attacking the industrial strength of the enemy at its source.	194	ENGLISH	1
“Generations to come, it may be, will scarce believe”, wrote Einstein, “that I such a man as this, ever in flesh and blood walked upon this Earth.” Mohandas Karam Chand Gandhi was born on 2nd October, 1869, at Porbandar, a small town on the western coast of India, which was then one of the many tiny states in Kathiawar. He was born in a middle class family of Vaishya caste. His grandfather had risen to be the Dewan or Prime Minister of Porbandar and was succeeded by his son Karamchand, the father of Mohandas. Putlibai, Mohandas’s mother, was a saintly character, gentle and devout, and left a deep impression on her son’s mind. When Gandhi was born, the British rule had already been established in India. The uprising of 1857, known as the Mutiny, had merely served to consolidate the British adventure into an empire. India had effectively passed under the British tutelage, so effectively indeed, that instead of resenting alien rule the generation of educated Indians were eager to submit to the ‘Civilizing Mission’ of their foreign masters. Political subjection had been reinforced by intellectual and moral servility. It seemed that the British Empire in India was safe for centuries. When Gandhi died, it was India, a free nation that mourned his loss. The disinherited had recovered their heritage and the ‘dumb millions’ had found their voice. The disarmed had won a great battle and had in the process evolved a moral force such as to compel the attention, and to some degree, the admiration—of the world. The story of this miracle is also the story of Gandhi’s life, for him, more than any other was the architect. Ever since his grateful countrymen, call him the Father of the Nation. And yet, it would be an exaggeration to say that Gandhi alone wrought this miracle. No single individual, however, great and powerful, can be the sole engineer of a historical process. A succession of remarkable predecessors and elder contemporaries had quarried and broken the stones which helped Gandhi to pave the way for India’s independence. They had set in motion various trends in the intellectual, social and moral consciousness of the people which the genius Gandhi mobilized and directed in a grand march. Raja Rammohan Roy, Ramkrishna Paramhansa and his great disciple, Swami Vivekananda, Swami Dayananda Saraswati, Dadabhai Naoroji, Badruddin Tyabji, Syed Ahmed Khan, Ranade, Gokhale, Tilak, Aurobindo Ghosh and Rabindranath Tagore, were some of the predecessors, to name only a few. Each one of them had in his own field created a consciousness of India’s destiny and helped to generate a spirit of sacrifice which in Gandhi’s hands became the instruments of a vast political-cum-moral upheaval. Had Gandhi been born hundred years ago, he could hardly have achieved what he did. Nevertheless it is true that, but for Gandhi, India’s political destiny would have been vastly different and her moral stature vastly inferior. But though Gandhi lived, suffered and died for Indians, it is not in relation to India’s destiny alone that his life has significance. Future generations will not only remember him as a patriot, politician and nation-builder, but much more. He was essentially a moral force, whose appeal is to the conscience of man and therefore, universal. He was the servant and friend of man as man and not as belonging to this or that nation, religion or race. If he worked for Indians only, it was because, he was born among them and because their humiliation and suffering supplied the necessary incentives to his moral sensibility. The lesson of his life, therefore, is for all to read and follow. He founded no church and though he lived by faith, he left behind no dogma for the faithful to quarrel over. He gave no attributes to God, save truth and prescribed no path for attaining it, save honest and relentless search through means that injure no living thing. Who dare, therefore, claim Gandhi for his own except by claiming him for all? Another lesson of his wife which should be of universal interest is that he was not born a genius and did not exhibit in early life any extraordinary faculty that is not shared by the common man. He was no inspired bard like Rabindranath Tagore, he had no mystic visions like Ramakrishna Paramhansa, and he was no child prodigy like Shankara or Vivekananda. He was just an ordinary child like most of us. If there was anything extraordinary about him as a child, it was his shyness, a handicap from which he suffered for a long time. No doubt, something very extraordinary must have been latent in his spirit which later developed into an iron will and combined with a moral sensibility that made him what he became hut there was little evidence of it in his childhood. We may therefore, derive courage and inspiration from the knowledge that if he made himself what he was, there is no visible reason, why we are not able to do the same. His genius, so to speak, was an infinite capacity for taking pains in fulfillment of a restless moral urge. His life was one continuous striving, an unremitting sadhana, a relentless search for truth not abstract or metaphysical truth, but such truth as can be realized in human relations. He climbed step by step, each step no bigger than a man’s, till when we saw him at the height he seemed more than a man. “Generations to come, it may be, will scarce believe”, wrote Einstein, “that such a person as Gandhi, ever in flesh and blood walked upon this Earth.” If at the end he seemed like no other man, it is good to remember that when he began he was, like any other man. Struggle for Freedom and Martyrdom The British were unable to control the situation in India, which was steadily becoming worse. Famine and disorder had sapped the foundations of imperial prestige. Britain emerged from the war victorious but physically exhausted and morally sober. The general elections of 1945 returned Labour Party to power and Mr. Attlee, the British Prime Minister, unwilling to lose India altogether by persisting in the Churchillian policy of blood and iron, promised “an early realization of self Government in India.” In the meanwhile, elections were to be held and a Constituent Assembly convened to frame a Constitution for a united India. A Cabinet Mission arrived from England to discuss with Indian leaders the future shape of a free and united India, but failed to bring the Congress and Muslims together. Having encouraged Muslims separatism the British were now unable to control it. On 12th August, 1946, the Viceroy invited Jawaharlal Nehru to form an Interim Government. Jinnah declared a ‘Direct Action Day’ in Bengal which resulted in an orgy of bloodshed. Shootings and stabbings took place in many places in India. This blood-red prologue to freedom was pure agony for Gandhi. He was staying in the Bhangi colony (untouchable’s quarters) in Delhi from where day after day he raised his voice against violence. But, his voice seemed a voice in the wilderness. Then came the news of a large-scale outbreak of violence against the Hindu minority in the Noakhali district of East Bengal. Gandhi could no longer sit quiet. He must beard the lion in his own den and teach the two communities to live and let live if necessary at the cost of his life. If he could not do that his message of non-violence had fallen on deaf ears arid the freedom to which he had brought India so near was not the freedom he had dreamt of. And so against the pleading of his Congress colleagues who did not wish that he should risk his life, he left for Noakhali in Bengal where the Muslim League government was in power. While in Calcutta, he heard that the Hindus of Bihar had retaliated against the Muslims repeating the outrages of Noakhali. Bitter sorrow filled Gandhi’s heart, for he always felt the misdeeds of his co-religionists more acutely than he did of others and Bihar was the land where he had launched his first Satyagraha in India. As penance he resolved to keep himself ‘on the lowest diet possible’ which would become “a fast unto death if the erring Biharis have not turned over a new leaf.” Fortunately, “the erring Bihari’s were restored to sanity by this warning”, and Gandhi proceeded to Noakhali. In the noble book of Gandhi’s life this chapter is the noblest. Just when political freedom was almost achieved and the State apparatus of power was about to be set up, he renounced it and embraced the hazards of a lone pilgrimage to plant the message of love and courage in a wilderness of hatred and terror. In a region where 80 % of the people were Muslims, most of whom hostile, where there were hardly any roads and almost no means of modern communication, where hundreds of Hindus had been butchered, women raped and thousands forcibly converted and where hordes of unruly fanatics still roamed the countryside in search of loot and fresh victims, Gandhi pitched his camp, refusing police protection and keeping only one Bengali interpreter and one stenographer with him. At the age of seventy-seven, he went barefoot from village-to-village, through a most difficult countryside, where low, marshy patches had to be crossed on precarious, improvised bridges of bamboos. He lived on local fruit and vegetables and worked day and night to plant courage in the hearts of the Hindus and love in the hearts of the Muslims. “I have only one object in view and it is a clear one: namely, that God should purify the hearts of Hindus and Muslims and the two communities should be free from suspicion and fear of one another.” Thus, he lived and suffered and taught in Noakhali from 7th November, 1946 to 2nd March, 1947, when he had to leave for Bihar in answer to persistent request. In Bihar also, he did what he had done in Noakhali. He went from village-to-village, mostly on foot, asking people to make amends for the wrongs they had done to the Muslims. Unlike Noakhali he was besieged by worshipping crowds wherever he went in Bihar. He collected money for the relief of the injured and homeless Muslims. Many women gave away their jewellery. Harrowing tales were pouring in of the massacre of the Hindus in Rawalpindi in Punjab and but for Gandhi’s presence the Biharis might have again lost their heads in a frenzy of retaliation. “If ever you become mad again, you must destroy me first”, he told them. In May 1947, he was called to Delhi where the new Viceroy, Lord Mountbatten had succeeded in persuading the Congress leaders to accept Jinnah’s insistent demand for the partition of India as a condition precedent for British withdrawal. Gandhi was against-partition at any cost but he was unable to convince the Congress leaders of the wisdom of his stand. On 15th August, 1947, India was partitioned and became free. Gandhi declined to attend the celebrations in the capital and went to Calcutta where communal riots were still raging. And then on the day of independence a miracle happened. A year-old riot stopped as if by magic and Hindus and Muslims began to fraternize with one another. Gandhi spent a day in fast and prayer. Unfortunately, the communal frenzy broke loose again on 31st August, and while he was staying in a Muslim house, the safety of his own persons was threatened. On the following day he went on a fast which was “to end only if and when sanity returns to Calcutta”. The effect was magical. Those who had indulged in loot, arson and murder amid shouts of glee, came and knelt by his side and begged for forgiveness. On 4th September, the leaders of all communities in the city brought him a signed pledge that Calcutta would see no more of such outrages. Then Gandhi broke the fast. Calcutta kept the pledge even when many other cities were plunged in violence in the wake of Partition. When Gandhi returned to Delhi in September 1947, the city was in the grip of communal hysteria. Ghastly tales of what had happened to Hindus and Sikhs in West Pakistan had kindled passions which burst into a conflagration when the uprooted victims of this tragedy poured into the city. In the frenzy of vengeance Hindu and Sikhs had taken the law into their hands and were looting Muslim houses, seizing mosques and stabbing innocent passersby. The government had taken stern measures but it was helpless without public co-operation. Into this chaos of fear and terror came this little man in the loin-cloth to bring courage to the frightened, comfort to the afflicted and sanity to the frenzied. On his birthday 2nd October, when messages and greetings poured in from all over the world, he asked: “Where do congratulations come from? Would it not be more appropriate to send condolences? There is nothing but anguish in my heart … I cannot live while hatred and killing mar the atmosphere.” His anguish continued and increased. Though his presence had calmed the fury in Delhi, sporadic violence had occurred. The tension was still there and the Muslims could not move about freely in the streets. Gandhi was anxious to go to Pakistan to help the harassed and frightened minorities but could not leave Delhi until the mood of the people was such as to assure him that the madness would not flare up again. He felt helpless and since, as he put it, “I have never put up with helplessness in all my life”, he went on a fast on 13th January, 1948. “God sent me the fast”, he said. He asked people not to worry about him and to “turn the searchlight inward”. It was turned, although it is difficult to say how deep the light penetrated. On 18th January, after a week of painful suspense and anxiety, representatives of various communities and organizations in Delhi including the militant Hindu organization known as RSS, came to Birla House where Gandhi lay on a cot, weak but cheerful, and gave him a written pledge that “we shall protect the life, property and faith of the Muslims and that the incidents which have taken place in Delhi will not happen again”. Gandhi then broke the fast amid the chanting of passages from the various scriptures of the world. Though, the fast had touched the hearts of millions all over the world, its effect on the Hindu extremists was different. They were incensed at the success of the fast and felt that Gandhi had blackmailed the Hindu conscience to appease Pakistan. On the second day after they fast while Gandhi was at his usual evening prayers, a bomb was thrown at him. Fortunately, it missed the mark. Gandhi sat unmoved and continued his discourse. It had been his practice for many years to pray with the crowd. Every evening wherever he was, he held his prayers in an open ground, facing a large congregation. No orthodox ritual was followed at these prayers. Verses from the scriptures of various religions were recited and hymns sung. At the end Gandhi would address a few words in Hindi to the congregation, not necessary on a religious theme but on any topic of the day. Whatever the topic, he raised it to a moral and spiritual plane so that even when he talked of a political issue it was as if a religious man was teaching the way of righteousness. On, 30th January, 1948, ten days after the bomb incident Gandhi hurriedly went up a few steps in the prayer ground in the large park of the Birla House. He was to attend a conference with the Deputy Prime Minister, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, and was late by a few minutes. He loved punctuality and was worried that he had kept the congregation waiting. “I am late by ten minutes he murmured, “I should be here at the stroke of five.” He raised his hands and touched the palms together to greet the crowd that was waiting. Every one returned the greeting. Many came forward to touch his feet. They were not allowed to do so, as Gandhi was already late. But, a young Hindu from Poona forced his way forward and while seeming to do obeisance fired three point-blank shots from a small automatic pistol aimed at the heart. Gandhi fell; his lips uttered the name of God (Hey Ram!). Before medical aid could arrive the heart had ceased to beat that had beaten only for love of humanity. Thus died the Mahatma, at the hands of one of his own people to the eternal glory of what he had lived for and to the eternal shame of those who failed to understand that he was the best representative of the religion for which he suffered martyrdom. The nation’s feeling was best expressed by Prime Minister Nehru, when with a trembling voice and a heart full of grief he gave the news to the people on the radio. “The light has gone out of our lives and there is darkness everywhere and I do not quite know what to tell you and how to say it. Our beloved leader, Bapu as we call him, the father of our nation, is no more. . . The light has gone out, I said, and yet I was wrong. For the light that shone in this country was no ordinary light. The light that has illumined this country for these many years, and the world will see it and it will give solace to innumerable hearts. For that light represented the living truth, and the eternal man was with us with his eternal truth reminding us of the right path, drawing us from error, taking this ancient country to freedom…	<urn:uuid:0b077009-0cd0-4041-a707-c2feccb4a955>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://www.newspeechtopics.com/5371-2/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250593937.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118193018-20200118221018-00244.warc.gz	en	0.985302	3,787	3.46875	3	[ -0.013534164987504482, 0.6822736263275146, -0.010701345279812813, 0.017980258911848068, -0.5658862590789795, -0.24394574761390686, 0.34593379497528076, 0.032799944281578064, 0.004860244691371918, -0.023911409080028534, -0.019265199080109596, -0.22476403415203094, 0.3463098704814911, 0.5642...	5	“Generations to come, it may be, will scarce believe”, wrote Einstein, “that I such a man as this, ever in flesh and blood walked upon this Earth.” Mohandas Karam Chand Gandhi was born on 2nd October, 1869, at Porbandar, a small town on the western coast of India, which was then one of the many tiny states in Kathiawar. He was born in a middle class family of Vaishya caste. His grandfather had risen to be the Dewan or Prime Minister of Porbandar and was succeeded by his son Karamchand, the father of Mohandas. Putlibai, Mohandas’s mother, was a saintly character, gentle and devout, and left a deep impression on her son’s mind. When Gandhi was born, the British rule had already been established in India. The uprising of 1857, known as the Mutiny, had merely served to consolidate the British adventure into an empire. India had effectively passed under the British tutelage, so effectively indeed, that instead of resenting alien rule the generation of educated Indians were eager to submit to the ‘Civilizing Mission’ of their foreign masters. Political subjection had been reinforced by intellectual and moral servility. It seemed that the British Empire in India was safe for centuries. When Gandhi died, it was India, a free nation that mourned his loss. The disinherited had recovered their heritage and the ‘dumb millions’ had found their voice. The disarmed had won a great battle and had in the process evolved a moral force such as to compel the attention, and to some degree, the admiration—of the world. The story of this miracle is also the story of Gandhi’s life, for him, more than any other was the architect. Ever since his grateful countrymen, call him the Father of the Nation. And yet, it would be an exaggeration to say that Gandhi alone wrought this miracle. No single individual, however, great and powerful, can be the sole engineer of a historical process. A succession of remarkable predecessors and elder contemporaries had quarried and broken the stones which helped Gandhi to pave the way for India’s independence. They had set in motion various trends in the intellectual, social and moral consciousness of the people which the genius Gandhi mobilized and directed in a grand march. Raja Rammohan Roy, Ramkrishna Paramhansa and his great disciple, Swami Vivekananda, Swami Dayananda Saraswati, Dadabhai Naoroji, Badruddin Tyabji, Syed Ahmed Khan, Ranade, Gokhale, Tilak, Aurobindo Ghosh and Rabindranath Tagore, were some of the predecessors, to name only a few. Each one of them had in his own field created a consciousness of India’s destiny and helped to generate a spirit of sacrifice which in Gandhi’s hands became the instruments of a vast political-cum-moral upheaval. Had Gandhi been born hundred years ago, he could hardly have achieved what he did. Nevertheless it is true that, but for Gandhi, India’s political destiny would have been vastly different and her moral stature vastly inferior. But though Gandhi lived, suffered and died for Indians, it is not in relation to India’s destiny alone that his life has significance. Future generations will not only remember him as a patriot, politician and nation-builder, but much more. He was essentially a moral force, whose appeal is to the conscience of man and therefore, universal. He was the servant and friend of man as man and not as belonging to this or that nation, religion or race. If he worked for Indians only, it was because, he was born among them and because their humiliation and suffering supplied the necessary incentives to his moral sensibility. The lesson of his life, therefore, is for all to read and follow. He founded no church and though he lived by faith, he left behind no dogma for the faithful to quarrel over. He gave no attributes to God, save truth and prescribed no path for attaining it, save honest and relentless search through means that injure no living thing. Who dare, therefore, claim Gandhi for his own except by claiming him for all? Another lesson of his wife which should be of universal interest is that he was not born a genius and did not exhibit in early life any extraordinary faculty that is not shared by the common man. He was no inspired bard like Rabindranath Tagore, he had no mystic visions like Ramakrishna Paramhansa, and he was no child prodigy like Shankara or Vivekananda. He was just an ordinary child like most of us. If there was anything extraordinary about him as a child, it was his shyness, a handicap from which he suffered for a long time. No doubt, something very extraordinary must have been latent in his spirit which later developed into an iron will and combined with a moral sensibility that made him what he became hut there was little evidence of it in his childhood. We may therefore, derive courage and inspiration from the knowledge that if he made himself what he was, there is no visible reason, why we are not able to do the same. His genius, so to speak, was an infinite capacity for taking pains in fulfillment of a restless moral urge. His life was one continuous striving, an unremitting sadhana, a relentless search for truth not abstract or metaphysical truth, but such truth as can be realized in human relations. He climbed step by step, each step no bigger than a man’s, till when we saw him at the height he seemed more than a man. “Generations to come, it may be, will scarce believe”, wrote Einstein, “that such a person as Gandhi, ever in flesh and blood walked upon this Earth.” If at the end he seemed like no other man, it is good to remember that when he began he was, like any other man. Struggle for Freedom and Martyrdom The British were unable to control the situation in India, which was steadily becoming worse. Famine and disorder had sapped the foundations of imperial prestige. Britain emerged from the war victorious but physically exhausted and morally sober. The general elections of 1945 returned Labour Party to power and Mr. Attlee, the British Prime Minister, unwilling to lose India altogether by persisting in the Churchillian policy of blood and iron, promised “an early realization of self Government in India.” In the meanwhile, elections were to be held and a Constituent Assembly convened to frame a Constitution for a united India. A Cabinet Mission arrived from England to discuss with Indian leaders the future shape of a free and united India, but failed to bring the Congress and Muslims together. Having encouraged Muslims separatism the British were now unable to control it. On 12th August, 1946, the Viceroy invited Jawaharlal Nehru to form an Interim Government. Jinnah declared a ‘Direct Action Day’ in Bengal which resulted in an orgy of bloodshed. Shootings and stabbings took place in many places in India. This blood-red prologue to freedom was pure agony for Gandhi. He was staying in the Bhangi colony (untouchable’s quarters) in Delhi from where day after day he raised his voice against violence. But, his voice seemed a voice in the wilderness. Then came the news of a large-scale outbreak of violence against the Hindu minority in the Noakhali district of East Bengal. Gandhi could no longer sit quiet. He must beard the lion in his own den and teach the two communities to live and let live if necessary at the cost of his life. If he could not do that his message of non-violence had fallen on deaf ears arid the freedom to which he had brought India so near was not the freedom he had dreamt of. And so against the pleading of his Congress colleagues who did not wish that he should risk his life, he left for Noakhali in Bengal where the Muslim League government was in power. While in Calcutta, he heard that the Hindus of Bihar had retaliated against the Muslims repeating the outrages of Noakhali. Bitter sorrow filled Gandhi’s heart, for he always felt the misdeeds of his co-religionists more acutely than he did of others and Bihar was the land where he had launched his first Satyagraha in India. As penance he resolved to keep himself ‘on the lowest diet possible’ which would become “a fast unto death if the erring Biharis have not turned over a new leaf.” Fortunately, “the erring Bihari’s were restored to sanity by this warning”, and Gandhi proceeded to Noakhali. In the noble book of Gandhi’s life this chapter is the noblest. Just when political freedom was almost achieved and the State apparatus of power was about to be set up, he renounced it and embraced the hazards of a lone pilgrimage to plant the message of love and courage in a wilderness of hatred and terror. In a region where 80 % of the people were Muslims, most of whom hostile, where there were hardly any roads and almost no means of modern communication, where hundreds of Hindus had been butchered, women raped and thousands forcibly converted and where hordes of unruly fanatics still roamed the countryside in search of loot and fresh victims, Gandhi pitched his camp, refusing police protection and keeping only one Bengali interpreter and one stenographer with him. At the age of seventy-seven, he went barefoot from village-to-village, through a most difficult countryside, where low, marshy patches had to be crossed on precarious, improvised bridges of bamboos. He lived on local fruit and vegetables and worked day and night to plant courage in the hearts of the Hindus and love in the hearts of the Muslims. “I have only one object in view and it is a clear one: namely, that God should purify the hearts of Hindus and Muslims and the two communities should be free from suspicion and fear of one another.” Thus, he lived and suffered and taught in Noakhali from 7th November, 1946 to 2nd March, 1947, when he had to leave for Bihar in answer to persistent request. In Bihar also, he did what he had done in Noakhali. He went from village-to-village, mostly on foot, asking people to make amends for the wrongs they had done to the Muslims. Unlike Noakhali he was besieged by worshipping crowds wherever he went in Bihar. He collected money for the relief of the injured and homeless Muslims. Many women gave away their jewellery. Harrowing tales were pouring in of the massacre of the Hindus in Rawalpindi in Punjab and but for Gandhi’s presence the Biharis might have again lost their heads in a frenzy of retaliation. “If ever you become mad again, you must destroy me first”, he told them. In May 1947, he was called to Delhi where the new Viceroy, Lord Mountbatten had succeeded in persuading the Congress leaders to accept Jinnah’s insistent demand for the partition of India as a condition precedent for British withdrawal. Gandhi was against-partition at any cost but he was unable to convince the Congress leaders of the wisdom of his stand. On 15th August, 1947, India was partitioned and became free. Gandhi declined to attend the celebrations in the capital and went to Calcutta where communal riots were still raging. And then on the day of independence a miracle happened. A year-old riot stopped as if by magic and Hindus and Muslims began to fraternize with one another. Gandhi spent a day in fast and prayer. Unfortunately, the communal frenzy broke loose again on 31st August, and while he was staying in a Muslim house, the safety of his own persons was threatened. On the following day he went on a fast which was “to end only if and when sanity returns to Calcutta”. The effect was magical. Those who had indulged in loot, arson and murder amid shouts of glee, came and knelt by his side and begged for forgiveness. On 4th September, the leaders of all communities in the city brought him a signed pledge that Calcutta would see no more of such outrages. Then Gandhi broke the fast. Calcutta kept the pledge even when many other cities were plunged in violence in the wake of Partition. When Gandhi returned to Delhi in September 1947, the city was in the grip of communal hysteria. Ghastly tales of what had happened to Hindus and Sikhs in West Pakistan had kindled passions which burst into a conflagration when the uprooted victims of this tragedy poured into the city. In the frenzy of vengeance Hindu and Sikhs had taken the law into their hands and were looting Muslim houses, seizing mosques and stabbing innocent passersby. The government had taken stern measures but it was helpless without public co-operation. Into this chaos of fear and terror came this little man in the loin-cloth to bring courage to the frightened, comfort to the afflicted and sanity to the frenzied. On his birthday 2nd October, when messages and greetings poured in from all over the world, he asked: “Where do congratulations come from? Would it not be more appropriate to send condolences? There is nothing but anguish in my heart … I cannot live while hatred and killing mar the atmosphere.” His anguish continued and increased. Though his presence had calmed the fury in Delhi, sporadic violence had occurred. The tension was still there and the Muslims could not move about freely in the streets. Gandhi was anxious to go to Pakistan to help the harassed and frightened minorities but could not leave Delhi until the mood of the people was such as to assure him that the madness would not flare up again. He felt helpless and since, as he put it, “I have never put up with helplessness in all my life”, he went on a fast on 13th January, 1948. “God sent me the fast”, he said. He asked people not to worry about him and to “turn the searchlight inward”. It was turned, although it is difficult to say how deep the light penetrated. On 18th January, after a week of painful suspense and anxiety, representatives of various communities and organizations in Delhi including the militant Hindu organization known as RSS, came to Birla House where Gandhi lay on a cot, weak but cheerful, and gave him a written pledge that “we shall protect the life, property and faith of the Muslims and that the incidents which have taken place in Delhi will not happen again”. Gandhi then broke the fast amid the chanting of passages from the various scriptures of the world. Though, the fast had touched the hearts of millions all over the world, its effect on the Hindu extremists was different. They were incensed at the success of the fast and felt that Gandhi had blackmailed the Hindu conscience to appease Pakistan. On the second day after they fast while Gandhi was at his usual evening prayers, a bomb was thrown at him. Fortunately, it missed the mark. Gandhi sat unmoved and continued his discourse. It had been his practice for many years to pray with the crowd. Every evening wherever he was, he held his prayers in an open ground, facing a large congregation. No orthodox ritual was followed at these prayers. Verses from the scriptures of various religions were recited and hymns sung. At the end Gandhi would address a few words in Hindi to the congregation, not necessary on a religious theme but on any topic of the day. Whatever the topic, he raised it to a moral and spiritual plane so that even when he talked of a political issue it was as if a religious man was teaching the way of righteousness. On, 30th January, 1948, ten days after the bomb incident Gandhi hurriedly went up a few steps in the prayer ground in the large park of the Birla House. He was to attend a conference with the Deputy Prime Minister, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, and was late by a few minutes. He loved punctuality and was worried that he had kept the congregation waiting. “I am late by ten minutes he murmured, “I should be here at the stroke of five.” He raised his hands and touched the palms together to greet the crowd that was waiting. Every one returned the greeting. Many came forward to touch his feet. They were not allowed to do so, as Gandhi was already late. But, a young Hindu from Poona forced his way forward and while seeming to do obeisance fired three point-blank shots from a small automatic pistol aimed at the heart. Gandhi fell; his lips uttered the name of God (Hey Ram!). Before medical aid could arrive the heart had ceased to beat that had beaten only for love of humanity. Thus died the Mahatma, at the hands of one of his own people to the eternal glory of what he had lived for and to the eternal shame of those who failed to understand that he was the best representative of the religion for which he suffered martyrdom. The nation’s feeling was best expressed by Prime Minister Nehru, when with a trembling voice and a heart full of grief he gave the news to the people on the radio. “The light has gone out of our lives and there is darkness everywhere and I do not quite know what to tell you and how to say it. Our beloved leader, Bapu as we call him, the father of our nation, is no more. . . The light has gone out, I said, and yet I was wrong. For the light that shone in this country was no ordinary light. The light that has illumined this country for these many years, and the world will see it and it will give solace to innumerable hearts. For that light represented the living truth, and the eternal man was with us with his eternal truth reminding us of the right path, drawing us from error, taking this ancient country to freedom…	3,725	ENGLISH	1
What was advertised in a colonial American newspaper 250 years ago today? “He has brought with him ample Certificates of his Character.” When John Girault, “A Native of FRANCE,” arrived in New York, he turned to the New-York Gazette and Weekly Mercury to introduce himself to the residents of that city. He also sought employment, stating that he “proposes to teach the French Language.” His origins testified to his knowledge of the language, but also raised suspicions. Less than a decade had passed since the Seven Years War concluded. That war began in the Ohio River valley, contested territory claimed by both Britain and France, but spread far beyond North America. Battles took place around the globe in what became a great war for empire that resulted in France ceding its claim to territory in North America. Yet the enmity between Britain, a Protestant nation-state, and France, a Catholic nation-state, extended back centuries. Colonists in New York had long been suspicious of French and Catholic threats to their colony as well as anxious that strangers from nearby New France would attempt to infiltrate the bustling port city for nefarious purposes. Girault understood that he faced such suspicions when he migrated to New York. As part of his introduction, he announced that he “has brought with him ample Certificates of his Character, from the Consistory of a Protestant Congregation at Poitou in France, of which he was an Elder, and from the Consistory of a French Church in London, where he has resided for several Years.” As a “Stranger” in the colony, he offered reassurances that he was not a threat, but he did not merely ask his new neighbors to take him at his word. He arrived with documents that they could examine for themselves, in addition to offering “Messrs. James Buvelot, and Francis Bosset” as local references. At the same time that he declared himself “A Native of FRANCE” to establish his qualifications “to teach the French Language,” he also distanced himself from his place of origin by noting that he had lived in London for several years. Perhaps most importantly, he proclaimed himself a Protestant, hoping to alleviate suspicion about what might be his true purpose in the city. Even as New Yorkers and other colonists vied with Parliament over the Townshend Acts, they continued to have other concerns as members of the British Empire. Girault did what he could to address them in order to settle peacefully and to encourage students to take lessons from him. For more on New Yorkers’ anxieties about French infiltrators in the first two thirds of the eighteenth century, see Serena R. Zabin, Dangerous Economies: Status and Commerce in Imperial New York.	<urn:uuid:68766ca7-b831-4561-bffc-0a67202f7aca>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://adverts250project.org/tag/new-york-gazette-and-weekly-mercury/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250625097.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124191133-20200124220133-00503.warc.gz	en	0.987867	579	3.59375	4	[ -0.13230428099632263, 0.1805049180984497, 0.5984823703765869, -0.058005861937999725, -0.15250885486602783, -0.048698119819164276, 0.3687995672225952, 0.3974723517894745, -0.11232832819223404, 0.018870864063501358, -0.20712772011756897, 0.04575406759977341, -0.7033137679100037, 0.4368948638...	15	What was advertised in a colonial American newspaper 250 years ago today? “He has brought with him ample Certificates of his Character.” When John Girault, “A Native of FRANCE,” arrived in New York, he turned to the New-York Gazette and Weekly Mercury to introduce himself to the residents of that city. He also sought employment, stating that he “proposes to teach the French Language.” His origins testified to his knowledge of the language, but also raised suspicions. Less than a decade had passed since the Seven Years War concluded. That war began in the Ohio River valley, contested territory claimed by both Britain and France, but spread far beyond North America. Battles took place around the globe in what became a great war for empire that resulted in France ceding its claim to territory in North America. Yet the enmity between Britain, a Protestant nation-state, and France, a Catholic nation-state, extended back centuries. Colonists in New York had long been suspicious of French and Catholic threats to their colony as well as anxious that strangers from nearby New France would attempt to infiltrate the bustling port city for nefarious purposes. Girault understood that he faced such suspicions when he migrated to New York. As part of his introduction, he announced that he “has brought with him ample Certificates of his Character, from the Consistory of a Protestant Congregation at Poitou in France, of which he was an Elder, and from the Consistory of a French Church in London, where he has resided for several Years.” As a “Stranger” in the colony, he offered reassurances that he was not a threat, but he did not merely ask his new neighbors to take him at his word. He arrived with documents that they could examine for themselves, in addition to offering “Messrs. James Buvelot, and Francis Bosset” as local references. At the same time that he declared himself “A Native of FRANCE” to establish his qualifications “to teach the French Language,” he also distanced himself from his place of origin by noting that he had lived in London for several years. Perhaps most importantly, he proclaimed himself a Protestant, hoping to alleviate suspicion about what might be his true purpose in the city. Even as New Yorkers and other colonists vied with Parliament over the Townshend Acts, they continued to have other concerns as members of the British Empire. Girault did what he could to address them in order to settle peacefully and to encourage students to take lessons from him. For more on New Yorkers’ anxieties about French infiltrators in the first two thirds of the eighteenth century, see Serena R. Zabin, Dangerous Economies: Status and Commerce in Imperial New York.	553	ENGLISH	1
It's a science fiction staple: human astronauts visiting an alien world find a derelict spacecraft sent there . . . by themselves. It has actually happened—once—in real life. On November 19, 1969, the Apollo 12 Lunar Excursion Module (LEM) touched down on the vast plains of the Oceanus Procellarum, or Ocean of Storms, less than 200 yards from the Surveyor 3 probe, which Caltech's Jet Propulsion Laboratory had sent to the moon two and a half years earlier. On November 20, after a day spent collecting rock samples, astronauts Charles Conrad and Alan Bean retrieved some parts from Surveyor as well, bringing them back to NASA engineers eager to learn what long-term exposure would do to electronic cabling and other delicate components. Among their souvenirs was the metal scoop that Caltech soils engineer Ronald Scott had used to verify that a moon landing could be made in the first place. In 1960, when President Kennedy had announced his intention to put a man on the moon, almost the only thing we knew for sure about the lunar surface was that it wasn't made of green cheese. It was entirely reasonable to suppose that the moon's dark "seas" were in fact oceans of dust pulverized by eons of relentless meteor bombardment. Was the dust a few inches deep? Or was it bottomless, waiting to swallow up and drown the man with the temerity to take one small step on it? JPL sent a series of robotic explorers to find out. The preliminary designs for the Surveyors, drawn up in 1960, included an onboard soil analyzer. Weight constraints led to its removal a year or so later, but by then, the soil scoop—roughly the size and shape of a clenched fist, with a one-by-two-inch trapdoor on its underside—and its retractable arm had already been built. In 1963, Scott, then an associate professor of civil engineering at Caltech, proposed that the scoop and arm be reinstated as a soil-mechanics experiment. By outfitting the arm with strain gauges, he could measure the force exerted when the scoop's flat bottom was pressed into the soil and calculate the load it could bear. Simply landing the Surveyor was insufficient evidence of the soil's stability; JPL's robotic emissary weighed a measly 650 pounds, but the LEM would be more than 16 tons of hardware, fuel, and humanity. Problem was, with the soil lab gone, the arm's mounting hardware had been eliminated as well. But Scott was persistent, and in the summer of 1966, JPL engineers found a work-around: the arm could replace the downward-looking approach camera. However, the arm's connections would have to be rebuilt to fit the camera mount, and Surveyor 3's April 1967 launch date was coming up fast. There wasn't enough time to build the strain gauges as well, but Scott had a Plan B—he would measure the current drawn by the arm's motors, and thus derive the force they were exerting. Surveyor 3's time on the moon got off to a bumpy start. Literally. The small thrusters used to slow the final descent failed to shut off, and the lander bounded skyward again a moment after touchdown, soaring to a height of 35 feet and becoming the first spacecraft ever to depart (albeit unintentionally) from the moon. The thrusters were finally shut down from Earth on the second bounce, and Surveyor came to rest on the gently sloping wall of the small, shallow crater that now bears its name. As principal investigator for the Soil Mechanics Surface Sampler—as it was known in NASA-speak—Scott shared a desk in the Space Flight Operations Facility (JPL's version of Mission Control) with his JPL counterpart, Floyd Roberson. The arm responded to Roberson's commands, but Plan B quickly went awry. "The condition of the spacecraft telemetry prevented making measurements of the motor currents," as Scott explained in the June 1967 issue of Caltech's Engineering & Science magazine. Now their only source of data was Surveyor's TV camera, which fortunately was mounted on the same side of the lander's triangular body. On to Plan C: They would let the scoop rest on the surface and then drive it into the soil until the motors stalled to see how deeply it would penetrate. As each new frame from the camera appeared on the control-room monitors, someone snapped a Polaroid. After measuring the scoop's movement between frames, Roberson would write down the commands for the scoop's next move—backwards, as the camera took pictures through a swiveling mirror—and hand them to the man at the next console, who double-checked them and passed them to the controller, who typed them in. The humans worked faster than the camera did, so they were essentially moving the arm in real time. Scott and Roberson poked at the soil, dug trenches, tried to pick up pebbles, and generally carried on like kids at the beach for the rest of the day—the lunar day, that is, or two weeks on Earth. "The lunar soil is fine-grained material . . . similar to a dry terrestrial sand," Scott wrote in E&S, and it got denser as they dug. "The deepest trench was approximately seven inches, and the material at that depth was relatively firm compared to the surface." And with that, all systems were "go" for Apollo, at least as far as the soil was concerned. When the sun finally set on Surveyor on May 3, Scott wrote in a later E&S article in 1970, "For no particular reason that I can recall, we tidily raised the surface sampler as high as it would go and moved it to the extreme right." Surveyor quietly froze to death in the cold lunar night, and Scott went back to his day job—which included being a member of the Apollo Soil Mechanics Team. Scott was at Mission Control in Houston on July 20, 1969, when Neil Armstrong landed the Eagle in the ultimate check of Scott's math. He was there again on November 20, listening in as Apollo 12's Charles Conrad and Alan Bean "made their way to Surveyor and began poking around." He was astonished, he recalled in E&S, when "Conrad remarked casually that he had got the scoop." This was not in the plan: the astronauts' wire cutters were no match for the steel tape that retracted the arm. But, Conrad later told Scott, he'd put the cutters to the tape and given it an experimental twist. "To his surprise," Scott wrote, "the tape parted at a weld. All he needed to do to free the scoop was to snip through three aluminum supporting arms and some wires behind the first joint," which was possible only because "we had fortuitously left the sampler in its most elevated position. Astronauts in space suits cannot at present bend down." Several weeks later, Scott returned to Houston, this time to the Lunar Receiving Laboratory to witness the opening of the "murky Teflon" double bag in which the scoop had been sealed. He and Roberson had emptied the scoop more than two years earlier, as part of their tidying up at the end of their lunar digging, but some moondust and a little grit had clung to it and made it back to Earth anyway. "If I had known I was going to see it again," he wrote, "I would have left the scoop completely packed with lunar soil." Scott went on to design the soil scoop for NASA's Viking landers, which searched for life on Mars in the 1970s. He died in 2005, but Associate Professor of Civil and Mechanical Engineering José Andrade has picked up the shovel, as it were. Andrade is on an advisory panel for JPL's InSight mission to Mars, slated to launch in 2016. InSight's instruments include a heat-flow probe that will hammer itself some 10 to 15 feet into the martian soil. Scott would be pleased.	<urn:uuid:9cf09166-ca6b-427d-a836-63e2a53ff90b>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.caltech.edu/about/news/one-metal-scoop-slightly-used-37551	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250591234.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20200117205732-20200117233732-00128.warc.gz	en	0.981322	1,665	3.78125	4	[ -0.27388930320739746, 0.1948002576828003, 0.30433088541030884, -0.11726056784391403, -0.30967602133750916, -0.06454778462648392, 0.2405891865491867, 0.26639536023139954, -0.1670275330543518, -0.04370763525366783, 0.37132588028907776, -0.13446715474128723, 0.1676306277513504, 0.541784763336...	4	It's a science fiction staple: human astronauts visiting an alien world find a derelict spacecraft sent there . . . by themselves. It has actually happened—once—in real life. On November 19, 1969, the Apollo 12 Lunar Excursion Module (LEM) touched down on the vast plains of the Oceanus Procellarum, or Ocean of Storms, less than 200 yards from the Surveyor 3 probe, which Caltech's Jet Propulsion Laboratory had sent to the moon two and a half years earlier. On November 20, after a day spent collecting rock samples, astronauts Charles Conrad and Alan Bean retrieved some parts from Surveyor as well, bringing them back to NASA engineers eager to learn what long-term exposure would do to electronic cabling and other delicate components. Among their souvenirs was the metal scoop that Caltech soils engineer Ronald Scott had used to verify that a moon landing could be made in the first place. In 1960, when President Kennedy had announced his intention to put a man on the moon, almost the only thing we knew for sure about the lunar surface was that it wasn't made of green cheese. It was entirely reasonable to suppose that the moon's dark "seas" were in fact oceans of dust pulverized by eons of relentless meteor bombardment. Was the dust a few inches deep? Or was it bottomless, waiting to swallow up and drown the man with the temerity to take one small step on it? JPL sent a series of robotic explorers to find out. The preliminary designs for the Surveyors, drawn up in 1960, included an onboard soil analyzer. Weight constraints led to its removal a year or so later, but by then, the soil scoop—roughly the size and shape of a clenched fist, with a one-by-two-inch trapdoor on its underside—and its retractable arm had already been built. In 1963, Scott, then an associate professor of civil engineering at Caltech, proposed that the scoop and arm be reinstated as a soil-mechanics experiment. By outfitting the arm with strain gauges, he could measure the force exerted when the scoop's flat bottom was pressed into the soil and calculate the load it could bear. Simply landing the Surveyor was insufficient evidence of the soil's stability; JPL's robotic emissary weighed a measly 650 pounds, but the LEM would be more than 16 tons of hardware, fuel, and humanity. Problem was, with the soil lab gone, the arm's mounting hardware had been eliminated as well. But Scott was persistent, and in the summer of 1966, JPL engineers found a work-around: the arm could replace the downward-looking approach camera. However, the arm's connections would have to be rebuilt to fit the camera mount, and Surveyor 3's April 1967 launch date was coming up fast. There wasn't enough time to build the strain gauges as well, but Scott had a Plan B—he would measure the current drawn by the arm's motors, and thus derive the force they were exerting. Surveyor 3's time on the moon got off to a bumpy start. Literally. The small thrusters used to slow the final descent failed to shut off, and the lander bounded skyward again a moment after touchdown, soaring to a height of 35 feet and becoming the first spacecraft ever to depart (albeit unintentionally) from the moon. The thrusters were finally shut down from Earth on the second bounce, and Surveyor came to rest on the gently sloping wall of the small, shallow crater that now bears its name. As principal investigator for the Soil Mechanics Surface Sampler—as it was known in NASA-speak—Scott shared a desk in the Space Flight Operations Facility (JPL's version of Mission Control) with his JPL counterpart, Floyd Roberson. The arm responded to Roberson's commands, but Plan B quickly went awry. "The condition of the spacecraft telemetry prevented making measurements of the motor currents," as Scott explained in the June 1967 issue of Caltech's Engineering & Science magazine. Now their only source of data was Surveyor's TV camera, which fortunately was mounted on the same side of the lander's triangular body. On to Plan C: They would let the scoop rest on the surface and then drive it into the soil until the motors stalled to see how deeply it would penetrate. As each new frame from the camera appeared on the control-room monitors, someone snapped a Polaroid. After measuring the scoop's movement between frames, Roberson would write down the commands for the scoop's next move—backwards, as the camera took pictures through a swiveling mirror—and hand them to the man at the next console, who double-checked them and passed them to the controller, who typed them in. The humans worked faster than the camera did, so they were essentially moving the arm in real time. Scott and Roberson poked at the soil, dug trenches, tried to pick up pebbles, and generally carried on like kids at the beach for the rest of the day—the lunar day, that is, or two weeks on Earth. "The lunar soil is fine-grained material . . . similar to a dry terrestrial sand," Scott wrote in E&S, and it got denser as they dug. "The deepest trench was approximately seven inches, and the material at that depth was relatively firm compared to the surface." And with that, all systems were "go" for Apollo, at least as far as the soil was concerned. When the sun finally set on Surveyor on May 3, Scott wrote in a later E&S article in 1970, "For no particular reason that I can recall, we tidily raised the surface sampler as high as it would go and moved it to the extreme right." Surveyor quietly froze to death in the cold lunar night, and Scott went back to his day job—which included being a member of the Apollo Soil Mechanics Team. Scott was at Mission Control in Houston on July 20, 1969, when Neil Armstrong landed the Eagle in the ultimate check of Scott's math. He was there again on November 20, listening in as Apollo 12's Charles Conrad and Alan Bean "made their way to Surveyor and began poking around." He was astonished, he recalled in E&S, when "Conrad remarked casually that he had got the scoop." This was not in the plan: the astronauts' wire cutters were no match for the steel tape that retracted the arm. But, Conrad later told Scott, he'd put the cutters to the tape and given it an experimental twist. "To his surprise," Scott wrote, "the tape parted at a weld. All he needed to do to free the scoop was to snip through three aluminum supporting arms and some wires behind the first joint," which was possible only because "we had fortuitously left the sampler in its most elevated position. Astronauts in space suits cannot at present bend down." Several weeks later, Scott returned to Houston, this time to the Lunar Receiving Laboratory to witness the opening of the "murky Teflon" double bag in which the scoop had been sealed. He and Roberson had emptied the scoop more than two years earlier, as part of their tidying up at the end of their lunar digging, but some moondust and a little grit had clung to it and made it back to Earth anyway. "If I had known I was going to see it again," he wrote, "I would have left the scoop completely packed with lunar soil." Scott went on to design the soil scoop for NASA's Viking landers, which searched for life on Mars in the 1970s. He died in 2005, but Associate Professor of Civil and Mechanical Engineering José Andrade has picked up the shovel, as it were. Andrade is on an advisory panel for JPL's InSight mission to Mars, slated to launch in 2016. InSight's instruments include a heat-flow probe that will hammer itself some 10 to 15 feet into the martian soil. Scott would be pleased.	1,714	ENGLISH	1
Professor Tim Barrows from the University of Wollongong led an international team that used two techniques to date rocks affected by the impact of Wolfe Creek Crater, revealing that it is much younger than previously thought. "The first one was to get some rocks from the crater rim which had been ejected when the meteorite hit, and this creates a fresh surface that gets exposed to radiation, and we can determine how long that exposure has been for," Barrows said. "The second technique was to look at the dune field which had been deflected by the crater." The team found that it was most likely that an iron meteorite 15-metres wide hit the site 120,000 years ago — less than half the previous estimate of 300,000 years ago. "The amount of energy that was released when the meteorite hit was something about the order of 30 to 40 times the energy released from the bomb that was dropped on Hiroshima," Barrows said. The Wolfe Creek Crater is one of planet Earth's best-preserved craters, partly due to its relatively young age, but also due to its location in a geologically-stable desert — which describes two-thirds of Australia, meaning that earthly meteorite craters found here have their best chance at longevity. "Australia's arid area is an excellent area in terms of preserving meteorites, there's a huge number of meteorites that have been found on the Nullarbor Plain for example," Barrows said, "But it's also great for preserving craters because the erosion rates are so low." Barrows and his team found that meteorites measured in tens of metres, like the one that created the Wolfe Creek Crater, are much more common than large meteorites, measured in kilometres, which only impact the Earth every few million years. Six other Australian craters with known impact dates were combined with the new research on Wolfe Creek to produce a frequency of strikes for that area of the Earth's surface. “It looks like we're getting at least one big meteorite — by big, more than say, 25 meters or so, every 180 years," Barrows said. “There's probably been four craters formed by meteorites hitting Earth in just the last 60 or 70 years.” Barrows said that since most of these meteors are hitting oceans – as 75 percent of our planet is covered with water - it is unlikely that such a meteorite would hit a population centre. However, Barrows says, they are still major events in the geological history of those areas.	<urn:uuid:a8925e05-f51b-4c94-95ba-b81aed5e6919>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://sputniknews.com/science/201912151077579909-scientists-reveal-large-meteorites-nuclear-bomb-hit-earth-180-years/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251783621.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129010251-20200129040251-00094.warc.gz	en	0.984308	529	3.953125	4	[ -0.35734421014785767, 0.39875873923301697, -0.0005724583752453327, 0.16083645820617676, -0.01470730360597372, 0.3547654151916504, -0.00690452242270112, 0.09289494156837463, -0.4564148485660553, 0.06995740532875061, 0.025514015927910805, -0.4729646146297455, 0.2631235718727112, 0.4777609705...	2	Professor Tim Barrows from the University of Wollongong led an international team that used two techniques to date rocks affected by the impact of Wolfe Creek Crater, revealing that it is much younger than previously thought. "The first one was to get some rocks from the crater rim which had been ejected when the meteorite hit, and this creates a fresh surface that gets exposed to radiation, and we can determine how long that exposure has been for," Barrows said. "The second technique was to look at the dune field which had been deflected by the crater." The team found that it was most likely that an iron meteorite 15-metres wide hit the site 120,000 years ago — less than half the previous estimate of 300,000 years ago. "The amount of energy that was released when the meteorite hit was something about the order of 30 to 40 times the energy released from the bomb that was dropped on Hiroshima," Barrows said. The Wolfe Creek Crater is one of planet Earth's best-preserved craters, partly due to its relatively young age, but also due to its location in a geologically-stable desert — which describes two-thirds of Australia, meaning that earthly meteorite craters found here have their best chance at longevity. "Australia's arid area is an excellent area in terms of preserving meteorites, there's a huge number of meteorites that have been found on the Nullarbor Plain for example," Barrows said, "But it's also great for preserving craters because the erosion rates are so low." Barrows and his team found that meteorites measured in tens of metres, like the one that created the Wolfe Creek Crater, are much more common than large meteorites, measured in kilometres, which only impact the Earth every few million years. Six other Australian craters with known impact dates were combined with the new research on Wolfe Creek to produce a frequency of strikes for that area of the Earth's surface. “It looks like we're getting at least one big meteorite — by big, more than say, 25 meters or so, every 180 years," Barrows said. “There's probably been four craters formed by meteorites hitting Earth in just the last 60 or 70 years.” Barrows said that since most of these meteors are hitting oceans – as 75 percent of our planet is covered with water - it is unlikely that such a meteorite would hit a population centre. However, Barrows says, they are still major events in the geological history of those areas.	539	ENGLISH	1
Cyber safety can learn lessons from swimming pool safety Rather than just banning and blocking, Professor Cross said it was vital parents created an on-going positive relationship around cyber behaviour and focus efforts on finding more ways to keep children and teens safe when immersed in the online environment. Similar tactics could be looked at to those already in place for swimming pool safety, including monitoring safety and teaching first aid and appropriate behaviour. She said Institute cyberbullying research already suggested there may be a need for widespread mental health first aid training, as peers are often the first stop for help when young people are dealing with a negative online environment. In the case of pool safety, older children and teens were not only given rules to follow but were also encouraged to learn first aid, so they can help others and themselves if they get into trouble in the pool, says Professor Cross. For young children, fences are built to keep them out but they are also provided with swimming lessons and parents are encouraged to spend time with them in the pool to help them enjoy it in a safe and fun manner.	<urn:uuid:70d6a459-9988-4d03-add1-021d7ea8b5da>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.telethonkids.org.au/news--events/news-and-events-nav/2018/july/cyberbullying-work-finds-international-audience/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250615407.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124040939-20200124065939-00337.warc.gz	en	0.980823	219	3.40625	3	[ -0.05450626462697983, -0.04487065598368645, 0.41616091132164, -0.42708349227905273, -0.09035693109035492, 0.44986850023269653, 0.3166433572769165, 0.09906892478466034, 0.04567664489150047, -0.14853860437870026, -0.19702520966529846, -0.1474439650774002, -0.09403903037309647, 0.552049636840...	5	Cyber safety can learn lessons from swimming pool safety Rather than just banning and blocking, Professor Cross said it was vital parents created an on-going positive relationship around cyber behaviour and focus efforts on finding more ways to keep children and teens safe when immersed in the online environment. Similar tactics could be looked at to those already in place for swimming pool safety, including monitoring safety and teaching first aid and appropriate behaviour. She said Institute cyberbullying research already suggested there may be a need for widespread mental health first aid training, as peers are often the first stop for help when young people are dealing with a negative online environment. In the case of pool safety, older children and teens were not only given rules to follow but were also encouraged to learn first aid, so they can help others and themselves if they get into trouble in the pool, says Professor Cross. For young children, fences are built to keep them out but they are also provided with swimming lessons and parents are encouraged to spend time with them in the pool to help them enjoy it in a safe and fun manner.	214	ENGLISH	1
From 3000 BC to 1500 BC four civilizations arose that historians to this day marvel at, the Egyptians, the Sumerians, the Indus River Valley people, and the Shang dynasty in China. They all had great accomplishments in government, and religion and inventions. While they had their own different civilizations many similarities arise, such as depending on the river and their polytheistic religions. They had very isolated civilizations with the exception of the Sumerians. The geography, religion, and their governments all contributed to their success as a civilization. The Egyptians were situated in northern Africa around the Nile. The Mediterranean Sea, Red Sea, Nubian Desert, and Libyan Desert were the natural boundaries that made the Egyptians very isolated. Also, the Indus River valley civilization was rather isolated, with water to the east and west, the Hindu Kush and Himalayas to the North. The monsoons that are seasonal flood the rivers. The Shang dynasty was situated in China over the Yellow River. On the contrary the Sumerians were not isolated at all in Mesopotamia between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. Mesopotamia was in the Fertile Crescent, which was why many invaders invaded their land, ultimately crushing them. The polytheistic religions of the early civilizations were rather similar. The Egyptians had pharaohs, which were considered to have a god’s blood. Egyptians also had a main god Osiris, who was god of the Nile. The Egyptians also worshiped local gods. They also believed in the afterlife, which required mummification to...	<urn:uuid:f92a0634-7ffb-4502-8254-00ff782fd107>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://brightkite.com/essay-on/early-civilizations	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594209.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119035851-20200119063851-00475.warc.gz	en	0.98491	318	4.03125	4	[ -0.02273285761475563, 0.63504958152771, 0.20502756536006927, -0.0040036640129983425, -0.482585608959198, -0.357019305229187, 0.3561430871486664, -0.12040995061397552, -0.12466609477996826, 0.22501066327095032, -0.1367301642894745, -0.7175732851028442, 0.1203366219997406, -0.304916173219680...	1	From 3000 BC to 1500 BC four civilizations arose that historians to this day marvel at, the Egyptians, the Sumerians, the Indus River Valley people, and the Shang dynasty in China. They all had great accomplishments in government, and religion and inventions. While they had their own different civilizations many similarities arise, such as depending on the river and their polytheistic religions. They had very isolated civilizations with the exception of the Sumerians. The geography, religion, and their governments all contributed to their success as a civilization. The Egyptians were situated in northern Africa around the Nile. The Mediterranean Sea, Red Sea, Nubian Desert, and Libyan Desert were the natural boundaries that made the Egyptians very isolated. Also, the Indus River valley civilization was rather isolated, with water to the east and west, the Hindu Kush and Himalayas to the North. The monsoons that are seasonal flood the rivers. The Shang dynasty was situated in China over the Yellow River. On the contrary the Sumerians were not isolated at all in Mesopotamia between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. Mesopotamia was in the Fertile Crescent, which was why many invaders invaded their land, ultimately crushing them. The polytheistic religions of the early civilizations were rather similar. The Egyptians had pharaohs, which were considered to have a god’s blood. Egyptians also had a main god Osiris, who was god of the Nile. The Egyptians also worshiped local gods. They also believed in the afterlife, which required mummification to...	330	ENGLISH	1
Get help with any kind of project - from a high school essay to a PhD dissertation Holocaust Introduction What, when, where, and why was that the Holocaust? The Holocaust was initially called a religious rite in which an offer that gave to some one was burned in a fire. The current definition of holocaust isn't any common human massacre. When it is composed Holocaust, it implies if Nazi Germany fully ruined the Jewish. The Holocaust was during the period of January 30, 1933 to May 8, 1945. Hitler became Germany's chancellor when it first started and the war ended on the final evening of the Holocaust, also called V-E Day. During that time period, Jews in Europe were murdered in the worst manner possibly and contributed to the passing of 6,000,000 Jews and 5,000 communities ruined. 1.5 million of these Jews killed were kids. Following Germany's lost in World War I, they were embarrassed by the Versailles Treaty, which lowered its prewar land and armed forces. The German Empire demolished, a new administration of parliament known as the Weimar Republic was born. The republic suffered from economic instability, which grew worse if the great depression was happening. The excellent depression was when the stock exchange crashed in New York in 1929. Adolf Hitler became leader of the Nazi(National Socialist German Workers Party) on January 30, 1933. He had been appointed chancellor by president Paul von Hidenburg after the Nazi obtained a election from the vast majority of the votes in 1932. Propaganda: "The Jews Are Our Misfortune" The Nazi newspaper, Der Sturmer (The Attacker), was a major tool in the Nazi's propaganda assault. The paper said, "The Jews are our misfortune", in bold print, to the bottom of the front page of every situation. From the Der Sturmer, the Jews were frequently attracted as hooked-nosed and ape-like animations. By 1938, roughly a half a million copies had been sold weekly since the effect of the newspaper was far reaching. A little later Hitler became chancellor, he called for a fresh election for a attempt to gain complete control of this Reicstag. Reicstag was a German parliament for its Nazi. The Nazi used the government to mess with the other parties. They prohibited their political meetings and arrested their leaders. The Reichstag building burnt down February 27, 1933 through the middle of the election campaign. Marinus van der Lubbe, a Dutchman, was arrested for burning off the construction and he swore he di...	<urn:uuid:29c820d8-ff15-4c3b-ab4b-f70352de6ef4>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://studybay.com/example-works/essay/writing/1014275/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251783621.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129010251-20200129040251-00241.warc.gz	en	0.981196	513	3.515625	4	[ -0.1987311840057373, 0.8017245531082153, -0.048207662999629974, 0.05497671291232109, 0.3470994234085083, 0.21027548611164093, -0.06747771054506302, 0.46557292342185974, -0.07596427202224731, -0.009779980406165123, 0.37721097469329834, -0.1017131507396698, -0.1702197939157486, 0.39550107717...	1	Get help with any kind of project - from a high school essay to a PhD dissertation Holocaust Introduction What, when, where, and why was that the Holocaust? The Holocaust was initially called a religious rite in which an offer that gave to some one was burned in a fire. The current definition of holocaust isn't any common human massacre. When it is composed Holocaust, it implies if Nazi Germany fully ruined the Jewish. The Holocaust was during the period of January 30, 1933 to May 8, 1945. Hitler became Germany's chancellor when it first started and the war ended on the final evening of the Holocaust, also called V-E Day. During that time period, Jews in Europe were murdered in the worst manner possibly and contributed to the passing of 6,000,000 Jews and 5,000 communities ruined. 1.5 million of these Jews killed were kids. Following Germany's lost in World War I, they were embarrassed by the Versailles Treaty, which lowered its prewar land and armed forces. The German Empire demolished, a new administration of parliament known as the Weimar Republic was born. The republic suffered from economic instability, which grew worse if the great depression was happening. The excellent depression was when the stock exchange crashed in New York in 1929. Adolf Hitler became leader of the Nazi(National Socialist German Workers Party) on January 30, 1933. He had been appointed chancellor by president Paul von Hidenburg after the Nazi obtained a election from the vast majority of the votes in 1932. Propaganda: "The Jews Are Our Misfortune" The Nazi newspaper, Der Sturmer (The Attacker), was a major tool in the Nazi's propaganda assault. The paper said, "The Jews are our misfortune", in bold print, to the bottom of the front page of every situation. From the Der Sturmer, the Jews were frequently attracted as hooked-nosed and ape-like animations. By 1938, roughly a half a million copies had been sold weekly since the effect of the newspaper was far reaching. A little later Hitler became chancellor, he called for a fresh election for a attempt to gain complete control of this Reicstag. Reicstag was a German parliament for its Nazi. The Nazi used the government to mess with the other parties. They prohibited their political meetings and arrested their leaders. The Reichstag building burnt down February 27, 1933 through the middle of the election campaign. Marinus van der Lubbe, a Dutchman, was arrested for burning off the construction and he swore he di...	555	ENGLISH	1
The 45th Infantry Division As Allied troops moved across Europe in a series of offensives against Nazi Germany, they found tens of thousands of concentration camp prisoners in deplorable conditions.e Malnutrition and disease were rampant, and corpses lay unburied. The soldiers reacted in shock and disbelief to the evidence of Nazi atrocities. In addition to burying the dead, the Allied forces attempted to help and comfort the survivors with food, clothing and medical assistance. The 45th Infantry Division was formed in 1924 from National Guard units in the southwestern United States. In 1940, the "Thunderbird" division was reactivated and deployed in late June 1943 to North Africa. The following month, the division landed in Sicily, where it engaged Axis troops in combat. After advancing up the Italian peninsula, the 45th landed at Anzio in February 1944, where it withstood repeated German assaults against its positions. Cutting across the country, the unit was sent to southern France in August 1944. It quickly advanced through western France, reaching the German border by the end of the year. In March 1945, the "Thunderbird" division crossed the Rhine River and headed southward. On April 20, it captured the city of Nuremberg and on April 30, Munich. As the 45th Infantry Division completed its drive on Munich, the unit was ordered to liberate the Dachau concentration camp. On April 29, 1945, three US Army divisions converged on the camp: the 42nd Infantry, the 45th Infantry, and the 20th Armored. When the three units arrived at Dachau, they discovered more than 30,000 prisoners in the overcrowded camp. Just days before, about 2,000 inmates evacuated on a death march from the Flossenbürg concentration camp had arrived at Dachau and the SS guards had forced almost 7,000 Dachau inmates to move southward. On April 28, the day before liberation, a train bearing about 40 or so railway cars arrived at the camp. It had left Buchenwald four weeks earlier on April 7 filled with more than 5,000 prisoners. With few provisions, almost 2,000 inmates died during the circuitous route that took them from Thuringia through Saxony to Czechoslovakia and into Bavaria. Their bodies were left behind in various locations throughout Germany. When US troops arrived in Dachau on April 29, they found 2,310 additional corpses on the train. The 816 surviving prisoners were taken to barracks within the camp. The proximity of the US Army gave hope to the prisoners in the camp and to anti-Nazis outside it. In the town of Dachau, German opponents of the regime, including a few escaped concentration camp prisoners, took over the town hall, but the local SS put down the small rebellion and executed those among the insurgents whom they caught. In the Dachau camp itself, an international committee composed of representatives of the various nationalities imprisoned there was established to organize resistance. News of Dachau's liberation spread swiftly. The delegations of journalists and congressmen who had been viewing the Buchenwald concentration camp were quickly diverted to Dachau to see the camp. In their report delivered to Congress on May 15, 1945, the senators and representatives stated that As we visited Dachau we saw on a railroad sidetrack paralleling the main highway, and close to the gates of the prison camp, a train of cars which had been used to bring additional civilian prisoners to this camp. These cars were an assortment of odd boxcars, some of which were locked, and some were coal-car type. In each of them the floor of the car was covered with dead, emaciated bodies. In some of these cars there were more than enough to cover the floors. In size, these cars were of the small European type, which, when used for the movement of troops, would never accommodate more than 40 men. Nevertheless, the Army officials in charge of this camp advised us that there were 50 of these cars in this 1 train and that at least 100 of these civilians had been jammed into each car . . . We saw many dead bodies on the ground. These prisoners had apparently crawled out of the cars and had died on the ground. Our officials advised us that many of the others who had survived the trip had died since in the camp, and many more, although still alive, were starved beyond redemption. Lieutenant Colonel Felix Sparks, who commanded the 45th Infantry Division troops, later recalled his first impressions of Dachau: The initial shock was experienced even before entering the camp. The first evidence of the horror to come was a string of about forty railway cars on a siding near the camp entrance. Each car was loaded with emaciated human corpses . . . The scene near the entrance to the confinement area numbed my senses. Dante's Inferno seemed pale compared to the real hell of Dachau. A row of small cement structures near the prison entrance contained a coal-fired crematorium, a gas chamber, and rooms piled high with naked and emaciated human corpses. As I turned to look over the prison yard with unbelieving eyes, I saw a large number of dead inmates lying where they had fallen in the last few hours or days before our arrival. Since all the many bodies were in various stages of decomposition, the stench of death was overpowering. Immediately after Dachau's liberation, US Army authorities and other Allied representatives began treating the sick prisoners, implementing health and sanitary measures to curb the typhus epidemic, and bringing in tons of food to feed the starving prisoners. The local townspeople were brought in to give the dead prisoners a proper burial. The 45th Infantry Division was recognized as a liberating unit by the US Army's Center of Military History and the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in 1985. Casualty figures for the 45th Infantry Division, European theater of operations: - Total battle casualties: 7,791 - Total deaths in battle: 1,831 The 45th Infantry Division gained its nickname, "Thunderbird" division, from the gold thunderbird. This Native American symbol became the division's insignia in 1939. It replaced another previously used Native American symbol, a swastika, that was withdrawn when it became closely associated with the Nazi Party. Critical Thinking Questions - What challenges did Allied forces face when they encountered the camps and sites of other atrocities? - What challenges faced survivors of the Holocaust upon liberation?	<urn:uuid:f3cb2b98-0ff5-451a-b9ed-b241632dee4c>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/the-45th-infantry-division	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250606975.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122101729-20200122130729-00157.warc.gz	en	0.980551	1,333	3.71875	4	[ -0.17083370685577393, 0.3845381736755371, 0.22917336225509644, -0.07874227315187454, 0.08144877105951309, -0.006957585923373699, -0.3289939761161804, 0.03738752007484436, -0.2588191032409668, -0.2131214141845703, 0.3371889591217041, -0.6181870698928833, 0.10439691692590714, 0.6220822930335...	6	The 45th Infantry Division As Allied troops moved across Europe in a series of offensives against Nazi Germany, they found tens of thousands of concentration camp prisoners in deplorable conditions.e Malnutrition and disease were rampant, and corpses lay unburied. The soldiers reacted in shock and disbelief to the evidence of Nazi atrocities. In addition to burying the dead, the Allied forces attempted to help and comfort the survivors with food, clothing and medical assistance. The 45th Infantry Division was formed in 1924 from National Guard units in the southwestern United States. In 1940, the "Thunderbird" division was reactivated and deployed in late June 1943 to North Africa. The following month, the division landed in Sicily, where it engaged Axis troops in combat. After advancing up the Italian peninsula, the 45th landed at Anzio in February 1944, where it withstood repeated German assaults against its positions. Cutting across the country, the unit was sent to southern France in August 1944. It quickly advanced through western France, reaching the German border by the end of the year. In March 1945, the "Thunderbird" division crossed the Rhine River and headed southward. On April 20, it captured the city of Nuremberg and on April 30, Munich. As the 45th Infantry Division completed its drive on Munich, the unit was ordered to liberate the Dachau concentration camp. On April 29, 1945, three US Army divisions converged on the camp: the 42nd Infantry, the 45th Infantry, and the 20th Armored. When the three units arrived at Dachau, they discovered more than 30,000 prisoners in the overcrowded camp. Just days before, about 2,000 inmates evacuated on a death march from the Flossenbürg concentration camp had arrived at Dachau and the SS guards had forced almost 7,000 Dachau inmates to move southward. On April 28, the day before liberation, a train bearing about 40 or so railway cars arrived at the camp. It had left Buchenwald four weeks earlier on April 7 filled with more than 5,000 prisoners. With few provisions, almost 2,000 inmates died during the circuitous route that took them from Thuringia through Saxony to Czechoslovakia and into Bavaria. Their bodies were left behind in various locations throughout Germany. When US troops arrived in Dachau on April 29, they found 2,310 additional corpses on the train. The 816 surviving prisoners were taken to barracks within the camp. The proximity of the US Army gave hope to the prisoners in the camp and to anti-Nazis outside it. In the town of Dachau, German opponents of the regime, including a few escaped concentration camp prisoners, took over the town hall, but the local SS put down the small rebellion and executed those among the insurgents whom they caught. In the Dachau camp itself, an international committee composed of representatives of the various nationalities imprisoned there was established to organize resistance. News of Dachau's liberation spread swiftly. The delegations of journalists and congressmen who had been viewing the Buchenwald concentration camp were quickly diverted to Dachau to see the camp. In their report delivered to Congress on May 15, 1945, the senators and representatives stated that As we visited Dachau we saw on a railroad sidetrack paralleling the main highway, and close to the gates of the prison camp, a train of cars which had been used to bring additional civilian prisoners to this camp. These cars were an assortment of odd boxcars, some of which were locked, and some were coal-car type. In each of them the floor of the car was covered with dead, emaciated bodies. In some of these cars there were more than enough to cover the floors. In size, these cars were of the small European type, which, when used for the movement of troops, would never accommodate more than 40 men. Nevertheless, the Army officials in charge of this camp advised us that there were 50 of these cars in this 1 train and that at least 100 of these civilians had been jammed into each car . . . We saw many dead bodies on the ground. These prisoners had apparently crawled out of the cars and had died on the ground. Our officials advised us that many of the others who had survived the trip had died since in the camp, and many more, although still alive, were starved beyond redemption. Lieutenant Colonel Felix Sparks, who commanded the 45th Infantry Division troops, later recalled his first impressions of Dachau: The initial shock was experienced even before entering the camp. The first evidence of the horror to come was a string of about forty railway cars on a siding near the camp entrance. Each car was loaded with emaciated human corpses . . . The scene near the entrance to the confinement area numbed my senses. Dante's Inferno seemed pale compared to the real hell of Dachau. A row of small cement structures near the prison entrance contained a coal-fired crematorium, a gas chamber, and rooms piled high with naked and emaciated human corpses. As I turned to look over the prison yard with unbelieving eyes, I saw a large number of dead inmates lying where they had fallen in the last few hours or days before our arrival. Since all the many bodies were in various stages of decomposition, the stench of death was overpowering. Immediately after Dachau's liberation, US Army authorities and other Allied representatives began treating the sick prisoners, implementing health and sanitary measures to curb the typhus epidemic, and bringing in tons of food to feed the starving prisoners. The local townspeople were brought in to give the dead prisoners a proper burial. The 45th Infantry Division was recognized as a liberating unit by the US Army's Center of Military History and the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in 1985. Casualty figures for the 45th Infantry Division, European theater of operations: - Total battle casualties: 7,791 - Total deaths in battle: 1,831 The 45th Infantry Division gained its nickname, "Thunderbird" division, from the gold thunderbird. This Native American symbol became the division's insignia in 1939. It replaced another previously used Native American symbol, a swastika, that was withdrawn when it became closely associated with the Nazi Party. Critical Thinking Questions - What challenges did Allied forces face when they encountered the camps and sites of other atrocities? - What challenges faced survivors of the Holocaust upon liberation?	1,432	ENGLISH	1
This book contains the speeches that Moses made while Israel was in the land of Moab, camped near the town of Suph in the desert east of the Jordan River. The town of Paran was in one direction from their camp, and the towns of Tophel, Laban, Hazeroth, and Dizahab were in the opposite direction. Earlier, Moses had defeated the Amorite King Sihon of Heshbon. Moses had also defeated King Og of Bashan, who used to live in Ashtaroth for part of the year and in Edrei for the rest of the year. Although it takes only eleven days to walk from Mount Sinai to Kadesh-Barnea by way of the Mount Seir Road, these speeches were not made until forty years after Israel left Egypt. The Lord had given Moses his laws for the people of Israel. And on the first day of the eleventh month, Moses began explaining those laws by saying: This book records Moses’ address to the people of Israel when they were camped in the valley of the Arabah in the wilderness of Moab, east of the Jordan River. (Cities in the area included Suph, Paran, Tophel, Laban, Hazeroth, and Dizahab.) The speech was given on February 15, forty years after the people of Israel left Mount Horeb—though it takes only eleven days to travel by foot from Mount Horeb to Kadesh-barnea,* going by way of Mount Seir! At the time of this address, King Sihon of the Amorites had already been defeated at Heshbon, and King Og of Bashan had been defeated at Ashtaroth, near Edrei. Here, then, is Moses’ address to Israel, stating all the laws God had commanded him to pass on to them: It was on the first day of the eleventh month of the fortieth year when Moses addressed the People of Israel, telling them everything God had commanded him concerning them. This came after he had defeated Sihon king of the Amorites, who ruled from Heshbon, and Og king of Bashan, who ruled from Ashtaroth in Edrei. It was east of the Jordan in the land of Moab that Moses set out to explain this Revelation. They had already won the battle over Sihon. Sihon was the king of the Amorites. He had ruled in Heshbon. Israel had also won the battle over Og at Edrei. Og was the king of Bashan. He had ruled in Ashtaroth. Now on the first day of the 11th month, 40 years after the nation left Egypt and sometime after Moses had defeated Sihon (king of the Amorites who ruled in Heshbon) and Og (king of Bashan who ruled in Ashtaroth and Edrei), Moses began to give to a new generation of the Israelites each word the Eternal had commanded him to tell them. Step 1 - Create an account or log in to start your free trial. Starting your free trial of Bible Gateway Plus is easy. You’re already logged in with your Bible Gateway account. The next step is to choose a monthly or yearly subscription, and then enter your payment information. Your credit card won’t be charged until the trial period is over. You can cancel anytime during the trial period. Click the button below to continue. 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Try it free for 30 days.	<urn:uuid:19f32b73-2a37-46a8-8e52-8a95ea2d574f>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.biblegateway.com/verse/en/Deuteronomy%201:4	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250593994.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118221909-20200119005909-00256.warc.gz	en	0.981633	811	3.4375	3	[ -0.4361569881439209, 0.6961866617202759, 0.2112615555524826, 0.11322764307260513, -0.30375632643699646, 0.09319330751895905, 0.1660921573638916, -0.06784136593341827, -0.28804612159729004, 0.11571215093135834, -0.28967157006263733, -0.26480504870414734, 0.23377028107643127, 0.1584767848253...	1	This book contains the speeches that Moses made while Israel was in the land of Moab, camped near the town of Suph in the desert east of the Jordan River. The town of Paran was in one direction from their camp, and the towns of Tophel, Laban, Hazeroth, and Dizahab were in the opposite direction. Earlier, Moses had defeated the Amorite King Sihon of Heshbon. Moses had also defeated King Og of Bashan, who used to live in Ashtaroth for part of the year and in Edrei for the rest of the year. Although it takes only eleven days to walk from Mount Sinai to Kadesh-Barnea by way of the Mount Seir Road, these speeches were not made until forty years after Israel left Egypt. The Lord had given Moses his laws for the people of Israel. And on the first day of the eleventh month, Moses began explaining those laws by saying: This book records Moses’ address to the people of Israel when they were camped in the valley of the Arabah in the wilderness of Moab, east of the Jordan River. (Cities in the area included Suph, Paran, Tophel, Laban, Hazeroth, and Dizahab.) The speech was given on February 15, forty years after the people of Israel left Mount Horeb—though it takes only eleven days to travel by foot from Mount Horeb to Kadesh-barnea,* going by way of Mount Seir! At the time of this address, King Sihon of the Amorites had already been defeated at Heshbon, and King Og of Bashan had been defeated at Ashtaroth, near Edrei. Here, then, is Moses’ address to Israel, stating all the laws God had commanded him to pass on to them: It was on the first day of the eleventh month of the fortieth year when Moses addressed the People of Israel, telling them everything God had commanded him concerning them. This came after he had defeated Sihon king of the Amorites, who ruled from Heshbon, and Og king of Bashan, who ruled from Ashtaroth in Edrei. It was east of the Jordan in the land of Moab that Moses set out to explain this Revelation. They had already won the battle over Sihon. Sihon was the king of the Amorites. He had ruled in Heshbon. Israel had also won the battle over Og at Edrei. Og was the king of Bashan. He had ruled in Ashtaroth. Now on the first day of the 11th month, 40 years after the nation left Egypt and sometime after Moses had defeated Sihon (king of the Amorites who ruled in Heshbon) and Og (king of Bashan who ruled in Ashtaroth and Edrei), Moses began to give to a new generation of the Israelites each word the Eternal had commanded him to tell them. Step 1 - Create an account or log in to start your free trial. Starting your free trial of Bible Gateway Plus is easy. You’re already logged in with your Bible Gateway account. The next step is to choose a monthly or yearly subscription, and then enter your payment information. Your credit card won’t be charged until the trial period is over. You can cancel anytime during the trial period. Click the button below to continue. Step 1 - Create an account or log in to start your subscription. You’ve already claimed your free trial of Bible Gateway Plus. To subscribe at our regular subscription rate, click the button below. Upgrade, and get the most out of your new account. An integrated digital Bible study library - including complete notes from the NIV Study Bible and the NKJV MacArthur Study Bible - is just a step away! Try it free for 30 days.	798	ENGLISH	1
Puritanism refers to a Calvinist party within the Anglican Church, whose primarily desire was to transform that organisation from Episcopalianism to Presbytarianism (this would have made the situation in England, the same as Scotland). The Puritans advocated a strict, legalistic Calvinism and attacked what they saw as leftover "Romish paganism." They were also strongly infused with millenialism. The term was first used in 1564 and the earliest man to articulate their position was Thomas Cartwright of the University of Cambridge. Some had fled abroad as the Marian exiles during the reign of Catholic restorationist Mary Tudor, Queen of England; the destinations of Geneva, Frankfurt and Strasbourg were popular. The term "Puritan" is sometimes used in a broader sense to refer to all of the Calvinistic beliefs active during the 16th and 17th centuries in England and it's territories. For instance, the Pilgrim Fathers of Plymouth Colony in North America. The latter were technically Congregationalist Separatists who advocated breaking away from the Anglican Church and setting up their own instead of trying to "reform" it from within. This belief was known early on as the Brownists, named for Robert Browne. The Brownists spent some time in the Netherlands in 1581. The Puritans became closely associated with the commercial world and supported the English Parliament against the Royal House of Stuart during the English Civil War. With the victory of Oliver Cromwell and the Commonwealth, the morality of their party became the law in England. The confession of the Westminster Assembly is their best known statement of faith. After the monarchy was restored in 1660, with the English Restoration and Anglicanism with it, solidified by the 1662 Uniformity Act, the "Puritans" technically came to an end. They had given up hope of "purifying" the Anglican Church from within and became English Dissenters (like Catholics, outside of the Anglican Church, but in their case they were rarely persecuted to death for their nonconformity).	<urn:uuid:55e58a3a-38a3-4ffa-957b-44767ba7b6e7>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://en.metapedia.org/wiki/Puritanism	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250599789.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120195035-20200120224035-00081.warc.gz	en	0.983939	419	4.15625	4	[ -0.1077965572476387, -0.10992083698511124, -0.13700245320796967, -0.4715256094932556, -0.13158810138702393, 0.0017061916878446937, -0.10860826820135117, 0.02511005289852619, 0.14755922555923462, 0.6673886775970459, -0.368489146232605, -0.41600799560546875, 0.1644936352968216, 0.10530456155...	1	Puritanism refers to a Calvinist party within the Anglican Church, whose primarily desire was to transform that organisation from Episcopalianism to Presbytarianism (this would have made the situation in England, the same as Scotland). The Puritans advocated a strict, legalistic Calvinism and attacked what they saw as leftover "Romish paganism." They were also strongly infused with millenialism. The term was first used in 1564 and the earliest man to articulate their position was Thomas Cartwright of the University of Cambridge. Some had fled abroad as the Marian exiles during the reign of Catholic restorationist Mary Tudor, Queen of England; the destinations of Geneva, Frankfurt and Strasbourg were popular. The term "Puritan" is sometimes used in a broader sense to refer to all of the Calvinistic beliefs active during the 16th and 17th centuries in England and it's territories. For instance, the Pilgrim Fathers of Plymouth Colony in North America. The latter were technically Congregationalist Separatists who advocated breaking away from the Anglican Church and setting up their own instead of trying to "reform" it from within. This belief was known early on as the Brownists, named for Robert Browne. The Brownists spent some time in the Netherlands in 1581. The Puritans became closely associated with the commercial world and supported the English Parliament against the Royal House of Stuart during the English Civil War. With the victory of Oliver Cromwell and the Commonwealth, the morality of their party became the law in England. The confession of the Westminster Assembly is their best known statement of faith. After the monarchy was restored in 1660, with the English Restoration and Anglicanism with it, solidified by the 1662 Uniformity Act, the "Puritans" technically came to an end. They had given up hope of "purifying" the Anglican Church from within and became English Dissenters (like Catholics, outside of the Anglican Church, but in their case they were rarely persecuted to death for their nonconformity).	441	ENGLISH	1
He developed a method of determining tangents that closely approached the methods of calculusand he first recognized that what became known as the processes of integration and differentiation in calculus are inverse operations. Barrow entered Trinity CollegeCambridgein Such precociousness helped to shield him from Puritan rule, for Barrow was an outspoken Royalist and Anglican. Visit Website Newton returned to Cambridge in and was elected a minor fellow. Asked to give a demonstration of his telescope to the Royal Society of London inhe was elected to the Royal Society the following year and published his notes on optics for his peers. Through his experiments with refraction, Newton determined that white light was a composite of all the colors on the spectrum, and he asserted that light was composed of particles instead of waves. Known for his temperamental defense of his work, Newton engaged in heated correspondence with Hooke before suffering a nervous breakdown and withdrawing from the public eye in In the following years, he returned to his earlier studies on the forces governing gravity and dabbled in alchemy. InEnglish astronomer Edmund Halley paid a visit to the secluded Newton. Upon learning that Newton had mathematically worked out the elliptical paths of celestial bodies, Halley urged him to organize his notes. Principia propelled Newton to stardom in intellectual circles, eventually earning universal acclaim as one of the most important works of modern science. With his newfound influence, Newton opposed the attempts of King James II to reinstitute Catholic teachings at English Universities, and was elected to represent Cambridge in Parliament in He moved to London permanently after being named warden of the Royal Mint inearning a promotion to master of the Mint three years later. Inhe was knighted by Queen Anne of England. In the meantime, German mathematician Gottfried Leibniz formulated his own mathematical theories and published them in Researchers later concluded that both men likely arrived at their conclusions independent of one another. Newton was also an ardent student of history and religious doctrines, his writings on those subjects compiled into multiple books that were published posthumously. Having never married, Newton spent his later years living with his niece at Cranbury Park, near Winchester, England. He died on March 31,and was buried in Westminster Abbey. A giant even among the brilliant minds that drove the Scientific Revolution, Newton is remembered as a transformative scholar, inventor and writer. He eradicated any doubts about the heliocentric model of the universe by establishing celestial mechanics, his precise methodology giving birth to what is known as the scientific method. Although his theories of space-time and gravity eventually gave way to those of Albert Einsteinhis work remains the bedrock on which modern physics was built.Sir Isaac Newton, English physicist and mathematician, who was the culminating figure of the scientific revolution of the 17th benjaminpohle.com optics, his discovery of the composition of white light integrated the. Biography Sir Isaac Newton. Sir Issac Newton ( ) was an English mathematician, physicist and scientist. He is widely regarded as one of the most influential scientists of all time, developing new laws of . Who Was Isaac Newton? Isaac Newton (January 4, to March 31, ) was a physicist and mathematician who developed the principles of modern physics, including the laws of motion, and is. He got a nobel for photoelectric effect not relativity. He proved relativety wrong twice which almost got a German astronomer killed by the hands of Soviet. While he has appeared in more than 30 films and on television, singer Wayne Newton is best known for his hit song "Danke Schoen" and for his Las Vegas act. Sir Isaac Newton: Isaac Newton, English physicist and mathematician who was the culminating figure of the scientific revolution of the 17th century.	<urn:uuid:8f9ed3f9-1027-425e-af77-626bf2c96fae>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://hizobomanexax.benjaminpohle.com/a-biography-of-sir-isaac-newton-an-english-mathematician-36262wd.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251802249.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129194333-20200129223333-00374.warc.gz	en	0.982558	765	3.65625	4	[ -0.11284574866294861, 0.21862390637397766, 0.15673905611038208, 0.03544000908732414, -0.5036856532096863, -0.10278935730457306, 0.463374525308609, 0.18027520179748535, 0.10347135365009308, 0.25200897455215454, -0.09471596777439117, -0.8137161731719971, 0.12158472836017609, -0.0848530307412...	2	He developed a method of determining tangents that closely approached the methods of calculusand he first recognized that what became known as the processes of integration and differentiation in calculus are inverse operations. Barrow entered Trinity CollegeCambridgein Such precociousness helped to shield him from Puritan rule, for Barrow was an outspoken Royalist and Anglican. Visit Website Newton returned to Cambridge in and was elected a minor fellow. Asked to give a demonstration of his telescope to the Royal Society of London inhe was elected to the Royal Society the following year and published his notes on optics for his peers. Through his experiments with refraction, Newton determined that white light was a composite of all the colors on the spectrum, and he asserted that light was composed of particles instead of waves. Known for his temperamental defense of his work, Newton engaged in heated correspondence with Hooke before suffering a nervous breakdown and withdrawing from the public eye in In the following years, he returned to his earlier studies on the forces governing gravity and dabbled in alchemy. InEnglish astronomer Edmund Halley paid a visit to the secluded Newton. Upon learning that Newton had mathematically worked out the elliptical paths of celestial bodies, Halley urged him to organize his notes. Principia propelled Newton to stardom in intellectual circles, eventually earning universal acclaim as one of the most important works of modern science. With his newfound influence, Newton opposed the attempts of King James II to reinstitute Catholic teachings at English Universities, and was elected to represent Cambridge in Parliament in He moved to London permanently after being named warden of the Royal Mint inearning a promotion to master of the Mint three years later. Inhe was knighted by Queen Anne of England. In the meantime, German mathematician Gottfried Leibniz formulated his own mathematical theories and published them in Researchers later concluded that both men likely arrived at their conclusions independent of one another. Newton was also an ardent student of history and religious doctrines, his writings on those subjects compiled into multiple books that were published posthumously. Having never married, Newton spent his later years living with his niece at Cranbury Park, near Winchester, England. He died on March 31,and was buried in Westminster Abbey. A giant even among the brilliant minds that drove the Scientific Revolution, Newton is remembered as a transformative scholar, inventor and writer. He eradicated any doubts about the heliocentric model of the universe by establishing celestial mechanics, his precise methodology giving birth to what is known as the scientific method. Although his theories of space-time and gravity eventually gave way to those of Albert Einsteinhis work remains the bedrock on which modern physics was built.Sir Isaac Newton, English physicist and mathematician, who was the culminating figure of the scientific revolution of the 17th benjaminpohle.com optics, his discovery of the composition of white light integrated the. Biography Sir Isaac Newton. Sir Issac Newton ( ) was an English mathematician, physicist and scientist. He is widely regarded as one of the most influential scientists of all time, developing new laws of . Who Was Isaac Newton? Isaac Newton (January 4, to March 31, ) was a physicist and mathematician who developed the principles of modern physics, including the laws of motion, and is. He got a nobel for photoelectric effect not relativity. He proved relativety wrong twice which almost got a German astronomer killed by the hands of Soviet. While he has appeared in more than 30 films and on television, singer Wayne Newton is best known for his hit song "Danke Schoen" and for his Las Vegas act. Sir Isaac Newton: Isaac Newton, English physicist and mathematician who was the culminating figure of the scientific revolution of the 17th century.	768	ENGLISH	1
The Allied Powers won the World War I. The Allied powers were Britain and France, Russia to be joined later by Italy and the USA. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland were made up of England, Wales and Scotland too. The Central Powers were Austria-Hungary, Germany and the Ottoman Empire. The navy of Britain was powerful and the Royal Air force was made strong during the war. The world’s largest all-volunteer army called Kitchener’s Army was formed during WWI. It had more than two million men. The war unified the people for a few years even though there were voices of dissent. Newspapers had an important role to play in spreading the propaganda in support of war. It was a ‘total war’ and not ‘business as usual’ attitude during WWI. Britain at the beginning of the 20th century The popular but aged Victoria was succeeded by Edward VII who was friendly and popular with a sense of humour. He had been waiting to accede to the throne and was able to do it in 1901. He ruled for nine years till 1901. He was known to be a peacemaker as he wanted all of Europe to be united. He knew many languages like German, French, Spanish and Italian and put it to good use in peacemaking. By now Britain was known as ‘the land where the sun never sets’ because British empire was spread all over the world. At the same time there were freedom struggles in different countries and they wanted to break away from the yoke of the British reign. At home too, there were voices of discontentment. The power centre was also being shifted within Europe. Once Germany was united they came up as a powerful nation. Outside Europe there was the United States of America which was also becoming powerful and was dictating terms to the rest of the world. This was felt more only after the WWI but, there were signs of it, early in the 20th century. Arthur Balfour was the Prime Minister from 1902 to 1905. During his time he gave a lot of importance to education and soon the Civil Services had educated and qualified men to plan for the country. Balfour was also responsible for strengthening the Royal Navy. The death of King Edward brought about changes in the political scenario because there was no one to make peace in the region and all the nations in the region were viewing each other as threats and began to form alliances to protect themselves from possible attacks and wars. Involvement in WWI In the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century, Britain was in isolation as it was pre- occupied in ruling its large empire. The most important of empire of Britain and Indians were taken into the army and trade with India was its prime economic policy. So it was not watching its neighbours or keeping track on how they were becoming powerful. In 1879 Germany and Austria-Hungary had formed an alliance and in 1892 France and Russia formed their alliance, the Dual Entente. In each of these alliances the terms were that if any one country was attacked the other would come to the rescue. In 1907 Britain joined the Dual Entente and then on it was known as Triple Entente. The British Army fought the most costly war during World War I. There was something special about the British Army of WWI; it was made up of volunteers. The actual army was small when compared to the German or even the French army. During the war there were three different armies working for Britain. The ‘small’ army included the Regular Army and the Territorial Force. More than half of this army were posted overseas in the garrison of the British Empire. The ‘Second army’, also known as Kitchener’s Army, was an army of volunteers. The ‘Third Army’ was formed in 1916 and by 1918 the British had reached its maximum strength and had 70 divisions. The British fought the major wars against the German Empire. Some units fought against Austria-Hungary in Italy and some units were engaged in Middle East, Mesopotamia and Africa against the Ottoman Empire. One battalion fought in China along with the Japanese army. By the end of the war Britain had lost almost 673,375 and 1,643,469 were wounded. Deaths were due to enemy attacks, food shortage and diseases that was a result of trench warfare. Political developments: Domestic There was an upheaval in British politics which totally unprecedented in the history of the country. After the death of Edward VII, the politics took a new turn. There were new debates on the relationship between civil and military and also on military strategy. There were rifts in political parties and new coalitions were being made. A liberal government was ruling Britain from 1906 to 1914. The Liberals brought about fiscal, social and constitutional reforms. But by 1914 they had to face industrial unrest and civil disobedience. The most worrying was the civil war in Ireland. Ireland wanted ‘home rule’. During the late nineteenth century Britain was in “Splendid Isolation” by not being involved into the affairs of any other European country. Britain was busy with her colonies. But in 1904 and in 1907 she formed alliances with France and Russia respectively. Germany’s rise to power was one reason for these alliances. However, when the WWI broke out, the divided Liberal cabinet and the Liberal Party were opposed to the participation in war. In spite of opposition and talks the war broke out. Not able to stop the war, the chairman of the Parliamentary Labour Party, James Ramsay MacDonald resigned. He was replaced by Arthur Henderson who pledged that his party would take part in the war. A political agreement was reached upon and divisive politics and by-elections were put off for a while. After a point the whole country was in support of the war and the British army was mostly made up of volunteers. As soon as the war go over a general election was held. Lloyd who was the Prime Minster won the elections but his Liberal Party was defeated. The Labour Party became powerful. The Irish people also lost their hope of home rule. Political developments: Foreign Britain was as super power during the 18th, 19th and till mid 20th. The influence of Britain over the world slowly declined after the Suez Crisis in 1956. By then the empires, especially her most prestigious one, India had got freedom. From then Britain was not viewed as super power but is a permanent member of Security Council of the UN. The foreign policy of Britain always focussed on a balance of power in Europe and did not allow any nation to dominate or be a threat their position and power. It is for this reason that they took part in World War I and II. The chief enemy of Britain from the 19th century was France. France was also very powerful but the Hundred Years of war and the defeat of Napoleon Bonaparte gave Britain the edge. However her ambitions to control US went awry in the 18th century. The colonies of America had the support of France. With the empire spreading in the Asian and African countries the administrators and the rulers of Britain were busy looking and looting the colonies. They had no time to be aware of the developments closer home. All they did was to strengthen the Royal Navy as it was the navy that helped and maintain its bases in different nation. After a few wars Prussia unified to emerge into a strong nation. It was only after the unification of Prussia that Britain started to rethink on her position. Till World War II Britain followed strategies where it was the most powerful nation and it did not allow any other nation to surge ahead in terms of colonisation, militarisation. Economic policies and changes There were no pre-war plans to keep the economy of Britain stable. Economic planning and controls were done as and when it was required. London was the financial capital of the world so it was a little easy for Britain to handle its finances. The economy actually grew by 14% during the war. There war saw less of civilian consumption and more funds were diverted for ammunitions. Now the British army had a large voluntary force and when it is a service, there are fewer demands on the government. However all its financial resources were used and it borrowed from the US. Shipment of food and raw materials from the US fed the people of Britain. The trade unions were being strengthened but the government had nothing to fear as most of them were in support of the war. After a little hesitancy initially, the government rationed food supplies. People could not eat three courses meal, could not feed stray dogs and pigeons and more. Total industrial production fell by 10% but the production of war materials increased. Men joined the army in large numbers, so women took their place in many industries. Energy was the most crucial requirement during the war. This was got from the coal mines of Britain. But for the fleet in the sea oil was needed and it was needed for other vehicles. Britain had no oil fields. It was dependent on the US which controlled most of the oil fields in the world. By and large Britain managed the economics of the war. Social policies and changes The men of Britain had volunteered to participate in the war. There were many thousands who left home to fight in WWI. This resulted in shortage of manpower in various industries. The women pitched in and they had to take the roles which were dominated by men. This was more so in the manufacturing industry. As soon as the war started men were preferred over women but towards the end of the war there were more women doing the job of men. Trade unions opposed the entry of women but had to give in after a point of time. The trade unions then got women to join their unions as well. Most women worked in factories which manufactured munitions. The concept of ‘working women’ started at this period of time. During the first two years of the war, women were helping the Belgian refugees and improving recruitment rates amongst men. An ‘Order of the White Feathers’ was created who took care of the home while the men were at the front. In February 1916 some groups were set up to help in agriculture and in 1917 the Women’s land Army was set up. Women joined in non combat roles. British suffrage saw a lot of changes. Once women started working they began to demand for their rights to vote. Soldiers who returned from the war were not entitled to vote. The Representation of the People’s Act of 1918 gave men who were 21 years the right to vote. Women over 30 and fulfilling the property prerequisites were allowed to vote. Parliament (Qualification of Women) Act of 1918 allowed women above 21 to stand as MPs. Many social barriers that were prevalent in Victorian and Edwardian times were broken and it was a new life for the women of Britain. Consequences of WWI - More than a quarter-of-a-million British lost their lives in WWI. The carnage is said to the worst than any other four year period till date. - The economic, geopolitics, nationalism, class, culture, sexual liberation, female emancipation and changes in the society were so drastic. The years were four but the changes were that would normally take at least a decade. - Almost a whole generation was wiped out and had they lived it would have been a different history. - The Second World War was the major consequence of the WWI. - The Great Depression where everyone was suffering and everything was in shortage. - Industries, communications, women were the most benefitted. Britain was unwittingly pulled from its ‘Splendid Isolation’ into a war that overhauled the country in so many ways. For centuries they ruled the world and it is nature’s way of changing or tilting the scales. After WWII, Britain went into the background and in the forefront were the US and USSR.	<urn:uuid:b46ba5cf-a2aa-4528-b856-de028c65325f>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.academicdestressor.com/britain-during-wwi/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250624328.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124161014-20200124190014-00058.warc.gz	en	0.992411	2,436	3.625	4	[ -0.2090911716222763, 0.48118868470191956, 0.40601569414138794, -0.2592201828956604, -0.15457472205162048, 0.17416085302829742, 0.017658919095993042, 0.10546907037496567, 0.19817671179771423, -0.19654777646064758, 0.1917126178741455, -0.4489683508872986, 0.2180427759885788, 0.33598300814628...	3	The Allied Powers won the World War I. The Allied powers were Britain and France, Russia to be joined later by Italy and the USA. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland were made up of England, Wales and Scotland too. The Central Powers were Austria-Hungary, Germany and the Ottoman Empire. The navy of Britain was powerful and the Royal Air force was made strong during the war. The world’s largest all-volunteer army called Kitchener’s Army was formed during WWI. It had more than two million men. The war unified the people for a few years even though there were voices of dissent. Newspapers had an important role to play in spreading the propaganda in support of war. It was a ‘total war’ and not ‘business as usual’ attitude during WWI. Britain at the beginning of the 20th century The popular but aged Victoria was succeeded by Edward VII who was friendly and popular with a sense of humour. He had been waiting to accede to the throne and was able to do it in 1901. He ruled for nine years till 1901. He was known to be a peacemaker as he wanted all of Europe to be united. He knew many languages like German, French, Spanish and Italian and put it to good use in peacemaking. By now Britain was known as ‘the land where the sun never sets’ because British empire was spread all over the world. At the same time there were freedom struggles in different countries and they wanted to break away from the yoke of the British reign. At home too, there were voices of discontentment. The power centre was also being shifted within Europe. Once Germany was united they came up as a powerful nation. Outside Europe there was the United States of America which was also becoming powerful and was dictating terms to the rest of the world. This was felt more only after the WWI but, there were signs of it, early in the 20th century. Arthur Balfour was the Prime Minister from 1902 to 1905. During his time he gave a lot of importance to education and soon the Civil Services had educated and qualified men to plan for the country. Balfour was also responsible for strengthening the Royal Navy. The death of King Edward brought about changes in the political scenario because there was no one to make peace in the region and all the nations in the region were viewing each other as threats and began to form alliances to protect themselves from possible attacks and wars. Involvement in WWI In the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century, Britain was in isolation as it was pre- occupied in ruling its large empire. The most important of empire of Britain and Indians were taken into the army and trade with India was its prime economic policy. So it was not watching its neighbours or keeping track on how they were becoming powerful. In 1879 Germany and Austria-Hungary had formed an alliance and in 1892 France and Russia formed their alliance, the Dual Entente. In each of these alliances the terms were that if any one country was attacked the other would come to the rescue. In 1907 Britain joined the Dual Entente and then on it was known as Triple Entente. The British Army fought the most costly war during World War I. There was something special about the British Army of WWI; it was made up of volunteers. The actual army was small when compared to the German or even the French army. During the war there were three different armies working for Britain. The ‘small’ army included the Regular Army and the Territorial Force. More than half of this army were posted overseas in the garrison of the British Empire. The ‘Second army’, also known as Kitchener’s Army, was an army of volunteers. The ‘Third Army’ was formed in 1916 and by 1918 the British had reached its maximum strength and had 70 divisions. The British fought the major wars against the German Empire. Some units fought against Austria-Hungary in Italy and some units were engaged in Middle East, Mesopotamia and Africa against the Ottoman Empire. One battalion fought in China along with the Japanese army. By the end of the war Britain had lost almost 673,375 and 1,643,469 were wounded. Deaths were due to enemy attacks, food shortage and diseases that was a result of trench warfare. Political developments: Domestic There was an upheaval in British politics which totally unprecedented in the history of the country. After the death of Edward VII, the politics took a new turn. There were new debates on the relationship between civil and military and also on military strategy. There were rifts in political parties and new coalitions were being made. A liberal government was ruling Britain from 1906 to 1914. The Liberals brought about fiscal, social and constitutional reforms. But by 1914 they had to face industrial unrest and civil disobedience. The most worrying was the civil war in Ireland. Ireland wanted ‘home rule’. During the late nineteenth century Britain was in “Splendid Isolation” by not being involved into the affairs of any other European country. Britain was busy with her colonies. But in 1904 and in 1907 she formed alliances with France and Russia respectively. Germany’s rise to power was one reason for these alliances. However, when the WWI broke out, the divided Liberal cabinet and the Liberal Party were opposed to the participation in war. In spite of opposition and talks the war broke out. Not able to stop the war, the chairman of the Parliamentary Labour Party, James Ramsay MacDonald resigned. He was replaced by Arthur Henderson who pledged that his party would take part in the war. A political agreement was reached upon and divisive politics and by-elections were put off for a while. After a point the whole country was in support of the war and the British army was mostly made up of volunteers. As soon as the war go over a general election was held. Lloyd who was the Prime Minster won the elections but his Liberal Party was defeated. The Labour Party became powerful. The Irish people also lost their hope of home rule. Political developments: Foreign Britain was as super power during the 18th, 19th and till mid 20th. The influence of Britain over the world slowly declined after the Suez Crisis in 1956. By then the empires, especially her most prestigious one, India had got freedom. From then Britain was not viewed as super power but is a permanent member of Security Council of the UN. The foreign policy of Britain always focussed on a balance of power in Europe and did not allow any nation to dominate or be a threat their position and power. It is for this reason that they took part in World War I and II. The chief enemy of Britain from the 19th century was France. France was also very powerful but the Hundred Years of war and the defeat of Napoleon Bonaparte gave Britain the edge. However her ambitions to control US went awry in the 18th century. The colonies of America had the support of France. With the empire spreading in the Asian and African countries the administrators and the rulers of Britain were busy looking and looting the colonies. They had no time to be aware of the developments closer home. All they did was to strengthen the Royal Navy as it was the navy that helped and maintain its bases in different nation. After a few wars Prussia unified to emerge into a strong nation. It was only after the unification of Prussia that Britain started to rethink on her position. Till World War II Britain followed strategies where it was the most powerful nation and it did not allow any other nation to surge ahead in terms of colonisation, militarisation. Economic policies and changes There were no pre-war plans to keep the economy of Britain stable. Economic planning and controls were done as and when it was required. London was the financial capital of the world so it was a little easy for Britain to handle its finances. The economy actually grew by 14% during the war. There war saw less of civilian consumption and more funds were diverted for ammunitions. Now the British army had a large voluntary force and when it is a service, there are fewer demands on the government. However all its financial resources were used and it borrowed from the US. Shipment of food and raw materials from the US fed the people of Britain. The trade unions were being strengthened but the government had nothing to fear as most of them were in support of the war. After a little hesitancy initially, the government rationed food supplies. People could not eat three courses meal, could not feed stray dogs and pigeons and more. Total industrial production fell by 10% but the production of war materials increased. Men joined the army in large numbers, so women took their place in many industries. Energy was the most crucial requirement during the war. This was got from the coal mines of Britain. But for the fleet in the sea oil was needed and it was needed for other vehicles. Britain had no oil fields. It was dependent on the US which controlled most of the oil fields in the world. By and large Britain managed the economics of the war. Social policies and changes The men of Britain had volunteered to participate in the war. There were many thousands who left home to fight in WWI. This resulted in shortage of manpower in various industries. The women pitched in and they had to take the roles which were dominated by men. This was more so in the manufacturing industry. As soon as the war started men were preferred over women but towards the end of the war there were more women doing the job of men. Trade unions opposed the entry of women but had to give in after a point of time. The trade unions then got women to join their unions as well. Most women worked in factories which manufactured munitions. The concept of ‘working women’ started at this period of time. During the first two years of the war, women were helping the Belgian refugees and improving recruitment rates amongst men. An ‘Order of the White Feathers’ was created who took care of the home while the men were at the front. In February 1916 some groups were set up to help in agriculture and in 1917 the Women’s land Army was set up. Women joined in non combat roles. British suffrage saw a lot of changes. Once women started working they began to demand for their rights to vote. Soldiers who returned from the war were not entitled to vote. The Representation of the People’s Act of 1918 gave men who were 21 years the right to vote. Women over 30 and fulfilling the property prerequisites were allowed to vote. Parliament (Qualification of Women) Act of 1918 allowed women above 21 to stand as MPs. Many social barriers that were prevalent in Victorian and Edwardian times were broken and it was a new life for the women of Britain. Consequences of WWI - More than a quarter-of-a-million British lost their lives in WWI. The carnage is said to the worst than any other four year period till date. - The economic, geopolitics, nationalism, class, culture, sexual liberation, female emancipation and changes in the society were so drastic. The years were four but the changes were that would normally take at least a decade. - Almost a whole generation was wiped out and had they lived it would have been a different history. - The Second World War was the major consequence of the WWI. - The Great Depression where everyone was suffering and everything was in shortage. - Industries, communications, women were the most benefitted. Britain was unwittingly pulled from its ‘Splendid Isolation’ into a war that overhauled the country in so many ways. For centuries they ruled the world and it is nature’s way of changing or tilting the scales. After WWII, Britain went into the background and in the forefront were the US and USSR.	2,497	ENGLISH	1
It is not uncommon for a child to have food allergies. Food allergies do not have to be so much of a problem that a child’s life is put on hold because of it. Many children grow up with food allergies and are comfortable with and confident about managing their condition. It is important for parents to talk to their child about the condition and the specific food allergies to help make the child feel more confident and in control. However, it can be difficult for parents to know how to bring up the subject and it can be difficult for a parent to let go and give some control to their child. There are some helpful guidelines that parents can follow to both inform their child and help empower their child at the same time. Method 1 of 4: Create a Food Safety Routine Children thrive on routines, so the first way to familiarize a child with his food allergies is to get him into a safety routine. 1Help your child to constantly read labels, check the ingredients that are in food and remind him to always carry his medicine with him. - By modeling these behaviors to your child, it will get him in the routine of always doing these things whether he is at home or away from home. He will become comfortable with these routines and it will not feel like a challenge to complete them every time he eats. Method 2 of 4: Helping your child cultivate the skills needed to manage his allergies helps to empower him. Children feel better about learning something when they feel that they are a part of the process. 1Role play. Using role-playing to prepare for situations can make the preparation a little more fun for you and your child. Prepare for common situations like ordering out in a restaurant or telling a friend that your child cannot have a certain type of food when it is offered to him. 2Help your child to know the steps that need to be taken when an allergic reaction does occur by practicing an emergency situation. 3Listen to your child’s preferences when it comes to eating in certain situations. This is especially helpful as the child gets older. Work with your child to create a plan for a school event or a friend’s party by understanding what makes him feel comfortable and uncomfortable in certain situations. By including him in the process, he will be more likely to follow the plan that is laid out.Advertisement Method 3 of 4: Help Your Child Manage His Concerns of Fitting In Many children feel pressure or embarrassment once they are diagnosed with food allergies. It is important for a parent to help them learn how to handle these concerns. 1Help your child to feel that he is normal and that his food allergy does not make him different. - No child wants to feel weird or different from his friends. Help him realize that his allergy is not a big deal by making sure he will not have to read labels or talk about his allergy in front of his friends. Make a food plan for your child before he goes out with his friends and discuss it with him so that he knows what he will be eating in advance and won’t have to think about it while he is out. - For younger children that are not your own, speak with the parents who will be in charge of your child while he is out. Inform them of his food allergy and be very specific about what he can and cannot eat. - Also make sure your child is well aware of what to do in case of an attack when he is out by himself. 2Be mindful of how you speak about your child’s allergy. Food allergies can cause some children a great deal of anxiety. This is why it is important to always remain calm when talking about their allergy and to use a matter-of-fact tone when conveying information about the allergy.Advertisement Method 4 of 4: Change Your Approach when Dealing with Teenagers When children become teenagers, they go through a lot of changes and may want to take more risks to show you their independence. This is why it is important to know how to speak to your teenage child about his food allergies. 1Be open and honest. Don’t be afraid to be completely open and honest with your teenager about the concerns and expectations you have for him. Make sure he understands that he can come to you with any questions he may have. Explain that you understand that he is more grown up now, but that his food allergies are still something that he needs to pay careful attention to. 2Give your teenager his own voice. Listen to him when he tells you his concerns about privacy and about having his independence. Even though you may really want to get your points across, it is important to not dismiss these concerns. Privacy and independence are very important during teenage years and if you ignore these needs, your teenager will be more likely to tune you out. 3Discuss the “What Ifs.” Let your teenager know what to do in certain situations by discussing “what ifs.” Let him know what to do if he forgets his medicine or if one of his friends won’t stop pressuring him to try a new type of food. What if an allergic reaction happens when he is away from home and around his friends? By discussing these potential situations, it can help you and your teen to better understand these concerns and anxieties about their food allergies. This may also help to build trust between you and your teen by helping you to see that your teen may already know the answers to some of these “what if” questions. 4Let your teen know that you believe and trust in them. By displaying your confidence in your teen, it will help him to follow the guidelines he needs to follow when it comes to his food allergies. Letting him know that you are confident in his ability to handle things on his own, lets him know that you are willing to work with him to keep him safe when he is away from the comfort of his own home.Advertisement Use some of these tips to explain food allergies to a child: - Don't talk around your child, talk to them. Instead of talking above their head, take time to address your child, look them in the eye, and speak directly to them about their allergy. Make them a part of the conversation. - Describe what is safe and not safe. Try not to scare your child and instead explain that some things are safe and some things are not safe for their body. Children listen and understand better when you don't explain the allergy in a scary way. - Explain the allergy with pictures. Not every child will sit and listen while you talk and understand everything you say. Make pictures a part of their learning process. - Bring them to the grocery store. Point out the safe and unsafe foods in the grocery store. Make learning about their allergy more interactive. - Learn to let go of your child somewhat as he gets older. This is very difficult for any parent to do, but will greatly help you in the long run by giving your child confidence and control to take care of himself. - Familiarize yourself with articles and contact information to help speak to your teen or child about his allergies. - Always remember that even though you want to convey a confidence in your child, you need to still make sure that he knows and understands how serious his food allergy is and that it is not to be taken lightly.	<urn:uuid:c8a525b9-b9fa-451b-9205-526a46adc1aa>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://m.wikihow.com/Talk-to-Children-About-Their-Food-Allergies	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250591763.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118023429-20200118051429-00082.warc.gz	en	0.981644	1,515	3.34375	3	[ 0.18577882647514343, -0.16146567463874817, 0.27828556299209595, -0.4135875105857849, -0.4634159207344055, 0.3315344452857971, 0.5316020250320435, -0.172181636095047, -0.44892996549606323, -0.18707269430160522, -0.0016052855644375086, -0.25215643644332886, 0.10830038040876389, 0.22451369464...	3	It is not uncommon for a child to have food allergies. Food allergies do not have to be so much of a problem that a child’s life is put on hold because of it. Many children grow up with food allergies and are comfortable with and confident about managing their condition. It is important for parents to talk to their child about the condition and the specific food allergies to help make the child feel more confident and in control. However, it can be difficult for parents to know how to bring up the subject and it can be difficult for a parent to let go and give some control to their child. There are some helpful guidelines that parents can follow to both inform their child and help empower their child at the same time. Method 1 of 4: Create a Food Safety Routine Children thrive on routines, so the first way to familiarize a child with his food allergies is to get him into a safety routine. 1Help your child to constantly read labels, check the ingredients that are in food and remind him to always carry his medicine with him. - By modeling these behaviors to your child, it will get him in the routine of always doing these things whether he is at home or away from home. He will become comfortable with these routines and it will not feel like a challenge to complete them every time he eats. Method 2 of 4: Helping your child cultivate the skills needed to manage his allergies helps to empower him. Children feel better about learning something when they feel that they are a part of the process. 1Role play. Using role-playing to prepare for situations can make the preparation a little more fun for you and your child. Prepare for common situations like ordering out in a restaurant or telling a friend that your child cannot have a certain type of food when it is offered to him. 2Help your child to know the steps that need to be taken when an allergic reaction does occur by practicing an emergency situation. 3Listen to your child’s preferences when it comes to eating in certain situations. This is especially helpful as the child gets older. Work with your child to create a plan for a school event or a friend’s party by understanding what makes him feel comfortable and uncomfortable in certain situations. By including him in the process, he will be more likely to follow the plan that is laid out.Advertisement Method 3 of 4: Help Your Child Manage His Concerns of Fitting In Many children feel pressure or embarrassment once they are diagnosed with food allergies. It is important for a parent to help them learn how to handle these concerns. 1Help your child to feel that he is normal and that his food allergy does not make him different. - No child wants to feel weird or different from his friends. Help him realize that his allergy is not a big deal by making sure he will not have to read labels or talk about his allergy in front of his friends. Make a food plan for your child before he goes out with his friends and discuss it with him so that he knows what he will be eating in advance and won’t have to think about it while he is out. - For younger children that are not your own, speak with the parents who will be in charge of your child while he is out. Inform them of his food allergy and be very specific about what he can and cannot eat. - Also make sure your child is well aware of what to do in case of an attack when he is out by himself. 2Be mindful of how you speak about your child’s allergy. Food allergies can cause some children a great deal of anxiety. This is why it is important to always remain calm when talking about their allergy and to use a matter-of-fact tone when conveying information about the allergy.Advertisement Method 4 of 4: Change Your Approach when Dealing with Teenagers When children become teenagers, they go through a lot of changes and may want to take more risks to show you their independence. This is why it is important to know how to speak to your teenage child about his food allergies. 1Be open and honest. Don’t be afraid to be completely open and honest with your teenager about the concerns and expectations you have for him. Make sure he understands that he can come to you with any questions he may have. Explain that you understand that he is more grown up now, but that his food allergies are still something that he needs to pay careful attention to. 2Give your teenager his own voice. Listen to him when he tells you his concerns about privacy and about having his independence. Even though you may really want to get your points across, it is important to not dismiss these concerns. Privacy and independence are very important during teenage years and if you ignore these needs, your teenager will be more likely to tune you out. 3Discuss the “What Ifs.” Let your teenager know what to do in certain situations by discussing “what ifs.” Let him know what to do if he forgets his medicine or if one of his friends won’t stop pressuring him to try a new type of food. What if an allergic reaction happens when he is away from home and around his friends? By discussing these potential situations, it can help you and your teen to better understand these concerns and anxieties about their food allergies. This may also help to build trust between you and your teen by helping you to see that your teen may already know the answers to some of these “what if” questions. 4Let your teen know that you believe and trust in them. By displaying your confidence in your teen, it will help him to follow the guidelines he needs to follow when it comes to his food allergies. Letting him know that you are confident in his ability to handle things on his own, lets him know that you are willing to work with him to keep him safe when he is away from the comfort of his own home.Advertisement Use some of these tips to explain food allergies to a child: - Don't talk around your child, talk to them. Instead of talking above their head, take time to address your child, look them in the eye, and speak directly to them about their allergy. Make them a part of the conversation. - Describe what is safe and not safe. Try not to scare your child and instead explain that some things are safe and some things are not safe for their body. Children listen and understand better when you don't explain the allergy in a scary way. - Explain the allergy with pictures. Not every child will sit and listen while you talk and understand everything you say. Make pictures a part of their learning process. - Bring them to the grocery store. Point out the safe and unsafe foods in the grocery store. Make learning about their allergy more interactive. - Learn to let go of your child somewhat as he gets older. This is very difficult for any parent to do, but will greatly help you in the long run by giving your child confidence and control to take care of himself. - Familiarize yourself with articles and contact information to help speak to your teen or child about his allergies. - Always remember that even though you want to convey a confidence in your child, you need to still make sure that he knows and understands how serious his food allergy is and that it is not to be taken lightly.	1,468	ENGLISH	1

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