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When we were kids, we were taught that while drawing, make the windows in square shape. After some time, we noticed that even in real life, the windows are made in square or rectangular shape. The rooms, houses, vehicles, etc. have windows of square or rectangular shape. But when you would have travelled in a flight, certainly there is one thing that you would have noticed. The windows of airplane are not square shape but it has curved ends. Everyone would have given a thought to this question at least once.
The field of aeronautical engineering has developed a lot in the past years. The round windows of the aeroplanes are a result of one such development in this field. The first airplane which was constructed was The De Havilland DH 106 Comet. It had square shaped windows. But when it started its first journey from Singapore to London, it met with an accident just after twenty minutes of its take off. It fell into the sea resulting in the death of many people.
In later years, two more flights faced the same situation and crashed within few minutes of its take off. After three massive accidents, the reason behind the destruction was discovered. It was quite shocking that the death of so many people happened due to a very simple reason: windows! Yes, the reason for all the crash was the structural failure. All the crashed planes had cracks near the window at an angle of ninety degrees and that was how it was discovered.
When the plane is at high altitude, there is a pressure difference inside and outside the plane. The airplane, at high altitude suffers due to the high pressure difference. There is a lot of pressure acting on the structure of the aeroplane. This pressure is acting throughout the body of the aeroplane.
When there is pressure acting around the windows, the pressure builds up at the corners of the windows because windows are the weak ends. Hence, if there is a square window, there would be four weak corners where the pressure will build up. The high pressure at the corners leads to the breaking of the windows and could even lead to the cracks in the body of the aeroplane.
The solution to this window problem was found by Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). According to FAA, in order to solve this problem, more pounds of weight could be added around the square windows to face the high pressure. But this will increase the overall weight of the plane and it would be difficult for the plane to fly.
An alternative to this was changing the shape of the window. Scientists found that if the windows are made in a round shape. The round shape of the window will make the pressure distribution easier. The pressure would circumvent easily around the round window than around windows with corners.
The latter was considered as a better solution and thus, the structure of airplane was modified and round shaped windows were made. This won’t even increase the overall weight of the flight and the possibilities of accidents would also be reduced. This is how we have our present day airplanes with oval windows which not only helps in coping up with high pressure but also in giving a nice look to the airplane! | <urn:uuid:0e71eb62-7596-4b78-a424-2f7e8041ff5a> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | http://gyanpro.com/blog/why-are-the-windows-of-aeroplane-round-in-shape/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250589560.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20200117123339-20200117151339-00001.warc.gz | en | 0.982631 | 637 | 3.890625 | 4 | [
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0.205166190862... | 2 | When we were kids, we were taught that while drawing, make the windows in square shape. After some time, we noticed that even in real life, the windows are made in square or rectangular shape. The rooms, houses, vehicles, etc. have windows of square or rectangular shape. But when you would have travelled in a flight, certainly there is one thing that you would have noticed. The windows of airplane are not square shape but it has curved ends. Everyone would have given a thought to this question at least once.
The field of aeronautical engineering has developed a lot in the past years. The round windows of the aeroplanes are a result of one such development in this field. The first airplane which was constructed was The De Havilland DH 106 Comet. It had square shaped windows. But when it started its first journey from Singapore to London, it met with an accident just after twenty minutes of its take off. It fell into the sea resulting in the death of many people.
In later years, two more flights faced the same situation and crashed within few minutes of its take off. After three massive accidents, the reason behind the destruction was discovered. It was quite shocking that the death of so many people happened due to a very simple reason: windows! Yes, the reason for all the crash was the structural failure. All the crashed planes had cracks near the window at an angle of ninety degrees and that was how it was discovered.
When the plane is at high altitude, there is a pressure difference inside and outside the plane. The airplane, at high altitude suffers due to the high pressure difference. There is a lot of pressure acting on the structure of the aeroplane. This pressure is acting throughout the body of the aeroplane.
When there is pressure acting around the windows, the pressure builds up at the corners of the windows because windows are the weak ends. Hence, if there is a square window, there would be four weak corners where the pressure will build up. The high pressure at the corners leads to the breaking of the windows and could even lead to the cracks in the body of the aeroplane.
The solution to this window problem was found by Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). According to FAA, in order to solve this problem, more pounds of weight could be added around the square windows to face the high pressure. But this will increase the overall weight of the plane and it would be difficult for the plane to fly.
An alternative to this was changing the shape of the window. Scientists found that if the windows are made in a round shape. The round shape of the window will make the pressure distribution easier. The pressure would circumvent easily around the round window than around windows with corners.
The latter was considered as a better solution and thus, the structure of airplane was modified and round shaped windows were made. This won’t even increase the overall weight of the flight and the possibilities of accidents would also be reduced. This is how we have our present day airplanes with oval windows which not only helps in coping up with high pressure but also in giving a nice look to the airplane! | 632 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Musical instruments have been around for at least 37,000 years and have developed extensively over time, evolving into the refined and tuneful instruments we know and love today. But what about those instruments that time has forgotten? We’ve done some research.
1) The Sambuca
This might not be the first thing that pops into your mind when we say sambuca, but many years ago it was known for being a musical instrument. It was most popular during the Roman, Athenian and Macedonian times and is most likely compared to a harp in design. Although not much is known about this stringed instrument, it’s said to have an ‘exotic’sound that was used during symposiums and worships. It consisted of an actual tortoise shell as a soundbox (or a wooden resonator made to look like a tortoise shell) and a wooden/animal horn arm.
2) The Gue
Originally from Scotland and most commonly seen in the Shetland Islands, the gue had very similar characteristics to a violin, however was played in almost the same way as a cello. It only had 2 strings which were made of horse hair. Sadly, the last sighting of this interesting instrument was 1809.
3) The Mayan Trumpets
The mayan trumpets have been extinct for centuries and we only know of their existence due to fascinating murals, painted vases and references in literature. They originated from Chiapas, Mexico and were very important for the Mayans. They were used to greet visitors and to accompany the king on his visits, however they were also used in religious ceremonies, celebrations, hunting and at war. Due to the powerful sound that they could create, they could be heard from a far distance.
Mayan Trumpets Mural
4) The Lituus
The lituus was alarge trumpet like instrument that was used in ancient Rome during religious rituals – the Latin word lituus roughly translates to curved war-trumpet. It was a high pitched brass instrument that could have also been used as a signalling horn by the Roman army. The next time the instrument has cropped up in history was in J.S. Bach's motet ‘O Jesu Christ, meins Lebens Licht’ (BWV 118). Written c.1736 Bach likely wrote the piece to be performed at funerals. Scientists from the University of Edinburgh tried to recreate the lituus in May 2009, in the form of a long wooden trumpet.
5) The Asor
Although there is little information on the asor, it is said to date back to biblical times and is mentioned in the Bible as an instrument of ten strings. Historians are not entirely sure what it was made of or what it looked like, but hint towards it having similar traits to a nevel (image to right), which was a stringed instrument used by the ancient Hebrew people, they also suggest similar characteristic to a guitar or banjo.
We hope you’ve found it interesting to look back at these instruments no longer played by musicians. We wonder what will become extinct as time goes on…
Share this article:
Allianz Insurance plc is authorised by the Prudential Regulation Authority and regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority and the Prudential Regulation Authority. Financial Services Register number 121849. | <urn:uuid:a4ef3257-a634-48e3-b498-c1400c7ade81> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.allianzmusicalinsurance.co.uk/latest-news/blogs/extinct-instruments.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250628549.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125011232-20200125040232-00020.warc.gz | en | 0.982186 | 697 | 3.34375 | 3 | [
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0.0746186822652... | 4 | Musical instruments have been around for at least 37,000 years and have developed extensively over time, evolving into the refined and tuneful instruments we know and love today. But what about those instruments that time has forgotten? We’ve done some research.
1) The Sambuca
This might not be the first thing that pops into your mind when we say sambuca, but many years ago it was known for being a musical instrument. It was most popular during the Roman, Athenian and Macedonian times and is most likely compared to a harp in design. Although not much is known about this stringed instrument, it’s said to have an ‘exotic’sound that was used during symposiums and worships. It consisted of an actual tortoise shell as a soundbox (or a wooden resonator made to look like a tortoise shell) and a wooden/animal horn arm.
2) The Gue
Originally from Scotland and most commonly seen in the Shetland Islands, the gue had very similar characteristics to a violin, however was played in almost the same way as a cello. It only had 2 strings which were made of horse hair. Sadly, the last sighting of this interesting instrument was 1809.
3) The Mayan Trumpets
The mayan trumpets have been extinct for centuries and we only know of their existence due to fascinating murals, painted vases and references in literature. They originated from Chiapas, Mexico and were very important for the Mayans. They were used to greet visitors and to accompany the king on his visits, however they were also used in religious ceremonies, celebrations, hunting and at war. Due to the powerful sound that they could create, they could be heard from a far distance.
Mayan Trumpets Mural
4) The Lituus
The lituus was alarge trumpet like instrument that was used in ancient Rome during religious rituals – the Latin word lituus roughly translates to curved war-trumpet. It was a high pitched brass instrument that could have also been used as a signalling horn by the Roman army. The next time the instrument has cropped up in history was in J.S. Bach's motet ‘O Jesu Christ, meins Lebens Licht’ (BWV 118). Written c.1736 Bach likely wrote the piece to be performed at funerals. Scientists from the University of Edinburgh tried to recreate the lituus in May 2009, in the form of a long wooden trumpet.
5) The Asor
Although there is little information on the asor, it is said to date back to biblical times and is mentioned in the Bible as an instrument of ten strings. Historians are not entirely sure what it was made of or what it looked like, but hint towards it having similar traits to a nevel (image to right), which was a stringed instrument used by the ancient Hebrew people, they also suggest similar characteristic to a guitar or banjo.
We hope you’ve found it interesting to look back at these instruments no longer played by musicians. We wonder what will become extinct as time goes on…
Share this article:
Allianz Insurance plc is authorised by the Prudential Regulation Authority and regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority and the Prudential Regulation Authority. Financial Services Register number 121849. | 696 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Ancient Africa Kingdoms of Central Africa Central Africa is a large region covered with rainforest and savanna grasslands. People have lived in this region for thousands of years. One of the first civilizations to develop here was the Sao Civilization in modern-day Chad and Cameroon.
Affonso I Nzinga Mbemba Affonso was the African king who gained the throne of the Kingdom of Kongo in when the Portuguese were beginning to King affonso congo his life accomplishments and importance up their slave trade and colonization of the Congo.
He became Christian, learned Portuguese, and wrote a number of letters to the Portuguese king and to the Pope complaining about the kidnapping of his people for slaves. Edgar Canisius Edgar Canisius was an American agent in the Congo who spoke Swahili and recorded the story of a woman named Ilanga, sole survivor of a family kidnapped from their village and enslaved as porters in the Congo.
Canisius served as a counterguerilla commander for the rubber companies and wrote a book in detailing the atrocities he and his men had committed in killing natives and burning their villages.
This testimony was used by Morel in his campaign against Leopold. This was the beginning of Portuguese slave trade in the Congo. The Mexicans rebelled, killing Maximilian.
Carlota returned to Brussels where she went mad and was locked up by Leopold. She was unpopular with the Belgians, but Leopold married her on his deathbed to legitimize her and their two sons and to disinherit his daughters. He went to the rubber-producing areas, documenting the abuses.
He was angry at what he saw and wrote the report in London, where he met E. Morel and with him formed the Congo Reform Association. Casement was knighted but later was arrested for his work for Irish freedom. He tried to buy arms for the Easter uprising in Ireland and was put in prison, eventually being executed for treason.
She was in love with Prince Victor Napoleon of France, but Leopold would not consent to the marriage. John and Alice Seeley Harris Rev. When he took the throne as a young man, he began researching the possibility of getting a colony to finance his affairs, as other European nations had done.
He kept his ambition secret from his people and government because they were not favorably disposed to such an expensive hobby.
After he settled on the Congo area of Africa as a place unclaimed, he systematically went after it, and through a number of tricky moves, lies, and deceit, became the ruler of the Congo Free State.
He pretended he had philanthropic motives to go into the Congo, to develop it, and open it up to Western civilization. He wanted to protect the natives from the Arab slavers, he said, and also bring in scientific exploration of the area.
Using dummy committees, he formed a trade monopoly, all the while saying he was for free trade. He knew the way to make money on his investment was to use forced labor, and this he did for twenty years, in both ivory and rubber production.
Besides the kidnapping and mass murder of approximately ten million Congolese half the populationhe stole the land and wealth of the Congo for his personal use.
After the continued protests of his methods by humanitarian groups, he sold and signed over the Congo Free State to the Belgium government inmaking the area into the Belgian Congo.
He died shortly afterwards. David Livingstone David Livingstone was an English physician, missionary, and explorer who searched for the source of the Nile in Africa.
He found Victoria Falls and was the first white man to cross the continent from coast to coast. In Stanley found Livingstone at Lake Tanganyika and thus became famous. Leopold married her to an older Austro-Hungarian prince when she was seventeen. She fled the marriage by having an adulterous affair with a cavalry officer.
The officer was imprisoned for fighting a duel with her husband, and Louise chose to go to an insane asylum rather than go back to her husband.
Kandolo Kandolo was a black sergeant in the Force Publique who led a mutiny against the commander, Mathieu Pelzer, a bully, killing him and attacking other Force Publique posts in a rebellion in the Kasai region.
Morel with her book, Travels in West Africa. She saw the Africans as intelligent human beings, not savages, and criticized colonialism in Africa. He wrote under a pseudonym at first because the topic was touchy for Belgians.
She married him at the age of sixteen, and the two hated each other their whole lives. Her only interest was horses. When their young son died in an accident, and she could only produce daughters, he stopped speaking to her.
He became a famous public figure and speaker gathering thousands of supporters, including the rich and famous. Later in life, he was imprisoned for his anti-war campaign during World War I.Dr.
The Congo River is the largest river in western Central Africa and the most powerful on the continent. Its overall length of 2, miles (4, kilometers) makes it the second-longest in Africa (after the Nile).It is the fifth-longest river in the world, draining a basin of nearly million square miles. The Hôtel du Cap-Eden-Roc first opened its doors to guests in , or, 15 years before the Scramble for Africa in It was a hotel where both the 19th Century King Leopold of Belgium and the 20th Century self-appointed President-for-Life of Congo, Mobutu Sese Seko, enjoyed cocktails. What about Idi Amin, “His Excellency President for Life, Field Marshal Al Hadji Doctor Idi Amin, VC, DSO, MC, Lord of All the Beasts of the Earth and Fishes of the Sea, and Conqueror of the British Empire in Africa in General and Uganda in Particular.” 😀.
Martin Luther King Jr. Day of Service Activity January 16th & Martin Luther King Jr., his accomplishments and contribution to society. Martin Luther King Jr.
“The quality, not the longevity, of one’s life is what is important.” Martin Luther King Jr. In addition to serving at Avalon Community Center for Martin Luther King Jr. Langston Hughes was first recognized as an important literary figure during the s, a period known as the was roundly criticized by many black intellectuals for portraying what they thought to be an unattractive view of black life.
In his autobiographical The Big Sea Langston Hughes: A Biography, Crowell, Myers, Elizabeth P. In his early years (as a naturalized American) he led a roving life, fighting in the American Civil War, serving in the merchant marine and the federal navy, and reporting as a journalist on the.
Abdul Kalam will remain one of the finest human beings to have ever lived. He lived an illustrious and successful life, and his legacy will continue to inspire people around the world in the coming years. Below is a list that tries to do justice to his numerous achievements: • After graduating.
Watch video · Marco Polo was an explorer and merchant from Venice. He was hosted by Kublai Khan at his palace, Xanadu, and traveled throughout much of Asia. Explore Marco Polo's life on pfmlures.com King eventually pardoned him it left an important mark on his life that is often glossed over by other biographers (for example it is completely missing from Pecks film).
It was his time in prison that he started making the intellectual transition. | <urn:uuid:8b47572f-579b-46c1-914c-5c6ab1cce070> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://puwiwureto.pfmlures.com/king-affonso-congo-his-life-accomplishments-and-importance-48270kr.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250615407.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124040939-20200124065939-00390.warc.gz | en | 0.983581 | 1,570 | 3.296875 | 3 | [
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0.110268205404281... | 1 | Ancient Africa Kingdoms of Central Africa Central Africa is a large region covered with rainforest and savanna grasslands. People have lived in this region for thousands of years. One of the first civilizations to develop here was the Sao Civilization in modern-day Chad and Cameroon.
Affonso I Nzinga Mbemba Affonso was the African king who gained the throne of the Kingdom of Kongo in when the Portuguese were beginning to King affonso congo his life accomplishments and importance up their slave trade and colonization of the Congo.
He became Christian, learned Portuguese, and wrote a number of letters to the Portuguese king and to the Pope complaining about the kidnapping of his people for slaves. Edgar Canisius Edgar Canisius was an American agent in the Congo who spoke Swahili and recorded the story of a woman named Ilanga, sole survivor of a family kidnapped from their village and enslaved as porters in the Congo.
Canisius served as a counterguerilla commander for the rubber companies and wrote a book in detailing the atrocities he and his men had committed in killing natives and burning their villages.
This testimony was used by Morel in his campaign against Leopold. This was the beginning of Portuguese slave trade in the Congo. The Mexicans rebelled, killing Maximilian.
Carlota returned to Brussels where she went mad and was locked up by Leopold. She was unpopular with the Belgians, but Leopold married her on his deathbed to legitimize her and their two sons and to disinherit his daughters. He went to the rubber-producing areas, documenting the abuses.
He was angry at what he saw and wrote the report in London, where he met E. Morel and with him formed the Congo Reform Association. Casement was knighted but later was arrested for his work for Irish freedom. He tried to buy arms for the Easter uprising in Ireland and was put in prison, eventually being executed for treason.
She was in love with Prince Victor Napoleon of France, but Leopold would not consent to the marriage. John and Alice Seeley Harris Rev. When he took the throne as a young man, he began researching the possibility of getting a colony to finance his affairs, as other European nations had done.
He kept his ambition secret from his people and government because they were not favorably disposed to such an expensive hobby.
After he settled on the Congo area of Africa as a place unclaimed, he systematically went after it, and through a number of tricky moves, lies, and deceit, became the ruler of the Congo Free State.
He pretended he had philanthropic motives to go into the Congo, to develop it, and open it up to Western civilization. He wanted to protect the natives from the Arab slavers, he said, and also bring in scientific exploration of the area.
Using dummy committees, he formed a trade monopoly, all the while saying he was for free trade. He knew the way to make money on his investment was to use forced labor, and this he did for twenty years, in both ivory and rubber production.
Besides the kidnapping and mass murder of approximately ten million Congolese half the populationhe stole the land and wealth of the Congo for his personal use.
After the continued protests of his methods by humanitarian groups, he sold and signed over the Congo Free State to the Belgium government inmaking the area into the Belgian Congo.
He died shortly afterwards. David Livingstone David Livingstone was an English physician, missionary, and explorer who searched for the source of the Nile in Africa.
He found Victoria Falls and was the first white man to cross the continent from coast to coast. In Stanley found Livingstone at Lake Tanganyika and thus became famous. Leopold married her to an older Austro-Hungarian prince when she was seventeen. She fled the marriage by having an adulterous affair with a cavalry officer.
The officer was imprisoned for fighting a duel with her husband, and Louise chose to go to an insane asylum rather than go back to her husband.
Kandolo Kandolo was a black sergeant in the Force Publique who led a mutiny against the commander, Mathieu Pelzer, a bully, killing him and attacking other Force Publique posts in a rebellion in the Kasai region.
Morel with her book, Travels in West Africa. She saw the Africans as intelligent human beings, not savages, and criticized colonialism in Africa. He wrote under a pseudonym at first because the topic was touchy for Belgians.
She married him at the age of sixteen, and the two hated each other their whole lives. Her only interest was horses. When their young son died in an accident, and she could only produce daughters, he stopped speaking to her.
He became a famous public figure and speaker gathering thousands of supporters, including the rich and famous. Later in life, he was imprisoned for his anti-war campaign during World War I.Dr.
The Congo River is the largest river in western Central Africa and the most powerful on the continent. Its overall length of 2, miles (4, kilometers) makes it the second-longest in Africa (after the Nile).It is the fifth-longest river in the world, draining a basin of nearly million square miles. The Hôtel du Cap-Eden-Roc first opened its doors to guests in , or, 15 years before the Scramble for Africa in It was a hotel where both the 19th Century King Leopold of Belgium and the 20th Century self-appointed President-for-Life of Congo, Mobutu Sese Seko, enjoyed cocktails. What about Idi Amin, “His Excellency President for Life, Field Marshal Al Hadji Doctor Idi Amin, VC, DSO, MC, Lord of All the Beasts of the Earth and Fishes of the Sea, and Conqueror of the British Empire in Africa in General and Uganda in Particular.” 😀.
Martin Luther King Jr. Day of Service Activity January 16th & Martin Luther King Jr., his accomplishments and contribution to society. Martin Luther King Jr.
“The quality, not the longevity, of one’s life is what is important.” Martin Luther King Jr. In addition to serving at Avalon Community Center for Martin Luther King Jr. Langston Hughes was first recognized as an important literary figure during the s, a period known as the was roundly criticized by many black intellectuals for portraying what they thought to be an unattractive view of black life.
In his autobiographical The Big Sea Langston Hughes: A Biography, Crowell, Myers, Elizabeth P. In his early years (as a naturalized American) he led a roving life, fighting in the American Civil War, serving in the merchant marine and the federal navy, and reporting as a journalist on the.
Abdul Kalam will remain one of the finest human beings to have ever lived. He lived an illustrious and successful life, and his legacy will continue to inspire people around the world in the coming years. Below is a list that tries to do justice to his numerous achievements: • After graduating.
Watch video · Marco Polo was an explorer and merchant from Venice. He was hosted by Kublai Khan at his palace, Xanadu, and traveled throughout much of Asia. Explore Marco Polo's life on pfmlures.com King eventually pardoned him it left an important mark on his life that is often glossed over by other biographers (for example it is completely missing from Pecks film).
It was his time in prison that he started making the intellectual transition. | 1,541 | ENGLISH | 1 |
The living conditions of slaves in the antebellum American South were some of the worst for slaves across history. As legal property of their masters they had no rights themselves and fared far worse than Roman slaves or medieval serfs. Africans sold as slaves in the Americas had to rely on their owners providing them with housing or building materials, pots and pans for cooking and eating, food and clothing. Many slaves did the best they could with what they were given. Most did not dare complain for fear of receiving a whipping or worse punishment.
Living Conditions of Slaves: Housing
Slaves were allocated an area of the plantation for their living quarters. On some plantations the owners would provide the slaves with housing, on others the slaves had to build their own homes. Slaves that had to build their own houses tended to make them like the houses they had had in Africa and they all had thatched roofs. Living conditions were cramped with sometimes as many as ten people sharing a hut.
They had little in the way of furniture and their beds usually made of straw or old rags.
Slaves who worked in the plantation house generally had slightly better housing nearer to the house and were given better food and clothing than those slaves that worked in the fields.
Living Conditions of Slaves: Food
Sometimes they were given pots and pans for cooking, but more often they had to make their own. The long hours they had to work in the fields meant that they had little free time for making things to improve their living conditions. Some slaves used a hollowed out pumpkin shell called a calabash, to cook their food in.?
Most plantation owners did not spend more money on food for their slaves than they had to and so the slaves lived on a diet of fatty meat and cornbread.
Living Conditions of Slaves: Clothing
Slaves would be given one pair of shoes and three items of underwear a year. Although these and other clothing would be provided by their owner, they were often ill-fitting and made of coarse material
Living Conditions of Slaves: Free Time
Most slaves had to work from sunrise to sunset. Some owners made their slaves work every day, others allowed slaves one day a month off and some allowed their slaves to have Sundays as a rest-day.
Slaves would spend their free time mending their huts, making pots and pans and relaxing. Some plantation owners allowed their slaves a small plot of land to grow things to supplement their diet.
Slaves were not allowed to read or write, but some were allowed to go to church.
This article is part of our extensive resources on black history. For a comprehensive article on black history in the United States, click here.
Cite This Article"The Living Conditions of Slaves in the American South" History on the Net
© 2000-2020, Salem Media.
January 18, 2020 <https://www.historyonthenet.com/living-conditions-of-slaves>
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0.222924873232... | 1 | The living conditions of slaves in the antebellum American South were some of the worst for slaves across history. As legal property of their masters they had no rights themselves and fared far worse than Roman slaves or medieval serfs. Africans sold as slaves in the Americas had to rely on their owners providing them with housing or building materials, pots and pans for cooking and eating, food and clothing. Many slaves did the best they could with what they were given. Most did not dare complain for fear of receiving a whipping or worse punishment.
Living Conditions of Slaves: Housing
Slaves were allocated an area of the plantation for their living quarters. On some plantations the owners would provide the slaves with housing, on others the slaves had to build their own homes. Slaves that had to build their own houses tended to make them like the houses they had had in Africa and they all had thatched roofs. Living conditions were cramped with sometimes as many as ten people sharing a hut.
They had little in the way of furniture and their beds usually made of straw or old rags.
Slaves who worked in the plantation house generally had slightly better housing nearer to the house and were given better food and clothing than those slaves that worked in the fields.
Living Conditions of Slaves: Food
Sometimes they were given pots and pans for cooking, but more often they had to make their own. The long hours they had to work in the fields meant that they had little free time for making things to improve their living conditions. Some slaves used a hollowed out pumpkin shell called a calabash, to cook their food in.?
Most plantation owners did not spend more money on food for their slaves than they had to and so the slaves lived on a diet of fatty meat and cornbread.
Living Conditions of Slaves: Clothing
Slaves would be given one pair of shoes and three items of underwear a year. Although these and other clothing would be provided by their owner, they were often ill-fitting and made of coarse material
Living Conditions of Slaves: Free Time
Most slaves had to work from sunrise to sunset. Some owners made their slaves work every day, others allowed slaves one day a month off and some allowed their slaves to have Sundays as a rest-day.
Slaves would spend their free time mending their huts, making pots and pans and relaxing. Some plantation owners allowed their slaves a small plot of land to grow things to supplement their diet.
Slaves were not allowed to read or write, but some were allowed to go to church.
This article is part of our extensive resources on black history. For a comprehensive article on black history in the United States, click here.
Cite This Article"The Living Conditions of Slaves in the American South" History on the Net
© 2000-2020, Salem Media.
January 18, 2020 <https://www.historyonthenet.com/living-conditions-of-slaves>
More Citation Information. | 608 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Adam & Eve - Durer - Framed picture 11x14
Albrecht Durer was a German painter, printmaker, and theorist of the German Renaissance.
Durer established his reputation and influence across Europe when he was still young due to his high-quality woodcut prints. He was in communication with the major Italian artists of his time, including Raphael, Giovanni Bellini and Leonardo da Vinci, and from 1512 he was patronised by Emperor Maximilian I.
Durer's introduction of classical motifs into Northern art, through his knowledge of Italian artists and German humanists, has secured his reputation as one of the most important figures of the Northern Renaissance.
Durer exerted a huge influence on the artists of succeeding generations, especially in printmaking. His success in spreading his reputation across Europe through prints was undoubtedly an inspiration for major artists such as Raphael, Titian, and Parmigianino, all of whom collaborated with printmakers in order to promote and distribute their work.
Durer's study of human proportions and the use of transformations to a coordinate grid to demonstrate facial variation inspired similar work by D'Arcy Thompson in his book On Growth and Form. | <urn:uuid:537d7041-4f81-42b9-a091-c616c012f675> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.posterco.co.uk/collections/religious/products/adam-eve-durer-pb42 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250605075.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121192553-20200121221553-00510.warc.gz | en | 0.982041 | 242 | 3.484375 | 3 | [
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Albrecht Durer was a German painter, printmaker, and theorist of the German Renaissance.
Durer established his reputation and influence across Europe when he was still young due to his high-quality woodcut prints. He was in communication with the major Italian artists of his time, including Raphael, Giovanni Bellini and Leonardo da Vinci, and from 1512 he was patronised by Emperor Maximilian I.
Durer's introduction of classical motifs into Northern art, through his knowledge of Italian artists and German humanists, has secured his reputation as one of the most important figures of the Northern Renaissance.
Durer exerted a huge influence on the artists of succeeding generations, especially in printmaking. His success in spreading his reputation across Europe through prints was undoubtedly an inspiration for major artists such as Raphael, Titian, and Parmigianino, all of whom collaborated with printmakers in order to promote and distribute their work.
Durer's study of human proportions and the use of transformations to a coordinate grid to demonstrate facial variation inspired similar work by D'Arcy Thompson in his book On Growth and Form. | 242 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Charles Dickens Exposes the Dangers and Horrors of Victorian London in Oliver Twist
All of Charles Dickens novels are set in the period he wrote them in and contain certain points of social and political beliefs that he highlighted with the desire to change his audience's views, on mainly the poor, but also all those that were treated unjustly because of laws and stereotypes. 'Oliver Twist' is the story of a young orphan who is the illegitimate son of two good people. It shows the attempts of a collection of villainous characters to break his hereditary kind-heartedness and innocence. This is to benefit them through his considerable, unknown inheritance that they have found out about. However, …show more content…
After three years the law had become fully effective and the consequences of decision were obvious. Dickens was always protesting against the harsh treatment of the poor and was always on a crusade to resolve the problems. It was at this point that Dickens decided to take action by writing 'Oliver Twist'. Dickens can really sympathise with the poor characters in his book and the young children in his novel as he has been in their position. After his father was taken to debtor's prison, twelve-year-old Dickens was sent to a shoe blacking factory to earn money. His experiences in the factory and around that time were so traumatic that he only spoke about it to his wife and closest friend. These experiences affected Dickens' writing and helped contribute to the graphic imagery found within 'Oliver Twist' that show the horrors of London.
Dickens' writing is distinguishable by the many various descriptive techniques found throughout his work. In 'Oliver Twist' the descriptions can be divided into two main groups; description of setting and description of characters. To fully persuade his audience of the dangers of London, Dickens had to ensure his descriptions were detailed | <urn:uuid:c43c73e9-ef1a-406c-86fc-e0b6f92a4e73> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.cram.com/essay/charles-dickens-exposes-the-dangers-and-horrors/F3J75F33XC | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251783000.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128184745-20200128214745-00126.warc.gz | en | 0.989834 | 369 | 3.5625 | 4 | [
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-0.169395655393... | 1 | Charles Dickens Exposes the Dangers and Horrors of Victorian London in Oliver Twist
All of Charles Dickens novels are set in the period he wrote them in and contain certain points of social and political beliefs that he highlighted with the desire to change his audience's views, on mainly the poor, but also all those that were treated unjustly because of laws and stereotypes. 'Oliver Twist' is the story of a young orphan who is the illegitimate son of two good people. It shows the attempts of a collection of villainous characters to break his hereditary kind-heartedness and innocence. This is to benefit them through his considerable, unknown inheritance that they have found out about. However, …show more content…
After three years the law had become fully effective and the consequences of decision were obvious. Dickens was always protesting against the harsh treatment of the poor and was always on a crusade to resolve the problems. It was at this point that Dickens decided to take action by writing 'Oliver Twist'. Dickens can really sympathise with the poor characters in his book and the young children in his novel as he has been in their position. After his father was taken to debtor's prison, twelve-year-old Dickens was sent to a shoe blacking factory to earn money. His experiences in the factory and around that time were so traumatic that he only spoke about it to his wife and closest friend. These experiences affected Dickens' writing and helped contribute to the graphic imagery found within 'Oliver Twist' that show the horrors of London.
Dickens' writing is distinguishable by the many various descriptive techniques found throughout his work. In 'Oliver Twist' the descriptions can be divided into two main groups; description of setting and description of characters. To fully persuade his audience of the dangers of London, Dickens had to ensure his descriptions were detailed | 367 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Since 1851, obituaries in The New York Times have been dominated by white men. With Overlooked, we’re adding the stories of remarkable people whose deaths went unreported in The Times.
Pandita Ramabai Saraswati, a scholar, feminist and educator, broke nearly every rule and tradition that confined the life of an upper-caste Hindu woman in 19th-century India.
She was the rare woman who had learned Sanskrit, the ancient Hindu liturgical language reserved for Brahmin men; the rare Brahmin to marry out of caste; the rare widow who remained in public view, defying customs; and the rare Indian woman to decide, on her own, to convert to Christianity.
At a time when women were expected to be little seen and never heard, Ramabai was an outspoken advocate of women’s education and participation in public affairs. She traveled across India giving lectures on women’s rights. She studied in Britain and the United States, gave lectures in Japan and Australia, and taught Sanskrit as well as her mother tongue, Marathi.
Most remarkably for her time, Ramabai charted these paths as a single woman and mother; the few Indian women who were active in social reform then did so only with the encouragement — or, at least, the permission — of their husbands.
“Her background, her life choices, her personality and her career catapulted her into the public gaze, making her the most controversial Indian woman of her times,” Prof. Uma Chakravarti wrote in “Rewriting History: The Life and Times of Pandita Ramabai” (1998).
She was born Rama Dongre on April 23, 1858, into a Brahmin family. Brahmins, who were generally priests and scholars, were at the top of the caste system that governed Hindu society.
Though it was standard for learning to be limited to men and for women to be married off at a young age, Rama’s father, Anant Shastri Dongre, kept her at home and taught her Sanskrit.
This “enabled her to escape the rigid gender code,” said Meera Kosambi, an Indian academic who wrote a biography of Ramabai and translated many of her works from Marathi.
Ramabai was only 16 when she lost both her parents to famine. Her father’s “last loving command to me,” she wrote in a letter quoted by Kosambi, “was to live an honourable life, if I lived at all, and serve God all my life.”
She and her older brother made a livelihood reciting Sanskrit scripture. They moved to Calcutta in 1878, where word spread of Rama’s mastery of the Hindu holy books. Sanskrit scholars at the University of Calcutta gave her the titles Pandita (scholar) and Saraswati (for the goddess of learning), and she became involved in social reform and education circles in Bengal. Bai was added to her first name as a term of respect.
After her brother’s death in 1880, she married Bipin Behari Medhavi, a lawyer who was of a lower caste.
Rama was only 23 when Medhavi died of an illness, leaving her alone with their 1-year-old daughter, Manorama. She moved to Poona (now Pune), in western India, and formed the Arya Women’s Association to promote education and empowerment.
She left for England with her daughter in 1883 to study medicine but was told she could not become a doctor because of her increasing deafness. Instead she enrolled in a teaching program at the Cheltenham Ladies’ College and taught Marathi and Sanskrit.
From there she straddled two worlds. She converted to Christianity and took the name Mary, angering her Indian supporters. At the same time, she clashed with church officials, having chafed at their colonial attitudes, and she continued to wear Indian dress and remained a vegetarian.
Her most important published work, “The High Caste Hindu Woman,” was written in English in the United States in 1887, when she was 29. It focused on the plight of Hindu widows — she called widowhood “the worst and most dreaded period of a high-caste woman’s life.”
Brahmin customs prohibited widows from remarrying. Considered cursed, they were required to shave their heads, wear drab, coarse clothes and subsist on meager food. Widows were also subject to physical and sexual abuse. The common practice of child marriage meant that some widows were still girls when they were doomed to a lifetime on the margins.
Readers were moved by Ramabai’s account of life in India, and women’s groups formed the American Ramabai Association, with dozens of chapters to support Ramabai financially in her mission.
“Here was a woman who circumnavigated the globe in the 19th century, built community in foreign countries and overcame the visceral challenges of diet, dress and language,” said Shefali Chandra, associate professor of history at Washington University in St. Louis.
Ramabai wrote wry, thoughtful accounts of her travels that were well received in India. She described how an American host had been horrified to see her barefoot in the house, how Europeans had avoided her small party of Indians on a ship, and how she had stood out when she pulled woolen sweaters over her Indian clothing to stay warm.
Using proceeds from her book and lectures, she raised funds to open the Sharada Sadan (Home of Learning) center in 1889 in Bombay, offering widowed girls a refuge where they could study and learn skills like gardening, carpentry and sewing. The shelter grew, at one point serving more than 700 girls and women. Many became teachers and nurses while others stayed, running a dairy farm and their own printing press. The home is still active.
“The chief means of happiness is complete independence,” Ramabai urged in her writings, and the means for that is education, which she called “indestructible wealth.”
She identified with Native Americans and African Americans. In a letter to her daughter, she described meeting the escaped slave and abolitionist Harriet Tubman and urged Manorama to be “as helpful to her own dear countrywomen as Harriet was and is to her own people.”
Over time, her shelter, which started as a strictly secular mission, became unabashedly religious. Ramabai built a church and established the Mukti (Salvation) Mission. She made contacts with Christian groups in Australia to help finance its expansion and received dozens of volunteers.
Her work drew opposition from conservatives and others in India suspicious of her conversion to Christianity. One newspaper accused her of trying to “set afire the ancient religion of her compatriots with the help of foreigners.” But she found allies in Jyotiba Phule and his wife, Savitri, two anti-caste reformers.
“It was not just her feminism that was remarkable but the way that she understood and revealed the Hindu caste system” while also breaching the divisions the system created, Chandra said.
Manorama worked as Ramabai’s partner, helping run the schools and mission. But her health was poor, possibly from overwork, and she died at the age of 40. Ramabai died soon after, on April 5, 1922. She was 63.
Ramabai’s critique of the Hindu patriarchy and embrace of Christianity extracted a heavy price, according to her biographers: It led to her marginalization in India and her ultimate omission from mainstream history books. | <urn:uuid:a020e963-9539-4756-ad84-e36272fdc6b2> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.tefter.io/bookmarks/57012/readable | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251669967.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125041318-20200125070318-00256.warc.gz | en | 0.984044 | 1,624 | 3.265625 | 3 | [
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0.462882846593856... | 1 | Since 1851, obituaries in The New York Times have been dominated by white men. With Overlooked, we’re adding the stories of remarkable people whose deaths went unreported in The Times.
Pandita Ramabai Saraswati, a scholar, feminist and educator, broke nearly every rule and tradition that confined the life of an upper-caste Hindu woman in 19th-century India.
She was the rare woman who had learned Sanskrit, the ancient Hindu liturgical language reserved for Brahmin men; the rare Brahmin to marry out of caste; the rare widow who remained in public view, defying customs; and the rare Indian woman to decide, on her own, to convert to Christianity.
At a time when women were expected to be little seen and never heard, Ramabai was an outspoken advocate of women’s education and participation in public affairs. She traveled across India giving lectures on women’s rights. She studied in Britain and the United States, gave lectures in Japan and Australia, and taught Sanskrit as well as her mother tongue, Marathi.
Most remarkably for her time, Ramabai charted these paths as a single woman and mother; the few Indian women who were active in social reform then did so only with the encouragement — or, at least, the permission — of their husbands.
“Her background, her life choices, her personality and her career catapulted her into the public gaze, making her the most controversial Indian woman of her times,” Prof. Uma Chakravarti wrote in “Rewriting History: The Life and Times of Pandita Ramabai” (1998).
She was born Rama Dongre on April 23, 1858, into a Brahmin family. Brahmins, who were generally priests and scholars, were at the top of the caste system that governed Hindu society.
Though it was standard for learning to be limited to men and for women to be married off at a young age, Rama’s father, Anant Shastri Dongre, kept her at home and taught her Sanskrit.
This “enabled her to escape the rigid gender code,” said Meera Kosambi, an Indian academic who wrote a biography of Ramabai and translated many of her works from Marathi.
Ramabai was only 16 when she lost both her parents to famine. Her father’s “last loving command to me,” she wrote in a letter quoted by Kosambi, “was to live an honourable life, if I lived at all, and serve God all my life.”
She and her older brother made a livelihood reciting Sanskrit scripture. They moved to Calcutta in 1878, where word spread of Rama’s mastery of the Hindu holy books. Sanskrit scholars at the University of Calcutta gave her the titles Pandita (scholar) and Saraswati (for the goddess of learning), and she became involved in social reform and education circles in Bengal. Bai was added to her first name as a term of respect.
After her brother’s death in 1880, she married Bipin Behari Medhavi, a lawyer who was of a lower caste.
Rama was only 23 when Medhavi died of an illness, leaving her alone with their 1-year-old daughter, Manorama. She moved to Poona (now Pune), in western India, and formed the Arya Women’s Association to promote education and empowerment.
She left for England with her daughter in 1883 to study medicine but was told she could not become a doctor because of her increasing deafness. Instead she enrolled in a teaching program at the Cheltenham Ladies’ College and taught Marathi and Sanskrit.
From there she straddled two worlds. She converted to Christianity and took the name Mary, angering her Indian supporters. At the same time, she clashed with church officials, having chafed at their colonial attitudes, and she continued to wear Indian dress and remained a vegetarian.
Her most important published work, “The High Caste Hindu Woman,” was written in English in the United States in 1887, when she was 29. It focused on the plight of Hindu widows — she called widowhood “the worst and most dreaded period of a high-caste woman’s life.”
Brahmin customs prohibited widows from remarrying. Considered cursed, they were required to shave their heads, wear drab, coarse clothes and subsist on meager food. Widows were also subject to physical and sexual abuse. The common practice of child marriage meant that some widows were still girls when they were doomed to a lifetime on the margins.
Readers were moved by Ramabai’s account of life in India, and women’s groups formed the American Ramabai Association, with dozens of chapters to support Ramabai financially in her mission.
“Here was a woman who circumnavigated the globe in the 19th century, built community in foreign countries and overcame the visceral challenges of diet, dress and language,” said Shefali Chandra, associate professor of history at Washington University in St. Louis.
Ramabai wrote wry, thoughtful accounts of her travels that were well received in India. She described how an American host had been horrified to see her barefoot in the house, how Europeans had avoided her small party of Indians on a ship, and how she had stood out when she pulled woolen sweaters over her Indian clothing to stay warm.
Using proceeds from her book and lectures, she raised funds to open the Sharada Sadan (Home of Learning) center in 1889 in Bombay, offering widowed girls a refuge where they could study and learn skills like gardening, carpentry and sewing. The shelter grew, at one point serving more than 700 girls and women. Many became teachers and nurses while others stayed, running a dairy farm and their own printing press. The home is still active.
“The chief means of happiness is complete independence,” Ramabai urged in her writings, and the means for that is education, which she called “indestructible wealth.”
She identified with Native Americans and African Americans. In a letter to her daughter, she described meeting the escaped slave and abolitionist Harriet Tubman and urged Manorama to be “as helpful to her own dear countrywomen as Harriet was and is to her own people.”
Over time, her shelter, which started as a strictly secular mission, became unabashedly religious. Ramabai built a church and established the Mukti (Salvation) Mission. She made contacts with Christian groups in Australia to help finance its expansion and received dozens of volunteers.
Her work drew opposition from conservatives and others in India suspicious of her conversion to Christianity. One newspaper accused her of trying to “set afire the ancient religion of her compatriots with the help of foreigners.” But she found allies in Jyotiba Phule and his wife, Savitri, two anti-caste reformers.
“It was not just her feminism that was remarkable but the way that she understood and revealed the Hindu caste system” while also breaching the divisions the system created, Chandra said.
Manorama worked as Ramabai’s partner, helping run the schools and mission. But her health was poor, possibly from overwork, and she died at the age of 40. Ramabai died soon after, on April 5, 1922. She was 63.
Ramabai’s critique of the Hindu patriarchy and embrace of Christianity extracted a heavy price, according to her biographers: It led to her marginalization in India and her ultimate omission from mainstream history books. | 1,586 | ENGLISH | 1 |
The Supreme Court
The Supreme Court took the power of judicial review for itself in the case “Dred Scott 1857”.
True, since the case had already been decided, and as Scott was in the free state of Illinois, the court ought to have based their ruling on free status of illinois. The case was highly involved in suspension of the doctrine of habeas corpus. As well, it could be taken as one of the catalyst of the Civil War.
The Supreme Court issue a informa pauperis in the most constitutional issues,
True. Most cases that head to the US supreme court are constitutional based, and most of them relate to groups of poor citizens who feel that their rights are infridged by the state or the federal authorities. According to records, about 80% of these cases that head here are allowed informa pauperis. That it filling and some other normal costs.
The Bill of Rights has been fully applied to the states since the ratification of the 1787 Virginai plan.
False. Almost half of the American states still did not uphold freedom of black members of society, something that later culminated into the Civil War. Slaverly was still in place, and there was a threat to its expansion by those areas where it had not existed before.
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The clear and present danger doctrine was enunciated in the case of “Schenk v. Uranga”.
True. The judge had agued that inciting people against joining the military forces at the times of war was illegal, and could lead to a clear and present danger to society. In this case. the judge brought up the simple idea, which indicates that if one yelled fire in a theater, while there was no acctual fire , this would definitely threaten the life of people in the theater at that particular time.
The Supreme Court was reluctant to declare “separate but equal” unconstitutional due to its belief in the doctrine of stare decisis.
True. The “separate but equal” had been observed from different quarters as unequal and discriminatory. Most judges in the Supreme Court had found it convincing to hold it by the earlier decision made by the same Court. The Supreme Court in the earlier decision had not only supported this doctorine, but also the states that demanded it, and thus, lendering it constitutioonal.
Explain the Process for Appointing a Supreme Court Justice. What Actors and Factors Affect the Selection Process?
The right to appoint Supreme Court judges in the US is the prerogative of the US President. However, this is no done without approval of the US Senate. The constitutional provision provides that the President will nominate judges, and having received the advice and support from the Senate, he will be deemed to have appointed the judges. The President may make a list of his intended appointees and then pass them to the Senate.
The Senate may authorize that the justice committee of the house conducts interviews to the candidates and gives a report to the house. This report is firstly voted for while in the committee, although the outcome of the vote may not turn down the appointment. That can only be done by the whole Senate house. However, the outcome of the vote is likely to influence how the Senate votes. When the President feels that his nominee is likely to lose in the Senate, he may withdraw the name, so as to avoid humiliation. Sometimes, an appointment may take place when the house is on recess. When that happens, the appointee will be in office till the end of the subsequent Senate session.
How Does the Majority Opinion Differ from the Concurring and Dissenting Opinions? Use a Case Study.
During the vote by a bench in the case, the majority will have the case decided on their opinion, as the Judgment. A dissenting opinion is a written opinion by the dissenting judge or judges giving their reasons for failing to agree with the decision reached. For example, in the case of John Joseph Delling versus Idaho State in the Supreme Court in Idaho, the majority opinion held that Mr. Delling, who had been convicted a killer, would not be granted a right to appeal the earlier ruling.
The majority judges held the opinion that the State of Idaho had barred individuals of trying to justify their actions in the platform of being insane. However, three judges had dissented. One of these dissenting judges was Stephen Breyer, who in his dissenting opinion argued that, though Idaho had barred an argument in such case based on insanity, he held that it was the duty of the government to carry on investigations and proof the insanity question raised by the convict. Again, he held that American Psychiatric Association, which is a professional organization, argues that serious mental illnesses are likely to severely impair patient’s rational ability to make an appreciation of the badness of such conduct.
Another opinion that is largely held by the judges is concurring opinion. This is an opinion, whereby the judge agrees with the judgment, but differs with the majority in the reasons for reaching such a conclusion. For instance, in Michael M. V Superior Court, Certiorari to The Supreme Court of California, the petitioner made an argument that the statute rape law was discriminative on gender basis andd, thus, unconstitutional. He had contested that the law portrayed men in bad light. However the majority opinion ruled in favor of the statute, and stated that the most possible perpetrators of rape cases were men, and that sexual act is more risky for women than it is for men. However, three justices made a concurring opinion. One of these judges, Justice Brennan on his opinion, argued that the majority had put too much emphasis on the statute and gave his reason for judgment as that the government has the responsibility to fight the vice and, thus, had to make known the objective and the relationship that existed between that objective and the classification. He held that the State could not have achieved this goal with a gender neutral law that would be less effective.
Does the Constitution Guarantee a Right to Privacy? What Would Justice Roberts Jr. Say?
The US constitution has given right to privacy in it bills of rights. However, this is not so directly expressed, and does not use the word privacy. While considering the rulings by the Supreme Court, various constitutional bill of rights portions have been used to make a judgment in favor of privacy. This is more visible in the Fourth Amendment, which has offered protection to persons while at homes, or from searches by government that are not warranted by the court of law. The First Amendment, as well, gives an avenue to an individual right to privacy. In his dissenting opinion, Justice Louis Brandeis, on Olmstead v. the United States, held that that those who had given life to American constitution did so to secure happiness for American people, and that they wanted their minds, emotions, and sensations be well protected. They bestowed against the State or Federal authorities, the right of a person to be let do their daily activities alone.
As this has been a decision that was sustained by most judges, it was most likely the chief justice Roberts Junior was likely to go by that. In the case of Hedgepeth v. Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority, Justice Roberts, indicated that such harsh laws that were seen to act in a contravention with the Fourth Amendment would not be acceptable. He indicates that particular law that had led to detention of the little girl had been repealed.
What Methods Has the Women's Movement Used to Achieve Civil Rights According to Fiorina?
Most women civil rights groups resulted in the nonviolent methods of having their grievances heard by society. Women organized strikes and boycotting among other methods to have their grievances addressed. Again, they worked jointly with other civil rights minority groups, so as to have a formidable force with a common goal of respecting the minorities.
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0.2678754925727... | 1 | The Supreme Court
The Supreme Court took the power of judicial review for itself in the case “Dred Scott 1857”.
True, since the case had already been decided, and as Scott was in the free state of Illinois, the court ought to have based their ruling on free status of illinois. The case was highly involved in suspension of the doctrine of habeas corpus. As well, it could be taken as one of the catalyst of the Civil War.
The Supreme Court issue a informa pauperis in the most constitutional issues,
True. Most cases that head to the US supreme court are constitutional based, and most of them relate to groups of poor citizens who feel that their rights are infridged by the state or the federal authorities. According to records, about 80% of these cases that head here are allowed informa pauperis. That it filling and some other normal costs.
The Bill of Rights has been fully applied to the states since the ratification of the 1787 Virginai plan.
False. Almost half of the American states still did not uphold freedom of black members of society, something that later culminated into the Civil War. Slaverly was still in place, and there was a threat to its expansion by those areas where it had not existed before.
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The clear and present danger doctrine was enunciated in the case of “Schenk v. Uranga”.
True. The judge had agued that inciting people against joining the military forces at the times of war was illegal, and could lead to a clear and present danger to society. In this case. the judge brought up the simple idea, which indicates that if one yelled fire in a theater, while there was no acctual fire , this would definitely threaten the life of people in the theater at that particular time.
The Supreme Court was reluctant to declare “separate but equal” unconstitutional due to its belief in the doctrine of stare decisis.
True. The “separate but equal” had been observed from different quarters as unequal and discriminatory. Most judges in the Supreme Court had found it convincing to hold it by the earlier decision made by the same Court. The Supreme Court in the earlier decision had not only supported this doctorine, but also the states that demanded it, and thus, lendering it constitutioonal.
Explain the Process for Appointing a Supreme Court Justice. What Actors and Factors Affect the Selection Process?
The right to appoint Supreme Court judges in the US is the prerogative of the US President. However, this is no done without approval of the US Senate. The constitutional provision provides that the President will nominate judges, and having received the advice and support from the Senate, he will be deemed to have appointed the judges. The President may make a list of his intended appointees and then pass them to the Senate.
The Senate may authorize that the justice committee of the house conducts interviews to the candidates and gives a report to the house. This report is firstly voted for while in the committee, although the outcome of the vote may not turn down the appointment. That can only be done by the whole Senate house. However, the outcome of the vote is likely to influence how the Senate votes. When the President feels that his nominee is likely to lose in the Senate, he may withdraw the name, so as to avoid humiliation. Sometimes, an appointment may take place when the house is on recess. When that happens, the appointee will be in office till the end of the subsequent Senate session.
How Does the Majority Opinion Differ from the Concurring and Dissenting Opinions? Use a Case Study.
During the vote by a bench in the case, the majority will have the case decided on their opinion, as the Judgment. A dissenting opinion is a written opinion by the dissenting judge or judges giving their reasons for failing to agree with the decision reached. For example, in the case of John Joseph Delling versus Idaho State in the Supreme Court in Idaho, the majority opinion held that Mr. Delling, who had been convicted a killer, would not be granted a right to appeal the earlier ruling.
The majority judges held the opinion that the State of Idaho had barred individuals of trying to justify their actions in the platform of being insane. However, three judges had dissented. One of these dissenting judges was Stephen Breyer, who in his dissenting opinion argued that, though Idaho had barred an argument in such case based on insanity, he held that it was the duty of the government to carry on investigations and proof the insanity question raised by the convict. Again, he held that American Psychiatric Association, which is a professional organization, argues that serious mental illnesses are likely to severely impair patient’s rational ability to make an appreciation of the badness of such conduct.
Another opinion that is largely held by the judges is concurring opinion. This is an opinion, whereby the judge agrees with the judgment, but differs with the majority in the reasons for reaching such a conclusion. For instance, in Michael M. V Superior Court, Certiorari to The Supreme Court of California, the petitioner made an argument that the statute rape law was discriminative on gender basis andd, thus, unconstitutional. He had contested that the law portrayed men in bad light. However the majority opinion ruled in favor of the statute, and stated that the most possible perpetrators of rape cases were men, and that sexual act is more risky for women than it is for men. However, three justices made a concurring opinion. One of these judges, Justice Brennan on his opinion, argued that the majority had put too much emphasis on the statute and gave his reason for judgment as that the government has the responsibility to fight the vice and, thus, had to make known the objective and the relationship that existed between that objective and the classification. He held that the State could not have achieved this goal with a gender neutral law that would be less effective.
Does the Constitution Guarantee a Right to Privacy? What Would Justice Roberts Jr. Say?
The US constitution has given right to privacy in it bills of rights. However, this is not so directly expressed, and does not use the word privacy. While considering the rulings by the Supreme Court, various constitutional bill of rights portions have been used to make a judgment in favor of privacy. This is more visible in the Fourth Amendment, which has offered protection to persons while at homes, or from searches by government that are not warranted by the court of law. The First Amendment, as well, gives an avenue to an individual right to privacy. In his dissenting opinion, Justice Louis Brandeis, on Olmstead v. the United States, held that that those who had given life to American constitution did so to secure happiness for American people, and that they wanted their minds, emotions, and sensations be well protected. They bestowed against the State or Federal authorities, the right of a person to be let do their daily activities alone.
As this has been a decision that was sustained by most judges, it was most likely the chief justice Roberts Junior was likely to go by that. In the case of Hedgepeth v. Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority, Justice Roberts, indicated that such harsh laws that were seen to act in a contravention with the Fourth Amendment would not be acceptable. He indicates that particular law that had led to detention of the little girl had been repealed.
What Methods Has the Women's Movement Used to Achieve Civil Rights According to Fiorina?
Most women civil rights groups resulted in the nonviolent methods of having their grievances heard by society. Women organized strikes and boycotting among other methods to have their grievances addressed. Again, they worked jointly with other civil rights minority groups, so as to have a formidable force with a common goal of respecting the minorities.
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Most popular orders | 1,707 | ENGLISH | 1 |
For the last 50 years or so, it has been widely accepted that an impact from an asteroid was the direct cause of the extinction of the dinosaurs, but it appears that that theory has now been turned upside down. A recent report that was given at the 44th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference suggests that it was not an asteroid that caused the demise of the dinosaurs, but was actually a comet.
This theory is based on the fact that 180km wide Chicxulub crater in Mexico is simply too large to have been caused by a meteor, which is supported by the lack of an abundance of iridium. An element which would have been kicked up in vast quantities if such a large asteroid were the source of the crater.
Dr. Jason Moore, of Dartmouth College said: "You'd need an asteroid of about 5km diameter to contribute that much iridium and osmium. But an asteroid that size would not make a 200km-diameter crater," He theorized that the crater was created by something moving much faster than an asteroid, something with less rock and more ice.
The only thing that could have caused such a crater could be a comet. "So we said: how do we get something that has enough energy to generate that size of crater, but has much less rocky material? That brings us to comets." Not everyone is on the same page though with some studies finding that up to as much as 70 percent of the craters material was scattered throughout the world, while other studies only estimate as little as 20 percent was globally distributed via the atmosphere.
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0.26898473501205... | 1 | For the last 50 years or so, it has been widely accepted that an impact from an asteroid was the direct cause of the extinction of the dinosaurs, but it appears that that theory has now been turned upside down. A recent report that was given at the 44th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference suggests that it was not an asteroid that caused the demise of the dinosaurs, but was actually a comet.
This theory is based on the fact that 180km wide Chicxulub crater in Mexico is simply too large to have been caused by a meteor, which is supported by the lack of an abundance of iridium. An element which would have been kicked up in vast quantities if such a large asteroid were the source of the crater.
Dr. Jason Moore, of Dartmouth College said: "You'd need an asteroid of about 5km diameter to contribute that much iridium and osmium. But an asteroid that size would not make a 200km-diameter crater," He theorized that the crater was created by something moving much faster than an asteroid, something with less rock and more ice.
The only thing that could have caused such a crater could be a comet. "So we said: how do we get something that has enough energy to generate that size of crater, but has much less rocky material? That brings us to comets." Not everyone is on the same page though with some studies finding that up to as much as 70 percent of the craters material was scattered throughout the world, while other studies only estimate as little as 20 percent was globally distributed via the atmosphere.
- >> NEXT STORY: Apple bug allows Apple ID password reset with just e-mail and date of birth
- << PREVIOUS STORY: Final Fantasy X and X-2 to get North America PS3 and PS Vita HD reboot | 378 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Passes and bastions are important elements of fortifications. The Passes, large and small give access to and from a fort and at times of war would be heavily guarded. Bastions are fortified projections on the ramparts of a fort from which defenders could easily defend the rampart as well as attack enemies due to its wide angle of fire. The fortress of Kotte was equipped with both these elements.
The fortress of Kotte had 6 minor passes and one main land pass giving access to the outside world. The main land pass was through the Outer city in the south. This was around 200 feet in width and protected by the outer moat on both sides and granite stone walls along the moat along with two bastions. This main entrance to Kotte is at present north of Pita Kotte junction near the Sirikotha. There were further two minor passes to the outer city situated on the outer end of the moat.
In the inner city there were 4 minor passes apart from the inner city gate in the south. One pass lay in the northern tip of Kotte and was fortified with a drawbridge to the road towards Colombo. On the northeast of the inner city rampart was the Kantagantota pass and with the other two passes situated on the two edges of the south inner city rampart. The 6 minor passes were created through narrow channels across the lake and the mud layer that surrounded the fort. These passes would have been small concealed openings in the rampart which could have been easily defended during a siege. It is important to note that the fortress of Kotte was designed on that of the Indian city of ‘Mithila’ mentioned in the Ummaga Jataka and accordingly Mithila too had 7 passes to the city.
The bastions are recorded to have been built of granite instead of Kabook from which the rampart was built and they were placed at the entrances to each pass for their protection. Two bastions each guarded the main land access in the outer city and the inner city gate at the inner city and one bastion each protected the rest of the passes. Apart from these defences that were created before the arrival of the Portuguese, with their arrival and subsequent guardianship of the city of Kotte, they too erected defences at the inner city gate and the main land pass in the form of a vallation (a defensive structure like a bastion). Further the ancient Sinhalese chronicles states that Devalas and Kovils were built on top of the bastions.
At present very few of the remains of the above features can be identified. From the bastions, only the Angampitiya bastion which was on the western end of the south inner rampart can be seen and scanty remains of the draw bridge of the northern pass and the entrance to the Kantagantota pass can be seen. The following will go according to the numbering of the Passes and Bastions of the above map.
Pass 01 and Bastion 10
This was situated on the northern tip of the fortress of Kotte and gave entrance to the road to Colombo. This pass was known as the pass of Ambalama and fortified by a bastion and a draw bridge. At present it is would be the location between Morris Rajapakse Mawatha and Jayanthi Mawatha bordering the Parliament road soon after the bridge from Rajagiriya. Remains of the draw bridge, first identified by Mr. Prasad Fonseka of the Kotte Heritage Foundation can be found in the premises of the Lions Club on Morris Rajapakse Mawatha. Here 3-4 large stone pillars could be found which are believed to have been supporting pillars to the draw bridge.
Pass 02 and Bastion 09
Heading along the eastern inner city ramparts from the north, this was known as the Kantagantota pass and could be found at present in the Parakumba Pirivena. A conserved section of the rampart is found running across the Temple premises and the opening in the middle of the rampart is where the pass would have been. The bastion would have been in close proximity within the present Temple premises but no remains can be found at present.
Pass 03 and Bastion 05
This bastion and pass is situated on the edge where the southern and western ramparts meet. This is also known as the Angampitiya bastion and can be reached by turning onto Angampitiya road and after about 200m, from the four-way junction turn left till This bastion and pass is situated on the edge where the southern and western ramparts meet. This is also known as the Angampitiya bastion and can be reached by turning onto Angampitiya road and after about 200m, from the four-way junction turn left till you reach the Sri Jayawardhanapura school play grounds, the rampart can be found on this road in two sections and the bastion is found at the end on to the left. This bastion has been built on a natural mound and cut granite blocks could be found scattered around. This is the only visible bastion of the fortress of Kotte at present but is in a neglected state. A visit two years back showed some granite blocks inplace but these have since been disrupted. The 3rd pass to the inner city would have been near this bastion. Just in front of the bastion is an old well now situated inside a private land, it is stated that there were wells at the entrances to every pass so that the people may wash themselves before entring the fort. This bastion and pass is clearly marked in a Dutch map which is reproduced in the book KOTTE: THE FORTRESS.
Bastions 06 & 07 and entrance to inner city
These two bastions would have covered the entrance to the inner city from the outer city. at present no remains of the bastions can be seen as the present Ethul Kotte road runs through this section and the area has been completely built up. A section of the rampart coming from Angampitiya bastion can be seen in the Salvation Army Church premises. The Portuguese sources state that they had built a defensive structure known as a vallation at this entrance, this too could clearly be seen on the Dutch map.
Pass 04 and Bastion 08
This can be found on the end of the eastern rampart where it meets the inner city moat. The rampart here is conserved but no trace of the bastion can be found. From the point where the eastern rampart meets the southern rampart at the 90 degree angle, the southern rampart extends several meters towards the east. This could be the entrance peer to pass no. 04.
Pass 05 and Bastion 01
This pass and bastion was situated at the western end of the outer city moat and rampart and at present would be in an area somewhere down the southern end of 4th Lane. The bastion would have given entrance to the pass through the shallow mud layer here through the lake. This is situated at a lower elevation than the main land pass (Ethul Kotte road area) thus would have been ideal for as a pass as the entire approach could be seen from the higher elevation areas with much safety.
Pass 06 Bastions 02 & 03
Pass 06 was the main land access to the fortress of Kotte just north of Pita Kotte junction and the bastions were built on either side of the main land pass. At present no remains can be found and these would have been situated on either side of the Ethul Kotte road where the present Janatha Sevaka Sangamaya building is and another building on the opposite side. In the centre of this, the Portuguese had built another vallation for further protection.
Pass 07 and Bastion 04
This pass and bastion was situated on the eastern end of outer moat and rampart. At present it could be traced to a location down Ranpokuna Mawatha. This too is in a lower elevation such as Pass 05 and Bastion 01 but no remains can be traced.
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0.50289583206... | 9 | Passes and bastions are important elements of fortifications. The Passes, large and small give access to and from a fort and at times of war would be heavily guarded. Bastions are fortified projections on the ramparts of a fort from which defenders could easily defend the rampart as well as attack enemies due to its wide angle of fire. The fortress of Kotte was equipped with both these elements.
The fortress of Kotte had 6 minor passes and one main land pass giving access to the outside world. The main land pass was through the Outer city in the south. This was around 200 feet in width and protected by the outer moat on both sides and granite stone walls along the moat along with two bastions. This main entrance to Kotte is at present north of Pita Kotte junction near the Sirikotha. There were further two minor passes to the outer city situated on the outer end of the moat.
In the inner city there were 4 minor passes apart from the inner city gate in the south. One pass lay in the northern tip of Kotte and was fortified with a drawbridge to the road towards Colombo. On the northeast of the inner city rampart was the Kantagantota pass and with the other two passes situated on the two edges of the south inner city rampart. The 6 minor passes were created through narrow channels across the lake and the mud layer that surrounded the fort. These passes would have been small concealed openings in the rampart which could have been easily defended during a siege. It is important to note that the fortress of Kotte was designed on that of the Indian city of ‘Mithila’ mentioned in the Ummaga Jataka and accordingly Mithila too had 7 passes to the city.
The bastions are recorded to have been built of granite instead of Kabook from which the rampart was built and they were placed at the entrances to each pass for their protection. Two bastions each guarded the main land access in the outer city and the inner city gate at the inner city and one bastion each protected the rest of the passes. Apart from these defences that were created before the arrival of the Portuguese, with their arrival and subsequent guardianship of the city of Kotte, they too erected defences at the inner city gate and the main land pass in the form of a vallation (a defensive structure like a bastion). Further the ancient Sinhalese chronicles states that Devalas and Kovils were built on top of the bastions.
At present very few of the remains of the above features can be identified. From the bastions, only the Angampitiya bastion which was on the western end of the south inner rampart can be seen and scanty remains of the draw bridge of the northern pass and the entrance to the Kantagantota pass can be seen. The following will go according to the numbering of the Passes and Bastions of the above map.
Pass 01 and Bastion 10
This was situated on the northern tip of the fortress of Kotte and gave entrance to the road to Colombo. This pass was known as the pass of Ambalama and fortified by a bastion and a draw bridge. At present it is would be the location between Morris Rajapakse Mawatha and Jayanthi Mawatha bordering the Parliament road soon after the bridge from Rajagiriya. Remains of the draw bridge, first identified by Mr. Prasad Fonseka of the Kotte Heritage Foundation can be found in the premises of the Lions Club on Morris Rajapakse Mawatha. Here 3-4 large stone pillars could be found which are believed to have been supporting pillars to the draw bridge.
Pass 02 and Bastion 09
Heading along the eastern inner city ramparts from the north, this was known as the Kantagantota pass and could be found at present in the Parakumba Pirivena. A conserved section of the rampart is found running across the Temple premises and the opening in the middle of the rampart is where the pass would have been. The bastion would have been in close proximity within the present Temple premises but no remains can be found at present.
Pass 03 and Bastion 05
This bastion and pass is situated on the edge where the southern and western ramparts meet. This is also known as the Angampitiya bastion and can be reached by turning onto Angampitiya road and after about 200m, from the four-way junction turn left till This bastion and pass is situated on the edge where the southern and western ramparts meet. This is also known as the Angampitiya bastion and can be reached by turning onto Angampitiya road and after about 200m, from the four-way junction turn left till you reach the Sri Jayawardhanapura school play grounds, the rampart can be found on this road in two sections and the bastion is found at the end on to the left. This bastion has been built on a natural mound and cut granite blocks could be found scattered around. This is the only visible bastion of the fortress of Kotte at present but is in a neglected state. A visit two years back showed some granite blocks inplace but these have since been disrupted. The 3rd pass to the inner city would have been near this bastion. Just in front of the bastion is an old well now situated inside a private land, it is stated that there were wells at the entrances to every pass so that the people may wash themselves before entring the fort. This bastion and pass is clearly marked in a Dutch map which is reproduced in the book KOTTE: THE FORTRESS.
Bastions 06 & 07 and entrance to inner city
These two bastions would have covered the entrance to the inner city from the outer city. at present no remains of the bastions can be seen as the present Ethul Kotte road runs through this section and the area has been completely built up. A section of the rampart coming from Angampitiya bastion can be seen in the Salvation Army Church premises. The Portuguese sources state that they had built a defensive structure known as a vallation at this entrance, this too could clearly be seen on the Dutch map.
Pass 04 and Bastion 08
This can be found on the end of the eastern rampart where it meets the inner city moat. The rampart here is conserved but no trace of the bastion can be found. From the point where the eastern rampart meets the southern rampart at the 90 degree angle, the southern rampart extends several meters towards the east. This could be the entrance peer to pass no. 04.
Pass 05 and Bastion 01
This pass and bastion was situated at the western end of the outer city moat and rampart and at present would be in an area somewhere down the southern end of 4th Lane. The bastion would have given entrance to the pass through the shallow mud layer here through the lake. This is situated at a lower elevation than the main land pass (Ethul Kotte road area) thus would have been ideal for as a pass as the entire approach could be seen from the higher elevation areas with much safety.
Pass 06 Bastions 02 & 03
Pass 06 was the main land access to the fortress of Kotte just north of Pita Kotte junction and the bastions were built on either side of the main land pass. At present no remains can be found and these would have been situated on either side of the Ethul Kotte road where the present Janatha Sevaka Sangamaya building is and another building on the opposite side. In the centre of this, the Portuguese had built another vallation for further protection.
Pass 07 and Bastion 04
This pass and bastion was situated on the eastern end of outer moat and rampart. At present it could be traced to a location down Ranpokuna Mawatha. This too is in a lower elevation such as Pass 05 and Bastion 01 but no remains can be traced.
- Fonseka Prasad, KOTTE: THE FORTRESS, 2015. | 1,736 | ENGLISH | 1 |
In the United States, racism has been in existence long before its independence in the then colonial days. Through socially or politically sanctioned rights and privileges that were accorded to white Americans a culture of racism was in play with these same rights being denied to Hispanic Americans, Native Americans, Asian Americans, and African Americans. It was the White Protestant Anglo-Saxons in the country that enjoyed exclusive right with regard to land acquisition, immigration, education and even voting rights with the other groups being openly sidelined. As a result, racism was responsible for the birth of institutions that were ethnically and racially structured; slavery, American Indian Wars, segregation, Native American Reservations, naturalization and immigration laws and the infamous internment camps. For the purpose of this essay, the focus will be on the African American and the Asian American experience in terms of racism, their similarities, and differences, if any.
In the United States, the white Americans took precedence over every other race that existed in this territory and laws together with strong racial policies were created to ensure that they were at the top of the food chain. In particular, it was mostly the White Protestants of the Anglo-Saxon heritage that enjoyed these exclusive privileges especially when it came to issues of immigration, education, voting rights and citizenship with the other minorities missing out conspicuously. The experience of African Americans and Asian Americans was similar as they were both viewed by the majority white American population as foreigners. The laws that were passed were specifically aimed at infringing on the rights of these groups and further pushing them to the periphery in a country that they now resided in. After the Union troops left the American South after the period of Reconstruction (1865-1877) was over, Southern states passed discriminatory laws meant to deny the freed slaves the same rights enjoyed by the rights (Alexander, 2005, p. 2). Similarly, the Chinese as an Asian American group experienced similar discrimination when the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 (Sundstrom, 2008, p. 76) was passed meant to ban them from immigrating the United States.
The African American and Asian American experience with racism also seems to differ due to the circumstances that saw these people find themselves in this new land. The ancestors of the African Americans, for example, brought into the country as slaves to provide labor in the plantations that littered the American South. They were looked down upon by their slave masters and it was only the American Civil War (1861-65) that seemed to try and salvage the situation, through the Emancipation Act. Asian Americans (Chinese, Japanese, South Asians and Filipinos Americans) had immigrated to the United States willingly in search of work opportunities during the California Gold Rush and the industrialization (Chou & Feagin, 2015). They were seen as foreigners who would snatch the available job opportunities from the majority white Americans. Although racism was experienced, they were only viewed as a threat and not as much as the African Americans. African American had a rough experience in the United States due to their origins from slaves. They were given sub-human treatment which at times even amounted to public lynchings of African Americans by white supremacist groups such as the Klu Klux Klan (KKK). Order Unique Answer Now | <urn:uuid:1c831077-be39-48c6-bd48-644b023a3819> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://uniquewritersbay.com/blog/comparison-african-american-asian-american-racism-experience/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251687725.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126043644-20200126073644-00143.warc.gz | en | 0.981471 | 652 | 4.1875 | 4 | [
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0.279869... | 1 | In the United States, racism has been in existence long before its independence in the then colonial days. Through socially or politically sanctioned rights and privileges that were accorded to white Americans a culture of racism was in play with these same rights being denied to Hispanic Americans, Native Americans, Asian Americans, and African Americans. It was the White Protestant Anglo-Saxons in the country that enjoyed exclusive right with regard to land acquisition, immigration, education and even voting rights with the other groups being openly sidelined. As a result, racism was responsible for the birth of institutions that were ethnically and racially structured; slavery, American Indian Wars, segregation, Native American Reservations, naturalization and immigration laws and the infamous internment camps. For the purpose of this essay, the focus will be on the African American and the Asian American experience in terms of racism, their similarities, and differences, if any.
In the United States, the white Americans took precedence over every other race that existed in this territory and laws together with strong racial policies were created to ensure that they were at the top of the food chain. In particular, it was mostly the White Protestants of the Anglo-Saxon heritage that enjoyed these exclusive privileges especially when it came to issues of immigration, education, voting rights and citizenship with the other minorities missing out conspicuously. The experience of African Americans and Asian Americans was similar as they were both viewed by the majority white American population as foreigners. The laws that were passed were specifically aimed at infringing on the rights of these groups and further pushing them to the periphery in a country that they now resided in. After the Union troops left the American South after the period of Reconstruction (1865-1877) was over, Southern states passed discriminatory laws meant to deny the freed slaves the same rights enjoyed by the rights (Alexander, 2005, p. 2). Similarly, the Chinese as an Asian American group experienced similar discrimination when the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 (Sundstrom, 2008, p. 76) was passed meant to ban them from immigrating the United States.
The African American and Asian American experience with racism also seems to differ due to the circumstances that saw these people find themselves in this new land. The ancestors of the African Americans, for example, brought into the country as slaves to provide labor in the plantations that littered the American South. They were looked down upon by their slave masters and it was only the American Civil War (1861-65) that seemed to try and salvage the situation, through the Emancipation Act. Asian Americans (Chinese, Japanese, South Asians and Filipinos Americans) had immigrated to the United States willingly in search of work opportunities during the California Gold Rush and the industrialization (Chou & Feagin, 2015). They were seen as foreigners who would snatch the available job opportunities from the majority white Americans. Although racism was experienced, they were only viewed as a threat and not as much as the African Americans. African American had a rough experience in the United States due to their origins from slaves. They were given sub-human treatment which at times even amounted to public lynchings of African Americans by white supremacist groups such as the Klu Klux Klan (KKK). Order Unique Answer Now | 681 | ENGLISH | 1 |
On September 1, 1939, Nazi leader Adolf Hitler ordered the invasion of Poland, and Poland under German rule was full of unimaginable suffering. Two men, however, risked their lives to lessen this suffering using the best of their abilities – as doctors. Stanislaw Matulewicz and Eugene Lazowski joined the Polish resistance and learned how to make perfectly healthy people test positive for the fatal disease typhus. In short, these WWII Polish doctors effectively created a fake typhus epidemic in order to save lives.
Through their scientific ingenuity, Matulewicz and Lazowski saved an estimated 8,000 people from extermination. Their story is one of bravery, discovery, and the ability to keep amassive ecret – even from those they were "treating."
In 1941, when Stanislaw Matulewicz was approached by a man on leave from a German work camp desperate to find a way out of being forced to return, he knew exactly what to do – kind of. Matulewicz injected the man with a mysterious substance and basically crossed his fingers that it wouldn't exterminate him. He told the man to go home and come back in a few days. When the man came back, Matulewicz took a blood sample and sent it to the German authorities. When the results of the blood test Matulewicz had to send in to the Germans returned as positive for typhus, the doctor knew he was on to something life-changing, and life-saving.
Matulwicz had figured out how to create a false positive for the Weil-Felix reaction, the universal test for typhus, by using a bacteria strain that clouded in the same way that typhus did when tested from his own backyard. When he realized he had found a way to trick the Germans into believing in a fake typhus epidemic, he recruited his friend Eugene Lazowski, already a part of the Polish resistance, to join him in his scientific revolt.
Eugene Lazowski joined the Polish resistance in 1941, and he began secretly treating Jews through a hole in a fence in his backyard that connected his village to the separate Jewish ghetto. Doctors were prohibited from treating Jews, but Lazowski was determined to fight any way he could. He was personally captured by them but managed to escape after only two brief hours by scaling a 10-foot wall. Lazowski continued to defy the Germans despite the impending threat of torment – he carried a cyanide pill with him the entire duration of WWII, so he could take his own life before the Germans could get him.
The Germans were ruthless, but there was one thing that deeply frightened them: typhus. The Germans were especially afraid of the disease because typhus was notoriously difficult to control in a war environment; the Germans knew this firsthand from their experiences with the disease in WWI. The Germans were so afraid of typhus that they refused to deport anyone diagnosed with the disease, preferring to quarantine them in their homes.
Matulewicz and Lazowski were able to brilliantly save Jews by only infecting non-Jewish Poles, knowing that any Jew found testing positive for typhus would be offed immediately. The doctors faked an epidemic in various villages, and the Germans were so paranoid they refused to go near the Jewish ghettos in those villages. The doctors faked epidemics in nearly a dozen villages, saving not only Jews but also other innocent Polish people from the brutality. | <urn:uuid:ed1faa3a-8b40-46a9-8aec-0a605d23e7e7> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.ranker.com/list/polish-doctors-fake-virus-saved-jews/cleo-egnal?ref=browse_list&l=2&pos=3 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250591234.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20200117205732-20200117233732-00112.warc.gz | en | 0.985554 | 697 | 3.625 | 4 | [
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0.25132498145103455... | 3 | On September 1, 1939, Nazi leader Adolf Hitler ordered the invasion of Poland, and Poland under German rule was full of unimaginable suffering. Two men, however, risked their lives to lessen this suffering using the best of their abilities – as doctors. Stanislaw Matulewicz and Eugene Lazowski joined the Polish resistance and learned how to make perfectly healthy people test positive for the fatal disease typhus. In short, these WWII Polish doctors effectively created a fake typhus epidemic in order to save lives.
Through their scientific ingenuity, Matulewicz and Lazowski saved an estimated 8,000 people from extermination. Their story is one of bravery, discovery, and the ability to keep amassive ecret – even from those they were "treating."
In 1941, when Stanislaw Matulewicz was approached by a man on leave from a German work camp desperate to find a way out of being forced to return, he knew exactly what to do – kind of. Matulewicz injected the man with a mysterious substance and basically crossed his fingers that it wouldn't exterminate him. He told the man to go home and come back in a few days. When the man came back, Matulewicz took a blood sample and sent it to the German authorities. When the results of the blood test Matulewicz had to send in to the Germans returned as positive for typhus, the doctor knew he was on to something life-changing, and life-saving.
Matulwicz had figured out how to create a false positive for the Weil-Felix reaction, the universal test for typhus, by using a bacteria strain that clouded in the same way that typhus did when tested from his own backyard. When he realized he had found a way to trick the Germans into believing in a fake typhus epidemic, he recruited his friend Eugene Lazowski, already a part of the Polish resistance, to join him in his scientific revolt.
Eugene Lazowski joined the Polish resistance in 1941, and he began secretly treating Jews through a hole in a fence in his backyard that connected his village to the separate Jewish ghetto. Doctors were prohibited from treating Jews, but Lazowski was determined to fight any way he could. He was personally captured by them but managed to escape after only two brief hours by scaling a 10-foot wall. Lazowski continued to defy the Germans despite the impending threat of torment – he carried a cyanide pill with him the entire duration of WWII, so he could take his own life before the Germans could get him.
The Germans were ruthless, but there was one thing that deeply frightened them: typhus. The Germans were especially afraid of the disease because typhus was notoriously difficult to control in a war environment; the Germans knew this firsthand from their experiences with the disease in WWI. The Germans were so afraid of typhus that they refused to deport anyone diagnosed with the disease, preferring to quarantine them in their homes.
Matulewicz and Lazowski were able to brilliantly save Jews by only infecting non-Jewish Poles, knowing that any Jew found testing positive for typhus would be offed immediately. The doctors faked an epidemic in various villages, and the Germans were so paranoid they refused to go near the Jewish ghettos in those villages. The doctors faked epidemics in nearly a dozen villages, saving not only Jews but also other innocent Polish people from the brutality. | 722 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Pit brow women, pit brow lasses, pit head women or tip girls were female surface labourers at British collieries. They worked at the coal screens on the pit brow[a]pit bank at the shaft top until the 1960s. Their job was to pick stones and sort the coal after it was hauled to the surface.
Before 1842 women worked underground but after the Mines and Collieries Act of 1842The Mines and Collieries Act 1842 (5 & 6 Vict. c. 99), usually known as the Mines Act 1842 is an act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that prohibited all females and boys under ten years of age from working underground in coal mines. was passed some found alternative employment at the pit head. Women continued to work at collieries in Scotland, South Wales, Cumberland, Shropshire and South Staffordshire and LancashireThe Lancashire and Cheshire Coalfield in North West England was one of the most important British coalfields. Its coal seams were formed from the vegetation of tropical swampy forests in the Carboniferous period more than 300 million years ago. where more were employed than in any other area.
Most pit brow women were unmarried and came from mining families; they often left pit work when they married and had families. They started work at six in the morning and worked either at the screening tables or pushing coal tubs. They worked outdoors and developed a distinctive mode of dress that was practical for the work involved but appeared strange to Victorian sensibilities and aroused considerable curiosity.
In the early coal industry women and girls worked underground alongside men and boys in small coal pits. It was common practice in Lancashire and Cumberland, Yorkshire, the East of Scotland and South Wales. The death of Elizabeth Higginson working underground was recorded in the register of Wigan Parish Church in 1641. An article in the Gentleman’s Magazine in 1795 described Betty Hodson aged nine who worked underground with her brother, aged seven, dragging baskets of coals for their father.
From the 1600s in Lancashire it was common for whole families to be employed in the pits. Colliers relied on their wives, sons and daughters who were employed as drawers. The daughters of colliers usually married within the mining community. As the industry grew the population expanded and more members of extended mining families obtained work. Pit work in south-west Lancashire resulted in the area around Wigan having the highest rates of female employment in the country in the 19th century.
On 4 July 1838, a flash flood at the Huskar Pit The Huskar Pit disaster occurred on 4 July 1838 when twenty-six boys and girls who were working underground were drowned by an overflowing stream. near Silkstone in Yorkshire caused the deaths of twenty-six children aged from seven to seventeen who were drowned while trying to escape. The disaster led to a public outcry and subsequent Royal Commission led by Anthony Ashley Cooper. Until the Mines and Collieries Act 1842 was passed prohibiting boys under ten years of age and all women and girls from working underground in coal mines, it was common for women and children to work shifts of eleven or twelve hours underground. Children as young as five or six worked as trappers opening and closing ventilation doors before becoming hurriers, pushing tubs of coal to the shaft bottom.
After the 1842 Act
The government appointed a civil servant, Hugh Tremenheere, to be the first Inspector of Mines. A barrister with no experience of mining, he had 2,000 pits to oversee, no powers but he secured compliance with the act in four years.
The prohibition of underground female labour caused much suffering and hardship and was greatly resented in south-west Lancashire. The employment of women did not end abruptly in 1842, with the connivance of some employers, women dressed as men continued to work underground for several years. Penalties for employing women were small and inspectors were few and some women were so desperate for work they willingly worked illegally for less pay. Children continued working underground at some pits. At Coppull Colliery’s Burgh Pit, three females died after an explosion in November 1846, one was eleven years old.
Not all women who had worked underground gained employment as surface workers. Lighter work on the surface had traditionally been reserved for older men and men who had been injured below ground and some colliery owners considered pits unsuitable places for women. Other colliery owners were happy to employ women who had proved themselves reliable and strong workers and were used to the language and habits of the miners. Male surface workers earned twice the wages of the women who worked twelve-hour shifts, five days a week and a shorter shift on Saturdays. Women surface workers were concentrated in Scotland, South Wales, Cumberland, Shropshire and South Staffordshire and Lancashire, particularly in the Wigan area. In Yorkshire women were completely excluded from the pits but “pit brow lasses” were employed in Lancashire; in Scotland they were known as “pit head women” and in Wales as “tip girls”.
By the 1851 census, most pit brow women were unmarried and under twenty. From 1861 to 1891 the census returns show that most women working at the pit bank were in their late teens or early twenties. They had to be strong enough to move coal tubs and tall enough to work at the screening tables. Many were sent to work at the pit by their parents. About a fifth of the women supported elderly parents or widowed mothers, about a tenth were married many were from families that had worked in the pits for generations. More women were employed in this capacity on the Lancashire Coalfield than in any other area.
Work started at six. Women either moved the coal tubs when they came up to the surface and shovelled the coal onto screening tables where other women worked as the coal was riddled and sorted. They used rakes to move the coal on the tables, broke up large lumps, removed stones, loaded wagons and removed the dust and stones that fell through the screens. They worked outdoors in all weather.
Pit-brow women developed a distinctive “uniform” of clogs, trousers covered with a skirt and apron, old flannel jackets or shawls and headscarfs to protect their hair from coal dust. Their unconventional but practical dress drew them to the attention of the public, and carte de visite, cabinet card portraits and later postcards of them in working clothes were produced commercially and sold to visitors as novelties. Photographic studios in Wigan that produced such work were Louisa Millard in the late 1860s, Cooper, between 1853 and 1892 and Wragg, which produced a series of at least 18 studio images. Arthur Munby, a Cambridge University academic with an interest in women who worked in dirty and unusual conditions, commissioned many photographs. Munby visited the Wigan area many times over many years, interviewing working-class women and recording in his diaries what they had to say about their jobs, pay and living conditions. Their distinct mode of dress appeared strange to Victorian sensibilities.
Threats to employment
Around 1860 hostility to employing women became more overt. Many men working in cotton mills were out of work because of the cotton famine during the American Civil War and it was felt that women should not be doing jobs that could be filled by men. Once again the women came into the public consciousness, possibly stimulated by reports of calls to ban them. In 1863 the National Miners’ Association resolved at its conference to ask the government to prevent female employment in collieries.
The practice of employing females on or about the pit bank of mines and collieries is degrading to the sex, leads to gross immorality and stands like a foul blot on the civilisation and humanity of the kingdom.
— Petition to Parliament by the National Miners’ Association
The proposal came from a Barnsley delegate, an area that was staunchly against employing women.
The manager of Ince Hall Colliery produced studio photographs by Cooper of Wigan of pit brow lasses in their Sunday best looking indistinguishable from any other respectable women. The parliamentary committee convened in 1866 to consider the work of women in the pits took evidence from many sources, and found allegations of indecency and immorality unfounded. Arthur Munby described them as lacking formal education, “rough and ready” in their ways and speech but not coarse, uncouth or immoral.
An even greater threat to women’s continuing employment emerged with a clause prohibiting the employment of women in the Mines Regulation Bill in 1886. The 1400 women working on the pit brow in the Wigan area received support from across the country. A meeting of support for the pit brow women called by the Reverend Fox at St Peter’s Church in Bryn near Wigan was attended by two hundred women and letters of support from the clergy, the nobility and others were read. Lord Crawford of Haigh Hall Haigh Hall is a historic country house in Haigh, near Wigan in Greater Manchester England. wrote that he did not consider the pit girls were immoral and that their clothing, “the inheritance of their mothers and grandmothers”, was only objected to by “ignorant prudes, who, if left alone would probably put a ‘frill’ round the ankles of their kitchen table”.
A deputation of pit brow women, accompanied by Mrs Park the Lady Mayoress of Wigan, The Reverend Mitchell and Mrs Burrows wife of the part-owner of Atherton CollieriesFletcher, Burrows & Company owned collieries and cotton mills in Atherton in northwest England. Gibfield, Howe Bridge and Chanters Collieries exploited the coal seams of the Middle Coal Measures in the Manchester Coalfield. , went to London in May 1887 to lobby the Home Secretary. They took with them their pit clothes and after the meeting the clause was withdrawn. While pit work remained open to women, hostility remained particularly from the unions who did admit women as members.
In 1911 women’s employment was again under threat. Miners were asking for a minimum wage, unemployment was high, women’s suffrage was on the agenda and an amendment to the proposed Mines Act threatened women with being excluded from work on the pit brow. Meetings were organised in Wigan where the Mayor, Sam Woods, and Stephen Walsh the Labour MP for Ince addressed the crowds in support of the women. Walsh asserted the women’s right to work at the pit head and denied they were degraded by the work, but would have preferred them to have more options for employment. The suffragette Annie KenneyAnnie Kenney (1879–1953) was an English working-class suffragette, the poster girl of the Women's Social and Political Union. of the Women’s Socialist and Political Union (WSPU) was sent to Wigan to help the pit brow women organise their opposition to the proposed legislation, and the organisation placed its campaigning expertise at their disposal. The WSPU objected to working-class women being denied the opportunity to work, rejecting the idea that conditions at the pit brow were any more harmful to women’s health than working in their own homes, and that the work was not physically beyond them.
On Thursday 8 August, the Lady Mayoress, Mrs Woods accompanied a delegation of forty-seven pit brow women from the Wigan area to London. The women created a stir as they headed towards the House of Commons dressed in their working clothes and clogs. More support came from local doctors who testified that the work was healthier than factory work. After much debate the amendment barring women from work at the pit head was withdrawn and women were free to continue.
During the First World War, numbers of women working on the pit brow increased to about 11,300 replacing men who went to fight. Women continued to work on the pit brow and in 1953 despite increased mechanisation, nearly 1,000 women worked for the National Coal Board. The last pit brow woman in Lancashire worked at Golborne Colliery until 1966 and the last ever worked in Whitehaven until 1972.
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-0.040356680750846... | 4 | Pit brow women, pit brow lasses, pit head women or tip girls were female surface labourers at British collieries. They worked at the coal screens on the pit brow[a]pit bank at the shaft top until the 1960s. Their job was to pick stones and sort the coal after it was hauled to the surface.
Before 1842 women worked underground but after the Mines and Collieries Act of 1842The Mines and Collieries Act 1842 (5 & 6 Vict. c. 99), usually known as the Mines Act 1842 is an act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that prohibited all females and boys under ten years of age from working underground in coal mines. was passed some found alternative employment at the pit head. Women continued to work at collieries in Scotland, South Wales, Cumberland, Shropshire and South Staffordshire and LancashireThe Lancashire and Cheshire Coalfield in North West England was one of the most important British coalfields. Its coal seams were formed from the vegetation of tropical swampy forests in the Carboniferous period more than 300 million years ago. where more were employed than in any other area.
Most pit brow women were unmarried and came from mining families; they often left pit work when they married and had families. They started work at six in the morning and worked either at the screening tables or pushing coal tubs. They worked outdoors and developed a distinctive mode of dress that was practical for the work involved but appeared strange to Victorian sensibilities and aroused considerable curiosity.
In the early coal industry women and girls worked underground alongside men and boys in small coal pits. It was common practice in Lancashire and Cumberland, Yorkshire, the East of Scotland and South Wales. The death of Elizabeth Higginson working underground was recorded in the register of Wigan Parish Church in 1641. An article in the Gentleman’s Magazine in 1795 described Betty Hodson aged nine who worked underground with her brother, aged seven, dragging baskets of coals for their father.
From the 1600s in Lancashire it was common for whole families to be employed in the pits. Colliers relied on their wives, sons and daughters who were employed as drawers. The daughters of colliers usually married within the mining community. As the industry grew the population expanded and more members of extended mining families obtained work. Pit work in south-west Lancashire resulted in the area around Wigan having the highest rates of female employment in the country in the 19th century.
On 4 July 1838, a flash flood at the Huskar Pit The Huskar Pit disaster occurred on 4 July 1838 when twenty-six boys and girls who were working underground were drowned by an overflowing stream. near Silkstone in Yorkshire caused the deaths of twenty-six children aged from seven to seventeen who were drowned while trying to escape. The disaster led to a public outcry and subsequent Royal Commission led by Anthony Ashley Cooper. Until the Mines and Collieries Act 1842 was passed prohibiting boys under ten years of age and all women and girls from working underground in coal mines, it was common for women and children to work shifts of eleven or twelve hours underground. Children as young as five or six worked as trappers opening and closing ventilation doors before becoming hurriers, pushing tubs of coal to the shaft bottom.
After the 1842 Act
The government appointed a civil servant, Hugh Tremenheere, to be the first Inspector of Mines. A barrister with no experience of mining, he had 2,000 pits to oversee, no powers but he secured compliance with the act in four years.
The prohibition of underground female labour caused much suffering and hardship and was greatly resented in south-west Lancashire. The employment of women did not end abruptly in 1842, with the connivance of some employers, women dressed as men continued to work underground for several years. Penalties for employing women were small and inspectors were few and some women were so desperate for work they willingly worked illegally for less pay. Children continued working underground at some pits. At Coppull Colliery’s Burgh Pit, three females died after an explosion in November 1846, one was eleven years old.
Not all women who had worked underground gained employment as surface workers. Lighter work on the surface had traditionally been reserved for older men and men who had been injured below ground and some colliery owners considered pits unsuitable places for women. Other colliery owners were happy to employ women who had proved themselves reliable and strong workers and were used to the language and habits of the miners. Male surface workers earned twice the wages of the women who worked twelve-hour shifts, five days a week and a shorter shift on Saturdays. Women surface workers were concentrated in Scotland, South Wales, Cumberland, Shropshire and South Staffordshire and Lancashire, particularly in the Wigan area. In Yorkshire women were completely excluded from the pits but “pit brow lasses” were employed in Lancashire; in Scotland they were known as “pit head women” and in Wales as “tip girls”.
By the 1851 census, most pit brow women were unmarried and under twenty. From 1861 to 1891 the census returns show that most women working at the pit bank were in their late teens or early twenties. They had to be strong enough to move coal tubs and tall enough to work at the screening tables. Many were sent to work at the pit by their parents. About a fifth of the women supported elderly parents or widowed mothers, about a tenth were married many were from families that had worked in the pits for generations. More women were employed in this capacity on the Lancashire Coalfield than in any other area.
Work started at six. Women either moved the coal tubs when they came up to the surface and shovelled the coal onto screening tables where other women worked as the coal was riddled and sorted. They used rakes to move the coal on the tables, broke up large lumps, removed stones, loaded wagons and removed the dust and stones that fell through the screens. They worked outdoors in all weather.
Pit-brow women developed a distinctive “uniform” of clogs, trousers covered with a skirt and apron, old flannel jackets or shawls and headscarfs to protect their hair from coal dust. Their unconventional but practical dress drew them to the attention of the public, and carte de visite, cabinet card portraits and later postcards of them in working clothes were produced commercially and sold to visitors as novelties. Photographic studios in Wigan that produced such work were Louisa Millard in the late 1860s, Cooper, between 1853 and 1892 and Wragg, which produced a series of at least 18 studio images. Arthur Munby, a Cambridge University academic with an interest in women who worked in dirty and unusual conditions, commissioned many photographs. Munby visited the Wigan area many times over many years, interviewing working-class women and recording in his diaries what they had to say about their jobs, pay and living conditions. Their distinct mode of dress appeared strange to Victorian sensibilities.
Threats to employment
Around 1860 hostility to employing women became more overt. Many men working in cotton mills were out of work because of the cotton famine during the American Civil War and it was felt that women should not be doing jobs that could be filled by men. Once again the women came into the public consciousness, possibly stimulated by reports of calls to ban them. In 1863 the National Miners’ Association resolved at its conference to ask the government to prevent female employment in collieries.
The practice of employing females on or about the pit bank of mines and collieries is degrading to the sex, leads to gross immorality and stands like a foul blot on the civilisation and humanity of the kingdom.
— Petition to Parliament by the National Miners’ Association
The proposal came from a Barnsley delegate, an area that was staunchly against employing women.
The manager of Ince Hall Colliery produced studio photographs by Cooper of Wigan of pit brow lasses in their Sunday best looking indistinguishable from any other respectable women. The parliamentary committee convened in 1866 to consider the work of women in the pits took evidence from many sources, and found allegations of indecency and immorality unfounded. Arthur Munby described them as lacking formal education, “rough and ready” in their ways and speech but not coarse, uncouth or immoral.
An even greater threat to women’s continuing employment emerged with a clause prohibiting the employment of women in the Mines Regulation Bill in 1886. The 1400 women working on the pit brow in the Wigan area received support from across the country. A meeting of support for the pit brow women called by the Reverend Fox at St Peter’s Church in Bryn near Wigan was attended by two hundred women and letters of support from the clergy, the nobility and others were read. Lord Crawford of Haigh Hall Haigh Hall is a historic country house in Haigh, near Wigan in Greater Manchester England. wrote that he did not consider the pit girls were immoral and that their clothing, “the inheritance of their mothers and grandmothers”, was only objected to by “ignorant prudes, who, if left alone would probably put a ‘frill’ round the ankles of their kitchen table”.
A deputation of pit brow women, accompanied by Mrs Park the Lady Mayoress of Wigan, The Reverend Mitchell and Mrs Burrows wife of the part-owner of Atherton CollieriesFletcher, Burrows & Company owned collieries and cotton mills in Atherton in northwest England. Gibfield, Howe Bridge and Chanters Collieries exploited the coal seams of the Middle Coal Measures in the Manchester Coalfield. , went to London in May 1887 to lobby the Home Secretary. They took with them their pit clothes and after the meeting the clause was withdrawn. While pit work remained open to women, hostility remained particularly from the unions who did admit women as members.
In 1911 women’s employment was again under threat. Miners were asking for a minimum wage, unemployment was high, women’s suffrage was on the agenda and an amendment to the proposed Mines Act threatened women with being excluded from work on the pit brow. Meetings were organised in Wigan where the Mayor, Sam Woods, and Stephen Walsh the Labour MP for Ince addressed the crowds in support of the women. Walsh asserted the women’s right to work at the pit head and denied they were degraded by the work, but would have preferred them to have more options for employment. The suffragette Annie KenneyAnnie Kenney (1879–1953) was an English working-class suffragette, the poster girl of the Women's Social and Political Union. of the Women’s Socialist and Political Union (WSPU) was sent to Wigan to help the pit brow women organise their opposition to the proposed legislation, and the organisation placed its campaigning expertise at their disposal. The WSPU objected to working-class women being denied the opportunity to work, rejecting the idea that conditions at the pit brow were any more harmful to women’s health than working in their own homes, and that the work was not physically beyond them.
On Thursday 8 August, the Lady Mayoress, Mrs Woods accompanied a delegation of forty-seven pit brow women from the Wigan area to London. The women created a stir as they headed towards the House of Commons dressed in their working clothes and clogs. More support came from local doctors who testified that the work was healthier than factory work. After much debate the amendment barring women from work at the pit head was withdrawn and women were free to continue.
During the First World War, numbers of women working on the pit brow increased to about 11,300 replacing men who went to fight. Women continued to work on the pit brow and in 1953 despite increased mechanisation, nearly 1,000 women worked for the National Coal Board. The last pit brow woman in Lancashire worked at Golborne Colliery until 1966 and the last ever worked in Whitehaven until 1972.
Notes [ + ] | 2,589 | ENGLISH | 1 |
PONTUS AND LESSER ARMENIA
Written by Strabo circa 7 BC
Mithridates Eupator was appointed King of Pontus. His kingdom consisted of the country bounded by the Halys, extending to the Tibareni, to Armenia, to the territory within the Halys, extending as far as Amastris, and to some parts of Paphlagonia. He annexed to (the kingdom of) Pontus the sea-coast towards the west as far as Heracleia, the birth-place of Heracleides the Platonic philosopher, and towards the east, the country extending to Colchis, and Lesser Armenia. Pompey, after the overthrow of Mithridates, found the kingdom comprised within these boundaries. He distributed the country towards Armenia and towards Colchis among the princes who had assisted him in the war; the remainder he divided into eleven governments, and annexed them to Bithynia, so that out of both there was formed one province. Some people in the inland parts he subjected to the kings descended from Pylæmenes, in the same manner as he delivered over the Galatians to be governed by tetrarchs of that nation. In later times the Roman emperors made different divisions of the same country, appointing kings and rulers, making some cities free, and subjecting others to the authority of rulers, others again were left under the dominion of the Roman people.
Above the places about Pharnacia1 and Trapezus2 are the Tibareni, and Chaldæi3, extending as far as Lesser Armenia. Lesser Armenia is sufficiently fertile. Like Sophene it was always governed by princes who were sometimes in alliance with the other Armenians, and sometimes acting independently. They held in subjection the Chaldæi and Tibareni. Their dominion extended as far as Trapezus and Pharnacia. When Mithridates Eupator became powerful, he made himself master of Colchis, and of all those places which were ceded to him by Antipater the son of Sisis. He bestowed however so much care upon them, that he built seventy-five strongholds, in which he deposited the greatest part of his treasure. The most considerable of these were Hydara, Basgœdariza, and Sinoria4, a fortress situated on the borders of the Greater Armenia.
All the mountainous range of the Paryadres5 has many such convenient situations for fortresses, being well supplied with water and timber, it is intersected in many places by abrupt ravines and precipices. Here he built most of the strongholds for keeping his treasure. At last on the invasion of the country by Pompey he took refuge in these extreme parts of the kingdom of Pontus, and occupied a mountain near Dasteira in Acilisene6, which was well supplied with water. The Euphrates also was near, which is the boundary between Acilisene and the Lesser Armenia. Mithridates remained there till he was besieged and compelled to fly across the mountains into Colchis, and thence to Bosporus. Pompey built near this same place in Lesser Armenia Nicopolis7, a city which yet subsists, and is well inhabited.
Lesser Armenia, which was in the possession of different persons at different times, according to the pleasure of the Romans, was at last subject to Archelaus. The Tibareni, however, and Chaldæi, extending as far as Colchis, Pharnacia, and Trapezus, are under the government of Pythodoris, a prudent woman, and capable of presiding over the management of public affairs. She is the daughter of Pythodorus of Tralles. She was the wife of Polemo, and reigned conjointly with him for some time. She succeeded, after his death, to the throne. He died in the country of the Aspurgiani, a tribe of barbarians living about Sindica. She had two sons by Polemo, and a daughter who was married to Cotys the Sapæan. He was treacherously murdered, and she became a widow. She had children by him, the eldest of whom is now king. Of the sons of Pythodoris, one as a private person, administers, together with his mother, the affairs of the kingdom, the other has been lately made king of the Greater Armenia. Pythodoris however married Archelaus, and remained with him till his death. At present she is a widow, and in possession of the countries before mentioned, and of others still more beautiful, of which we shall next speak.
Sidene, and Themiscyra8 are contiguous to Pharnacia. Above these countries is situated Phanarœa, containing the best portion of the Pontus, for it produces excellent oil and wine, and possesses every other property of a good soil. On the eastern side it lies in front of the Paryadres which runs parallel to it; on the western side it has the Lithrus, and the Ophlimus. It forms a valley of considerable length and breadth. The Lycus, coming out of Armenia, flows through this valley, and the Iris, which issues from the passes near Amaseia9. Both these rivers unite about the middle of the valley. A city stands at their confluence which the first founder called Eupatoria, after his own name. Pompey found it half-finished, and added to it a territory, furnished it with inhabitants, and called it Magnopolis. It lies in the middle of the plain. Close to the foot of the Paryadres is situated Cabeira, about 150 stadia further to the south than Magnopolis, about which distance likewise, but towards the west, is Amaseia. At Cabeira was the palace of Mithridates, the water-mill, the park for keeping wild animals, the hunting-ground in the neighborhood, and the mines.
There also is the Cainochorion, (New Castle) as it is called, a fortified and precipitous rock, distant from Cabeira less than 200 stadia. On its summit is a spring, which throws up abundance of water, and at its foot a river, and a deep ravine. The ridge of rocks on which it stands is of very great height, so that it cannot be taken by siege. It is enclosed with an excellent wall, except the part where it has been demolished by the Romans. The whole country around is so covered with wood, so mountainous, and destitute of water, that an enemy cannot encamp within the distance of 120 stadia. There Mithridates had deposited his most valuable effects, which are now in the Capitol, as offerings dedicated by Pompey.
Pythodoris is in possession of all this country (for it is contiguous to that of the barbarians, which she holds as a conquered country); she also holds the Zelitis10 and the Megalopolitis. After Pompey had raised Cabeira to the rank of a city, and called it Diospolis, Pythodoris improved it still more, changed its name to Sebaste (or Augusta) and considers it a royal city.
She has also the temple of Mēn surnamed of Pharnaces, at Ameria, a village city, inhabited by a large body of sacred menials, and having annexed to it a sacred territory, the produce of which is always enjoyed by the priest. The kings held this temple in such exceeding veneration, that this was the Royal oath, “by the fortune of the king, and by Mēn of Pharnaces.” This is also the temple of the moon, like that among the Albani, and those in Phrygia, namely the temple of Mēn in a place of the same name, the temple of Ascæus at Antioch in Pisidia, and another in the territory of Antioch.
Above Phanarœa is Comana11 in Pontus, of the same name as that in Greater Cappadocia, and dedicated to the same goddess. The temple is a copy of that in Cappadocia, and nearly the same course of religious rites is practiced there; the mode of delivering the oracles is the same; the same respect is paid to the priests, as was more particularly the case in the time of the first kings, when twice a year, at what is called the Exodi of the goddess (when her image is carried in procession), the priest wore the diadem of the goddess and received the chief honors after the king.
We have formerly mentioned Dorylaus the Tactician, who was my mother’s great grandfather; and another Dorylaus, who was the nephew of the former, and the son of Philetærus; I said that, although he had obtained from Mithridates the highest dignities and even the priesthood of Comana, he was detected in the fact of attempting the revolt of the kingdom to the Romans. Upon his fall the family also was disgraced. At a later period however Moaphernes, my mother’s uncle, rose to distinction near upon the dissolution of the kingdom. But a second time he and his friends shared in the misfortunes of the king, except those persons who had anticipated the calamity and deserted him early. This was the case with my maternal grandfather, who, perceiving the unfortunate progress of the affairs of the king in the war with Lucullus, and at the same time being alienated from him by resentment for having lately put to death his nephew Tibius, and his son Theophilus, undertook to avenge their wrongs and his own. He obtained pledges of security from Lucullus, and caused fifteen fortresses to revolt; in return he received magnificent promises. On the arrival of Pompey, who succeeded Lucullus in the conduct of the war, he regarded as enemies (in consequence of the enmity which subsisted between himself and that general) all those persons who had performed any services that were acceptable to Lucullus. On his return home at the conclusion of the war he prevailed upon the senate not to confirm those honors which Lucullus had promised to some persons of Pontus, maintaining it to be unjust towards a general who had brought the war to a successful issue, that the rewards and distribution of honors should be placed in the hands of another.
The affairs of Comana were administered as has been described in the time of the kings. Pompey, when he had obtained the power, appointed Archelaus priest, and assigned to him a district of two schœni, or 60 stadia in circuit, in addition to the sacred territory, and gave orders to the inhabitants to obey Archelaus. He was their governor, and master of the sacred slaves who inhabited the city, but had not the power of selling them. The slaves amounted to no less than six thousand.
This Archelaus was the son of that Archelaus who received honors from Sylla and the senate; he was the friend of Gabinius, a person of consular rank. When the former was sent into Syria, he came with the expectation of accompanying him, when he was making preparations for the Parthian war, but the senate would not permit him to do so, and he abandoned this, and conceived a greater design.
Ptolemy, the father of Cleopatra, happened at this time to be ejected from his kingdom by the Egyptians. His daughter however, the elder sister of Cleopatra, was in possession of the throne. When inquiries were making in order to marry her to a husband of royal descent, Archelaus presented himself to those who were negotiating the affair, and pretended to be the son of Mithridates Eupator. He was accepted, but reigned only six months. He was killed by Gabinius in a pitched battle, in his attempt to restore Ptolemy.
His son however succeeded to the priesthood, and Lycomedes succeeded him, to whom was assigned an additional district of four schœni (or 120 stadia) in extent. When Lycomedes was dispossessed he was succeeded by Dyteutus, the son of Adiatorix, who still occupies the post, and appears to have obtained this honour from Cæsar Augustus on account of his good conduct on the following occasion.
Cæsar, after leading in triumph Adiatorix, with his wife and children, had resolved to put him to death together with the eldest of his sons. Dyteutus was the eldest; but when the second of his brothers told the soldiers who were leading them away to execution that he was the eldest, there was a contest between the two brothers, which continued for some time, till the parents prevailed upon Dyteutus to yield to the younger, assigning as a reason, that the eldest would be a better person to protect his mother and his remaining brother. The younger was put to death together with his father; the elder was saved, and obtained this office. When Cæsar was informed of the execution of these persons, he regretted it, and, considering the survivors worthy of his favour and protection, bestowed upon them this honourable appointment.
Comana is populous, and is a considerable emporium for the people from Armenia. Men and women assemble there from all quarters from the cities and the country to celebrate the festival at the time of the exodi or processions of the goddess. Some persons under the obligation of a vow are always residing there, and perform sacrifices in honor of the goddess. The inhabitants are voluptuous in their mode of life. All their property is planted with vines, and there is a multitude of women, who make a gain of their persons, most of whom are dedicated to the goddess. The city is almost a little Corinth. On account of the multitude of harlots at Corinth, who are dedicated to Venus, and attracted by the festivities of the place, strangers resorted thither in great numbers. Merchants and soldiers were quite ruined, so that hence the proverb originated, “every man cannot go to Corinth.” such is the character of Comana.
All the country around is subject to Pythodoris, and she possesses also Phanarœa, the Zelitis, and the Megalopolitis. We have already spoken of Phanarœa. In the district Zelitis is the city Zela, built upon the mound of Semiramis. It contains the temple of Anaïtis, whom the Armenians also worship. Sacrifices are performed with more pomp than in other places, and all the people of Pontus take oaths here in affairs of highest concern. The multitude of the sacred menials, and the honors conferred upon the priests, were in the time of the kings, upon the plan which I have before described. At present, however, everything is under the power of Pythodoris, but many persons had previously reduced the number of the sacred attendants, injured the property and diminished the revenue belonging to the temple. The adjacent district of Zelitis (in which is the city Zela, on the mound of Semiramis,) was reduced by being divided into several governments. Anciently, the kings did not govern Zela as a city, but regarded it as a temple of the Persian gods; the priest was the director of everything relating to its administration. It was inhabited by a multitude of sacred menials, by the priest, who possessed great wealth, and by his numerous attendants; the sacred territory was under the authority of the priest, and it was his own property. Pompey added many provinces to Zelitis, and gave the name of city to Zela, as well as to Megalopolis. He formed Zelitis, Culupene, and Camisene, into one district. The two latter bordered upon the Lesser Armenia, and upon Laviansene. Fossile salt was found in them, and there was an ancient fortress called Camisa, at present in ruins. The Roman governors who next succeeded assigned one portion of these two governments to the priests of Comana, another to the priest of Zela, and another to Ateporix, a chief of the family of the tetrarchs of Galatia; upon his death, this portion, which was not large, became subject to the Romans under the name of a province. This little state is a political body of itself, Carana being united with it as a colony, and hence the district has the name of Caranitis. The other parts are in the possession of Pythodoris, and Dyteutus.
There remain to be described the parts of Pontus, situated between this country and the districts of Amisus, and Sinope, extending towards Cappadocia, the Galatians, and the Paphlagonians. Next to the territory of the Amiseni is Phazemonitis, which extends as far as the Halys12, and which Pompey called Neapolitis. He raised the village Phazemon to the rank of a city, and increasing its extent gave to it the name of Neapolis. The northern side of this tract is bounded by the Gazelonitis, and by the country of the Amiseni; the western side by the Halys; the eastern by Phanarœa; the remainder by the territory of Amasis, my native country, which surpasses all the rest in extent and fertility.
The part of Phazemonitis towards Phanarœa is occupied by a lake, sea-like in magnitude, called Stiphane13, which abounds with fish, and has around it a large range of pasture adapted to all kinds of animals. Close upon it is a strong fortress, Cizari, at present deserted, and near it a royal seat in ruins. The rest of the country in general is bare, but produces corn.
Above the district of Amasis are the hot springs of the Phazemonitæ, highly salubrious, and the Sagylium, a stronghold situated on a lofty perpendicular hill, stretching upwards and terminating in a sharp peak. In this fortress is a reservoir well supplied with water, which is at present neglected, but was useful, on many occasions, to the kings. Here the sons of Pharnaces the king captured and put to death Arsaces, who was governing without the authority of the Roman generals, and endeavoring to produce a revolution in the state. The fortress was taken by Polemo and Lycomedes, both of them kings, by famine and not by storm. Arsaces, being prevented from escaping into the plains, fled to the mountains without provisions. There he found the wells choked up with large pieces of rock. This had been done by order of Pompey, who had directed the fortresses to be demolished, and to leave nothing in them that could be serviceable to robbers, who might use them as places of refuge. Such was the settlement of the Phazemonitis made by Pompey. Those who came afterwards divided this district among various kings.
My native city, Amaseia, lies in a deep and extensive valley, through which runs the river Iris. It is indebted to nature and art for its admirable position and construction. It answers the double purpose of a city and a fortress. It is a high rock, precipitous on all sides, descending rapidly down to the river: on the margin of the river, where the city stands, is a wall, and a wall also which ascends on each side of the city to the peaks, of which there are two, united by nature, and completely fortified with towers. In this circuit of the wall are the palace, and the monuments of the kings. The peaks are connected together by a very narrow ridge, in height five or six stadia on each side, as you ascend from the banks of the river, and from the suburbs. From the ridge to the peaks there remains another sharp ascent of a stadium in length, which defies the attacks of an enemy. Within the rock are reservoirs of water, the supply from which the inhabitants cannot be deprived of, as two channels are cut, one in the direction of the river, the other of the ridge. Two bridges are built over the river, one leading from the city to the suburbs, the other from the suburbs to the country beyond; for near this bridge the mountain, which overhangs the rock, terminates.
A valley extends from the river; it is not very wide at its commencement, but afterwards increases in breadth, and forms the plain called the Chiliocomon (The Thousand Villages). Next is the Diacopene, and the Pimolisene, the whole of which is a fertile district extending to the Halys.
These are the northern parts of the country of the Amasenses, and are in length about 500 stadia. Then follows the remainder, which is much longer, extending as far as Babanomus, and the Ximene, which itself reaches to the Halys. The breadth is reckoned from north to south, to the Zelitis and the Greater Cappadocia, as far as the Trocmi. In Ximene there is found fossile salt (Hales), from which it is supposed the river had the name of Halys. There are many ruined fortresses in my native country, and large tracts of land made a desert by the Mithridatic war. The whole of it, however, abounds with trees. It affords pasture for horses, and is adapted to the subsistence of other animals; the whole of it is very habitable. Amaseia was given to the kings, but at present it is a (Roman) province.
There remains to be described the country within the Halys, belonging to the province of Pontus, and situated about the Olgassys, and contiguous to the Sinopic district. The Olgassys is a very lofty mountain, and difficult to be passed. The Paphlagonians have erected temples in every part of this mountain. The country around, the Blaene, and the Domanītis, through which the river Amnias14 runs, is sufficiently fertile. Here it was that Mithridates Eupator entirely destroyed the army of Nicomedes the Bithynian, not in person, for he himself happened to be absent, but by his generals. Nicomedes fled with a few followers, and escaped into his own country, and thence sailed to Italy. Mithridates pursued him, and made himself master of Bithynia as soon as he entered it, and obtained possession of Asia as far as Caria and Lycia. Here is situated Pompeiopolis15, in which city is the Sandaracurgium (or Sandaraca works); it is not far distant from Pimolisa, a royal fortress in ruins, from which the country on each side of the river is called Pimolisene. The Sandaracurgium is a mountain hollowed out by large trenches made by workmen in the process of mining. The work is always carried on at the public charge, and slaves were employed in the mine who had been sold on account of their crimes. Besides the great labor of the employment, the air is said to be destructive of life, and scarcely endurable in consequence of the strong odor issuing from the masses of mineral; hence the slaves are short-lived. The mining is frequently suspended from its becoming unprofitable, for great expense is incurred by the employment of more than two hundred workmen, whose number is continually diminishing by disease and fatal accidents.
So much respecting Pontus.
- Giresun in modern Turkey.
- Trabzon in modern Turkey.
- Better known as the Chalybes or the Chaldoi.
- Cayiryolu (formerly Sunur) in modern Turkey.
- The Pontic Mountains.
- Acilisense was located roughly in the region of the modern Erzincan province, along the Upper Euphrates.
- Nicopolis corresponds to the town of Koyulhisar in modern Turkey.
- Located near Terme in modern Turkey.
- Amasya in modern Turkey.
- Zile in modern Turkey.
- Located in Cappadocia, in the modern Adana province of Turkey.
- Kizilirmak River in modern Turkey.
- Ladik Lake in the Samsun province in modern Turkey.
- The Gok river, a tributary of Kizilirmak in modern Turkey.
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Written by Strabo circa 7 BC
Mithridates Eupator was appointed King of Pontus. His kingdom consisted of the country bounded by the Halys, extending to the Tibareni, to Armenia, to the territory within the Halys, extending as far as Amastris, and to some parts of Paphlagonia. He annexed to (the kingdom of) Pontus the sea-coast towards the west as far as Heracleia, the birth-place of Heracleides the Platonic philosopher, and towards the east, the country extending to Colchis, and Lesser Armenia. Pompey, after the overthrow of Mithridates, found the kingdom comprised within these boundaries. He distributed the country towards Armenia and towards Colchis among the princes who had assisted him in the war; the remainder he divided into eleven governments, and annexed them to Bithynia, so that out of both there was formed one province. Some people in the inland parts he subjected to the kings descended from Pylæmenes, in the same manner as he delivered over the Galatians to be governed by tetrarchs of that nation. In later times the Roman emperors made different divisions of the same country, appointing kings and rulers, making some cities free, and subjecting others to the authority of rulers, others again were left under the dominion of the Roman people.
Above the places about Pharnacia1 and Trapezus2 are the Tibareni, and Chaldæi3, extending as far as Lesser Armenia. Lesser Armenia is sufficiently fertile. Like Sophene it was always governed by princes who were sometimes in alliance with the other Armenians, and sometimes acting independently. They held in subjection the Chaldæi and Tibareni. Their dominion extended as far as Trapezus and Pharnacia. When Mithridates Eupator became powerful, he made himself master of Colchis, and of all those places which were ceded to him by Antipater the son of Sisis. He bestowed however so much care upon them, that he built seventy-five strongholds, in which he deposited the greatest part of his treasure. The most considerable of these were Hydara, Basgœdariza, and Sinoria4, a fortress situated on the borders of the Greater Armenia.
All the mountainous range of the Paryadres5 has many such convenient situations for fortresses, being well supplied with water and timber, it is intersected in many places by abrupt ravines and precipices. Here he built most of the strongholds for keeping his treasure. At last on the invasion of the country by Pompey he took refuge in these extreme parts of the kingdom of Pontus, and occupied a mountain near Dasteira in Acilisene6, which was well supplied with water. The Euphrates also was near, which is the boundary between Acilisene and the Lesser Armenia. Mithridates remained there till he was besieged and compelled to fly across the mountains into Colchis, and thence to Bosporus. Pompey built near this same place in Lesser Armenia Nicopolis7, a city which yet subsists, and is well inhabited.
Lesser Armenia, which was in the possession of different persons at different times, according to the pleasure of the Romans, was at last subject to Archelaus. The Tibareni, however, and Chaldæi, extending as far as Colchis, Pharnacia, and Trapezus, are under the government of Pythodoris, a prudent woman, and capable of presiding over the management of public affairs. She is the daughter of Pythodorus of Tralles. She was the wife of Polemo, and reigned conjointly with him for some time. She succeeded, after his death, to the throne. He died in the country of the Aspurgiani, a tribe of barbarians living about Sindica. She had two sons by Polemo, and a daughter who was married to Cotys the Sapæan. He was treacherously murdered, and she became a widow. She had children by him, the eldest of whom is now king. Of the sons of Pythodoris, one as a private person, administers, together with his mother, the affairs of the kingdom, the other has been lately made king of the Greater Armenia. Pythodoris however married Archelaus, and remained with him till his death. At present she is a widow, and in possession of the countries before mentioned, and of others still more beautiful, of which we shall next speak.
Sidene, and Themiscyra8 are contiguous to Pharnacia. Above these countries is situated Phanarœa, containing the best portion of the Pontus, for it produces excellent oil and wine, and possesses every other property of a good soil. On the eastern side it lies in front of the Paryadres which runs parallel to it; on the western side it has the Lithrus, and the Ophlimus. It forms a valley of considerable length and breadth. The Lycus, coming out of Armenia, flows through this valley, and the Iris, which issues from the passes near Amaseia9. Both these rivers unite about the middle of the valley. A city stands at their confluence which the first founder called Eupatoria, after his own name. Pompey found it half-finished, and added to it a territory, furnished it with inhabitants, and called it Magnopolis. It lies in the middle of the plain. Close to the foot of the Paryadres is situated Cabeira, about 150 stadia further to the south than Magnopolis, about which distance likewise, but towards the west, is Amaseia. At Cabeira was the palace of Mithridates, the water-mill, the park for keeping wild animals, the hunting-ground in the neighborhood, and the mines.
There also is the Cainochorion, (New Castle) as it is called, a fortified and precipitous rock, distant from Cabeira less than 200 stadia. On its summit is a spring, which throws up abundance of water, and at its foot a river, and a deep ravine. The ridge of rocks on which it stands is of very great height, so that it cannot be taken by siege. It is enclosed with an excellent wall, except the part where it has been demolished by the Romans. The whole country around is so covered with wood, so mountainous, and destitute of water, that an enemy cannot encamp within the distance of 120 stadia. There Mithridates had deposited his most valuable effects, which are now in the Capitol, as offerings dedicated by Pompey.
Pythodoris is in possession of all this country (for it is contiguous to that of the barbarians, which she holds as a conquered country); she also holds the Zelitis10 and the Megalopolitis. After Pompey had raised Cabeira to the rank of a city, and called it Diospolis, Pythodoris improved it still more, changed its name to Sebaste (or Augusta) and considers it a royal city.
She has also the temple of Mēn surnamed of Pharnaces, at Ameria, a village city, inhabited by a large body of sacred menials, and having annexed to it a sacred territory, the produce of which is always enjoyed by the priest. The kings held this temple in such exceeding veneration, that this was the Royal oath, “by the fortune of the king, and by Mēn of Pharnaces.” This is also the temple of the moon, like that among the Albani, and those in Phrygia, namely the temple of Mēn in a place of the same name, the temple of Ascæus at Antioch in Pisidia, and another in the territory of Antioch.
Above Phanarœa is Comana11 in Pontus, of the same name as that in Greater Cappadocia, and dedicated to the same goddess. The temple is a copy of that in Cappadocia, and nearly the same course of religious rites is practiced there; the mode of delivering the oracles is the same; the same respect is paid to the priests, as was more particularly the case in the time of the first kings, when twice a year, at what is called the Exodi of the goddess (when her image is carried in procession), the priest wore the diadem of the goddess and received the chief honors after the king.
We have formerly mentioned Dorylaus the Tactician, who was my mother’s great grandfather; and another Dorylaus, who was the nephew of the former, and the son of Philetærus; I said that, although he had obtained from Mithridates the highest dignities and even the priesthood of Comana, he was detected in the fact of attempting the revolt of the kingdom to the Romans. Upon his fall the family also was disgraced. At a later period however Moaphernes, my mother’s uncle, rose to distinction near upon the dissolution of the kingdom. But a second time he and his friends shared in the misfortunes of the king, except those persons who had anticipated the calamity and deserted him early. This was the case with my maternal grandfather, who, perceiving the unfortunate progress of the affairs of the king in the war with Lucullus, and at the same time being alienated from him by resentment for having lately put to death his nephew Tibius, and his son Theophilus, undertook to avenge their wrongs and his own. He obtained pledges of security from Lucullus, and caused fifteen fortresses to revolt; in return he received magnificent promises. On the arrival of Pompey, who succeeded Lucullus in the conduct of the war, he regarded as enemies (in consequence of the enmity which subsisted between himself and that general) all those persons who had performed any services that were acceptable to Lucullus. On his return home at the conclusion of the war he prevailed upon the senate not to confirm those honors which Lucullus had promised to some persons of Pontus, maintaining it to be unjust towards a general who had brought the war to a successful issue, that the rewards and distribution of honors should be placed in the hands of another.
The affairs of Comana were administered as has been described in the time of the kings. Pompey, when he had obtained the power, appointed Archelaus priest, and assigned to him a district of two schœni, or 60 stadia in circuit, in addition to the sacred territory, and gave orders to the inhabitants to obey Archelaus. He was their governor, and master of the sacred slaves who inhabited the city, but had not the power of selling them. The slaves amounted to no less than six thousand.
This Archelaus was the son of that Archelaus who received honors from Sylla and the senate; he was the friend of Gabinius, a person of consular rank. When the former was sent into Syria, he came with the expectation of accompanying him, when he was making preparations for the Parthian war, but the senate would not permit him to do so, and he abandoned this, and conceived a greater design.
Ptolemy, the father of Cleopatra, happened at this time to be ejected from his kingdom by the Egyptians. His daughter however, the elder sister of Cleopatra, was in possession of the throne. When inquiries were making in order to marry her to a husband of royal descent, Archelaus presented himself to those who were negotiating the affair, and pretended to be the son of Mithridates Eupator. He was accepted, but reigned only six months. He was killed by Gabinius in a pitched battle, in his attempt to restore Ptolemy.
His son however succeeded to the priesthood, and Lycomedes succeeded him, to whom was assigned an additional district of four schœni (or 120 stadia) in extent. When Lycomedes was dispossessed he was succeeded by Dyteutus, the son of Adiatorix, who still occupies the post, and appears to have obtained this honour from Cæsar Augustus on account of his good conduct on the following occasion.
Cæsar, after leading in triumph Adiatorix, with his wife and children, had resolved to put him to death together with the eldest of his sons. Dyteutus was the eldest; but when the second of his brothers told the soldiers who were leading them away to execution that he was the eldest, there was a contest between the two brothers, which continued for some time, till the parents prevailed upon Dyteutus to yield to the younger, assigning as a reason, that the eldest would be a better person to protect his mother and his remaining brother. The younger was put to death together with his father; the elder was saved, and obtained this office. When Cæsar was informed of the execution of these persons, he regretted it, and, considering the survivors worthy of his favour and protection, bestowed upon them this honourable appointment.
Comana is populous, and is a considerable emporium for the people from Armenia. Men and women assemble there from all quarters from the cities and the country to celebrate the festival at the time of the exodi or processions of the goddess. Some persons under the obligation of a vow are always residing there, and perform sacrifices in honor of the goddess. The inhabitants are voluptuous in their mode of life. All their property is planted with vines, and there is a multitude of women, who make a gain of their persons, most of whom are dedicated to the goddess. The city is almost a little Corinth. On account of the multitude of harlots at Corinth, who are dedicated to Venus, and attracted by the festivities of the place, strangers resorted thither in great numbers. Merchants and soldiers were quite ruined, so that hence the proverb originated, “every man cannot go to Corinth.” such is the character of Comana.
All the country around is subject to Pythodoris, and she possesses also Phanarœa, the Zelitis, and the Megalopolitis. We have already spoken of Phanarœa. In the district Zelitis is the city Zela, built upon the mound of Semiramis. It contains the temple of Anaïtis, whom the Armenians also worship. Sacrifices are performed with more pomp than in other places, and all the people of Pontus take oaths here in affairs of highest concern. The multitude of the sacred menials, and the honors conferred upon the priests, were in the time of the kings, upon the plan which I have before described. At present, however, everything is under the power of Pythodoris, but many persons had previously reduced the number of the sacred attendants, injured the property and diminished the revenue belonging to the temple. The adjacent district of Zelitis (in which is the city Zela, on the mound of Semiramis,) was reduced by being divided into several governments. Anciently, the kings did not govern Zela as a city, but regarded it as a temple of the Persian gods; the priest was the director of everything relating to its administration. It was inhabited by a multitude of sacred menials, by the priest, who possessed great wealth, and by his numerous attendants; the sacred territory was under the authority of the priest, and it was his own property. Pompey added many provinces to Zelitis, and gave the name of city to Zela, as well as to Megalopolis. He formed Zelitis, Culupene, and Camisene, into one district. The two latter bordered upon the Lesser Armenia, and upon Laviansene. Fossile salt was found in them, and there was an ancient fortress called Camisa, at present in ruins. The Roman governors who next succeeded assigned one portion of these two governments to the priests of Comana, another to the priest of Zela, and another to Ateporix, a chief of the family of the tetrarchs of Galatia; upon his death, this portion, which was not large, became subject to the Romans under the name of a province. This little state is a political body of itself, Carana being united with it as a colony, and hence the district has the name of Caranitis. The other parts are in the possession of Pythodoris, and Dyteutus.
There remain to be described the parts of Pontus, situated between this country and the districts of Amisus, and Sinope, extending towards Cappadocia, the Galatians, and the Paphlagonians. Next to the territory of the Amiseni is Phazemonitis, which extends as far as the Halys12, and which Pompey called Neapolitis. He raised the village Phazemon to the rank of a city, and increasing its extent gave to it the name of Neapolis. The northern side of this tract is bounded by the Gazelonitis, and by the country of the Amiseni; the western side by the Halys; the eastern by Phanarœa; the remainder by the territory of Amasis, my native country, which surpasses all the rest in extent and fertility.
The part of Phazemonitis towards Phanarœa is occupied by a lake, sea-like in magnitude, called Stiphane13, which abounds with fish, and has around it a large range of pasture adapted to all kinds of animals. Close upon it is a strong fortress, Cizari, at present deserted, and near it a royal seat in ruins. The rest of the country in general is bare, but produces corn.
Above the district of Amasis are the hot springs of the Phazemonitæ, highly salubrious, and the Sagylium, a stronghold situated on a lofty perpendicular hill, stretching upwards and terminating in a sharp peak. In this fortress is a reservoir well supplied with water, which is at present neglected, but was useful, on many occasions, to the kings. Here the sons of Pharnaces the king captured and put to death Arsaces, who was governing without the authority of the Roman generals, and endeavoring to produce a revolution in the state. The fortress was taken by Polemo and Lycomedes, both of them kings, by famine and not by storm. Arsaces, being prevented from escaping into the plains, fled to the mountains without provisions. There he found the wells choked up with large pieces of rock. This had been done by order of Pompey, who had directed the fortresses to be demolished, and to leave nothing in them that could be serviceable to robbers, who might use them as places of refuge. Such was the settlement of the Phazemonitis made by Pompey. Those who came afterwards divided this district among various kings.
My native city, Amaseia, lies in a deep and extensive valley, through which runs the river Iris. It is indebted to nature and art for its admirable position and construction. It answers the double purpose of a city and a fortress. It is a high rock, precipitous on all sides, descending rapidly down to the river: on the margin of the river, where the city stands, is a wall, and a wall also which ascends on each side of the city to the peaks, of which there are two, united by nature, and completely fortified with towers. In this circuit of the wall are the palace, and the monuments of the kings. The peaks are connected together by a very narrow ridge, in height five or six stadia on each side, as you ascend from the banks of the river, and from the suburbs. From the ridge to the peaks there remains another sharp ascent of a stadium in length, which defies the attacks of an enemy. Within the rock are reservoirs of water, the supply from which the inhabitants cannot be deprived of, as two channels are cut, one in the direction of the river, the other of the ridge. Two bridges are built over the river, one leading from the city to the suburbs, the other from the suburbs to the country beyond; for near this bridge the mountain, which overhangs the rock, terminates.
A valley extends from the river; it is not very wide at its commencement, but afterwards increases in breadth, and forms the plain called the Chiliocomon (The Thousand Villages). Next is the Diacopene, and the Pimolisene, the whole of which is a fertile district extending to the Halys.
These are the northern parts of the country of the Amasenses, and are in length about 500 stadia. Then follows the remainder, which is much longer, extending as far as Babanomus, and the Ximene, which itself reaches to the Halys. The breadth is reckoned from north to south, to the Zelitis and the Greater Cappadocia, as far as the Trocmi. In Ximene there is found fossile salt (Hales), from which it is supposed the river had the name of Halys. There are many ruined fortresses in my native country, and large tracts of land made a desert by the Mithridatic war. The whole of it, however, abounds with trees. It affords pasture for horses, and is adapted to the subsistence of other animals; the whole of it is very habitable. Amaseia was given to the kings, but at present it is a (Roman) province.
There remains to be described the country within the Halys, belonging to the province of Pontus, and situated about the Olgassys, and contiguous to the Sinopic district. The Olgassys is a very lofty mountain, and difficult to be passed. The Paphlagonians have erected temples in every part of this mountain. The country around, the Blaene, and the Domanītis, through which the river Amnias14 runs, is sufficiently fertile. Here it was that Mithridates Eupator entirely destroyed the army of Nicomedes the Bithynian, not in person, for he himself happened to be absent, but by his generals. Nicomedes fled with a few followers, and escaped into his own country, and thence sailed to Italy. Mithridates pursued him, and made himself master of Bithynia as soon as he entered it, and obtained possession of Asia as far as Caria and Lycia. Here is situated Pompeiopolis15, in which city is the Sandaracurgium (or Sandaraca works); it is not far distant from Pimolisa, a royal fortress in ruins, from which the country on each side of the river is called Pimolisene. The Sandaracurgium is a mountain hollowed out by large trenches made by workmen in the process of mining. The work is always carried on at the public charge, and slaves were employed in the mine who had been sold on account of their crimes. Besides the great labor of the employment, the air is said to be destructive of life, and scarcely endurable in consequence of the strong odor issuing from the masses of mineral; hence the slaves are short-lived. The mining is frequently suspended from its becoming unprofitable, for great expense is incurred by the employment of more than two hundred workmen, whose number is continually diminishing by disease and fatal accidents.
So much respecting Pontus.
- Giresun in modern Turkey.
- Trabzon in modern Turkey.
- Better known as the Chalybes or the Chaldoi.
- Cayiryolu (formerly Sunur) in modern Turkey.
- The Pontic Mountains.
- Acilisense was located roughly in the region of the modern Erzincan province, along the Upper Euphrates.
- Nicopolis corresponds to the town of Koyulhisar in modern Turkey.
- Located near Terme in modern Turkey.
- Amasya in modern Turkey.
- Zile in modern Turkey.
- Located in Cappadocia, in the modern Adana province of Turkey.
- Kizilirmak River in modern Turkey.
- Ladik Lake in the Samsun province in modern Turkey.
- The Gok river, a tributary of Kizilirmak in modern Turkey.
- Located in the valley of Gokirmak in modern Turkey. | 5,144 | ENGLISH | 1 |
The events in Oedipus the King, written by Sophocles, show an underlying relationship of man’s free will existing within the cosmic order or fate which the Greeks believed guided the universe in a harmonious purpose. Man was free to choose and was ultimately held responsible for his own actions. Both the concept of fate and free will played an itregal part in Oedipus’ destruction. Although he was a victim of fate, he was not controlled by it. Oedipus was destined from birth to someday marry his mother and to murder his father.
This prophecy, as warned by the oracle of Apollo at Delphi was unconditional and inevitably would come to pass, no matter what he may have done to avoid it. His past actions were determined by fate, but what he did in Thebes, he did so of his own will. From the beginning of this tragedy, Oedipus took many actions leading to his own downfall. Oedipus could have waited for the plague to end, but out of compassion for his suffering people, he had Creon go to Delphi.
When he learned of Apollo’s word, he could have calmly investigated the murder of the former King Laius, but in his hastiness, he passionately curses the murderer, and in so, unknowingly curses himself. “Upon the murderer I invoke this curse- whether he is one man and all unknown, or one of many- may he wear out his life in misery or doom! If with my knowledge he lives at my hearth, I pray that I myself may feel my curse. ” (pg. 438; lines 266-271) In order for Sophecles’ Greek audience to relate to the tragic figure, he had to have some type of flaws or an error of ways.
This brought the character down to a human level, invoking in them the fear that “it could happen to them. ” And Oedipus certainly is not one without flaws. His pride, ingnorance, insolence and disbelief in the gods, and unrelenting quest for the truth ultimately contributed to his destuction. When Oedipus was told (after threatening Teiresias), that he was responsible for the murder of Laius, he became enraged and calls the old oracle a liar. He ran away from his home, Corinth, in hopes of outsmarting the gods divine will.
Like his father, Oedipus also sought ways to escape the horrible destiny told by the oracle of Apollo. The chorus warns us of man’s need to have reverence for the gods, and the dangers of too much pride. “If a man walks with haughtiness of hand or word and gives no heed to Justice and the shrines of Gods despises- may an evil doom smite him for his ill-starred pride of heart! – if he reaps gains without justice and will not hold from impiety and his fingers itch for untouchable things. When such things are done, what man shall contrive to shield his soul from the shafts of the God? pg. 452; 975-984) Oedipus’ unyielding desire to uncover the truth about Laius’ murder and the mystery surrounding his own birth, led him to the tragic realization of his horrific deeds. Teiresias, Jocasta and the herdsman tried to stop him from pursuing the truth. Take for example a part of the last conversation between Jocasta and Oedipus.
After realizing that the prophecy had came true, Jacasta begs him to just let the mystery go unsolved for once. “I beg you- do not hunt this out- I beg you, if you have any care for your own life. What I am suffering is enough. ” (pg. 1; 1158-1161) Oedipus replies, “I will not be persuaded to let chance of finding out the whole thing clearly. ” (pg. 461; 1166-1167) He is unable to stop his quest for the truth, even under his wife’s pleading. For it is in his own vain that he must solve the final riddle, the riddle of his own life. Upon discovery of the truth of his birth from the herdsman, Oedipus cries, “I who first saw the light bred of a match accursed, and accursed in my living with them, cursed in my killing. ” (pg. 465; 1300-1303) Oedipus knew that his fate had indeed come to pass and feels cursed by it.
The chorus then sings an ode on the sorrow of life and the tragic fate to which even the most honored, like Oedipus are ultimately subject. “What man, what man on earth wins more happiness than a seeming and after that turning away? Oedipus you are my pattern of this, Oedipus you and your fate! Luckless Oedipus, whom of all men I envied not at all. (pg. 465; 1305-1311) At the end of this tragic story, when Oedipus gouges out his eyes, the chorus asks him what god urged him to blind himself. Oedipus replied, “It was Apollo, friends, Apollo, that brought this bitter bitterness, my sorrows to completion.
But was the hand that struck me was none but my own. ” (pg. 467; 1450-1453) He claimed full responsibility for his actions. Oedipus was guilty of killing his father and marrying his mother, but perhaps the true sin lay in his overzealous attempt to raise himself to the level of the gods by trying to escape his fate. The chorus chants about how in prosperity, he was envied by all men, he was honored highest above all honors, and how he won happiness by pride (by slaughtering the Sphinx, and by trying to deceive the god’s will.
But, how ultimately, Odipus was judged for it, causing a reversal of fortune in his prosperous life. The fact that Oedpius’ motives for killing his father, Laius, and wedding his mother, Jocasta, it does not take away from the horrific nature of the crimes. When he tears at his eyes with his Jocasta’s broach, Oedipus is accepting the full burden of his acts and knew that he must be punished for his sins. Therefore the last act of destruction was caused by Oedipus’ free will, but his tragic fate came about because of the nature of the cosmic order ( that every sin must be punished) and role of the gods in human affairs.
The chorus concludes this tragedy by warning the Greeks, that the only way to happiness is through humility and respect towards the gods, (qualities which Oedipus lacked, and ultimately led to his destruction. ) They also warn not to take anything for granted, or suffer a fate like that of Oedipus. ” You live in my ancestral Thebes, behold this Oedipus,- him who knew the famous riddle and was a man most masterful,- not a citizen who did not look with envy on his lot-see him now and see the breakers of misfortune swall him! Look upon that last day always. Count no mortal happy till he has passed the final limit of his life secure from pain. “ | <urn:uuid:7c6a5326-5424-4c7c-b46d-181115489383> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://mypaynetapps.com/oedipus-the-king-free-will-vs-fate/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250619323.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124100832-20200124125832-00548.warc.gz | en | 0.983919 | 1,564 | 3.625 | 4 | [
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0.1438610702753... | 3 | The events in Oedipus the King, written by Sophocles, show an underlying relationship of man’s free will existing within the cosmic order or fate which the Greeks believed guided the universe in a harmonious purpose. Man was free to choose and was ultimately held responsible for his own actions. Both the concept of fate and free will played an itregal part in Oedipus’ destruction. Although he was a victim of fate, he was not controlled by it. Oedipus was destined from birth to someday marry his mother and to murder his father.
This prophecy, as warned by the oracle of Apollo at Delphi was unconditional and inevitably would come to pass, no matter what he may have done to avoid it. His past actions were determined by fate, but what he did in Thebes, he did so of his own will. From the beginning of this tragedy, Oedipus took many actions leading to his own downfall. Oedipus could have waited for the plague to end, but out of compassion for his suffering people, he had Creon go to Delphi.
When he learned of Apollo’s word, he could have calmly investigated the murder of the former King Laius, but in his hastiness, he passionately curses the murderer, and in so, unknowingly curses himself. “Upon the murderer I invoke this curse- whether he is one man and all unknown, or one of many- may he wear out his life in misery or doom! If with my knowledge he lives at my hearth, I pray that I myself may feel my curse. ” (pg. 438; lines 266-271) In order for Sophecles’ Greek audience to relate to the tragic figure, he had to have some type of flaws or an error of ways.
This brought the character down to a human level, invoking in them the fear that “it could happen to them. ” And Oedipus certainly is not one without flaws. His pride, ingnorance, insolence and disbelief in the gods, and unrelenting quest for the truth ultimately contributed to his destuction. When Oedipus was told (after threatening Teiresias), that he was responsible for the murder of Laius, he became enraged and calls the old oracle a liar. He ran away from his home, Corinth, in hopes of outsmarting the gods divine will.
Like his father, Oedipus also sought ways to escape the horrible destiny told by the oracle of Apollo. The chorus warns us of man’s need to have reverence for the gods, and the dangers of too much pride. “If a man walks with haughtiness of hand or word and gives no heed to Justice and the shrines of Gods despises- may an evil doom smite him for his ill-starred pride of heart! – if he reaps gains without justice and will not hold from impiety and his fingers itch for untouchable things. When such things are done, what man shall contrive to shield his soul from the shafts of the God? pg. 452; 975-984) Oedipus’ unyielding desire to uncover the truth about Laius’ murder and the mystery surrounding his own birth, led him to the tragic realization of his horrific deeds. Teiresias, Jocasta and the herdsman tried to stop him from pursuing the truth. Take for example a part of the last conversation between Jocasta and Oedipus.
After realizing that the prophecy had came true, Jacasta begs him to just let the mystery go unsolved for once. “I beg you- do not hunt this out- I beg you, if you have any care for your own life. What I am suffering is enough. ” (pg. 1; 1158-1161) Oedipus replies, “I will not be persuaded to let chance of finding out the whole thing clearly. ” (pg. 461; 1166-1167) He is unable to stop his quest for the truth, even under his wife’s pleading. For it is in his own vain that he must solve the final riddle, the riddle of his own life. Upon discovery of the truth of his birth from the herdsman, Oedipus cries, “I who first saw the light bred of a match accursed, and accursed in my living with them, cursed in my killing. ” (pg. 465; 1300-1303) Oedipus knew that his fate had indeed come to pass and feels cursed by it.
The chorus then sings an ode on the sorrow of life and the tragic fate to which even the most honored, like Oedipus are ultimately subject. “What man, what man on earth wins more happiness than a seeming and after that turning away? Oedipus you are my pattern of this, Oedipus you and your fate! Luckless Oedipus, whom of all men I envied not at all. (pg. 465; 1305-1311) At the end of this tragic story, when Oedipus gouges out his eyes, the chorus asks him what god urged him to blind himself. Oedipus replied, “It was Apollo, friends, Apollo, that brought this bitter bitterness, my sorrows to completion.
But was the hand that struck me was none but my own. ” (pg. 467; 1450-1453) He claimed full responsibility for his actions. Oedipus was guilty of killing his father and marrying his mother, but perhaps the true sin lay in his overzealous attempt to raise himself to the level of the gods by trying to escape his fate. The chorus chants about how in prosperity, he was envied by all men, he was honored highest above all honors, and how he won happiness by pride (by slaughtering the Sphinx, and by trying to deceive the god’s will.
But, how ultimately, Odipus was judged for it, causing a reversal of fortune in his prosperous life. The fact that Oedpius’ motives for killing his father, Laius, and wedding his mother, Jocasta, it does not take away from the horrific nature of the crimes. When he tears at his eyes with his Jocasta’s broach, Oedipus is accepting the full burden of his acts and knew that he must be punished for his sins. Therefore the last act of destruction was caused by Oedipus’ free will, but his tragic fate came about because of the nature of the cosmic order ( that every sin must be punished) and role of the gods in human affairs.
The chorus concludes this tragedy by warning the Greeks, that the only way to happiness is through humility and respect towards the gods, (qualities which Oedipus lacked, and ultimately led to his destruction. ) They also warn not to take anything for granted, or suffer a fate like that of Oedipus. ” You live in my ancestral Thebes, behold this Oedipus,- him who knew the famous riddle and was a man most masterful,- not a citizen who did not look with envy on his lot-see him now and see the breakers of misfortune swall him! Look upon that last day always. Count no mortal happy till he has passed the final limit of his life secure from pain. “ | 1,571 | ENGLISH | 1 |
At that time men began to call upon the name of Yhwh. Yhwh sent Moses away with these instructions from the Yahwist. Yet, I will harden his heart so that he will not allow the people to leave.
Thutmoses I was the father of Hatshepsut who named Moses. This is obviously where Moses got his name, not from the 19th dynasty era of Rameses II.
Because archeologists generally dismiss the exodus as a Bible myth, they actually chose any variant of the correct, "Thutmoses" that breaks any connection with "Moses".
These variant spellings include: Remember that the name "Thutmoses" was written in hieroglyphics picturesbut the name Moses is written in Hebrew and Greek. Because we are certain of how Moses' name was spelled in English, and because we know he got his name from Hatshepsut, the daughter of Thutmoses I, the modern archeological world, and all Bible students would be both prudent and correct to begin spelling the 18th dynasty pharaohs as "Thutmoses".
This is a case of using the inspired text of the Bible to teach us how to correctly spell the Thutmoses dynasty of kings of Egypt! Hatshepsut is "Pharaoh's daughter" who adopted Moses: Hatshepsut, is the only candidate for the "Pharaoh's daughter" who drew Moses out of the Nile. Born in BC, she would have been 15 when Moses was born in Hatshepsut's father was Thutmoses I and her mother was Queen Amoses.
Queen Ahmose had four children with Thutmosis I, but three died young leaving Hatshepsut as the only person who could wear the title of "Pharaoh's daughter". However, since she was unable to ever bear a son to Thutmoses II, Moses became her only chance for personal succession.
Remember that Thutmoses II was Hatshepsut's step-brother whom she married jointly and raised Moses to adulthood. There were three distinct phases to his rule. This period is generally ascribed directly to Hatshepsut as Pharaoh, especially since she proclaimed herself pharaoh before she died.
Ramesses II is wrongly believed to be the pharaoh of the exodus in BC on the basis of a single piece of information: And they built for Pharaoh of the oppression storage cities, Pithom and Raamses.
The Hebrews built the city of Raamses, therefore the pharaoh of the exodus must be a guy named "Ramesses II". It escapes their notice that Joseph lived in the "land of Rameses" years before Ramesses II was born: This means that the name Rameses predated Ramesses II by years!
The only other reason why BC is chosen as the date of the exodus, is because Bible trashing archeologists make active attempts at destroying any possible connection between archeology and Bible history! Christians need a wake up call! Thutmoses III was great, powerful and prideful!
His son, Amenhotep II, was small, insignificant and unaccomplished in contrast. The 17 campaigns of Thutmoses III into the promised land and surrounding areas Levantfor example, are numbered successively throughout his reign.
His 17 campaigns started in the second year and then one campaign each year for the next 17 years, then they ended in ! This means that his last campaign ended in year 18 or 19 after Hatshepsut died which is exactly the date of the exodus!
When you are looking for a powerful prideful Pharaoh that God wanted to display his power over, Thutmoses III is the man. Amenhotep II is a poor choice because he was an irrelevant vapour in contrast! This was as large a contrast with his father, as it would be for Obama Barack to sign as peace treaty with Iran without getting anything in return.
Obama actually did that! For God to topple Amenhotep II was no great demonstration of his power since he was already seen as a weak Pharaoh whose boastful words did not match his actions.
The boastful words of Thutmoses III matched his actions and everyone greatly feared him! Thutmoses III did not sign peace treaties with the Mitanni, he conquered them and unilaterally dictated his conditions to them! The Hyksos knew Joseph but the 18th dynasty "did not know Joseph": The Hyksos ruled Egypt for years from BC.
They were the "shepherd kings" that were friendly to the Hebrews.Moses was an early leader of the Hebrews and probably the most important figure in Judaism.
He was raised in the court of the Pharaoh in Egypt, but then led the Hebrew people out of Egypt. Moses is said to have talked with God. His story is told in the Bible in the book of Exodus.
Yocheved, Moses. III. PHARAOH OF THE EXODUS: A. Rameses II: 1. Scholars who hold to a late date of the Exodus (c. BC) identify Rameses II (c. ) as the Pharaoh of the Exodus. 2. In addition the name of the city in Exodus is Rameses.
a. It is possible that Rameses II merely took credit for the city and the biblical reference was modernized 3. b. Egyptian history is of little to no help in substantiating the Exodus, much less dating it.
To an Egyptian, history was not an objective inquiry into past events, but rather was a medium of propaganda. The descriptions of Yahweh appearing as a pillar of fire by night and cloud by day as well as the other fire-imagery from the Book of Exodus was interpreted by some scholars as suggesting a storm god or weather-deity and, particularly, a desert god since Yahweh is able to direct Moses to water sources (Exodus and Numbers 20).
A summary of Exodus in 's Bible: The Old Testament. Learn exactly what happened in this chapter, scene, or section of Bible: The Old Testament and what it means.
Perfect for acing essays, tests, and quizzes, as well as for writing lesson plans. Dec 30, · The introduction of Moses in the first chapters of Exodus marks a new, a second beginning in the Bible’s account of the history of Israel.
The first beginning had been in the Book of Genesis with Abraham and the patriarchs that followed him. There the focus was on Israel as a family bound in. | <urn:uuid:4bde3e6c-f9de-4c64-833d-2e4d93224e3f> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://repowonababa.alphabetnyc.com/a-description-of-the-history-of-the-exodus-40549fv.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251778272.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128122813-20200128152813-00388.warc.gz | en | 0.980063 | 1,340 | 3.265625 | 3 | [
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-0.3359197378... | 1 | At that time men began to call upon the name of Yhwh. Yhwh sent Moses away with these instructions from the Yahwist. Yet, I will harden his heart so that he will not allow the people to leave.
Thutmoses I was the father of Hatshepsut who named Moses. This is obviously where Moses got his name, not from the 19th dynasty era of Rameses II.
Because archeologists generally dismiss the exodus as a Bible myth, they actually chose any variant of the correct, "Thutmoses" that breaks any connection with "Moses".
These variant spellings include: Remember that the name "Thutmoses" was written in hieroglyphics picturesbut the name Moses is written in Hebrew and Greek. Because we are certain of how Moses' name was spelled in English, and because we know he got his name from Hatshepsut, the daughter of Thutmoses I, the modern archeological world, and all Bible students would be both prudent and correct to begin spelling the 18th dynasty pharaohs as "Thutmoses".
This is a case of using the inspired text of the Bible to teach us how to correctly spell the Thutmoses dynasty of kings of Egypt! Hatshepsut is "Pharaoh's daughter" who adopted Moses: Hatshepsut, is the only candidate for the "Pharaoh's daughter" who drew Moses out of the Nile. Born in BC, she would have been 15 when Moses was born in Hatshepsut's father was Thutmoses I and her mother was Queen Amoses.
Queen Ahmose had four children with Thutmosis I, but three died young leaving Hatshepsut as the only person who could wear the title of "Pharaoh's daughter". However, since she was unable to ever bear a son to Thutmoses II, Moses became her only chance for personal succession.
Remember that Thutmoses II was Hatshepsut's step-brother whom she married jointly and raised Moses to adulthood. There were three distinct phases to his rule. This period is generally ascribed directly to Hatshepsut as Pharaoh, especially since she proclaimed herself pharaoh before she died.
Ramesses II is wrongly believed to be the pharaoh of the exodus in BC on the basis of a single piece of information: And they built for Pharaoh of the oppression storage cities, Pithom and Raamses.
The Hebrews built the city of Raamses, therefore the pharaoh of the exodus must be a guy named "Ramesses II". It escapes their notice that Joseph lived in the "land of Rameses" years before Ramesses II was born: This means that the name Rameses predated Ramesses II by years!
The only other reason why BC is chosen as the date of the exodus, is because Bible trashing archeologists make active attempts at destroying any possible connection between archeology and Bible history! Christians need a wake up call! Thutmoses III was great, powerful and prideful!
His son, Amenhotep II, was small, insignificant and unaccomplished in contrast. The 17 campaigns of Thutmoses III into the promised land and surrounding areas Levantfor example, are numbered successively throughout his reign.
His 17 campaigns started in the second year and then one campaign each year for the next 17 years, then they ended in ! This means that his last campaign ended in year 18 or 19 after Hatshepsut died which is exactly the date of the exodus!
When you are looking for a powerful prideful Pharaoh that God wanted to display his power over, Thutmoses III is the man. Amenhotep II is a poor choice because he was an irrelevant vapour in contrast! This was as large a contrast with his father, as it would be for Obama Barack to sign as peace treaty with Iran without getting anything in return.
Obama actually did that! For God to topple Amenhotep II was no great demonstration of his power since he was already seen as a weak Pharaoh whose boastful words did not match his actions.
The boastful words of Thutmoses III matched his actions and everyone greatly feared him! Thutmoses III did not sign peace treaties with the Mitanni, he conquered them and unilaterally dictated his conditions to them! The Hyksos knew Joseph but the 18th dynasty "did not know Joseph": The Hyksos ruled Egypt for years from BC.
They were the "shepherd kings" that were friendly to the Hebrews.Moses was an early leader of the Hebrews and probably the most important figure in Judaism.
He was raised in the court of the Pharaoh in Egypt, but then led the Hebrew people out of Egypt. Moses is said to have talked with God. His story is told in the Bible in the book of Exodus.
Yocheved, Moses. III. PHARAOH OF THE EXODUS: A. Rameses II: 1. Scholars who hold to a late date of the Exodus (c. BC) identify Rameses II (c. ) as the Pharaoh of the Exodus. 2. In addition the name of the city in Exodus is Rameses.
a. It is possible that Rameses II merely took credit for the city and the biblical reference was modernized 3. b. Egyptian history is of little to no help in substantiating the Exodus, much less dating it.
To an Egyptian, history was not an objective inquiry into past events, but rather was a medium of propaganda. The descriptions of Yahweh appearing as a pillar of fire by night and cloud by day as well as the other fire-imagery from the Book of Exodus was interpreted by some scholars as suggesting a storm god or weather-deity and, particularly, a desert god since Yahweh is able to direct Moses to water sources (Exodus and Numbers 20).
A summary of Exodus in 's Bible: The Old Testament. Learn exactly what happened in this chapter, scene, or section of Bible: The Old Testament and what it means.
Perfect for acing essays, tests, and quizzes, as well as for writing lesson plans. Dec 30, · The introduction of Moses in the first chapters of Exodus marks a new, a second beginning in the Bible’s account of the history of Israel.
The first beginning had been in the Book of Genesis with Abraham and the patriarchs that followed him. There the focus was on Israel as a family bound in. | 1,374 | ENGLISH | 1 |
The major trade patterns in the Afro-Eurasian included the Islamic expansion into East Africa. It went through the Indian Ocean basin, and Southern Asia. The Indian Ocean basin and trade winds were beneficial to the traders. The likes of North-East monsoon winds and South-West monsoon helped the traders in determining the directions of trade ships. Trade items to Africa included metals, weapons, textiles, ghee sugar and others. Those from Africa included ivory, slaves, wood and gold. The difference is that trade in the Mongol period only concentrated in areas around Europe and Asia and there was great similarity in the trade items involved.
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The Columbian exchange had both positive and negative effects on the Americans. The major negative impacts included the spreading of the lethal disease to the other parts of the America. This was prevalent in the mid 16th century before being subdued later. The positive impact was the introduction of foodstuffs to the region which included commodities like wheat, bananas, rice, wine grapes and other major cash crops were exchanged. The animal’s products that were involved included the sheep, pigs, cattle and even fowl which were of beneficial importance to the locals of that region.
The Spain and Portugal partitioned the non-Christian world into two with Spain occupying the west of the Atlantic while Portugal possessing everything which was to the east of Atlantic. The similarities between the Spain tributary empire and Portugal seaborne empire included the possession of all the commodities available in the territories they were conquering. Portugal possessed less of ammunition for warship and therefore after a short period they were not able to conquer other parts of the Atlantic world. The Portugal Empire was also governed by two emperors and therefore decision making process was lengthy due to misunderstanding between the two parties. The strategy used by the Portuguese was the dominance of the Indian Ocean coastline and overdependence on Arbs for their conquest; this was facilitated by the fact that the Portugal Empire had no sufficient warship and ammunitions. They also strategized on the use of agents who found spices for sale in the territory. The Spaniards strategized in the use of virtual slavery in the acquisition of gold and also in safeguarding its territory.
The political stability among the Europeans states allowed the strengthening of regional dynasty and these was enabled by delegation of powers to various dynasties. The decentralization of powers was a prevalent factor in its establishment. The one large European empire was mainly instilled by the centralization of power and this impeded the strength of regional dynasty.
During those days, the slave trade was also undergoing some changes. Some colonialists started to root for the emancipation of the slaves. The sugar plantations were the places where most confrontations occurred between the masters and the slaves. However, in the plantations, the advantage was the free labor provided by slaves.
The political developments of the Mughal involved the union territory which retains its power in the legislative assembly of New Delhi. It had a new traditional stronghold which was based on the Indian national congress. It was involved in trade with the neighboring territories which enhanced its economic stability. The Ming dynasty was involved the institutional innovations which inherently safeguarded the status of the political culture of hegemonic state; the only challenge faced the larger increase in panorama of the change. The political authority was curtailed by the upholding of the traditionally Confucian culture. There was expansion in commercial developments which led to the upcoming of trading organizations and also the novel banking was improved.
The war with Aztecs proved to the Europeans that the outside world had enlightened and therefore they were being offered some resistance and thus had to change tactics or their way of approach. The collapse off the Aztecs enabled the Europeans to have minimal resistance and therefore was able to conquer and assimilate other territories with ease.
Reformation was the movement that demanded for improvement on the existing condition of Catholic Church’s practices with an intention to make a striking change either in the political, social, or religious fields. It was intended to reform the Roman Catholic Church. The Counter Reformation involved a reformation made by the Roman Catholic Church in the 16th century in order to respond to the protestant reformation.
The council of Trent instituted the offering of the sacraments which enhanced the nourishment of faith of the pious. This was indeed an ecumenical council and they refute and also condemn the beliefs of the Protestants
The decrees that condemn teachings of Zwingli include the decree number 3 and 5. Mostly, he rejected the Christ present in the Holy Communion and thus denied that the teachings were right. Jean Calvin brought more logic to the doctrines of the church and provided analytical analysis of its structure. He provided with an explanation which was legalistic and important to the standardized articles in the confession of the protestant beliefs.
Martin Luther’s ideas that were criticized by council of Trent were on the matters relating to divine forgiveness of the sins by the Lord and also the non-acceptance of theological teachings in the system. Calvin’s ideas were criticized by the council of Trent as it posed threat of pagans laxity which was then in excess, there was also an argument that the Calvin teachings was based on promoting sexual immorality.
Jesuits are members of the Society of Jesus. It was founded in 1534 by Ignatius Loyola and was dedicated to promoting and supporting of the Catholicism. The major abuses of the Catholic Church include the sex immorality in the church, disrespect to the canons of the church, improper citation of the bibles teachings and the indulgence by the church.
Most popular orders | <urn:uuid:ccf5e743-9a55-4749-8eab-639c1ffda440> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://essaysexperts.com/essays/analytical/focus-questions.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250593994.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118221909-20200119005909-00024.warc.gz | en | 0.980843 | 1,195 | 3.28125 | 3 | [
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0.14701181650161743... | 2 | The major trade patterns in the Afro-Eurasian included the Islamic expansion into East Africa. It went through the Indian Ocean basin, and Southern Asia. The Indian Ocean basin and trade winds were beneficial to the traders. The likes of North-East monsoon winds and South-West monsoon helped the traders in determining the directions of trade ships. Trade items to Africa included metals, weapons, textiles, ghee sugar and others. Those from Africa included ivory, slaves, wood and gold. The difference is that trade in the Mongol period only concentrated in areas around Europe and Asia and there was great similarity in the trade items involved.
First-Class Online Research Paper Writing Service
- Your research paper is written by a PhD professor
- Your requirements and targets are always met
- You are able to control the progress of your writing assignment
- You get a chance to become an excellent student!
The Columbian exchange had both positive and negative effects on the Americans. The major negative impacts included the spreading of the lethal disease to the other parts of the America. This was prevalent in the mid 16th century before being subdued later. The positive impact was the introduction of foodstuffs to the region which included commodities like wheat, bananas, rice, wine grapes and other major cash crops were exchanged. The animal’s products that were involved included the sheep, pigs, cattle and even fowl which were of beneficial importance to the locals of that region.
The Spain and Portugal partitioned the non-Christian world into two with Spain occupying the west of the Atlantic while Portugal possessing everything which was to the east of Atlantic. The similarities between the Spain tributary empire and Portugal seaborne empire included the possession of all the commodities available in the territories they were conquering. Portugal possessed less of ammunition for warship and therefore after a short period they were not able to conquer other parts of the Atlantic world. The Portugal Empire was also governed by two emperors and therefore decision making process was lengthy due to misunderstanding between the two parties. The strategy used by the Portuguese was the dominance of the Indian Ocean coastline and overdependence on Arbs for their conquest; this was facilitated by the fact that the Portugal Empire had no sufficient warship and ammunitions. They also strategized on the use of agents who found spices for sale in the territory. The Spaniards strategized in the use of virtual slavery in the acquisition of gold and also in safeguarding its territory.
The political stability among the Europeans states allowed the strengthening of regional dynasty and these was enabled by delegation of powers to various dynasties. The decentralization of powers was a prevalent factor in its establishment. The one large European empire was mainly instilled by the centralization of power and this impeded the strength of regional dynasty.
During those days, the slave trade was also undergoing some changes. Some colonialists started to root for the emancipation of the slaves. The sugar plantations were the places where most confrontations occurred between the masters and the slaves. However, in the plantations, the advantage was the free labor provided by slaves.
The political developments of the Mughal involved the union territory which retains its power in the legislative assembly of New Delhi. It had a new traditional stronghold which was based on the Indian national congress. It was involved in trade with the neighboring territories which enhanced its economic stability. The Ming dynasty was involved the institutional innovations which inherently safeguarded the status of the political culture of hegemonic state; the only challenge faced the larger increase in panorama of the change. The political authority was curtailed by the upholding of the traditionally Confucian culture. There was expansion in commercial developments which led to the upcoming of trading organizations and also the novel banking was improved.
The war with Aztecs proved to the Europeans that the outside world had enlightened and therefore they were being offered some resistance and thus had to change tactics or their way of approach. The collapse off the Aztecs enabled the Europeans to have minimal resistance and therefore was able to conquer and assimilate other territories with ease.
Reformation was the movement that demanded for improvement on the existing condition of Catholic Church’s practices with an intention to make a striking change either in the political, social, or religious fields. It was intended to reform the Roman Catholic Church. The Counter Reformation involved a reformation made by the Roman Catholic Church in the 16th century in order to respond to the protestant reformation.
The council of Trent instituted the offering of the sacraments which enhanced the nourishment of faith of the pious. This was indeed an ecumenical council and they refute and also condemn the beliefs of the Protestants
The decrees that condemn teachings of Zwingli include the decree number 3 and 5. Mostly, he rejected the Christ present in the Holy Communion and thus denied that the teachings were right. Jean Calvin brought more logic to the doctrines of the church and provided analytical analysis of its structure. He provided with an explanation which was legalistic and important to the standardized articles in the confession of the protestant beliefs.
Martin Luther’s ideas that were criticized by council of Trent were on the matters relating to divine forgiveness of the sins by the Lord and also the non-acceptance of theological teachings in the system. Calvin’s ideas were criticized by the council of Trent as it posed threat of pagans laxity which was then in excess, there was also an argument that the Calvin teachings was based on promoting sexual immorality.
Jesuits are members of the Society of Jesus. It was founded in 1534 by Ignatius Loyola and was dedicated to promoting and supporting of the Catholicism. The major abuses of the Catholic Church include the sex immorality in the church, disrespect to the canons of the church, improper citation of the bibles teachings and the indulgence by the church.
Most popular orders | 1,185 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Conjunctions or "Joined up writing"
If you want to be rude about somebody’s ability to express themselves and indicate that they can’t say more than one complete sentence at a time, then you could say: they can’t even string two sentences together. Now, string together is a sort of knitting expression suggesting that different parts of a material you’re making are attached one to the other. Mind you, there’s nothing wrong with short simple sentences all in a row. They can be appealing but sometimes you want to expand your ideas and that’s when you make use of the joining words, called "conjunctions". They come in different shapes and sizes with of course different meanings and uses. They start small like "and", "but" and "as" growing into the larger varieties like "though" and "although".
Now about 600 years before the birth of Jesus Christ a man called Aesop was born in Greece. He started life in very poor circumstances but because he was very clever and could often see answers to problems that other people couldn’t solve, he became a sort of adviser to the ruler and in his spare time dashed off some very memorable fables. The stories often depict animals as the main characters and they all have a moral purpose. Let’s take the one called The Ant and the Dove. In the story I’m going to use conjunctions, which I shall write in CAPITAL letters:
One day an ant was strolling beside a river AND he was feeling very thirsty BECAUSE it was very hot. He was sure that there was a river nearby AS he had been in this place before. ALTHOUGH his legs were very small he ran as fast as he could UNTIL he reached the riverbank. He raced up to the edge of the water BUT in his haste he went too quickly AND fell into the water. SINCE his mother had never taught him to swim, he was in great danger of drowning. WHILE this drama with our friend was taking place, a dove was sitting on a branch over the river. The dove realised that UNLESS he did something quickly, the ant would not survive. EVEN IF he tried, the dove knew he couldn’t dive in and save the ant. Suddenly he did something brilliant IN ORDER THAT the ant could escape. He picked a leaf from the tree AND dropped it into the water SO THAT the ant could climb on to it AND float to safety. WHEN the ant was next in the area some days later, he saw a man with a net, who wanted to catch his friend, the dove. AFTER the ant had thought about how to help the dove, he decided to take immediate action. IN SITE OF THE FACT that the ant was very small, he was able to give someone a nasty bite. The ant thought he could bite the man in the hand BUT that meant a long journey OR he could bite his foot. IF he did that immediately, his plan might work SO he gave the man a really good bite. The man let out a scream AND dropped the net. WHEREAS the man had tried to be quiet in catching the bird, the noise he made warned the dove who flew away to safety.
The moral of the story is: IF you help someone, they will also help you. | <urn:uuid:a36d4998-3d2d-403c-9618-b03c70790672> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://english.best/reading/grammar/conjunctions/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250614880.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124011048-20200124040048-00506.warc.gz | en | 0.991223 | 689 | 3.4375 | 3 | [
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0.0596810393035... | 2 | Conjunctions or "Joined up writing"
If you want to be rude about somebody’s ability to express themselves and indicate that they can’t say more than one complete sentence at a time, then you could say: they can’t even string two sentences together. Now, string together is a sort of knitting expression suggesting that different parts of a material you’re making are attached one to the other. Mind you, there’s nothing wrong with short simple sentences all in a row. They can be appealing but sometimes you want to expand your ideas and that’s when you make use of the joining words, called "conjunctions". They come in different shapes and sizes with of course different meanings and uses. They start small like "and", "but" and "as" growing into the larger varieties like "though" and "although".
Now about 600 years before the birth of Jesus Christ a man called Aesop was born in Greece. He started life in very poor circumstances but because he was very clever and could often see answers to problems that other people couldn’t solve, he became a sort of adviser to the ruler and in his spare time dashed off some very memorable fables. The stories often depict animals as the main characters and they all have a moral purpose. Let’s take the one called The Ant and the Dove. In the story I’m going to use conjunctions, which I shall write in CAPITAL letters:
One day an ant was strolling beside a river AND he was feeling very thirsty BECAUSE it was very hot. He was sure that there was a river nearby AS he had been in this place before. ALTHOUGH his legs were very small he ran as fast as he could UNTIL he reached the riverbank. He raced up to the edge of the water BUT in his haste he went too quickly AND fell into the water. SINCE his mother had never taught him to swim, he was in great danger of drowning. WHILE this drama with our friend was taking place, a dove was sitting on a branch over the river. The dove realised that UNLESS he did something quickly, the ant would not survive. EVEN IF he tried, the dove knew he couldn’t dive in and save the ant. Suddenly he did something brilliant IN ORDER THAT the ant could escape. He picked a leaf from the tree AND dropped it into the water SO THAT the ant could climb on to it AND float to safety. WHEN the ant was next in the area some days later, he saw a man with a net, who wanted to catch his friend, the dove. AFTER the ant had thought about how to help the dove, he decided to take immediate action. IN SITE OF THE FACT that the ant was very small, he was able to give someone a nasty bite. The ant thought he could bite the man in the hand BUT that meant a long journey OR he could bite his foot. IF he did that immediately, his plan might work SO he gave the man a really good bite. The man let out a scream AND dropped the net. WHEREAS the man had tried to be quiet in catching the bird, the noise he made warned the dove who flew away to safety.
The moral of the story is: IF you help someone, they will also help you. | 663 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Thursday, March 31, Analysis on Revision of Jefferson's Declaration of Independence In the second paragraph of the original document, Jefferson says " When one is angry, he wants to destroy the ties to whatever or whoever angered him, but, in the reality of world politics, one cannot do this. By using the word "expunge," Jefferson was telling the British Crown that he wanted nothing to do with the former government that had oppressed the colonies. Truthfully, though, Jefferson wanted to change the Parliamentary system of government to suit the new states.
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Please select one of the following: The book is very political, in that it is written to advocate the cruelties of the institution of slavery, and gain support for its abolition. Douglass analyzes the many different elements that allowed whites to keep control of their institution.
Although he owned slaves, he eventually tried to abolish slavery in the western territories that were being added to the United States. Thomas Jefferson is most well known for his part in writing the Declaration of Independence. He has contributed greatly to the building of our government.
He was also a remarkable man who set fourth the basic ideals and beliefs in government that have stayed the same for over two hundred years. Jefferson believed that states could best govern the domestic matters within its state, but a strong Central Government is needed as well to deal with foreign affairs and to keep the country strong as a unified nation.
What he was saying in this quote is that small governments like our state and our towns are the best fit to deal with the concerns of the people. In turn helping the people live the best and happiest lives possible.
As well as being a believer in states rights Jefferson felt that the constitution should be strictly obeyed. He thought that the government as a whole could not do anything that was not put under their responsibilities in the Constitution. He believed in strict interpretation of the Constitution.
Even though he felt this way, he was forced to go against this view when it came to the Louisiana Purchase. The right to purchase lands was not given to the president in the Constitution, but Jefferson saw a great opportunity to expand this great nation.
He went beyond the Constitution because it was for the benefit of the country and the people. Additionally, Jefferson strongly believed in a democratic form of government.
Where the people could participate and be governed as they see fit. The easiest way to make your point is to be governed by a smaller government like our states and towns.
The individual has an easier way to change their government if it is smaller. This is why Jefferson thought that as many issues as possible should be left up to the states. Through his belief that the government is in place to better the lives of the people over which it rules came his belief that government should not do more than is outlined in the Constitution, in order to keep it in check.
The government should know its limits and not intrude on the rights of the people by reaching beyond its limits.Jefferson vs. Franklin: Renaissance Men. At a dinner honoring Nobel Prize winners from the Western Hemisphere, President John F.
Kennedy paid homage to Thomas Jefferson's wide-ranging interests and talents when he remarked, "I think this is the most extraordinary collection of talent, of human knowledge, that has ever been gathered together at the White House, with the possible exception of.
Thomas Jefferson Thomas Jefferson's ideals and beliefs were derived from a deep regard for life, liberty, and freedom. His concept of individual freedoms strongly disagreed with the notion of a "guided republic" which he believed concentrated a great deal unchecked power among a few people.
Thomas Jefferson and Frederick Douglass are considered as two well-known figures of American history. Their styles of writing are observed to be different. It was due to the difference of their status and background they are belonged to.
- Thomas Jefferson Thomas Jefferson was born in Virginia on April 2, , according to Old Style; however it is celebrated on April 13th because of the shift to the Gregorian calendar.
He had a total of 9 siblings, he had 6 sisters and 3 brothers, and he was the fourth of the eldest males. This is the second time in three years that Thomas has written the most opinions, Before launching into his legal analysis, Thomas offered an extended contrast between two black men from.
Thomas Jefferson. When in the course of human events, (Jefferson is referencing the famous Declaration of Independence—for which he was the primary author—which says, "When in the Course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another "). | <urn:uuid:f2f68a2e-fd98-4ca3-859e-3e7f1367f666> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://xelypigisasu.caninariojana.com/an-analysis-of-thomas-jeffersons-opinions-which-could-have-influenced-frederick-douglass-31934mz.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251700988.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127143516-20200127173516-00551.warc.gz | en | 0.981121 | 955 | 3.6875 | 4 | [
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0.183819547295570... | 1 | Thursday, March 31, Analysis on Revision of Jefferson's Declaration of Independence In the second paragraph of the original document, Jefferson says " When one is angry, he wants to destroy the ties to whatever or whoever angered him, but, in the reality of world politics, one cannot do this. By using the word "expunge," Jefferson was telling the British Crown that he wanted nothing to do with the former government that had oppressed the colonies. Truthfully, though, Jefferson wanted to change the Parliamentary system of government to suit the new states.
We are dedicated to helping students with their everyday College needs. Click Here to sign up.
Please select one of the following: The book is very political, in that it is written to advocate the cruelties of the institution of slavery, and gain support for its abolition. Douglass analyzes the many different elements that allowed whites to keep control of their institution.
Although he owned slaves, he eventually tried to abolish slavery in the western territories that were being added to the United States. Thomas Jefferson is most well known for his part in writing the Declaration of Independence. He has contributed greatly to the building of our government.
He was also a remarkable man who set fourth the basic ideals and beliefs in government that have stayed the same for over two hundred years. Jefferson believed that states could best govern the domestic matters within its state, but a strong Central Government is needed as well to deal with foreign affairs and to keep the country strong as a unified nation.
What he was saying in this quote is that small governments like our state and our towns are the best fit to deal with the concerns of the people. In turn helping the people live the best and happiest lives possible.
As well as being a believer in states rights Jefferson felt that the constitution should be strictly obeyed. He thought that the government as a whole could not do anything that was not put under their responsibilities in the Constitution. He believed in strict interpretation of the Constitution.
Even though he felt this way, he was forced to go against this view when it came to the Louisiana Purchase. The right to purchase lands was not given to the president in the Constitution, but Jefferson saw a great opportunity to expand this great nation.
He went beyond the Constitution because it was for the benefit of the country and the people. Additionally, Jefferson strongly believed in a democratic form of government.
Where the people could participate and be governed as they see fit. The easiest way to make your point is to be governed by a smaller government like our states and towns.
The individual has an easier way to change their government if it is smaller. This is why Jefferson thought that as many issues as possible should be left up to the states. Through his belief that the government is in place to better the lives of the people over which it rules came his belief that government should not do more than is outlined in the Constitution, in order to keep it in check.
The government should know its limits and not intrude on the rights of the people by reaching beyond its limits.Jefferson vs. Franklin: Renaissance Men. At a dinner honoring Nobel Prize winners from the Western Hemisphere, President John F.
Kennedy paid homage to Thomas Jefferson's wide-ranging interests and talents when he remarked, "I think this is the most extraordinary collection of talent, of human knowledge, that has ever been gathered together at the White House, with the possible exception of.
Thomas Jefferson Thomas Jefferson's ideals and beliefs were derived from a deep regard for life, liberty, and freedom. His concept of individual freedoms strongly disagreed with the notion of a "guided republic" which he believed concentrated a great deal unchecked power among a few people.
Thomas Jefferson and Frederick Douglass are considered as two well-known figures of American history. Their styles of writing are observed to be different. It was due to the difference of their status and background they are belonged to.
- Thomas Jefferson Thomas Jefferson was born in Virginia on April 2, , according to Old Style; however it is celebrated on April 13th because of the shift to the Gregorian calendar.
He had a total of 9 siblings, he had 6 sisters and 3 brothers, and he was the fourth of the eldest males. This is the second time in three years that Thomas has written the most opinions, Before launching into his legal analysis, Thomas offered an extended contrast between two black men from.
Thomas Jefferson. When in the course of human events, (Jefferson is referencing the famous Declaration of Independence—for which he was the primary author—which says, "When in the Course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another "). | 939 | ENGLISH | 1 |
On April 12, 1861, Americans went to war against one another. It wasn’t only the North against the South or the Union against the Confederacy. It was friends and even family fighting on opposing sides in battle after battle.
At least 620,000 lives were lost, which was 2% of the American population. If the U.S. suffered that same percentage of casualties today, the number of deaths would exceed 6 million people. Everyone in the nation was affected by the losses in some way by the time the war ended in 1865.
By the second half of the 19th century, photographic technology had advanced greatly. The Civil War is considered the first major conflict to have been photographed extensively. Following are just some of the pictures that display life during the war.
Soldiers Built Their Quarters
Fighting during the Civil War went on for several years, and troops were on the move across the country. As they traveled in warmer weather, they slept in tents or the open air. In the harsh winter months, they often had to build more permanent encampments where they could hunker down. They built huts out of whatever resources were available, such as this pine cottage.
Soldiers Were Drafted
Both the North and the South drafted citizens to serve during the Civil War. Men could buy their way out of a draft or find someone to go in their place. Although it is estimated that thousands of people paid hundreds of dollars to avoid being drafted, a payment typically only spared someone for a single lottery. This image shows an induction officer with a draft lottery box.
Even Children Went To War
The Civil War is sometimes referred to as “The Boys’ War,” and not without reason. Although the minimum age for enlistment was 18, recruiters often overlooked the law. It is estimated that as many as 20% of soldiers were under 18. Many of the youngest served as drummer boys, such as the young man in this picture whose father was also a soldier.
Many Women Became Nurses
If asked to describe a nurse, your first thought might be of a woman. However, before the Civil War, most nurses were male as women were not expected to work outside the home. Due to a lack of manpower, women were allowed to take on nursing jobs, changing the landscape of the industry. Some of the most well-known Civil War nurses include Clara Barton, shown here, who founded the Red Cross, and “Little Women” author Louisa May Alcott, who was also an abolitionist and a nurse.
Escaped Slaves Were Known as Contraband
Thousands of slaves, such as this man pictured (name unknown), escaped their masters and sought protection behind Union lines. There was no policy in place regarding how to deal with escaped slaves until Union Maj. General Benjamin Butler classified them as “contraband of war” and declared them free. The former slaves often worked as laborers on fortifications.
African-American Troops Faced Opposition
When Abraham Lincoln signed the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863, black soldiers could officially fight in the U.S. Army for the first time. The Union Army needed soldiers and many African American men were eager to fight. However, the North was reluctant to use the new troops in battle. Not only were they in grave danger if captured by Confederate troops, but they also faced racism from many Union officers. Most black Civil War soldiers were given jobs such as carpenters, cooks and teamsters.
The President Visited The Troops
President Lincoln made many visits to Army hospitals, military headquarters and even the battlefield. In this photo, Lincoln was visiting the battlefield of General McClellan and his staff at Antietam, Maryland, in 1962. Two years later, the president was nearly shot by a sniper while visiting Fort Stevens in Washington, D.C.
They Used Heavy Artillery
Soldiers in the Civil War used smaller weaponry, such as rifles, muskets, knives and revolvers. However, they also made use of cannons. This image depicts a Civil War scene in Yorktown, Virginia, in 1862.
Sometimes, They Pulled Out the Big Guns
They Hauled Supplies
It was up to soldiers to carry as much as possible. They toted everything from ammunition and first-aid supplies to food and water. The typical load a soldier carried weighed about 50 pounds. Discarded items were loaded into Quartermaster wagons, which followed the troops.
They Had Some Downtime
Soldiers weren’t always engaged in battle. Between drills and fighting, they performed chores such as cooking and cleaning. When they had time to relax, they often passed the time by playing cards, singing songs or writing letters home.
Scientists Helped the War Effort
Although he carried the title of professor, Thaddeus Sobieski Constantine Lowe (pictured here) never completed a formal education. Lowe was an American patriot and inventor. President Lincoln appointed Lowe Chief Aeronaut of the Union Army. He is now considered the grandfather of the United States Air Force.
Military Balloons Were Used for Intelligence
Professor Lowe constructed seven balloons while serving as a civilian under General George McClellan. He used the balloons to spy on the Confederate Army.
Artists Captured Images For Publications
James Walker and Theodore Davis, pictured below, were Civil War artists. Davis was a special writer for “Harper’s” who submitted writings and sketches throughout the war. Walker had been recruited as an interpreter for General Winfield Scott during the Mexican War and went on to sketch battles during the Civil War that became known as epic visual records.
Some Traveled By Rail
After graduating from West Point in 1835, Herman Haupt became a railroad surveyor and engineer. More specifically, he became an innovative civil engineer, architect and bridge construction expert. But at the request of U.S. Secretary of War Edwin Stanton, Haupt returned to the Army. Colonel Herman Haupt had command of every U.S. military railroad in the Eastern theater.
They Cooked In Huts
There were no mess halls or chow lines during the Civil War. For every 100-man company, one person was trained as a skilled cook. Titled “Cook Major,” these soldiers were tasked with the responsibility of rationing and preparing food. Despite this, many men suffered and even died from unsanitary conditions and poorly cooked food.
Soldiers Rested When They Could
Life as a Civil War soldier was arduous. Between twice-daily drills, chores and grueling battles, many men faced exhaustion. Soldiers, such as these men resting after a drill in Petersburg, Virginia, in 1864, grabbed moments of R&R whenever possible.
Fife And Drum Corps Served A Purpose
The drummers and fifers who accompanied troops weren’t there for pure entertainment. The music, called “field music,” actually had three purposes. It could be tactical, with signals to march, halt, charge, retreat and more; it could be used for camp duty, regulating routines such as dinner or lights out; and it could be ceremonial.
Religious Services Were Held
Chaplains served in the military for as few as three months and as long as three years during the Civil War. More than 2,300 men and one woman served as chaplains in the Union army. About 1,300 men were chaplains for the Confederates.
Ambulances Carried The Wounded
During the war, nearby buildings such as homes and churches were quickly converted into field hospitals. These locations regularly treated both Confederate and Union soldiers. The ambulance-wagon was designed to more quickly transport victims to a place where they could receive medical aid.
Some Of The Wounded Were Left Behind
Some circumstances prevented troops from aiding others who were wounded. If they were forced to make a hasty retreat, they might have had no choice but to leave the injured behind, as in this photo of a wounded soldier in a deserted camp. Many were taken prisoner by the opposing army.
Other Injured Soldiers Awaited Help
It was not unusual for wounded soldiers to wait for one to two days to receive treatment. Largely because of this delay in treatment, many injuries resulted in amputations. It is estimated that surgeons performed approximately 60,000 amputations throughout the entirety of the Civil War.
Cities Were Demolished
Along with the massive number of soldiers wounded, maimed and killed during the war, many enemy cities were captured and destroyed on both sides. As this photo of ruins in Richmond, Virginia depicts, the armies aimed to demolish factories, foundries and warehouses that produced war materials. But citizens were also affected. Some were physically injured while others lost property or were forced to become refugees.
Prisoners Of War Were Captured
Both the Union and the Confederates confined captured enemies in prison camps. Union camps in Illinois, Indiana, New York and Ohio held about 220,000 Confederate prisoners. Confederate prison camps in North Carolina, South Carolina and Andersonville, Georgia (shown in this photo) held nearly 195,000 Union soldiers.
Many Prisoners Did Not Survive
One of the darkest aspects of the Civil War is the treatment POWs received on both sides. Approximately 30,000 men died while captive in Confederate prison camps and nearly 26,000 died in Union prison camps. Even after their release, many men met their demise, such as the man in this photo. Private Phillip Hattle died following the poor treatment he received as a prisoner of war. He was about 34 years of age. | <urn:uuid:4af3c4fe-a508-40e5-b45b-2b41ba7fabcc> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.thedelite.com/civil-war-photos-harsh-realities-life-war/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250608062.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123011418-20200123040418-00320.warc.gz | en | 0.984997 | 1,983 | 4.21875 | 4 | [
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0.329858809709548... | 5 | On April 12, 1861, Americans went to war against one another. It wasn’t only the North against the South or the Union against the Confederacy. It was friends and even family fighting on opposing sides in battle after battle.
At least 620,000 lives were lost, which was 2% of the American population. If the U.S. suffered that same percentage of casualties today, the number of deaths would exceed 6 million people. Everyone in the nation was affected by the losses in some way by the time the war ended in 1865.
By the second half of the 19th century, photographic technology had advanced greatly. The Civil War is considered the first major conflict to have been photographed extensively. Following are just some of the pictures that display life during the war.
Soldiers Built Their Quarters
Fighting during the Civil War went on for several years, and troops were on the move across the country. As they traveled in warmer weather, they slept in tents or the open air. In the harsh winter months, they often had to build more permanent encampments where they could hunker down. They built huts out of whatever resources were available, such as this pine cottage.
Soldiers Were Drafted
Both the North and the South drafted citizens to serve during the Civil War. Men could buy their way out of a draft or find someone to go in their place. Although it is estimated that thousands of people paid hundreds of dollars to avoid being drafted, a payment typically only spared someone for a single lottery. This image shows an induction officer with a draft lottery box.
Even Children Went To War
The Civil War is sometimes referred to as “The Boys’ War,” and not without reason. Although the minimum age for enlistment was 18, recruiters often overlooked the law. It is estimated that as many as 20% of soldiers were under 18. Many of the youngest served as drummer boys, such as the young man in this picture whose father was also a soldier.
Many Women Became Nurses
If asked to describe a nurse, your first thought might be of a woman. However, before the Civil War, most nurses were male as women were not expected to work outside the home. Due to a lack of manpower, women were allowed to take on nursing jobs, changing the landscape of the industry. Some of the most well-known Civil War nurses include Clara Barton, shown here, who founded the Red Cross, and “Little Women” author Louisa May Alcott, who was also an abolitionist and a nurse.
Escaped Slaves Were Known as Contraband
Thousands of slaves, such as this man pictured (name unknown), escaped their masters and sought protection behind Union lines. There was no policy in place regarding how to deal with escaped slaves until Union Maj. General Benjamin Butler classified them as “contraband of war” and declared them free. The former slaves often worked as laborers on fortifications.
African-American Troops Faced Opposition
When Abraham Lincoln signed the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863, black soldiers could officially fight in the U.S. Army for the first time. The Union Army needed soldiers and many African American men were eager to fight. However, the North was reluctant to use the new troops in battle. Not only were they in grave danger if captured by Confederate troops, but they also faced racism from many Union officers. Most black Civil War soldiers were given jobs such as carpenters, cooks and teamsters.
The President Visited The Troops
President Lincoln made many visits to Army hospitals, military headquarters and even the battlefield. In this photo, Lincoln was visiting the battlefield of General McClellan and his staff at Antietam, Maryland, in 1962. Two years later, the president was nearly shot by a sniper while visiting Fort Stevens in Washington, D.C.
They Used Heavy Artillery
Soldiers in the Civil War used smaller weaponry, such as rifles, muskets, knives and revolvers. However, they also made use of cannons. This image depicts a Civil War scene in Yorktown, Virginia, in 1862.
Sometimes, They Pulled Out the Big Guns
They Hauled Supplies
It was up to soldiers to carry as much as possible. They toted everything from ammunition and first-aid supplies to food and water. The typical load a soldier carried weighed about 50 pounds. Discarded items were loaded into Quartermaster wagons, which followed the troops.
They Had Some Downtime
Soldiers weren’t always engaged in battle. Between drills and fighting, they performed chores such as cooking and cleaning. When they had time to relax, they often passed the time by playing cards, singing songs or writing letters home.
Scientists Helped the War Effort
Although he carried the title of professor, Thaddeus Sobieski Constantine Lowe (pictured here) never completed a formal education. Lowe was an American patriot and inventor. President Lincoln appointed Lowe Chief Aeronaut of the Union Army. He is now considered the grandfather of the United States Air Force.
Military Balloons Were Used for Intelligence
Professor Lowe constructed seven balloons while serving as a civilian under General George McClellan. He used the balloons to spy on the Confederate Army.
Artists Captured Images For Publications
James Walker and Theodore Davis, pictured below, were Civil War artists. Davis was a special writer for “Harper’s” who submitted writings and sketches throughout the war. Walker had been recruited as an interpreter for General Winfield Scott during the Mexican War and went on to sketch battles during the Civil War that became known as epic visual records.
Some Traveled By Rail
After graduating from West Point in 1835, Herman Haupt became a railroad surveyor and engineer. More specifically, he became an innovative civil engineer, architect and bridge construction expert. But at the request of U.S. Secretary of War Edwin Stanton, Haupt returned to the Army. Colonel Herman Haupt had command of every U.S. military railroad in the Eastern theater.
They Cooked In Huts
There were no mess halls or chow lines during the Civil War. For every 100-man company, one person was trained as a skilled cook. Titled “Cook Major,” these soldiers were tasked with the responsibility of rationing and preparing food. Despite this, many men suffered and even died from unsanitary conditions and poorly cooked food.
Soldiers Rested When They Could
Life as a Civil War soldier was arduous. Between twice-daily drills, chores and grueling battles, many men faced exhaustion. Soldiers, such as these men resting after a drill in Petersburg, Virginia, in 1864, grabbed moments of R&R whenever possible.
Fife And Drum Corps Served A Purpose
The drummers and fifers who accompanied troops weren’t there for pure entertainment. The music, called “field music,” actually had three purposes. It could be tactical, with signals to march, halt, charge, retreat and more; it could be used for camp duty, regulating routines such as dinner or lights out; and it could be ceremonial.
Religious Services Were Held
Chaplains served in the military for as few as three months and as long as three years during the Civil War. More than 2,300 men and one woman served as chaplains in the Union army. About 1,300 men were chaplains for the Confederates.
Ambulances Carried The Wounded
During the war, nearby buildings such as homes and churches were quickly converted into field hospitals. These locations regularly treated both Confederate and Union soldiers. The ambulance-wagon was designed to more quickly transport victims to a place where they could receive medical aid.
Some Of The Wounded Were Left Behind
Some circumstances prevented troops from aiding others who were wounded. If they were forced to make a hasty retreat, they might have had no choice but to leave the injured behind, as in this photo of a wounded soldier in a deserted camp. Many were taken prisoner by the opposing army.
Other Injured Soldiers Awaited Help
It was not unusual for wounded soldiers to wait for one to two days to receive treatment. Largely because of this delay in treatment, many injuries resulted in amputations. It is estimated that surgeons performed approximately 60,000 amputations throughout the entirety of the Civil War.
Cities Were Demolished
Along with the massive number of soldiers wounded, maimed and killed during the war, many enemy cities were captured and destroyed on both sides. As this photo of ruins in Richmond, Virginia depicts, the armies aimed to demolish factories, foundries and warehouses that produced war materials. But citizens were also affected. Some were physically injured while others lost property or were forced to become refugees.
Prisoners Of War Were Captured
Both the Union and the Confederates confined captured enemies in prison camps. Union camps in Illinois, Indiana, New York and Ohio held about 220,000 Confederate prisoners. Confederate prison camps in North Carolina, South Carolina and Andersonville, Georgia (shown in this photo) held nearly 195,000 Union soldiers.
Many Prisoners Did Not Survive
One of the darkest aspects of the Civil War is the treatment POWs received on both sides. Approximately 30,000 men died while captive in Confederate prison camps and nearly 26,000 died in Union prison camps. Even after their release, many men met their demise, such as the man in this photo. Private Phillip Hattle died following the poor treatment he received as a prisoner of war. He was about 34 years of age. | 2,007 | ENGLISH | 1 |
About 25 miles east of Greeley on U.S. Highway 34 along the South Platte River, the geography is wide and open. Here, at a settlement named Dearfield, some seven families began to build lives, frame homes and plant crops in hopes of establishing an African-American community in 1910. Over the next 20 years, the small settlement grew to a population of about 200 to 300, with two churches, a school, restaurant, dance hall, market and gas station.
Listen to the Bear in Mind Podcast, Episode 24 where Dr. George June discusses the role of African American in Colorado's rich history.
江苏快3计划员"The people of Dearfield wanted to have their own homes, their own land. They wanted to make it out here," UNC Professor of Africana Studies George Junne, Ph.D., says. "There's so much history out here on the Plains."
Junne's research on the community is one of a number of projects he's completed that spans from the Civil War era through the Civil Rights Movement in Colorado.
Last year Junne was interviewed and filmed for an award-winning PBS documentary called Clara: Angel of the Rockies. 江苏快3计划员One of the first African-American women to live in Denver, Clara Brown was emancipated from slavery in Kentucky in 1858 and traveled west hoping to find her four children, who had been sold years before. She went first to Missouri, then walked most of the 700-mile distance from there to Colorado. In Central City, she established a laundry business and invested in mining claims. WIth a deep sense of community and a strong Christian faith, Brown sheltered those who were ill or homeless, gave money and time to community churches and became known as "Aunt Clara."
After searching most of her life for her surviving daughter, Eliza Jane, Brown reunited with her daughter at the age of 82. She died in 1885, and an estimated 400 community members and civic leaders (including Denver's mayor and Colorado's governor) attended her funeral.
"Clara Brown is a good example of the strength of black women. This woman, who did not have an education, helped shape the Black American West," Junne says. "You have a woman who comes from being personal property to being a successful businessperson.
"Black history is American history as well," he says. And it's history he shares with not only his UNC students, but with young scholars as well.
江苏快3计划员Back in Dearfield, Junne smiles as he talks about a group of elementary students who travel here from Denver every year. They walk the dusty road with papers and pencils in-hand, taking notes as Junne tells them about the people who lived here and worked hard to make it their own. In that moment, a century after the first families arrived in Dearfield, it is a place that still belongs to them. | <urn:uuid:8bd14067-b25c-4273-bda4-e15002345d60> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | http://respiratorytherapistguide.com/research/discoveries/colorado-history.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250604397.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121132900-20200121161900-00468.warc.gz | en | 0.980422 | 632 | 3.28125 | 3 | [
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-0.0597724840... | 1 | About 25 miles east of Greeley on U.S. Highway 34 along the South Platte River, the geography is wide and open. Here, at a settlement named Dearfield, some seven families began to build lives, frame homes and plant crops in hopes of establishing an African-American community in 1910. Over the next 20 years, the small settlement grew to a population of about 200 to 300, with two churches, a school, restaurant, dance hall, market and gas station.
Listen to the Bear in Mind Podcast, Episode 24 where Dr. George June discusses the role of African American in Colorado's rich history.
江苏快3计划员"The people of Dearfield wanted to have their own homes, their own land. They wanted to make it out here," UNC Professor of Africana Studies George Junne, Ph.D., says. "There's so much history out here on the Plains."
Junne's research on the community is one of a number of projects he's completed that spans from the Civil War era through the Civil Rights Movement in Colorado.
Last year Junne was interviewed and filmed for an award-winning PBS documentary called Clara: Angel of the Rockies. 江苏快3计划员One of the first African-American women to live in Denver, Clara Brown was emancipated from slavery in Kentucky in 1858 and traveled west hoping to find her four children, who had been sold years before. She went first to Missouri, then walked most of the 700-mile distance from there to Colorado. In Central City, she established a laundry business and invested in mining claims. WIth a deep sense of community and a strong Christian faith, Brown sheltered those who were ill or homeless, gave money and time to community churches and became known as "Aunt Clara."
After searching most of her life for her surviving daughter, Eliza Jane, Brown reunited with her daughter at the age of 82. She died in 1885, and an estimated 400 community members and civic leaders (including Denver's mayor and Colorado's governor) attended her funeral.
"Clara Brown is a good example of the strength of black women. This woman, who did not have an education, helped shape the Black American West," Junne says. "You have a woman who comes from being personal property to being a successful businessperson.
"Black history is American history as well," he says. And it's history he shares with not only his UNC students, but with young scholars as well.
江苏快3计划员Back in Dearfield, Junne smiles as he talks about a group of elementary students who travel here from Denver every year. They walk the dusty road with papers and pencils in-hand, taking notes as Junne tells them about the people who lived here and worked hard to make it their own. In that moment, a century after the first families arrived in Dearfield, it is a place that still belongs to them. | 617 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Warren Gamaliel Harding (November 2, 1865 August 2, 1923) was elected as the 29th President of the United States (on his birthday!) with the widest popular vote margin in U.S. history. He served from 1921 to 1923, in between Woodrow Wilson and Calvin Coolidge, and was the tenth Republican Party president. These days, he's considered one of the worst failures to hold the office.
Many have argued people only voted for him because he "looked presidential". He emerged from a classic backroom deal at the 1920 Republican National Convention (selected mainly because he had stayed out of the Taft/Roosevelt feud that split the party in 1912 and had thus not pissed off anybody) and then ran the first modern campaign.
Notable events in his presidency? Harding campaigned on a platform of "a return to normalcy" after Wilson's hand in wrapping up the Great War lost him popularity at home, thus leading the US back into an isolationist phase from which it wouldn't emerge until the later days of Franklin D. Roosevelt's administration. He set up what became the Department for Veterans' Affairs, created the Washington Naval Treaty limiting naval fleet sizes, and appointed William Howard Taft as Chief Justice. Harding was especially infamous for how many of his appointees engaged in large-scale corruption.
The scandals are what Harding's presidency is most remembered for today. Harding appointed many political friends to positions of power during his presidency. Known as the Ohio Gang, they pretty much carved up the nation's resources from underneath him, setting up many scandals down the road, the most infamous of which was the Teapot Dome Scandal. Until Watergate, Teapot Dome was the most notorious political scandal in US history.
However, the Harding administration also did many things that could be considered positive. For example, the Washington Naval Conference, which was hosted by the United States under Harding, was intended to stop another World War, especially as tensions between the US and Britain were quite high in the early 1920s — it only failed later when Japan adopted imperial ambitions that couldn't be fettered by the treaty. (However, to his credit, Harding, knowing his inexperience with foreign affairs, basically left the American position to his competent and honest Secretary of State, Charles Evans Hughes, and promised to stay out of his way.) He was surprisingly progressive when it came to race relations, wholeheartedly supporting an anti-lynching bill, which died in the Senate. He also did not start, or otherwise engage in, any major armed conflicts and helped secure Panama's independence via diplomacy. The crash of 1920 was solved within the first year of Harding's administration, which then led to the "roaring '20s". Additionally, he was one of the few presidents in the past century to balance the federal budget, while managing to lower taxes—something routinely demanded by American voters but usually considered by realistic economists to be Unwinnable by Design. Also, he freed several political prisoners, including the outspoken socialist and anti-war activist Eugene Debs.
Harding was a heavy drinker, but agreed to stop drinking (at least in public) to provide an example to all the Americans who were happily ignoring Prohibition (it didn't work).
According to one account, Harding himself once lamented that he was unfit to be president.
In July 1923, while traveling through Canada after visiting Alaska, Harding developed food poisoning, then pneumonia, which then brought upon the stroke that killed him in San Francisco, California on August 2.
Due to his administration's corruption, Harding is often a frontrunner on many "worst presidents in American history" lists, although like Ulysses S. Grant, he wasn't corrupt himself, just a Horrible Judge of Character in way over his head.
He's also the guy who coined the term "Founding Father." He used it during an address he gave in the Republican National Convention of 1916, and popularized its usage during his inaugural address. The Lincoln Memorial was commissioned during Harding's presidency, with Honest Abe's son Robert in attendance.
In August of 2015 it was confirmed by genetic analysis that he had a love child, Elizabeth Ann Britton, with Nan Britton, a woman long shamed over claiming this as the result of their affair. It was also revealed that he called his penis "Jerry", which delighted certain segments of the press even more.
When he died, there was an urban legend, believed by many people, that his wife had poisoned him in revenge for his many affairs. And at least one person believed that he committed suicide to avoid being impeached.
- In the novel Carter Beats the Devil, Harding's death occurs shortly after seeing the titular magician perform, which gets Carter investigated by the Secret Service. The ending reveals that Carter helped Harding fake his death, and the former president retires to a retreat for Carter's similarly-retired performing animals.
- In America (The Book), a segment written by Stephen Colbert states that he was the worst President. Colbert writes that the reasons for this are well-documented, so he just proceeds to insult him.
- On a later episode of The Colbert Report, in response to Barack Obama bowing to the King of Saudi Arabia (and George W. Bush holding his hand as they walked),note Colbert lamented that Presidents didn't use to respect foreign leaders — as evidenced by a photo of Harding giving the former king a noogie.
- On another episode of The Colbert Report, Colbert, talking about Wikipedia, said that the "G." stood, in fact, for "Gangsta". And for a while, Wikipedia said so.
- In the Civilization series, "Warren G. Harding" is the third worst score ranking you can achieve (the second and first being Ethelred the Unready and Dan Quayle respectively). And who is listed immediately above Harding? Nero.
- He has a small role in Boardwalk Empire. His mistress, Nan Britton, has a fair bit of screentime as well. Notably, Britton's claim that Harding fathered her child is treated as a delusion, as the show was made before it was confirmed to be true.
- In Gore Vidal's novel Hollywood, it's hinted that Harding is either Born Lucky or Obfuscating Stupidity much of the time. Once elected, he reveals himself to be much more devious than anybody in Washington had suspected.
- He is the subject of the Al Stewart song "Warren Harding" from Past, Present and Future.
- Harding appears indirectly in Downton Abbey: Cora's brother Harold Levinson ends up as one of the more minor players in Teapot Dome. Finding himself under investigation, Harold's lawyers seem to think that having an English earl vouch for him would help his case, and Lord Grantham is called over to America to testify before Congress to bail his brother-in-law out (intending to portray him as an honest dupe rather than a corrupt mastermind). A few characters (particularly the Dowager Countess) also comment on the weird name of the scandal.
- In The Simpsons episode "Skinner's Sense of Snow", Milhouse is seen adding a mustache onto a portrait of Harding.
- Last Week Tonight with John Oliver devoted a segment to Harding's love letters and another to the revelation that Nan Britton's child was his. Later, the show also created a fake movie trailer about Harding's life with Laura Linney as his wife, Anna Kendrick as his mistress, and a low-quality Warren G. Harding wax figure that John Oliver bought as Harding. | <urn:uuid:9dda6c0f-3db1-4960-a427-a5a2281112ae> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/UsefulNotes/WarrenHarding?from=UsefulNotes.WarrenGHarding | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250610004.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123101110-20200123130110-00154.warc.gz | en | 0.984666 | 1,556 | 3.46875 | 3 | [
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0.677001655101776... | 2 | Warren Gamaliel Harding (November 2, 1865 August 2, 1923) was elected as the 29th President of the United States (on his birthday!) with the widest popular vote margin in U.S. history. He served from 1921 to 1923, in between Woodrow Wilson and Calvin Coolidge, and was the tenth Republican Party president. These days, he's considered one of the worst failures to hold the office.
Many have argued people only voted for him because he "looked presidential". He emerged from a classic backroom deal at the 1920 Republican National Convention (selected mainly because he had stayed out of the Taft/Roosevelt feud that split the party in 1912 and had thus not pissed off anybody) and then ran the first modern campaign.
Notable events in his presidency? Harding campaigned on a platform of "a return to normalcy" after Wilson's hand in wrapping up the Great War lost him popularity at home, thus leading the US back into an isolationist phase from which it wouldn't emerge until the later days of Franklin D. Roosevelt's administration. He set up what became the Department for Veterans' Affairs, created the Washington Naval Treaty limiting naval fleet sizes, and appointed William Howard Taft as Chief Justice. Harding was especially infamous for how many of his appointees engaged in large-scale corruption.
The scandals are what Harding's presidency is most remembered for today. Harding appointed many political friends to positions of power during his presidency. Known as the Ohio Gang, they pretty much carved up the nation's resources from underneath him, setting up many scandals down the road, the most infamous of which was the Teapot Dome Scandal. Until Watergate, Teapot Dome was the most notorious political scandal in US history.
However, the Harding administration also did many things that could be considered positive. For example, the Washington Naval Conference, which was hosted by the United States under Harding, was intended to stop another World War, especially as tensions between the US and Britain were quite high in the early 1920s — it only failed later when Japan adopted imperial ambitions that couldn't be fettered by the treaty. (However, to his credit, Harding, knowing his inexperience with foreign affairs, basically left the American position to his competent and honest Secretary of State, Charles Evans Hughes, and promised to stay out of his way.) He was surprisingly progressive when it came to race relations, wholeheartedly supporting an anti-lynching bill, which died in the Senate. He also did not start, or otherwise engage in, any major armed conflicts and helped secure Panama's independence via diplomacy. The crash of 1920 was solved within the first year of Harding's administration, which then led to the "roaring '20s". Additionally, he was one of the few presidents in the past century to balance the federal budget, while managing to lower taxes—something routinely demanded by American voters but usually considered by realistic economists to be Unwinnable by Design. Also, he freed several political prisoners, including the outspoken socialist and anti-war activist Eugene Debs.
Harding was a heavy drinker, but agreed to stop drinking (at least in public) to provide an example to all the Americans who were happily ignoring Prohibition (it didn't work).
According to one account, Harding himself once lamented that he was unfit to be president.
In July 1923, while traveling through Canada after visiting Alaska, Harding developed food poisoning, then pneumonia, which then brought upon the stroke that killed him in San Francisco, California on August 2.
Due to his administration's corruption, Harding is often a frontrunner on many "worst presidents in American history" lists, although like Ulysses S. Grant, he wasn't corrupt himself, just a Horrible Judge of Character in way over his head.
He's also the guy who coined the term "Founding Father." He used it during an address he gave in the Republican National Convention of 1916, and popularized its usage during his inaugural address. The Lincoln Memorial was commissioned during Harding's presidency, with Honest Abe's son Robert in attendance.
In August of 2015 it was confirmed by genetic analysis that he had a love child, Elizabeth Ann Britton, with Nan Britton, a woman long shamed over claiming this as the result of their affair. It was also revealed that he called his penis "Jerry", which delighted certain segments of the press even more.
When he died, there was an urban legend, believed by many people, that his wife had poisoned him in revenge for his many affairs. And at least one person believed that he committed suicide to avoid being impeached.
- In the novel Carter Beats the Devil, Harding's death occurs shortly after seeing the titular magician perform, which gets Carter investigated by the Secret Service. The ending reveals that Carter helped Harding fake his death, and the former president retires to a retreat for Carter's similarly-retired performing animals.
- In America (The Book), a segment written by Stephen Colbert states that he was the worst President. Colbert writes that the reasons for this are well-documented, so he just proceeds to insult him.
- On a later episode of The Colbert Report, in response to Barack Obama bowing to the King of Saudi Arabia (and George W. Bush holding his hand as they walked),note Colbert lamented that Presidents didn't use to respect foreign leaders — as evidenced by a photo of Harding giving the former king a noogie.
- On another episode of The Colbert Report, Colbert, talking about Wikipedia, said that the "G." stood, in fact, for "Gangsta". And for a while, Wikipedia said so.
- In the Civilization series, "Warren G. Harding" is the third worst score ranking you can achieve (the second and first being Ethelred the Unready and Dan Quayle respectively). And who is listed immediately above Harding? Nero.
- He has a small role in Boardwalk Empire. His mistress, Nan Britton, has a fair bit of screentime as well. Notably, Britton's claim that Harding fathered her child is treated as a delusion, as the show was made before it was confirmed to be true.
- In Gore Vidal's novel Hollywood, it's hinted that Harding is either Born Lucky or Obfuscating Stupidity much of the time. Once elected, he reveals himself to be much more devious than anybody in Washington had suspected.
- He is the subject of the Al Stewart song "Warren Harding" from Past, Present and Future.
- Harding appears indirectly in Downton Abbey: Cora's brother Harold Levinson ends up as one of the more minor players in Teapot Dome. Finding himself under investigation, Harold's lawyers seem to think that having an English earl vouch for him would help his case, and Lord Grantham is called over to America to testify before Congress to bail his brother-in-law out (intending to portray him as an honest dupe rather than a corrupt mastermind). A few characters (particularly the Dowager Countess) also comment on the weird name of the scandal.
- In The Simpsons episode "Skinner's Sense of Snow", Milhouse is seen adding a mustache onto a portrait of Harding.
- Last Week Tonight with John Oliver devoted a segment to Harding's love letters and another to the revelation that Nan Britton's child was his. Later, the show also created a fake movie trailer about Harding's life with Laura Linney as his wife, Anna Kendrick as his mistress, and a low-quality Warren G. Harding wax figure that John Oliver bought as Harding. | 1,589 | ENGLISH | 1 |
“WHY did the turtle stick its head in a bucket?” sounds like the sort of riddle asked by ten-year-olds in school playgrounds. But it was also asked recently by Yuen Ip of the National University of Singapore. And his answer, it has to be said, is precisely the sort that would appeal to a ten-year-old. It is that turtles pee through their mouths.
The turtles in question are a species known as the Chinese softshell. By preference, they live in brackish swamps. But such swamps are liable to dry up, and then the turtles often do something which has puzzled zoologists for centuries: they put their heads into those small pools of water which remain and hold them there for as long as two hours.
In 1886 a pair of American biologists called Gage, who were investigating this curious behaviour, dissected several turtles and found something strange in the animals’ mouths, namely a set of structures that look like gills. That, they felt, explained how turtles were able to perform their head-in-a-pool trick, but not why. Softshells are not compelled to breathe through their gills; they have a perfectly adequate pair of lungs to do the job. Nor did zoologists take seriously the hypothesis that the reptiles were pining for their aquatic homes and putting their heads in puddles to keep their spirits up. So, with the aid of a dozen turtles purchased from a local market, Dr Ip decided he would try to solve the mystery once and for all.
To do so, he strapped the animals down, to stop them moving, and provided each with a container of water into which it could dip its head if it chose. He also fitted each turtle with a plastic box that collected its urine, for he had a suspicion that therein lay the key to the mystery. This done, he monitored the animals for six days, paying particular attention to the chemistry of the water in the container.
As expected, the turtles periodically submerged their heads in the water for between 20 and 100 minutes at a time. During these periods, Dr Ip noted that oxygen was being extracted from it. This confirmed that turtles can, indeed, breathe underwater through their mouths. As the oxygen level fell, though, something else rose: the level of urea. Clearly, the animals were disposing of this waste product by secreting it from their mouths into the water. Indeed, a calculation Dr Ip performed, based on the volume and composition of the urine he collected in the plastic buckets, and of the head-dunking water at the end of each day, suggested that only 6% of the urea excreted by the turtles was leaving them in the traditional manner, via urine. The question was, why?
The most likely answer, as he explains in a paper in the Journal of Experimental Biology, is that urine, though cheap to produce when water is plentiful, is a physiologically costly product when water is scarce. Turtle kidneys have difficulty processing salt water, so for an animal that lives in a brackish environment potable water is always scarce.
One way round this for a swimming animal is to develop an outlet which allows urea to dissolve directly in the water as it swims, which is what the turtles seem to have done. Dr Ip looked at which genes were active in the gill-like structures of the mouth and found one that appears, from its similarity to genes of known function from other species, to encode a urea transporter. The turtle’s gills, then, not only take in oxygen, they also excrete urea.
If there is insufficient water to swim in, however, the turtles have to resort to desperate measures. The reason they stick their heads in puddles is in order to relieve themselves.
This article appeared in the Science and technology section of the print edition under the headline "That’s a relief" | <urn:uuid:541ecb42-77e6-4a1d-a5ad-2bf4d7cb52dc> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.economist.com/science-and-technology/2012/10/13/thats-a-relief | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250601040.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120224950-20200121013950-00059.warc.gz | en | 0.985533 | 815 | 3.671875 | 4 | [
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0.3043299913406... | 1 | “WHY did the turtle stick its head in a bucket?” sounds like the sort of riddle asked by ten-year-olds in school playgrounds. But it was also asked recently by Yuen Ip of the National University of Singapore. And his answer, it has to be said, is precisely the sort that would appeal to a ten-year-old. It is that turtles pee through their mouths.
The turtles in question are a species known as the Chinese softshell. By preference, they live in brackish swamps. But such swamps are liable to dry up, and then the turtles often do something which has puzzled zoologists for centuries: they put their heads into those small pools of water which remain and hold them there for as long as two hours.
In 1886 a pair of American biologists called Gage, who were investigating this curious behaviour, dissected several turtles and found something strange in the animals’ mouths, namely a set of structures that look like gills. That, they felt, explained how turtles were able to perform their head-in-a-pool trick, but not why. Softshells are not compelled to breathe through their gills; they have a perfectly adequate pair of lungs to do the job. Nor did zoologists take seriously the hypothesis that the reptiles were pining for their aquatic homes and putting their heads in puddles to keep their spirits up. So, with the aid of a dozen turtles purchased from a local market, Dr Ip decided he would try to solve the mystery once and for all.
To do so, he strapped the animals down, to stop them moving, and provided each with a container of water into which it could dip its head if it chose. He also fitted each turtle with a plastic box that collected its urine, for he had a suspicion that therein lay the key to the mystery. This done, he monitored the animals for six days, paying particular attention to the chemistry of the water in the container.
As expected, the turtles periodically submerged their heads in the water for between 20 and 100 minutes at a time. During these periods, Dr Ip noted that oxygen was being extracted from it. This confirmed that turtles can, indeed, breathe underwater through their mouths. As the oxygen level fell, though, something else rose: the level of urea. Clearly, the animals were disposing of this waste product by secreting it from their mouths into the water. Indeed, a calculation Dr Ip performed, based on the volume and composition of the urine he collected in the plastic buckets, and of the head-dunking water at the end of each day, suggested that only 6% of the urea excreted by the turtles was leaving them in the traditional manner, via urine. The question was, why?
The most likely answer, as he explains in a paper in the Journal of Experimental Biology, is that urine, though cheap to produce when water is plentiful, is a physiologically costly product when water is scarce. Turtle kidneys have difficulty processing salt water, so for an animal that lives in a brackish environment potable water is always scarce.
One way round this for a swimming animal is to develop an outlet which allows urea to dissolve directly in the water as it swims, which is what the turtles seem to have done. Dr Ip looked at which genes were active in the gill-like structures of the mouth and found one that appears, from its similarity to genes of known function from other species, to encode a urea transporter. The turtle’s gills, then, not only take in oxygen, they also excrete urea.
If there is insufficient water to swim in, however, the turtles have to resort to desperate measures. The reason they stick their heads in puddles is in order to relieve themselves.
This article appeared in the Science and technology section of the print edition under the headline "That’s a relief" | 794 | ENGLISH | 1 |
“The Yellow Wallpaper” explains a woman’s life in that time period, especially that of the narrator, who is living a life of a typical housewife of that time, but who is not able to cope with the oppression. Seems like the narrator fails to see her imprisoned state till towards the end of her story. The main character or the narrator is married to a doctor who is a typical male of those times. Also she has a brother who is in a similar profession as her husband.
The narrator knows that she is not too well and that John – her husband does not realize the intensity of her sickness, he ignores her continuous efforts to make him aware of the real situation and her suffering. To make the situation worse he imposes his opinions on her even when it comes to her health. This story shows us the life and the thoughts of the narrator which lead her to be free, but go out of her mind in the sense of the real world. This story is written as if the narrator is writing it.
The narrator is sick and her husband has made her a study project, She is continuously watched and thus she has no privacy. The critic of this paper Beth Snyder points out a similar view Hon’s condemnation of both the narrator’s imaginative vagaries and her writing impels his wife to write in secret and to seek a kind of obscurity in the bedroom, because no one must “find” her writing. Writing, then, becomes its own means for establishing inferiority. But because so much of the story relies on looking and being looked at, both obscurity and secrecy are problemised for Gilman’s narrator.
Hidden, she cannot hide, and is always illuminated for her spectator-husband “when the sun shoots in through the east window” or when “the moon shines in all night when there is a moon”. Snyder in her paper, also mention another view, “It is essential for the narrator to believe that she is writing on dead paper, but she writes for an audience regardless of the paper’s “lifelines” and brings another consciousness into the bedroom (the introduction of the audience seems to defy the deadness of the paper)”. The narrator is extremely lonely, not in a physical sense, but in a emotional sense.
She does not have anyone to express her feelings to so she uses the audience to narrate to and she does it by the means of the paper. She makes continuous efforts during her stay in the house to express her real feelings to her husband, but she keeps being disregarded. For example, she hated the room that was given to her, and she rather have the room downstairs, but she was completely ignored and the room that her husband had liked is the room that she had to live in. Disregarding her feelings about many things which were important to her happen along the course of the whole story.
The incidences of the wallpaper, bedroom and the suggestion of her visit to her cousin- they were all ignored and the ones that were followed were all john’s decisions. Snyder expresses similar feelings in her paper “John continually dismisses the narrator, saying, “You really are better, dear, whether you can see it or not. I am a doctor, dear, and I Know” John trivializes her and reduces the narrator to “his darling and his comfort” who must take care of herself “for [John’s] sake”. It would seem as if the narrator never answers John on her own terms.
But there are those moments when the narrator answers John by not speaking at all, when, in the same way she chooses to write– “I don’t know why I should write this. . . . But I must say what I feel and think in some way”– she chooses to close her journal and fall silent” (Snyder, 1999). The narrator gives up trying to communicate her feelings to John, but in the end she surmises, which is what leads her on to look for another source to express herself, writing being one. Such a treatment from John also causes her to feel controlled.
The fact that she is being controlled is clear, as she does not want to be in the house in the first place, but she does not want to admit it and she keeps claiming that John is doing this to her because he loves her. She does express her exasperation a few times in the story “Personally I disagree with their ideas. Personally, I believe that congenital work, with excitement and change, would do me good. But what is one to do? ” (Gilman, 1999). She despite her unhappiness with the situation gives in to the views of the men in her life.
In this story it can clearly be seen where she starts realizing these things, and where she starts fearing her husband and which later turn into dislike. She clearly states the fact that John was hard to talk to, and that she is really afraid of john. She is unhappy about her life and her status. There is also a great deal of control, which is exercised by john upon his wife for example the time when she made the request to be allowed to go see her cousin Henry and Julia, she was completely denied despite her wishes.
The time when she tried to tell him that living in that house is not helping her, John completely ruled her opinion and when she tried to protest, he looked at her sternly. Snyder points out “John’s methodology in no way compares to the paterfamilias’ fifteenth century spatial rationale in this respect, for John does not offer his wife even a semblance of household authority, not even so much as the care of her child. This clearly explains that she was afraid of him. John had also made threats to her getting well as the narrator says ” John says if I don’t pick up faster he shall send me to Weir Mitchell in the fall” ( Gillman 1996).
Weir Mitchell happens to be similar in behavior bad treatment as her husband and her brother and she clearly states that she did not want to go there. Thus she is under a lot of pressure to get better, yet John is doing nothing according to her will , and instead he keeps dismissing her concerns and her opinions. She also points out how John thinks that his wife is incompetent. John also refers to her as a “little girl” which is the exact attitude that he takes when dealing with her. He never trusts her to take care of herself, and he does not trust her with the child as he thinks that she is not capable of handling her own child.
Snyder also stresses this point “John’s presence and access to the bedroom is enough to complicate matter and force us to question whether the narrator is indeed writing in secret. What is it, then, to write in a privatized space that is subject to a constant watch? Let us also ask what John’s presence represents, for I would argue that John’s surveillance compromises the integrity of the journal as female writing. Can the journal, for example, exist outside of phallocentric order of language? Is the journal a male text?
If this is indeed the case, John is not only a reader of his own script, but very much its audience– present both in and directly outside of the bedroom” (Snyder, 1999). Snyder stresses over the fact that the narrator does not feel the freedom to write. She is not allowed to write and she continuously hides her writing from her husband in order to prevent him from getting angry. The narrator is clearly afraid of her husband The fear however cannot keep her mind from being free. The narrator cannot shut her thoughts down.
She finds ways to express them and she finds ways to free herself. To her the wallpaper is like a pattern which is the reason for imprisonment of many women. In the beginning she starts seeing a woman behind the wallpaper, trying to get out. She is comparing her life to the one of the woman behind the wallpaper. As time goes by she actually thinks that she is the one stuck behind the newspaper. T he woman behind the newspaper is stuck there behind the jail created by the pattern. The woman and many other women cannot get out at all times, but only during the day when none is around.
The narrator is seeing herself and her various personalities imprisoned. The narrator can only be herself when her watchful husband is not at home. She knows that she can only be have freedom when her husband is not around and so the narrator projects the same situation on her images of the women. Sometime in the duration of her stay in the house the narrator stops perceiving the woman behind the wallpaper as another woman, but perceives her as the woman behind the wallpaper. She then realizes that need to get out from behind the wallpaper and that she needs to get .
She realizes that her husband had imprisoned her and that she has to get out. Towards the end of the story she has already gotten out from behind the wallpaper. She had managed to do it all by herself, and she was adamant not to go back there. This story is a classic example of the exercise of complete authority of men over their women. This story tells you the consequences of a demanding and controlling husband on his wife, who is a frail and submissive woman. She tries to gain her freedom, but has not known the right means which lead to her depression in the first place.
She therefore gets taken ill, possibly depression. Her husband brings her into a house so that she can heal. In reality however, her husband does nothing to consider her feelings. Her complaints about the house not making her feel better go unheeded. She gets a bedroom which is dull and in poor condition. She is confined to it and thus she projects her thoughts on the wallpaper. She soon starts seeing the hideous wallpaper and it’s pattern, behind which a lot of women have been cough. She tries to free them as she sees herself caught behind the wallpaper.
As her last effort before she has to move out of the house, she tries to free the woman behind the wallpaper who is nothing but a projection of her self. She manages to free herself from the pattern, and thus goes into the existence which is not of the practical world. The main thing to wonder in this paper is after she frees herself, she is no longer existing in the same plane as normal sane people. Is that her real personality that she manages to free or is she so damaged form the pressures of the world that she actually loses her mind? | <urn:uuid:2897dec8-7f3b-4ae4-ad84-8bb518d53266> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://monsterliterature.com/the-yellow-wallpaper-charlotte-perkins/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250624328.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124161014-20200124190014-00407.warc.gz | en | 0.987261 | 2,192 | 3.421875 | 3 | [
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0.320528984069824... | 3 | “The Yellow Wallpaper” explains a woman’s life in that time period, especially that of the narrator, who is living a life of a typical housewife of that time, but who is not able to cope with the oppression. Seems like the narrator fails to see her imprisoned state till towards the end of her story. The main character or the narrator is married to a doctor who is a typical male of those times. Also she has a brother who is in a similar profession as her husband.
The narrator knows that she is not too well and that John – her husband does not realize the intensity of her sickness, he ignores her continuous efforts to make him aware of the real situation and her suffering. To make the situation worse he imposes his opinions on her even when it comes to her health. This story shows us the life and the thoughts of the narrator which lead her to be free, but go out of her mind in the sense of the real world. This story is written as if the narrator is writing it.
The narrator is sick and her husband has made her a study project, She is continuously watched and thus she has no privacy. The critic of this paper Beth Snyder points out a similar view Hon’s condemnation of both the narrator’s imaginative vagaries and her writing impels his wife to write in secret and to seek a kind of obscurity in the bedroom, because no one must “find” her writing. Writing, then, becomes its own means for establishing inferiority. But because so much of the story relies on looking and being looked at, both obscurity and secrecy are problemised for Gilman’s narrator.
Hidden, she cannot hide, and is always illuminated for her spectator-husband “when the sun shoots in through the east window” or when “the moon shines in all night when there is a moon”. Snyder in her paper, also mention another view, “It is essential for the narrator to believe that she is writing on dead paper, but she writes for an audience regardless of the paper’s “lifelines” and brings another consciousness into the bedroom (the introduction of the audience seems to defy the deadness of the paper)”. The narrator is extremely lonely, not in a physical sense, but in a emotional sense.
She does not have anyone to express her feelings to so she uses the audience to narrate to and she does it by the means of the paper. She makes continuous efforts during her stay in the house to express her real feelings to her husband, but she keeps being disregarded. For example, she hated the room that was given to her, and she rather have the room downstairs, but she was completely ignored and the room that her husband had liked is the room that she had to live in. Disregarding her feelings about many things which were important to her happen along the course of the whole story.
The incidences of the wallpaper, bedroom and the suggestion of her visit to her cousin- they were all ignored and the ones that were followed were all john’s decisions. Snyder expresses similar feelings in her paper “John continually dismisses the narrator, saying, “You really are better, dear, whether you can see it or not. I am a doctor, dear, and I Know” John trivializes her and reduces the narrator to “his darling and his comfort” who must take care of herself “for [John’s] sake”. It would seem as if the narrator never answers John on her own terms.
But there are those moments when the narrator answers John by not speaking at all, when, in the same way she chooses to write– “I don’t know why I should write this. . . . But I must say what I feel and think in some way”– she chooses to close her journal and fall silent” (Snyder, 1999). The narrator gives up trying to communicate her feelings to John, but in the end she surmises, which is what leads her on to look for another source to express herself, writing being one. Such a treatment from John also causes her to feel controlled.
The fact that she is being controlled is clear, as she does not want to be in the house in the first place, but she does not want to admit it and she keeps claiming that John is doing this to her because he loves her. She does express her exasperation a few times in the story “Personally I disagree with their ideas. Personally, I believe that congenital work, with excitement and change, would do me good. But what is one to do? ” (Gilman, 1999). She despite her unhappiness with the situation gives in to the views of the men in her life.
In this story it can clearly be seen where she starts realizing these things, and where she starts fearing her husband and which later turn into dislike. She clearly states the fact that John was hard to talk to, and that she is really afraid of john. She is unhappy about her life and her status. There is also a great deal of control, which is exercised by john upon his wife for example the time when she made the request to be allowed to go see her cousin Henry and Julia, she was completely denied despite her wishes.
The time when she tried to tell him that living in that house is not helping her, John completely ruled her opinion and when she tried to protest, he looked at her sternly. Snyder points out “John’s methodology in no way compares to the paterfamilias’ fifteenth century spatial rationale in this respect, for John does not offer his wife even a semblance of household authority, not even so much as the care of her child. This clearly explains that she was afraid of him. John had also made threats to her getting well as the narrator says ” John says if I don’t pick up faster he shall send me to Weir Mitchell in the fall” ( Gillman 1996).
Weir Mitchell happens to be similar in behavior bad treatment as her husband and her brother and she clearly states that she did not want to go there. Thus she is under a lot of pressure to get better, yet John is doing nothing according to her will , and instead he keeps dismissing her concerns and her opinions. She also points out how John thinks that his wife is incompetent. John also refers to her as a “little girl” which is the exact attitude that he takes when dealing with her. He never trusts her to take care of herself, and he does not trust her with the child as he thinks that she is not capable of handling her own child.
Snyder also stresses this point “John’s presence and access to the bedroom is enough to complicate matter and force us to question whether the narrator is indeed writing in secret. What is it, then, to write in a privatized space that is subject to a constant watch? Let us also ask what John’s presence represents, for I would argue that John’s surveillance compromises the integrity of the journal as female writing. Can the journal, for example, exist outside of phallocentric order of language? Is the journal a male text?
If this is indeed the case, John is not only a reader of his own script, but very much its audience– present both in and directly outside of the bedroom” (Snyder, 1999). Snyder stresses over the fact that the narrator does not feel the freedom to write. She is not allowed to write and she continuously hides her writing from her husband in order to prevent him from getting angry. The narrator is clearly afraid of her husband The fear however cannot keep her mind from being free. The narrator cannot shut her thoughts down.
She finds ways to express them and she finds ways to free herself. To her the wallpaper is like a pattern which is the reason for imprisonment of many women. In the beginning she starts seeing a woman behind the wallpaper, trying to get out. She is comparing her life to the one of the woman behind the wallpaper. As time goes by she actually thinks that she is the one stuck behind the newspaper. T he woman behind the newspaper is stuck there behind the jail created by the pattern. The woman and many other women cannot get out at all times, but only during the day when none is around.
The narrator is seeing herself and her various personalities imprisoned. The narrator can only be herself when her watchful husband is not at home. She knows that she can only be have freedom when her husband is not around and so the narrator projects the same situation on her images of the women. Sometime in the duration of her stay in the house the narrator stops perceiving the woman behind the wallpaper as another woman, but perceives her as the woman behind the wallpaper. She then realizes that need to get out from behind the wallpaper and that she needs to get .
She realizes that her husband had imprisoned her and that she has to get out. Towards the end of the story she has already gotten out from behind the wallpaper. She had managed to do it all by herself, and she was adamant not to go back there. This story is a classic example of the exercise of complete authority of men over their women. This story tells you the consequences of a demanding and controlling husband on his wife, who is a frail and submissive woman. She tries to gain her freedom, but has not known the right means which lead to her depression in the first place.
She therefore gets taken ill, possibly depression. Her husband brings her into a house so that she can heal. In reality however, her husband does nothing to consider her feelings. Her complaints about the house not making her feel better go unheeded. She gets a bedroom which is dull and in poor condition. She is confined to it and thus she projects her thoughts on the wallpaper. She soon starts seeing the hideous wallpaper and it’s pattern, behind which a lot of women have been cough. She tries to free them as she sees herself caught behind the wallpaper.
As her last effort before she has to move out of the house, she tries to free the woman behind the wallpaper who is nothing but a projection of her self. She manages to free herself from the pattern, and thus goes into the existence which is not of the practical world. The main thing to wonder in this paper is after she frees herself, she is no longer existing in the same plane as normal sane people. Is that her real personality that she manages to free or is she so damaged form the pressures of the world that she actually loses her mind? | 2,132 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Companion to East Timor - Invading East Timor and violating Portuguese neutrality
Invading East Timor and violating Portuguese neutrality
Britain requested Australia to send troops to East Timor, saying that Portugal had agreed to the plan. The Australian Government had very limited resources at the time but agreed to Britain's request, emphasizing that Portugal had to publicly approve of it. Assured by Britain that all arrangements were in place, Australia ordered its forces to land in East Timor. While they were doing so, Portugal expressed its opposition to the operation. Worried, Britain requested the Australians to not mention that Britain was in any way associated with the operation even though the plan was primarily a British one. Although annoyed at being placed in this difficult position, the Australians agreed. Britain then proceeded to express its regret to Portugal about the action of 'Allied military authorities on the spot', implying that it was not involved and that the entire operation was the result of decisions made by lower-level tactical commanders from Australia and the Netherlands.
It was only after Australian, Dutch and British troops had deployed to Portuguese Timor and violated Portuguese neutrality that Japan decided to send its own forces there. Allied forces conducted aerial bombing sorties against both halves of the island. Aerial bombing operations against Timor were conducted by 79 Wing RAAF (No 2 Squadron), which was manned by Australian airmen, 18 (NEI) Squadron, which was manned by both Australian and Dutch airmen, and 380 Bombardment Group (528, 529, 530 and 531 Squadrons) of the USAAF Fifth Air Force. The war resulted in the deaths of as many as 60,000 East Timorese. The population of East Timor in 1930 was 472,221. Seventeen years later the population had fallen by 38,809. James Dunn allows for a normal population growth to show that the loss of life was up to 60,000. [See J.S. Dunn, Timor, a People Betrayed. (Queensland: Jacaranda Press, 1983)]. No international investigation was ever conducted into war crimes committed by Australian or Japanese forces against the people of East Timor, who never received war reparations for their suffering in this conflict. Catholic churches sheltered members of the clergy who fled East Timor in 1942 but made no further contact with the Timorese church until twenty years after World War II. | <urn:uuid:5b136535-4330-4452-8b4f-c4daf1724732> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.unsw.adfa.edu.au/school-of-humanities-and-social-sciences/school-of-humanities-and-social-sciences/timor-companion/neutrality | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594662.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119151736-20200119175736-00137.warc.gz | en | 0.98311 | 485 | 3.328125 | 3 | [
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0.72880482673645... | 4 | Companion to East Timor - Invading East Timor and violating Portuguese neutrality
Invading East Timor and violating Portuguese neutrality
Britain requested Australia to send troops to East Timor, saying that Portugal had agreed to the plan. The Australian Government had very limited resources at the time but agreed to Britain's request, emphasizing that Portugal had to publicly approve of it. Assured by Britain that all arrangements were in place, Australia ordered its forces to land in East Timor. While they were doing so, Portugal expressed its opposition to the operation. Worried, Britain requested the Australians to not mention that Britain was in any way associated with the operation even though the plan was primarily a British one. Although annoyed at being placed in this difficult position, the Australians agreed. Britain then proceeded to express its regret to Portugal about the action of 'Allied military authorities on the spot', implying that it was not involved and that the entire operation was the result of decisions made by lower-level tactical commanders from Australia and the Netherlands.
It was only after Australian, Dutch and British troops had deployed to Portuguese Timor and violated Portuguese neutrality that Japan decided to send its own forces there. Allied forces conducted aerial bombing sorties against both halves of the island. Aerial bombing operations against Timor were conducted by 79 Wing RAAF (No 2 Squadron), which was manned by Australian airmen, 18 (NEI) Squadron, which was manned by both Australian and Dutch airmen, and 380 Bombardment Group (528, 529, 530 and 531 Squadrons) of the USAAF Fifth Air Force. The war resulted in the deaths of as many as 60,000 East Timorese. The population of East Timor in 1930 was 472,221. Seventeen years later the population had fallen by 38,809. James Dunn allows for a normal population growth to show that the loss of life was up to 60,000. [See J.S. Dunn, Timor, a People Betrayed. (Queensland: Jacaranda Press, 1983)]. No international investigation was ever conducted into war crimes committed by Australian or Japanese forces against the people of East Timor, who never received war reparations for their suffering in this conflict. Catholic churches sheltered members of the clergy who fled East Timor in 1942 but made no further contact with the Timorese church until twenty years after World War II. | 532 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Reading to your kids might boost their social skills
(HealthDay)—Parents who read to their infants and toddlers may help them develop skills that pay big dividends when they start school, a new study suggests.
Specifically, reading aloud and pretend play may offset disruptive behaviors—such as hyperactivity and aggression—and improve attention, researchers found.
"When you read with your child, it's really a warm, nice time together," said lead researcher Dr. Alan Mendelsohn. He's an associate professor of pediatrics at New York University School of Medicine in New York City.
"But even more, when you read together, especially story books, the stories are about topics that are important and interesting to children," Mendelsohn said.
Stories often deal with characters who are sad or happy, and who have to learn how to cope with challenges in their lives, he explained.
"When you read a book together, you provide the child an opportunity to think about what it means to have those feelings and how to deal with them," Mendelsohn said.
In addition, when parents read to their kids, they all have to focus on the same thing and the children learn how to pay attention, he said.
To demonstrate the benefits of making a habit of reading aloud to children, Mendelsohn and colleagues randomly assigned 675 families to either take part in a program called the Video Interaction Project or to be followed without being in the program.
The program ran from birth through age 3. During pediatrician visits, families in the program were video-recorded reading or playing with their children. The video was then reviewed with a coach who helped parents learn more about their critical role in their child's development.
When the children in the program were evaluated a year and a half after the program ended, they maintained the behavior and attention skills they gained during the program, Mendelsohn said.
"When parents read aloud and play with their children, they can help their children learn to behave in ways that are going to be really helpful when the kids start school," Mendelsohn said.
Dr. Jefry Biehler, chairman of pediatrics at Nicklaus Children's Hospital in Miami, said that these results support what pediatricians have said for years.
"Reading and playing with your children has an impact on their development and how they are going to do in school," he said.
In addition, reading and playing with your children can alleviate some of the behavior problems kids are prone to, Biehler said.
Biehler believes that the interaction between parent and kids aids their socialization, but parents may not be spending as much time playing and reading to their children as they once did.
Using other means of entertaining kids, such as computers or plunking them down in front of the TV, might not provide the same benefit that direct interaction does, Biehler said.
"It's very important to spend time with your child and read to your child," he said. "It's a special time for kids to interact with their parent, and that's important for developing babies."
The report was published online April 10 in the journal Pediatrics.
For more about the benefits of reading to kids, visit Reach Out and Read.
Copyright © 2018 HealthDay. All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:f48ee124-fade-462f-ab56-d894df433672> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://medicalxpress.com/news/2018-04-kids-boost-social-skills.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251687725.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126043644-20200126073644-00004.warc.gz | en | 0.981194 | 680 | 3.65625 | 4 | [
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0.449118554592132... | 4 | Reading to your kids might boost their social skills
(HealthDay)—Parents who read to their infants and toddlers may help them develop skills that pay big dividends when they start school, a new study suggests.
Specifically, reading aloud and pretend play may offset disruptive behaviors—such as hyperactivity and aggression—and improve attention, researchers found.
"When you read with your child, it's really a warm, nice time together," said lead researcher Dr. Alan Mendelsohn. He's an associate professor of pediatrics at New York University School of Medicine in New York City.
"But even more, when you read together, especially story books, the stories are about topics that are important and interesting to children," Mendelsohn said.
Stories often deal with characters who are sad or happy, and who have to learn how to cope with challenges in their lives, he explained.
"When you read a book together, you provide the child an opportunity to think about what it means to have those feelings and how to deal with them," Mendelsohn said.
In addition, when parents read to their kids, they all have to focus on the same thing and the children learn how to pay attention, he said.
To demonstrate the benefits of making a habit of reading aloud to children, Mendelsohn and colleagues randomly assigned 675 families to either take part in a program called the Video Interaction Project or to be followed without being in the program.
The program ran from birth through age 3. During pediatrician visits, families in the program were video-recorded reading or playing with their children. The video was then reviewed with a coach who helped parents learn more about their critical role in their child's development.
When the children in the program were evaluated a year and a half after the program ended, they maintained the behavior and attention skills they gained during the program, Mendelsohn said.
"When parents read aloud and play with their children, they can help their children learn to behave in ways that are going to be really helpful when the kids start school," Mendelsohn said.
Dr. Jefry Biehler, chairman of pediatrics at Nicklaus Children's Hospital in Miami, said that these results support what pediatricians have said for years.
"Reading and playing with your children has an impact on their development and how they are going to do in school," he said.
In addition, reading and playing with your children can alleviate some of the behavior problems kids are prone to, Biehler said.
Biehler believes that the interaction between parent and kids aids their socialization, but parents may not be spending as much time playing and reading to their children as they once did.
Using other means of entertaining kids, such as computers or plunking them down in front of the TV, might not provide the same benefit that direct interaction does, Biehler said.
"It's very important to spend time with your child and read to your child," he said. "It's a special time for kids to interact with their parent, and that's important for developing babies."
The report was published online April 10 in the journal Pediatrics.
For more about the benefits of reading to kids, visit Reach Out and Read.
Copyright © 2018 HealthDay. All rights reserved. | 670 | ENGLISH | 1 |
In the play of Macbeth, Shakespeare introduces the main character, through the eyes of the one who knows him best, his wife. Lady Macbeth displays to the audience all of Macbeth’s weaknesses; her ambition to have power becomes her husband’s and this will bring out Macbeth’s ambition to be king. She also proves that the strong may become the weak and the weak may become the strong. Lady Macbeth is a main character in this play because she introduces Macbeth and helps the reader to understand his character. At the start of the play she seems to be the more ruthless of the two. When the reader is first introduced to Lady Macbeth she is already planning the death of King Duncan. In order for her to have the courage to do the deed and ask that all woman emotions be removed from her, “Come, you spirits That tend on mortal thoughts, unsex me here, And fill me, from the crown to the toe, top-full Of direst cruelty! (p 257)” She is a key factor in this play because she links the male soul to the female body, showing that ambition can lead to violence.
When Lady Macbeth reads the letter from her husband telling her the news about becoming the Thane of Cawdor, Thane of Glamis and of the three witches that told him he would be king, she was overwhelmed by ambition to have power. She then goes on to plot the death of the King, then realizing that Macbeth would not go through with the plan unless she pushes him to do it, “Yet do I fear thy nature; it is too full o’ th’ milk of human kindness to catch the nearest way. Thou wouldst be great, Art not without ambition, but without the illness should attend it. (p 256)” She knows that Macbeth is a loyal warrior and it would be difficult, and she does it by questioning his manhood, “But screw your courage to the sticking-place And we’ll not fail. (p 260)” When the King arrives she makes Macbeth stay out of the room because his face releases the secrets that lye within, “Your face, my Thane, is as a book where men May read strange matters. (p 257)” The King, after dinner, goes to bed and the plan is under way.
Lady Macbeth is very confident that they will not be suspected for the murder of the King, and she assures Macbeth that if they do everything right then he will become king. After Macbeth had gone into the King’s room to kill him, he came out with the daggers in hand saying that water alone will not wash away the guilt and regret of killing the King, “To know my deed, twere best not know myself. Wake Duncan with thy knocking! I would thou couldst! (p 270)” After he was named king by the people he began to thing of what the witches had said about his friend Banquo and how his son would be king after him. By this time Macbeth’s ambition to be king has become greater than his friendships. Realizing that he could end up just like Duncan, he decides that if he or his kids cannot be king than no one can be king, “Upon my head they placed a fruitless crown And put a barren scepter in my gripe, Thence to be wrenched with an unlineal hand, No son of mine succeeding. For Banquo’s issue have I files my mind; For them the gracious Duncan have I murdered. (p 280)” and decides that Banquo and his son need to be killed. He will have a dinner and Banquo is invited, but Banquo and his son were going horseback riding. Macbeth saw this as a perfect opportunity to have them both killed. He hired murderers to do the job. Banquo was killed but his son escapes.
As time passes and he and Lady Macbeth are suspected of all the murders that have taken place, Macbeth decides to kill the one who flees the country to get an army together to overthrow Macbeth, Macduff. When he learned of this he decided since Macduff was not there he would kill his family. By this time Macbeth’s ambition had turned into violence just as his wife’s.
At the beginning of the play Lady Macbeth’s ambition to have position and power led her to convince her husband to kill the King. She acted almost emotionless by saying that water would clean them from their deed, “A little water clears us of this deed: How easily is it then! (p 269)” During middle part of the play, she is not in the play. But when she does appear she tells Macbeth that he should not hide out them people will know that something was up. He tells her that it is best that she not know what was going on. By this time he returns to the witches to find out what happens now that Banquo’s son has escaped. He is given three apparitions. The most important one is the second one, “The pow’r of man, for none of woman born Shall harm Macbeth. (p 297)” Macbeth knew that every man had to be born of a woman, so he thought he was invincible. The last apparition had said that the woods would march and defeat him.
Meanwhile at the castle, Lady Macbeth was caught sleepwalking by the gentlewoman and she also noticed that Lady Macbeth could not be in a dark room without a candle lit. The gentlewoman had called the doctor to investigate what was happening. When they had seen Lady Macbeth walking one they saw her washing her hands saying, “Out, damned spot! Out, I say! (p 314)” She spoke of the murders that her and Macbeth had done. The doctor knew that she was saying things that God had only knew. He told the gentlewoman to watch her very closely as she sleeps. That night after the doctor left Lady Macbeth had killed herself. Her guilt that she thought was washed away with water was her death.
After Macbeth had left the witches he was very confident that he would not be hurt because everyman was born of a woman and the woods cannot march. As he sits in his castle he thinks he is safe. He then learns of the death of the queen. The news of the woods moving comes to his attention and he is ready to battle. But the men in his army do not stand behind him. As he kills the men entering his castle he begins to battle Macduff. Macbeth then tells Macduff while fighting that he may not kill him because he is to die of a man not born of a woman. Macduff the warns Macbeth, “Despair thy charm, And let the angel whom thou still served ell thee, Macduff was from his mother’s womb Utimely ripped. (p 323)” Macbeth then lays down his sword knowing that he has met his dumb.
Lady Macbeth was a very important role in this play; she was the antagonist and pushed Macbeth to become an animal. Her main role was to introduce Macbeth and to help the reader to understand more about him. She questioned his manhood to get what she wanted. Lady Macbeth eventually began to feel bad for her crimes and it haunted her where she was most safe, her sleep. The more and more she pushed Macbeth the more willing he was to do it himself. By the end of the play, Macbeth had no emotions and stopped at nothing to remain king. This play showed that ambition would lead to violence and to murder.
2. What role does Lady Macbeth Play? How important is she to the audience’s understanding of Macbeth’s character? Does she serve other functions? | <urn:uuid:d5d3c53c-6eb8-40fc-90c2-5d33d4e9cf54> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://santosforcongress.com/macbeth/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251671078.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125071430-20200125100430-00188.warc.gz | en | 0.987585 | 1,696 | 3.46875 | 3 | [
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-0.070972487330... | 4 | In the play of Macbeth, Shakespeare introduces the main character, through the eyes of the one who knows him best, his wife. Lady Macbeth displays to the audience all of Macbeth’s weaknesses; her ambition to have power becomes her husband’s and this will bring out Macbeth’s ambition to be king. She also proves that the strong may become the weak and the weak may become the strong. Lady Macbeth is a main character in this play because she introduces Macbeth and helps the reader to understand his character. At the start of the play she seems to be the more ruthless of the two. When the reader is first introduced to Lady Macbeth she is already planning the death of King Duncan. In order for her to have the courage to do the deed and ask that all woman emotions be removed from her, “Come, you spirits That tend on mortal thoughts, unsex me here, And fill me, from the crown to the toe, top-full Of direst cruelty! (p 257)” She is a key factor in this play because she links the male soul to the female body, showing that ambition can lead to violence.
When Lady Macbeth reads the letter from her husband telling her the news about becoming the Thane of Cawdor, Thane of Glamis and of the three witches that told him he would be king, she was overwhelmed by ambition to have power. She then goes on to plot the death of the King, then realizing that Macbeth would not go through with the plan unless she pushes him to do it, “Yet do I fear thy nature; it is too full o’ th’ milk of human kindness to catch the nearest way. Thou wouldst be great, Art not without ambition, but without the illness should attend it. (p 256)” She knows that Macbeth is a loyal warrior and it would be difficult, and she does it by questioning his manhood, “But screw your courage to the sticking-place And we’ll not fail. (p 260)” When the King arrives she makes Macbeth stay out of the room because his face releases the secrets that lye within, “Your face, my Thane, is as a book where men May read strange matters. (p 257)” The King, after dinner, goes to bed and the plan is under way.
Lady Macbeth is very confident that they will not be suspected for the murder of the King, and she assures Macbeth that if they do everything right then he will become king. After Macbeth had gone into the King’s room to kill him, he came out with the daggers in hand saying that water alone will not wash away the guilt and regret of killing the King, “To know my deed, twere best not know myself. Wake Duncan with thy knocking! I would thou couldst! (p 270)” After he was named king by the people he began to thing of what the witches had said about his friend Banquo and how his son would be king after him. By this time Macbeth’s ambition to be king has become greater than his friendships. Realizing that he could end up just like Duncan, he decides that if he or his kids cannot be king than no one can be king, “Upon my head they placed a fruitless crown And put a barren scepter in my gripe, Thence to be wrenched with an unlineal hand, No son of mine succeeding. For Banquo’s issue have I files my mind; For them the gracious Duncan have I murdered. (p 280)” and decides that Banquo and his son need to be killed. He will have a dinner and Banquo is invited, but Banquo and his son were going horseback riding. Macbeth saw this as a perfect opportunity to have them both killed. He hired murderers to do the job. Banquo was killed but his son escapes.
As time passes and he and Lady Macbeth are suspected of all the murders that have taken place, Macbeth decides to kill the one who flees the country to get an army together to overthrow Macbeth, Macduff. When he learned of this he decided since Macduff was not there he would kill his family. By this time Macbeth’s ambition had turned into violence just as his wife’s.
At the beginning of the play Lady Macbeth’s ambition to have position and power led her to convince her husband to kill the King. She acted almost emotionless by saying that water would clean them from their deed, “A little water clears us of this deed: How easily is it then! (p 269)” During middle part of the play, she is not in the play. But when she does appear she tells Macbeth that he should not hide out them people will know that something was up. He tells her that it is best that she not know what was going on. By this time he returns to the witches to find out what happens now that Banquo’s son has escaped. He is given three apparitions. The most important one is the second one, “The pow’r of man, for none of woman born Shall harm Macbeth. (p 297)” Macbeth knew that every man had to be born of a woman, so he thought he was invincible. The last apparition had said that the woods would march and defeat him.
Meanwhile at the castle, Lady Macbeth was caught sleepwalking by the gentlewoman and she also noticed that Lady Macbeth could not be in a dark room without a candle lit. The gentlewoman had called the doctor to investigate what was happening. When they had seen Lady Macbeth walking one they saw her washing her hands saying, “Out, damned spot! Out, I say! (p 314)” She spoke of the murders that her and Macbeth had done. The doctor knew that she was saying things that God had only knew. He told the gentlewoman to watch her very closely as she sleeps. That night after the doctor left Lady Macbeth had killed herself. Her guilt that she thought was washed away with water was her death.
After Macbeth had left the witches he was very confident that he would not be hurt because everyman was born of a woman and the woods cannot march. As he sits in his castle he thinks he is safe. He then learns of the death of the queen. The news of the woods moving comes to his attention and he is ready to battle. But the men in his army do not stand behind him. As he kills the men entering his castle he begins to battle Macduff. Macbeth then tells Macduff while fighting that he may not kill him because he is to die of a man not born of a woman. Macduff the warns Macbeth, “Despair thy charm, And let the angel whom thou still served ell thee, Macduff was from his mother’s womb Utimely ripped. (p 323)” Macbeth then lays down his sword knowing that he has met his dumb.
Lady Macbeth was a very important role in this play; she was the antagonist and pushed Macbeth to become an animal. Her main role was to introduce Macbeth and to help the reader to understand more about him. She questioned his manhood to get what she wanted. Lady Macbeth eventually began to feel bad for her crimes and it haunted her where she was most safe, her sleep. The more and more she pushed Macbeth the more willing he was to do it himself. By the end of the play, Macbeth had no emotions and stopped at nothing to remain king. This play showed that ambition would lead to violence and to murder.
2. What role does Lady Macbeth Play? How important is she to the audience’s understanding of Macbeth’s character? Does she serve other functions? | 1,607 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Pope Conon was the only man to choose the name Conon upon becoming pope and the 83rd pope in the history of the Church. He served for 335 and was something of a compromise chosen to make two sides happy. This article will look at the reasons he became pope and what he did during his tenure.
Known as Konon during his early years, Pope Conon was born in Thracia, which was a small territory in the Byzantine Empire. Some records indicate that his father was a soldier for the local military. To help their child succeed, his parents sent him to Sicily to get an education. Due to the rising taxes and other problems plaguing the area, he moved to Rome.
Work for the Church
Before he became pope, Conon worked for the Church in different roles. He became a priest while living in Rome and worked as a missionary bishop. Pope Leo II later made him a cardinal. Conon became known as a man of the people who worked for them and their needs.
Rome was in flux in the 680s as more people moved from the east to escape unruly leaders. When Pope John V died in August of 686, two separate factions emerged. One included the military and called for the appointment of a priest named Theodore. The second faction included most if not all of the clergy who supported an archpriest named Peter. Based on his looks and actions, the two sides agreed to a compromise and appointed Conon.
Pope Conon supported Franconia, which was a small region of Germany. He made Killian a bishop and encouraged him to do some of the missionary work that later helped him become a saint. Conon also took the side of Justinian II because he lowered the taxes on ordinary citizens. Some criticized Conon for that relationship because he exchanged papal properties for the tax decrease. Conon was also known for helping Justinian bring back more than 10,000 citizens from Lebanon.
Quick Facts About Pope Conon
- Pope Conon was born circa 630 in Thracia, which was part of the Byzantine Empire. He was Greek by birth.
- Before becoming pope, he used the name Konon, the same name his parents gave him at birth.
- He died on September 21, 687.
- Conon was around the age of 57 when he passed away in Rome. There are no records that show his exact cause of death.
- His papacy began on October 21, 686.
- Conon remained pope until his death on September 21, 687.
- Sergius II was appointed as the next pope in December of 687.
Interesting Facts About Pope Conon
- Pope Conon earned the nickname as the Handsome Pope due to his good looks. The drawings of the pope depict him as a young man with strong facial features.
- Due to the feuding between the clergy and military, it took more than two months for the two sides to agree on Conon as the next pope.
- Conon was pope for 11 months or 335 days. He is one of the few popes in history who served for less than one year.
- Just one day after his death, Church officials moved his body and had Pope Conon buried in St. Peter’s Basilica.
- The final resting place of Pope Conon is no longer open to the public. His tomb was one of several destroyed when the Church tore down the old basilica and replaced it with a new one of the same name.
- There are rumors that Conon would have won the election if the two sides did not reach an agreement. As more people moved from the east, there was more support for him than any of the other candidates. | <urn:uuid:27da6e26-3201-4259-a4b7-abf0cea8d233> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://popehistory.com/popes/pope-conon/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250598800.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120135447-20200120164447-00427.warc.gz | en | 0.993729 | 768 | 3.359375 | 3 | [
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0.3729273676872... | 13 | Pope Conon was the only man to choose the name Conon upon becoming pope and the 83rd pope in the history of the Church. He served for 335 and was something of a compromise chosen to make two sides happy. This article will look at the reasons he became pope and what he did during his tenure.
Known as Konon during his early years, Pope Conon was born in Thracia, which was a small territory in the Byzantine Empire. Some records indicate that his father was a soldier for the local military. To help their child succeed, his parents sent him to Sicily to get an education. Due to the rising taxes and other problems plaguing the area, he moved to Rome.
Work for the Church
Before he became pope, Conon worked for the Church in different roles. He became a priest while living in Rome and worked as a missionary bishop. Pope Leo II later made him a cardinal. Conon became known as a man of the people who worked for them and their needs.
Rome was in flux in the 680s as more people moved from the east to escape unruly leaders. When Pope John V died in August of 686, two separate factions emerged. One included the military and called for the appointment of a priest named Theodore. The second faction included most if not all of the clergy who supported an archpriest named Peter. Based on his looks and actions, the two sides agreed to a compromise and appointed Conon.
Pope Conon supported Franconia, which was a small region of Germany. He made Killian a bishop and encouraged him to do some of the missionary work that later helped him become a saint. Conon also took the side of Justinian II because he lowered the taxes on ordinary citizens. Some criticized Conon for that relationship because he exchanged papal properties for the tax decrease. Conon was also known for helping Justinian bring back more than 10,000 citizens from Lebanon.
Quick Facts About Pope Conon
- Pope Conon was born circa 630 in Thracia, which was part of the Byzantine Empire. He was Greek by birth.
- Before becoming pope, he used the name Konon, the same name his parents gave him at birth.
- He died on September 21, 687.
- Conon was around the age of 57 when he passed away in Rome. There are no records that show his exact cause of death.
- His papacy began on October 21, 686.
- Conon remained pope until his death on September 21, 687.
- Sergius II was appointed as the next pope in December of 687.
Interesting Facts About Pope Conon
- Pope Conon earned the nickname as the Handsome Pope due to his good looks. The drawings of the pope depict him as a young man with strong facial features.
- Due to the feuding between the clergy and military, it took more than two months for the two sides to agree on Conon as the next pope.
- Conon was pope for 11 months or 335 days. He is one of the few popes in history who served for less than one year.
- Just one day after his death, Church officials moved his body and had Pope Conon buried in St. Peter’s Basilica.
- The final resting place of Pope Conon is no longer open to the public. His tomb was one of several destroyed when the Church tore down the old basilica and replaced it with a new one of the same name.
- There are rumors that Conon would have won the election if the two sides did not reach an agreement. As more people moved from the east, there was more support for him than any of the other candidates. | 790 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Although she is known as an Underground Railroad icon, Harriet Tubman also worked on a major Union military operation.
She became the first black woman to lead a military expedition in 1863 at the Combahee River, now known as the Combahee River Raid.
Tubman started her work in the military as a nurse and a cook but later became a spy, providing secrets and intelligence to the Union Soldier and then an armed scout.
More about this
Before the raid, Tubman had gathered information from slaves who were willing to trade information for freedom about the location of the mines along the Combahee River. With this information, she was able to keep the Union ships away from danger.
On June 2, 1863, under the command of Colonel James Montgomery, she led 150 black Union soldiers of the Second South Carolina battalion, in a surprise attack that saw them rescue of more than 750 slaves.
They not only dodged bullets and artillery shells from soldiers but also had to run away from the Confederate soldiers who had come to the scene of the attack. Only one slave was killed in the process.
The Combahee River Raid is considered one of the most successful raids in the American Civil War.
However, Tubman’s contribution would not be known until 1963 when journalist Franklin B. Sanborn published an article “Harriet Tubman”. The article was a biographical outline of Tubman’s life chronicling for the first time the different actions that Tubman carried out in her anti-slavery campaign, including using the Underground Railroad to transport slaves to freedom.
After the raid, Tubman worked with the Massachusetts 54th Infantry on various missions before spending time during the last years of the war tending to injured soldiers.
Tubman received little compensation for her work during the war. Her status as a spy made it difficult for the federal government to recognise her work. She was not able to receive a military pension even after a bill was presented for her to receive $2000 two decades later.
She lived mostly in poverty, receiving pension as the wife of Nelson Davis, her second husband and a veteran.
She died of pneumonia on March 10, 1913.
To honour her efforts in the raid, a black feminist group took the name Combahee River Collective and a bridge over the river was named after her in 2008. | <urn:uuid:7e96a37a-1b2b-4194-845b-7d77dd7ac7f5> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://face2faceafrica.com/article/harriet-tubman-became-the-first-black-woman-to-lead-a-military-expedition-on-this-day-in-1863 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250614880.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124011048-20200124040048-00234.warc.gz | en | 0.985031 | 483 | 4.3125 | 4 | [
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-0.0733711346... | 6 | Although she is known as an Underground Railroad icon, Harriet Tubman also worked on a major Union military operation.
She became the first black woman to lead a military expedition in 1863 at the Combahee River, now known as the Combahee River Raid.
Tubman started her work in the military as a nurse and a cook but later became a spy, providing secrets and intelligence to the Union Soldier and then an armed scout.
More about this
Before the raid, Tubman had gathered information from slaves who were willing to trade information for freedom about the location of the mines along the Combahee River. With this information, she was able to keep the Union ships away from danger.
On June 2, 1863, under the command of Colonel James Montgomery, she led 150 black Union soldiers of the Second South Carolina battalion, in a surprise attack that saw them rescue of more than 750 slaves.
They not only dodged bullets and artillery shells from soldiers but also had to run away from the Confederate soldiers who had come to the scene of the attack. Only one slave was killed in the process.
The Combahee River Raid is considered one of the most successful raids in the American Civil War.
However, Tubman’s contribution would not be known until 1963 when journalist Franklin B. Sanborn published an article “Harriet Tubman”. The article was a biographical outline of Tubman’s life chronicling for the first time the different actions that Tubman carried out in her anti-slavery campaign, including using the Underground Railroad to transport slaves to freedom.
After the raid, Tubman worked with the Massachusetts 54th Infantry on various missions before spending time during the last years of the war tending to injured soldiers.
Tubman received little compensation for her work during the war. Her status as a spy made it difficult for the federal government to recognise her work. She was not able to receive a military pension even after a bill was presented for her to receive $2000 two decades later.
She lived mostly in poverty, receiving pension as the wife of Nelson Davis, her second husband and a veteran.
She died of pneumonia on March 10, 1913.
To honour her efforts in the raid, a black feminist group took the name Combahee River Collective and a bridge over the river was named after her in 2008. | 499 | ENGLISH | 1 |
what was the porpose of the french and indian war? also, how did it come apon?
i want to know how it started and who made it start. please, i dont only want a website i want explanations!!!
- ?Lv 61 decade agoFavorite Answer
The French and the British were fighting over North America. It revolved around three of the typical reasons fight, money/trade, colonization, and religion. The Brits had a lucrative trade of pelts going on and didn't want to lose it. They also were laying claim to vasts portions of the land. Also, the Brits feared that if the French played a dominant role in the new world, the Roman Catholics would control it and that was the EXACT opposite of what they were trying to do.
The French's only allies were the indians.
By the way, it was the French who taught the Indians how to scalp people.
- 1 decade ago
It began in 1755 and was started because of the a dispute over who should own the ohio river valley. The French had started moving into the area, but Virginia was not happy with this and wanted it for itself. So George Washington an upstart Colonel lead a militia in the area. This was militia was destroyed by the French. And this lead to the Britain sending two regiments under General Braddock. This really can be seen as the start of the war. Braddock too was defeated, and war was declared shortly after.
The war coinsided with the sevens war in europe, but was a side show to the real war which took place in europe. The French and indian war then expanded to a British offensive to capture all the French colonies in North America, Indian and the Caribbean. Thus allowing them to swap these colonies for areas of europe they had lost to france at the treaty ending the war. As was the trend in the time.
However Britain was more successful than it expected and ended up capturing all of New France (canada) all the French Caribbean islands, and all the french areas of India. This can be seen as the birth of the British empire.
However the colonies refused to pay for the war they had wanted and this lead to the rebellion of 1778.
In a nut shell though the war was fought to capture French colonial possessions and thus allow Britain to us them as bargaining to regain Hanover, Minorca and other British possessions in Europe.
- Anonymous1 decade ago
It was a "spillover" war that the French and British were having in Europe. The goal of the French in North America was to prevent any further English settlement west of the Appalachians and cement their hold on the Mississippi Valley. The goal of the British was to drive the French out the land beyond the Appalachians and, if possible, drive them completely out of North America. | <urn:uuid:e0d5c563-4fb8-4db8-b3fe-40c48d2c3dd1> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20061230082436AAwC9kn | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251788528.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129041149-20200129071149-00447.warc.gz | en | 0.987887 | 588 | 3.296875 | 3 | [
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0.24358776211738586... | 1 | what was the porpose of the french and indian war? also, how did it come apon?
i want to know how it started and who made it start. please, i dont only want a website i want explanations!!!
- ?Lv 61 decade agoFavorite Answer
The French and the British were fighting over North America. It revolved around three of the typical reasons fight, money/trade, colonization, and religion. The Brits had a lucrative trade of pelts going on and didn't want to lose it. They also were laying claim to vasts portions of the land. Also, the Brits feared that if the French played a dominant role in the new world, the Roman Catholics would control it and that was the EXACT opposite of what they were trying to do.
The French's only allies were the indians.
By the way, it was the French who taught the Indians how to scalp people.
- 1 decade ago
It began in 1755 and was started because of the a dispute over who should own the ohio river valley. The French had started moving into the area, but Virginia was not happy with this and wanted it for itself. So George Washington an upstart Colonel lead a militia in the area. This was militia was destroyed by the French. And this lead to the Britain sending two regiments under General Braddock. This really can be seen as the start of the war. Braddock too was defeated, and war was declared shortly after.
The war coinsided with the sevens war in europe, but was a side show to the real war which took place in europe. The French and indian war then expanded to a British offensive to capture all the French colonies in North America, Indian and the Caribbean. Thus allowing them to swap these colonies for areas of europe they had lost to france at the treaty ending the war. As was the trend in the time.
However Britain was more successful than it expected and ended up capturing all of New France (canada) all the French Caribbean islands, and all the french areas of India. This can be seen as the birth of the British empire.
However the colonies refused to pay for the war they had wanted and this lead to the rebellion of 1778.
In a nut shell though the war was fought to capture French colonial possessions and thus allow Britain to us them as bargaining to regain Hanover, Minorca and other British possessions in Europe.
- Anonymous1 decade ago
It was a "spillover" war that the French and British were having in Europe. The goal of the French in North America was to prevent any further English settlement west of the Appalachians and cement their hold on the Mississippi Valley. The goal of the British was to drive the French out the land beyond the Appalachians and, if possible, drive them completely out of North America. | 580 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Today is a good day to take a new and interesting look at the classic Aesop’s Fables. Most of us read several of them in elementary school. Some of us had them read to us as bedtime stories. When we were children and we heard about The Tortoise and the Hare we thought it was a nice story about cute little animals. When we read about The Ant and the Grasshopper we may have grown curious about bugs and insects. The story of the Boy Who Cried Wolf seemed to be an interesting cautionary tale. As adults, we see Aesop’s fables as more than just cute stories. Because we have been alive for a while and have seen how the world works, we see much more.
The Ant and the Grasshopper
As children, when we read about the hardworking ant and the hungry grasshopper we may have been amused. Perhaps we wanted to be hard workers like the ant. Some of us may have wanted to be footloose and fancy-free like the grasshopper. As adults, we see much more. We see that the ant was successful and able to eat all his life. We know that in great part it was because he planned for his future. We see that the ant believed the cliche that if one fails to plan one plans to fail. As a result, the ant followed his plan to prepare for the winter and was a success. The grasshopper, on the other hand, had no plan and was not ready when he needed to be.
The story of The Ant and the Grasshopper teaches us that if we are going to succeed in this life we must plan for that success. We must decide for ourselves what success looks like and then create a plan to make that success happens. Not only must we make a plan, we must work to make the plan a reality. If we want to succeed and be able to properly care for ourselves and those we care about we must work. Success is not an accident or happenstance. Indeed success is the result of an investment we make in working to achieve something we have planned.
The Boy Who Cried Wolf
As children, most of us heard the story of The Boy Who Cried Wolf. Often we heard it when our parents were disciplining us for telling stories that were not true. We grew up thinking that if we told lies we would have big trouble. We had to tell the truth all the time so people would believe us when we needed help. As adults, we know that our word must be our bond. In other words, we have to tell the truth. If we do, people will be able to take our word as fact. When we call a thing a thing, those around us won’t need outside proof. They will be able to take our word, period.
The story of The Boy Who Cried Wolf teaches us that what we say matters. When we talk, our words matter. We must select our words carefully. When we say something, we must think about how our words will be received by others. As adults we know that it’s not just what we say, but how we say it that matters. As a result, we choose our words carefully. Learning the value of our words is a lesson it is never too late to learn.
The Tortoise and the Hare
Once upon a time, we saw The Tortoise and the Hare as a story about cute little animals who ran a race. As adults, there is much more to see. The tortoise has behavior we should aspire to. The tortoise is a dedicated worker. He works in a smart and steady manner until the job is done. Then he is able to sit back, relax, and enjoy his accomplishments. On the other hand, the hare is a braggart and a show-off. Instead of actually accomplishing great things, the hare talks about what he will do. He brags about what he can do. Interestingly, he never actually gets around to doing all the things he says he can do. Instead, he spends too much time talking, he is eclipsed by another who does less talking and more acting.
The story of The Tortoise and the Hare teaches us that we cannot simply talk the talk. We must walk the walk. If we are to succeed, we must do what we say we can do. In other words, one of the best ways to succeed may be to do what we are supposed to do. When we show up like grown-ups and do what we must, we make the world a better place.
Aesop’s fables are more than two thousand years old. Amazingly, they are just as relevant today as they were when they were first written. It is nice to do as we did here and look at them in an interesting new way. The old classic stories still have a place in our world.
It is sensational to take this interesting look at an old classic. So the question for you this sensational day is, what is your favorite Aesop’s fable and why? | <urn:uuid:a4c48cc1-8c77-4e01-9f57-df2a3d643e7a> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | http://janeanesworld.com/an-interesting-look-at-the-classic-aesops-fables/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250624328.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124161014-20200124190014-00230.warc.gz | en | 0.980802 | 1,053 | 3.3125 | 3 | [
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0.270844340324401... | 4 | Today is a good day to take a new and interesting look at the classic Aesop’s Fables. Most of us read several of them in elementary school. Some of us had them read to us as bedtime stories. When we were children and we heard about The Tortoise and the Hare we thought it was a nice story about cute little animals. When we read about The Ant and the Grasshopper we may have grown curious about bugs and insects. The story of the Boy Who Cried Wolf seemed to be an interesting cautionary tale. As adults, we see Aesop’s fables as more than just cute stories. Because we have been alive for a while and have seen how the world works, we see much more.
The Ant and the Grasshopper
As children, when we read about the hardworking ant and the hungry grasshopper we may have been amused. Perhaps we wanted to be hard workers like the ant. Some of us may have wanted to be footloose and fancy-free like the grasshopper. As adults, we see much more. We see that the ant was successful and able to eat all his life. We know that in great part it was because he planned for his future. We see that the ant believed the cliche that if one fails to plan one plans to fail. As a result, the ant followed his plan to prepare for the winter and was a success. The grasshopper, on the other hand, had no plan and was not ready when he needed to be.
The story of The Ant and the Grasshopper teaches us that if we are going to succeed in this life we must plan for that success. We must decide for ourselves what success looks like and then create a plan to make that success happens. Not only must we make a plan, we must work to make the plan a reality. If we want to succeed and be able to properly care for ourselves and those we care about we must work. Success is not an accident or happenstance. Indeed success is the result of an investment we make in working to achieve something we have planned.
The Boy Who Cried Wolf
As children, most of us heard the story of The Boy Who Cried Wolf. Often we heard it when our parents were disciplining us for telling stories that were not true. We grew up thinking that if we told lies we would have big trouble. We had to tell the truth all the time so people would believe us when we needed help. As adults, we know that our word must be our bond. In other words, we have to tell the truth. If we do, people will be able to take our word as fact. When we call a thing a thing, those around us won’t need outside proof. They will be able to take our word, period.
The story of The Boy Who Cried Wolf teaches us that what we say matters. When we talk, our words matter. We must select our words carefully. When we say something, we must think about how our words will be received by others. As adults we know that it’s not just what we say, but how we say it that matters. As a result, we choose our words carefully. Learning the value of our words is a lesson it is never too late to learn.
The Tortoise and the Hare
Once upon a time, we saw The Tortoise and the Hare as a story about cute little animals who ran a race. As adults, there is much more to see. The tortoise has behavior we should aspire to. The tortoise is a dedicated worker. He works in a smart and steady manner until the job is done. Then he is able to sit back, relax, and enjoy his accomplishments. On the other hand, the hare is a braggart and a show-off. Instead of actually accomplishing great things, the hare talks about what he will do. He brags about what he can do. Interestingly, he never actually gets around to doing all the things he says he can do. Instead, he spends too much time talking, he is eclipsed by another who does less talking and more acting.
The story of The Tortoise and the Hare teaches us that we cannot simply talk the talk. We must walk the walk. If we are to succeed, we must do what we say we can do. In other words, one of the best ways to succeed may be to do what we are supposed to do. When we show up like grown-ups and do what we must, we make the world a better place.
Aesop’s fables are more than two thousand years old. Amazingly, they are just as relevant today as they were when they were first written. It is nice to do as we did here and look at them in an interesting new way. The old classic stories still have a place in our world.
It is sensational to take this interesting look at an old classic. So the question for you this sensational day is, what is your favorite Aesop’s fable and why? | 1,030 | ENGLISH | 1 |
|Number of pages / Number of words:||6 / 1525|
Raphael was one of the most important artists of the Italian Renaissance. Raphael painted and designed many brilliant pieces of work and the stanzas inside the Vatican. He was a master at such necessities of modern art such as depth and perspective and the use of light and shadow and was the turning point styles of paintings like the use of Madonnas in paintings. Through his short life, Raphael would make some of the most awe-inspiring, beautiful, and influential works of art during the Italian Renaissance.
Raphael whose full name was Raphael Sanzio, (also known as Raphael Sanzi), was born on April 6th, 1483. He was born in the town of Urbino, Italy, where he would spend his childhood life until he was 11 years old. His father, Giovanni Sanzio, was a painter for the court of Federigo da Montefeltro, and as well as being a painter, he was a bit of a poet. As a young boy, Raphael learned the basics of painting and art from his father. However, he would not live with his father very long; as his mother did several years before, Raphael's father died when Raphael was 11.
After his father died, Raphael went to the town of Perugia to be an apprentice of the painter Pietro Perugino. Perugino was a well-respected artist during the Italian Renaissance. He had painted works in the Vatican, and he also created masterpieces like Christ Delivering the Keys of the Kingdom to St. Peter and The Deposition. For the ten to eleven years that Raphael studied and assisted Perugino, Raphael picked the habit of shade and light, and with Perugino, Raphael learned what he is very famous for depth and perspective. After Perugino's training, Raphael would eventually become a better artist than Perugino himself. However, even with Perugino still teaching him, Raphael still could create masterpieces.
One example is the brilliant The Marriage of the Virgin. Raphael created The Marriage of the Virgin before he was even 21 years old, and he was still Perugino's apprentice. Even then, Raphael had a great understanding of depth and perspective, which he shows well in The Marriage of the Virgin. In that piece, the background is beautifully drawn, and although the background stands out, you can still notice the people in the foreground without being distracted by the background. These people are shown having emotions, and instead of being motionless, some characters are making very noticeable actions and a lot of movement, so the people do not appear lifeless. Instead, they appear sort of realistic.
In 1504, Raphael moved to Florence. There, in Florence, some of the Italian Renaissance's biggest names lived and worked in Florence. In Florence, Raphael studied Michelangelo's use of anatomy and Leonardo da Vinci's use of light and shadow. He met such big names in Florence such as Michelangelo, Leonardo, and Fra Bartolommeo, who was another painter that did such works as The Holy Family. It was in Florence that Raphael made a name for himself as an artist.
One style of painting Raphael favored all throughout his career was that of creating Madonnas over his short life; those are what made Raphael famous in Florence. The way Raphael created his Madonnas, Madonna meaning Mary, the mother of Jesus, portrays Mary as a loving, caring human woman. Many other artists before Raphael portrayed Mary as an angelic-like woman that did not look too much like a human woman, which was due to a lack of emotions and the lack of a halo on many of the Madonnas. Some of the Madonna paintings Raphael created include Madonna and Child Enthroned With Saints, Esterhazy Madonna, La Belle Jardiniere, and the worldly famous Madonna of the Goldfinch.
Madonna of the Goldfinch was made in 1506 and does show a very human Mary. In Italian, Madonna of the Goldfinch is Madonna del Cardellino. In that painting, Mary is shown holding St. John, and St. John is holding a tiny bird for Jesus Christ, who is an infant in that painting. Madonna of the Goldfinch is probably influenced by Leonardo's painting, The Virgin of the Rocks, for the faces and figures are very similar. In Madonna of the Goldfinch and a few other paintings Raphael made, he experimented with Leonardo's immense use of shade, but would always return to the lighter tones that Perugino had taught him.
In 1508, at the age of 24, Raphael was invited to the Vatican by Pope Julius II. Raphael was summoned to the Vatican to paint things like stanzas and was probably recommended to the pope by Donato Bramante, an architect. He was immediately well-liked by the pope and everyone else at the Vatican due to his personality; Raphael was a nice, gentle, and sensitive individual. As Giorgio Vasari once said about Raphael, "Raphael was so gentle and so charitable that even animals loved him, not to speak of men." (Ruskin, p. 132)
In order for Raphael to paint stanzas, Pope Julius II ordered some old frescoes to be washed away from the Vatican walls. Although he made many stanzas, he only painted one stanza: the Stanza Della Segnatura. In the other stanzas that Raphael would make, Raphael would sketch the stanzas and his pupils would paint whatever he sketched. In the Stanza Della Segnatura, there was a stanza for each of the four walls. Each side represented a topic. The four sides were about theology, poetry, philosophy, law. Each topic was represented with a painting. Theology was represented by Disputa, poetry by Parnassus, Jurisprudence represented the law, and the extremely famous The School of Athens represented philosophy. He started working on these stanzas in early 1509 and finished in November 1511.
The School of Athens is arguably Raphael's most famous piece. It is because, with many other important reasons, of his use of depth and perspective and the action and interaction of the people that make this painting the famous masterpiece it is. Unlike the title says, The School of Athens setting is not a school. The School of Athens is actually a gathering of philosophers and scientists.
The center pair is Plato and Aristotle, and each character's side represents a type of philosophy. On Plato's side, philosophers are wondering about the mysteries of the world. On Aristotle's side are philosophers and scientists concerned about nature and mankind. Other famous philosophers and scientists in the painting include Pythagoras, Euclid, and Heraklettes. About this and other Greco-Roman paintings, Celio Calcagnini once said, "It took many ancient heroes and a long age to build Rome, and many enemies and centuries to destroy it. Now Raphael has sought and discovered Rome in Rome; it takes a great man to seek, but discovery comes of God himself." (Shirley, p. 3)
When Pope Julius II died in 1513, Pope Leo X, a member of the Medici family, became pope. Since Pope Leo X was a patron of the arts, he naturally loved and supported Raphael and his art. Pope Leo also had Raphael do unusual tasks. For instance, he had Raphael make a Vatican tapestry cartoon depicting happenings from the Act of the Apostles. Pope Leo also had Raphael decorate Cardinal Bibiena's bathroom with pictures of Venus. Under Pope Leo X, Raphael painted such pieces as Galatea, Pope Leo with 2 Cardinals, and a portrait of Raphael's good friend Count Baldassare Castiglione.
Baldassare Castiglione is possibly the most famous portrait ever done by Raphael. In that portrait, the subject shown is posing in the sort of way that Leonardo's Mona Lisa subject posed. Baldassare Castiglione was done in 1515, and is a very important piece; it influenced such painters as Titian and Rembrandt. Rembrandt even sketched the painting in 1634.
Sadly, everyone's life must end, and Raphael's ended at an early age. Raphael died of a fever on his 37th birthday, which was on a Good Friday. The reason Raphael received the fever was from overwork, and after ten days of high temperatures from this fever, he finally died. He died by his unfinished painting, The Transfiguration, which is located in the Vatican. His best pupil, Giulio Romano, finished the painting.
During Raphael's short life, he made many influential and important pieces of work. For example, one painting of Raphael's, Baldassare Castiglione, could influence very famous painters like Titian and Rembrandt. He was not only a brilliant painter as I have described but also a good person who was well-liked by many people. The Vatican liked Raphael so much that, before he died, there was talk about Raphael being made a cardinal. Raphael Sanzio died on his birthday, April 6th, 1520 at the age of 37. RAfcbvdb RASuch's works of his like The School of Athens and The Marriage of the Virgin are some of the most famous pieces created during the Italian Renaissance. On Raphael's tomb, Cardinal Bembo, a great scholar of the time, wrote: "This is Raphael's tomb, where he lived he made Mother Nature Fear to be vanquished by him and, as he died, to die too."
"This is Raphael's tomb, where he lived he made Mother Nature Fear to be vanquished by him and, as he died, to die too." (Perry, p.334)
Florence Kelley Raphael Sanzio Lytton Stracheys view of Florence Nightingale Raphael Sanzio inspired Florence and the Renaissance Art Era Gene Brucker has argued that the ?family' constituted the basic nucleus of Florentine social life throughout the Renaissance?'How important was the family in the social relationships of Renaissance Florence? The Black Plague in Florence 1348 Why was Florence considered important for Culture and arts? Florence Nightengale Florence Nightingale Florence: works of art Life Of Raphael Sanzio The Florence Baptistery Florence Price florence cathedral
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|Leonardo Di Vinci essay||1 / 95| | <urn:uuid:3aefc82b-c5af-4212-8658-83d78b08b058> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://millionessays.com/essays/biographies/raphael-sanzio-1.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250599718.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120165335-20200120194335-00428.warc.gz | en | 0.980168 | 2,256 | 3.5625 | 4 | [
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Raphael was one of the most important artists of the Italian Renaissance. Raphael painted and designed many brilliant pieces of work and the stanzas inside the Vatican. He was a master at such necessities of modern art such as depth and perspective and the use of light and shadow and was the turning point styles of paintings like the use of Madonnas in paintings. Through his short life, Raphael would make some of the most awe-inspiring, beautiful, and influential works of art during the Italian Renaissance.
Raphael whose full name was Raphael Sanzio, (also known as Raphael Sanzi), was born on April 6th, 1483. He was born in the town of Urbino, Italy, where he would spend his childhood life until he was 11 years old. His father, Giovanni Sanzio, was a painter for the court of Federigo da Montefeltro, and as well as being a painter, he was a bit of a poet. As a young boy, Raphael learned the basics of painting and art from his father. However, he would not live with his father very long; as his mother did several years before, Raphael's father died when Raphael was 11.
After his father died, Raphael went to the town of Perugia to be an apprentice of the painter Pietro Perugino. Perugino was a well-respected artist during the Italian Renaissance. He had painted works in the Vatican, and he also created masterpieces like Christ Delivering the Keys of the Kingdom to St. Peter and The Deposition. For the ten to eleven years that Raphael studied and assisted Perugino, Raphael picked the habit of shade and light, and with Perugino, Raphael learned what he is very famous for depth and perspective. After Perugino's training, Raphael would eventually become a better artist than Perugino himself. However, even with Perugino still teaching him, Raphael still could create masterpieces.
One example is the brilliant The Marriage of the Virgin. Raphael created The Marriage of the Virgin before he was even 21 years old, and he was still Perugino's apprentice. Even then, Raphael had a great understanding of depth and perspective, which he shows well in The Marriage of the Virgin. In that piece, the background is beautifully drawn, and although the background stands out, you can still notice the people in the foreground without being distracted by the background. These people are shown having emotions, and instead of being motionless, some characters are making very noticeable actions and a lot of movement, so the people do not appear lifeless. Instead, they appear sort of realistic.
In 1504, Raphael moved to Florence. There, in Florence, some of the Italian Renaissance's biggest names lived and worked in Florence. In Florence, Raphael studied Michelangelo's use of anatomy and Leonardo da Vinci's use of light and shadow. He met such big names in Florence such as Michelangelo, Leonardo, and Fra Bartolommeo, who was another painter that did such works as The Holy Family. It was in Florence that Raphael made a name for himself as an artist.
One style of painting Raphael favored all throughout his career was that of creating Madonnas over his short life; those are what made Raphael famous in Florence. The way Raphael created his Madonnas, Madonna meaning Mary, the mother of Jesus, portrays Mary as a loving, caring human woman. Many other artists before Raphael portrayed Mary as an angelic-like woman that did not look too much like a human woman, which was due to a lack of emotions and the lack of a halo on many of the Madonnas. Some of the Madonna paintings Raphael created include Madonna and Child Enthroned With Saints, Esterhazy Madonna, La Belle Jardiniere, and the worldly famous Madonna of the Goldfinch.
Madonna of the Goldfinch was made in 1506 and does show a very human Mary. In Italian, Madonna of the Goldfinch is Madonna del Cardellino. In that painting, Mary is shown holding St. John, and St. John is holding a tiny bird for Jesus Christ, who is an infant in that painting. Madonna of the Goldfinch is probably influenced by Leonardo's painting, The Virgin of the Rocks, for the faces and figures are very similar. In Madonna of the Goldfinch and a few other paintings Raphael made, he experimented with Leonardo's immense use of shade, but would always return to the lighter tones that Perugino had taught him.
In 1508, at the age of 24, Raphael was invited to the Vatican by Pope Julius II. Raphael was summoned to the Vatican to paint things like stanzas and was probably recommended to the pope by Donato Bramante, an architect. He was immediately well-liked by the pope and everyone else at the Vatican due to his personality; Raphael was a nice, gentle, and sensitive individual. As Giorgio Vasari once said about Raphael, "Raphael was so gentle and so charitable that even animals loved him, not to speak of men." (Ruskin, p. 132)
In order for Raphael to paint stanzas, Pope Julius II ordered some old frescoes to be washed away from the Vatican walls. Although he made many stanzas, he only painted one stanza: the Stanza Della Segnatura. In the other stanzas that Raphael would make, Raphael would sketch the stanzas and his pupils would paint whatever he sketched. In the Stanza Della Segnatura, there was a stanza for each of the four walls. Each side represented a topic. The four sides were about theology, poetry, philosophy, law. Each topic was represented with a painting. Theology was represented by Disputa, poetry by Parnassus, Jurisprudence represented the law, and the extremely famous The School of Athens represented philosophy. He started working on these stanzas in early 1509 and finished in November 1511.
The School of Athens is arguably Raphael's most famous piece. It is because, with many other important reasons, of his use of depth and perspective and the action and interaction of the people that make this painting the famous masterpiece it is. Unlike the title says, The School of Athens setting is not a school. The School of Athens is actually a gathering of philosophers and scientists.
The center pair is Plato and Aristotle, and each character's side represents a type of philosophy. On Plato's side, philosophers are wondering about the mysteries of the world. On Aristotle's side are philosophers and scientists concerned about nature and mankind. Other famous philosophers and scientists in the painting include Pythagoras, Euclid, and Heraklettes. About this and other Greco-Roman paintings, Celio Calcagnini once said, "It took many ancient heroes and a long age to build Rome, and many enemies and centuries to destroy it. Now Raphael has sought and discovered Rome in Rome; it takes a great man to seek, but discovery comes of God himself." (Shirley, p. 3)
When Pope Julius II died in 1513, Pope Leo X, a member of the Medici family, became pope. Since Pope Leo X was a patron of the arts, he naturally loved and supported Raphael and his art. Pope Leo also had Raphael do unusual tasks. For instance, he had Raphael make a Vatican tapestry cartoon depicting happenings from the Act of the Apostles. Pope Leo also had Raphael decorate Cardinal Bibiena's bathroom with pictures of Venus. Under Pope Leo X, Raphael painted such pieces as Galatea, Pope Leo with 2 Cardinals, and a portrait of Raphael's good friend Count Baldassare Castiglione.
Baldassare Castiglione is possibly the most famous portrait ever done by Raphael. In that portrait, the subject shown is posing in the sort of way that Leonardo's Mona Lisa subject posed. Baldassare Castiglione was done in 1515, and is a very important piece; it influenced such painters as Titian and Rembrandt. Rembrandt even sketched the painting in 1634.
Sadly, everyone's life must end, and Raphael's ended at an early age. Raphael died of a fever on his 37th birthday, which was on a Good Friday. The reason Raphael received the fever was from overwork, and after ten days of high temperatures from this fever, he finally died. He died by his unfinished painting, The Transfiguration, which is located in the Vatican. His best pupil, Giulio Romano, finished the painting.
During Raphael's short life, he made many influential and important pieces of work. For example, one painting of Raphael's, Baldassare Castiglione, could influence very famous painters like Titian and Rembrandt. He was not only a brilliant painter as I have described but also a good person who was well-liked by many people. The Vatican liked Raphael so much that, before he died, there was talk about Raphael being made a cardinal. Raphael Sanzio died on his birthday, April 6th, 1520 at the age of 37. RAfcbvdb RASuch's works of his like The School of Athens and The Marriage of the Virgin are some of the most famous pieces created during the Italian Renaissance. On Raphael's tomb, Cardinal Bembo, a great scholar of the time, wrote: "This is Raphael's tomb, where he lived he made Mother Nature Fear to be vanquished by him and, as he died, to die too."
"This is Raphael's tomb, where he lived he made Mother Nature Fear to be vanquished by him and, as he died, to die too." (Perry, p.334)
Florence Kelley Raphael Sanzio Lytton Stracheys view of Florence Nightingale Raphael Sanzio inspired Florence and the Renaissance Art Era Gene Brucker has argued that the ?family' constituted the basic nucleus of Florentine social life throughout the Renaissance?'How important was the family in the social relationships of Renaissance Florence? The Black Plague in Florence 1348 Why was Florence considered important for Culture and arts? Florence Nightengale Florence Nightingale Florence: works of art Life Of Raphael Sanzio The Florence Baptistery Florence Price florence cathedral
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|Leonardo Da Vinci essay||2 / 305|
|Raphael Sanzio essay||3 / 593|
|Lytton Stracheys view of Florence Nightingale essay||1 / 258|
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|Artist Comparison essay||2 / 327|
|Leonardo Da Vinci (!) essay||2 / 284|
|Leonardo Di Vinci essay||1 / 95| | 2,292 | ENGLISH | 1 |
A cold morning in March, 1849. The angry Irish laborers marched from Hartford to East Hartford across the covered bridge that spanned the Connecticut River. They converged at the home of their boss. As a contractor he hired the immigrants to help build the Hartford/Providence railroad. The Irish had finished their work and they expected to be paid. But without warning, the contractor declared he was bankrupt and closed his business without paying the men he hired.
When the workers arrived at the contractor’s home they demanded their back pay. The boss had nothing to say. He would wait them out, sure that the police would come soon. They didn’t.
The workers surrounded the house. If the boss wouldn’t come out to them, he wouldn’t be allowed to leave at all. Finally, after three days, the police escorted the contractor from his home.
History does not record the end result of this siege. Take into account, however, that it took three days before the authorities arrived. They were clearly in no hurry to interfere with the laborers’ cause. When the sheriff finally showed up, he removed the boss without a fight from the men who had formed the blockade. Most certainly, some sort of deal had been struck for the workers’ wages.
No, these Hartford laborers would not be starved again.
Widespread ethnic and religious prejudice taught the Hartford Irish to rely on themselves. That prejudice ran from Connecticut’s “Know Nothing” party which actually elected a governor in 1855 based on hatred of the Irish, to the Hartford Courant which for fifty years called the Irish neighborhood on the east side “Pigville.”
Just as they built their churches, schools and social clubs in Hartford, the transplanted Irish also formed their own unions. A week-long strike of journeymen horseshoers, dominated by Irish blacksmiths, took place in 1906. The strike affected 17 shops in the city. Their demand was a nine-hour work day and a minimum daily wage of three dollars. The master horseshoers finally submitted to the new wage and hour standards and agreed to hire union men when there were vacancies.
“We Irish are a working race,” Michael Scanlon told Connecticut’s Irish in 1874. “Labor is our pride and privilege.” Scanlon, a poet and Irish nationalist, exemplified the link between the Irish American working class and their homeland. For Hartford’s Irish immigrants, the first priority was feeding the family, but running a close second was the liberation of Ireland from British domination.
In the 1880’s tenant farmers in Ireland formed the Land League to wrest control of farms from the landlord class. The League’s primary founder (along with Charles Stewart Parnell) was Michael Davitt from County Mayo. Davitt was born at the height of the Great Hunger. His family was evicted when he was four years old. At age nine he worked in a cotton mill where his right arm was mangled in a machine, resulting in an amputation.
In 1882 Davitt spoke to an enthusiastic Hartford crowd of 1,200 at the Opera House. He was wildly popular in Hartford and well known to Irish communities across the country. Hartford could boast that at the time of Davitt’s public appearance, the Ladies Land League had 2000 members and 3 branches. The British had effectively suppressed the male-dominated League. The women soon won the reputation for running bigger, more effective, and more militant boycotts and protests on behalf of their people back home.
Slowly, methodically, the Irish worked their way into leadership positions in Hartford’s labor unions and in politics. In 1902, with a third party called the Economic League, they elected the union man Ignatius Sullivan as mayor of Hartford. | <urn:uuid:5dc07415-a3bb-4fad-844f-c985d1e59f8b> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://shoeleatherhistoryproject.com/2014/11/15/we-irish-are-a-working-race/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594101.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119010920-20200119034920-00295.warc.gz | en | 0.981779 | 794 | 3.3125 | 3 | [
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0.27943736314... | 6 | A cold morning in March, 1849. The angry Irish laborers marched from Hartford to East Hartford across the covered bridge that spanned the Connecticut River. They converged at the home of their boss. As a contractor he hired the immigrants to help build the Hartford/Providence railroad. The Irish had finished their work and they expected to be paid. But without warning, the contractor declared he was bankrupt and closed his business without paying the men he hired.
When the workers arrived at the contractor’s home they demanded their back pay. The boss had nothing to say. He would wait them out, sure that the police would come soon. They didn’t.
The workers surrounded the house. If the boss wouldn’t come out to them, he wouldn’t be allowed to leave at all. Finally, after three days, the police escorted the contractor from his home.
History does not record the end result of this siege. Take into account, however, that it took three days before the authorities arrived. They were clearly in no hurry to interfere with the laborers’ cause. When the sheriff finally showed up, he removed the boss without a fight from the men who had formed the blockade. Most certainly, some sort of deal had been struck for the workers’ wages.
No, these Hartford laborers would not be starved again.
Widespread ethnic and religious prejudice taught the Hartford Irish to rely on themselves. That prejudice ran from Connecticut’s “Know Nothing” party which actually elected a governor in 1855 based on hatred of the Irish, to the Hartford Courant which for fifty years called the Irish neighborhood on the east side “Pigville.”
Just as they built their churches, schools and social clubs in Hartford, the transplanted Irish also formed their own unions. A week-long strike of journeymen horseshoers, dominated by Irish blacksmiths, took place in 1906. The strike affected 17 shops in the city. Their demand was a nine-hour work day and a minimum daily wage of three dollars. The master horseshoers finally submitted to the new wage and hour standards and agreed to hire union men when there were vacancies.
“We Irish are a working race,” Michael Scanlon told Connecticut’s Irish in 1874. “Labor is our pride and privilege.” Scanlon, a poet and Irish nationalist, exemplified the link between the Irish American working class and their homeland. For Hartford’s Irish immigrants, the first priority was feeding the family, but running a close second was the liberation of Ireland from British domination.
In the 1880’s tenant farmers in Ireland formed the Land League to wrest control of farms from the landlord class. The League’s primary founder (along with Charles Stewart Parnell) was Michael Davitt from County Mayo. Davitt was born at the height of the Great Hunger. His family was evicted when he was four years old. At age nine he worked in a cotton mill where his right arm was mangled in a machine, resulting in an amputation.
In 1882 Davitt spoke to an enthusiastic Hartford crowd of 1,200 at the Opera House. He was wildly popular in Hartford and well known to Irish communities across the country. Hartford could boast that at the time of Davitt’s public appearance, the Ladies Land League had 2000 members and 3 branches. The British had effectively suppressed the male-dominated League. The women soon won the reputation for running bigger, more effective, and more militant boycotts and protests on behalf of their people back home.
Slowly, methodically, the Irish worked their way into leadership positions in Hartford’s labor unions and in politics. In 1902, with a third party called the Economic League, they elected the union man Ignatius Sullivan as mayor of Hartford. | 786 | ENGLISH | 1 |
The Lusatian League (German: Oberlausitzer Sechsstädtebund; Czech: Šestiměstí; Polish: Związek Sześciu Miast) was a historical alliance of six towns in the Bohemian (1346–1635), later Saxon (1635–1815) region of Upper Lusatia, that existed from 1346 until 1815. The member towns were Bautzen (Upper Sorbian: Budyšin), Görlitz (Zhorjelc), Kamenz (Kamjenc), Lauban (Lubań), Löbau (Lubij) and Zittau (Žitawa). Five of the towns are located in present-day Germany, while former Lauban today belongs to Poland and is known as Lubań.
In order to protect peace and order in Upper Lusatia, the six towns of Bautzen, Görlitz, Kamenz, Lauban, Löbau, and Zittau joined into a contract of protection on August 21, 1346. In its beginnings, the pact was chiefly intended to protect against knights-errant and other wandering warriors. Over the next centuries, the city union would influence the history of Upper Lusatia very powerfully, and last longer than any other city union in Germany. The union of the cities caused a considerable increase in their political influence and visibility. It is possible that the founding of the union was helped by the Bohemian king Charles IV of Luxembourg, then ruler of the Holy Roman Empire as King of the Romans, as a counterbalance to the power of the landed gentry.
Status of cities within the leagueEdit
Unlike other civil arrangements in Upper Lusatia at the time, there was no dominant town in the league, although before the 12th century the town of Bautzen served as the ancestral seat of the Milceni, an ancient West Slavic tribe. Even though Bautzen served as the administrative center and was often called the capital of the league and Görlitz was for several centuries both the most populous and the economically strongest town, the differences between the individual towns were never so large that one town dominated the league outright. Even so, there was a nominal division of the league's six towns into "large towns", which were Bautzen, Görlitz, and Zittau, and "small towns", which included the other three towns of Kamenz, Lauban and Löbau. Still, in principle, all six towns within the league had equal standing.
Even so, there were internal conflicts within the league. Because Bautzen served as the administrative center and capital of the league, it had the first voice in the local council, as well as several other rights and privileges. Bautzen reserved signatory power for the league concerning legal documents, and reserved the right to open all of the league's official mail. Bautzen's other special privilege as administrative center was that it was the seat of the king's representative to the league, combining military, administrative, and royal power within the town. This caused conflicts with Görlitz, especially as Görlitz had quickly and unequivocally established itself as the economic center of the league. Görlitz achieved this position of economic superiority by being more easily reached by local traffic, and exploited the advantages it gained. As time went on, Görlitz exercised more and more power within the league, even as Bautzen remained the league's administrative center.
Meanwhile, in the beginning years of the league, Zittau also hosted a representative of the king, in addition to Bautzen. The city lost its representative in 1412. However, the power granted by hosting a royal representative made the town quite wealthy, so much so that at times, Zittau was the second wealthiest town in the league, pushing Bautzen down into third place within the league. The other three towns, Löbau, Lauban, and Kamenz were economically weaker, and therefore less interested in their place within the league. When there was conflict within the cities of the league, Kamenz sided more often with Bautzen, and Lauban with Görlitz, in accordance to their geographical locations. Löbau was the weakest city in terms of military or economic power, but it laid in the middle of the region, and conciliatory councils between Bautzen and Görlitz were often held there.
Because the cities stayed together quite well despite their economic competition with each other, this allowed the league to last a long time. Despite this, there were naturally still times of disagreement and discord within the league. In these times of disagreement, the cities had nicknames for each other's residents. The residents of Görlitz were referred to as "hat-turners," people from Zittau were called "cow-pushers," people from Bautzen were named "cat-snatchers," residents of Kamenz were called "snifflers," Lauban residents were labeled "onion-eaters," and the denizens of Löbau were named "cabbage-painters."
However, not all inter-town communication was negative. The towns had positive reputations as well. People from Zittau were referred to as educated, people from Görlitz were known to be honest, people from Bautzen were called well-meaning, Lauban residents were known for being industrious, and Löbau residents enjoyed a reputation for being good with money.
The height of the league's power and influence occurred in its first 200 years of existence. In this time period, the league was the most powerful political force in Upper Lusatia, and was able to outstrip the local gentry in terms of power. In 1547, the fallout of the Schmalkald War, when the Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand I fought against the Protestant Schmalkaldic League, weakened the Lusatian League considerably. The league of six towns sided with Schmalkald because as city leagues, they shared the same form of government. The emperor punished the league of six towns severely for this. Indeed, even though the towns were able to again consolidate their position, their political power was never as strong again.
Primarily, the legal system in the league was in the hands of the king's representative to Upper Lusatia. He led a court named the "Voigtsding." There the gentry, farmers, and townspeople all appeared, although clergy were exempt to proceedings there. As time progressed, the league managed to have certain aspects of the legal system split. This was first accomplished by establishing a separate court for townspeople, and eventually a court for farmers within each municipal area. Knights and gentry could be tried in municipal courts as well. The courts also heard cases involving crimes which took place on country routes outside of the cities.
Breakup of the leagueEdit
After the Congress of Vienna in 1815, Lusatia was partitioned. Görlitz and Lauban were ceded to the Kingdom of Prussia, ending the six town league after almost 500 years of existence. The remaining four cities remained in a "four-city league," but this ended in 1868.
On June 21, 1991, the 770-year anniversary of the founding of Löbau, the league was revived. However, there were now seven cities, as the eastern part of Görlitz, on the east side of the Neisse River, became the stand-alone Polish city of Zgorzelec. The league no longer has any political power to speak of, and functions largely as a tourism promotion board.
This article does not cite any sources. (October 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) | <urn:uuid:6f2bacd8-102a-4428-b576-4a3ebcf8edb3> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lusatian_League | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250592394.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118081234-20200118105234-00414.warc.gz | en | 0.983391 | 1,643 | 3.34375 | 3 | [
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-0.06249... | 1 | The Lusatian League (German: Oberlausitzer Sechsstädtebund; Czech: Šestiměstí; Polish: Związek Sześciu Miast) was a historical alliance of six towns in the Bohemian (1346–1635), later Saxon (1635–1815) region of Upper Lusatia, that existed from 1346 until 1815. The member towns were Bautzen (Upper Sorbian: Budyšin), Görlitz (Zhorjelc), Kamenz (Kamjenc), Lauban (Lubań), Löbau (Lubij) and Zittau (Žitawa). Five of the towns are located in present-day Germany, while former Lauban today belongs to Poland and is known as Lubań.
In order to protect peace and order in Upper Lusatia, the six towns of Bautzen, Görlitz, Kamenz, Lauban, Löbau, and Zittau joined into a contract of protection on August 21, 1346. In its beginnings, the pact was chiefly intended to protect against knights-errant and other wandering warriors. Over the next centuries, the city union would influence the history of Upper Lusatia very powerfully, and last longer than any other city union in Germany. The union of the cities caused a considerable increase in their political influence and visibility. It is possible that the founding of the union was helped by the Bohemian king Charles IV of Luxembourg, then ruler of the Holy Roman Empire as King of the Romans, as a counterbalance to the power of the landed gentry.
Status of cities within the leagueEdit
Unlike other civil arrangements in Upper Lusatia at the time, there was no dominant town in the league, although before the 12th century the town of Bautzen served as the ancestral seat of the Milceni, an ancient West Slavic tribe. Even though Bautzen served as the administrative center and was often called the capital of the league and Görlitz was for several centuries both the most populous and the economically strongest town, the differences between the individual towns were never so large that one town dominated the league outright. Even so, there was a nominal division of the league's six towns into "large towns", which were Bautzen, Görlitz, and Zittau, and "small towns", which included the other three towns of Kamenz, Lauban and Löbau. Still, in principle, all six towns within the league had equal standing.
Even so, there were internal conflicts within the league. Because Bautzen served as the administrative center and capital of the league, it had the first voice in the local council, as well as several other rights and privileges. Bautzen reserved signatory power for the league concerning legal documents, and reserved the right to open all of the league's official mail. Bautzen's other special privilege as administrative center was that it was the seat of the king's representative to the league, combining military, administrative, and royal power within the town. This caused conflicts with Görlitz, especially as Görlitz had quickly and unequivocally established itself as the economic center of the league. Görlitz achieved this position of economic superiority by being more easily reached by local traffic, and exploited the advantages it gained. As time went on, Görlitz exercised more and more power within the league, even as Bautzen remained the league's administrative center.
Meanwhile, in the beginning years of the league, Zittau also hosted a representative of the king, in addition to Bautzen. The city lost its representative in 1412. However, the power granted by hosting a royal representative made the town quite wealthy, so much so that at times, Zittau was the second wealthiest town in the league, pushing Bautzen down into third place within the league. The other three towns, Löbau, Lauban, and Kamenz were economically weaker, and therefore less interested in their place within the league. When there was conflict within the cities of the league, Kamenz sided more often with Bautzen, and Lauban with Görlitz, in accordance to their geographical locations. Löbau was the weakest city in terms of military or economic power, but it laid in the middle of the region, and conciliatory councils between Bautzen and Görlitz were often held there.
Because the cities stayed together quite well despite their economic competition with each other, this allowed the league to last a long time. Despite this, there were naturally still times of disagreement and discord within the league. In these times of disagreement, the cities had nicknames for each other's residents. The residents of Görlitz were referred to as "hat-turners," people from Zittau were called "cow-pushers," people from Bautzen were named "cat-snatchers," residents of Kamenz were called "snifflers," Lauban residents were labeled "onion-eaters," and the denizens of Löbau were named "cabbage-painters."
However, not all inter-town communication was negative. The towns had positive reputations as well. People from Zittau were referred to as educated, people from Görlitz were known to be honest, people from Bautzen were called well-meaning, Lauban residents were known for being industrious, and Löbau residents enjoyed a reputation for being good with money.
The height of the league's power and influence occurred in its first 200 years of existence. In this time period, the league was the most powerful political force in Upper Lusatia, and was able to outstrip the local gentry in terms of power. In 1547, the fallout of the Schmalkald War, when the Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand I fought against the Protestant Schmalkaldic League, weakened the Lusatian League considerably. The league of six towns sided with Schmalkald because as city leagues, they shared the same form of government. The emperor punished the league of six towns severely for this. Indeed, even though the towns were able to again consolidate their position, their political power was never as strong again.
Primarily, the legal system in the league was in the hands of the king's representative to Upper Lusatia. He led a court named the "Voigtsding." There the gentry, farmers, and townspeople all appeared, although clergy were exempt to proceedings there. As time progressed, the league managed to have certain aspects of the legal system split. This was first accomplished by establishing a separate court for townspeople, and eventually a court for farmers within each municipal area. Knights and gentry could be tried in municipal courts as well. The courts also heard cases involving crimes which took place on country routes outside of the cities.
Breakup of the leagueEdit
After the Congress of Vienna in 1815, Lusatia was partitioned. Görlitz and Lauban were ceded to the Kingdom of Prussia, ending the six town league after almost 500 years of existence. The remaining four cities remained in a "four-city league," but this ended in 1868.
On June 21, 1991, the 770-year anniversary of the founding of Löbau, the league was revived. However, there were now seven cities, as the eastern part of Görlitz, on the east side of the Neisse River, became the stand-alone Polish city of Zgorzelec. The league no longer has any political power to speak of, and functions largely as a tourism promotion board.
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It was thirty-three years since Champlain had first attacked the
Iroquois. They had nursed their wrath for more than a generation, and at
length their hour was come. The Dutch traders at Fort Orange, now
Albany, had supplied them with firearms. The Mohawks, the most easterly
of the Iroquois nations, had, among their seven or eight hundred
warriors, no less than three hundred armed with the arquebuse. They were
masters of the thunderbolts which, in the hands of Champlain, had struck
terror into their hearts.
In the early morning of the second of August, 1642, twelve Huron canoes
were moving slowly along the northern shore of the expansion of the St.
Lawrence known as the Lake of St. Peter. There were on board about forty
persons, including four Frenchmen, one of them being the Jesuit, Isaac
Jogues. During the last autumn he, with Father Charles Raymbault, had
passed along the shore of Lake Huron northward, entered the strait
through which Lake Superior discharges itself, pushed on as far as the
Sault Sainte Marie, and preached the Faith to two thousand Ojibwas, and
other Algonquins there assembled. He was now on his return from a far
more perilous errand. The Huron mission was in a state of destitution.
There was need of clothing for the priests, of vessels for the altars,
of bread and wine for the eucharist, of writing materials,--in short, of
everything; and, early in the summer of the present year, Jogues had
descended to Three Rivers and Quebec with the Huron traders, to procure
the necessary supplies. He had accomplished his task, and was on his way
back to the mission. With him were a few Huron converts, and among them
a noted Christian chief, Eustache Ahatsistari. Others of the party were
in course of instruction for baptism; but the greater part were heathen,
whose canoes were deeply laden with the proceeds of their bargains with
the French fur-traders.
Jogues sat in one of the leading canoes. He was born at Orleans in 1607,
and was thirty-five years of age. His oval face and the delicate mould
of his features indicated a modest, thoughtful, and refined nature. He
was constitutionally timid, with a sensitive conscience and great
religious susceptibilities. He was a finished scholar, and might have
gained a literary reputation; but he had chosen another career, and one
for which he seemed but ill fitted. Physically, however, he was well
matched with his work; for, though his frame was slight, he was so
active, that none of the Indians could surpass him in running.
With him were two young men, Rene Goupil and Guillaume Couture, donnes
of the mission,--that is to say, laymen who, from a religious motive and
without pay, had attached themselves to the service of the Jesuits.
Goupil had formerly entered upon the Jesuit novitiate at Paris, but
failing health had obliged him to leave it. As soon as he was able, he
came to Canada, offered his services to the Superior of the mission, was
employed for a time in the humblest offices, and afterwards became an
attendant at the hospital. At length, to his delight, he received
permission to go up to the Hurons, where the surgical skill which he had
acquired was greatly needed; and he was now on his way thither. His
companion, Couture, was a man of intelligence and vigor, and of a
character equally disinterested. Both were, like Jogues, in the foremost
canoes; while the fourth Frenchman was with the unconverted Hurons, in
The twelve canoes had reached the western end of the Lake of St. Peter,
where it is filled with innumerable islands. The forest was close on
their right, they kept near the shore to avoid the current, and the
shallow water before them was covered with a dense growth of tall
bulrushes. Suddenly the silence was frightfully broken. The war-whoop
rose from among the rushes, mingled with the reports of guns and the
whistling of bullets; and several Iroquois canoes, filled with warriors,
pushed out from their concealment, and bore down upon Jogues and his
companions. The Hurons in the rear were seized with a shameful panic.
They leaped ashore; left canoes, baggage, and weapons; and fled into the
woods. The French and the Christian Hurons made fight for a time; but
when they saw another fleet of canoes approaching from the opposite
shores or islands, they lost heart, and those escaped who could. Goupil
was seized amid triumphant yells, as were also several of the Huron
converts. Jogues sprang into the bulrushes, and might have escaped; but
when he saw Goupil and the neophytes in the clutches of the Iroquois, he
had no heart to abandon them, but came out from his hiding-place, and
gave himself up to the astonished victors. A few of them had remained to
guard the prisoners; the rest were chasing the fugitives. Jogues
mastered his agony, and began to baptize those of the captive converts
who needed baptism.
Couture had eluded pursuit; but when he thought of Jogues and of what
perhaps awaited him, he resolved to share his fate, and, turning,
retraced his steps. As he approached, five Iroquois ran forward to meet
him; and one of them snapped his gun at his breast, but it missed fire.
In his confusion and excitement, Couture fired his own piece, and laid
the savage dead. The remaining four sprang upon him, stripped off all
his clothing, tore away his finger-nails with their teeth, gnawed his
fingers with the fury of famished dogs, and thrust a sword through one
of his hands. Jogues broke from his guards, and, rushing to his friend,
threw his arms about his neck. The Iroquois dragged him away, beat him
with their fists and war-clubs till he was senseless, and, when he
revived, lacerated his fingers with their teeth, as they had done those
of Couture. Then they turned upon Goupil, and treated him with the same
ferocity. The Huron prisoners were left for the present unharmed. More
of them were brought in every moment, till at length the number of
captives amounted in all to twenty-two, while three Hurons had been
killed in the fight and pursuit. The Iroquois, about seventy in number,
now embarked with their prey; but not until they had knocked on the head
an old Huron, whom Jogues, with his mangled hands, had just baptized,
and who refused to leave the place. Then, under a burning sun, they
crossed to the spot on which the town of Sorel now stands, at the mouth
of the River Richelieu, where they encamped.
Their course was southward, up the River Richelieu and Lake Champlain;
thence, by way of Lake George, to the Mohawk towns. The pain and fever
of their wounds, and the clouds of mosquitoes, which they could not
drive off, left the prisoners no peace by day nor sleep by night. On the
eighth day, they learned that a large Iroquois war-party, on their way
to Canada, were near at hand; and they soon approached their camp, on a
small island near the southern end of Lake Champlain. The warriors, two
hundred in number, saluted their victorious countrymen with volleys from
their guns; then, armed with clubs and thorny sticks, ranged themselves
in two lines, between which the captives were compelled to pass up the
side of a rocky hill. On the way, they were beaten with such fury, that
Jogues, who was last in the line, fell powerless, drenched in blood and
half dead. As the chief man among the French captives, he fared the
worst. His hands were again mangled, and fire applied to his body; while
the Huron chief, Eustache, was subjected to tortures even more
atrocious. When, at night, the exhausted sufferers tried to rest, the
young warriors came to lacerate their wounds and pull out their hair and
In the morning they resumed their journey. And now the lake narrowed to
the semblance of a tranquil river. Before them was a woody mountain,
close on their right a rocky promontory, and between these flowed a
stream, the outlet of Lake George. On those rocks, more than a hundred
years after, rose the ramparts of Ticonderoga. They landed, shouldered
their canoes and baggage, took their way through the woods, passed the
spot where the fierce Highlanders and the dauntless regiments of England
breasted in vain the storm of lead and fire, and soon reached the shore
where Abercrombie landed and Lord Howe fell. First of white men, Jogues
and his companions gazed on the romantic lake that bears the name, not
of its gentle discoverer, but of the dull Hanoverian king. Like a fair
Naiad of the wilderness, it slumbered between the guardian mountains
that breathe from crag and forest the stern poetry of war. But all then
was solitude; and the clang of trumpets, the roar of cannon, and the
deadly crack of the rifle had never as yet awakened their angry
Again the canoes were launched, and the wild flotilla glided on its
way,--now in the shadow of the heights, now on the broad expanse, now
among the devious channels of the narrows, beset with woody islets,
where the hot air was redolent of the pine, the spruce, and the
cedar,--till they neared that tragic shore, where, in the following
century, New England rustics baffled the soldiers of Dieskau, where
Montcalm planted his batteries, where the red cross waved so long amid
the smoke, and where at length the summer morning was hideous with
carnage, and an honored name was stained with a memory of blood.
The Iroquois landed at or near the future site of Fort William Henry,
left their canoes, and, with their prisoners, began their march for the
nearest Mohawk town. Each bore his share of the plunder. Even Jogues,
though his lacerated hands were in a frightful condition and his body
covered with bruises, was forced to stagger on with the rest under a
heavy load. He with his fellow-prisoners, and indeed the whole party,
were half starved, subsisting chiefly on wild berries. They crossed the
upper Hudson, and, in thirteen days after leaving the St. Lawrence,
neared the wretched goal of their pilgrimage, a palisaded town, standing
on a hill by the banks of the River Mohawk.
Such was the first recorded visit of white men to Lake George. In the
Iroquois villages Jogues was subjected to the most frightful sufferings.
His friend Goupil was murdered at his side, and he himself was saved as
by miracle. At length, with the help of the Dutch of Albany, he made his
escape and sailed for France; whence, impelled by religious enthusiasm,
he returned to Canada and voluntarily set out again for the Iroquois
towns, bent on saving the souls of those who had been the authors of his
woes. Reaching the head of Lake George on Corpus Christi Day, 1646, he
gave it the name of Lac St. Sacrement, by which it was ever after known
to the French. Soon after his arrival the Iroquois killed him by the
blow of a hatchet.
[Footnote 1: Lake George, according to Jogues, was called by the Mohawks
"Andiatarocte," or Place where the Lake closes. "Andiataraque" is
found on a map of Sanson. Spofford, Gazetteer of New York, article
"Lake George," says that it was called "Canideri-oit," or Tail of the
Lake. Father Martin, in his notes on Bressani, prefixes to this name
that of "Horicon," but gives no original authority.
I have seen an old Latin map on which the name "Horiconi" is set down as
belonging to a neighboring tribe. This seems to be only a misprint for
"Horicoui," that is, "Irocoui," or "Iroquois." In an old English map,
prefixed to the rare tract, A Treatise of New England, the "Lake of
Hierocoyes" is laid down. The name "Horicon," as used by Cooper in his
Last of the Mohicans, has no sufficient historical foundation. In
1646, the lake, as we shall see, was named "Lac St. Sacrement."]
Next: Battle Of Lake George
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0.236209750... | 1 | Canadian History The Governors-general: Lord Metcalfe
A surrender of the official Imperial position so unexpected a...
The Heights Of Abraham
The early part of the Seven Years' War was disastrous to En...
Massachusetts Attacks Quebec
Like Montreal, Quebec transformed itself in time lost much ...
A Military Mission
Quebec was without a governor. Who should succeed Champlain...
There are antinomies in politics as in philosophy, problems w...
The Canadian Community
To understand the political evolution of Canada it is essenti...
Battle Of Lake George
For more than a century after the death of Jogues, Lakes Ge...
The Governors-general: Lord Elgin
The year which intervened between Metcalfe's departure and th...
Discovery Of Lake George
It was thirty-three years since Champlain had first attacke...
The Birth Of Montreal
We come now to an enterprise as singular in its character a...
British Opinion And Canadian Autonomy
While these great modifications were being made in the form a...
The Consequences Of Canadian Autonomy
A change so informally achieved, and yet so decisive, as the ...
The Governors-general: Lord Sydenham
Between 1839 and 1854, four governors-general exercised autho...
Siege Of Fort Niagara
The River Niagara was known to the Jesuits as early as 1640...
Battle Of Ticonderoga
In 1758, the English commanders, incensed at the loss of Fo...
Massacre Of The Devil's Hole
After the conquest of Canada, there was a general uprising ...
The Governors-general: Sir Charles Bagot
Sir Charles Bagot, the second governor-general of United Cana...
Siege And Massacre Of Fort William Henry
Having failed to take Fort William Henry by surprise, the F...
Infancy Of Quebec
Champlain was the founder of this old capital of French Can...
A Winter Raid
While Johnson was building Fort William Henry at one end of...
Discovery Of Lake George
It was thirty-three years since Champlain had first attacked the
Iroquois. They had nursed their wrath for more than a generation, and at
length their hour was come. The Dutch traders at Fort Orange, now
Albany, had supplied them with firearms. The Mohawks, the most easterly
of the Iroquois nations, had, among their seven or eight hundred
warriors, no less than three hundred armed with the arquebuse. They were
masters of the thunderbolts which, in the hands of Champlain, had struck
terror into their hearts.
In the early morning of the second of August, 1642, twelve Huron canoes
were moving slowly along the northern shore of the expansion of the St.
Lawrence known as the Lake of St. Peter. There were on board about forty
persons, including four Frenchmen, one of them being the Jesuit, Isaac
Jogues. During the last autumn he, with Father Charles Raymbault, had
passed along the shore of Lake Huron northward, entered the strait
through which Lake Superior discharges itself, pushed on as far as the
Sault Sainte Marie, and preached the Faith to two thousand Ojibwas, and
other Algonquins there assembled. He was now on his return from a far
more perilous errand. The Huron mission was in a state of destitution.
There was need of clothing for the priests, of vessels for the altars,
of bread and wine for the eucharist, of writing materials,--in short, of
everything; and, early in the summer of the present year, Jogues had
descended to Three Rivers and Quebec with the Huron traders, to procure
the necessary supplies. He had accomplished his task, and was on his way
back to the mission. With him were a few Huron converts, and among them
a noted Christian chief, Eustache Ahatsistari. Others of the party were
in course of instruction for baptism; but the greater part were heathen,
whose canoes were deeply laden with the proceeds of their bargains with
the French fur-traders.
Jogues sat in one of the leading canoes. He was born at Orleans in 1607,
and was thirty-five years of age. His oval face and the delicate mould
of his features indicated a modest, thoughtful, and refined nature. He
was constitutionally timid, with a sensitive conscience and great
religious susceptibilities. He was a finished scholar, and might have
gained a literary reputation; but he had chosen another career, and one
for which he seemed but ill fitted. Physically, however, he was well
matched with his work; for, though his frame was slight, he was so
active, that none of the Indians could surpass him in running.
With him were two young men, Rene Goupil and Guillaume Couture, donnes
of the mission,--that is to say, laymen who, from a religious motive and
without pay, had attached themselves to the service of the Jesuits.
Goupil had formerly entered upon the Jesuit novitiate at Paris, but
failing health had obliged him to leave it. As soon as he was able, he
came to Canada, offered his services to the Superior of the mission, was
employed for a time in the humblest offices, and afterwards became an
attendant at the hospital. At length, to his delight, he received
permission to go up to the Hurons, where the surgical skill which he had
acquired was greatly needed; and he was now on his way thither. His
companion, Couture, was a man of intelligence and vigor, and of a
character equally disinterested. Both were, like Jogues, in the foremost
canoes; while the fourth Frenchman was with the unconverted Hurons, in
The twelve canoes had reached the western end of the Lake of St. Peter,
where it is filled with innumerable islands. The forest was close on
their right, they kept near the shore to avoid the current, and the
shallow water before them was covered with a dense growth of tall
bulrushes. Suddenly the silence was frightfully broken. The war-whoop
rose from among the rushes, mingled with the reports of guns and the
whistling of bullets; and several Iroquois canoes, filled with warriors,
pushed out from their concealment, and bore down upon Jogues and his
companions. The Hurons in the rear were seized with a shameful panic.
They leaped ashore; left canoes, baggage, and weapons; and fled into the
woods. The French and the Christian Hurons made fight for a time; but
when they saw another fleet of canoes approaching from the opposite
shores or islands, they lost heart, and those escaped who could. Goupil
was seized amid triumphant yells, as were also several of the Huron
converts. Jogues sprang into the bulrushes, and might have escaped; but
when he saw Goupil and the neophytes in the clutches of the Iroquois, he
had no heart to abandon them, but came out from his hiding-place, and
gave himself up to the astonished victors. A few of them had remained to
guard the prisoners; the rest were chasing the fugitives. Jogues
mastered his agony, and began to baptize those of the captive converts
who needed baptism.
Couture had eluded pursuit; but when he thought of Jogues and of what
perhaps awaited him, he resolved to share his fate, and, turning,
retraced his steps. As he approached, five Iroquois ran forward to meet
him; and one of them snapped his gun at his breast, but it missed fire.
In his confusion and excitement, Couture fired his own piece, and laid
the savage dead. The remaining four sprang upon him, stripped off all
his clothing, tore away his finger-nails with their teeth, gnawed his
fingers with the fury of famished dogs, and thrust a sword through one
of his hands. Jogues broke from his guards, and, rushing to his friend,
threw his arms about his neck. The Iroquois dragged him away, beat him
with their fists and war-clubs till he was senseless, and, when he
revived, lacerated his fingers with their teeth, as they had done those
of Couture. Then they turned upon Goupil, and treated him with the same
ferocity. The Huron prisoners were left for the present unharmed. More
of them were brought in every moment, till at length the number of
captives amounted in all to twenty-two, while three Hurons had been
killed in the fight and pursuit. The Iroquois, about seventy in number,
now embarked with their prey; but not until they had knocked on the head
an old Huron, whom Jogues, with his mangled hands, had just baptized,
and who refused to leave the place. Then, under a burning sun, they
crossed to the spot on which the town of Sorel now stands, at the mouth
of the River Richelieu, where they encamped.
Their course was southward, up the River Richelieu and Lake Champlain;
thence, by way of Lake George, to the Mohawk towns. The pain and fever
of their wounds, and the clouds of mosquitoes, which they could not
drive off, left the prisoners no peace by day nor sleep by night. On the
eighth day, they learned that a large Iroquois war-party, on their way
to Canada, were near at hand; and they soon approached their camp, on a
small island near the southern end of Lake Champlain. The warriors, two
hundred in number, saluted their victorious countrymen with volleys from
their guns; then, armed with clubs and thorny sticks, ranged themselves
in two lines, between which the captives were compelled to pass up the
side of a rocky hill. On the way, they were beaten with such fury, that
Jogues, who was last in the line, fell powerless, drenched in blood and
half dead. As the chief man among the French captives, he fared the
worst. His hands were again mangled, and fire applied to his body; while
the Huron chief, Eustache, was subjected to tortures even more
atrocious. When, at night, the exhausted sufferers tried to rest, the
young warriors came to lacerate their wounds and pull out their hair and
In the morning they resumed their journey. And now the lake narrowed to
the semblance of a tranquil river. Before them was a woody mountain,
close on their right a rocky promontory, and between these flowed a
stream, the outlet of Lake George. On those rocks, more than a hundred
years after, rose the ramparts of Ticonderoga. They landed, shouldered
their canoes and baggage, took their way through the woods, passed the
spot where the fierce Highlanders and the dauntless regiments of England
breasted in vain the storm of lead and fire, and soon reached the shore
where Abercrombie landed and Lord Howe fell. First of white men, Jogues
and his companions gazed on the romantic lake that bears the name, not
of its gentle discoverer, but of the dull Hanoverian king. Like a fair
Naiad of the wilderness, it slumbered between the guardian mountains
that breathe from crag and forest the stern poetry of war. But all then
was solitude; and the clang of trumpets, the roar of cannon, and the
deadly crack of the rifle had never as yet awakened their angry
Again the canoes were launched, and the wild flotilla glided on its
way,--now in the shadow of the heights, now on the broad expanse, now
among the devious channels of the narrows, beset with woody islets,
where the hot air was redolent of the pine, the spruce, and the
cedar,--till they neared that tragic shore, where, in the following
century, New England rustics baffled the soldiers of Dieskau, where
Montcalm planted his batteries, where the red cross waved so long amid
the smoke, and where at length the summer morning was hideous with
carnage, and an honored name was stained with a memory of blood.
The Iroquois landed at or near the future site of Fort William Henry,
left their canoes, and, with their prisoners, began their march for the
nearest Mohawk town. Each bore his share of the plunder. Even Jogues,
though his lacerated hands were in a frightful condition and his body
covered with bruises, was forced to stagger on with the rest under a
heavy load. He with his fellow-prisoners, and indeed the whole party,
were half starved, subsisting chiefly on wild berries. They crossed the
upper Hudson, and, in thirteen days after leaving the St. Lawrence,
neared the wretched goal of their pilgrimage, a palisaded town, standing
on a hill by the banks of the River Mohawk.
Such was the first recorded visit of white men to Lake George. In the
Iroquois villages Jogues was subjected to the most frightful sufferings.
His friend Goupil was murdered at his side, and he himself was saved as
by miracle. At length, with the help of the Dutch of Albany, he made his
escape and sailed for France; whence, impelled by religious enthusiasm,
he returned to Canada and voluntarily set out again for the Iroquois
towns, bent on saving the souls of those who had been the authors of his
woes. Reaching the head of Lake George on Corpus Christi Day, 1646, he
gave it the name of Lac St. Sacrement, by which it was ever after known
to the French. Soon after his arrival the Iroquois killed him by the
blow of a hatchet.
[Footnote 1: Lake George, according to Jogues, was called by the Mohawks
"Andiatarocte," or Place where the Lake closes. "Andiataraque" is
found on a map of Sanson. Spofford, Gazetteer of New York, article
"Lake George," says that it was called "Canideri-oit," or Tail of the
Lake. Father Martin, in his notes on Bressani, prefixes to this name
that of "Horicon," but gives no original authority.
I have seen an old Latin map on which the name "Horiconi" is set down as
belonging to a neighboring tribe. This seems to be only a misprint for
"Horicoui," that is, "Irocoui," or "Iroquois." In an old English map,
prefixed to the rare tract, A Treatise of New England, the "Lake of
Hierocoyes" is laid down. The name "Horicon," as used by Cooper in his
Last of the Mohicans, has no sufficient historical foundation. In
1646, the lake, as we shall see, was named "Lac St. Sacrement."]
Next: Battle Of Lake George
Previous: Discovery Of Lake Champlain | 3,301 | ENGLISH | 1 |
The 13 Colonies were colonies in North America under the rule of Britain. These colonies later made up the United States of America.
In North America, the English colonies were found between the Appalachian Mountains and the Atlantic Ocean.
The next lesson: Revolutionary War
France had some colonies more to the north while Spain had some colonies in the southern portions. The thirteen American colonies may be separated into three regions (parts) if we do so by climate and geography: the Southern Colonies, the Middle Colonies, and New England.
In New England, the land was shaped by earlier glaciers and during the world’s Ice Age, when thick and massive sheets of ice cut had through the area’s mountains.
Glaciers had pushed the rich soil and rocks south. What was left was a thin layer of rocky dirt and crops wouldn’t grow well on this sandy, rocky soil. Hills and forests made the region hard to farm.
In New England, summers were hot while winters were cold and long. The area’s growing season was merely some five months-long so the New England colonists were using some other natural resources for making a living.
They set out to cut down the region’s trees and forests to make boats and buildings and they started to catch whales and fish for food and several other products.
In the Ice Age, the glaciers had pushed New England’s soil into the region of England’s Middle Colonies. This soil was deep and rich and it was excellent for farming purposes. Here, the growing season was much longer than in the New England area.
Here, there was much more sun and lots of rainfall. The colonists were using riverboats on the region’s wide, long rivers such as Delaware and the Hudson. The colonists were selling their crops in the nearby towns and hunted beaver and deer for fur and food.
Of all the British areas, the Southern Colonies came with a fine climate and the best land for their farming purposes. Here, the climate was hot practically year-round, the area’s soil was very rich, and the growing season was lasting for seven months or even longer. There were many waterways all along the southern coastline and these together formed a tidewater region.
The Ocean tides were making rivers fall and rise up to some 150 miles up the shore. The Tidewater region’s fall line stretched all the way along the foothills of the Appalachian Mountains. Up here, rivers started to flow from higher grounds to lower-laying lands.
Most colonists were settling in the backcountry, the land in the back of the area. Here, the land was covered with many forests and steep. The farms were relatively small and the colonists were hunting for and fishing for food.
Last Updated on | <urn:uuid:18ac8488-5c6b-4425-a6a1-b1b063eebdca> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://bestgedclasses.org/13-colonies/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251672440.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125101544-20200125130544-00049.warc.gz | en | 0.984782 | 574 | 4.0625 | 4 | [
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0.169622987508773... | 2 | The 13 Colonies were colonies in North America under the rule of Britain. These colonies later made up the United States of America.
In North America, the English colonies were found between the Appalachian Mountains and the Atlantic Ocean.
The next lesson: Revolutionary War
France had some colonies more to the north while Spain had some colonies in the southern portions. The thirteen American colonies may be separated into three regions (parts) if we do so by climate and geography: the Southern Colonies, the Middle Colonies, and New England.
In New England, the land was shaped by earlier glaciers and during the world’s Ice Age, when thick and massive sheets of ice cut had through the area’s mountains.
Glaciers had pushed the rich soil and rocks south. What was left was a thin layer of rocky dirt and crops wouldn’t grow well on this sandy, rocky soil. Hills and forests made the region hard to farm.
In New England, summers were hot while winters were cold and long. The area’s growing season was merely some five months-long so the New England colonists were using some other natural resources for making a living.
They set out to cut down the region’s trees and forests to make boats and buildings and they started to catch whales and fish for food and several other products.
In the Ice Age, the glaciers had pushed New England’s soil into the region of England’s Middle Colonies. This soil was deep and rich and it was excellent for farming purposes. Here, the growing season was much longer than in the New England area.
Here, there was much more sun and lots of rainfall. The colonists were using riverboats on the region’s wide, long rivers such as Delaware and the Hudson. The colonists were selling their crops in the nearby towns and hunted beaver and deer for fur and food.
Of all the British areas, the Southern Colonies came with a fine climate and the best land for their farming purposes. Here, the climate was hot practically year-round, the area’s soil was very rich, and the growing season was lasting for seven months or even longer. There were many waterways all along the southern coastline and these together formed a tidewater region.
The Ocean tides were making rivers fall and rise up to some 150 miles up the shore. The Tidewater region’s fall line stretched all the way along the foothills of the Appalachian Mountains. Up here, rivers started to flow from higher grounds to lower-laying lands.
Most colonists were settling in the backcountry, the land in the back of the area. Here, the land was covered with many forests and steep. The farms were relatively small and the colonists were hunting for and fishing for food.
Last Updated on | 552 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Custom Latin America Civilization Essay Paper Sample
The future of Latin America changed dramatically during the period of 1819 to 1829. This was the period by which the Latin American states gained independence from the colonists. The war of independence began during the Napoleonic wars, which were characterized rather as a civil war than a revolt. The Spanish army had problems in fighting rebellion on the two continents that were vast in size redundancy. This was due to the determination of the local society to resist the rule of Spain in these colonies. The rebellion, thus, failed to recognize the Spanish Empire with the aim of establishing new independent states in Latin America.
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There was a contest that existed as there were some who wanted to stay with onarchy while there were others who wanted republicanism, as there was no family willing to replace the royal family. There was also the problem of creating a central government strong among the states. There was a distinction between the regions and nations, which had an adverse effect on politics due to the nation being artificial.
The success of gaining independence of the Latin America led to the uniting of these nations, but there emerged differences making each country a sovereign state. During this period of liberation, the economy of the new states was profoundly affected due to the different political institutions hindering development.
The trade block of the Spanish Empire had been destrooyed making the trade between the new states. This was due to the small population of the states with no incentives to prompt increased production. The result of independence did not bring regimes that were stable. The states that had emerged after independence collapsed due to struggle of centralism and federalism.
The new body of politics failed to incorporate the lower social classes, and this created battlefields between the conservatives and the liberals as they sought the creation of a dynamic society that was not divided by ethnic and social distinctions in quest for society transformation. These policies were not welcome by the natives as they had benefited from the protection that had been provided by the Spanish empire laws.
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Most popular orders | <urn:uuid:b6b7304d-2795-4590-a570-1ef30aac49fd> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://primewritings.com/essays/history-essays/latin-america-civilization.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250595787.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119234426-20200120022426-00064.warc.gz | en | 0.982406 | 443 | 3.359375 | 3 | [
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0.2961685061454... | 1 | Custom Latin America Civilization Essay Paper Sample
The future of Latin America changed dramatically during the period of 1819 to 1829. This was the period by which the Latin American states gained independence from the colonists. The war of independence began during the Napoleonic wars, which were characterized rather as a civil war than a revolt. The Spanish army had problems in fighting rebellion on the two continents that were vast in size redundancy. This was due to the determination of the local society to resist the rule of Spain in these colonies. The rebellion, thus, failed to recognize the Spanish Empire with the aim of establishing new independent states in Latin America.
Buy Latin America Civilization essay paper online
* Final order price might be slightly different depending on the current exchange rate of chosen payment system.
There was a contest that existed as there were some who wanted to stay with onarchy while there were others who wanted republicanism, as there was no family willing to replace the royal family. There was also the problem of creating a central government strong among the states. There was a distinction between the regions and nations, which had an adverse effect on politics due to the nation being artificial.
The success of gaining independence of the Latin America led to the uniting of these nations, but there emerged differences making each country a sovereign state. During this period of liberation, the economy of the new states was profoundly affected due to the different political institutions hindering development.
The trade block of the Spanish Empire had been destrooyed making the trade between the new states. This was due to the small population of the states with no incentives to prompt increased production. The result of independence did not bring regimes that were stable. The states that had emerged after independence collapsed due to struggle of centralism and federalism.
The new body of politics failed to incorporate the lower social classes, and this created battlefields between the conservatives and the liberals as they sought the creation of a dynamic society that was not divided by ethnic and social distinctions in quest for society transformation. These policies were not welcome by the natives as they had benefited from the protection that had been provided by the Spanish empire laws.
Related history-essays essays
Most popular orders | 444 | ENGLISH | 1 |
THE MAN who held in his hand the document of which this strange assemblage of letters formed the concluding paragraph remained for some moments lost in thought.
It contained about a hundred of these lines, with the letters at even distances, and undivided into words. It seemed to have been written many years before, and time had already laid his tawny finger on the sheet of good stout paper which was covered with the hieroglyphics. On what principle had these letters been arranged? He who held the paper was alone able to tell. With such cipher language it is as with the locks of some of our iron safes--in either case the protection is the same. The combinations which they lead to can be counted by millions, and no calculator's life would suffice to express them.
Some particular "word" has to be known before the lock of the safe will act, and some "cipher" is necessary before that cryptogram can be read.
He who had just reperused the document was but a simple "captain of the woods." Under the name of _"Capitaes do Mato"_ are known in Brazil those individuals who are engaged in the recapture of fugitive slaves. The institution dates from 1722. At that period anti-slavery ideas had entered the minds of a few philanthropists, and more than a century had to elapse before the mass of the people grasped and applied them. That freedom was a right, that the very first of the natural rights of man was to be free and to belong only to himself, would seem to be self-evident, and yet thousands of years had to pass before the glorious thought was generally accepted, and the nations of the earth had the courage to proclaim it.
In 1852, the year in which our story opens, there were still slaves in Brazil, and as a natural consequence, captains of the woods to pursue them. For certain reasons of political economy the hour of general emancipation had been delayed, but the black had at this date the right to ransom himself, the children which were born to him were born free. The day was not far distant when the magnificent country, into which could be put three-quarters of the continent of Europe, would no longer count a single slave among its ten millions of inhabitants.
The occupation of the captains of the woods was doomed, and at the period we speak of the advantages obtainable from the capture of fugitives were rapidly diminishing. While, however, the calling continued sufficiently profitable, the captains of the woods formed a peculiar class of adventurers, principally composed of freedmen and deserters--of not very enviable reputation. The slave hunters in fact belonged to the dregs of society, and we shall not be far wrong in assuming that the man with the cryptogram was a fitting comrade for his fellow _"capitaes do mato."_ Torres--for that was his name--unlike the majority of his companions, was neither half-breed, Indian, nor negro. He was a white of Brazilian origin, and had received a better education than befitted his present condition. One of those unclassed men who are found so frequently in the distant countries of the New World, at a time when the Brazilian law still excluded mulattoes and others of mixed blood from certain employments, it was evident that if such exclusion had affected him, it had done so on account of his worthless character, and not because of his birth. | <urn:uuid:0607f9e2-cf22-458c-8d6c-7a5762fd519b> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.visionnet-libros.com/index.php?route=product/product&product_id=5051&tag=Verne | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250626449.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124221147-20200125010147-00048.warc.gz | en | 0.990884 | 710 | 3.34375 | 3 | [
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0.01808070391... | 4 | THE MAN who held in his hand the document of which this strange assemblage of letters formed the concluding paragraph remained for some moments lost in thought.
It contained about a hundred of these lines, with the letters at even distances, and undivided into words. It seemed to have been written many years before, and time had already laid his tawny finger on the sheet of good stout paper which was covered with the hieroglyphics. On what principle had these letters been arranged? He who held the paper was alone able to tell. With such cipher language it is as with the locks of some of our iron safes--in either case the protection is the same. The combinations which they lead to can be counted by millions, and no calculator's life would suffice to express them.
Some particular "word" has to be known before the lock of the safe will act, and some "cipher" is necessary before that cryptogram can be read.
He who had just reperused the document was but a simple "captain of the woods." Under the name of _"Capitaes do Mato"_ are known in Brazil those individuals who are engaged in the recapture of fugitive slaves. The institution dates from 1722. At that period anti-slavery ideas had entered the minds of a few philanthropists, and more than a century had to elapse before the mass of the people grasped and applied them. That freedom was a right, that the very first of the natural rights of man was to be free and to belong only to himself, would seem to be self-evident, and yet thousands of years had to pass before the glorious thought was generally accepted, and the nations of the earth had the courage to proclaim it.
In 1852, the year in which our story opens, there were still slaves in Brazil, and as a natural consequence, captains of the woods to pursue them. For certain reasons of political economy the hour of general emancipation had been delayed, but the black had at this date the right to ransom himself, the children which were born to him were born free. The day was not far distant when the magnificent country, into which could be put three-quarters of the continent of Europe, would no longer count a single slave among its ten millions of inhabitants.
The occupation of the captains of the woods was doomed, and at the period we speak of the advantages obtainable from the capture of fugitives were rapidly diminishing. While, however, the calling continued sufficiently profitable, the captains of the woods formed a peculiar class of adventurers, principally composed of freedmen and deserters--of not very enviable reputation. The slave hunters in fact belonged to the dregs of society, and we shall not be far wrong in assuming that the man with the cryptogram was a fitting comrade for his fellow _"capitaes do mato."_ Torres--for that was his name--unlike the majority of his companions, was neither half-breed, Indian, nor negro. He was a white of Brazilian origin, and had received a better education than befitted his present condition. One of those unclassed men who are found so frequently in the distant countries of the New World, at a time when the Brazilian law still excluded mulattoes and others of mixed blood from certain employments, it was evident that if such exclusion had affected him, it had done so on account of his worthless character, and not because of his birth. | 707 | ENGLISH | 1 |
|Bishop of Rome|
|Papacy began||c. 157|
|Papacy ended||c. 20 April 168|
|Born||late 1st century|
|Died||c. 20 April 168|
Rome, Roman Empire
|Feast day||20 April (West)|
17 April (East)
|Attributes||Papal tiara, palm branch|
Pope Anicetus (died c. 20 April 168) was the Bishop of Rome from c. 157 to his death in 168.According to the Annuario Pontificio , the start of his papacy may have been 153. Anicetus actively opposed Gnosticism and Marcionism. He welcomed Polycarp of Smyrna to Rome, to discuss the controversy over the date for the celebration of Easter.
His name is Greek for unconquered (ἀ-νίκητος). According to the Liber Pontificalis , Anicetus was a Syrian from the city of Emesa (modern-day Homs).
According to Irenaeus, it was during his pontificate that the aged Polycarp of Smyrna, a disciple of John the Evangelist, visited Rome to discuss the celebration of Passover with Anicetus. Polycarp and his Church of Smyrna celebrated the crucifixion on the fourteenth day of Nisan, which coincides with Pesach (or Passover) regardless of which day of the week upon this date fell, while the Roman Church celebrated the Pasch on Sunday—the weekday of Jesus's resurrection. The two did not agree on a common date, but Anicetus conceded to Polycarp and the Church of Smyrna the ability to retain the date to which they were accustomed. The controversy was to grow heated in the following centuries.
The Christian historian Hegesippus also visited Rome during Anicetus's pontificate. This visit is often cited as a sign of the early importance of the Roman See.
Anicetus actively opposed the Gnostics and Marcionism.The Liber Pontificalis records that Anicetus decreed that priests are not allowed to have long hair (perhaps because the Gnostics wore long hair).
According to church tradition, Anicetus suffered martyrdom during the reign of the Roman Co-Emperor Lucius Verus, but there are no historical grounds for this account.16, 17 and 20 April are all cited as the date of his death, but 20 April is currently celebrated as his feast day. Before 1970, the date chosen was 17 April. The Liber Pontificalis states he was buried in the cemetery of Callistus.
Antipope Felix, an archdeacon of Rome, was installed as Pope in AD 355 after the Emperor Constantius II banished the reigning Pope, Liberius, for refusing to subscribe to a sentence of condemnation against Saint Athanasius.
Pope Linus was the second Bishop of Rome and Supreme Pontiff (Pope) of the Catholic Church.
Pope Alexander I was the Bishop of Rome from c. 107 to his death c. 115. The Holy See's Annuario Pontificio (2012) identifies him as a Roman who reigned from 108 or 109 to 116 or 119. Some believe he suffered martyrdom under the Roman Emperor Trajan or Hadrian, but this is improbable.
Pope Miltiades, also known as Melchiades the African, was Pope of the Catholic Church from 311 to his death in 314. It was during his pontificate that Emperor Constantine I issued the Edict of Milan (313), giving Christianity legal status within the Roman Empire. The Pope also received the palace of Empress Fausta where the Lateran Palace, the papal seat and residence of the papal administration, would be built. At the Lateran Council, during the schism with the Church of Carthage, Miltiades condemned the rebaptism of apostatised bishops and priests, teaching of Donatus Magnus.
Pope Pius I was the Bishop of Rome from c. 140 to his death c. 154, according to the Annuario Pontificio. His dates are listed as 142 or 146 to 157 or 161, respectively.
Pope Urban I was Bishop of Rome or Pope from 222 to 23 May 230. He was born in Rome and succeeded Pope Callixtus I, who had been martyred. It was previously believed for centuries that Urban I was also martyred. However, recent historical discoveries now lead scholars to believe that he died of natural causes.
Pope Victor I was Bishop of Rome and hence a pope, in the late second century. He was of Berber origin. The dates of his tenure are uncertain, but one source states he became pope in 189 and gives the year of his death as 199. He was the first bishop of Rome born in the Roman Province of Africa—probably in Leptis Magna. He was later considered a saint. His feast day was celebrated on 28 July as "St Victor I, Pope and Martyr".
Pope Felix I was the Bishop of Rome or Pope from 5 January 269 to his death in 274.
Polycarp was a 2nd-century Christian bishop of Smyrna. According to the Martyrdom of Polycarp, he died a martyr, bound and burned at the stake, then stabbed when the fire failed to consume his body. Polycarp is regarded as a saint and Church Father in the Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, Catholic, Anglican, and Lutheran churches. His name means "much fruit" in Greek.
Pope Soter was the Bishop of Rome from c. 167 to his death c. 174. According to the Annuario Pontificio, the dates may have ranged from 162–168 to 170–177. He was born in Fondi, Campania, today Lazio region, Italy. Soter is known for declaring that marriage was valid only as a sacrament blessed by a priest and also for formally inaugurating Easter as an annual festival in Rome. His name, from Greek Σωτήριος from σωτήρ "saviour", would be his baptismal name, as his lifetime predates the tradition of adopting papal names.
Pope Evaristus was Bishop of Rome of the Catholic Church, succeeding Clement I and holding office from c. 99 to his death c. 107. He was also known as Aristus. He is venerated as a saint in the Eastern Orthodox Church, the Catholic Church, and Oriental Orthodoxy. He is usually accorded the title of martyr; however, there is no confirmation of this. It is likely that he was the Bishop of Rome when John the Apostle died, marking the end of the apostolic Age.
Pope Telesphorus was the 8th Bishop of Rome of the Catholic Church from c. 126 to his death c. 137, during the reigns of Roman Emperors Hadrian and Antoninus Pius. He was of Greek ancestry and born in Terranova da Sibari, Calabria, Italy. The Carmelites venerate Telesphorus as a patron saint of the order since some sources depict him as a hermit living on Mount Carmel. He is also a Martyr according to the ancient testimony of Irenaeus.
Pope Anacletus, also known as Cletus, was the third Bishop of Rome, following Peter and Linus. Anacletus served as pope between c. 79 and his death, c. 92. Cletus was a Roman, who during his tenure as pope, is known to have ordained a number of priests and is traditionally credited with setting up about twenty-five parishes in Rome. Although the precise dates of his pontificate are uncertain, he "...died a martyr, perhaps about 91". Cletus is mentioned in the Roman Canon of the mass; his feast day is April 26.
Pope Zephyrinus was Bishop of Rome or pope from 199 to his death in 217. He was born in Rome. His predecessor was Pope Victor I. Upon his death on 20 December 217, he was succeeded by his principal advisor, Pope Callixtus I. He is known for combatting heresies and defending the divinity of Christ.
Pope Pontian was Pope from 21 July 230 to 28 September 235. In 235, during the persecution of Christians in the reign of the Emperor Maximinus Thrax, Pontian was arrested and sent to the island of Sardinia. He resigned to make the election of a new pope possible.
Pope Marcellinus was the Bishop of Rome or Pope from 30 June 296 to his death in 304. According to the Liberian Catalogue, he was a Roman, the son of a certain Projectus. His predecessor was Pope Caius.
Pope Hyginus was the Bishop of Rome of the Catholic Church from c. 138 to c. 142. Tradition holds that during his papacy he determined the various prerogatives of the clergy and defined the grades of the ecclesiastical hierarchy.
Pope Simplicius was pope from 468 to his death in 483. He was born in Tivoli, Italy, the son of a citizen named Castinus. Most of what is known of him personally is derived from the Liber Pontificalis.
Quartodecimanism refers to the custom of early Christians celebrating Passover beginning with the eve of the 14th day of Nisan.
Eusebius of Rome, the founder of the church on the Esquiline Hill in Rome that bears his name, is listed in the Roman Martyrology as one of the saints venerated on 14 August.
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pope Anicetus .|
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0.41569471... | 1 | |Bishop of Rome|
|Papacy began||c. 157|
|Papacy ended||c. 20 April 168|
|Born||late 1st century|
|Died||c. 20 April 168|
Rome, Roman Empire
|Feast day||20 April (West)|
17 April (East)
|Attributes||Papal tiara, palm branch|
Pope Anicetus (died c. 20 April 168) was the Bishop of Rome from c. 157 to his death in 168.According to the Annuario Pontificio , the start of his papacy may have been 153. Anicetus actively opposed Gnosticism and Marcionism. He welcomed Polycarp of Smyrna to Rome, to discuss the controversy over the date for the celebration of Easter.
His name is Greek for unconquered (ἀ-νίκητος). According to the Liber Pontificalis , Anicetus was a Syrian from the city of Emesa (modern-day Homs).
According to Irenaeus, it was during his pontificate that the aged Polycarp of Smyrna, a disciple of John the Evangelist, visited Rome to discuss the celebration of Passover with Anicetus. Polycarp and his Church of Smyrna celebrated the crucifixion on the fourteenth day of Nisan, which coincides with Pesach (or Passover) regardless of which day of the week upon this date fell, while the Roman Church celebrated the Pasch on Sunday—the weekday of Jesus's resurrection. The two did not agree on a common date, but Anicetus conceded to Polycarp and the Church of Smyrna the ability to retain the date to which they were accustomed. The controversy was to grow heated in the following centuries.
The Christian historian Hegesippus also visited Rome during Anicetus's pontificate. This visit is often cited as a sign of the early importance of the Roman See.
Anicetus actively opposed the Gnostics and Marcionism.The Liber Pontificalis records that Anicetus decreed that priests are not allowed to have long hair (perhaps because the Gnostics wore long hair).
According to church tradition, Anicetus suffered martyrdom during the reign of the Roman Co-Emperor Lucius Verus, but there are no historical grounds for this account.16, 17 and 20 April are all cited as the date of his death, but 20 April is currently celebrated as his feast day. Before 1970, the date chosen was 17 April. The Liber Pontificalis states he was buried in the cemetery of Callistus.
Antipope Felix, an archdeacon of Rome, was installed as Pope in AD 355 after the Emperor Constantius II banished the reigning Pope, Liberius, for refusing to subscribe to a sentence of condemnation against Saint Athanasius.
Pope Linus was the second Bishop of Rome and Supreme Pontiff (Pope) of the Catholic Church.
Pope Alexander I was the Bishop of Rome from c. 107 to his death c. 115. The Holy See's Annuario Pontificio (2012) identifies him as a Roman who reigned from 108 or 109 to 116 or 119. Some believe he suffered martyrdom under the Roman Emperor Trajan or Hadrian, but this is improbable.
Pope Miltiades, also known as Melchiades the African, was Pope of the Catholic Church from 311 to his death in 314. It was during his pontificate that Emperor Constantine I issued the Edict of Milan (313), giving Christianity legal status within the Roman Empire. The Pope also received the palace of Empress Fausta where the Lateran Palace, the papal seat and residence of the papal administration, would be built. At the Lateran Council, during the schism with the Church of Carthage, Miltiades condemned the rebaptism of apostatised bishops and priests, teaching of Donatus Magnus.
Pope Pius I was the Bishop of Rome from c. 140 to his death c. 154, according to the Annuario Pontificio. His dates are listed as 142 or 146 to 157 or 161, respectively.
Pope Urban I was Bishop of Rome or Pope from 222 to 23 May 230. He was born in Rome and succeeded Pope Callixtus I, who had been martyred. It was previously believed for centuries that Urban I was also martyred. However, recent historical discoveries now lead scholars to believe that he died of natural causes.
Pope Victor I was Bishop of Rome and hence a pope, in the late second century. He was of Berber origin. The dates of his tenure are uncertain, but one source states he became pope in 189 and gives the year of his death as 199. He was the first bishop of Rome born in the Roman Province of Africa—probably in Leptis Magna. He was later considered a saint. His feast day was celebrated on 28 July as "St Victor I, Pope and Martyr".
Pope Felix I was the Bishop of Rome or Pope from 5 January 269 to his death in 274.
Polycarp was a 2nd-century Christian bishop of Smyrna. According to the Martyrdom of Polycarp, he died a martyr, bound and burned at the stake, then stabbed when the fire failed to consume his body. Polycarp is regarded as a saint and Church Father in the Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, Catholic, Anglican, and Lutheran churches. His name means "much fruit" in Greek.
Pope Soter was the Bishop of Rome from c. 167 to his death c. 174. According to the Annuario Pontificio, the dates may have ranged from 162–168 to 170–177. He was born in Fondi, Campania, today Lazio region, Italy. Soter is known for declaring that marriage was valid only as a sacrament blessed by a priest and also for formally inaugurating Easter as an annual festival in Rome. His name, from Greek Σωτήριος from σωτήρ "saviour", would be his baptismal name, as his lifetime predates the tradition of adopting papal names.
Pope Evaristus was Bishop of Rome of the Catholic Church, succeeding Clement I and holding office from c. 99 to his death c. 107. He was also known as Aristus. He is venerated as a saint in the Eastern Orthodox Church, the Catholic Church, and Oriental Orthodoxy. He is usually accorded the title of martyr; however, there is no confirmation of this. It is likely that he was the Bishop of Rome when John the Apostle died, marking the end of the apostolic Age.
Pope Telesphorus was the 8th Bishop of Rome of the Catholic Church from c. 126 to his death c. 137, during the reigns of Roman Emperors Hadrian and Antoninus Pius. He was of Greek ancestry and born in Terranova da Sibari, Calabria, Italy. The Carmelites venerate Telesphorus as a patron saint of the order since some sources depict him as a hermit living on Mount Carmel. He is also a Martyr according to the ancient testimony of Irenaeus.
Pope Anacletus, also known as Cletus, was the third Bishop of Rome, following Peter and Linus. Anacletus served as pope between c. 79 and his death, c. 92. Cletus was a Roman, who during his tenure as pope, is known to have ordained a number of priests and is traditionally credited with setting up about twenty-five parishes in Rome. Although the precise dates of his pontificate are uncertain, he "...died a martyr, perhaps about 91". Cletus is mentioned in the Roman Canon of the mass; his feast day is April 26.
Pope Zephyrinus was Bishop of Rome or pope from 199 to his death in 217. He was born in Rome. His predecessor was Pope Victor I. Upon his death on 20 December 217, he was succeeded by his principal advisor, Pope Callixtus I. He is known for combatting heresies and defending the divinity of Christ.
Pope Pontian was Pope from 21 July 230 to 28 September 235. In 235, during the persecution of Christians in the reign of the Emperor Maximinus Thrax, Pontian was arrested and sent to the island of Sardinia. He resigned to make the election of a new pope possible.
Pope Marcellinus was the Bishop of Rome or Pope from 30 June 296 to his death in 304. According to the Liberian Catalogue, he was a Roman, the son of a certain Projectus. His predecessor was Pope Caius.
Pope Hyginus was the Bishop of Rome of the Catholic Church from c. 138 to c. 142. Tradition holds that during his papacy he determined the various prerogatives of the clergy and defined the grades of the ecclesiastical hierarchy.
Pope Simplicius was pope from 468 to his death in 483. He was born in Tivoli, Italy, the son of a citizen named Castinus. Most of what is known of him personally is derived from the Liber Pontificalis.
Quartodecimanism refers to the custom of early Christians celebrating Passover beginning with the eve of the 14th day of Nisan.
Eusebius of Rome, the founder of the church on the Esquiline Hill in Rome that bears his name, is listed in the Roman Martyrology as one of the saints venerated on 14 August.
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pope Anicetus .|
|Titles of the Great Christian Church|
| Bishop of Rome | | 2,208 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Highlighting the vital role that women have played in history is the goal of HerStory. Women have always been driven by their dreams and that has resulted in some amazing accomplishments. We draw inspiration and strength from those who have come before us. They re part of our own story. Only through an inclusive and balanced “history” can we know and celebrate how important women are and have always been in our country, society and the world. We celebrate Women’s History Month each year in March, and highlight the contributions of women in historical events as well as events in contemporary times. It is celebrated in the U.S., the U. K., and Australia.
In the U.S. Women’s History Month dates back to 1910/11 in remembrance of a strike of the International Ladies Garment Workers Union that took place in Chicago, known as the Hart, Schaffner and Marx strike. Women showed their capacity to unify ethnic boundaries in response to an industry infamous for low wages, long hours - sometimes in excess of 75 hours a week - and poor conditions. The strike began with sixteen women protesting, soon 2,100 others joined and eventually 41,000 women walked off the job and stayed out for 14 weeks until some of their demands for better conditions were met. Who says we can’t have our voices heard?
Later it commemorated the Triangle Shirtwaist Fire of 1911 in Manhattan when 146 women perished. They were mostly young, some only teens who were immigrants and some little or no english, and were working 12 hours a day, every single day. They either died in the fire that broke out of the eighth floor of the wood frame building, or died as a result of jumping out the windows to the sidewalks below. They couldn’t escape because the doors were locked to prevent them from stealing or taking unauthorized breaks. An unauthorized break often meant taking time out to run down 8 flights of stairs to use the outhouse located in the back yard of the factory.
In the words of former President Carter in 1980: “From the first settlers who came to our shores, from the First American Indian families who befriended them, men AND women have worked together to build this nation. Too often the women were unsung and sometimes their contributions went unnoticed. But the achievements, leadership, courage, strength and love of the women who built America was as vital as that of the men whose names we know well.” | <urn:uuid:91ac0854-4f30-4906-aeac-1a54620dbd57> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.herstory-online.com/single-post/2018/03/11/A-Little-HerStory-Around-Womens-History-Month | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250628549.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125011232-20200125040232-00253.warc.gz | en | 0.984872 | 500 | 3.75 | 4 | [
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0.0994575247168541... | 1 | Highlighting the vital role that women have played in history is the goal of HerStory. Women have always been driven by their dreams and that has resulted in some amazing accomplishments. We draw inspiration and strength from those who have come before us. They re part of our own story. Only through an inclusive and balanced “history” can we know and celebrate how important women are and have always been in our country, society and the world. We celebrate Women’s History Month each year in March, and highlight the contributions of women in historical events as well as events in contemporary times. It is celebrated in the U.S., the U. K., and Australia.
In the U.S. Women’s History Month dates back to 1910/11 in remembrance of a strike of the International Ladies Garment Workers Union that took place in Chicago, known as the Hart, Schaffner and Marx strike. Women showed their capacity to unify ethnic boundaries in response to an industry infamous for low wages, long hours - sometimes in excess of 75 hours a week - and poor conditions. The strike began with sixteen women protesting, soon 2,100 others joined and eventually 41,000 women walked off the job and stayed out for 14 weeks until some of their demands for better conditions were met. Who says we can’t have our voices heard?
Later it commemorated the Triangle Shirtwaist Fire of 1911 in Manhattan when 146 women perished. They were mostly young, some only teens who were immigrants and some little or no english, and were working 12 hours a day, every single day. They either died in the fire that broke out of the eighth floor of the wood frame building, or died as a result of jumping out the windows to the sidewalks below. They couldn’t escape because the doors were locked to prevent them from stealing or taking unauthorized breaks. An unauthorized break often meant taking time out to run down 8 flights of stairs to use the outhouse located in the back yard of the factory.
In the words of former President Carter in 1980: “From the first settlers who came to our shores, from the First American Indian families who befriended them, men AND women have worked together to build this nation. Too often the women were unsung and sometimes their contributions went unnoticed. But the achievements, leadership, courage, strength and love of the women who built America was as vital as that of the men whose names we know well.” | 515 | ENGLISH | 1 |
The first exhibit we saw when we entered the Last American Dinosaurs Exhibition in the Smithsonian Museum of Natural History was Hatcher, a 66 million something triceratops.
Hatcher looked impressive. His fossilized skeleton had a massive three horned head and a frill surrounding the back of his head. It looked full of vigor and life in spite of the lack of flesh and blood.
When Hatcher was alive he was about 9.5 feet tall with a length of 30 feet and a weight of 6 to 9 tons. He ate plants and resembled a rhino. He could run as fast as a rhino with a speed of 25 miles per hour. His had two large horns over his eyebrows, which were a formidable weapon and a third smaller horn growing on the end of his snout. This horn consisted of soft protein, called keratin. In fact, triceratops means “three horned face” in Greek.
Hatcher got his name after paleontologist John Bell Hatcher, who discovered this triceratops fossil in Wyoming. Hatcher was the first triceratops exhibited in the Natural History Museum. It was first exhibited in 1905. At that time Hatcher looked awkward because he was assembled from the bones of ten different triceratops. After 90 years on display Hatcher began falling apart. One day his pelvis fell to the floor, which surprised visitors standing around him. Scientists in the museum found out that Hatcher’s bones were affected by pyrite disease. After treatment and a 3-D scan of the entire skeleton, scientists were able to scale the bones and the head proportionately. Hatcher was back on display in 2001 posing with his head lowered to show off his formidable horns and his front leg raised, like he is going to attack an enemy.
Triceratops lived in the middle and late Cretaceous period, 68-66 million years ago. They went extinct after a huge, 7.5 miles wide asteroid struck the Earth in the sea near the Yucatan peninsula. The impact sent ash and dust into the atmosphere. This ash and dust blocked the sun and 75% of the existing species of animals and plants perished, including all dinosaurs.
Hatcher was not the only triceratops fossil discovered. Many triceratops fossils were found in the Hell Creek Formation in Montana and South Dakota. Skeletons of triceratops were also found in Saskatchewan and Alberta, Canada. Many fossils of Triceratops were found in the Laramie Formation in eastern Colorado.
Triceratops was preyed upon by Tyrannosaurus Rex.
Triceratops head was very large, about one third of the size of his entire body. With its frill it could reach 7 feet long.
The distinctive frill that surrounds the back of a triceratops head served as protection against attacks of the larger dinosaurs, such as Tyrannosaurus Rex. Many frills, which were excavated, revealed puncture wounds, made by Tyrannosaurus Rex’s serrated, banana shaped, long teeth. Frills also served as a display during the mating season, or signaled danger when predators approached. It flashed pink due to multiple blood vessels in the skin covering the bony frill.
Triceratops were herbivores and ate hundreds of pounds of vegetation every day. They had rows of teeth that sheared all of this food. When one row of teeth got worn out it was replaced by the adjacent row.
Tyrannosaurus Rex lived during the same time period as Triceratops, 68-66 million years ago, on a land mass called Laramidia. During that time North America was divided by the Western Interior Seaway which existed during the middle and late Cretaceous period. The western part was Laramidia and the eastern part was Appalachia. The sea was about 620 miles wide and extended from the Rockies to the Appalachians.
Fossils of Tyrannosaurus Rex were found in Montana, Wyoming, Utah, Colorado, New Mexico, and Texas. Fossils of these dinosaurs were also found in Saskatchewan and Alberta, and in Mongolia.
Inside the Natural History Museum, a skeleton of a T Rex stands in a threatening pose, with wide open jaws full of sharp teeth and ready to bite. This skeleton was found in the Hell Creek formation in North Dakota. Tyrannosaurus means “tyrant lizard” in Greek and Rex means “king” in Latin.
T Rex was on the top of a food chain and was a predator but also a scavenger. He preyed on triceratops, which was proved by T Rex’s tooth marks on a broken triceratops brow horn and his frill. Some triceratops skeletons were found with healed wounds inflicted by a T Rex. These indicate that some triceratops managed to survive attacks by T Rex. Also, a Tyrannosaurs tooth was found in healed wound of a duckbilled dinosaur’s tail bone discovered in the Hell Creek Formation.
Tyrannosaurus Rex had serrated teeth from 6 to 12 inches long and a very powerful bite with a force up to 12,800 pounds. This strong bite allowed him to tear and shear not only flesh but also to crush bones.
Tyrannosaurus Rex was one of the largest dinosaurs. Fully grown, he was about 40 feet long, up to 13 feet high and weighed about 9 tons.
Tyrannosaurus Rex’s arms were small. They were about 3 feet long but very strong and had two sharp claws. He gripped his prey and held it while biting and tearing their flesh.
T Rex had bad breath and a poisonous bite because pieces of flesh stuck in between his teeth became rotten. His saliva infected the wound of the attacked animal. Even though his prey might escape it could possibly die later from a blood infection.
A female T Rex was larger than a male T Rex and a few tons heavier. She had to carry and lay eggs.
Tyrannosaurus Rex had an exceptional sense of smell, like vultures which use their sense of smell to find carcasses to feed on.
T Rex had very acute, binocular vision, even better than that of an eagle. This enables them to see their prey way before the prey could see T Rex. Their vision was 13 times higher than that of a human.
Scientists made these conclusions based on the size and the shape of Tyrannosaurus Rex sculls and their eye sockets. Proportionally, their brain was one of the largest among all animals.
Fifty skeletons of T Rex were found in the Western part of the U.S. and possible footprints of them in New Mexico and Hell Creek.
Scientists have done extensive research on the speed that dinosaurs moved and concluded that Tyrannosaurus Rex most likely was not able to run due to his weight. The maximum speed T Rex could move was 12 miles per hour. Otherwise, his leg bones would break.
Triceratops Hatcher has been on display in the Smithsonian Museum for more than 113 year. He is going to move to the new “David H. Koch Hall of Fossils-Deep Time” which will be open in June 2019. Hatcher will be on display showing him in a deadly battle with a Tyrannosaurus Rex, which was discovered in Montana in 1988. This Tyrannosaurus Rex will be displayed with his foot stepping on Hatcher’s rib cage and pinning him to the ground. Six ribs will be broken by this powerful blow and T Rex’s sharp teeth will bite into Hatcher’s frill. Hatcher’s brow horn will be broken against the ground. In this position T Rex will decapitate Hatcher.
Even though there is no evidence that Hatcher died this way scientists of the museum wanted to dramatize the real life of the dinosaurs 66 million years ago.
I want to believe that Hatcher escaped death and fought back. He might have gouged T Rex with his long formidable horns and ran away into the thick jungle of ferns and palm trees. | <urn:uuid:997955cf-ba94-4db0-acb0-bcea47861910> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://travelhummingbirds.wordpress.com/2018/12/07/highlights-of-the-natural-history-museum-dinosaurs/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250595787.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119234426-20200120022426-00053.warc.gz | en | 0.980285 | 1,675 | 3.640625 | 4 | [
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0.378532558679580... | 4 | The first exhibit we saw when we entered the Last American Dinosaurs Exhibition in the Smithsonian Museum of Natural History was Hatcher, a 66 million something triceratops.
Hatcher looked impressive. His fossilized skeleton had a massive three horned head and a frill surrounding the back of his head. It looked full of vigor and life in spite of the lack of flesh and blood.
When Hatcher was alive he was about 9.5 feet tall with a length of 30 feet and a weight of 6 to 9 tons. He ate plants and resembled a rhino. He could run as fast as a rhino with a speed of 25 miles per hour. His had two large horns over his eyebrows, which were a formidable weapon and a third smaller horn growing on the end of his snout. This horn consisted of soft protein, called keratin. In fact, triceratops means “three horned face” in Greek.
Hatcher got his name after paleontologist John Bell Hatcher, who discovered this triceratops fossil in Wyoming. Hatcher was the first triceratops exhibited in the Natural History Museum. It was first exhibited in 1905. At that time Hatcher looked awkward because he was assembled from the bones of ten different triceratops. After 90 years on display Hatcher began falling apart. One day his pelvis fell to the floor, which surprised visitors standing around him. Scientists in the museum found out that Hatcher’s bones were affected by pyrite disease. After treatment and a 3-D scan of the entire skeleton, scientists were able to scale the bones and the head proportionately. Hatcher was back on display in 2001 posing with his head lowered to show off his formidable horns and his front leg raised, like he is going to attack an enemy.
Triceratops lived in the middle and late Cretaceous period, 68-66 million years ago. They went extinct after a huge, 7.5 miles wide asteroid struck the Earth in the sea near the Yucatan peninsula. The impact sent ash and dust into the atmosphere. This ash and dust blocked the sun and 75% of the existing species of animals and plants perished, including all dinosaurs.
Hatcher was not the only triceratops fossil discovered. Many triceratops fossils were found in the Hell Creek Formation in Montana and South Dakota. Skeletons of triceratops were also found in Saskatchewan and Alberta, Canada. Many fossils of Triceratops were found in the Laramie Formation in eastern Colorado.
Triceratops was preyed upon by Tyrannosaurus Rex.
Triceratops head was very large, about one third of the size of his entire body. With its frill it could reach 7 feet long.
The distinctive frill that surrounds the back of a triceratops head served as protection against attacks of the larger dinosaurs, such as Tyrannosaurus Rex. Many frills, which were excavated, revealed puncture wounds, made by Tyrannosaurus Rex’s serrated, banana shaped, long teeth. Frills also served as a display during the mating season, or signaled danger when predators approached. It flashed pink due to multiple blood vessels in the skin covering the bony frill.
Triceratops were herbivores and ate hundreds of pounds of vegetation every day. They had rows of teeth that sheared all of this food. When one row of teeth got worn out it was replaced by the adjacent row.
Tyrannosaurus Rex lived during the same time period as Triceratops, 68-66 million years ago, on a land mass called Laramidia. During that time North America was divided by the Western Interior Seaway which existed during the middle and late Cretaceous period. The western part was Laramidia and the eastern part was Appalachia. The sea was about 620 miles wide and extended from the Rockies to the Appalachians.
Fossils of Tyrannosaurus Rex were found in Montana, Wyoming, Utah, Colorado, New Mexico, and Texas. Fossils of these dinosaurs were also found in Saskatchewan and Alberta, and in Mongolia.
Inside the Natural History Museum, a skeleton of a T Rex stands in a threatening pose, with wide open jaws full of sharp teeth and ready to bite. This skeleton was found in the Hell Creek formation in North Dakota. Tyrannosaurus means “tyrant lizard” in Greek and Rex means “king” in Latin.
T Rex was on the top of a food chain and was a predator but also a scavenger. He preyed on triceratops, which was proved by T Rex’s tooth marks on a broken triceratops brow horn and his frill. Some triceratops skeletons were found with healed wounds inflicted by a T Rex. These indicate that some triceratops managed to survive attacks by T Rex. Also, a Tyrannosaurs tooth was found in healed wound of a duckbilled dinosaur’s tail bone discovered in the Hell Creek Formation.
Tyrannosaurus Rex had serrated teeth from 6 to 12 inches long and a very powerful bite with a force up to 12,800 pounds. This strong bite allowed him to tear and shear not only flesh but also to crush bones.
Tyrannosaurus Rex was one of the largest dinosaurs. Fully grown, he was about 40 feet long, up to 13 feet high and weighed about 9 tons.
Tyrannosaurus Rex’s arms were small. They were about 3 feet long but very strong and had two sharp claws. He gripped his prey and held it while biting and tearing their flesh.
T Rex had bad breath and a poisonous bite because pieces of flesh stuck in between his teeth became rotten. His saliva infected the wound of the attacked animal. Even though his prey might escape it could possibly die later from a blood infection.
A female T Rex was larger than a male T Rex and a few tons heavier. She had to carry and lay eggs.
Tyrannosaurus Rex had an exceptional sense of smell, like vultures which use their sense of smell to find carcasses to feed on.
T Rex had very acute, binocular vision, even better than that of an eagle. This enables them to see their prey way before the prey could see T Rex. Their vision was 13 times higher than that of a human.
Scientists made these conclusions based on the size and the shape of Tyrannosaurus Rex sculls and their eye sockets. Proportionally, their brain was one of the largest among all animals.
Fifty skeletons of T Rex were found in the Western part of the U.S. and possible footprints of them in New Mexico and Hell Creek.
Scientists have done extensive research on the speed that dinosaurs moved and concluded that Tyrannosaurus Rex most likely was not able to run due to his weight. The maximum speed T Rex could move was 12 miles per hour. Otherwise, his leg bones would break.
Triceratops Hatcher has been on display in the Smithsonian Museum for more than 113 year. He is going to move to the new “David H. Koch Hall of Fossils-Deep Time” which will be open in June 2019. Hatcher will be on display showing him in a deadly battle with a Tyrannosaurus Rex, which was discovered in Montana in 1988. This Tyrannosaurus Rex will be displayed with his foot stepping on Hatcher’s rib cage and pinning him to the ground. Six ribs will be broken by this powerful blow and T Rex’s sharp teeth will bite into Hatcher’s frill. Hatcher’s brow horn will be broken against the ground. In this position T Rex will decapitate Hatcher.
Even though there is no evidence that Hatcher died this way scientists of the museum wanted to dramatize the real life of the dinosaurs 66 million years ago.
I want to believe that Hatcher escaped death and fought back. He might have gouged T Rex with his long formidable horns and ran away into the thick jungle of ferns and palm trees. | 1,703 | ENGLISH | 1 |
The Stamp Act of 1765 was one of the major reasons for the American Revolution. The major reason for its controversy was the difference between the mentalities of people living in America and the people living in Britain.
America was colonized by the British by the late 1600s. Naturally, the people who settled in the colonies wanted to be treated as normal British citizens. By the 1750s the American colonists’ attitudes had changed. They believed they deserved autonomy in their matters and would be okay with a little regulatory oversight from Britain. There was also a constant disapproval of British policies and there was a common anger among everyone that no American colonist was in the British parliament to voice their issues. Most of all, they wanted the same treatment as British citizens since they actually were British citizens.
The British attitude, on the other hand, was of a conservative nature. They believed that a colony was supposed to be below the empire and its only purpose was to reap profits for the empire. They were, in fact, planning to stricten the regulations of trade and increase profits. The politicians of the time demanded the same.
This is where the Stamp Act comes in. The British were looking for a way to maximize their profits and introduced a law through which any piece of paper(newspaper, magazine, cigarette wrapping, legal documents, playing cards etc) used in the colonies would be exclusively manufactured in Britain bearing a stamp of the government and this paper would be taxed in all American states.
They made this tax look like funds for the British troops stationed in American colonies. This created a massive uproar and the colonists believed that they were not being treated as British citizens. There were protests everywhere, stamp duty officials were harassed and merchants declared an embargo on British goods. This act was repealed in 1766 though the damage had already been done.
I have also written an answer for the following question:
In 1765, the British government enacted and enforced the Stamp Act of 1765. Many colonists in America were already angry with the British for their other taxes. This tax was especially difficult because the taxes were used for the British military that were located in America.
the colonists were having to pay more for paper goods in order to keep the British military in America who they did not want there. It was controversial because the colonists were opposed to taxing without representation.
Therefore, the British government was forcing them to pay taxes and then pay taxes for the British military to be in America in which they wanted them gone. Unfortunately, eleven years later, the colonists would declare their freedom and go to war.
In 1765, the British government enacted and enforced the Stamp Act of 1765. Many colonists in America were already angry with the British for their other taxes. This tax was especially difficult...Read More | <urn:uuid:3bfac7f9-5dd9-401d-85b7-03f81e69e263> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.proprofs.com/discuss/q/1493189/why-was-stamp-act-controversial | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251696046.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127081933-20200127111933-00440.warc.gz | en | 0.991843 | 565 | 4.03125 | 4 | [
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0.1762635409832... | 1 | The Stamp Act of 1765 was one of the major reasons for the American Revolution. The major reason for its controversy was the difference between the mentalities of people living in America and the people living in Britain.
America was colonized by the British by the late 1600s. Naturally, the people who settled in the colonies wanted to be treated as normal British citizens. By the 1750s the American colonists’ attitudes had changed. They believed they deserved autonomy in their matters and would be okay with a little regulatory oversight from Britain. There was also a constant disapproval of British policies and there was a common anger among everyone that no American colonist was in the British parliament to voice their issues. Most of all, they wanted the same treatment as British citizens since they actually were British citizens.
The British attitude, on the other hand, was of a conservative nature. They believed that a colony was supposed to be below the empire and its only purpose was to reap profits for the empire. They were, in fact, planning to stricten the regulations of trade and increase profits. The politicians of the time demanded the same.
This is where the Stamp Act comes in. The British were looking for a way to maximize their profits and introduced a law through which any piece of paper(newspaper, magazine, cigarette wrapping, legal documents, playing cards etc) used in the colonies would be exclusively manufactured in Britain bearing a stamp of the government and this paper would be taxed in all American states.
They made this tax look like funds for the British troops stationed in American colonies. This created a massive uproar and the colonists believed that they were not being treated as British citizens. There were protests everywhere, stamp duty officials were harassed and merchants declared an embargo on British goods. This act was repealed in 1766 though the damage had already been done.
I have also written an answer for the following question:
In 1765, the British government enacted and enforced the Stamp Act of 1765. Many colonists in America were already angry with the British for their other taxes. This tax was especially difficult because the taxes were used for the British military that were located in America.
the colonists were having to pay more for paper goods in order to keep the British military in America who they did not want there. It was controversial because the colonists were opposed to taxing without representation.
Therefore, the British government was forcing them to pay taxes and then pay taxes for the British military to be in America in which they wanted them gone. Unfortunately, eleven years later, the colonists would declare their freedom and go to war.
In 1765, the British government enacted and enforced the Stamp Act of 1765. Many colonists in America were already angry with the British for their other taxes. This tax was especially difficult...Read More | 588 | ENGLISH | 1 |
INSTITUT NATIONAL DES SCIENCES APPLIQUÉES (INSA) DE LYONSolving equations is important in order for one to reach a solution to problems that arise in day-to-day practices and situations, through the study of arithmetic and geometric issues and even as a pastime. They can be found in the earliest written records of mathematics from the ancient civilizations of Egypt, Babylon, India and China. Algebra as a method for solving equations only came into being in the eighth century in the Arab world, thanks to Mohammad al-Khwarizmi. From this time until the sixteenth century, mathematicians successfully focused on deciphering equations of the second, third and fourth degrees, by finding formulas with radicals for the solutions. However, they found themselves at a loss in the face of equations of the fifth degree or higher. Between 1826 and 1832, thanks to the work of Niels Abel (1802-1829) and Évariste Galois (1811-1832), it was shown that it is impossible to have a general formula with radicals for equations of degrees greater than five. Galois was born 200 years ago and left a contribution, group theory, which is considered one of the major intellectual achievements of the mathematical sciences. His tragic death at the age of 20 and the belated publication of his few papers resulted in his only becoming acknowledged in the second half of the nineteenth century.
Galois was born in Bourg-la-Reine, near Paris. At school, he was a highly irregular student, although he could read important mathematicians such as Joseph-Louis Lagrange, Adrien-Marie Legendre, Augustin-Louis Cauchy and Friedrich Gauss with great ease. There are records from his rhetoric teacher complaining that, at the age of 16, it was useless trying to get him to become interested in any discipline: “A slave to his passion for mathematics, he totally disregarded everything else.” It was this passion that led him to a major ambition: finding a means of solving fifth degree equations. He also wanted to get into the Polytechnic School, the country’s main institution of higher education. Twice he tried, unsuccessfully, to be accepted. According to those who have studied his life, he was probably ill prepared for this. One of the complaints of his examiners was that he worked out a substantial portion of the calculations in his head and only gave them the results, without showing how the problem had been solved. This made his examiners incredulous and displeased them. He then chose the Preparatory School, a temporary name assigned to the Teacher’s College.
The militancy of Galois in favor of the Republic in monarchist France led to his being expelled from the institution and being imprisoned twice. Having fallen in love with Stéphanie Potterin du Motel, he was killed in a duel, though it is not known by whom exactly. One version of the story indicates that the challenger was someone close to the girl. Another states that it was a machination of the monarchists. A third says that Galois himself provoked his death to fuel a rebellion against king Charles X. The only thing that is clear is that he was hit by a bullet in the belly and died on May 30 of 1832, after 12 hours.
Galois wrote five small articles and three memoirs. Overall, his mathematical works total 60 pages. During his lifetime, only these short articles were published. After his death, his mother gave several manuscripts and three of his letters to August Chevalier, one of his friends. Two of these were about politics, and one was a summary of his memoirs and was published in the magazine Revue Encyclopédique, in September of 1832. Only in 1846 were all his works published in Journal de Mathématiques Pures et Appliquées.
“Galois was a genius and created a veritable conceptual revolution,” says the mathematician Ubiratan D’Ambrosio, professor emeritus of the State University of Campinas (Unicamp), who studies the subject. “His greatest originality was devising pure abstraction. He considers a set of objects, with no reference to their nature, and defines a law of composition, similar to multiplication tables, for such objects. He talks about their properties and thus introduces the concept of a group,” he explains. Over time, this theory gave rise to concepts connected to abstract structures, such as bodies, rings and others. “A new algebra emerged from group theory,” states D’Ambrosio.
Marcos Teixeira, from Paulista State University (Unesp) in Rio Claro, who researches the history of mathematics, says that through the association of a group of permutations with an equation, Galois was able, by studying the properties of this group, to determine the impossibility of a general formula for the solution of equations of a degree equal to or greater than five. “This was revolutionary, but at the time of Galois, as is the case with all novel theories, things were unclear, so that it took some time for them to mature and be accepted.”Republish | <urn:uuid:542c95ac-bace-417a-ae1c-098b84b34750> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://revistapesquisa.fapesp.br/en/2011/08/01/algebraic-obsessions/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250589861.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20200117152059-20200117180059-00165.warc.gz | en | 0.984204 | 1,087 | 3.265625 | 3 | [
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... | 5 | INSTITUT NATIONAL DES SCIENCES APPLIQUÉES (INSA) DE LYONSolving equations is important in order for one to reach a solution to problems that arise in day-to-day practices and situations, through the study of arithmetic and geometric issues and even as a pastime. They can be found in the earliest written records of mathematics from the ancient civilizations of Egypt, Babylon, India and China. Algebra as a method for solving equations only came into being in the eighth century in the Arab world, thanks to Mohammad al-Khwarizmi. From this time until the sixteenth century, mathematicians successfully focused on deciphering equations of the second, third and fourth degrees, by finding formulas with radicals for the solutions. However, they found themselves at a loss in the face of equations of the fifth degree or higher. Between 1826 and 1832, thanks to the work of Niels Abel (1802-1829) and Évariste Galois (1811-1832), it was shown that it is impossible to have a general formula with radicals for equations of degrees greater than five. Galois was born 200 years ago and left a contribution, group theory, which is considered one of the major intellectual achievements of the mathematical sciences. His tragic death at the age of 20 and the belated publication of his few papers resulted in his only becoming acknowledged in the second half of the nineteenth century.
Galois was born in Bourg-la-Reine, near Paris. At school, he was a highly irregular student, although he could read important mathematicians such as Joseph-Louis Lagrange, Adrien-Marie Legendre, Augustin-Louis Cauchy and Friedrich Gauss with great ease. There are records from his rhetoric teacher complaining that, at the age of 16, it was useless trying to get him to become interested in any discipline: “A slave to his passion for mathematics, he totally disregarded everything else.” It was this passion that led him to a major ambition: finding a means of solving fifth degree equations. He also wanted to get into the Polytechnic School, the country’s main institution of higher education. Twice he tried, unsuccessfully, to be accepted. According to those who have studied his life, he was probably ill prepared for this. One of the complaints of his examiners was that he worked out a substantial portion of the calculations in his head and only gave them the results, without showing how the problem had been solved. This made his examiners incredulous and displeased them. He then chose the Preparatory School, a temporary name assigned to the Teacher’s College.
The militancy of Galois in favor of the Republic in monarchist France led to his being expelled from the institution and being imprisoned twice. Having fallen in love with Stéphanie Potterin du Motel, he was killed in a duel, though it is not known by whom exactly. One version of the story indicates that the challenger was someone close to the girl. Another states that it was a machination of the monarchists. A third says that Galois himself provoked his death to fuel a rebellion against king Charles X. The only thing that is clear is that he was hit by a bullet in the belly and died on May 30 of 1832, after 12 hours.
Galois wrote five small articles and three memoirs. Overall, his mathematical works total 60 pages. During his lifetime, only these short articles were published. After his death, his mother gave several manuscripts and three of his letters to August Chevalier, one of his friends. Two of these were about politics, and one was a summary of his memoirs and was published in the magazine Revue Encyclopédique, in September of 1832. Only in 1846 were all his works published in Journal de Mathématiques Pures et Appliquées.
“Galois was a genius and created a veritable conceptual revolution,” says the mathematician Ubiratan D’Ambrosio, professor emeritus of the State University of Campinas (Unicamp), who studies the subject. “His greatest originality was devising pure abstraction. He considers a set of objects, with no reference to their nature, and defines a law of composition, similar to multiplication tables, for such objects. He talks about their properties and thus introduces the concept of a group,” he explains. Over time, this theory gave rise to concepts connected to abstract structures, such as bodies, rings and others. “A new algebra emerged from group theory,” states D’Ambrosio.
Marcos Teixeira, from Paulista State University (Unesp) in Rio Claro, who researches the history of mathematics, says that through the association of a group of permutations with an equation, Galois was able, by studying the properties of this group, to determine the impossibility of a general formula for the solution of equations of a degree equal to or greater than five. “This was revolutionary, but at the time of Galois, as is the case with all novel theories, things were unclear, so that it took some time for them to mature and be accepted.”Republish | 1,086 | ENGLISH | 1 |
- from Titanic
The night that the Titanic sailed into history was cold and moonless. The normally stormy Atlantic Ocean was flat and calm.
That Sunday was cold, but it had been a pleasant one for the passengers. They had spent their time in church services and relaxing. By 11 p.m., most of them were in bed.
First Officer William Murdoch was in charge on the bridge. That’s the control center at the front of a ship. At 11:40, the lookouts spotted the iceberg about 1,500 feet ahead. Murdoch reacted quickly. He put the engines in reverse and rang the warning bell. But less than 40 seconds later, the ship’s starboard side hit the iceberg. From that moment on, the Titanic was doomed. | <urn:uuid:a5639cc0-3d30-45ce-aebe-b2ce4b113f4f> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://online.kidsdiscover.com/unit/titanic/topic/disaster-strikes/1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251690379.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126195918-20200126225918-00304.warc.gz | en | 0.98397 | 159 | 3.3125 | 3 | [
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0.08800568431615... | 2 | - from Titanic
The night that the Titanic sailed into history was cold and moonless. The normally stormy Atlantic Ocean was flat and calm.
That Sunday was cold, but it had been a pleasant one for the passengers. They had spent their time in church services and relaxing. By 11 p.m., most of them were in bed.
First Officer William Murdoch was in charge on the bridge. That’s the control center at the front of a ship. At 11:40, the lookouts spotted the iceberg about 1,500 feet ahead. Murdoch reacted quickly. He put the engines in reverse and rang the warning bell. But less than 40 seconds later, the ship’s starboard side hit the iceberg. From that moment on, the Titanic was doomed. | 162 | ENGLISH | 1 |
A long time ago there lived a man in ancient Greece named Socrates. Socrates was a man of incredible wisdom and he devoted his life to the pursuit of enlightenment and truth. He was a great teacher of honor and principle, and a genius in the realm of rational logic. Once, Socrates created the workings of a complete functioning government, entirely in his mind, using only conversation with other people. These conversations were studiously recorded by one of his pupils, a man who we know today as Plato. Plato compiled them into one volume that he titled "The Republic" and it is considered one of the masterpieces of human literature today. Thomas Jefferson and others used much of it when they created the government of the United States in 1776.
Socrates fell from favor among the ruling elite in his home of Athens, Greece. He was brought to trial on trumped up charges, found guilty, and sentenced to die by drinking poison. Socrates could have easily left the country and lived elsewhere, but he was a man of principle. He reasoned that as a citizen of Greece, he was honor bound to obey its laws and judgments, even if flawed. At the appointed time, he drank the poison and died.
Socrates lived a life of honor and principle that few men have, or will ever, equal. Each of you needs to establish for yourselves a set of principles and a code of honor to likewise guide your daily actions and steer you down a straight path. The Ten Commandments, the Scout Oath and Law, are a good foundations upon which to build. As you travel home this evening, ponder what principles you will use to guide your life and the decisions you make. Then stick to them as you live your remaining days.
Good night, gentlemen. | <urn:uuid:b3d34539-15e0-4c27-b41b-36d602c76ae7> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | http://troop4673.org/troop_traditions/scoutmasters_minute/pages/principle_and_honor.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251694908.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127051112-20200127081112-00293.warc.gz | en | 0.983177 | 354 | 3.375 | 3 | [
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... | 1 | A long time ago there lived a man in ancient Greece named Socrates. Socrates was a man of incredible wisdom and he devoted his life to the pursuit of enlightenment and truth. He was a great teacher of honor and principle, and a genius in the realm of rational logic. Once, Socrates created the workings of a complete functioning government, entirely in his mind, using only conversation with other people. These conversations were studiously recorded by one of his pupils, a man who we know today as Plato. Plato compiled them into one volume that he titled "The Republic" and it is considered one of the masterpieces of human literature today. Thomas Jefferson and others used much of it when they created the government of the United States in 1776.
Socrates fell from favor among the ruling elite in his home of Athens, Greece. He was brought to trial on trumped up charges, found guilty, and sentenced to die by drinking poison. Socrates could have easily left the country and lived elsewhere, but he was a man of principle. He reasoned that as a citizen of Greece, he was honor bound to obey its laws and judgments, even if flawed. At the appointed time, he drank the poison and died.
Socrates lived a life of honor and principle that few men have, or will ever, equal. Each of you needs to establish for yourselves a set of principles and a code of honor to likewise guide your daily actions and steer you down a straight path. The Ten Commandments, the Scout Oath and Law, are a good foundations upon which to build. As you travel home this evening, ponder what principles you will use to guide your life and the decisions you make. Then stick to them as you live your remaining days.
Good night, gentlemen. | 359 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Levels of Literacy in African-American Literature - Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, Song of Solomon, and Push
Through literacy will come emancipation. So runs a theme throughout the various selections we have read thus far. But emancipation comes in many forms, as does literacy. The various aspects of academic literacy are rather obvious in relation to emancipation, especially when one is confronted with exclusion from membership in the dominant culture. In the various slave narratives we have examined, all but one writer, Mary Prince, managed to achieve academic literacy to varying degrees (although, Mary Prince was in the process of learning to read and write). And even though she was not literate, Mary was still able to have her story told. Frederick Douglass, made it a point to attain literacy at any cost. Most, but not all, of Toni Morrison's characters in Song of Solomon appear to have attained at least a modicum of literacy. In Push, Sapphire has her protagonist, Precious, pointed down a long road toward at least a minimal form of academic literacy that will allow her to become a more functional human being and a much more productive member of society. What part does literacy play in the advancement of the individual, and to what lengths will one go to achieve it? What part must the individual play to make certain that literacy leads to the desired or implied advancement? And, finally, is there a cost for literacy, or is it always something gained?
Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass
As a relatively young man, Frederick Douglass discovers, in his Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, that learning to read and write can be his path to freedom. Upon discovering that his wife has been teaching Douglass to read, his master, Mr. Auld, states that "[...] it was unlawful, as well as unsafe, to teach a slave to read" (274). Auld's reasoning is that being able to read would "[...] forever unfit him [Douglass] to be a slave. He would at once become unmanageable, and of no value to his master" (274). From Auld's admonitions, Douglass determines that his road to freedom is paved with words: "From that moment, I understood the pathway from slavery to freedom. [...] The very decided manner with which he spoke [...] served to convince me that he was deeply sensible of the truths he was uttering" (275). Douglass understands that he has everything to gain from literacy, especially the freedom that he desires above all else. His path will be difficult, though, since he will have to find ways to teach himself to read, but it becomes a quest for him.
Does Frederick Douglass have to pay a price to become literate? He states that he "[...] was compelled to resort to various stratagems [...]" to become literate and would "[...] [make] friends of all the little white boys whom I met in the street" (276). He would ply them with scraps of bread in his efforts to gain knowledge and would read... | <urn:uuid:b771590f-e9b4-44a8-9cc8-06084dacf108> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://brightkite.com/essay-on/essay-on-literacy-in-african-american-literature | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250628549.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125011232-20200125040232-00006.warc.gz | en | 0.984629 | 624 | 3.375 | 3 | [
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0.2446072697639... | 1 | Levels of Literacy in African-American Literature - Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, Song of Solomon, and Push
Through literacy will come emancipation. So runs a theme throughout the various selections we have read thus far. But emancipation comes in many forms, as does literacy. The various aspects of academic literacy are rather obvious in relation to emancipation, especially when one is confronted with exclusion from membership in the dominant culture. In the various slave narratives we have examined, all but one writer, Mary Prince, managed to achieve academic literacy to varying degrees (although, Mary Prince was in the process of learning to read and write). And even though she was not literate, Mary was still able to have her story told. Frederick Douglass, made it a point to attain literacy at any cost. Most, but not all, of Toni Morrison's characters in Song of Solomon appear to have attained at least a modicum of literacy. In Push, Sapphire has her protagonist, Precious, pointed down a long road toward at least a minimal form of academic literacy that will allow her to become a more functional human being and a much more productive member of society. What part does literacy play in the advancement of the individual, and to what lengths will one go to achieve it? What part must the individual play to make certain that literacy leads to the desired or implied advancement? And, finally, is there a cost for literacy, or is it always something gained?
Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass
As a relatively young man, Frederick Douglass discovers, in his Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, that learning to read and write can be his path to freedom. Upon discovering that his wife has been teaching Douglass to read, his master, Mr. Auld, states that "[...] it was unlawful, as well as unsafe, to teach a slave to read" (274). Auld's reasoning is that being able to read would "[...] forever unfit him [Douglass] to be a slave. He would at once become unmanageable, and of no value to his master" (274). From Auld's admonitions, Douglass determines that his road to freedom is paved with words: "From that moment, I understood the pathway from slavery to freedom. [...] The very decided manner with which he spoke [...] served to convince me that he was deeply sensible of the truths he was uttering" (275). Douglass understands that he has everything to gain from literacy, especially the freedom that he desires above all else. His path will be difficult, though, since he will have to find ways to teach himself to read, but it becomes a quest for him.
Does Frederick Douglass have to pay a price to become literate? He states that he "[...] was compelled to resort to various stratagems [...]" to become literate and would "[...] [make] friends of all the little white boys whom I met in the street" (276). He would ply them with scraps of bread in his efforts to gain knowledge and would read... | 628 | ENGLISH | 1 |
King John of England (aka John Lackland) ruled from 1199 to 1216 CE. The son of Henry II of England (r. 1154-1189 CE) and Eleanor of Aquitaine (c. 1122-1204 CE), John succeeded his elder brother Richard I of England (r. 1189-1199 CE) as king. John has gone down in history as one of the very worst kings ever to sit on the English throne, both for his character and his failures. He lost the Angevin-Plantagenet lands in France and so crippled England financially that the barons rebelled and forced him to sign the Magna Carta in 1215 CE. This charter limited royal power and emphasised the primacy of the law over all, including the monarchy. Another name frequently associated with the king is Robin Hood, the legendary outlaw who stole from the rich and gave to the poor, but there is little historical evidence of such a figure and, if he did exist, that he ever troubled John. Following his death while fleeing a French invasion force, King John was succeeded by his young son Henry III of England (r. 1216-1272 CE)
John was born on 24 December 1167 CE at Oxford, the youngest of four sons born to King Henry II of England and Eleanor of Aquitaine. Given no particular inheritance of note, he was nicknamed ‘LackLand’ meaning he had no lands, although his father did pack him off to Ireland in 1185 CE with the title Lord of Ireland. John, acting as viceroy, managed to upset both the English and Irish during his brief stay, and he was back in England after only four months in the job.
Rebellion Against Henry II
Richard and his younger brother John challenged their father Henry II in 1188-9 CE. The rebel sons formed an alliance with Philip II, the new King of France (r. 1180-1223 CE). The rebellion was supported by Eleanor of Aquitaine. Losing control of both Maine and Touraine, Henry eventually agreed to peace terms which recognised Richard as his sole heir. When the king died shortly after, Richard was crowned his successor in Westminster Abbey on 2 September 1189 CE. Also part of his kingdom were those lands in France still belonging to his family the Angevins (aka Plantagenets): Normandy, Maine, and Aquitaine. Richard refused to give John Aquitaine, as he had promised his father he would, and this only acerbated the rivalry between the two brothers.
Rebellion Against Richard & Succession
While Richard was fighting abroad during the Third Crusade (1189-1192 CE) and then held in captivity by the Holy Roman Emperor, John took the opportunity to try and usurp the throne. The help of Philip II of France did not prove decisive, though, and Richard’s able ministers Hubert Walter organised enough resistance to thwart the rebellion. When Richard returned briefly to England in 1194 CE, he forgave his brother his excessive ambition and even nominated him as his official successor.
In 1194 CE Richard campaigned in France to defend his Angevin-Plantagenet lands, but disaster struck during his siege of the castle of Chalus on 6 April 1199 CE. Hit by an arrow and dying of gangrene, Richard left no heir and so John was made the new king of England; he was crowned on 27 May 1199 CE at Westminster Abbey.
Philip II of France
John had married Isabella of Gloucester on 29 August 1189 CE and, obviously partial to the name, married Isabella of Angouleme (a county in Aquitaine) after his first marriage was annulled on 24 August 1200 CE. This second attachment proved troublesome for the English king since the second Isabella had been previously promised to a French count, Hugh de Lusignan, and so Philip II of France took exception to the wedding. Philip confiscated all of the territory in France then held by the English crown (John, like his Norman predecessors, was also the Duke of Normandy). John responded by sending an army but then once again spoiled relationships in 1203 CE by killing his 17-year old nephew Prince Arthur, the son of the late Geoffrey, Count of Brittany (1158-1186 CE), whom he saw as a threat with his claim to the English throne (which Philip II supported). This treachery cost John the support of many French barons, and with it all the English king’s lands north of the Loire River by 1206 CE.
The blow was one of prestige as well as territory, the king henceforward earning another derogatory nickname, ‘John Softsword’. This was perhaps a little unfair as John did manage to do some things right. He resisted the incursions of William the Lion, king of Scotland (r. 1165-1215 CE) into the north of England and forced him to accept John as his feudal overlord in September 1209 CE. Then he quashed the Irish rebellion of 1210 CE, infamously capturing the wife and eldest son of the rebellious baron William de Briouze and seemingly then allowing them to starve to death in captivity in Windsor Castle. John gained another impressive victory against the troublesome Welsh prince Llywelyn of Gwynedd, aka Llywelyn the Great (r. 1194-1240), in 1211 CE. Clearly, the medieval chroniclers who painted a dark picture of an evil and useless king were not quite telling the whole story. It is perhaps not a coincidence that these chroniclers were men of the cloth, and the medieval Church was the next enemy to be made by the king.
Pope Innocent II
Back in England, King John may not have been talentless but he was certainly managing to make himself one of the most unpopular kings in English history. The next group he upset was officials of the Church after his refusal to endorse Stephen Langton for the post of Archbishop of Canterbury. As Langton was the papal candidate, Pope Innocent III (r. 1198-1216 CE) excommunicated John in November 1209 CE and ordered the closure of all churches. The idea that the king was chosen by God to rule, the so-called divine right of kings, was looking a little problematic for John to use as a basis for his authority now that the Church had abandoned him. In 1212 CE the Pope even went so far as to declare that John had no longer any legal right to call himself king. The king backed down, Langton was appointed archbishop and John accepted that England and Ireland were fiefs of the Papacy.
Upsetting foreigners and the Church was par for the course for most medieval rulers but things really started to go badly for John when he began to upset the powerful barons. The king’s heavy taxation to pay for his French campaigns was crippling, even worse, there was no military gain to show for it. Another policy that irked the barons was the king’s creation of his own royal courts to rival local courts, thereby redirecting fines paid by the guilty away from the barons and into his own treasure chest. John was certainly inventive on measures to increase his revenue, he even upped the fee barons had to pay the king when their daughters married, and a young baron now had to pay a fee when he inherited his father’s property. If a baron died without an heir, the custom was to pass on the land to another noble but King John often kept such land for himself as long as possible, as he did with church lands. Merchants did not escape the king’s clutches either, and they had to bear a great increase in taxes, too.
Another defeat to the French in 1214 CE at Bouvines was the last straw. The failure brought about a major uprising of barons and overtaxed merchants who, supported by Alexander II, king of Scotland (r. 1214-1249 CE), marched to London, not to support the king in another invasion of Normandy as he had requested, but to oblige him to sign the Magna Carta at Runnymede on 15 June 1215 CE. This charter of liberties curbed the power of the monarch and protected the feudal rights of the barons. The king could no longer seize lands arbitrarily or impose unreasonable taxes without first consulting the barons. Henceforward, the king would also have to consult a defined body of laws and customs before making declarations and all freemen (but not serfs) would be protected from royal officers and have the right to a fair trial. Thus, the Magna Carta became a symbol of the rule of law as the ultimate sovereign. In return for these concessions, the king was allowed to keep his crown and Archbishop Langton absolved him of his excommunication. The barons may have been acting out of self-interest rather than the good of the commoner but their collective action was a milestone and the beginning of a long and bloody road towards a constitutional monarchy.
One name that is frequently associated with King John is Robin Hood, the legendary outlaw who stole from the rich and gave to the poor in the area of Sherwood Forest, Nottingham. Robin represented the common man, hence his weapon was the bow and not the sword of a medieval knight. Unfortunately for romantics, there probably was no such individual. The only historical reference within the complex web of legendary tales is that a man called Robert or Robin ‘Hood’ was a wanted criminal in Yorkshire in 1230 CE. It is true, though, that there were other similar cases of men living in forests outside the law, notably one Geoffrey du Parc in Feckenham Forest, Worcestershire around 1280 CE (who, incidentally, also had his own priest amongst his group just like Robin had Friar Tuck).
Whatever its basis in actual events, the legend was real enough from the 14th century CE onwards and, although receiving changes and embellishments over subsequent centuries, it has remained a very popular myth and a particular favourite of filmmakers. In the most common version of the tale, Robin lives with his band of merry men in the forest where they live by their own laws and so they do not pay excessive taxes and can hunt wild animals freely (which was prohibited by the Norman kings of England). Robin’s wife is Maid Marian and his enemy is the Sheriff of Nottingham, who is himself a representative of the nasty King John. The involvement of John is almost certainly a later addition, shifting the timing of the story to highlight the king’s rapacious tax laws and the imposition of his own royal law courts.
Another connection with John, and another twist to the tale, is that Robin was actually of noble birth but had his lands taken from his family by the king as he schemed to oust his brother Richard while he and Robin were away on the Third Crusade. This later 16th-century CE embellishment may have been a reaction from the aristocracy, who were already a bit miffed about the popularity of a tale where the commoners get the upper hand; essentially then, Robin was made one of them, hence his success. A very similar story is told for the knight Fulk Fitzwarin (c. 1160–1258) who rebelled against King John and dwelt in a forest in Shropshire. Clearly, if any good-hearted rebel in English medieval literature needed a villain to go up against, John was the most popular candidate.
Barons’ War & Death
Back to the actual history of John’s reign. The king had still not quite grasped the principles of statehood, as shown when he went back on his word and ignored what he had signed in the Magna Carta. Inevitably, the barons sought to rid themselves of their sovereign, they refused to give up their occupation of London, and they invited another candidate, Prince Louis, son of Philip (and future Louis VIII of France, r. 1223-1226 CE) to be their king. A civil war broke out, often called the First Barons’ War, between supporters of the two royal persons, and although John famously besieged and captured mighty Rochester Castle in October-November 1215 CE, Louis grabbed southeast England, including the Tower of London, and proclaimed himself king in May 1216 CE. In the same year, Louis managed to grab back Rochester Castle for the rebel cause. The hapless John even managed to lose some of the Crown Jewels in a river as he fled from Lincoln in October. Catching a fever, the king died on 18 October 1216 CE at Newark Castle; he was just 48. The dead and unlamented king was buried in Worcester Cathedral, as requested in his will. King John is the subject and title of a play by William Shakespeare (1564-1616 CE).
John was succeeded by his son Henry III (b. 1207 CE) who was crowned king on 28 October 1216 CE in Gloucester Cathedral. Henry, despite being only nine years old and having to pick up the pieces of a broken kingdom, would defeat the remaining rebel barons at Lincoln in May 1217 CE and go on to reign for 56 years until 1272 CE. | <urn:uuid:f322090d-c009-4d5b-8bc0-3f602003b0dd> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.ancient.eu/King_John_of_England/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250613416.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123191130-20200123220130-00288.warc.gz | en | 0.98415 | 2,738 | 3.6875 | 4 | [
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0.0591908693313... | 5 | King John of England (aka John Lackland) ruled from 1199 to 1216 CE. The son of Henry II of England (r. 1154-1189 CE) and Eleanor of Aquitaine (c. 1122-1204 CE), John succeeded his elder brother Richard I of England (r. 1189-1199 CE) as king. John has gone down in history as one of the very worst kings ever to sit on the English throne, both for his character and his failures. He lost the Angevin-Plantagenet lands in France and so crippled England financially that the barons rebelled and forced him to sign the Magna Carta in 1215 CE. This charter limited royal power and emphasised the primacy of the law over all, including the monarchy. Another name frequently associated with the king is Robin Hood, the legendary outlaw who stole from the rich and gave to the poor, but there is little historical evidence of such a figure and, if he did exist, that he ever troubled John. Following his death while fleeing a French invasion force, King John was succeeded by his young son Henry III of England (r. 1216-1272 CE)
John was born on 24 December 1167 CE at Oxford, the youngest of four sons born to King Henry II of England and Eleanor of Aquitaine. Given no particular inheritance of note, he was nicknamed ‘LackLand’ meaning he had no lands, although his father did pack him off to Ireland in 1185 CE with the title Lord of Ireland. John, acting as viceroy, managed to upset both the English and Irish during his brief stay, and he was back in England after only four months in the job.
Rebellion Against Henry II
Richard and his younger brother John challenged their father Henry II in 1188-9 CE. The rebel sons formed an alliance with Philip II, the new King of France (r. 1180-1223 CE). The rebellion was supported by Eleanor of Aquitaine. Losing control of both Maine and Touraine, Henry eventually agreed to peace terms which recognised Richard as his sole heir. When the king died shortly after, Richard was crowned his successor in Westminster Abbey on 2 September 1189 CE. Also part of his kingdom were those lands in France still belonging to his family the Angevins (aka Plantagenets): Normandy, Maine, and Aquitaine. Richard refused to give John Aquitaine, as he had promised his father he would, and this only acerbated the rivalry between the two brothers.
Rebellion Against Richard & Succession
While Richard was fighting abroad during the Third Crusade (1189-1192 CE) and then held in captivity by the Holy Roman Emperor, John took the opportunity to try and usurp the throne. The help of Philip II of France did not prove decisive, though, and Richard’s able ministers Hubert Walter organised enough resistance to thwart the rebellion. When Richard returned briefly to England in 1194 CE, he forgave his brother his excessive ambition and even nominated him as his official successor.
In 1194 CE Richard campaigned in France to defend his Angevin-Plantagenet lands, but disaster struck during his siege of the castle of Chalus on 6 April 1199 CE. Hit by an arrow and dying of gangrene, Richard left no heir and so John was made the new king of England; he was crowned on 27 May 1199 CE at Westminster Abbey.
Philip II of France
John had married Isabella of Gloucester on 29 August 1189 CE and, obviously partial to the name, married Isabella of Angouleme (a county in Aquitaine) after his first marriage was annulled on 24 August 1200 CE. This second attachment proved troublesome for the English king since the second Isabella had been previously promised to a French count, Hugh de Lusignan, and so Philip II of France took exception to the wedding. Philip confiscated all of the territory in France then held by the English crown (John, like his Norman predecessors, was also the Duke of Normandy). John responded by sending an army but then once again spoiled relationships in 1203 CE by killing his 17-year old nephew Prince Arthur, the son of the late Geoffrey, Count of Brittany (1158-1186 CE), whom he saw as a threat with his claim to the English throne (which Philip II supported). This treachery cost John the support of many French barons, and with it all the English king’s lands north of the Loire River by 1206 CE.
The blow was one of prestige as well as territory, the king henceforward earning another derogatory nickname, ‘John Softsword’. This was perhaps a little unfair as John did manage to do some things right. He resisted the incursions of William the Lion, king of Scotland (r. 1165-1215 CE) into the north of England and forced him to accept John as his feudal overlord in September 1209 CE. Then he quashed the Irish rebellion of 1210 CE, infamously capturing the wife and eldest son of the rebellious baron William de Briouze and seemingly then allowing them to starve to death in captivity in Windsor Castle. John gained another impressive victory against the troublesome Welsh prince Llywelyn of Gwynedd, aka Llywelyn the Great (r. 1194-1240), in 1211 CE. Clearly, the medieval chroniclers who painted a dark picture of an evil and useless king were not quite telling the whole story. It is perhaps not a coincidence that these chroniclers were men of the cloth, and the medieval Church was the next enemy to be made by the king.
Pope Innocent II
Back in England, King John may not have been talentless but he was certainly managing to make himself one of the most unpopular kings in English history. The next group he upset was officials of the Church after his refusal to endorse Stephen Langton for the post of Archbishop of Canterbury. As Langton was the papal candidate, Pope Innocent III (r. 1198-1216 CE) excommunicated John in November 1209 CE and ordered the closure of all churches. The idea that the king was chosen by God to rule, the so-called divine right of kings, was looking a little problematic for John to use as a basis for his authority now that the Church had abandoned him. In 1212 CE the Pope even went so far as to declare that John had no longer any legal right to call himself king. The king backed down, Langton was appointed archbishop and John accepted that England and Ireland were fiefs of the Papacy.
Upsetting foreigners and the Church was par for the course for most medieval rulers but things really started to go badly for John when he began to upset the powerful barons. The king’s heavy taxation to pay for his French campaigns was crippling, even worse, there was no military gain to show for it. Another policy that irked the barons was the king’s creation of his own royal courts to rival local courts, thereby redirecting fines paid by the guilty away from the barons and into his own treasure chest. John was certainly inventive on measures to increase his revenue, he even upped the fee barons had to pay the king when their daughters married, and a young baron now had to pay a fee when he inherited his father’s property. If a baron died without an heir, the custom was to pass on the land to another noble but King John often kept such land for himself as long as possible, as he did with church lands. Merchants did not escape the king’s clutches either, and they had to bear a great increase in taxes, too.
Another defeat to the French in 1214 CE at Bouvines was the last straw. The failure brought about a major uprising of barons and overtaxed merchants who, supported by Alexander II, king of Scotland (r. 1214-1249 CE), marched to London, not to support the king in another invasion of Normandy as he had requested, but to oblige him to sign the Magna Carta at Runnymede on 15 June 1215 CE. This charter of liberties curbed the power of the monarch and protected the feudal rights of the barons. The king could no longer seize lands arbitrarily or impose unreasonable taxes without first consulting the barons. Henceforward, the king would also have to consult a defined body of laws and customs before making declarations and all freemen (but not serfs) would be protected from royal officers and have the right to a fair trial. Thus, the Magna Carta became a symbol of the rule of law as the ultimate sovereign. In return for these concessions, the king was allowed to keep his crown and Archbishop Langton absolved him of his excommunication. The barons may have been acting out of self-interest rather than the good of the commoner but their collective action was a milestone and the beginning of a long and bloody road towards a constitutional monarchy.
One name that is frequently associated with King John is Robin Hood, the legendary outlaw who stole from the rich and gave to the poor in the area of Sherwood Forest, Nottingham. Robin represented the common man, hence his weapon was the bow and not the sword of a medieval knight. Unfortunately for romantics, there probably was no such individual. The only historical reference within the complex web of legendary tales is that a man called Robert or Robin ‘Hood’ was a wanted criminal in Yorkshire in 1230 CE. It is true, though, that there were other similar cases of men living in forests outside the law, notably one Geoffrey du Parc in Feckenham Forest, Worcestershire around 1280 CE (who, incidentally, also had his own priest amongst his group just like Robin had Friar Tuck).
Whatever its basis in actual events, the legend was real enough from the 14th century CE onwards and, although receiving changes and embellishments over subsequent centuries, it has remained a very popular myth and a particular favourite of filmmakers. In the most common version of the tale, Robin lives with his band of merry men in the forest where they live by their own laws and so they do not pay excessive taxes and can hunt wild animals freely (which was prohibited by the Norman kings of England). Robin’s wife is Maid Marian and his enemy is the Sheriff of Nottingham, who is himself a representative of the nasty King John. The involvement of John is almost certainly a later addition, shifting the timing of the story to highlight the king’s rapacious tax laws and the imposition of his own royal law courts.
Another connection with John, and another twist to the tale, is that Robin was actually of noble birth but had his lands taken from his family by the king as he schemed to oust his brother Richard while he and Robin were away on the Third Crusade. This later 16th-century CE embellishment may have been a reaction from the aristocracy, who were already a bit miffed about the popularity of a tale where the commoners get the upper hand; essentially then, Robin was made one of them, hence his success. A very similar story is told for the knight Fulk Fitzwarin (c. 1160–1258) who rebelled against King John and dwelt in a forest in Shropshire. Clearly, if any good-hearted rebel in English medieval literature needed a villain to go up against, John was the most popular candidate.
Barons’ War & Death
Back to the actual history of John’s reign. The king had still not quite grasped the principles of statehood, as shown when he went back on his word and ignored what he had signed in the Magna Carta. Inevitably, the barons sought to rid themselves of their sovereign, they refused to give up their occupation of London, and they invited another candidate, Prince Louis, son of Philip (and future Louis VIII of France, r. 1223-1226 CE) to be their king. A civil war broke out, often called the First Barons’ War, between supporters of the two royal persons, and although John famously besieged and captured mighty Rochester Castle in October-November 1215 CE, Louis grabbed southeast England, including the Tower of London, and proclaimed himself king in May 1216 CE. In the same year, Louis managed to grab back Rochester Castle for the rebel cause. The hapless John even managed to lose some of the Crown Jewels in a river as he fled from Lincoln in October. Catching a fever, the king died on 18 October 1216 CE at Newark Castle; he was just 48. The dead and unlamented king was buried in Worcester Cathedral, as requested in his will. King John is the subject and title of a play by William Shakespeare (1564-1616 CE).
John was succeeded by his son Henry III (b. 1207 CE) who was crowned king on 28 October 1216 CE in Gloucester Cathedral. Henry, despite being only nine years old and having to pick up the pieces of a broken kingdom, would defeat the remaining rebel barons at Lincoln in May 1217 CE and go on to reign for 56 years until 1272 CE. | 2,884 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Bohemia, a part of the Czech Republic (formerly part of Czechoslovakia, formerly part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, originally part of the Czech kingdom of Bohemia), became famous for its beautiful and colorful glass during the Renaissance. The glass history of Bohemian began with the abundant natural resources found in the countryside.
Bohemian glass-workers discovered potash combined with chalk and created a clear colorless glass that was more stable than Italian glass. In the 16th century the term Bohemian glass emerged for the first time in history to distinguish its qualities from the glass coming from other places. This glass does not contain lead as is commonly suspected. This Czech glass could be cut with a wheel. Resources such as wood for firing the kilns were used to cook the ovens and burn the ashes to create the potash. There were also large amounts of limestone and silica.
In the 17th century, Caspar Lehmann, gem cutter for Emperor Rodolfo II in Prague, adapted the technique of engraving gems with copper and bronze wheels for glass. During that time, the Czech lands became the main producer of decorative glass articles and the local manufacture of glass gained high international reputation in the Baroque style from 1685 to 1750. Bohemian glass was becoming a success.
Certainly Czech glassware became as prestigious as jewelry and was coveted by the rich and the aristocracy of the time. As a result Czech crystal chandeliers could be found in the palaces of French King Louis XV, Empress Maria Teresa of Austria and Isabel of Russia.
Bohemia turned out expert craftsmen who artfully worked with crystal. Bohemian glass became famous for its excellent cut and engraving. Therefore they became skilled teachers of glass-making in neighbouring and distant countries. By the midle os the 19th century, a technical glass-making school system was created that encouraged traditional and innovative techniques as well as thorough technical preparation.
In the second half of the 19th century, Bohemian glass in general and especially colored glass produced in series was exported all over the world. Certainly many pairs of vases were produced either in a single color of opaque glass or in two-color coated glass. These were densely decorated with enameled flowers that were painted with great speed. Others were decorated with colored lithographs copied from famous paintings. These glass objects were made in huge quantities in large factories and were available by mail order throughout Europe and America. Many of them were not fine art, but provide low-cost decorative objects necessary to illuminate common homes. Reverse glass painting was also a Czech specialty. The image is carefully painted by hand on the back of a pane of glass, using a variety of techniques and materials, after which the painting is mounted in a bevelled wooden frame.
Bohemia maintained the primacy in the decoration carved to the wheel thanks to artisans like Dominik Biemann, and also practiced other techniques, such as cased glass, which were copied by European and American factories. The chemical advances facilitated the development of new opaque colored glass similar to semiprecious stones. Pieces with paint applications and transparent enamels were decorated as an analogy to the revival of Gothic stained glass.
The artisanal glass remained at a high level, even with the arrival of the Communists because it was considered ideologically harmless and helped to promote the good name of the country. Czech designers and glass manufacturers enjoyed international recognition and Czech glassware including works of art such as sculptures were shown and rewarded in numerous international exhibitions, especially at Expo 58 Universal Exhibition in Brussels and at Expo 67 in Montreal.
Currently, Czech crystal chandeliers hang, for example, in Milan’s La Scala, in Rome’s Opera Theater, in Versailles, in the Hermitage Museum in St. Petersburg or in the royal palace in Riyadh. Various types of glassware, glass art, ornaments, figures, jewelry, beads and many others are also still highly valued internationally. | <urn:uuid:bc5cee99-7f75-45c7-a99d-8c83ec5f9695> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://madforglass.com/index.php/bohemian-glass-czech-austrian-german | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251688806.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126104828-20200126134828-00449.warc.gz | en | 0.981088 | 817 | 3.28125 | 3 | [
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0.05874953046... | 15 | Bohemia, a part of the Czech Republic (formerly part of Czechoslovakia, formerly part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, originally part of the Czech kingdom of Bohemia), became famous for its beautiful and colorful glass during the Renaissance. The glass history of Bohemian began with the abundant natural resources found in the countryside.
Bohemian glass-workers discovered potash combined with chalk and created a clear colorless glass that was more stable than Italian glass. In the 16th century the term Bohemian glass emerged for the first time in history to distinguish its qualities from the glass coming from other places. This glass does not contain lead as is commonly suspected. This Czech glass could be cut with a wheel. Resources such as wood for firing the kilns were used to cook the ovens and burn the ashes to create the potash. There were also large amounts of limestone and silica.
In the 17th century, Caspar Lehmann, gem cutter for Emperor Rodolfo II in Prague, adapted the technique of engraving gems with copper and bronze wheels for glass. During that time, the Czech lands became the main producer of decorative glass articles and the local manufacture of glass gained high international reputation in the Baroque style from 1685 to 1750. Bohemian glass was becoming a success.
Certainly Czech glassware became as prestigious as jewelry and was coveted by the rich and the aristocracy of the time. As a result Czech crystal chandeliers could be found in the palaces of French King Louis XV, Empress Maria Teresa of Austria and Isabel of Russia.
Bohemia turned out expert craftsmen who artfully worked with crystal. Bohemian glass became famous for its excellent cut and engraving. Therefore they became skilled teachers of glass-making in neighbouring and distant countries. By the midle os the 19th century, a technical glass-making school system was created that encouraged traditional and innovative techniques as well as thorough technical preparation.
In the second half of the 19th century, Bohemian glass in general and especially colored glass produced in series was exported all over the world. Certainly many pairs of vases were produced either in a single color of opaque glass or in two-color coated glass. These were densely decorated with enameled flowers that were painted with great speed. Others were decorated with colored lithographs copied from famous paintings. These glass objects were made in huge quantities in large factories and were available by mail order throughout Europe and America. Many of them were not fine art, but provide low-cost decorative objects necessary to illuminate common homes. Reverse glass painting was also a Czech specialty. The image is carefully painted by hand on the back of a pane of glass, using a variety of techniques and materials, after which the painting is mounted in a bevelled wooden frame.
Bohemia maintained the primacy in the decoration carved to the wheel thanks to artisans like Dominik Biemann, and also practiced other techniques, such as cased glass, which were copied by European and American factories. The chemical advances facilitated the development of new opaque colored glass similar to semiprecious stones. Pieces with paint applications and transparent enamels were decorated as an analogy to the revival of Gothic stained glass.
The artisanal glass remained at a high level, even with the arrival of the Communists because it was considered ideologically harmless and helped to promote the good name of the country. Czech designers and glass manufacturers enjoyed international recognition and Czech glassware including works of art such as sculptures were shown and rewarded in numerous international exhibitions, especially at Expo 58 Universal Exhibition in Brussels and at Expo 67 in Montreal.
Currently, Czech crystal chandeliers hang, for example, in Milan’s La Scala, in Rome’s Opera Theater, in Versailles, in the Hermitage Museum in St. Petersburg or in the royal palace in Riyadh. Various types of glassware, glass art, ornaments, figures, jewelry, beads and many others are also still highly valued internationally. | 818 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Rosa Parks is best remembered as the African American woman who refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man. It was 1955 in the segregated South and the start of the Montgomery bus boycott.
That moment made her the face of the civil rights movement — but there was much more to her than that single act of defiance.
As a young girl in Alabama in the 1920s, Parks often stayed up all night, helping her grandfather Sylvester Edwards keep watch. In the years after World War I, the Ku Klux Klan rode throughout black communities, terrorizing families, burning churches and homes.
The two wanted to be prepared, so her grandfather "always had his shotgun within hand's reach," Parks wrote when she was 6 or 7. "I wanted to see him kill a Ku-Kluxer. He declared the first to invade our home would surely die."
This handwritten note is among the documents, photos and heirlooms such as her family's Bible now on display in Rosa Parks: In Her Own Words. The new exhibit at the Library of Congress in Washington, D.C., aims to reveal the real person behind the civil rights icon known by many only as a demure seamstress.
"She was a radical. She maintained a calm demeanor," says Adrienne Cannon, the exhibit's curator. "But beneath the surface was always that militant spirit, and that buoyed her, and that guided her throughout her life."
Parks was "feisty," says Carla Hayden, the 14th librarian of Congress. "It becomes clear as you walk through the exhibit that her family were feisty people. These were not folks who sit by and let things happen to them."
In fact, Hayden points out, in the 1950s, in the segregated South and with the threat of physical harm, it took immense courage to fight publicly for civil rights.
"At that point, you get a sense that she was making a conscious decision, that she was going to do what she could to help others. And she was going to take the risk," Hayden says.
On Dec. 1, 1955, 42-year-old Parks boarded a bus in Montgomery, Ala., and stayed seated when she was told move to the back of the vehicle.
"I had been pushed around all my life," she wrote later, reflecting on the incident, "and felt at this moment that I couldn't take it anymore."
She was arrested on charges of civil disobedience. At the Library of Congress exhibit, her arrest record and fingerprints are interspersed between her handwritten notes.
"I sat in a little room with bars before I was moved to a cell with two other women," she remembered. "I felt that I had been deserted, but I did not cry."
Political buttons, brochures and photographs in the exhibit show how the civil rights movement rallied around Parks as she faced consequences from her arrest.
"People have a view of Rosa Parks as this very sedate woman with a purse. And that's the iconic image, and she was just tired," says Hayden, referring to the common explanation given for why Parks did not move.
"What this exhibit does is show you that there was so much more to Rosa Parks — in terms of her belief in civil rights, her determination and also the hardships that she endured because of that."
Parks' commitment to the civil rights movement continued throughout her life. She spoke at NAACP meetings around the country and stayed involved in civil rights cases on a national level. As photos from the exhibit show, she struck close friendships with prominent activists such as Angela Davis and Stokely Carmichael. In 1995, at age 82, she spoke at the Million Man March. Parks died a decade later, in 2005.
"She was active politically and she was right up to the minute," Hayden says. "Rosa Parks kept her hand in the game a little bit."
Erin Covey, Kelli Wessinger and Dalia Mortada produced and edited this story for broadcast. Maureen Pao edited the digital story. | <urn:uuid:36ed90ef-9d35-48d8-afed-e8132083f0bf> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.wvpe.org/post/rosa-parks-her-own-words-reveals-real-person-behind-icon | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251671078.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125071430-20200125100430-00340.warc.gz | en | 0.990263 | 840 | 3.34375 | 3 | [
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... | 3 | Rosa Parks is best remembered as the African American woman who refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man. It was 1955 in the segregated South and the start of the Montgomery bus boycott.
That moment made her the face of the civil rights movement — but there was much more to her than that single act of defiance.
As a young girl in Alabama in the 1920s, Parks often stayed up all night, helping her grandfather Sylvester Edwards keep watch. In the years after World War I, the Ku Klux Klan rode throughout black communities, terrorizing families, burning churches and homes.
The two wanted to be prepared, so her grandfather "always had his shotgun within hand's reach," Parks wrote when she was 6 or 7. "I wanted to see him kill a Ku-Kluxer. He declared the first to invade our home would surely die."
This handwritten note is among the documents, photos and heirlooms such as her family's Bible now on display in Rosa Parks: In Her Own Words. The new exhibit at the Library of Congress in Washington, D.C., aims to reveal the real person behind the civil rights icon known by many only as a demure seamstress.
"She was a radical. She maintained a calm demeanor," says Adrienne Cannon, the exhibit's curator. "But beneath the surface was always that militant spirit, and that buoyed her, and that guided her throughout her life."
Parks was "feisty," says Carla Hayden, the 14th librarian of Congress. "It becomes clear as you walk through the exhibit that her family were feisty people. These were not folks who sit by and let things happen to them."
In fact, Hayden points out, in the 1950s, in the segregated South and with the threat of physical harm, it took immense courage to fight publicly for civil rights.
"At that point, you get a sense that she was making a conscious decision, that she was going to do what she could to help others. And she was going to take the risk," Hayden says.
On Dec. 1, 1955, 42-year-old Parks boarded a bus in Montgomery, Ala., and stayed seated when she was told move to the back of the vehicle.
"I had been pushed around all my life," she wrote later, reflecting on the incident, "and felt at this moment that I couldn't take it anymore."
She was arrested on charges of civil disobedience. At the Library of Congress exhibit, her arrest record and fingerprints are interspersed between her handwritten notes.
"I sat in a little room with bars before I was moved to a cell with two other women," she remembered. "I felt that I had been deserted, but I did not cry."
Political buttons, brochures and photographs in the exhibit show how the civil rights movement rallied around Parks as she faced consequences from her arrest.
"People have a view of Rosa Parks as this very sedate woman with a purse. And that's the iconic image, and she was just tired," says Hayden, referring to the common explanation given for why Parks did not move.
"What this exhibit does is show you that there was so much more to Rosa Parks — in terms of her belief in civil rights, her determination and also the hardships that she endured because of that."
Parks' commitment to the civil rights movement continued throughout her life. She spoke at NAACP meetings around the country and stayed involved in civil rights cases on a national level. As photos from the exhibit show, she struck close friendships with prominent activists such as Angela Davis and Stokely Carmichael. In 1995, at age 82, she spoke at the Million Man March. Parks died a decade later, in 2005.
"She was active politically and she was right up to the minute," Hayden says. "Rosa Parks kept her hand in the game a little bit."
Erin Covey, Kelli Wessinger and Dalia Mortada produced and edited this story for broadcast. Maureen Pao edited the digital story. | 842 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Recent changes in the way that retired military and police dogs are handled has brought more questions about dogs of war in general. A brief glimpse back in time can help demonstrate just how useful these furry soldiers have been, though they don’t always get the recognition they deserve.
There are records that recognize the use of dogs in war as early as 120 B.C. The king of Arvernii, King Bituito, led an attack on the Fabius-led Romans with an army made entirely of dogs. During these times, dogs weren’t always trained for specific skills, and they certainly weren’t the purse-riding dogs that are seen so frequently today. Instead, they were garbed in armor that was sometimes covered with spikes. Throughout history, canines were primarily used for attacking and tracking, but as time went on, trainers were able to hone the skills of these dogs so that they could perform specific tasks.
Specific breeds and functions
When dogs were used primarily for attack purposes, military leaders relied on larger breeds, as did the Romans, who used the Molossus because of its large, intimidating stature. The Cimmerians looked to Lydian dogs in 600 B.C. to serve them in battle. As breeds were developed for specific purposes, the Collies became useful for any military task that involved seeking something or someone out and returning to the base. Since they were bred for use in herding sheep, they were already comfortable with the concept of going out to perform a task before returning to a specific spot. As time went on and more information was gathered about the acute sense of smell that canines enjoy, smaller dogs began their training for use as trackers. Since dogs naturally enjoy a sense of smell that humans can only dream of, they were perfect for this task. Smaller dogs were even more useful than the larger ones because they naturally stand so much closer to the ground, making their tracking abilities even more productive than larger dogs that are further away from the ground.
British school of training
Edwin Richardson had always had an interest in the concept of dogs that were used for military purposes. When he married a fellow animal lover, Blanche Bannon, his fate was sealed. In 1900, he began the process of training dogs to perform military services. He would take them to army camps in order to assess their practical skills and identify areas that needed more attention. The soldiers seemed to enjoy the presence of the dogs and often used them to retrieve flasks and return them to be refilled. Some of the officers were overly impressed, so much so that they began writing letters to their superiors in an effort to bring dogs into the military and train them for specific purposes. Their letters did not go unnoticed.
By the beginning of the Great War, the British War Dog School was in session. By the end of the first month of the war in 1914, the first British war dogs made their way into France. Soon, the War Office appealed to the public and to shelters for more dogs. People began sending their dogs in with much the same attitude that they sent their sons, husbands and fathers. Even veterans sent their furry companions to help in the war effort, declaring that since they could no longer serve themselves, their companions could go in their stead.
These dogs weren’t entered and trained for battle but for other tasks that humans either couldn’t do or didn’t have the best skill set for doing. Most frequently, they were used to send and deliver messages. When the fields were covered in blinding smoke and gunfire, and the towers were down or otherwise out of order, it wasn’t humans that could cross the lines to deliver messages. Dogs that rely on their acute sense of smell were able to cross the lines and get messages to areas they had never been in before. If it weren’t for these dedicated animals, communication during these times would have been nonexistent.
Modern military dogs
As of today, there are about 2,500 dogs in service between the military and law enforcement. They receive strict training and, like humans in basic training, not all of them make the cut. Since they were used during the Civil War to protect, deliver messages, and guard prisons, some still perform those duties today. They are also used to track down mines, sniff out drugs and for a wide variety of other tasks.
Surplus and ownership
One of the most important questions concerning military dogs and other dogs of service is what happens when they can no longer serve. In the past, when the wars were over or the dogs had outlived their usefulness as military servants, they were euthanized after being labeled as military surplus. Today’s laws prevent that from happening. Instead, military dogs are offered to law enforcement entities for use in the field. Those that can no longer be used in the field are first offered to their handlers, the people they have worked with during their term of service. Since these dogs are usually trained to attack those they think may attack their handlers, it’s important that they don’t just go to an average family to be treated as a common pet.
As much dedication and sacrifice as these canines have offered over the years, it has only recently become obvious that many of these “soldiers” suffer from the same afflictions as human veterans. PTSD and anxiety disorders sometimes develop as a result of their service, most particularly in animals that have explored mine fields or been in the midst of combat. Today, some of those dogs are honored with medals and a pleasant retirement with their handlers. As civilians who enjoy the privilege that their efforts have afforded us, it’s important to voice our respect and appreciation to these canines that make sacrifices for freedoms they don’t even understand. | <urn:uuid:7f3321cd-f7c0-4aad-b906-ba4916cd88a1> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | http://st-magazine.com/k9-soldiers/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251688806.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126104828-20200126134828-00412.warc.gz | en | 0.987346 | 1,182 | 3.421875 | 3 | [
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0.27463456988334... | 9 | Recent changes in the way that retired military and police dogs are handled has brought more questions about dogs of war in general. A brief glimpse back in time can help demonstrate just how useful these furry soldiers have been, though they don’t always get the recognition they deserve.
There are records that recognize the use of dogs in war as early as 120 B.C. The king of Arvernii, King Bituito, led an attack on the Fabius-led Romans with an army made entirely of dogs. During these times, dogs weren’t always trained for specific skills, and they certainly weren’t the purse-riding dogs that are seen so frequently today. Instead, they were garbed in armor that was sometimes covered with spikes. Throughout history, canines were primarily used for attacking and tracking, but as time went on, trainers were able to hone the skills of these dogs so that they could perform specific tasks.
Specific breeds and functions
When dogs were used primarily for attack purposes, military leaders relied on larger breeds, as did the Romans, who used the Molossus because of its large, intimidating stature. The Cimmerians looked to Lydian dogs in 600 B.C. to serve them in battle. As breeds were developed for specific purposes, the Collies became useful for any military task that involved seeking something or someone out and returning to the base. Since they were bred for use in herding sheep, they were already comfortable with the concept of going out to perform a task before returning to a specific spot. As time went on and more information was gathered about the acute sense of smell that canines enjoy, smaller dogs began their training for use as trackers. Since dogs naturally enjoy a sense of smell that humans can only dream of, they were perfect for this task. Smaller dogs were even more useful than the larger ones because they naturally stand so much closer to the ground, making their tracking abilities even more productive than larger dogs that are further away from the ground.
British school of training
Edwin Richardson had always had an interest in the concept of dogs that were used for military purposes. When he married a fellow animal lover, Blanche Bannon, his fate was sealed. In 1900, he began the process of training dogs to perform military services. He would take them to army camps in order to assess their practical skills and identify areas that needed more attention. The soldiers seemed to enjoy the presence of the dogs and often used them to retrieve flasks and return them to be refilled. Some of the officers were overly impressed, so much so that they began writing letters to their superiors in an effort to bring dogs into the military and train them for specific purposes. Their letters did not go unnoticed.
By the beginning of the Great War, the British War Dog School was in session. By the end of the first month of the war in 1914, the first British war dogs made their way into France. Soon, the War Office appealed to the public and to shelters for more dogs. People began sending their dogs in with much the same attitude that they sent their sons, husbands and fathers. Even veterans sent their furry companions to help in the war effort, declaring that since they could no longer serve themselves, their companions could go in their stead.
These dogs weren’t entered and trained for battle but for other tasks that humans either couldn’t do or didn’t have the best skill set for doing. Most frequently, they were used to send and deliver messages. When the fields were covered in blinding smoke and gunfire, and the towers were down or otherwise out of order, it wasn’t humans that could cross the lines to deliver messages. Dogs that rely on their acute sense of smell were able to cross the lines and get messages to areas they had never been in before. If it weren’t for these dedicated animals, communication during these times would have been nonexistent.
Modern military dogs
As of today, there are about 2,500 dogs in service between the military and law enforcement. They receive strict training and, like humans in basic training, not all of them make the cut. Since they were used during the Civil War to protect, deliver messages, and guard prisons, some still perform those duties today. They are also used to track down mines, sniff out drugs and for a wide variety of other tasks.
Surplus and ownership
One of the most important questions concerning military dogs and other dogs of service is what happens when they can no longer serve. In the past, when the wars were over or the dogs had outlived their usefulness as military servants, they were euthanized after being labeled as military surplus. Today’s laws prevent that from happening. Instead, military dogs are offered to law enforcement entities for use in the field. Those that can no longer be used in the field are first offered to their handlers, the people they have worked with during their term of service. Since these dogs are usually trained to attack those they think may attack their handlers, it’s important that they don’t just go to an average family to be treated as a common pet.
As much dedication and sacrifice as these canines have offered over the years, it has only recently become obvious that many of these “soldiers” suffer from the same afflictions as human veterans. PTSD and anxiety disorders sometimes develop as a result of their service, most particularly in animals that have explored mine fields or been in the midst of combat. Today, some of those dogs are honored with medals and a pleasant retirement with their handlers. As civilians who enjoy the privilege that their efforts have afforded us, it’s important to voice our respect and appreciation to these canines that make sacrifices for freedoms they don’t even understand. | 1,160 | ENGLISH | 1 |
The story of human settlement on the subantarctic islands is a tale of dreams blighted by the realities of climate and soil.
The first people to arrive appear to have been Polynesian. Investigations in 1998 and 2003 discovered ovens and middens in the dunes behind Sandy Bay on Enderby Island in the Auckland Islands. They were dated to the 13th or 14th centuries, the period when mainland New Zealand was first settled. There are no traces from later periods so it seems almost certain that settlement was short-lived.
British navigator James Cook probed far into southern waters on his second voyage (1772–75) but did not come across any of the islands. They were discovered by two of his officers on follow-up voyages. On 19 September 1788 Lieutenant William Bligh on HMS Bounty, heading from Van Diemen’s Land (Tasmania) to Tahiti to pick up breadfruit trees, sighted the Bounty Islands and named them after his ship, which was to become famous for a mutiny seven months later. Three years later, on 23 November 1791, another of Cook’s officers, Commander George Vancouver, also heading to Tahiti, discovered islands that he named ‘The Snares’ because he thought they were a shipping hazard.
All in a name?
Frederick Hasselburg discovered Campbell Island in a sealing brig called Perseverance. It was an appropriate name. On 4 January 1810 the boat left a gang of seven sealers on the island. Distracted by his discovery of Macquarie Island, Hasselburg did not return to pick up the sealers until late October. He drowned some days later. In September 1828, almost 19 years after discovering the place, the Perseverance was wrecked at Campbell Island, the only wreck ever reported there. The main harbour of the island was named after the vessel.
The settlement and exploitation of the Australian colonies led to subsequent discoveries. On 26 March 1800 Captain Henry Waterhouse discovered the Antipodes Islands on his way back to Portsmouth in a Royal Navy sloop that had been based in Sydney. Waterhouse named them Isle Penantipode because they were so close to the antipodes of London (directly opposite London on the globe).
The biggest islands were the last to be found. Captain Abraham Bristow, who worked for the sealing and whaling firm S. Enderby and Sons, discovered islands on 18 August 1806 which he named after his father’s friend, Lord Auckland. In late December 1809, sealing captain Frederick Hasselburg discovered an island which he named after his employers, Campbell & Co. of Sydney. Six months later Hasselburg discovered Macquarie Island.
Waterhouse had noted seals at the Antipodes Islands, and with Bass Strait sealing on the wane, Sydney sealers turned to the subantarctic islands. Their focus was the New Zealand fur seal, whose skins were used for hats. The prize catch was six-month-old cubs killed in autumn, whose skins were sent direct to China. Those of older males caught later in the year often went to London. Some oil, used for lighting, was also occasionally taken.
It has been estimated that half of the fur seals caught in the New Zealand sealing trade were taken in the subantarctic islands. The Antipodes Islands contributed 27% of the total haul, Macquarie Island 14%, the Bounty Islands 4%, the Auckland Islands 3% and Campbell Island 2%.
The rush south began with three gangs dropped on the Antipodes Islands in February 1805. Over the next two years up to 80 sealers lived there. The slaughter was huge. Attention then turned to the Bounty and Auckland islands, but by 1810 catches were falling, and neither matched the Antipodes, which alone provided over 330,000 skins. From 1810 there was brief interest in Campbell Island, but for a year or so Macquarie Island was far more fruitful. By about 1812 the rush was over. There were revivals in 1823–26, and again, less intensively, in the 1870s and 1880s, when there was a brief trade in penguin skins used for ladies’ muffs.
The early slaughter had long-term effects – as early as 1830, Benjamin Morrell found not a single fur seal at the Auckland Islands. | <urn:uuid:658a7ef8-6385-475e-b302-3ae00da864bd> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://teara.govt.nz/mi/subantarctic-islands/page-4 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250615407.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124040939-20200124065939-00536.warc.gz | en | 0.981669 | 904 | 3.96875 | 4 | [
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0.46498188376426... | 12 | The story of human settlement on the subantarctic islands is a tale of dreams blighted by the realities of climate and soil.
The first people to arrive appear to have been Polynesian. Investigations in 1998 and 2003 discovered ovens and middens in the dunes behind Sandy Bay on Enderby Island in the Auckland Islands. They were dated to the 13th or 14th centuries, the period when mainland New Zealand was first settled. There are no traces from later periods so it seems almost certain that settlement was short-lived.
British navigator James Cook probed far into southern waters on his second voyage (1772–75) but did not come across any of the islands. They were discovered by two of his officers on follow-up voyages. On 19 September 1788 Lieutenant William Bligh on HMS Bounty, heading from Van Diemen’s Land (Tasmania) to Tahiti to pick up breadfruit trees, sighted the Bounty Islands and named them after his ship, which was to become famous for a mutiny seven months later. Three years later, on 23 November 1791, another of Cook’s officers, Commander George Vancouver, also heading to Tahiti, discovered islands that he named ‘The Snares’ because he thought they were a shipping hazard.
All in a name?
Frederick Hasselburg discovered Campbell Island in a sealing brig called Perseverance. It was an appropriate name. On 4 January 1810 the boat left a gang of seven sealers on the island. Distracted by his discovery of Macquarie Island, Hasselburg did not return to pick up the sealers until late October. He drowned some days later. In September 1828, almost 19 years after discovering the place, the Perseverance was wrecked at Campbell Island, the only wreck ever reported there. The main harbour of the island was named after the vessel.
The settlement and exploitation of the Australian colonies led to subsequent discoveries. On 26 March 1800 Captain Henry Waterhouse discovered the Antipodes Islands on his way back to Portsmouth in a Royal Navy sloop that had been based in Sydney. Waterhouse named them Isle Penantipode because they were so close to the antipodes of London (directly opposite London on the globe).
The biggest islands were the last to be found. Captain Abraham Bristow, who worked for the sealing and whaling firm S. Enderby and Sons, discovered islands on 18 August 1806 which he named after his father’s friend, Lord Auckland. In late December 1809, sealing captain Frederick Hasselburg discovered an island which he named after his employers, Campbell & Co. of Sydney. Six months later Hasselburg discovered Macquarie Island.
Waterhouse had noted seals at the Antipodes Islands, and with Bass Strait sealing on the wane, Sydney sealers turned to the subantarctic islands. Their focus was the New Zealand fur seal, whose skins were used for hats. The prize catch was six-month-old cubs killed in autumn, whose skins were sent direct to China. Those of older males caught later in the year often went to London. Some oil, used for lighting, was also occasionally taken.
It has been estimated that half of the fur seals caught in the New Zealand sealing trade were taken in the subantarctic islands. The Antipodes Islands contributed 27% of the total haul, Macquarie Island 14%, the Bounty Islands 4%, the Auckland Islands 3% and Campbell Island 2%.
The rush south began with three gangs dropped on the Antipodes Islands in February 1805. Over the next two years up to 80 sealers lived there. The slaughter was huge. Attention then turned to the Bounty and Auckland islands, but by 1810 catches were falling, and neither matched the Antipodes, which alone provided over 330,000 skins. From 1810 there was brief interest in Campbell Island, but for a year or so Macquarie Island was far more fruitful. By about 1812 the rush was over. There were revivals in 1823–26, and again, less intensively, in the 1870s and 1880s, when there was a brief trade in penguin skins used for ladies’ muffs.
The early slaughter had long-term effects – as early as 1830, Benjamin Morrell found not a single fur seal at the Auckland Islands. | 975 | ENGLISH | 1 |
A common complaint from teachers and parents is that their children act impulsively, often shouting out answers before thinking the problem through or starting a task before they instructions had been given in full. This impulsivity may cause them to be disruptive in a classroom environment and take making seemingly “careless” mistakes during tests and exams.
Here are two of the techniques I have often used with a fair amount of success.
- Count to five: When you ask your child a question or when he is presented with a homework question say something like: “I’m going to ask you a question, but I want you to count to five in your head before you answer me”. This forced pause usually allows the brain to think the answer through more thoroughly.
- Paraphrase instructions. When giving your child an instruction, be sure to make good eye contact with him and ensure that he is paying attention to what you are saying. Then ask him to repeat your instruction in his own words, to help him make sure that he really understands what is expected of him before allowing him to continue.
Anel Annandale is a prominent Educational Psychologist with a passion for early childhood development and a special interest in neuropsychology.
She is experienced in the field and has established herself as an expert, often appearing on television shows such as Exspresso. She is also available as a guest speaker at relevant events and functions. | <urn:uuid:903ddb0a-7086-4ec7-8eac-f086dab78395> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | http://www.childpsych.co.za/parent-guidance-2/quick-tips-curb-impulsivity/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251672440.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125101544-20200125130544-00304.warc.gz | en | 0.985484 | 292 | 3.53125 | 4 | [
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0.696048855781555... | 1 | A common complaint from teachers and parents is that their children act impulsively, often shouting out answers before thinking the problem through or starting a task before they instructions had been given in full. This impulsivity may cause them to be disruptive in a classroom environment and take making seemingly “careless” mistakes during tests and exams.
Here are two of the techniques I have often used with a fair amount of success.
- Count to five: When you ask your child a question or when he is presented with a homework question say something like: “I’m going to ask you a question, but I want you to count to five in your head before you answer me”. This forced pause usually allows the brain to think the answer through more thoroughly.
- Paraphrase instructions. When giving your child an instruction, be sure to make good eye contact with him and ensure that he is paying attention to what you are saying. Then ask him to repeat your instruction in his own words, to help him make sure that he really understands what is expected of him before allowing him to continue.
Anel Annandale is a prominent Educational Psychologist with a passion for early childhood development and a special interest in neuropsychology.
She is experienced in the field and has established herself as an expert, often appearing on television shows such as Exspresso. She is also available as a guest speaker at relevant events and functions. | 280 | ENGLISH | 1 |
The Cataphract was a special kind of heavy armoured cavalry soldier that was used throughout the ancient and medieval times.
Traditionally, a Cataphract wore the kind of armour where both the rider and the steed were draped in special scale armour from head to toe. This kind of heavy armour was later used by knights during the medieval times in Europe.
The Cataphract is derived from the Greek word “kataphraktos” which literally means covered or protected and is sometimes also translated as “fully armoured” or “close from all sides”. The term Cataphracts was also used in the Roman Republic for armoured cavalry men of all sorts, although eventually it came to be associated with cavalry men having special kinds of heavy armour.
Cataphract Medieval Soldiers were part of the cavalry and were covered in plate armour similar to medieval knights.
The history of the Cataphract soldier extends back to ancient Persia. Various kingdoms such as Parthian, Achaemenid, Scythians, and others used this kind of armour in their armies. As a response to the campaigns of Parthians and Sassanids, the Romans also responded with a similar heavy armour. During the medieval times in Europe, the same kind of heavy cavalry was used by knights and nobles.
Cataphract had certain features that distinguished it from other kinds of armoury. For instance, the most noteworthy feature was that Cataphract was entirely covered in scale armour and this feature was found in all places.
Rounded plates or bronze or iron could be used to make the scale armour. The extensive use of iron and bronze made it quite heavy and sometimes the weight reached as much as 40 kilograms. Large plates of scales were also used for different parts of the horse.
Cataphract soldiers used various kinds of weapons but the most important and frequently used weapon was a lance. These lances could be several meters in length and consisted of a capped point of iron or bronze. Special kinds of saddles were made for the Cataphract in order to allow the soldiers to be seated firmly while engaging with their lances.
Cataphract Medieval Cavalry Soldiers and their horses wore armoured plating
Cataphract Battle Tactics
Cataphract were considered very valuable during battles and were used as a heavy assault force, thus acting as the most important force in launching the offensive. In some armies, Cataphracts were either the wealthy men or hailed from the nobility and thus enjoyed a privileged status.
One of the most important tactics used for Cataphracts was to deploy them along with archers who provided them support against enemy infantry. This tactic was successfully used by the Parthian army against the Romans.
A Cataphract was a special kind of heavy armour which was used throughout the history of warfare. The warriors who used this armour were known as Cataphracts and had elite status in the army. However, it was not easy to accompany the Cataphract to the battleground since it had considerable weight.
Cataphracts formed the core assault force of the army and were mostly supported by mounted or un-mounted archers. In certain armies, Cataphract belonged to the noble class and were highly privileged individuals. | <urn:uuid:d4f4cb0f-9493-4fa4-a256-d901976feee6> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | http://www.medievalchronicles.com/medieval-people/medieval-military/cataphract/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250599718.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120165335-20200120194335-00267.warc.gz | en | 0.985496 | 666 | 4.21875 | 4 | [
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0.3571400344371... | 2 | The Cataphract was a special kind of heavy armoured cavalry soldier that was used throughout the ancient and medieval times.
Traditionally, a Cataphract wore the kind of armour where both the rider and the steed were draped in special scale armour from head to toe. This kind of heavy armour was later used by knights during the medieval times in Europe.
The Cataphract is derived from the Greek word “kataphraktos” which literally means covered or protected and is sometimes also translated as “fully armoured” or “close from all sides”. The term Cataphracts was also used in the Roman Republic for armoured cavalry men of all sorts, although eventually it came to be associated with cavalry men having special kinds of heavy armour.
Cataphract Medieval Soldiers were part of the cavalry and were covered in plate armour similar to medieval knights.
The history of the Cataphract soldier extends back to ancient Persia. Various kingdoms such as Parthian, Achaemenid, Scythians, and others used this kind of armour in their armies. As a response to the campaigns of Parthians and Sassanids, the Romans also responded with a similar heavy armour. During the medieval times in Europe, the same kind of heavy cavalry was used by knights and nobles.
Cataphract had certain features that distinguished it from other kinds of armoury. For instance, the most noteworthy feature was that Cataphract was entirely covered in scale armour and this feature was found in all places.
Rounded plates or bronze or iron could be used to make the scale armour. The extensive use of iron and bronze made it quite heavy and sometimes the weight reached as much as 40 kilograms. Large plates of scales were also used for different parts of the horse.
Cataphract soldiers used various kinds of weapons but the most important and frequently used weapon was a lance. These lances could be several meters in length and consisted of a capped point of iron or bronze. Special kinds of saddles were made for the Cataphract in order to allow the soldiers to be seated firmly while engaging with their lances.
Cataphract Medieval Cavalry Soldiers and their horses wore armoured plating
Cataphract Battle Tactics
Cataphract were considered very valuable during battles and were used as a heavy assault force, thus acting as the most important force in launching the offensive. In some armies, Cataphracts were either the wealthy men or hailed from the nobility and thus enjoyed a privileged status.
One of the most important tactics used for Cataphracts was to deploy them along with archers who provided them support against enemy infantry. This tactic was successfully used by the Parthian army against the Romans.
A Cataphract was a special kind of heavy armour which was used throughout the history of warfare. The warriors who used this armour were known as Cataphracts and had elite status in the army. However, it was not easy to accompany the Cataphract to the battleground since it had considerable weight.
Cataphracts formed the core assault force of the army and were mostly supported by mounted or un-mounted archers. In certain armies, Cataphract belonged to the noble class and were highly privileged individuals. | 669 | ENGLISH | 1 |
2. Penal transportation appealed to the British government
Prior to the American Revolution the British government transported prisoners to Maryland and Virginia at the rate of about 1,000 per year. Prime Minister William Pitt was beset with demands for reform of the overcrowded British prisons and the horrendous conditions found within them. He and his supporters were intrigued with Matra’s plan as it applied to prisoners, though giving land to American loyalists did not appeal. Public knowledge of the possibility of deportation to far-off Australia was, to Pitt and his advisors, a solid deterrent for would-be criminals to consider when they contemplated an illegal act.
In May, 1787, the gathering of ships known to posterity as the First Fleet departed Great Britain, bound for the South Sea. It was commanded by Arthur Phillip and consisted of 11 ships. Aboard were over 1,000 settlers, which included 778 convicts, of which 192 were women. The fleet made landfall at Botany Bay the following January. Finding it unsuitable for settlement, Phillip moved to Port Jackson near Sidney Cove, where the male convicts and the fleet’s marines went ashore on January 26, 1788. Phillip became the first governor of the fledgling penal colony, and the male convicts were put to work building the settlement. The women went ashore on February 6, and the following day the Colony of New South Wales was officially established. | <urn:uuid:41d2dcf3-097b-46ca-a322-7ab9a49404f2> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://historycollection.co/australia-in-the-19th-century-was-a-dangerous-place/2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250607596.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122221541-20200123010541-00098.warc.gz | en | 0.985293 | 285 | 3.625 | 4 | [
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0.223326519... | 3 | 2. Penal transportation appealed to the British government
Prior to the American Revolution the British government transported prisoners to Maryland and Virginia at the rate of about 1,000 per year. Prime Minister William Pitt was beset with demands for reform of the overcrowded British prisons and the horrendous conditions found within them. He and his supporters were intrigued with Matra’s plan as it applied to prisoners, though giving land to American loyalists did not appeal. Public knowledge of the possibility of deportation to far-off Australia was, to Pitt and his advisors, a solid deterrent for would-be criminals to consider when they contemplated an illegal act.
In May, 1787, the gathering of ships known to posterity as the First Fleet departed Great Britain, bound for the South Sea. It was commanded by Arthur Phillip and consisted of 11 ships. Aboard were over 1,000 settlers, which included 778 convicts, of which 192 were women. The fleet made landfall at Botany Bay the following January. Finding it unsuitable for settlement, Phillip moved to Port Jackson near Sidney Cove, where the male convicts and the fleet’s marines went ashore on January 26, 1788. Phillip became the first governor of the fledgling penal colony, and the male convicts were put to work building the settlement. The women went ashore on February 6, and the following day the Colony of New South Wales was officially established. | 307 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Cycling is considered as a very good exercise for both adults and kids. Parents should teach their kids cycling at an early age so that the child becomes very confident at riding the cycle. The fear of not balancing should not be there in any child for that proper practice must be given to the child at an early stage. Few tips are given that parents can use in day to day lives to make their child confident and strong.
Preparing to teach your child to ride a cycle, then it’s not always clear exactly where exactly to start.
Here are some ways to teach them to ride cycles easily:
How long would it take to teach your child to ride a cycle
It would take not more than 45 minutes to one hour. Time duration can vary from child to child. It is dependent on prior coordination with your child.
JustBuyCycles quotes that “It is very important that you wait up until that point, when your child has developed coordination rather than forcing it because then it can become stressful for your child"
At what age should we start
An approx of four to six of age is the best to learn to ride a cycle. But yet again, the age for every child differs from one and another as their mind must be ready to learn. If you don't get them to ride the cycle in that age, after six they might become more cautious about it. There is window out there when they can learn easily so the age of four to six is the perfect agar to learn. Children often learn by looking at others, so riding in front of them can be a good idea, so they can have a clear idea on what they are about to do.
How should you start
It should always begin with without peddals. A child can only learn when he has the feeling and balance of the bike, the coordination between the two has to set so that they can ride freely. Removing pedals and lowering the seat slightly will make the child to push themselves to balance and turn a bike on. The seat shouldn't be too low also, as the child might completely rely on their feet to balance the bike. The seat must be in a position where the legs just touch the floor.
Best preferred place to teach
It could be a place where there isn't a lot of noise and has a flat surface throughout. Places like hills or any other place with slight should be avoided so that the cycle doesn't pick up the speed at once. They say riding on grass is very easy for they don't know it is very difficult as the child will have to push the bike very hard.
Supervise your child’s learning
Holding onto the child’s torso or under their armpits as they ride will be the best way to do so. It is important that you don't hold on to the handlebars as you will be trying to support them and make them feel more protected but they can get irritated by this and can lash out at you. By holding their torso they will learn how to ride the bike on their own and will understand it better. The balancing can be done by you gently moving them from side to side.
Next step after Teaching
Make them ride on their own but don't leave their side. Once they start to ride on their own you often will get tempted to leave them as a free bird, but you have to stay by their side to support them and protect them as they might not be very confident in riding it all on their own. If they fall or dash somewhere after you leave them, it might scare them off at a very early stage. After they are very confident and very happy to ride the bike on their own it is a good idea to bring in the pedals. Following the steps given above they will get used to the pedaling in no time. | <urn:uuid:29f19845-adaf-4526-8c9e-d90d6622aca0> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.schoolconnects.in/blogs/teach-kids-in-45-mins-to-ride-cycle-604-article | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250607118.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122131612-20200122160612-00363.warc.gz | en | 0.983788 | 781 | 3.53125 | 4 | [
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0.56706643104553... | 2 | Cycling is considered as a very good exercise for both adults and kids. Parents should teach their kids cycling at an early age so that the child becomes very confident at riding the cycle. The fear of not balancing should not be there in any child for that proper practice must be given to the child at an early stage. Few tips are given that parents can use in day to day lives to make their child confident and strong.
Preparing to teach your child to ride a cycle, then it’s not always clear exactly where exactly to start.
Here are some ways to teach them to ride cycles easily:
How long would it take to teach your child to ride a cycle
It would take not more than 45 minutes to one hour. Time duration can vary from child to child. It is dependent on prior coordination with your child.
JustBuyCycles quotes that “It is very important that you wait up until that point, when your child has developed coordination rather than forcing it because then it can become stressful for your child"
At what age should we start
An approx of four to six of age is the best to learn to ride a cycle. But yet again, the age for every child differs from one and another as their mind must be ready to learn. If you don't get them to ride the cycle in that age, after six they might become more cautious about it. There is window out there when they can learn easily so the age of four to six is the perfect agar to learn. Children often learn by looking at others, so riding in front of them can be a good idea, so they can have a clear idea on what they are about to do.
How should you start
It should always begin with without peddals. A child can only learn when he has the feeling and balance of the bike, the coordination between the two has to set so that they can ride freely. Removing pedals and lowering the seat slightly will make the child to push themselves to balance and turn a bike on. The seat shouldn't be too low also, as the child might completely rely on their feet to balance the bike. The seat must be in a position where the legs just touch the floor.
Best preferred place to teach
It could be a place where there isn't a lot of noise and has a flat surface throughout. Places like hills or any other place with slight should be avoided so that the cycle doesn't pick up the speed at once. They say riding on grass is very easy for they don't know it is very difficult as the child will have to push the bike very hard.
Supervise your child’s learning
Holding onto the child’s torso or under their armpits as they ride will be the best way to do so. It is important that you don't hold on to the handlebars as you will be trying to support them and make them feel more protected but they can get irritated by this and can lash out at you. By holding their torso they will learn how to ride the bike on their own and will understand it better. The balancing can be done by you gently moving them from side to side.
Next step after Teaching
Make them ride on their own but don't leave their side. Once they start to ride on their own you often will get tempted to leave them as a free bird, but you have to stay by their side to support them and protect them as they might not be very confident in riding it all on their own. If they fall or dash somewhere after you leave them, it might scare them off at a very early stage. After they are very confident and very happy to ride the bike on their own it is a good idea to bring in the pedals. Following the steps given above they will get used to the pedaling in no time. | 765 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Themes and Meanings
While in Mexico in September, 1931, Crane went with an archaeologist on a five-day trip to an Aztec village called Tepoztlan. By accident, Crane and the archaeologist arrived during the yearly festival honoring Tepozteco, the Aztec god of pulque, a native alcoholic beverage. Crane drank with village leaders and was encouraged to participate in the festival, including being invited to beat an ancient drum in a ceremony at dawn. In his letters, Crane expressed pleasure at joining uninhibitedly in the festival and winning the goodwill of the villagers. It was apparently after this experience that he wrote “The Circumstance.”
Xochipilli was associated with pleasure—feasting, dancing, games, and frivolity—as well as with love. His mate was Xochiquetzalli, goddess of domestic labor and the harvest. It is easy to see why Crane, who led a short and reckless life, would find this Native American Dionysus appealing among the grim gods of the Aztec pantheon. Compared to the human sacrifices in other Aztec rituals, sacrifices to Xochipilli were relatively humane: The Aztecs used obsidian knives to draw blood from earlobes. The blood was then touched to plants to ensure their continuing fertility. Xochipilli, however, appears not to have been completely benign. Small doves were also sacrificed. He is frequently portrayed carrying a staff on which a human heart is impaled. Both the joyous and the bloody aspects of Xochipilli seem to have suited Crane’s mood. Crane refers to “A god of flowers in statued/ Stone,” but in a parallel phrase also describes Xochipilli as “deathin flowering stone.”
“The Circumstance” is a difficult poem made more difficult by the knowledge that it may be incomplete. Critics have seen the poem as an echo, even a repetition, of “The Dance” from The Bridge (1930). “The Dance” is also a poem in which the poet tries to imagine himself into a primeval Native American world, violent but in harmony with the life and death that are inevitable in nature. Similarly, the central effort of “The Circumstance”...
(The entire section is 512 words.) | <urn:uuid:909ebff5-c9c1-4fe4-b06a-c3822a172315> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.enotes.com/topics/circumstance | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250599789.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120195035-20200120224035-00257.warc.gz | en | 0.980071 | 490 | 3.78125 | 4 | [
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0.0693844035267829... | 1 | Themes and Meanings
While in Mexico in September, 1931, Crane went with an archaeologist on a five-day trip to an Aztec village called Tepoztlan. By accident, Crane and the archaeologist arrived during the yearly festival honoring Tepozteco, the Aztec god of pulque, a native alcoholic beverage. Crane drank with village leaders and was encouraged to participate in the festival, including being invited to beat an ancient drum in a ceremony at dawn. In his letters, Crane expressed pleasure at joining uninhibitedly in the festival and winning the goodwill of the villagers. It was apparently after this experience that he wrote “The Circumstance.”
Xochipilli was associated with pleasure—feasting, dancing, games, and frivolity—as well as with love. His mate was Xochiquetzalli, goddess of domestic labor and the harvest. It is easy to see why Crane, who led a short and reckless life, would find this Native American Dionysus appealing among the grim gods of the Aztec pantheon. Compared to the human sacrifices in other Aztec rituals, sacrifices to Xochipilli were relatively humane: The Aztecs used obsidian knives to draw blood from earlobes. The blood was then touched to plants to ensure their continuing fertility. Xochipilli, however, appears not to have been completely benign. Small doves were also sacrificed. He is frequently portrayed carrying a staff on which a human heart is impaled. Both the joyous and the bloody aspects of Xochipilli seem to have suited Crane’s mood. Crane refers to “A god of flowers in statued/ Stone,” but in a parallel phrase also describes Xochipilli as “deathin flowering stone.”
“The Circumstance” is a difficult poem made more difficult by the knowledge that it may be incomplete. Critics have seen the poem as an echo, even a repetition, of “The Dance” from The Bridge (1930). “The Dance” is also a poem in which the poet tries to imagine himself into a primeval Native American world, violent but in harmony with the life and death that are inevitable in nature. Similarly, the central effort of “The Circumstance”...
(The entire section is 512 words.) | 468 | ENGLISH | 1 |
As people all over America celebrate Black History Month new lessons are emerging from a small town in Florida. St. Augustine was instrumental in shaping the dialogue of racial equality in our country.
It’s often not a story that gets a lot of attention.
By the 1960’s, Lincolnville had become a vibrant African American neighborhood – a stronghold of middle class values and commerce.
“Lincolnville was never totally segregated in terms of living. I can recall when I was a kid on the corner of, what is now ML King and Lincoln Street, there were a couple of grocery stores located in the immediate neighborhood that were owned and operated by Jewish families,” said Otis Mason.
“Oh we were a close-knit family of people. Now I had fun in Lincolnville, now,” said Essie Bush.
“We were not totally segregated, white families lived in the community as well,” said Mason
While its influence on the local economy grew… these advances were only going to go so far in the face of segregation.
“I could not attend the University of Florida. I went down for an interview it was very interesting about the results of my visit there. I was told that I spoke very well. That’s all I heard,” said Mason.
“My father was a teacher and he was told that if he participated in the movement, he would lose his job,” said Thomas Jackson.
Fearing retribution many of St. Augustine’s middle class blacks were either hesitant or silent about the growing Civil Rights movement.
There needed to be a new front opened in the fight against segregation, and there was no better place to do it than in a city about to celebrate its 400th birthday. | <urn:uuid:00767ba6-6144-49ca-ae9b-3fab00b6a6c9> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.nwahomepage.com/news/americas-untold-journey-lincolnville/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594705.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119180644-20200119204644-00087.warc.gz | en | 0.989776 | 369 | 3.265625 | 3 | [
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0.7101781964... | 4 | As people all over America celebrate Black History Month new lessons are emerging from a small town in Florida. St. Augustine was instrumental in shaping the dialogue of racial equality in our country.
It’s often not a story that gets a lot of attention.
By the 1960’s, Lincolnville had become a vibrant African American neighborhood – a stronghold of middle class values and commerce.
“Lincolnville was never totally segregated in terms of living. I can recall when I was a kid on the corner of, what is now ML King and Lincoln Street, there were a couple of grocery stores located in the immediate neighborhood that were owned and operated by Jewish families,” said Otis Mason.
“Oh we were a close-knit family of people. Now I had fun in Lincolnville, now,” said Essie Bush.
“We were not totally segregated, white families lived in the community as well,” said Mason
While its influence on the local economy grew… these advances were only going to go so far in the face of segregation.
“I could not attend the University of Florida. I went down for an interview it was very interesting about the results of my visit there. I was told that I spoke very well. That’s all I heard,” said Mason.
“My father was a teacher and he was told that if he participated in the movement, he would lose his job,” said Thomas Jackson.
Fearing retribution many of St. Augustine’s middle class blacks were either hesitant or silent about the growing Civil Rights movement.
There needed to be a new front opened in the fight against segregation, and there was no better place to do it than in a city about to celebrate its 400th birthday. | 341 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Thatching is the craft of building a roof with dry vegetation such as straw, water reed, sedge (Cladium mariscus), rushes, or heather and layering the vegetation so as to shed water away from the inner roof.
The thatch is applied to the roof by pinning bundles of reed side by side on the roof and fixing a sway or ligger two-thirds up along the bundle. Then opening the string and tying the bundle together. Each bundle then has to be dressed into the other coarses.
It is a very old roofing method and Thatched roofs can be traced back in Ireland for over 9,000 years. The thatched dwellers would use whatever local vegetation was available to them; like water reed, oaten straw, rye straw.
An even earlier form of thatched house was the round houses that were built on a Crannog and these are a good example of an early thatched dwelling in Ireland. The Crannog refers to Small Island which was often man-made. These islands in most cases were fortified and lived on by people with their livestock. The Crannogs (island dwelling) were usually round or oval in shape, constructed from oak poles set in the ground in a circle and the walls were woven with split hazel to make wattle walls. The interior surfaces were built up with any mixture of clay, peat, stone, timber or brush- whatever was available. The roof was them made from ash poles and thatched with water reed. | <urn:uuid:a84657b7-c4f3-4fbf-8a2b-d7912bb6ca62> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | http://www.thatchingservices.com/ronan-finn-thatching-services-what-is-thatching/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250593994.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118221909-20200119005909-00336.warc.gz | en | 0.988657 | 315 | 3.890625 | 4 | [
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0.461249083280... | 10 | Thatching is the craft of building a roof with dry vegetation such as straw, water reed, sedge (Cladium mariscus), rushes, or heather and layering the vegetation so as to shed water away from the inner roof.
The thatch is applied to the roof by pinning bundles of reed side by side on the roof and fixing a sway or ligger two-thirds up along the bundle. Then opening the string and tying the bundle together. Each bundle then has to be dressed into the other coarses.
It is a very old roofing method and Thatched roofs can be traced back in Ireland for over 9,000 years. The thatched dwellers would use whatever local vegetation was available to them; like water reed, oaten straw, rye straw.
An even earlier form of thatched house was the round houses that were built on a Crannog and these are a good example of an early thatched dwelling in Ireland. The Crannog refers to Small Island which was often man-made. These islands in most cases were fortified and lived on by people with their livestock. The Crannogs (island dwelling) were usually round or oval in shape, constructed from oak poles set in the ground in a circle and the walls were woven with split hazel to make wattle walls. The interior surfaces were built up with any mixture of clay, peat, stone, timber or brush- whatever was available. The roof was them made from ash poles and thatched with water reed. | 313 | ENGLISH | 1 |
At the University of Texas at AustinMarch Dawkins is best known for his popularisation of the gene as the principal unit of selection in evolution ; this view is most clearly set out in his books: The Extended Phenotypein which he describes natural selection as "the process whereby replicators out-propagate each other". He introduces to a wider audience the influential concept he presented in that the phenotypic effects of a gene are not necessarily limited to an organism's body, but can stretch far into the environment, including the bodies of other organisms. Dawkins regarded the extended phenotype as his single most important contribution to evolutionary biology and he considered niche construction to be a special case of extended phenotype.
Suppose you find yourself in a situation in which killing an innocent person is the only way to prevent many innocent people from dying. This question arose in The Queen v. Dudley and Stephensa famous English law case involving four men stranded in a lifeboat without food or water.
How should we judge the action of Dudley and Stephens? Was it morally justified or morally wrong? A man who, in order to escape death from hunger, kills another for the purpose of eating his flesh, is guilty of murder; although at the time of the act he is in such circumstances that he believes Harward the moral side of murder has reasonable ground for believing that it affords the only chance of preserving his life.
At the trial of an indictment for murder it appeared, upon a special verdict, that the prisoners D. Held, that upon these facts, there was no proof of any such necessity as could justify the prisoners in killing the boy, and that they were guilty of murder.
At the trial before Huddleston, B. That in this boat they had no supply of water and no supply of food, except two 1 lb. That on the fourth day they caught a small [p.
That on the twelfth day the turtle were entirely consumed, and for the next eight days they had nothing to eat. That they had no fresh water, except such rain as they from time to time caught in their oilskin capes.
That the boat Harward the moral side of murder drifting on the ocean, and was probably more than miles away from land.
That on the eighteenth day, when they had been seven days without food and five without water, the prisoners spoke to Brooks as to what should be done if no succour came, and suggested that some one should be sacrificed to save the rest, but Brooks dissented, and the boy, to whom they were understood to refer, was not consulted.
That on the 24th of July, the day before the act now in question, the prisoner Dudley proposed to Stephens and Brooks that lots should be cast who should be put to death to save the rest, but Brooks refused consent, and it was not put to the boy, and in point of fact there was no drawing of lots.
That on that day the prisoners spoke of their having families, and suggested it would be better to kill the boy that their lives should be saved, and Dudley proposed that if there was no vessel in sight by the morrow morning the boy should be killed. That next day, the 25th of July, no vessel appearing, Dudley told Brooks that he had better go and have a sleep, and made signs to Stephens and Brooks that the boy had better be killed.
The prisoner Stephens agreed to the act, but Brooks dissented from it. That the boy was then lying at the bottom of the boat quite helpless, and extremely weakened by famine and by drinking sea water, and unable to make any resistance, nor did he ever assent to his being killed.
The prisoner Dudley offered a prayer asking forgiveness for them all if either of them should be tempted to commit a rash act, and that their souls might be saved. That Dudley, with the assent of Stephens, went to the boy, and telling him that his time was come, put a knife into his throat and killed him then and there; that the three men fed upon the body and blood of the boy for four days; that on the fourth day after the act had been committed the boat was picked up by a passing vessel, and the prisoners were rescued, still alive, but in the lowest state of prostration.
That they were carried to the [p. That if the men had not fed upon the body of the boy they would probably not have survived to be so picked up and rescued, but would within the four days have died of famine. That the boy, being in a much weaker condition, was likely to have died before them.
That at the time of the act in question there was no sail in sight, nor any reasonable prospect of relief. That under these circumstances there appeared to the prisoners every probability that unless they then fed or very soon fed upon the boy or one of themselves they would die of starvation.
That there was no appreciable chance of saving life except by killing some one for the others to eat. That assuming any necessity to kill anybody, there was no greater necessity for killing the boy than any of the other three men.
But whether upon the whole matter by the jurors found the killing of Richard Parker by Dudley and Stephens be felony and murder the jurors are ignorant, and pray the advice of the Court thereupon, and if upon the whole matter the Court shall be of opinion that the killing of Richard Parker be felony and murder, then the jurors say that Dudley and Stephens were each guilty of felony and murder as alleged in the indictment.
On the application of the Crown they were again adjourned to the 4th of December, and the case ordered to be argued before a Court consisting of five judges.
Mathews and Dankwerts with himappeared for the Crown. With regard to the substantial question in the case—whether the prisoners in killing Parker were guilty of murder—the law is that where a private person acting upon his own judgment takes the life of a fellow creature, his act can only be justified on the ground of self-defence—self-defence against the acts of the person whose life is taken.
This principle has been extended to include the case of a man killing another to prevent him from committing some great crime upon a third person. But the principle has no application to this case, for the prisoners were not protecting themselves against any act of Parker.
If he had had food in his possession and they had taken it from him, they would have been guilty of theft; and if they killed him to obtain this food, they would have been guilty of murder.
The facts found on the special verdict shew that the prisoners were not guilty of murder, at the time when they killed Parker but killed him under the pressure of necessity.
Necessity will excuse an act which would otherwise be a crime. Stephen, Digest of Criminal Law, art. In the American case of The United States v.part one: the moral side of murder If you had to choose between (1) killing one person to save the lives of five others and (2) doing nothing even though you knew that five people would die right before your eyes if you did nothing—what would you do?
The rape/torture/murder of an innocent pregnant young lady is very different type of killing (murder/crime)than is the just sanction (execution/legal sanction) for the guilty criminal who. A Moral Issue Of Murder essaysCapital punishment is an issue that has long been debated amongst Americans.
We have been questioning the morality of "an Eye For an Eye" way of thinking. Many say that serious crimes deserve serious punishments such as death, where others view death to be a.
OU on the BBC: Justice: The Moral Side Of Murder Updated Tuesday 25th January In the first of his series of lectures exploring the concept of justice, Michael Sandel contrasts utilitarian and categorical principles. The Picture of Dorian Gray is a Gothic and philosophical novel by Oscar Wilde, first published complete in the July issue of Lippincott's Monthly Magazine.
Fearing the story was indecent, the magazine's editor without Wilde's knowledge deleted roughly five hundred words before publication.
We can just assume that you were under the max.
allowed speed and the guys appeared faster in front of you, but actually if you watch a bit of video, then you will see that come more examples to illustrate the idea of murder and your moral torosgazete.coms: 7. | <urn:uuid:6fdd3117-680a-4180-90d4-e856a02a58da> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://tejyqujedisulibu.torosgazete.com/harward-the-moral-side-of-murder-53464cc.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594333.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119064802-20200119092802-00530.warc.gz | en | 0.981921 | 1,735 | 3.28125 | 3 | [
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0.05329009145498... | 1 | At the University of Texas at AustinMarch Dawkins is best known for his popularisation of the gene as the principal unit of selection in evolution ; this view is most clearly set out in his books: The Extended Phenotypein which he describes natural selection as "the process whereby replicators out-propagate each other". He introduces to a wider audience the influential concept he presented in that the phenotypic effects of a gene are not necessarily limited to an organism's body, but can stretch far into the environment, including the bodies of other organisms. Dawkins regarded the extended phenotype as his single most important contribution to evolutionary biology and he considered niche construction to be a special case of extended phenotype.
Suppose you find yourself in a situation in which killing an innocent person is the only way to prevent many innocent people from dying. This question arose in The Queen v. Dudley and Stephensa famous English law case involving four men stranded in a lifeboat without food or water.
How should we judge the action of Dudley and Stephens? Was it morally justified or morally wrong? A man who, in order to escape death from hunger, kills another for the purpose of eating his flesh, is guilty of murder; although at the time of the act he is in such circumstances that he believes Harward the moral side of murder has reasonable ground for believing that it affords the only chance of preserving his life.
At the trial of an indictment for murder it appeared, upon a special verdict, that the prisoners D. Held, that upon these facts, there was no proof of any such necessity as could justify the prisoners in killing the boy, and that they were guilty of murder.
At the trial before Huddleston, B. That in this boat they had no supply of water and no supply of food, except two 1 lb. That on the fourth day they caught a small [p.
That on the twelfth day the turtle were entirely consumed, and for the next eight days they had nothing to eat. That they had no fresh water, except such rain as they from time to time caught in their oilskin capes.
That the boat Harward the moral side of murder drifting on the ocean, and was probably more than miles away from land.
That on the eighteenth day, when they had been seven days without food and five without water, the prisoners spoke to Brooks as to what should be done if no succour came, and suggested that some one should be sacrificed to save the rest, but Brooks dissented, and the boy, to whom they were understood to refer, was not consulted.
That on the 24th of July, the day before the act now in question, the prisoner Dudley proposed to Stephens and Brooks that lots should be cast who should be put to death to save the rest, but Brooks refused consent, and it was not put to the boy, and in point of fact there was no drawing of lots.
That on that day the prisoners spoke of their having families, and suggested it would be better to kill the boy that their lives should be saved, and Dudley proposed that if there was no vessel in sight by the morrow morning the boy should be killed. That next day, the 25th of July, no vessel appearing, Dudley told Brooks that he had better go and have a sleep, and made signs to Stephens and Brooks that the boy had better be killed.
The prisoner Stephens agreed to the act, but Brooks dissented from it. That the boy was then lying at the bottom of the boat quite helpless, and extremely weakened by famine and by drinking sea water, and unable to make any resistance, nor did he ever assent to his being killed.
The prisoner Dudley offered a prayer asking forgiveness for them all if either of them should be tempted to commit a rash act, and that their souls might be saved. That Dudley, with the assent of Stephens, went to the boy, and telling him that his time was come, put a knife into his throat and killed him then and there; that the three men fed upon the body and blood of the boy for four days; that on the fourth day after the act had been committed the boat was picked up by a passing vessel, and the prisoners were rescued, still alive, but in the lowest state of prostration.
That they were carried to the [p. That if the men had not fed upon the body of the boy they would probably not have survived to be so picked up and rescued, but would within the four days have died of famine. That the boy, being in a much weaker condition, was likely to have died before them.
That at the time of the act in question there was no sail in sight, nor any reasonable prospect of relief. That under these circumstances there appeared to the prisoners every probability that unless they then fed or very soon fed upon the boy or one of themselves they would die of starvation.
That there was no appreciable chance of saving life except by killing some one for the others to eat. That assuming any necessity to kill anybody, there was no greater necessity for killing the boy than any of the other three men.
But whether upon the whole matter by the jurors found the killing of Richard Parker by Dudley and Stephens be felony and murder the jurors are ignorant, and pray the advice of the Court thereupon, and if upon the whole matter the Court shall be of opinion that the killing of Richard Parker be felony and murder, then the jurors say that Dudley and Stephens were each guilty of felony and murder as alleged in the indictment.
On the application of the Crown they were again adjourned to the 4th of December, and the case ordered to be argued before a Court consisting of five judges.
Mathews and Dankwerts with himappeared for the Crown. With regard to the substantial question in the case—whether the prisoners in killing Parker were guilty of murder—the law is that where a private person acting upon his own judgment takes the life of a fellow creature, his act can only be justified on the ground of self-defence—self-defence against the acts of the person whose life is taken.
This principle has been extended to include the case of a man killing another to prevent him from committing some great crime upon a third person. But the principle has no application to this case, for the prisoners were not protecting themselves against any act of Parker.
If he had had food in his possession and they had taken it from him, they would have been guilty of theft; and if they killed him to obtain this food, they would have been guilty of murder.
The facts found on the special verdict shew that the prisoners were not guilty of murder, at the time when they killed Parker but killed him under the pressure of necessity.
Necessity will excuse an act which would otherwise be a crime. Stephen, Digest of Criminal Law, art. In the American case of The United States v.part one: the moral side of murder If you had to choose between (1) killing one person to save the lives of five others and (2) doing nothing even though you knew that five people would die right before your eyes if you did nothing—what would you do?
The rape/torture/murder of an innocent pregnant young lady is very different type of killing (murder/crime)than is the just sanction (execution/legal sanction) for the guilty criminal who. A Moral Issue Of Murder essaysCapital punishment is an issue that has long been debated amongst Americans.
We have been questioning the morality of "an Eye For an Eye" way of thinking. Many say that serious crimes deserve serious punishments such as death, where others view death to be a.
OU on the BBC: Justice: The Moral Side Of Murder Updated Tuesday 25th January In the first of his series of lectures exploring the concept of justice, Michael Sandel contrasts utilitarian and categorical principles. The Picture of Dorian Gray is a Gothic and philosophical novel by Oscar Wilde, first published complete in the July issue of Lippincott's Monthly Magazine.
Fearing the story was indecent, the magazine's editor without Wilde's knowledge deleted roughly five hundred words before publication.
We can just assume that you were under the max.
allowed speed and the guys appeared faster in front of you, but actually if you watch a bit of video, then you will see that come more examples to illustrate the idea of murder and your moral torosgazete.coms: 7. | 1,708 | ENGLISH | 1 |
when upraised will give an imperfect record of the organisms which existed in the neighbourhood during the period of its accumulation. Or sediment may be deposited to any thickness and extent over a shallow bottom, if it continue slowly to subside. In this latter case, as long as the rate of subsidence and supply of sediment nearly balance each other, the sea will remain shallow and favourable for many and varied forms, and thus a rich fossiliferous formation, thick enough, when upraised, to resist a large amount of denudation, may be formed.
I am convinced that nearly all our ancient formations, which are throughout the greater part of their thickness rich in fossils, have thus been formed during subsidence. Since publishing my views on this subject in 1845, I have watched the progress of geology, and have been surprised to note how author after author, in treating of this or that great formation, has come to the conclusion that it was accumulated during subsidence. I may add, that the only ancient tertiary formation on the west coast of South America, which has been bulky enough to resist such degradation as it has as yet suffered, but which will hardly last to a distant geological age, was deposited during a downward oscillation of level, and thus gained considerable thickness.
All geological facts tell us plainly that each area has undergone numerous slow oscillations of level, and apparently these oscillations have affected wide spaces. Consequently, formations rich in fossils and sufficiently thick and extensive to resist subsequent degradation, will have been formed over wide spaces during periods of subsidence, but only where the supply of sediment was sufficient to keep the sea shallow and to embed and preserve the remains before they had time to decay. On the other hand, as long as the bed of the sea remained stationary, thick deposits cannot have been accumulated in the shallow parts, which are the most favourable to life. Still less can this have happened during the alternate periods of elevation; or, to speak more accurately, the beds which were then accumulated will generally have been destroyed by being upraised and brought within the limits of the coast-action.
These remarks apply chiefly to littoral and sublittoral deposits. In the case of an extensive and shallow sea, such as that within a large part of the Malay Archipelago, where the depth varies from thirty or forty to sixty fathoms, a widely extended formation might be formed during a period of elevation, and yet not suffer excessively from denudation during its slow upheaval; but the thickness of the formation could not be great, for owing to the elevatory movement it would be less than the depth in which it was formed; nor would | <urn:uuid:f977472f-cbce-47fe-b877-48d6126954be> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://en.m.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:Origin_of_Species_1872.djvu/295 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251783000.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128184745-20200128214745-00522.warc.gz | en | 0.983428 | 540 | 3.359375 | 3 | [
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0.31858915090... | 1 | when upraised will give an imperfect record of the organisms which existed in the neighbourhood during the period of its accumulation. Or sediment may be deposited to any thickness and extent over a shallow bottom, if it continue slowly to subside. In this latter case, as long as the rate of subsidence and supply of sediment nearly balance each other, the sea will remain shallow and favourable for many and varied forms, and thus a rich fossiliferous formation, thick enough, when upraised, to resist a large amount of denudation, may be formed.
I am convinced that nearly all our ancient formations, which are throughout the greater part of their thickness rich in fossils, have thus been formed during subsidence. Since publishing my views on this subject in 1845, I have watched the progress of geology, and have been surprised to note how author after author, in treating of this or that great formation, has come to the conclusion that it was accumulated during subsidence. I may add, that the only ancient tertiary formation on the west coast of South America, which has been bulky enough to resist such degradation as it has as yet suffered, but which will hardly last to a distant geological age, was deposited during a downward oscillation of level, and thus gained considerable thickness.
All geological facts tell us plainly that each area has undergone numerous slow oscillations of level, and apparently these oscillations have affected wide spaces. Consequently, formations rich in fossils and sufficiently thick and extensive to resist subsequent degradation, will have been formed over wide spaces during periods of subsidence, but only where the supply of sediment was sufficient to keep the sea shallow and to embed and preserve the remains before they had time to decay. On the other hand, as long as the bed of the sea remained stationary, thick deposits cannot have been accumulated in the shallow parts, which are the most favourable to life. Still less can this have happened during the alternate periods of elevation; or, to speak more accurately, the beds which were then accumulated will generally have been destroyed by being upraised and brought within the limits of the coast-action.
These remarks apply chiefly to littoral and sublittoral deposits. In the case of an extensive and shallow sea, such as that within a large part of the Malay Archipelago, where the depth varies from thirty or forty to sixty fathoms, a widely extended formation might be formed during a period of elevation, and yet not suffer excessively from denudation during its slow upheaval; but the thickness of the formation could not be great, for owing to the elevatory movement it would be less than the depth in which it was formed; nor would | 537 | ENGLISH | 1 |
What are the social factors that helped to cause the collapse of the Han Dynasty? Social Han
Perhaps the most important social factor that helped to end the Han Dynasty was the idea of the "mandate of Heaven." This idea, which came from Confucianism, held that a country would have good fortune so long as the government really had the approval of the gods. If bad things were to happen, this would show that the gods had withdrawn their approval of the government.
As the Han Dynasty became weaker, bad luck also struck China. There were a series of natural disasters like floods and famines that afflicted the agricultural areas of the country. Because of the idea of the mandate of Heaven, these disasters were taken by many as a sign that the gods no longer approved of the Han Dynasty's rulers.
As people came to believe this, they were, of course, more likely to be willing to oppose the Han government. This led to rebellions such as the Yellow Turbans Rebellion in which rebels were led by religious leaders who promised a utopian society would ensue.
Thus, the Confucian idea of the mandate of Heaven came to be a major social problem for the Han as their dynasty collapsed.
check Approved by eNotes Editorial | <urn:uuid:50d11d69-1ab6-437a-b414-72be2b723766> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.enotes.com/homework-help/what-social-causes-results-collapse-han-empire-280427?en_action=hh-question_click&en_label=hh-sidebar&en_category=internal_campaign | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251690095.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126165718-20200126195718-00448.warc.gz | en | 0.987142 | 254 | 3.859375 | 4 | [
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0.2776620388031006,... | 2 | What are the social factors that helped to cause the collapse of the Han Dynasty? Social Han
Perhaps the most important social factor that helped to end the Han Dynasty was the idea of the "mandate of Heaven." This idea, which came from Confucianism, held that a country would have good fortune so long as the government really had the approval of the gods. If bad things were to happen, this would show that the gods had withdrawn their approval of the government.
As the Han Dynasty became weaker, bad luck also struck China. There were a series of natural disasters like floods and famines that afflicted the agricultural areas of the country. Because of the idea of the mandate of Heaven, these disasters were taken by many as a sign that the gods no longer approved of the Han Dynasty's rulers.
As people came to believe this, they were, of course, more likely to be willing to oppose the Han government. This led to rebellions such as the Yellow Turbans Rebellion in which rebels were led by religious leaders who promised a utopian society would ensue.
Thus, the Confucian idea of the mandate of Heaven came to be a major social problem for the Han as their dynasty collapsed.
check Approved by eNotes Editorial | 250 | ENGLISH | 1 |
NCERT Solutions for Class 7 English for chapter 3 Gopal and the Hilsa fish
Page No: 42
Working with the Text
Answer the following questions.
Question 1. Why did the king want no more talk about the hilsa-fish?
The king was fed of the talks of Hilsa-fish. It was season of Hilsa-fish and everyone was busy in talking of it. More-ever, he did not want his courtier to waste the time on these talks.
Question 2. What did the king ask Gopal to do to prove that he was clever?
The king asked Gopal to buy a hilsa-fish and bring it to the palace without anyone asking anything about the fish throughout the way to prove that he was clever.
Question 3. What three things did Gopal do before he went to buy his hilsa-fish?
Gopal half-shaved his beard, smeared himself with ash, and wore disgraceful rags before he went to buy his hilsa-fish.
Question 4. How did Gopal get inside the palace to see the king after he had bought the fish?
When Gopal asked the guards to let him meet the king, they refused. Therfore, he began to dance and sing loudly. On hearing his loud song, the king sent his messenger to call him in the court.
Question 5. Explain why no one seemed to be interested in talking about the hilsa-fish which Gopal had bought.
Gopal funny appearance attracted the attention of people much more than the hilsa-fish. At that time, no one was caring about the hilsa-fish he was carrying. Everyone was busy in talking about his mad appearance, half shaved face and rags.
Question 6. Write ‘True’ or ‘False’ against each of the following sentences.
(i) The king lost his temper easily.
(ii) Gopal was a madman.
(iii) Gopal was a clever man.
(iv) Gopal was too poor to afford decent clothes.
(v) The king got angry when he was shown to be wrong.
Working with Language
Question 1. Notice how in a comic book, there are no speech marks when characters talk. Instead what they say is put in a speech ‘bubble’. However, if we wish to repeat or ‘report’ what they say, we must put it into reported speech. Change the following sentences in the story to reported speech. The first one has been done for you.
(i) How much did you pay for that hilsa?
The woman asked the man how much he had paid for that hilsa.
(ii) Why is your face half-shaven?
Gopal’s wife asked him ...............................
(iii) I accept the challenge, Your Majesty.
Gopal told the king ...................................
(iv) I want to see the king.
Gopal told the guards ......................................
(v) Bring the man to me at once.
The king ordered the guard ..............................
(ii)Why is your face half-shaven?
Gopal's wife asked him why was his face half-shaven.
(iii)I accept the challenge, Your Majesty.
Gopal told the king that he accepted his challenge.
(iv)I want to see the king.
Gopal told the guards that he wanted to see the king.
(v)Bring the man to me at once.
The king ordered the guard to bring the man to him at once.
Page No: 43
Question 2. Find out the meaning of the following words by looking them up in the dictionary. Then use them in sentences of your own.
(i) challenge (ii) mystic (iii) comical (iv) courtier (v) smearing
(i) challenge - ask to contest, dare
The boss challenged Rahul to finish his work before the time.
(ii) mystic - believing in spiritual power
Some people do believe in the mystic forces.
(iii) comical - funny
I liked the comical act of the joker the most.
(iv) courtier - officials of the king's court
Birbal was one of the clever courtier present in Akbar's court.
(v) smearing - to apply coat or mark
He smeares his face with ashes.
Page No: 46
Question 2. Now ask your partner questions about each picture.
(i) Where is the stag?
(ii) What is he doing?
(iii) Does he like his antlers (horns)?
(iv) Does he like his legs?
(v) Why is the stag running?
(vi) Is he able to hide in the bushes?
(vii) Where are the hunters now?
(viii) Are they closing in on the stag?
(ix) Is the stag free?
(x) What does the stag say about his horns and his legs?
(i) Stag is by the side of the pond.
(ii) He is looking at the reflection of his horns and legs in the water.
(iii) Yes, he liked his antlers.
(iv) No, he did't liked his legs.
(v) The stag is running to save his life from the hunters.
(vi) No, he is not able to hide himself in the bushes.
(vii) The hunters are now beside to him.
(viii) Yes, they closing in on the stag.
(ix) Yes, the stag is free.
(x) The stag said that he was proud of his horns which could have caused his death and was ashamed of his legs which saved him.
Question 3. Now write the story in your own words. Give it a title.
The suitable title for this story will be "All that glitters is not gold".
A stag was once drinking water at a pond. He saw his own reflection in water. He admired his beautiful horns, but he did not like his thin and ugly legs. Suddenly he saw a group of hunters running towards him. He ran into the jungle to save himself. His legs soon carried him far from the hunters. He then tried to hide himself in the bushes but his horns were caught into the bush. With his best efforts, he was able to free himself. Now he realised that his ugly legs helped him in saving his life, but his beautiful horns could have caused his death.
Page No: 47
Question 4. Complete the following word ladder with the help of the clues given below.
1. Mother will be very .............. if you don’t go to school.
2. As soon as he caught .................. of the teacher, Mohan started writing.
3. How do you like my .................... kitchen garden? Big enough for you, is it?
4. My youngest sister is now a ................. old.
5. Standing on the ................. , he saw children playing on the road.
6. Don’t make such a ..................... . Nothing will happen.
7. Don’t cross the .................... till the green light comes on. | <urn:uuid:8b38bf85-8820-4db3-9172-34b0bcf45707> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.studiestoday.com/solution/ncert-solutions-class-7-english-gopal-and-hilsa-fish-234923.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250597230.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120023523-20200120051523-00498.warc.gz | en | 0.981611 | 1,536 | 3.734375 | 4 | [
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0.032139174640... | 2 | NCERT Solutions for Class 7 English for chapter 3 Gopal and the Hilsa fish
Page No: 42
Working with the Text
Answer the following questions.
Question 1. Why did the king want no more talk about the hilsa-fish?
The king was fed of the talks of Hilsa-fish. It was season of Hilsa-fish and everyone was busy in talking of it. More-ever, he did not want his courtier to waste the time on these talks.
Question 2. What did the king ask Gopal to do to prove that he was clever?
The king asked Gopal to buy a hilsa-fish and bring it to the palace without anyone asking anything about the fish throughout the way to prove that he was clever.
Question 3. What three things did Gopal do before he went to buy his hilsa-fish?
Gopal half-shaved his beard, smeared himself with ash, and wore disgraceful rags before he went to buy his hilsa-fish.
Question 4. How did Gopal get inside the palace to see the king after he had bought the fish?
When Gopal asked the guards to let him meet the king, they refused. Therfore, he began to dance and sing loudly. On hearing his loud song, the king sent his messenger to call him in the court.
Question 5. Explain why no one seemed to be interested in talking about the hilsa-fish which Gopal had bought.
Gopal funny appearance attracted the attention of people much more than the hilsa-fish. At that time, no one was caring about the hilsa-fish he was carrying. Everyone was busy in talking about his mad appearance, half shaved face and rags.
Question 6. Write ‘True’ or ‘False’ against each of the following sentences.
(i) The king lost his temper easily.
(ii) Gopal was a madman.
(iii) Gopal was a clever man.
(iv) Gopal was too poor to afford decent clothes.
(v) The king got angry when he was shown to be wrong.
Working with Language
Question 1. Notice how in a comic book, there are no speech marks when characters talk. Instead what they say is put in a speech ‘bubble’. However, if we wish to repeat or ‘report’ what they say, we must put it into reported speech. Change the following sentences in the story to reported speech. The first one has been done for you.
(i) How much did you pay for that hilsa?
The woman asked the man how much he had paid for that hilsa.
(ii) Why is your face half-shaven?
Gopal’s wife asked him ...............................
(iii) I accept the challenge, Your Majesty.
Gopal told the king ...................................
(iv) I want to see the king.
Gopal told the guards ......................................
(v) Bring the man to me at once.
The king ordered the guard ..............................
(ii)Why is your face half-shaven?
Gopal's wife asked him why was his face half-shaven.
(iii)I accept the challenge, Your Majesty.
Gopal told the king that he accepted his challenge.
(iv)I want to see the king.
Gopal told the guards that he wanted to see the king.
(v)Bring the man to me at once.
The king ordered the guard to bring the man to him at once.
Page No: 43
Question 2. Find out the meaning of the following words by looking them up in the dictionary. Then use them in sentences of your own.
(i) challenge (ii) mystic (iii) comical (iv) courtier (v) smearing
(i) challenge - ask to contest, dare
The boss challenged Rahul to finish his work before the time.
(ii) mystic - believing in spiritual power
Some people do believe in the mystic forces.
(iii) comical - funny
I liked the comical act of the joker the most.
(iv) courtier - officials of the king's court
Birbal was one of the clever courtier present in Akbar's court.
(v) smearing - to apply coat or mark
He smeares his face with ashes.
Page No: 46
Question 2. Now ask your partner questions about each picture.
(i) Where is the stag?
(ii) What is he doing?
(iii) Does he like his antlers (horns)?
(iv) Does he like his legs?
(v) Why is the stag running?
(vi) Is he able to hide in the bushes?
(vii) Where are the hunters now?
(viii) Are they closing in on the stag?
(ix) Is the stag free?
(x) What does the stag say about his horns and his legs?
(i) Stag is by the side of the pond.
(ii) He is looking at the reflection of his horns and legs in the water.
(iii) Yes, he liked his antlers.
(iv) No, he did't liked his legs.
(v) The stag is running to save his life from the hunters.
(vi) No, he is not able to hide himself in the bushes.
(vii) The hunters are now beside to him.
(viii) Yes, they closing in on the stag.
(ix) Yes, the stag is free.
(x) The stag said that he was proud of his horns which could have caused his death and was ashamed of his legs which saved him.
Question 3. Now write the story in your own words. Give it a title.
The suitable title for this story will be "All that glitters is not gold".
A stag was once drinking water at a pond. He saw his own reflection in water. He admired his beautiful horns, but he did not like his thin and ugly legs. Suddenly he saw a group of hunters running towards him. He ran into the jungle to save himself. His legs soon carried him far from the hunters. He then tried to hide himself in the bushes but his horns were caught into the bush. With his best efforts, he was able to free himself. Now he realised that his ugly legs helped him in saving his life, but his beautiful horns could have caused his death.
Page No: 47
Question 4. Complete the following word ladder with the help of the clues given below.
1. Mother will be very .............. if you don’t go to school.
2. As soon as he caught .................. of the teacher, Mohan started writing.
3. How do you like my .................... kitchen garden? Big enough for you, is it?
4. My youngest sister is now a ................. old.
5. Standing on the ................. , he saw children playing on the road.
6. Don’t make such a ..................... . Nothing will happen.
7. Don’t cross the .................... till the green light comes on. | 1,434 | ENGLISH | 1 |
What would you do if you could be a member of Congress for two days?
On October 25 and 26, 348 students from all over Brazil, including thirty of our students, took part in the “Câmara Mirim” or Junior Chamber - an educational project developed by Brazil’s House of Representatives that simulates legislative activity.
Organized and promoted by “Plenarinho,” an organization of the Chamber of Deputies, “Câmara Mirim” opened the doors of the National Congress to students in Grade 5 through 9 to play the role of a member of Congress. Students took part in simulations of legislative activities in which they presented ideas, debated pressing issues, and voted for new laws and projects.
Three bills were brought up for discussion during the two days. One of the bills submitted by the students involved restricting the distribution of plastic straws. The bill was approved by more than three-hundred student-parliamentarians in a traditional roll call, that is, in the electronic panel in which the votes of the members of parliament are registered one by one. Student-lawmakers argued against the use of plastic straws while raising environmental awareness.
Rogério Pena, one of our students from Grade 8 who took part in the event, said the project really brings the experience of citizenship to life, while helping students work together.
“Everyone is responsible for improving our country. We can set higher standards for Brazil, and now is the time to change for the better,” Rogério said.
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0.37394183... | 9 | What would you do if you could be a member of Congress for two days?
On October 25 and 26, 348 students from all over Brazil, including thirty of our students, took part in the “Câmara Mirim” or Junior Chamber - an educational project developed by Brazil’s House of Representatives that simulates legislative activity.
Organized and promoted by “Plenarinho,” an organization of the Chamber of Deputies, “Câmara Mirim” opened the doors of the National Congress to students in Grade 5 through 9 to play the role of a member of Congress. Students took part in simulations of legislative activities in which they presented ideas, debated pressing issues, and voted for new laws and projects.
Three bills were brought up for discussion during the two days. One of the bills submitted by the students involved restricting the distribution of plastic straws. The bill was approved by more than three-hundred student-parliamentarians in a traditional roll call, that is, in the electronic panel in which the votes of the members of parliament are registered one by one. Student-lawmakers argued against the use of plastic straws while raising environmental awareness.
Rogério Pena, one of our students from Grade 8 who took part in the event, said the project really brings the experience of citizenship to life, while helping students work together.
“Everyone is responsible for improving our country. We can set higher standards for Brazil, and now is the time to change for the better,” Rogério said.
We congratulate all our students who participated in "Câmara Mirim" and our history teacher, Reinhold, for promoting citizenship. | 337 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Aristotle (384 BC – 322 BC) was a Greek philosopher, the son of a doctor who retained those scientific interests throughout his life, writing on physics, poetry, logic, rhetoric, politics, ethics, biology, government, and metaphysics, among other subjects. He studied with Plato and taught Alexander the Great. He was so knowledgeable and analytically sharp that his students at Plato’s Academy called him the Brain. With Socrates and Plato, Aristotle is one of the founders of the discipline of Western Philosophy.
Born in Stageira, Chalcidice, Aristotle was born into an aristocratic family. At the age of eighteen, he left to study at Plato’s Academy, where he spent more than twenty years of study. Plato was a major figure in Aristotle’s life, a man who maintained an intense interest in poetry, and who had composed dithyrambs and tragedies from a young age. In fact, Plato, despite his admiration for poetry, believed the poets, who represented evil, had to be countered Sophocles’s belief in goodness. This laid the background for Aristotle’s defense of poetry in the Poetics. Thus, Aristotle took on the role of the defender of poetry. After Plato’s death, Aristotle traveled to the court of Hermias of Atarneus, whose daughter Pythias he eventually married, and with whom he had a daughter, also named Pythias. After Hermias’s death, Philip II of Macedon invited Aristotle to tutor Alexander the Great.
Eventually, Aristotle would return to Athens, setting up an academy in 335 BC: the Lyceum. The Lyceum, a gymnasium just outside Athens, was an academy where Aristotle famously lectured while walking with his students, giving his philosophical school the name Peripatetics. After his wife’s death, he became involved with Herpyllis of Stageira, with whom he had a son named after his father Nicomachus.
After his wife’s death, Aristotle composed many of his works, many of which were later lost. He wrote widely, according to his wide-ranging interests and expertise, works that included the Poetics, Physics, Metaphysics, Nicomachean Ethics, Politics, and De Anima.
After the death of Alexander the Great, Aristotle faced increasingly hostility, and was denounced as for not honoring the gods. He fled to Chalcis, famously explaining: “I will not allow the Athenians to sin twice against philosophy.” He died the same year, in 322 BC.
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0.30959981679916... | 4 | Aristotle (384 BC – 322 BC) was a Greek philosopher, the son of a doctor who retained those scientific interests throughout his life, writing on physics, poetry, logic, rhetoric, politics, ethics, biology, government, and metaphysics, among other subjects. He studied with Plato and taught Alexander the Great. He was so knowledgeable and analytically sharp that his students at Plato’s Academy called him the Brain. With Socrates and Plato, Aristotle is one of the founders of the discipline of Western Philosophy.
Born in Stageira, Chalcidice, Aristotle was born into an aristocratic family. At the age of eighteen, he left to study at Plato’s Academy, where he spent more than twenty years of study. Plato was a major figure in Aristotle’s life, a man who maintained an intense interest in poetry, and who had composed dithyrambs and tragedies from a young age. In fact, Plato, despite his admiration for poetry, believed the poets, who represented evil, had to be countered Sophocles’s belief in goodness. This laid the background for Aristotle’s defense of poetry in the Poetics. Thus, Aristotle took on the role of the defender of poetry. After Plato’s death, Aristotle traveled to the court of Hermias of Atarneus, whose daughter Pythias he eventually married, and with whom he had a daughter, also named Pythias. After Hermias’s death, Philip II of Macedon invited Aristotle to tutor Alexander the Great.
Eventually, Aristotle would return to Athens, setting up an academy in 335 BC: the Lyceum. The Lyceum, a gymnasium just outside Athens, was an academy where Aristotle famously lectured while walking with his students, giving his philosophical school the name Peripatetics. After his wife’s death, he became involved with Herpyllis of Stageira, with whom he had a son named after his father Nicomachus.
After his wife’s death, Aristotle composed many of his works, many of which were later lost. He wrote widely, according to his wide-ranging interests and expertise, works that included the Poetics, Physics, Metaphysics, Nicomachean Ethics, Politics, and De Anima.
After the death of Alexander the Great, Aristotle faced increasingly hostility, and was denounced as for not honoring the gods. He fled to Chalcis, famously explaining: “I will not allow the Athenians to sin twice against philosophy.” He died the same year, in 322 BC.
Aristotle's Poetics: Biography | 532 | ENGLISH | 1 |
J.R.R. Tolkien, also known as John Ronald Reuel Tolkien was born on the 3rd of January, 1892. He was an English poet, writer, philologist, and university professor. He is a recognised author of some of the most famous fantasy works. From 1925 to sometime around 1945, JRR Tolkien was Rawlinson and Bosworth professor of Anglo-Saxon at Oxford University.
He was also a Merton Professor of English and Literature at the same university from 1945 to around 1959. His closest friend was C.S. Lewis and the two were members of the informal literacy discussion group popularly called the Inklings. On the 28th of March, 1972, Tolkien was selected by Queen Elizabeth II for an honorary position. Tolkien contributed immeasurably to all the activities he was engaged in before he died on the 2nd of September, 1973.
After the passing on of this great man, his son, Christopher, published different sequences of his works based on the broad notes and unpublished document of Tolkien himself. These included The Sil-mar-illion. The Sil-mar-illion and some others of his works shaped a joined body of poems, invented languages, tales, fictional histories and literary essays on a fantasy planet identified as Arda. Between the years 1951 and 1955, JRR Tolkien integrated the term Legen-arium into a bigger part of some of these writings.
Many writers had written and published fantasy works before Tolkien but the huge success of some of his works were directly connected with a famous renaissance of the genre. This is why Tolkien is universally referred to as the father of the contemporary fantasy literature. In reality, he was actually ranked sixth on a large list of fifty greatest British writers since the year 1945. He was positioned by Forbes as the fifth top earning deceased celebrity in the year 2009.
Looking back at the past of Tolkien, it is discovered that he had his roots in the minor part of Saxony and many of his paternal ancestors were well-known to be craftsmen. The name, Tolkien, which was his real surname, is said to have derived from the German expression ‘tollkühn’, which can be interpreted as foolhardy. JRR Tolkien was born in the land of Bloemfontein to Mabel and Arthur Reuel Tolkien. He contributed enormously to literature and arts throughout his lifetime.
His most famous works, made even more colossally so with the recent adaptation to film, are of course those of The Lord of the Rings. So why are we including a piece on J.R.R. here on this blog concerning Cooks Green Holiday Cottage and things related to our humble self catering accommodation? Well, we sit in the heart of the inspiration for his fantasy world, ‘Middle Earth’. –Tolkien actually lived just a few doors down from us after he penned his most famous works. He rented a cottage here in Apperley in order to ‘live in the world he’d created’ and walk in the countryside of which he’d written about. His ‘Misty Mountains’ are actually the Malvern Hills, viewable from here, and so the world of which he wrote is all around our very own Cooks Green Self Catering Holiday Cottage. | <urn:uuid:439d4e04-52fb-4dec-8977-dcc4649215ea> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.atompop.co.uk/blog/2011/09/13/the-life-of-jrr-tolkien/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251669967.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125041318-20200125070318-00130.warc.gz | en | 0.984802 | 679 | 3.4375 | 3 | [
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0.33419704437... | 2 | J.R.R. Tolkien, also known as John Ronald Reuel Tolkien was born on the 3rd of January, 1892. He was an English poet, writer, philologist, and university professor. He is a recognised author of some of the most famous fantasy works. From 1925 to sometime around 1945, JRR Tolkien was Rawlinson and Bosworth professor of Anglo-Saxon at Oxford University.
He was also a Merton Professor of English and Literature at the same university from 1945 to around 1959. His closest friend was C.S. Lewis and the two were members of the informal literacy discussion group popularly called the Inklings. On the 28th of March, 1972, Tolkien was selected by Queen Elizabeth II for an honorary position. Tolkien contributed immeasurably to all the activities he was engaged in before he died on the 2nd of September, 1973.
After the passing on of this great man, his son, Christopher, published different sequences of his works based on the broad notes and unpublished document of Tolkien himself. These included The Sil-mar-illion. The Sil-mar-illion and some others of his works shaped a joined body of poems, invented languages, tales, fictional histories and literary essays on a fantasy planet identified as Arda. Between the years 1951 and 1955, JRR Tolkien integrated the term Legen-arium into a bigger part of some of these writings.
Many writers had written and published fantasy works before Tolkien but the huge success of some of his works were directly connected with a famous renaissance of the genre. This is why Tolkien is universally referred to as the father of the contemporary fantasy literature. In reality, he was actually ranked sixth on a large list of fifty greatest British writers since the year 1945. He was positioned by Forbes as the fifth top earning deceased celebrity in the year 2009.
Looking back at the past of Tolkien, it is discovered that he had his roots in the minor part of Saxony and many of his paternal ancestors were well-known to be craftsmen. The name, Tolkien, which was his real surname, is said to have derived from the German expression ‘tollkühn’, which can be interpreted as foolhardy. JRR Tolkien was born in the land of Bloemfontein to Mabel and Arthur Reuel Tolkien. He contributed enormously to literature and arts throughout his lifetime.
His most famous works, made even more colossally so with the recent adaptation to film, are of course those of The Lord of the Rings. So why are we including a piece on J.R.R. here on this blog concerning Cooks Green Holiday Cottage and things related to our humble self catering accommodation? Well, we sit in the heart of the inspiration for his fantasy world, ‘Middle Earth’. –Tolkien actually lived just a few doors down from us after he penned his most famous works. He rented a cottage here in Apperley in order to ‘live in the world he’d created’ and walk in the countryside of which he’d written about. His ‘Misty Mountains’ are actually the Malvern Hills, viewable from here, and so the world of which he wrote is all around our very own Cooks Green Self Catering Holiday Cottage. | 696 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Babies start talking around the six-month mark, but learning language is a more complex skill to acquire. As a result, even though a child may be able to say small words at six months, such as “mama,” or “dada,” or “baba,” she may not start talking clearly or talking in full sentences until she is two years or older. Some children do not speak well until they reach the age of four. Many factors, such as support, education, environment, and even genetics can influence how fast your child begins to talk clearly.
When Do Babies Begin to Talk?
From Babbling to Talking: An Introductory Overview
One of the bigger milestones that parents watch for is when babies start to talk. Parents eagerly await their child being able to talk clearly, use words well, and speak in full sentences. Who hasn’t tried to get their child to say “mama” or “dada” as a first word? Besides walking, talking is the most anticipated milestone among parents, especially new parents.
Many experts will agree that it is never too early to begin teaching your child about language. Even while your baby is still in the womb, it is good to talk to him or her and let your baby become accustomed to your voice; this is not only a good bonding experience between the parents and the baby, but it is also a great way to get the baby to associate your voice with kindness and interest. This will help their learning ability and interest to grow later on.
Once the baby is born, talking to your baby continues this same idea. There are a couple of different ways to engage your child in working on his speech; it is good to try out the different methods a few times each, to see what your baby responds to and what she likes. The first method is simple; it is just talking to your baby. You can talk regularly, telling your baby what you are doing or what you are thinking. Many people call this way the more organic way of doing things, because it is just like having a one-sided conversation. You can also try stimulating your baby’s interest by using props. Getting your baby used to words by showing items or objects such as toys, or words and pictures on flash cards, means you are helping them to absorb the language and also allows them to observe you as you speak. Many babies will learn to imitate the sounds they hear by mimicking the way the mouth moves. I have a mom who is a speech-language pathologist, and she will often help kids learn new words by forming a child’s mouth, lips, and movement in the shape of the word. You can do similar things, by enunciating, and encouraging your child to do simple movements. At 0-3 months, many “b” sounds are easily encouraged as the bilabial sounds are among the easiest to develop. “M” sounds are also common because the baby commonly starts out with no teeth, making the “m” sound easier, even though the movement of the lips together can stump them for a bit.
During the 0-3 month period, some babies can learn several new words; however, these words will likely not be traditional or formal words. They will be more like syllables or gargles. Sounds like “ba” for bottle, for example, will indicate more of what he or she is saying. As your child grows, he will learn about how to say different sounds and make the connection between different names and objects. There is no need to worry about teaching him or feeling like a failure if he does not learn any specific words during this time. It is unlikely during this time that your baby will say words, but her sounds and her syllables will be able to give you hints as to what she wants or what she needs.
By the 3-6 mark of your baby’s first year, your baby has begun to move his legs and arms more, and lift his head and enjoy tummy time much more. This is a time where they are seeing more of the world, and they are growing into their routines. It was during this time for my children that a routine became more obvious. Routines can be a good thing, because it can really help new parents find time to structure in learning activities; however, early on in the baby’s life, routines will need to be evaluated more often as the child grows. My son, for example, did not want to have his third nap of the day after he reached the six-month mark. For my daughter, she did not enjoy tummy time unless my husband was home to play with her. Eventually, as she began crawling, she would prefer me to sit with her while she moved around.
When it comes to routines with language, at this age it can be more easy to sit the baby down in a high chair and work on his language using toys and food, or showing him objects while he is sitting. This is where some friends of mine would use flash cards, to help the baby learn new words. Others I know would play short movies, usually with songs with motions, like “If You’re Happy and You Know It,” or “Head, Shoulders, Knees and Toes.”
As your baby gets closer to the six-month mark, it is likely that he will begin trying to sound out words. Even if he or she cannot be clear about it, it is good to encourage your child in his or her efforts. During this time, it is possible for “mama” and “dada” to come up.
When Do Babies Begin to Talk?
Between six and twelve months is when babies will start saying more words. This is the time when most experts agree that your baby will begin using words such as “mama” and “dada” and other easy words as well, usually no more than two syllables in length. During this time, infants will learn between five and ten new words, likely phrases or words they hear at home. My kids learned “kitty” very quickly, because we had two cats running around the house. Many parents will see the same things happening around their kids and their lives.
A growing pattern of progress should continue during this time. Around the eighteenth month mark, your child will begin to form sentences with two or more words. Their vocabulary and knowledge of different words will continue to grow, though it may take some time to see significant progress, depending on the level of exposure. Many parents with more than one child will find that the subsequent children are able to pick up language use more quickly. This largely results from more exposure. I know my children play together, and because of this, there is a large amount of time that they spent interacting with the same toys and places. This is another reason why several parents who put their kids in daycare will often see progress differently from parents who keep their babies at home, particularly if their child is their only child. This difference among the way parents raise kids and the environments in which they live and work is also another reason why some kids respond differently to learning language.
As your baby grows into a toddler, their command of language will reflect that. They will likely be able to identify more objects and they will begin to repeat phrases. This is where the parents become more alert when it comes to their children hearing particular phrases or family secrets, fearful that it might be repeated or brought up in the wrong context. While this prompts more caution and discreteness from parents.
Things to Watch
Since every child grows and learns at his or her own pace, and learning something as complex as language requires time, practice, and incentive, it can be difficult to determine if there is an exact time to worry. If you suspect your child has a speech problem, whether it is learning new words, or remembering old words, you may want to consult with the child’s pediatrician. Having some documentation can also help, especially in the event that your baby’s doctor will ask for specific examples or concerns. This is part of the reason many speech and communication disorders are able to be formally diagnosed between two and three years of age now.
Genetics can also offer a clue when it comes time to worry. Many people will look to their peers and their peers’ children to gauge where their kids are in terms of development. However, it is better to look at family history for milestone development, including when kids will begin to talk.
When Do Babies Begin to Talk?
A lot of things will affect your child’s ability to begin to talk and learn new words. Having a supportive home, where the parents can spend time with the baby, is a large part of that. Supportive environments can easily allow for parents to be focused on the future development of their babies, so that the parents can try out new ways to keep their children’s interests high. When kids are interested, they will learn.
When it comes to helping your baby learn to talk, the best resource you have is yourself. Surrounding the baby with people talking to him directly will help him learn how to use words to communicate with other people. Exposure to words, giving your baby a chance to mimic your words and mouth’s movements—all of this helps your baby learn to talk. There are several other things you as a parent can do to help your child learn. Many parents will sing to their children, and ask questions, keeping their attention, and using their time together to bond with simple and silly songs. It can be scary to sing to your children at first, but some kids do love it a lot. My son was not adverse to it, but my daughter just loved it. It was not long before she would try to sing along, even though she wasn’t sure of the words. She would use her voice to do the different pitches while I sang.
Books are great to introduce to children early on. This can also help with language development, and books will become more of a resource when your baby is ready to learn how to read. Just as learning how to speak is a process that can span over the first several years of your baby’s life, learning to read requires several years, too. That is part of the reason there is a strong correlation between early readers and books; getting your children to love learning and seeing you love spending the time to teach them is a valuable gift.
In addition to reading, singing, and talking, it can also be fun to take a look at the technology available to helping you and your baby develop her skills. There are several applications and technologies that will help your child engage with new words and pictures. I have known several parents who will buy games for their phones specifically for their children, in case they are needed for particular situations, such as when the child has to wait. The good news about this is that there are a lot of programs and companies that design apps for helping kids learn and play. There are several free and inexpensive learning puzzles, games, pictures, and activities available for Apple and Android products.
When it comes to growing, particularly for talking, many babies will find and settle into their own paces. Learning is different for every child, and since language is much more complex than it seems to an adult, babies talk at a variety of different times. While most babies can begin using words as early as six months, it is important to keep in mind that time, practice, and growth will all factor into your baby’s ability to speak. Over the course of the first two to four years of their lives, they will learn how to use words and language to communicate. By the time they are three years old, they will be using sentences, longer and clearer, to talk with others.
Please write your thoughts and comments on this article and in general in the comments section below.
Do you know your baby full learning and development potential?
Take our learning and development potential quiz and get a custom report based on your baby unique development and strengths, discover how you can help your baby reach his full development potential — in as little as 5 minutes a day. Start now | <urn:uuid:0e47b88e-05ec-4c13-8929-2a37e995e73a> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.babypillars.com/blog/when-do-babies-begin-to-talk/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250597230.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120023523-20200120051523-00210.warc.gz | en | 0.980228 | 2,538 | 3.609375 | 4 | [
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0.45531591... | 2 | Babies start talking around the six-month mark, but learning language is a more complex skill to acquire. As a result, even though a child may be able to say small words at six months, such as “mama,” or “dada,” or “baba,” she may not start talking clearly or talking in full sentences until she is two years or older. Some children do not speak well until they reach the age of four. Many factors, such as support, education, environment, and even genetics can influence how fast your child begins to talk clearly.
When Do Babies Begin to Talk?
From Babbling to Talking: An Introductory Overview
One of the bigger milestones that parents watch for is when babies start to talk. Parents eagerly await their child being able to talk clearly, use words well, and speak in full sentences. Who hasn’t tried to get their child to say “mama” or “dada” as a first word? Besides walking, talking is the most anticipated milestone among parents, especially new parents.
Many experts will agree that it is never too early to begin teaching your child about language. Even while your baby is still in the womb, it is good to talk to him or her and let your baby become accustomed to your voice; this is not only a good bonding experience between the parents and the baby, but it is also a great way to get the baby to associate your voice with kindness and interest. This will help their learning ability and interest to grow later on.
Once the baby is born, talking to your baby continues this same idea. There are a couple of different ways to engage your child in working on his speech; it is good to try out the different methods a few times each, to see what your baby responds to and what she likes. The first method is simple; it is just talking to your baby. You can talk regularly, telling your baby what you are doing or what you are thinking. Many people call this way the more organic way of doing things, because it is just like having a one-sided conversation. You can also try stimulating your baby’s interest by using props. Getting your baby used to words by showing items or objects such as toys, or words and pictures on flash cards, means you are helping them to absorb the language and also allows them to observe you as you speak. Many babies will learn to imitate the sounds they hear by mimicking the way the mouth moves. I have a mom who is a speech-language pathologist, and she will often help kids learn new words by forming a child’s mouth, lips, and movement in the shape of the word. You can do similar things, by enunciating, and encouraging your child to do simple movements. At 0-3 months, many “b” sounds are easily encouraged as the bilabial sounds are among the easiest to develop. “M” sounds are also common because the baby commonly starts out with no teeth, making the “m” sound easier, even though the movement of the lips together can stump them for a bit.
During the 0-3 month period, some babies can learn several new words; however, these words will likely not be traditional or formal words. They will be more like syllables or gargles. Sounds like “ba” for bottle, for example, will indicate more of what he or she is saying. As your child grows, he will learn about how to say different sounds and make the connection between different names and objects. There is no need to worry about teaching him or feeling like a failure if he does not learn any specific words during this time. It is unlikely during this time that your baby will say words, but her sounds and her syllables will be able to give you hints as to what she wants or what she needs.
By the 3-6 mark of your baby’s first year, your baby has begun to move his legs and arms more, and lift his head and enjoy tummy time much more. This is a time where they are seeing more of the world, and they are growing into their routines. It was during this time for my children that a routine became more obvious. Routines can be a good thing, because it can really help new parents find time to structure in learning activities; however, early on in the baby’s life, routines will need to be evaluated more often as the child grows. My son, for example, did not want to have his third nap of the day after he reached the six-month mark. For my daughter, she did not enjoy tummy time unless my husband was home to play with her. Eventually, as she began crawling, she would prefer me to sit with her while she moved around.
When it comes to routines with language, at this age it can be more easy to sit the baby down in a high chair and work on his language using toys and food, or showing him objects while he is sitting. This is where some friends of mine would use flash cards, to help the baby learn new words. Others I know would play short movies, usually with songs with motions, like “If You’re Happy and You Know It,” or “Head, Shoulders, Knees and Toes.”
As your baby gets closer to the six-month mark, it is likely that he will begin trying to sound out words. Even if he or she cannot be clear about it, it is good to encourage your child in his or her efforts. During this time, it is possible for “mama” and “dada” to come up.
When Do Babies Begin to Talk?
Between six and twelve months is when babies will start saying more words. This is the time when most experts agree that your baby will begin using words such as “mama” and “dada” and other easy words as well, usually no more than two syllables in length. During this time, infants will learn between five and ten new words, likely phrases or words they hear at home. My kids learned “kitty” very quickly, because we had two cats running around the house. Many parents will see the same things happening around their kids and their lives.
A growing pattern of progress should continue during this time. Around the eighteenth month mark, your child will begin to form sentences with two or more words. Their vocabulary and knowledge of different words will continue to grow, though it may take some time to see significant progress, depending on the level of exposure. Many parents with more than one child will find that the subsequent children are able to pick up language use more quickly. This largely results from more exposure. I know my children play together, and because of this, there is a large amount of time that they spent interacting with the same toys and places. This is another reason why several parents who put their kids in daycare will often see progress differently from parents who keep their babies at home, particularly if their child is their only child. This difference among the way parents raise kids and the environments in which they live and work is also another reason why some kids respond differently to learning language.
As your baby grows into a toddler, their command of language will reflect that. They will likely be able to identify more objects and they will begin to repeat phrases. This is where the parents become more alert when it comes to their children hearing particular phrases or family secrets, fearful that it might be repeated or brought up in the wrong context. While this prompts more caution and discreteness from parents.
Things to Watch
Since every child grows and learns at his or her own pace, and learning something as complex as language requires time, practice, and incentive, it can be difficult to determine if there is an exact time to worry. If you suspect your child has a speech problem, whether it is learning new words, or remembering old words, you may want to consult with the child’s pediatrician. Having some documentation can also help, especially in the event that your baby’s doctor will ask for specific examples or concerns. This is part of the reason many speech and communication disorders are able to be formally diagnosed between two and three years of age now.
Genetics can also offer a clue when it comes time to worry. Many people will look to their peers and their peers’ children to gauge where their kids are in terms of development. However, it is better to look at family history for milestone development, including when kids will begin to talk.
When Do Babies Begin to Talk?
A lot of things will affect your child’s ability to begin to talk and learn new words. Having a supportive home, where the parents can spend time with the baby, is a large part of that. Supportive environments can easily allow for parents to be focused on the future development of their babies, so that the parents can try out new ways to keep their children’s interests high. When kids are interested, they will learn.
When it comes to helping your baby learn to talk, the best resource you have is yourself. Surrounding the baby with people talking to him directly will help him learn how to use words to communicate with other people. Exposure to words, giving your baby a chance to mimic your words and mouth’s movements—all of this helps your baby learn to talk. There are several other things you as a parent can do to help your child learn. Many parents will sing to their children, and ask questions, keeping their attention, and using their time together to bond with simple and silly songs. It can be scary to sing to your children at first, but some kids do love it a lot. My son was not adverse to it, but my daughter just loved it. It was not long before she would try to sing along, even though she wasn’t sure of the words. She would use her voice to do the different pitches while I sang.
Books are great to introduce to children early on. This can also help with language development, and books will become more of a resource when your baby is ready to learn how to read. Just as learning how to speak is a process that can span over the first several years of your baby’s life, learning to read requires several years, too. That is part of the reason there is a strong correlation between early readers and books; getting your children to love learning and seeing you love spending the time to teach them is a valuable gift.
In addition to reading, singing, and talking, it can also be fun to take a look at the technology available to helping you and your baby develop her skills. There are several applications and technologies that will help your child engage with new words and pictures. I have known several parents who will buy games for their phones specifically for their children, in case they are needed for particular situations, such as when the child has to wait. The good news about this is that there are a lot of programs and companies that design apps for helping kids learn and play. There are several free and inexpensive learning puzzles, games, pictures, and activities available for Apple and Android products.
When it comes to growing, particularly for talking, many babies will find and settle into their own paces. Learning is different for every child, and since language is much more complex than it seems to an adult, babies talk at a variety of different times. While most babies can begin using words as early as six months, it is important to keep in mind that time, practice, and growth will all factor into your baby’s ability to speak. Over the course of the first two to four years of their lives, they will learn how to use words and language to communicate. By the time they are three years old, they will be using sentences, longer and clearer, to talk with others.
Please write your thoughts and comments on this article and in general in the comments section below.
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Take our learning and development potential quiz and get a custom report based on your baby unique development and strengths, discover how you can help your baby reach his full development potential — in as little as 5 minutes a day. Start now | 2,442 | ENGLISH | 1 |
In the United States, the 1960’s were a massive time of upheaval and civil unrest. African-Americans yearning to be deemed as equal in their own homes went to great lengths to earn the freedom they deserved. During this time, two remarkable civil-rights leaders emerged: Malcolm X and Martin Luther King Jr. While King was striving to lead a non-violent and completely irenic movement, Malcolm X was willing to turn to violence if it was the only means that would accomplish this goal. Although having different viewpoints, Malcolm X and Martin Luther King JR. were both important and dedicated civil rights activists that helped shape modern-day America.
On May 29th, 1925 in Omaha, Nebraska, Malcolm X was born as Malcolm Little to Earl and Louise Little. Earl was a preacher and a member of the Universal Negro Improvement Association, therefore exposing young Malcolm to the injustices that the African American community was facing. In 1931, Earl Little was found murdered, although the police never confirmed that any white supremacist groups perpetrated his death, the family believed that the Ku Klux Klan was responsible and they fell into disarray. Louise Little was later committed to a mental institution and Malcolm and his siblings were subsequently placed into foster homes.
When Malcolm was in eighth grade, he dropped out of school because he felt that the faculty and staff were racially discriminating him against. He proceeded to travel to Boston, where he stayed with his older sister Ella Collins. After a string of petty crimes, Malcolm was sentenced to jail for robbery in 1946. Throughout his duration in prison, Malcolm was exposed to the Nation of Islam. Malcolm began to religiously study the teachings of Elijah Muhammad, the leader of this organization. Muhammad preached an adherence to a strict moral code and the reliance of African-Americans upon other African-Americans.
When Malcolm was released from prison in 1952, he traveled to Detroit, Michigan to work with Muhammad. He soon recognized Malcolm’s oratory prowess and bright intellect and appointed him as a minister and the national spokesperson for the Nation of Islam. Malcolm’s extraordinary charisma and faith helped the group grow to almost 30,000 members by 1960.
In 1960 Malcolm created a national newspaper entitled Muhammad Speaks, which helped promote the message of the Nation of Islam. Malcolm was not necessarily an advocate for violence, but he believed that a peaceful struggle would not completely end racism and segregation either. In Malcolm’s 1963 Speech Message to the Grassroots, he said, “There is nothing in our book, the Qur’an, that teaches us to suffer peacefully. Our religion teaches us to be intelligent. Be peaceful, be courteous, obey the law, respect everyone; but if someone lays a hand on you, send him to the cemetery. That’s a good religion.’(1963) Within the same speech, Malcolm said, “A revolution is bloody. Revolution is hostile. Revolution knows no compromise. Revolution overturns and destroys everything that gets in its way. And you, sitting around here like a knot on the wall, saying, “I’m going to love these folks no matter how much they hate me.” No, you need a revolution.” (1963).Evidently, Malcolm believed that violence was possibly a key component in order to finally end the long period of unequal treatment for African-Americans.
Martin Luther King was born on January 25th, 1929 in Atlanta, Georgia. His father was a preacher and his mother Alberta was a schoolteacher. Since both of his parents were highly educated and thus were a middle-class family, Martin and his siblings received a higher education than most of their contemporaries. Growing up, young Martin was very much affected by racial segregation and the humiliation that stemmed from it. He attended high school at Booker T. Washington a segregated institution. Here he excelled in his studies and was known for his public speaking and participated in school debates.
In 1944, Martin graduated from high school and was admitted Morehouse College when he was only 15. Subsequently, he earned his bachelor’s degree in Sociology in 1948 and later received his doctorate degree in Systematic Theology 1955. In 1954, Martin became a pastor in Alabama at Dexter Avenue Church in Montgomery, Alabama. His first massive civil rights campaign was the Montgomery Bus Boycott in 1955. Approximately 40,000 African-American bus riders boycotted the bus system and continued to do so until the city met its demands. The group wanted to be treated with basic respect and wanted a first come first serve seating policy. Shortly after its completion, Martin helped found the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, a group that became highly influential throughout the Civil Rights movement. Later on, the SCLC held up to twenty meetings in various southern towns, with the hopes of registering African American voters within these regions.
Martin Luther King was known for his non-violent approach to the civil rights reform. In his Nobel lecture at the University of Oslo, he stated that ‘Violence as a way of achieving racial justice is both impractical and immoral. I am not unmindful of the fact that violence often brings about momentary results. Nations have frequently won their independence in battle. But in spite of temporary victories, violence never brings permanent peace.” (1964). The essence of this argument is that results obtained through violence are never enduring, but results obtained through peace are permeable.
For Martin, a civil rights movement perpetrated by violence wasn’t one he wanted to be a part of it. This is where he and Malcolm X disagreed most. On March 26th, 1964, Malcolm X met Martin Luther King on Capitol Hill. Their conversation lasted only a mere minute and was incredibly impersonal. King would later say in regards to Malcolm during a playboy interview in 1965,”he is very articulate … but I totally disagree with many of his political and philosophical views — at least insofar as I understand where he now stands.”(1965). However Malcolm was positive that Dr.King’s policy of non-violent protest would allow segregation to endure for decades, possibly even longer. He was also wasn’t sure that African-Americans and white people could really live together. On the contrary, Martin was positive that Malcolm’s imposing threats of physical violence would only further alienate the two communities. Thus, due to their opposing views, there was often tension betwixt them. In an interview with Louis Lomax, Malcolm dismissed Martin as “just a 20th century or modern Uncle Tom, or a religious Uncle Tom, who is doing the same thing today to keep Negroes defenseless in the face of an attack.” | <urn:uuid:1eee6378-7287-4ef5-a25d-456c32632d3b> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://essayhub.net/essays/violent-non-violent-approach-to-the-civil-rights-reform-of-malcolm-x-martin-luther-king | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250607407.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122191620-20200122220620-00291.warc.gz | en | 0.983375 | 1,364 | 4.0625 | 4 | [
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-0.16667696833610... | 2 | In the United States, the 1960’s were a massive time of upheaval and civil unrest. African-Americans yearning to be deemed as equal in their own homes went to great lengths to earn the freedom they deserved. During this time, two remarkable civil-rights leaders emerged: Malcolm X and Martin Luther King Jr. While King was striving to lead a non-violent and completely irenic movement, Malcolm X was willing to turn to violence if it was the only means that would accomplish this goal. Although having different viewpoints, Malcolm X and Martin Luther King JR. were both important and dedicated civil rights activists that helped shape modern-day America.
On May 29th, 1925 in Omaha, Nebraska, Malcolm X was born as Malcolm Little to Earl and Louise Little. Earl was a preacher and a member of the Universal Negro Improvement Association, therefore exposing young Malcolm to the injustices that the African American community was facing. In 1931, Earl Little was found murdered, although the police never confirmed that any white supremacist groups perpetrated his death, the family believed that the Ku Klux Klan was responsible and they fell into disarray. Louise Little was later committed to a mental institution and Malcolm and his siblings were subsequently placed into foster homes.
When Malcolm was in eighth grade, he dropped out of school because he felt that the faculty and staff were racially discriminating him against. He proceeded to travel to Boston, where he stayed with his older sister Ella Collins. After a string of petty crimes, Malcolm was sentenced to jail for robbery in 1946. Throughout his duration in prison, Malcolm was exposed to the Nation of Islam. Malcolm began to religiously study the teachings of Elijah Muhammad, the leader of this organization. Muhammad preached an adherence to a strict moral code and the reliance of African-Americans upon other African-Americans.
When Malcolm was released from prison in 1952, he traveled to Detroit, Michigan to work with Muhammad. He soon recognized Malcolm’s oratory prowess and bright intellect and appointed him as a minister and the national spokesperson for the Nation of Islam. Malcolm’s extraordinary charisma and faith helped the group grow to almost 30,000 members by 1960.
In 1960 Malcolm created a national newspaper entitled Muhammad Speaks, which helped promote the message of the Nation of Islam. Malcolm was not necessarily an advocate for violence, but he believed that a peaceful struggle would not completely end racism and segregation either. In Malcolm’s 1963 Speech Message to the Grassroots, he said, “There is nothing in our book, the Qur’an, that teaches us to suffer peacefully. Our religion teaches us to be intelligent. Be peaceful, be courteous, obey the law, respect everyone; but if someone lays a hand on you, send him to the cemetery. That’s a good religion.’(1963) Within the same speech, Malcolm said, “A revolution is bloody. Revolution is hostile. Revolution knows no compromise. Revolution overturns and destroys everything that gets in its way. And you, sitting around here like a knot on the wall, saying, “I’m going to love these folks no matter how much they hate me.” No, you need a revolution.” (1963).Evidently, Malcolm believed that violence was possibly a key component in order to finally end the long period of unequal treatment for African-Americans.
Martin Luther King was born on January 25th, 1929 in Atlanta, Georgia. His father was a preacher and his mother Alberta was a schoolteacher. Since both of his parents were highly educated and thus were a middle-class family, Martin and his siblings received a higher education than most of their contemporaries. Growing up, young Martin was very much affected by racial segregation and the humiliation that stemmed from it. He attended high school at Booker T. Washington a segregated institution. Here he excelled in his studies and was known for his public speaking and participated in school debates.
In 1944, Martin graduated from high school and was admitted Morehouse College when he was only 15. Subsequently, he earned his bachelor’s degree in Sociology in 1948 and later received his doctorate degree in Systematic Theology 1955. In 1954, Martin became a pastor in Alabama at Dexter Avenue Church in Montgomery, Alabama. His first massive civil rights campaign was the Montgomery Bus Boycott in 1955. Approximately 40,000 African-American bus riders boycotted the bus system and continued to do so until the city met its demands. The group wanted to be treated with basic respect and wanted a first come first serve seating policy. Shortly after its completion, Martin helped found the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, a group that became highly influential throughout the Civil Rights movement. Later on, the SCLC held up to twenty meetings in various southern towns, with the hopes of registering African American voters within these regions.
Martin Luther King was known for his non-violent approach to the civil rights reform. In his Nobel lecture at the University of Oslo, he stated that ‘Violence as a way of achieving racial justice is both impractical and immoral. I am not unmindful of the fact that violence often brings about momentary results. Nations have frequently won their independence in battle. But in spite of temporary victories, violence never brings permanent peace.” (1964). The essence of this argument is that results obtained through violence are never enduring, but results obtained through peace are permeable.
For Martin, a civil rights movement perpetrated by violence wasn’t one he wanted to be a part of it. This is where he and Malcolm X disagreed most. On March 26th, 1964, Malcolm X met Martin Luther King on Capitol Hill. Their conversation lasted only a mere minute and was incredibly impersonal. King would later say in regards to Malcolm during a playboy interview in 1965,”he is very articulate … but I totally disagree with many of his political and philosophical views — at least insofar as I understand where he now stands.”(1965). However Malcolm was positive that Dr.King’s policy of non-violent protest would allow segregation to endure for decades, possibly even longer. He was also wasn’t sure that African-Americans and white people could really live together. On the contrary, Martin was positive that Malcolm’s imposing threats of physical violence would only further alienate the two communities. Thus, due to their opposing views, there was often tension betwixt them. In an interview with Louis Lomax, Malcolm dismissed Martin as “just a 20th century or modern Uncle Tom, or a religious Uncle Tom, who is doing the same thing today to keep Negroes defenseless in the face of an attack.” | 1,400 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Friday, January 10, 2020
The Children’s Blizzard of 1888
By Joy Neighbors
It began on the wintry Thursday afternoon of January 12, 1888 in the Great Plains. For the past several days the weather had been snowy with brutally cold temperatures but it appeared a reprieve had been granted. Temperatures were on the rise. Just a few hours out in the warmer weather would be a welcome relief before the next storm was due to hit later that day.
According to the Weather Bureau forecast that day. "A cold wave is indicated for Dakota and Nebraska tonight and tomorrow; the snow will drift heavily today and tomorrow in Dakota, Nebraska, Minnesota and Wisconsin.” Today, forecasters would call this the start of an Alberta Clipper.
Children had walked to school in the warmer weather and farmers took to the fields to see what damage the last storm had done. But by mid-morning, the snow began to fall again in the Dakotas. By noon, another storm had rushed in and temperatures had fallen so fast many teachers had already used up their allotment of wood for the day. With a blinding blizzard there was no way to get more. Desks and chairs were tossed on the fire in an attempt to keep frostbite at bay until help could arrive - and no one knew how long that would be.
In Minnesota, temperatures were just above freezing early that afternoon and many stepped out to enjoy the welcomed break. Around 3:00 clouds began furiously rolling in to the area and the wind increased quickly. By 3:30 one of the worst blizzards on record was already loose upon the state. The somewhat balmy afternoon had turned deadly cold with temps plummeting 50 to 60 degrees in a just minutes. They now registered in the negative 40s and 50s.
When teachers realized the severity of the situation, most kept children in the classrooms and schoolhouses. Those who had already ventured out were facing dire consequences. The children in Nebraska and South Dakota fared the worst with an official death toll of 235 people – mostly children caught out in the storm who froze to death. Some reports said the number killed was closer to 500 people considering some folks in the country were not missed until the spring, and some bodies were not discovered until later in the year when all of the snow had melted. Not only was the human death toll high, the toll on livestock caught out in the storm was also extensive.
The storm took down Western Union telegraph lines, which stopped warnings from reaching other states in the path of the storm. Trains were stopped where they stood. In the nine states and territories including Montana, Wyoming, Idaho, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, Minnesota, and Iowa, it was one of the worst winter storms to ever hit that area. | <urn:uuid:77a77bd3-2f5a-458b-8556-f51caab708b1> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://agraveinterest.blogspot.com/2020/01/the-childrens-blizzard-of-1888.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250607314.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122161553-20200122190553-00445.warc.gz | en | 0.985439 | 571 | 3.28125 | 3 | [
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The Children’s Blizzard of 1888
By Joy Neighbors
It began on the wintry Thursday afternoon of January 12, 1888 in the Great Plains. For the past several days the weather had been snowy with brutally cold temperatures but it appeared a reprieve had been granted. Temperatures were on the rise. Just a few hours out in the warmer weather would be a welcome relief before the next storm was due to hit later that day.
According to the Weather Bureau forecast that day. "A cold wave is indicated for Dakota and Nebraska tonight and tomorrow; the snow will drift heavily today and tomorrow in Dakota, Nebraska, Minnesota and Wisconsin.” Today, forecasters would call this the start of an Alberta Clipper.
Children had walked to school in the warmer weather and farmers took to the fields to see what damage the last storm had done. But by mid-morning, the snow began to fall again in the Dakotas. By noon, another storm had rushed in and temperatures had fallen so fast many teachers had already used up their allotment of wood for the day. With a blinding blizzard there was no way to get more. Desks and chairs were tossed on the fire in an attempt to keep frostbite at bay until help could arrive - and no one knew how long that would be.
In Minnesota, temperatures were just above freezing early that afternoon and many stepped out to enjoy the welcomed break. Around 3:00 clouds began furiously rolling in to the area and the wind increased quickly. By 3:30 one of the worst blizzards on record was already loose upon the state. The somewhat balmy afternoon had turned deadly cold with temps plummeting 50 to 60 degrees in a just minutes. They now registered in the negative 40s and 50s.
When teachers realized the severity of the situation, most kept children in the classrooms and schoolhouses. Those who had already ventured out were facing dire consequences. The children in Nebraska and South Dakota fared the worst with an official death toll of 235 people – mostly children caught out in the storm who froze to death. Some reports said the number killed was closer to 500 people considering some folks in the country were not missed until the spring, and some bodies were not discovered until later in the year when all of the snow had melted. Not only was the human death toll high, the toll on livestock caught out in the storm was also extensive.
The storm took down Western Union telegraph lines, which stopped warnings from reaching other states in the path of the storm. Trains were stopped where they stood. In the nine states and territories including Montana, Wyoming, Idaho, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, Minnesota, and Iowa, it was one of the worst winter storms to ever hit that area. | 596 | ENGLISH | 1 |
A HISTORY OF 16th CENTURY LONDON
By Tim Lambert
London grew enormously in the 16th century. At the end of the 15th century it may have had a population of 60,000 or 70,000 but by 1600 London had a population of perhaps 250,000. In the Middle Ages, the church owned about 1/4 of the land in London. When Henry VIII dissolved the monasteries it released a great deal of land for new buildings.
Along the walls of Tudor London were several gates, Aldgate, Bishopsgate, Moorgate, Cripplegate, Aldersgate, Newgate and Ludgate. Two of the gates were used as prisons, Ludgate and Newgate. Furthermore, the body parts of traitors who had been hung drawn and quartered were displayed over the gates as a warning.
Over the River Thames was London Bridge, which had buildings along its length. (Many of them had shops on the ground floor). South of the Thames was the large suburb of Southwark. The River Thames was a major transport 'artery' as Tudor London was the largest port in England. Sailing ships sailed to quays just before London Bridge and there were also smaller boats owned by watermen for transporting people along the Thames. Monarchs and other rich people had their own barges. There were also many fishermen in Tudor London and The Thames teemed with fish like salmon, trout, perch, flounder and beam. However, The Thames sometimes froze over and fairs were held on it. At 9 pm in summer and at dusk in winter church bells rang the curfew and the city gates were locked.
The Tower of London
Most of the houses in early Tudor London had wooden frames filled in with wattle (wooden lathes woven together) and daub (a form of plaster). Later in the 16th century stone or brick houses became common. Rich people were fond of their gardens, which were often quite large.
In their leisure time Londoners liked to watch bull or bear-baiting. (A bull or a bear was chained to a post and dogs were trained to attack it). They also went to the theater. However many London councillors were Puritans who disapproved of theaters so they were built outside the city limits.
In Tudor London plague was a constant hazard. There were severe outbreaks in 1563, 1593, 1597 and 1603, which killed many people. Smallpox and tuberculosis were also common.
London in the Middle Ages
A History of 17th Century London | <urn:uuid:9d90c818-6f5f-45c5-a467-9c0cc8a6a202> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | http://localhistories.org/tudorlondon.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250607407.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122191620-20200122220620-00492.warc.gz | en | 0.990777 | 528 | 3.828125 | 4 | [
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By Tim Lambert
London grew enormously in the 16th century. At the end of the 15th century it may have had a population of 60,000 or 70,000 but by 1600 London had a population of perhaps 250,000. In the Middle Ages, the church owned about 1/4 of the land in London. When Henry VIII dissolved the monasteries it released a great deal of land for new buildings.
Along the walls of Tudor London were several gates, Aldgate, Bishopsgate, Moorgate, Cripplegate, Aldersgate, Newgate and Ludgate. Two of the gates were used as prisons, Ludgate and Newgate. Furthermore, the body parts of traitors who had been hung drawn and quartered were displayed over the gates as a warning.
Over the River Thames was London Bridge, which had buildings along its length. (Many of them had shops on the ground floor). South of the Thames was the large suburb of Southwark. The River Thames was a major transport 'artery' as Tudor London was the largest port in England. Sailing ships sailed to quays just before London Bridge and there were also smaller boats owned by watermen for transporting people along the Thames. Monarchs and other rich people had their own barges. There were also many fishermen in Tudor London and The Thames teemed with fish like salmon, trout, perch, flounder and beam. However, The Thames sometimes froze over and fairs were held on it. At 9 pm in summer and at dusk in winter church bells rang the curfew and the city gates were locked.
The Tower of London
Most of the houses in early Tudor London had wooden frames filled in with wattle (wooden lathes woven together) and daub (a form of plaster). Later in the 16th century stone or brick houses became common. Rich people were fond of their gardens, which were often quite large.
In their leisure time Londoners liked to watch bull or bear-baiting. (A bull or a bear was chained to a post and dogs were trained to attack it). They also went to the theater. However many London councillors were Puritans who disapproved of theaters so they were built outside the city limits.
In Tudor London plague was a constant hazard. There were severe outbreaks in 1563, 1593, 1597 and 1603, which killed many people. Smallpox and tuberculosis were also common.
London in the Middle Ages
A History of 17th Century London | 564 | ENGLISH | 1 |
The other day I was sitting in a Lower School math class working with a student on calculating the area of our Whitby garden, and at one point, she turned to me and said, "I'm just not good at math." I was caught off guard because here was this very young child who had already determined that she was not good at something. She had already given up. How does that message get conveyed? It made me think, what are we doing to help empower our students to look beyond their perceived abilities and help them value their effort equally?
I took a moment to think before answering my student. Students need to think about their math the same way they think about their other hobbies or other learning experiences. So this was my response:
"If I showed up to my first basketball practice, stood at the free-throw line and missed shot after shot, that doesn't mean I'm not good at basketball. It just means I'm not good, yet. It means I need more practice with the basic skills and the more I practice the skills, the better I will get. The same goes for mathematical learning."
She didn't buy it...yet. But the conversation has been started and will continue, because this mindset is not okay. I have seen students as young as kindergarten who have identified themselves as good at math or not good at math. Once that mindset starts, it can be very difficult to change it. We need to show students that continual practice – despite setbacks – is valued and celebrated.
In my last post I wrote about valuing the mathematical process as much as, if not more than, the end result. We are trying to foster a community of thinkers and problem solvers who persevere through challenges rather than running from them. We are trying to help the students see that mistakes can be powerful learning tools that provide them with the opportunities to learn new things, if they take them. But it seems as though, for some students, this will be an uphill battle – one that will include shifting a mindset, and that is not an easy task.
So how do we help those students who have already identified themselves as not good at something? How do we help them see their ability to change their perceived path? We need to encourage our students to be risk-takers in their learning and not to be afraid of mistakes. This begins with the way we speak about our abilities. Even as adults we sometimes joke about not being good at something. Our children are watching and listening. They hear this and start to believe it's okay to think in such a fixed way.
We can encourage a growth mindset with even our youngest students if we think about the way we speak to them about their learning.
The word "yet" has been getting a lot of attention lately, evident by this post and beyond. Carol Dweck speaks about the power of "yet" in her , in which she refers to a growth mindset. Simply adding the word yet to the end of your thought can show students that they are on a learning journey that may be winding and include detours, rather than a set one-way path. We can encourage a growth mindset with even our youngest students if we think about the way we speak to them about their learning.
6 phrases that encourage a growth mindset in mathematics
- How are you thinking about solving this problem?
- Walk me through your process.
- Can you find another way to solve that problem?
- Where do you get stuck?
- Tell me what you have done so far.
- What questions do you have?
We as adults need to not only ask this of our students, but also live this ourselves. Children need to see us persevering through a challenging situation, be it math or something else. If we bring them into our thought process and show them how we come back from mistakes, they will start to believe us when we say, "You may not be there yet...but keep trying and you'll get there." | <urn:uuid:7d5f6934-ca55-4b95-84c8-a02be0e42fe7> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.whitbyschool.org/passionforlearning/empowering-our-young-mathematicians | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250593994.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118221909-20200119005909-00196.warc.gz | en | 0.984259 | 814 | 3.53125 | 4 | [
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0.15657511353492737,... | 4 | The other day I was sitting in a Lower School math class working with a student on calculating the area of our Whitby garden, and at one point, she turned to me and said, "I'm just not good at math." I was caught off guard because here was this very young child who had already determined that she was not good at something. She had already given up. How does that message get conveyed? It made me think, what are we doing to help empower our students to look beyond their perceived abilities and help them value their effort equally?
I took a moment to think before answering my student. Students need to think about their math the same way they think about their other hobbies or other learning experiences. So this was my response:
"If I showed up to my first basketball practice, stood at the free-throw line and missed shot after shot, that doesn't mean I'm not good at basketball. It just means I'm not good, yet. It means I need more practice with the basic skills and the more I practice the skills, the better I will get. The same goes for mathematical learning."
She didn't buy it...yet. But the conversation has been started and will continue, because this mindset is not okay. I have seen students as young as kindergarten who have identified themselves as good at math or not good at math. Once that mindset starts, it can be very difficult to change it. We need to show students that continual practice – despite setbacks – is valued and celebrated.
In my last post I wrote about valuing the mathematical process as much as, if not more than, the end result. We are trying to foster a community of thinkers and problem solvers who persevere through challenges rather than running from them. We are trying to help the students see that mistakes can be powerful learning tools that provide them with the opportunities to learn new things, if they take them. But it seems as though, for some students, this will be an uphill battle – one that will include shifting a mindset, and that is not an easy task.
So how do we help those students who have already identified themselves as not good at something? How do we help them see their ability to change their perceived path? We need to encourage our students to be risk-takers in their learning and not to be afraid of mistakes. This begins with the way we speak about our abilities. Even as adults we sometimes joke about not being good at something. Our children are watching and listening. They hear this and start to believe it's okay to think in such a fixed way.
We can encourage a growth mindset with even our youngest students if we think about the way we speak to them about their learning.
The word "yet" has been getting a lot of attention lately, evident by this post and beyond. Carol Dweck speaks about the power of "yet" in her , in which she refers to a growth mindset. Simply adding the word yet to the end of your thought can show students that they are on a learning journey that may be winding and include detours, rather than a set one-way path. We can encourage a growth mindset with even our youngest students if we think about the way we speak to them about their learning.
6 phrases that encourage a growth mindset in mathematics
- How are you thinking about solving this problem?
- Walk me through your process.
- Can you find another way to solve that problem?
- Where do you get stuck?
- Tell me what you have done so far.
- What questions do you have?
We as adults need to not only ask this of our students, but also live this ourselves. Children need to see us persevering through a challenging situation, be it math or something else. If we bring them into our thought process and show them how we come back from mistakes, they will start to believe us when we say, "You may not be there yet...but keep trying and you'll get there." | 797 | ENGLISH | 1 |
A symbol of humanity
Neslson Mandela was born on July 18th, 1918 in Transkei, South Africa. His original name is Rolihlahla Dalibhunga Mandela which means “troublemaker”. However, young Mandela didn’t fulfil this fate, as he had a quite unspectacular and protected childhood in his home village.
It was already in his young years that he was confronted with the Apartheid, the racial segregation. His father was deprived of his province by a minority government, so that he not only lost his job virtually overnight but all his fortune at the same time. Mandela’s father died when Nelson was only nine years old. Young Nelson Mandela then became leader of his whole family and dean of the household, according to African law, which obliged him to take a lot of responsibility.
When he was a young student of law, Nelson Mandela refused to accept the white minority government and the fact that non-white citizens weren’t given the same rights in social, economic and educational issues. Due to his overall non-violent protest, he was accused of high treason, armed resistance against the state and incitement against the regime of Apartheid. In 1962, he was then sentenced to life imprisonment, but the judgement was invalidated owing to long-lasting international protest and pressure of the public in 1990. The president of the state, F.W. de Klerk had issued the order to free Mandela. He and Mandela were awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in the year 1993 for their achievements in their home country and for the abolishment of
Apartheid. One year later, Mandela was constituted the first president of South Africa with black colour of the skin. After his resignation in 1999 he kept following his line and worked as lawyer for various social projects and human rights organisations.
Today, some people might have a hard time imagining that the Apartheid was considered “normal” in South Africa up to the late eighties. Unfortunately though, this sad chapter of South African history actually didn’t end until the early nineties. The trigger for this dates back to the time of colonialisation, when European “tribes” discovered Africa and started settling there. Soon, racial conflicts between the indigenous people of Africa and the colonial empires of Great Britain and the Netherlands arouse.
The nation of South Africa never could get over this inner lack of peace, which was the birth for racial segregation that reached to all areas of daily life and considered white people as “superior and more valuable race” than any other ethnicity. The legitimisation for this was drawn from different ideological teachings modified to fit the idea of Apartheid. The Dutch people, for example, reasoned with the Calvinist theory of predestination which says that all peoples’ fate is predestined by certain factors already set at birth and thus not to be changed.
In daily life, Apartheid not only required immense administrative and costly effort, but also meant a two class society for the country which is going to be host for the Football World Championship in near future. There were separate public facilities, such as toilets, school and other facilities of education and generally, open transport was divided into compartments for white and black people. This racial segregation, which is also called “Petty Apartheid”, was thus present for every citizen and guest of the country. Many possibilities of self-fulfilment and emancipation were kept shuttered from the majority of the population. But sadly, that wasn’t all: The so-called “Grand Apartheid” included that white people and those of different colours of the skin had to live in separate neighbourhoods. While the suburbs of the White could easily be noticed by a better quality of life and a better overall infrastructure, all the others had to live in settlements near to rubbish tips and often without any possibility to participate in usual daily life. Whenever there was no more room for the white population, the others were simply resettled and banned to the outer areas of the cities. Every citizen of non-white colour of the skin was stigmatised as an unwanted but more or less tolerated person with a “C” for “coloured” in their passport. It’s no wonder whatsoever that those banished didn’t take their fate calmly but started many riots which led to many dead members of the resistance in South Africa.
Nelson Mandela is often mentioned in the same breath as the end of Apartheid. With him, the country changed from a race-oriented dictatorship to an equality-oriented, democratic South Africa. By now, Mandela has become the symbol and incarnation of the victory of mankind over the racism in Africa. It was a way full of suffering for him, which had brought him 27 years in prison until he was finally set free thanks to a growing resistance in the rest of the world.
The words “Together we are strong” are not only mere empty phrases, we can see this in Mandela’s example. The peaceful solidarity of mankind is today more important than ever. Only if many raise their voices can we show up social injustices and get rid of them. Owing to his non-violent resistance and his vision of a better and social world, Mandela is to be mentioned in the same breath as other civil and human rights campaigners like Martin Luther King, who mainly stood up for the African immigrants of the United States of America and the abolition of racial segregation.
Today, Nelson Mandela is coming through for children suffering from AIDS with his project “46664” – his former number as a prisoner which he was given in the prison of Robben Island. In 2007, a film directed by Joseph Fiennes was released, based upon James Gregory’s memoirs who was Nelson Mandela’s prison guard. This film is called “Goodbye Bafana” and brings Nelson Mandela’s life much closer to the viewer than, e.g. books or coverages about Nelson Mandela.
And even when he’ll eventually die, Nelson Mandela will always be kept in our memories as a legend of humanity and fighter for the good. | <urn:uuid:699e1df6-731d-404d-91e6-9636a6078412> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.childx.de/en/tag/nobel-prize-for-peace | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250619323.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124100832-20200124125832-00498.warc.gz | en | 0.983164 | 1,269 | 3.75 | 4 | [
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0.225378930568... | 5 | A symbol of humanity
Neslson Mandela was born on July 18th, 1918 in Transkei, South Africa. His original name is Rolihlahla Dalibhunga Mandela which means “troublemaker”. However, young Mandela didn’t fulfil this fate, as he had a quite unspectacular and protected childhood in his home village.
It was already in his young years that he was confronted with the Apartheid, the racial segregation. His father was deprived of his province by a minority government, so that he not only lost his job virtually overnight but all his fortune at the same time. Mandela’s father died when Nelson was only nine years old. Young Nelson Mandela then became leader of his whole family and dean of the household, according to African law, which obliged him to take a lot of responsibility.
When he was a young student of law, Nelson Mandela refused to accept the white minority government and the fact that non-white citizens weren’t given the same rights in social, economic and educational issues. Due to his overall non-violent protest, he was accused of high treason, armed resistance against the state and incitement against the regime of Apartheid. In 1962, he was then sentenced to life imprisonment, but the judgement was invalidated owing to long-lasting international protest and pressure of the public in 1990. The president of the state, F.W. de Klerk had issued the order to free Mandela. He and Mandela were awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in the year 1993 for their achievements in their home country and for the abolishment of
Apartheid. One year later, Mandela was constituted the first president of South Africa with black colour of the skin. After his resignation in 1999 he kept following his line and worked as lawyer for various social projects and human rights organisations.
Today, some people might have a hard time imagining that the Apartheid was considered “normal” in South Africa up to the late eighties. Unfortunately though, this sad chapter of South African history actually didn’t end until the early nineties. The trigger for this dates back to the time of colonialisation, when European “tribes” discovered Africa and started settling there. Soon, racial conflicts between the indigenous people of Africa and the colonial empires of Great Britain and the Netherlands arouse.
The nation of South Africa never could get over this inner lack of peace, which was the birth for racial segregation that reached to all areas of daily life and considered white people as “superior and more valuable race” than any other ethnicity. The legitimisation for this was drawn from different ideological teachings modified to fit the idea of Apartheid. The Dutch people, for example, reasoned with the Calvinist theory of predestination which says that all peoples’ fate is predestined by certain factors already set at birth and thus not to be changed.
In daily life, Apartheid not only required immense administrative and costly effort, but also meant a two class society for the country which is going to be host for the Football World Championship in near future. There were separate public facilities, such as toilets, school and other facilities of education and generally, open transport was divided into compartments for white and black people. This racial segregation, which is also called “Petty Apartheid”, was thus present for every citizen and guest of the country. Many possibilities of self-fulfilment and emancipation were kept shuttered from the majority of the population. But sadly, that wasn’t all: The so-called “Grand Apartheid” included that white people and those of different colours of the skin had to live in separate neighbourhoods. While the suburbs of the White could easily be noticed by a better quality of life and a better overall infrastructure, all the others had to live in settlements near to rubbish tips and often without any possibility to participate in usual daily life. Whenever there was no more room for the white population, the others were simply resettled and banned to the outer areas of the cities. Every citizen of non-white colour of the skin was stigmatised as an unwanted but more or less tolerated person with a “C” for “coloured” in their passport. It’s no wonder whatsoever that those banished didn’t take their fate calmly but started many riots which led to many dead members of the resistance in South Africa.
Nelson Mandela is often mentioned in the same breath as the end of Apartheid. With him, the country changed from a race-oriented dictatorship to an equality-oriented, democratic South Africa. By now, Mandela has become the symbol and incarnation of the victory of mankind over the racism in Africa. It was a way full of suffering for him, which had brought him 27 years in prison until he was finally set free thanks to a growing resistance in the rest of the world.
The words “Together we are strong” are not only mere empty phrases, we can see this in Mandela’s example. The peaceful solidarity of mankind is today more important than ever. Only if many raise their voices can we show up social injustices and get rid of them. Owing to his non-violent resistance and his vision of a better and social world, Mandela is to be mentioned in the same breath as other civil and human rights campaigners like Martin Luther King, who mainly stood up for the African immigrants of the United States of America and the abolition of racial segregation.
Today, Nelson Mandela is coming through for children suffering from AIDS with his project “46664” – his former number as a prisoner which he was given in the prison of Robben Island. In 2007, a film directed by Joseph Fiennes was released, based upon James Gregory’s memoirs who was Nelson Mandela’s prison guard. This film is called “Goodbye Bafana” and brings Nelson Mandela’s life much closer to the viewer than, e.g. books or coverages about Nelson Mandela.
And even when he’ll eventually die, Nelson Mandela will always be kept in our memories as a legend of humanity and fighter for the good. | 1,244 | ENGLISH | 1 |
For this activity, you will need to turn to the poem 'Kamikaze' by Beatrice Garland, which can be found in the Power and Conflict section of your Anthology.
This poem tells the story of a kamikaze pilot who, unlike many of his comrades, turns back from his target and returns home.
The poem explores the moment that the pilot's decision is made and the consequences for him over the rest of his life. Not only is he shunned by his neighbors, but his wife refuses to speak to him or look him in the eye. His children, too, gradually learn that he is not to be spoken to and begin to isolate and reject him
In the following questions, you will be asked to analyse the language devices used in the poem. | <urn:uuid:3624b5f4-af5e-4f84-b819-1b06492ad778> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.edplace.com/worksheet_info/english/keystage4/year10/topic/1252/7416/analyse-the-language-techniques-used-in-the-poem-kamikaze-by-beatrice-garland | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250606269.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122012204-20200122041204-00007.warc.gz | en | 0.988455 | 160 | 3.96875 | 4 | [
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0.23488549888... | 2 | For this activity, you will need to turn to the poem 'Kamikaze' by Beatrice Garland, which can be found in the Power and Conflict section of your Anthology.
This poem tells the story of a kamikaze pilot who, unlike many of his comrades, turns back from his target and returns home.
The poem explores the moment that the pilot's decision is made and the consequences for him over the rest of his life. Not only is he shunned by his neighbors, but his wife refuses to speak to him or look him in the eye. His children, too, gradually learn that he is not to be spoken to and begin to isolate and reject him
In the following questions, you will be asked to analyse the language devices used in the poem. | 157 | ENGLISH | 1 |
On January 8, 1337, Italian painter and architect Giotto di Bondone passed away. He is regarded as the decisive pioneer of the Italian Renaissance (Rinascimento).
Geniuses are Born as such
Sources indicate that Giotto grew up in Florence as the son of the blacksmith Bondone. Most experts believe that Giotto was his real name. Others think that it is a short form of Ambrogio (Ambrogiotto) or Angelo (Angiolotto). His life is attested to by the Commentarii (artist’s stories) by Lorenzo Ghiberti, written around 1450 and edited by Giorgio Vasari in the middle of the 16th century, which made him generally known. It is said that Giotto grew up as a poor boy in Vespignano in the Mugello (near Florence) and was discovered by the painter Cimabue drawing his sheep on a stone while he was tending them. He drew so realistically that even experienced artists were amazed. These accounts are based on the idea of the Renaissance, according to which artistic geniuses are born as such. An artist’s anecdote says about Giotto that one day he painted a small fly on a work of art by his master Cimabue, which looked so deceptively real that Cimabue tried several times to chase it away before he realized the illusion. Cimabue is said to have thought that Giotto had surpassed him. The fly became a symbol of artistic progress.
In the Service of King and Pope
Giotto probably entered Cimabue’s workshop as an apprentice. Soon he received orders not only from Florence. Pope Benedict XI brought him to Rome in 1303, where he worked for over ten years; King Robert of Naples also took him into his service. He eventually became famous as an architect and sculptor, and was known as an aesthete and poet. The painter Cennino Cennini admired him in his writings on painting as a conqueror of the “maniera greca/byzantina” and praised his technical skills. The recognition of his contemporaries was also expressed in material success: Giotto was among his dignitaries, he owned properties in Florence and Rome. Giotto’s entire work deals with religious themes. He is considered “the real founder of Italian painting”, especially of Tuscan fresco painting.
Post-Gothic Art in Italy
However, the most important aspects of his work are the high naturalness and liveliness of his figures, as well as the preparation of the perspective. In this way he overcame the iconographic norms of Byzantine painting, which had influenced Western painters for generations. He initiated the development that eventually led to the realism typical of post-Gothic art in Italy (Rinascimento). Whereas conventional painting was characterized by two-dimensional figures that were arranged as symbols in front of a flat background decorated with symbols, Giotto placed plastically modeled individuals in a perspective space that maintained relationships with one another. By giving his figures width and drapery, he gave them natural volume and weight.
The Great Cycle of Frescoes
Giotto’s main work (and best preserved) is probably the great cycle of frescoes in the Cappella degli Scrovegni all’ Arena (Scrovegni Chapel) in Padua, consisting of more than 100 scenes from the life of Mary and the life of Jesus, especially the Passion, created between 1304 and 1306. Giotto also painted elements of architecture that simulate niches (trompe-l’œil) in which allegorical figures appear to be standing. Masaccio and Michelangelo were directly influenced by this. A famous scene from this cycle is the Adoration of the Magi, in which a comet-like star floats in the sky (probably, next to the Bayeux carpet, one of the earliest depictions of Halley’s comet, which was visible to the naked eye a few years earlier). It is also worth noting that before the time of Giotto’s fresco cycle in the Cappella degli Scrovegni in Padua, the sky was very rarely painted in blue and the colour blue was used very sparsely at all. This is at least partly due to a lack of affordable blue pigments; ground lapis lazuli, which Giotto used for his fresco cycle, was incredibly expensive and came from “beyond the sea” (hence the name ultramarine).
After 1320 he returned to Florence, where he subsequently maintained an economically flourishing workshop. In 1334 he became chief master builder at the cathedral of Florence. Its Campanile bears his name, although his successors (he himself did not live to see its completion), such as Andrea Pisano, deviated considerably from his plans. In 1329, Giotto was called by King Robert of Anjou to Naples where he remained with a group of pupils until 1333. Few of his Neapolitan works have survived: a fragment of a fresco portraying the Lamentation of Christ in the church of Santa Chiara and the Illustrious Men that is painted on the windows of the Santa Barbara Chapel of Castel Nuovo, which are usually attributed to his pupils. In 1332, King Robert named him “first court painter”, with a yearly pension. Also in this time period, according to Vasari, Giotto composed a series on the Bible; scenes from the Book of Revelation were based on ideas by Dante.
Death and Legacy
Giotto died on January 8, 1337 while working on a Last Judgement in the Bargello Chapel in Florence. He is also mentioned by Boccaccio in the Decamerone (6th day, 5th story) and by Dante Alighieri in the Divine Comedy; he was a friend of both. The poet Petrarch possessed a virgin with Giotto’s child and expressed his conviction that every art connoisseur must be enraptured by her. Michelangelo was also inspired by Giotto’s “Assumption of Saint John” in Santa Croce in Florence, as a study by his hand shows. Giotto’s achievement is unique in his time; it was only two generations later that artists of the early Renaissance such as Andrea Orcagna, Altichiero da Zevio or Masaccio were able to continue the development he had initiated. According to one of the many legends surrounding Giotto, he showed a Pope’s envoy, who wanted a sample of his work, nothing else but a circle drawn from free hand, which could not have been made better with the compass (“Giotto’s O”).
References and Further Reading:
- Giorgio Vasari and his Foundations of Art-Historical Writing, SciHi Blog
- Giovanni Boccaccio and his Famous Decameron, SciHi Blog
- Dante Alighieri and the Divine Comedy, SciHi Blog
- Petrarch and the Invention of the Renaissance, SciHi Blog
- Michelangelo Buonarotti – the Renaissance Artist, SciHi Blog
- Edmond Halley and his famous Comet, SciHi Blog
- Eimerl, Sarel (1967). The World of Giotto: c. 1267–1337. et al. Time-Life Books.
- Giotto at the Encyclopædia Britannica
- Detailed history of Giotto and high resolution photos of works (in Italian)
- Giotto di Bondone at Wikidata
- Timeline for Giotto di Bondone, via Wikidata | <urn:uuid:55759145-044f-40eb-b471-88a3747032ad> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | http://scihi.org/giotto-di-bondone/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250606872.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122071919-20200122100919-00089.warc.gz | en | 0.982357 | 1,620 | 3.75 | 4 | [
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0.3610151410102844,... | 5 | On January 8, 1337, Italian painter and architect Giotto di Bondone passed away. He is regarded as the decisive pioneer of the Italian Renaissance (Rinascimento).
Geniuses are Born as such
Sources indicate that Giotto grew up in Florence as the son of the blacksmith Bondone. Most experts believe that Giotto was his real name. Others think that it is a short form of Ambrogio (Ambrogiotto) or Angelo (Angiolotto). His life is attested to by the Commentarii (artist’s stories) by Lorenzo Ghiberti, written around 1450 and edited by Giorgio Vasari in the middle of the 16th century, which made him generally known. It is said that Giotto grew up as a poor boy in Vespignano in the Mugello (near Florence) and was discovered by the painter Cimabue drawing his sheep on a stone while he was tending them. He drew so realistically that even experienced artists were amazed. These accounts are based on the idea of the Renaissance, according to which artistic geniuses are born as such. An artist’s anecdote says about Giotto that one day he painted a small fly on a work of art by his master Cimabue, which looked so deceptively real that Cimabue tried several times to chase it away before he realized the illusion. Cimabue is said to have thought that Giotto had surpassed him. The fly became a symbol of artistic progress.
In the Service of King and Pope
Giotto probably entered Cimabue’s workshop as an apprentice. Soon he received orders not only from Florence. Pope Benedict XI brought him to Rome in 1303, where he worked for over ten years; King Robert of Naples also took him into his service. He eventually became famous as an architect and sculptor, and was known as an aesthete and poet. The painter Cennino Cennini admired him in his writings on painting as a conqueror of the “maniera greca/byzantina” and praised his technical skills. The recognition of his contemporaries was also expressed in material success: Giotto was among his dignitaries, he owned properties in Florence and Rome. Giotto’s entire work deals with religious themes. He is considered “the real founder of Italian painting”, especially of Tuscan fresco painting.
Post-Gothic Art in Italy
However, the most important aspects of his work are the high naturalness and liveliness of his figures, as well as the preparation of the perspective. In this way he overcame the iconographic norms of Byzantine painting, which had influenced Western painters for generations. He initiated the development that eventually led to the realism typical of post-Gothic art in Italy (Rinascimento). Whereas conventional painting was characterized by two-dimensional figures that were arranged as symbols in front of a flat background decorated with symbols, Giotto placed plastically modeled individuals in a perspective space that maintained relationships with one another. By giving his figures width and drapery, he gave them natural volume and weight.
The Great Cycle of Frescoes
Giotto’s main work (and best preserved) is probably the great cycle of frescoes in the Cappella degli Scrovegni all’ Arena (Scrovegni Chapel) in Padua, consisting of more than 100 scenes from the life of Mary and the life of Jesus, especially the Passion, created between 1304 and 1306. Giotto also painted elements of architecture that simulate niches (trompe-l’œil) in which allegorical figures appear to be standing. Masaccio and Michelangelo were directly influenced by this. A famous scene from this cycle is the Adoration of the Magi, in which a comet-like star floats in the sky (probably, next to the Bayeux carpet, one of the earliest depictions of Halley’s comet, which was visible to the naked eye a few years earlier). It is also worth noting that before the time of Giotto’s fresco cycle in the Cappella degli Scrovegni in Padua, the sky was very rarely painted in blue and the colour blue was used very sparsely at all. This is at least partly due to a lack of affordable blue pigments; ground lapis lazuli, which Giotto used for his fresco cycle, was incredibly expensive and came from “beyond the sea” (hence the name ultramarine).
After 1320 he returned to Florence, where he subsequently maintained an economically flourishing workshop. In 1334 he became chief master builder at the cathedral of Florence. Its Campanile bears his name, although his successors (he himself did not live to see its completion), such as Andrea Pisano, deviated considerably from his plans. In 1329, Giotto was called by King Robert of Anjou to Naples where he remained with a group of pupils until 1333. Few of his Neapolitan works have survived: a fragment of a fresco portraying the Lamentation of Christ in the church of Santa Chiara and the Illustrious Men that is painted on the windows of the Santa Barbara Chapel of Castel Nuovo, which are usually attributed to his pupils. In 1332, King Robert named him “first court painter”, with a yearly pension. Also in this time period, according to Vasari, Giotto composed a series on the Bible; scenes from the Book of Revelation were based on ideas by Dante.
Death and Legacy
Giotto died on January 8, 1337 while working on a Last Judgement in the Bargello Chapel in Florence. He is also mentioned by Boccaccio in the Decamerone (6th day, 5th story) and by Dante Alighieri in the Divine Comedy; he was a friend of both. The poet Petrarch possessed a virgin with Giotto’s child and expressed his conviction that every art connoisseur must be enraptured by her. Michelangelo was also inspired by Giotto’s “Assumption of Saint John” in Santa Croce in Florence, as a study by his hand shows. Giotto’s achievement is unique in his time; it was only two generations later that artists of the early Renaissance such as Andrea Orcagna, Altichiero da Zevio or Masaccio were able to continue the development he had initiated. According to one of the many legends surrounding Giotto, he showed a Pope’s envoy, who wanted a sample of his work, nothing else but a circle drawn from free hand, which could not have been made better with the compass (“Giotto’s O”).
References and Further Reading:
- Giorgio Vasari and his Foundations of Art-Historical Writing, SciHi Blog
- Giovanni Boccaccio and his Famous Decameron, SciHi Blog
- Dante Alighieri and the Divine Comedy, SciHi Blog
- Petrarch and the Invention of the Renaissance, SciHi Blog
- Michelangelo Buonarotti – the Renaissance Artist, SciHi Blog
- Edmond Halley and his famous Comet, SciHi Blog
- Eimerl, Sarel (1967). The World of Giotto: c. 1267–1337. et al. Time-Life Books.
- Giotto at the Encyclopædia Britannica
- Detailed history of Giotto and high resolution photos of works (in Italian)
- Giotto di Bondone at Wikidata
- Timeline for Giotto di Bondone, via Wikidata | 1,622 | ENGLISH | 1 |
When he was a child, William C. Kenyon’s family suffered such extreme poverty that he was indentured into servitude at just five years old. Fourteen years later, he had earned enough to buy his freedom and turned to a teaching position at Alfred Select School to fund further education. It is believed that he trekked nearly forty miles through mud and snow to reach his destination. He became the School’s third teacher and, later, Alfred University’s first President.
During a time when an eighth-grade education was considered superior and education was almost exclusively reserved for men, President Kenyon did something radical: he established A.U. as a college where neither gender nor race hindered an individual’s right to learn. His intrepid choices presented Alfred University as New York State’s first coeducational college. The values crafted during his presidency founded the University then and continue to inspire it now. | <urn:uuid:16e04e72-f0fb-4782-aeac-a67e9f0a613a> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.alfred.edu/about/alfred-stories/william-kenyon.cfm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250609478.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123071220-20200123100220-00129.warc.gz | en | 0.98427 | 192 | 3.765625 | 4 | [
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0.28494372... | 7 | When he was a child, William C. Kenyon’s family suffered such extreme poverty that he was indentured into servitude at just five years old. Fourteen years later, he had earned enough to buy his freedom and turned to a teaching position at Alfred Select School to fund further education. It is believed that he trekked nearly forty miles through mud and snow to reach his destination. He became the School’s third teacher and, later, Alfred University’s first President.
During a time when an eighth-grade education was considered superior and education was almost exclusively reserved for men, President Kenyon did something radical: he established A.U. as a college where neither gender nor race hindered an individual’s right to learn. His intrepid choices presented Alfred University as New York State’s first coeducational college. The values crafted during his presidency founded the University then and continue to inspire it now. | 180 | ENGLISH | 1 |
The First World War involved a great modernizing of armies, weapons, and tactics, and as the very nature of war changed from offensive to static, so too did the weapons needed to fight that war. Just as one example, inFrench soldiers went into battle wearing blue pants, red tops, and white gloves - the same uniforms used in the Napoleonic Wars a century earlier. Soldiers marched in tight formations, vulnerable to massed machine gun fire. And many of the weapons they were using had been made before the turn of the century.
It saw the rise of powerful weapons such as heavy artillery, machine guns and airplanes — and the decline of 19th century weapons like sabres and bayonets. This page contains brief summaries of the most significant weapons of World War I: Perhaps the shock-and-awe value of the bayonet is what made those 19th century generals so enamoured of it.
Its primary function was to turn the rifle into a thrusting weapon, so its owner could attack the enemy without drawing too close. Bayonet charges were designed for psychological impact: Small arms and machine guns made these charges largely ineffective, but they were effective propaganda.
When not employed as weapons, bayonets were detached and used as all-purpose tools, used for anything from digging to opening canned food.
British Weapons of world war 1 were issued with the Lee-Enfieldwhile most Germans received a 7. Both were known for their durability and long range both could fire accurately at around metres, while the Enfield could potentially kill a man two kilometres away.
But this long range was largely wasted on the Western Front, where distances between trenches could be as low as 40 metres.
They fired rapidly, pointed easily and were superb pistols for their time, giving excellent service if properly cared for. Enlisted soldiers only received pistols if they were required in specialist duties, such as military police work or in tank crews, where rifles would be too unwieldy.
The most famous pistol of the war was the German-made Luger, with its distinctive shape, narrow barrel and seven-shot magazine. The Webley could reportedly fire even when caked with mud — but it was also heavy and difficult to fire accurately.
For this reason many British officers resorted to using captured Lugers. Pistols were not usually a significant weapon, though they were sometimes important as concealed weapons, or for close combat in the trenches. There were fewer machine guns deployed in the war than is commonly thought — but where used they often proved deadly.
At the outbreak of war Germany had the upper hand in both the quality and quantity of machine guns. The German army had more than 10, units inwhile the British and French had fewer than 1, each.
Machine guns of the time were capable of firing up to rounds per minute — but they were cumbersome, very heavy often more than 50 kilograms and required at least three well trained men to set up and operate effectively.
Their rapid rate of fire also caused machine guns to quickly overheat, requiring elaborate water and air based cooling systems to prevent them from jamming or exploding. Germany, as it did for other small arms, led the way in grenade development.
Early British models like the Mark I a cylindrical device attached to a long stick were awkward to use and prone to accidental detonation. These were superseded by the pineapple-shaped Mills bomb, with its safety pin and firing lever. Mills bombs were produced with four and seven second fuses.
Allied soldiers were trained to hurl Mills bombs over-arm — in fact the best cricket players were often co-opted as grenade specialists. Its bomb was detonated by a firing pin as it fell to the bottom of the tube, and it could fire quickly enough to have three rounds in the air simultaneously.
Since most focus had been on long-range artillery, mortars had fallen out of favour in Germany had just mortars, Britain barely any. But the development of trench warfare created an important use for mortars: Mortars were often used to target machine-gun nests, sniper positions or smaller defensive positions.
Artillery pieces were essentially huge cannons that fired explosive rounds against enemy positions, causing enormous damage to men, equipment and the landscape. During World War I they become larger, easier to handle and more accurate in their fire; they were also mobile, though moving large artillery guns became difficult if not impossible in ragged or muddy areas.
There was no denying the deadly impact of artillery: At the Battle of the Somme inalmost 1. The British Mark V… was the first that could be controlled by one man, but carbon monoxide fumes could poison its crew.
The first British tank, the Mark I, was rushed into battle at the Somme and proved susceptible to breakdown and immobility.Nov 01, · Episode five of the series Guns.
The evolution of firearms focuses largely on the U.S. weapons of World War I, a war in which American soldiers would first face. Online shopping from a great selection at Books Store.
The Illustrated History of the Weapons of World War One: A comprehensive chronological directory of the military weapons used in World War I, from to the rise of U-boats and Allied submarines. World War I is often considered the first true ‘modern war’, a conflict fought between industrialised countries equipped with modern weapons.
It saw the rise of powerful weapons such as heavy artillery, machine guns and airplanes – and the decline of 19th century weapons like sabres and bayonets.
World War I is often considered the first true ‘modern war’, a conflict fought between industrialised countries equipped with modern weapons. It saw the rise of powerful weapons such as heavy artillery, machine guns and airplanes – and the decline of 19th century weapons like sabres and bayonets.
Senior Curator Paul Cornish looks at the developments in weaponry technology and strategy that led to the modern warfare of World War One, which was characterised by deadly new weapons, trench deadlocks, and immense numbers of casualties.
The Encyclopedia of Weapons of World War II: The Comprehensive Guide to over Weapons Systems, including Tanks, Small Arms, Warplanes, Artillery, Ships and . | <urn:uuid:040c5681-3c58-41ad-bd0d-36796c64d4eb> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://taredysopuvowubav.srmvision.com/weapons-of-world-war-1-29456vt.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250624328.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124161014-20200124190014-00303.warc.gz | en | 0.983089 | 1,274 | 3.515625 | 4 | [
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... | 1 | The First World War involved a great modernizing of armies, weapons, and tactics, and as the very nature of war changed from offensive to static, so too did the weapons needed to fight that war. Just as one example, inFrench soldiers went into battle wearing blue pants, red tops, and white gloves - the same uniforms used in the Napoleonic Wars a century earlier. Soldiers marched in tight formations, vulnerable to massed machine gun fire. And many of the weapons they were using had been made before the turn of the century.
It saw the rise of powerful weapons such as heavy artillery, machine guns and airplanes — and the decline of 19th century weapons like sabres and bayonets. This page contains brief summaries of the most significant weapons of World War I: Perhaps the shock-and-awe value of the bayonet is what made those 19th century generals so enamoured of it.
Its primary function was to turn the rifle into a thrusting weapon, so its owner could attack the enemy without drawing too close. Bayonet charges were designed for psychological impact: Small arms and machine guns made these charges largely ineffective, but they were effective propaganda.
When not employed as weapons, bayonets were detached and used as all-purpose tools, used for anything from digging to opening canned food.
British Weapons of world war 1 were issued with the Lee-Enfieldwhile most Germans received a 7. Both were known for their durability and long range both could fire accurately at around metres, while the Enfield could potentially kill a man two kilometres away.
But this long range was largely wasted on the Western Front, where distances between trenches could be as low as 40 metres.
They fired rapidly, pointed easily and were superb pistols for their time, giving excellent service if properly cared for. Enlisted soldiers only received pistols if they were required in specialist duties, such as military police work or in tank crews, where rifles would be too unwieldy.
The most famous pistol of the war was the German-made Luger, with its distinctive shape, narrow barrel and seven-shot magazine. The Webley could reportedly fire even when caked with mud — but it was also heavy and difficult to fire accurately.
For this reason many British officers resorted to using captured Lugers. Pistols were not usually a significant weapon, though they were sometimes important as concealed weapons, or for close combat in the trenches. There were fewer machine guns deployed in the war than is commonly thought — but where used they often proved deadly.
At the outbreak of war Germany had the upper hand in both the quality and quantity of machine guns. The German army had more than 10, units inwhile the British and French had fewer than 1, each.
Machine guns of the time were capable of firing up to rounds per minute — but they were cumbersome, very heavy often more than 50 kilograms and required at least three well trained men to set up and operate effectively.
Their rapid rate of fire also caused machine guns to quickly overheat, requiring elaborate water and air based cooling systems to prevent them from jamming or exploding. Germany, as it did for other small arms, led the way in grenade development.
Early British models like the Mark I a cylindrical device attached to a long stick were awkward to use and prone to accidental detonation. These were superseded by the pineapple-shaped Mills bomb, with its safety pin and firing lever. Mills bombs were produced with four and seven second fuses.
Allied soldiers were trained to hurl Mills bombs over-arm — in fact the best cricket players were often co-opted as grenade specialists. Its bomb was detonated by a firing pin as it fell to the bottom of the tube, and it could fire quickly enough to have three rounds in the air simultaneously.
Since most focus had been on long-range artillery, mortars had fallen out of favour in Germany had just mortars, Britain barely any. But the development of trench warfare created an important use for mortars: Mortars were often used to target machine-gun nests, sniper positions or smaller defensive positions.
Artillery pieces were essentially huge cannons that fired explosive rounds against enemy positions, causing enormous damage to men, equipment and the landscape. During World War I they become larger, easier to handle and more accurate in their fire; they were also mobile, though moving large artillery guns became difficult if not impossible in ragged or muddy areas.
There was no denying the deadly impact of artillery: At the Battle of the Somme inalmost 1. The British Mark V… was the first that could be controlled by one man, but carbon monoxide fumes could poison its crew.
The first British tank, the Mark I, was rushed into battle at the Somme and proved susceptible to breakdown and immobility.Nov 01, · Episode five of the series Guns.
The evolution of firearms focuses largely on the U.S. weapons of World War I, a war in which American soldiers would first face. Online shopping from a great selection at Books Store.
The Illustrated History of the Weapons of World War One: A comprehensive chronological directory of the military weapons used in World War I, from to the rise of U-boats and Allied submarines. World War I is often considered the first true ‘modern war’, a conflict fought between industrialised countries equipped with modern weapons.
It saw the rise of powerful weapons such as heavy artillery, machine guns and airplanes – and the decline of 19th century weapons like sabres and bayonets.
World War I is often considered the first true ‘modern war’, a conflict fought between industrialised countries equipped with modern weapons. It saw the rise of powerful weapons such as heavy artillery, machine guns and airplanes – and the decline of 19th century weapons like sabres and bayonets.
Senior Curator Paul Cornish looks at the developments in weaponry technology and strategy that led to the modern warfare of World War One, which was characterised by deadly new weapons, trench deadlocks, and immense numbers of casualties.
The Encyclopedia of Weapons of World War II: The Comprehensive Guide to over Weapons Systems, including Tanks, Small Arms, Warplanes, Artillery, Ships and . | 1,254 | ENGLISH | 1 |
The Narendra Modi government’s recent moves on Kashmir has sparked a great deal of curiosity about the history and sequence of events in a story that lives on even after 70 years of Independence. Among its many turning points, the most contentious is the fighting that took place between India and Pakistan in 1947-48. It is also what the younger generations today are the least familiar with.
How close were the Pakistanis to capturing Srinagar in November 1947 when the first units of Indian Army landed in IAF Dakotas on Srinagar’s makeshift airstrip? What was the role played by Jawaharlal Nehru, Sardar Patel and even Mahatma Gandhi? Who were the key military leaders involved? Where and how did the Kashmiri leadership, Maharaja Hari Singh, Sheikh Abdullah and his two key lieutenants Bakshi Ghulam Mohammed and Ghulam Mohammed Sadiq (both of who became chief ministers after him), play?
We have mined some of that invaluable information in the words of somebody who was in the thick of it all, and also led the first Indian brigade in Kashmir.
Lt Gen. Lionel Protip (nicknamed Bogey) Sen was from the exalted, Anglicised generation of Sandhurst-trained, pre-Partition, King’s Commissioned Indian Officers (KCIOs). He retired after being southern and eastern Army commander, but the high point of his service was his sudden airlift to Srinagar on 5 November 1947 during the Kashmir confrontation, when Pakistani raiders were about to reach the airfield and the capital city, after having sacked, pillaged, burnt, looted and raped in Muzaffarabad, Uri and Baramulla.
A panicky Maharaja Hari Singh abandoned his efforts to somehow become independent, signed the Instrument of Accession to India, and the Army was ordered to save Srinagar and then evict the invaders.
India had very few troops in Kashmir then. The Maharaja’s state army had more or less collapsed. Its British chief left, the next in line killed by raiders close to Baramulla, Muslim troops defected and thousands of others just hid in fright.
India and Pakistan both had British army chiefs then as well as a large sprinkling of British officers. As war became inevitable between the two new nations, just 11 weeks old, the British decided none of their officers or personnel would fight. Yet, the British chiefs remained in control.
There was a need to airlift troops to save Srinagar from falling. It had only a dirt airstrip. A brave airlift was set up with Dakotas filled with troops and equipment raising an incredible air-bridge between Delhi and Srinagar. The first brigade commander sent there, Brigadier J.C. Katoch, was wounded in the leg and had to be evacuated. A new Indian brigadier had to be found right away.
L.P. Sen, then a mere colonel, was the No. 2 in the Directorate of Military Intelligence under Brigadier P.N. Thapar (later Army chief in the 1962 war). General Sir Rob Lockhart, then India’s Chief of Army Staff, summoned Sen and ordered him to take over the defence of Srinagar and the Valley at once. Because he was still a colonel, he “promoted” him to brigadier temporarily, until Katoch recovered, “in 10 days or so”.
That was not to happen. Sen continued there for almost two years, defending Srinagar, liberating Baramulla, Uri, even Haji Pir Pass and linking it up with Poonch.
He wrote his story in brilliant, graphic detail in the first real military memoir by an Indian soldier post-Independence. As with any general in those times, there are controversies and questions about his claims.
Controversy apart, however, this book is the first definitive account of those fateful days and months. Quite fittingly, and displaying a fine literary mind, Sen named his memoir, as the commander of the legendary 161 Brigade, ‘Slender Was The Thread: Kashmir Confrontation 1947-48’.
The book has been out of print for a very long time. ThePrint expresses its gratitude to publishers Orient BlackSwan for finding a copy in its Kolkata godown and making it available to us.
We bring you a few key extracts, selected and edited by ThePrint’s journalist Taran Deol.
— Shekhar Gupta
Borrowing a couple of stars from his Staff Officers
How Col Lionel Protip (‘Bogey’) Sen became a ‘Brigadier’ commanding 161 Infantry Brigade in doddering Srinagar
In the evening of 31st October came further bad news. Brigadier J. C. Katoch, while proceeding to visit 1 Sikh at Patan in a jeep, was hit in the leg by a bullet. Fortunately it had been fired at long range and did very little damage. It was assumed that he would be able to carry on, but at mid-day on 1 November, a signal was received that he was suffering from shock and was being evacuated. Once again, the troops in the valley were being left without the appointed commander.
At 5 o’clock that evening, the military secretary, Brigadier Thapar, accompanied by Brigadier Rudra, entered my office. Assuming that they have come in for a meeting, I gave them the latest situation report and awaited the questions they may have wished to ask. After a silence that may have lasted a minute, Brigadier Rudra asked me to go see the Commander in Chief immediately. When I enquired what it was all about, I was informed that the Chief would tell me. As I walked down the corridor to the Chief’s room, I wondered what I had done. I could only guess that it had something to do with the Press briefing I had given that morning, in which I had perhaps divulged more than I should have.
General Lockhart received me almost immediately, and his opening remark was, “Well I suppose you know why I have sent for you?” I informed him that I have no idea at all. “I have selected you,” he replied “to go to Kashmir to command 161 Infantry Brigade. I want you to leave first thing tomorrow. You will be given the temporary rank as Colonel and return to your present appointment. Go and see General Russel right away, and he will tell you the latest regarding the troops he has earmarked for Kashmir.”
I went from the Chief’s room to the DMO’s office and informed him of what I had been told, and asked to whom I was to hand over Military Intelligence. He informed me that Colonel Chand Narain Das took only a few minutes as my Staff knew as much about everything as I did. I borrowed a couple of stars from one on my Staff Officers, rearranged my badges of rank to conform to those worn by a Brigadier, and set off to meet General Russell.
I borrowed a couple of stars from one on my Staff Officers, rearranged my badges of rank to conform to those worn by a Brigadier
General Russell was having tea in his drawing room when I reported to him. He congratulated me on my promotion, and then glancing at my shoulder said that he was very glad to see that I had put on the badges of rank as it was essential that on my arrival everyone should be well aware of who the Commander was. He informed me that a new formation to be designated Jammu & Kashmir Force, or Jak Force for short, was being raised and Major General Kulwant Singh has been named as the Commander.
161 Infantry Brigade would eventually come under the command of Jak Force. Then he told me what units would move into the Valley. When I asked him for advice as to how I should go about my task, he thought for a few moments and replied: “You know much more about what is happening than I do, and I am not allowed to enter the Valley. You will have to find your way about when you get there. The only advice that I can give you is that if you get a chance of hitting them, hit hard with all you have got and don’t let up.”
Vague though General Russell’s word may sound, it was in fact advice of solid worth. A practical commander and a veteran of many campaigns, he made no vain or rash statements. There was no attempt to hedge the issue, a failing of many less brilliant soldiers, with the cliché ‘when you get there, send me your appreciation of the situation of your plan’, thereby giving the impression that he would vet them and advise one accordingly.
With his wide experience of warfare, he knew that it was not possible to fight a tactical battle in Kashmir off a map pinned on boards in Delhi, and he made no attempt to do so. What he did so, in a short chat as we had a cup of tea, was to raise my morale and confidence to the ceiling.
When Mahatma Gandhi told me wars are inhuman, utterly senseless
He also said go ahead and fight in Kashmir with all means at your disposal
As I was leaving General Russell’s house, I received a message to the effect that Brigadier Thapar would be waiting for me at the southern entrance to South Block of the Secretariat. When I arrived he informed me that Mahatma Gandhi wished to see me and be given an intelligence briefing. We drove to his residence and I told him everything that was known to us. He listened most intently and when I finished and asked whether he has any questions he would like answered, he replied “No, no questions.”
After a few seconds of silence he continued, “Wars are a curse to humanity. They are so utterly senseless. They bring nothing but suffering and destruction.” As a soldier, and one about to be engaged in battle in a matter of hours, I was at a loss to know what to say, and eventually asked him: “What do I do in Kashmir?” Mahatma Gandhi smiled and said: “You’re going in to protect innocent people, and to save them from suffering and their property from destruction. To achieve that you must naturally make full use of every means at your disposal.” It was the last time I was to see him alive.
You’re going in to protect innocent people, and to save them from suffering and their property from destruction
The Tiger was not asleep
“Of course Srinagar must be saved,” Sardar Patel opened his eyes and snapped
In the morning of 4th November, while engaged in reviewing the grim situation that had faced the Brigade the previous evening and during the night, and making the necessary adjustments to the troop dispositions, I received a message that Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, the Deputy Prime Minister of India, and Sardar Baldev Singh, the Defence Minister, had arrived in the Valley and were on their way to my Headquarters.
On arrival, I led them to the Operations Room and briefed them on the situation. I explained what had happened at Badgamand stressed that it was only sheer good fortune that had seen us through this crisis. I then emphasised that Srinagar must now be viewed as being very definitely threatened. Sardar Baldev Singh was wide awake and had taken in all that I had said. Sardar Patel had, however, closed his eyes, assumed that he was feeling the effects of the flight journey and had fallen asleep.
The briefing completed, I therefore looked at Sardar Baldev Singh and asked him a direct question: “Am I expected to eject the tribesmen from the Valley regardless of the fate that may befall Srinagar, or is the town to be saved?”
Sardar Patel stirred. The Tiger had not been asleep, and had heard every word of the briefing. A strong and determined man, and one of few words, “Of course Srinagar must be saved,” he snapped.
“Then I must have more troops and very quickly,” I answered, adding: “And if it is possible, I would like some artillery.”
“Of course, Srinagar must be saved,” Sardar Patel snapped
Sardar Patel rose. “I’m returning to Delhi immediately,” he said, “and you will get what you want as quickly as I can get them to you.” On reaching the vehicle park, I called forward my jeep and asked him whether I would drive him to the airfield. “No, Brigadier,” he replied, “don’t bother to come to the airport to see me off. You have got more important things to do than wasting your time doing that.” He then climbed into his own vehicle and with a wave of his hand, was off.
That evening I got a message that two Battalions of Infantry, one Squadron of Armoured Cars and a Battery of Field Artillery were being dispatched to the Valley by road. The Engineers had bridged the numerous culverts on the road from Pathankot to Jammu, and the Valley could now receive large bodies of troops by surface transport. This was heartening news, as the airstrip was beginning to look like a ploughed field. Sardar Patel had lived up to his reputation as a man of action.
When Sheikh Abdullah and Bakshi Ghulam Mohammed were shooed by Brigadier L.P. Sen
Sheikh Abdullah and Bakshi Ghulam Mohammed, who had gone to the airfield to see Sardar Patel off, apparently decided to visit the Brigade Headquarters on their way back to Srinagar. Having them denied the opportunity of meeting them the evening before, because of the road being blocked by the people heading for the airstrip, I had no idea what they looked like.
They arrived when I was busy on a wireless set, and Major Kak, the Liaison Officer, had led them to the Brigade Operations Room and had proceeded to explain the situation to them, pointing out the deployment of the Brigade. When I entered the room and was greeted with the sight of two unknown civilians carefully studying the map, I was furious. I did not ask who they were, but ordered them to leave the room immediately and never to set foot in it again.
I did not ask who they were, but ordered them to leave the room immediately
They left hurriedly. It was only when their vehicle had disappeared into the distance that Major Kak told me who they were.
The bait of retreat to beat the tribesmen that made Sheikh ask Nehru to sack Sen
During the day— 4 November— information poured in from all sorts of sources to the effect that the enemy was here, there and everywhere. With the limited number of troops available, it was quite impossible to engage them, and in any case, as they had split into parties of varying strength and were constantly on the move, it would have been tactically unsound to do so.
It was clear that to bring the tribesmen to battle and to defeat them, it was essential that they concentrate. Unless some method could be evolved to achieve this, they would inflict immense damage with hit-and-run raids. I therefore decided that the very best way to effect such a concentration would be to give them incentive to do so, and this could only be achieved by giving them a very attractive bait.
The bait, I felt, could only be on the road— freedom to use which, I was convinced, would act like a magnet. The tribesmen had been tempted to come to the valley because of the loot that they would be able to take back, and with the use of the main road denied to them they could not move the vehicle which were so essential to carry back their booty. 1 Sikh at Patan was the stumbling block, and I decided to withdraw this battalion and throw open the roads to the tribals. The withdrawal from Patan, coming in the wake of the Badgam battle, would, I hoped, give the tribal leaders the impression that we had taken a crippling knock at Badgam and were pulling in our horns.
The withdrawal from Patan would, I hoped, give the tribal leaders the impression that we had taken a crippling knock at Badgam
Before rushing headlong into an action based on a hunch, the relevant factors had to be given serious consideration. There was a live possibility that 1 Sikh might be segregated from the rest of the brigade by the enemy, who could very easily interpose himself in between 1 Sikh and Srinagar.
If this materialised, the maintenance convoys to 1 Sikh at Patan would either have to run the gauntlet of enemy fire or face ambushes. It was also not improbable that the enemy would pin down 1 Sikh in the Patan area and move past the flanks of the battalion and on to Srinagar, thereby reducing the attacking potential of 161 Infantry Brigade to just one battalion, 1 Kumaon, or if a risk was to be taken and 1 Punjab removed from Humhom, to two battalions.
This would be totally inadequate to ensure the safety of Srinagar. Although there was never any doubt that 1 Sikh, a strong battalion with two extra Rifle Companies, would be able to hold Patan, its withdrawal and with it a temporary loss of territory which could be recovered in a matter of hours was accepted as a justifiable gamble on the chance of the enemy biting the bait and presenting us with a concentrated target. Orders were issued to 1 Sikh to evacuate Patan and withdraw to Srinagar.
The Commanding Officer of 1 Sikh, Lt. CoJ. Sampuran Bachan Singh, was most unhappy when he received the order to withdraw to Srinagar. He stated that he would find it very difficult to break contact with the enemy, who were now active along his front and possibly in his rear. But firmness was employed and 1 Sikh evacuated Patan after darkness had set in, and withdrew to Srinagar without any interference from the enemy.
The gamble worked like magic.
Penny packets of the raiders disappeared from our front and information poured in throughout the next day that they were all heading back towards Baramula. That evening, while 1 Sikh was preparing to evacuate Patan, I went to call on Sheikh Abdullah. He had taken up residence in a small house next to Nedous’ Hotel, and Bakshi Ghulam Mohammed and D.P. Dhar were closeted with him in a room lit by candles.
Major Kak introduced me, and I apologised for the rough treatment that I had meted out to them that morning, explaining that an Operations Room is more or less a ‘holy of holies’, access to which is strictly limited. In the flickering light of the candles we then studied a map that had been laid out on the table and discussed the situation. The National Conference Volunteers, carefully chosen individuals from the political party headed by Sheikh Abdullah, who volunteered to carry out reconnaissance missions ‘many of which were very dangerous, had brought in a great deal of information relating to the movement of the tribesmen.
I was shown on the map the concentrations that had been located and were stated to be obvious targets attack. I listened patiently, making notes and stating that I would do what could. What I did not say was that with the limited number of troops at my disposal I could do nothing at the time to engage the concentrations, nor did I mention that I had, only an hour previously, ordered 1 Sikh to withdraw from Patan.
I knew they would learn of it sooner or later, but to have mentioned it at that moment, when I was being urged to move out and engage the raiders, would have been catastrophic. During the conference I had noticed a definite tinge of bitterness in the hearts of the three men in the room, and as Bakshi Ghulam Mohammed who, unable to restrain himself, brought the reason to the surface. “Brigadier,” he said, “may I ask a question?” I answered in the affirmative. “What,” he continued, “would you do to a commander who left his troops and ran away?”
“Court-martial him,” I replied, “on a charge of cowardice.”
“Well, that’s just what our Maharajah has done,” he said slowly. “He is the Commander in Chief of the State Forces, and when the tribesmen arrived at Mahura he collected all his valuables, loaded into all the trucks he could lay hands on, and bolted with his family to Jammu.”
The Maharajah of Kashmir had not ‘bolted’, as Bakshi had put it
Bakshi Ghulam Mohammed’s statement was not wholly accurate. The Maharajah might have been the Commander in Chief of the State Forces, but he was the titular head and not the executive commander. That position was held by the Chief of Staff, who, unfortunately, had been killed at Diwan Mandir. Nor had the Maharajah ‘bolted’ as Bakshi had put it.
He had been persuaded for political reasons to leave Srinagar and take up residence in another part of his State. Had he remained in Srinagar and fallen into tribal hands, his functions as the Maharajah would have been dictated to him.
There was very little movement along the roads and no motor vehicles were operating as I made my way back to my Headquarters. Srinagar, with the dull glow of candles behind the windows of the houses, gave the impression of a city that knew it was doomed but was trying to postpone the dread fate by hiding itself under a blanket of darkness. The streets were deserted, but not due to any curfew or other order warning people to remain indoors after dark. At no time were such restrictions placed on Srinagar, as doing so might create panic which anti-social elements and fifth columnists would exploit to embarrass the Emergency Government.
When Sardar Patel didn’t let L.P. Sen be sacked
D.P. Dhar took Sheikh’s demand to Nehru, who agreed to sack the Brigadier, but Patel’s view prevailed, there was to be no change of commander
As I expected, my signal to Jak Force Headquarters – it had meanwhile been established at Jammu – that I had withdrawn 1 Sikh from Patan created a furore. Major General Kulwant Singh sent a message that he would be arriving by air early the next morning, 5th November and wished me to meet him at the airfield. He arrived at ten o’clock, and having driven him to my Headquarters, I explained to him in detail my reasons for having ordered the move. He was not in a receptive mood, and not one bit impressed with my arguments. He told me in no uncertain terms that he entirely disagreed with me, that the tribals would never move towards Baramula but would surge forward to Srinagar, and that my opinion was not a calculated risk but sheer suicide.
He made it very clear that as Jak Force Headquarters had not been approached before the order was issued, I must accept full responsibility for what I had done. Further, he insisted that I give it to him in writing, and in triplicate, that I had withdrawn 1 Sikh without his approval and without consulting Jak Force Headquarters. This I did, and having placed the three copies in his pocket he stormed out of Headquarters and drove to Srinagar to make a courtesy call to Sheikh Abdullah.
Nehru had immediately agreed, but Sardar Patel was adamant that no change of commander was called for
Major Kak, who accompanied Major General Kulwant Singh, returned to Brigade Headquarters after a short while and stated that neither Sheikh Abdullah nor Bakshi Ghulam Mohammed were present. They had received information about the withdrawal from Patan, and had left to visit various areas to ascertain for themselves the effect that it had on the population.
P. Dhar was, meanwhile, in an aircraft heading for Delhi. It was he himself who, six weeks later while lunching with me at Uri, apologetically told me the object of his flight to Delhi. It was to interview the Prime Minister personally and to request him to despatch another Brigadier to command the troops in the Valley.
Pandit Nehru had immediately agreed, but Sardar Patel, who was also present, was adamant that no change of commander was called for, regardless of the merit or demerit of withdrawing from Patan. Sardar Patel’s view prevailed.
Crisis of intelligence as Kashmir was invaded by Pakistani raiders
IB chief of undivided India opted for Pakistan, and on his way out, transferred every sensitive file there
The Intelligence Bureau of the Government of India, manned by personnel of the Indian Police Service, were indeed expected to cover the State. They would naturally have been interested in keeping abreast of happenings within and along the border, in so far as they might have repercussions in India. But they were in a tragi-comic state of helplessness.
The Director of the Intelligence Bureau of undivided India, during ‘the months preceding 15 August 1947, was an officer who was about to opt for Pakistani citizenship. This individual, who was earmarked for appointment as Director of the Pakistan Intelligence Bureau, took full advantage of his position to transfer across to Pakistan every file of importance dealing with Intelligence, leaving behind for his counterparts in India the office furniture, empty racks and cupboards, and a few innocuous files dealing with office routine. It is therefore no exaggeration to say that on 15 August, Pakistan came into being with a well-established Intelligence Service, while India had only a semblance of one.
On 15 August, Pakistan came into being with a well-established Intelligence Service, while India had only a semblance of one
The reticence of Maharajah Hari Singh about the hostile actions being launched against his State in Jammu, specially in the Poonch area, is understandable when viewed in the light of his ambition to retain his sovereignty. Moreover, he was perhaps unaware of the magnitude of the threat that was developing, and thought that his State Forces were capable of coping with what might have been assessed by him as minor border incidents. Whatever it was, his silence resulted in India’s truncated Intelligence, both Civil and Military, remaining unaware of what was happening.
While the Indian Intelligence Services may have been blind, it is difficult to imagine that Pakistan’s intention, preparation and plan of action could have escaped detection by the numerous British personnel who were holding key positions in both the Dominions. Strangely enough, Lord Mountbatten, the Governor General of India, and General Sir Rob Lockhart, the Commander in Chief of the Indian Army, apparently knew nothing about the attack on Kashmir until after the tribal raiders had sacked Muzaffarabad.
Was Lord Mountbatten considered an outcast by his British colleagues?
Before the division of the sub-continent into two Dominions, it had been suggested that the Viceroy of undivided India, Lord Mountbatten, should be the Governor General of both India and Pakistan. Mr. Jinnah, the architect of Pakistan, would not have it.
He became the Head of the State of his creation, while India accepted Lord Mountbatten as its first Governor General. That Mr. Jinnah disliked Lord Mountbatten is true, but surely Lord Mountbatten’s British colleagues in service with the Dominion of Pakistan, the Commander in Chief of the Pakistan Army, General Sir Frank Messervey, in particular, would not have been swayed by Jinnah’s animosity towards Lord Mountbatten so far as to withhold from him such vital information as Pakistan’s intention to take Kashmir by force. They must have been fully alive to the fact that it would place Lord Mountbatten in a most invidious position if, as the Governor General of India and even more as the creator and pilot of the Mountbatten Plan, he knew nothing about it.
Lord Mountbatten’s ignorance of the plot that was being hatched against Jammu & Kashmir State can only point to one conclusion: his British colleagues in Pakistan did consider him an outcast. What is even more amazing is the treatment accorded to Field Marshal Sir Claude Auchinleck.
In order to ensure that the partition of the Armed Forces and their assets were fairly and correctly conducted, both India and Pakistan had agreed to the formation of a Supreme Headquarters, with Field Marshal Auchinleck as the Supreme Commander. The Headquarters, staffed entirely by British officers, was located in New Delhi.
Lord Mountbatten’s ignorance of the plot that was being hatched against Jammu & Kashmir State can only point to one conclusion
As a neutral body, Supreme Headquarters owed its loyalty to both Dominions. In his role as a neutral, Auchinleck had free access to both Governments and their Armed Forces Headquarters, and was in constant touch with them, either by personal visits, telephone or wireless, or through couriers.
It would not have called for a great deal of thought on the part of the Supreme Commander to arrive at the inference that the induction of a large body of tribals into a Princely State that had yet to make its choice of accession could have serious repercussions, not excluding a clash between the two Armies of which he was the Supreme Commander.
General Sir Frank Messervey, the C in C of the Pakistan Army, would also certainly have arrived at the same conclusion, and it is, therefore, difficult to believe that he did not brief Auchinleck fully on the events taking place in Pakistan, the intention behind them, and the serious repercussions that were bound to follow.
This excerpt from L.P. Sen’s Slender Was The Thread: Kashmir Confrontation 1947-48 (1994 edition) has been published with permission from Orient BlackSwan. | <urn:uuid:38a6f9bc-b3d7-4221-88e4-fc6a8754007d> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://theprint.in/pageturner/excerpt/in-1947-gandhi-told-lt-gen-sen-that-wars-were-inhuman-but-to-fight-for-kashmir-by-all-means/273779/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251687958.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126074227-20200126104227-00052.warc.gz | en | 0.988427 | 6,271 | 3.265625 | 3 | [
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0.367601811... | 3 | The Narendra Modi government’s recent moves on Kashmir has sparked a great deal of curiosity about the history and sequence of events in a story that lives on even after 70 years of Independence. Among its many turning points, the most contentious is the fighting that took place between India and Pakistan in 1947-48. It is also what the younger generations today are the least familiar with.
How close were the Pakistanis to capturing Srinagar in November 1947 when the first units of Indian Army landed in IAF Dakotas on Srinagar’s makeshift airstrip? What was the role played by Jawaharlal Nehru, Sardar Patel and even Mahatma Gandhi? Who were the key military leaders involved? Where and how did the Kashmiri leadership, Maharaja Hari Singh, Sheikh Abdullah and his two key lieutenants Bakshi Ghulam Mohammed and Ghulam Mohammed Sadiq (both of who became chief ministers after him), play?
We have mined some of that invaluable information in the words of somebody who was in the thick of it all, and also led the first Indian brigade in Kashmir.
Lt Gen. Lionel Protip (nicknamed Bogey) Sen was from the exalted, Anglicised generation of Sandhurst-trained, pre-Partition, King’s Commissioned Indian Officers (KCIOs). He retired after being southern and eastern Army commander, but the high point of his service was his sudden airlift to Srinagar on 5 November 1947 during the Kashmir confrontation, when Pakistani raiders were about to reach the airfield and the capital city, after having sacked, pillaged, burnt, looted and raped in Muzaffarabad, Uri and Baramulla.
A panicky Maharaja Hari Singh abandoned his efforts to somehow become independent, signed the Instrument of Accession to India, and the Army was ordered to save Srinagar and then evict the invaders.
India had very few troops in Kashmir then. The Maharaja’s state army had more or less collapsed. Its British chief left, the next in line killed by raiders close to Baramulla, Muslim troops defected and thousands of others just hid in fright.
India and Pakistan both had British army chiefs then as well as a large sprinkling of British officers. As war became inevitable between the two new nations, just 11 weeks old, the British decided none of their officers or personnel would fight. Yet, the British chiefs remained in control.
There was a need to airlift troops to save Srinagar from falling. It had only a dirt airstrip. A brave airlift was set up with Dakotas filled with troops and equipment raising an incredible air-bridge between Delhi and Srinagar. The first brigade commander sent there, Brigadier J.C. Katoch, was wounded in the leg and had to be evacuated. A new Indian brigadier had to be found right away.
L.P. Sen, then a mere colonel, was the No. 2 in the Directorate of Military Intelligence under Brigadier P.N. Thapar (later Army chief in the 1962 war). General Sir Rob Lockhart, then India’s Chief of Army Staff, summoned Sen and ordered him to take over the defence of Srinagar and the Valley at once. Because he was still a colonel, he “promoted” him to brigadier temporarily, until Katoch recovered, “in 10 days or so”.
That was not to happen. Sen continued there for almost two years, defending Srinagar, liberating Baramulla, Uri, even Haji Pir Pass and linking it up with Poonch.
He wrote his story in brilliant, graphic detail in the first real military memoir by an Indian soldier post-Independence. As with any general in those times, there are controversies and questions about his claims.
Controversy apart, however, this book is the first definitive account of those fateful days and months. Quite fittingly, and displaying a fine literary mind, Sen named his memoir, as the commander of the legendary 161 Brigade, ‘Slender Was The Thread: Kashmir Confrontation 1947-48’.
The book has been out of print for a very long time. ThePrint expresses its gratitude to publishers Orient BlackSwan for finding a copy in its Kolkata godown and making it available to us.
We bring you a few key extracts, selected and edited by ThePrint’s journalist Taran Deol.
— Shekhar Gupta
Borrowing a couple of stars from his Staff Officers
How Col Lionel Protip (‘Bogey’) Sen became a ‘Brigadier’ commanding 161 Infantry Brigade in doddering Srinagar
In the evening of 31st October came further bad news. Brigadier J. C. Katoch, while proceeding to visit 1 Sikh at Patan in a jeep, was hit in the leg by a bullet. Fortunately it had been fired at long range and did very little damage. It was assumed that he would be able to carry on, but at mid-day on 1 November, a signal was received that he was suffering from shock and was being evacuated. Once again, the troops in the valley were being left without the appointed commander.
At 5 o’clock that evening, the military secretary, Brigadier Thapar, accompanied by Brigadier Rudra, entered my office. Assuming that they have come in for a meeting, I gave them the latest situation report and awaited the questions they may have wished to ask. After a silence that may have lasted a minute, Brigadier Rudra asked me to go see the Commander in Chief immediately. When I enquired what it was all about, I was informed that the Chief would tell me. As I walked down the corridor to the Chief’s room, I wondered what I had done. I could only guess that it had something to do with the Press briefing I had given that morning, in which I had perhaps divulged more than I should have.
General Lockhart received me almost immediately, and his opening remark was, “Well I suppose you know why I have sent for you?” I informed him that I have no idea at all. “I have selected you,” he replied “to go to Kashmir to command 161 Infantry Brigade. I want you to leave first thing tomorrow. You will be given the temporary rank as Colonel and return to your present appointment. Go and see General Russel right away, and he will tell you the latest regarding the troops he has earmarked for Kashmir.”
I went from the Chief’s room to the DMO’s office and informed him of what I had been told, and asked to whom I was to hand over Military Intelligence. He informed me that Colonel Chand Narain Das took only a few minutes as my Staff knew as much about everything as I did. I borrowed a couple of stars from one on my Staff Officers, rearranged my badges of rank to conform to those worn by a Brigadier, and set off to meet General Russell.
I borrowed a couple of stars from one on my Staff Officers, rearranged my badges of rank to conform to those worn by a Brigadier
General Russell was having tea in his drawing room when I reported to him. He congratulated me on my promotion, and then glancing at my shoulder said that he was very glad to see that I had put on the badges of rank as it was essential that on my arrival everyone should be well aware of who the Commander was. He informed me that a new formation to be designated Jammu & Kashmir Force, or Jak Force for short, was being raised and Major General Kulwant Singh has been named as the Commander.
161 Infantry Brigade would eventually come under the command of Jak Force. Then he told me what units would move into the Valley. When I asked him for advice as to how I should go about my task, he thought for a few moments and replied: “You know much more about what is happening than I do, and I am not allowed to enter the Valley. You will have to find your way about when you get there. The only advice that I can give you is that if you get a chance of hitting them, hit hard with all you have got and don’t let up.”
Vague though General Russell’s word may sound, it was in fact advice of solid worth. A practical commander and a veteran of many campaigns, he made no vain or rash statements. There was no attempt to hedge the issue, a failing of many less brilliant soldiers, with the cliché ‘when you get there, send me your appreciation of the situation of your plan’, thereby giving the impression that he would vet them and advise one accordingly.
With his wide experience of warfare, he knew that it was not possible to fight a tactical battle in Kashmir off a map pinned on boards in Delhi, and he made no attempt to do so. What he did so, in a short chat as we had a cup of tea, was to raise my morale and confidence to the ceiling.
When Mahatma Gandhi told me wars are inhuman, utterly senseless
He also said go ahead and fight in Kashmir with all means at your disposal
As I was leaving General Russell’s house, I received a message to the effect that Brigadier Thapar would be waiting for me at the southern entrance to South Block of the Secretariat. When I arrived he informed me that Mahatma Gandhi wished to see me and be given an intelligence briefing. We drove to his residence and I told him everything that was known to us. He listened most intently and when I finished and asked whether he has any questions he would like answered, he replied “No, no questions.”
After a few seconds of silence he continued, “Wars are a curse to humanity. They are so utterly senseless. They bring nothing but suffering and destruction.” As a soldier, and one about to be engaged in battle in a matter of hours, I was at a loss to know what to say, and eventually asked him: “What do I do in Kashmir?” Mahatma Gandhi smiled and said: “You’re going in to protect innocent people, and to save them from suffering and their property from destruction. To achieve that you must naturally make full use of every means at your disposal.” It was the last time I was to see him alive.
You’re going in to protect innocent people, and to save them from suffering and their property from destruction
The Tiger was not asleep
“Of course Srinagar must be saved,” Sardar Patel opened his eyes and snapped
In the morning of 4th November, while engaged in reviewing the grim situation that had faced the Brigade the previous evening and during the night, and making the necessary adjustments to the troop dispositions, I received a message that Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, the Deputy Prime Minister of India, and Sardar Baldev Singh, the Defence Minister, had arrived in the Valley and were on their way to my Headquarters.
On arrival, I led them to the Operations Room and briefed them on the situation. I explained what had happened at Badgamand stressed that it was only sheer good fortune that had seen us through this crisis. I then emphasised that Srinagar must now be viewed as being very definitely threatened. Sardar Baldev Singh was wide awake and had taken in all that I had said. Sardar Patel had, however, closed his eyes, assumed that he was feeling the effects of the flight journey and had fallen asleep.
The briefing completed, I therefore looked at Sardar Baldev Singh and asked him a direct question: “Am I expected to eject the tribesmen from the Valley regardless of the fate that may befall Srinagar, or is the town to be saved?”
Sardar Patel stirred. The Tiger had not been asleep, and had heard every word of the briefing. A strong and determined man, and one of few words, “Of course Srinagar must be saved,” he snapped.
“Then I must have more troops and very quickly,” I answered, adding: “And if it is possible, I would like some artillery.”
“Of course, Srinagar must be saved,” Sardar Patel snapped
Sardar Patel rose. “I’m returning to Delhi immediately,” he said, “and you will get what you want as quickly as I can get them to you.” On reaching the vehicle park, I called forward my jeep and asked him whether I would drive him to the airfield. “No, Brigadier,” he replied, “don’t bother to come to the airport to see me off. You have got more important things to do than wasting your time doing that.” He then climbed into his own vehicle and with a wave of his hand, was off.
That evening I got a message that two Battalions of Infantry, one Squadron of Armoured Cars and a Battery of Field Artillery were being dispatched to the Valley by road. The Engineers had bridged the numerous culverts on the road from Pathankot to Jammu, and the Valley could now receive large bodies of troops by surface transport. This was heartening news, as the airstrip was beginning to look like a ploughed field. Sardar Patel had lived up to his reputation as a man of action.
When Sheikh Abdullah and Bakshi Ghulam Mohammed were shooed by Brigadier L.P. Sen
Sheikh Abdullah and Bakshi Ghulam Mohammed, who had gone to the airfield to see Sardar Patel off, apparently decided to visit the Brigade Headquarters on their way back to Srinagar. Having them denied the opportunity of meeting them the evening before, because of the road being blocked by the people heading for the airstrip, I had no idea what they looked like.
They arrived when I was busy on a wireless set, and Major Kak, the Liaison Officer, had led them to the Brigade Operations Room and had proceeded to explain the situation to them, pointing out the deployment of the Brigade. When I entered the room and was greeted with the sight of two unknown civilians carefully studying the map, I was furious. I did not ask who they were, but ordered them to leave the room immediately and never to set foot in it again.
I did not ask who they were, but ordered them to leave the room immediately
They left hurriedly. It was only when their vehicle had disappeared into the distance that Major Kak told me who they were.
The bait of retreat to beat the tribesmen that made Sheikh ask Nehru to sack Sen
During the day— 4 November— information poured in from all sorts of sources to the effect that the enemy was here, there and everywhere. With the limited number of troops available, it was quite impossible to engage them, and in any case, as they had split into parties of varying strength and were constantly on the move, it would have been tactically unsound to do so.
It was clear that to bring the tribesmen to battle and to defeat them, it was essential that they concentrate. Unless some method could be evolved to achieve this, they would inflict immense damage with hit-and-run raids. I therefore decided that the very best way to effect such a concentration would be to give them incentive to do so, and this could only be achieved by giving them a very attractive bait.
The bait, I felt, could only be on the road— freedom to use which, I was convinced, would act like a magnet. The tribesmen had been tempted to come to the valley because of the loot that they would be able to take back, and with the use of the main road denied to them they could not move the vehicle which were so essential to carry back their booty. 1 Sikh at Patan was the stumbling block, and I decided to withdraw this battalion and throw open the roads to the tribals. The withdrawal from Patan, coming in the wake of the Badgam battle, would, I hoped, give the tribal leaders the impression that we had taken a crippling knock at Badgam and were pulling in our horns.
The withdrawal from Patan would, I hoped, give the tribal leaders the impression that we had taken a crippling knock at Badgam
Before rushing headlong into an action based on a hunch, the relevant factors had to be given serious consideration. There was a live possibility that 1 Sikh might be segregated from the rest of the brigade by the enemy, who could very easily interpose himself in between 1 Sikh and Srinagar.
If this materialised, the maintenance convoys to 1 Sikh at Patan would either have to run the gauntlet of enemy fire or face ambushes. It was also not improbable that the enemy would pin down 1 Sikh in the Patan area and move past the flanks of the battalion and on to Srinagar, thereby reducing the attacking potential of 161 Infantry Brigade to just one battalion, 1 Kumaon, or if a risk was to be taken and 1 Punjab removed from Humhom, to two battalions.
This would be totally inadequate to ensure the safety of Srinagar. Although there was never any doubt that 1 Sikh, a strong battalion with two extra Rifle Companies, would be able to hold Patan, its withdrawal and with it a temporary loss of territory which could be recovered in a matter of hours was accepted as a justifiable gamble on the chance of the enemy biting the bait and presenting us with a concentrated target. Orders were issued to 1 Sikh to evacuate Patan and withdraw to Srinagar.
The Commanding Officer of 1 Sikh, Lt. CoJ. Sampuran Bachan Singh, was most unhappy when he received the order to withdraw to Srinagar. He stated that he would find it very difficult to break contact with the enemy, who were now active along his front and possibly in his rear. But firmness was employed and 1 Sikh evacuated Patan after darkness had set in, and withdrew to Srinagar without any interference from the enemy.
The gamble worked like magic.
Penny packets of the raiders disappeared from our front and information poured in throughout the next day that they were all heading back towards Baramula. That evening, while 1 Sikh was preparing to evacuate Patan, I went to call on Sheikh Abdullah. He had taken up residence in a small house next to Nedous’ Hotel, and Bakshi Ghulam Mohammed and D.P. Dhar were closeted with him in a room lit by candles.
Major Kak introduced me, and I apologised for the rough treatment that I had meted out to them that morning, explaining that an Operations Room is more or less a ‘holy of holies’, access to which is strictly limited. In the flickering light of the candles we then studied a map that had been laid out on the table and discussed the situation. The National Conference Volunteers, carefully chosen individuals from the political party headed by Sheikh Abdullah, who volunteered to carry out reconnaissance missions ‘many of which were very dangerous, had brought in a great deal of information relating to the movement of the tribesmen.
I was shown on the map the concentrations that had been located and were stated to be obvious targets attack. I listened patiently, making notes and stating that I would do what could. What I did not say was that with the limited number of troops at my disposal I could do nothing at the time to engage the concentrations, nor did I mention that I had, only an hour previously, ordered 1 Sikh to withdraw from Patan.
I knew they would learn of it sooner or later, but to have mentioned it at that moment, when I was being urged to move out and engage the raiders, would have been catastrophic. During the conference I had noticed a definite tinge of bitterness in the hearts of the three men in the room, and as Bakshi Ghulam Mohammed who, unable to restrain himself, brought the reason to the surface. “Brigadier,” he said, “may I ask a question?” I answered in the affirmative. “What,” he continued, “would you do to a commander who left his troops and ran away?”
“Court-martial him,” I replied, “on a charge of cowardice.”
“Well, that’s just what our Maharajah has done,” he said slowly. “He is the Commander in Chief of the State Forces, and when the tribesmen arrived at Mahura he collected all his valuables, loaded into all the trucks he could lay hands on, and bolted with his family to Jammu.”
The Maharajah of Kashmir had not ‘bolted’, as Bakshi had put it
Bakshi Ghulam Mohammed’s statement was not wholly accurate. The Maharajah might have been the Commander in Chief of the State Forces, but he was the titular head and not the executive commander. That position was held by the Chief of Staff, who, unfortunately, had been killed at Diwan Mandir. Nor had the Maharajah ‘bolted’ as Bakshi had put it.
He had been persuaded for political reasons to leave Srinagar and take up residence in another part of his State. Had he remained in Srinagar and fallen into tribal hands, his functions as the Maharajah would have been dictated to him.
There was very little movement along the roads and no motor vehicles were operating as I made my way back to my Headquarters. Srinagar, with the dull glow of candles behind the windows of the houses, gave the impression of a city that knew it was doomed but was trying to postpone the dread fate by hiding itself under a blanket of darkness. The streets were deserted, but not due to any curfew or other order warning people to remain indoors after dark. At no time were such restrictions placed on Srinagar, as doing so might create panic which anti-social elements and fifth columnists would exploit to embarrass the Emergency Government.
When Sardar Patel didn’t let L.P. Sen be sacked
D.P. Dhar took Sheikh’s demand to Nehru, who agreed to sack the Brigadier, but Patel’s view prevailed, there was to be no change of commander
As I expected, my signal to Jak Force Headquarters – it had meanwhile been established at Jammu – that I had withdrawn 1 Sikh from Patan created a furore. Major General Kulwant Singh sent a message that he would be arriving by air early the next morning, 5th November and wished me to meet him at the airfield. He arrived at ten o’clock, and having driven him to my Headquarters, I explained to him in detail my reasons for having ordered the move. He was not in a receptive mood, and not one bit impressed with my arguments. He told me in no uncertain terms that he entirely disagreed with me, that the tribals would never move towards Baramula but would surge forward to Srinagar, and that my opinion was not a calculated risk but sheer suicide.
He made it very clear that as Jak Force Headquarters had not been approached before the order was issued, I must accept full responsibility for what I had done. Further, he insisted that I give it to him in writing, and in triplicate, that I had withdrawn 1 Sikh without his approval and without consulting Jak Force Headquarters. This I did, and having placed the three copies in his pocket he stormed out of Headquarters and drove to Srinagar to make a courtesy call to Sheikh Abdullah.
Nehru had immediately agreed, but Sardar Patel was adamant that no change of commander was called for
Major Kak, who accompanied Major General Kulwant Singh, returned to Brigade Headquarters after a short while and stated that neither Sheikh Abdullah nor Bakshi Ghulam Mohammed were present. They had received information about the withdrawal from Patan, and had left to visit various areas to ascertain for themselves the effect that it had on the population.
P. Dhar was, meanwhile, in an aircraft heading for Delhi. It was he himself who, six weeks later while lunching with me at Uri, apologetically told me the object of his flight to Delhi. It was to interview the Prime Minister personally and to request him to despatch another Brigadier to command the troops in the Valley.
Pandit Nehru had immediately agreed, but Sardar Patel, who was also present, was adamant that no change of commander was called for, regardless of the merit or demerit of withdrawing from Patan. Sardar Patel’s view prevailed.
Crisis of intelligence as Kashmir was invaded by Pakistani raiders
IB chief of undivided India opted for Pakistan, and on his way out, transferred every sensitive file there
The Intelligence Bureau of the Government of India, manned by personnel of the Indian Police Service, were indeed expected to cover the State. They would naturally have been interested in keeping abreast of happenings within and along the border, in so far as they might have repercussions in India. But they were in a tragi-comic state of helplessness.
The Director of the Intelligence Bureau of undivided India, during ‘the months preceding 15 August 1947, was an officer who was about to opt for Pakistani citizenship. This individual, who was earmarked for appointment as Director of the Pakistan Intelligence Bureau, took full advantage of his position to transfer across to Pakistan every file of importance dealing with Intelligence, leaving behind for his counterparts in India the office furniture, empty racks and cupboards, and a few innocuous files dealing with office routine. It is therefore no exaggeration to say that on 15 August, Pakistan came into being with a well-established Intelligence Service, while India had only a semblance of one.
On 15 August, Pakistan came into being with a well-established Intelligence Service, while India had only a semblance of one
The reticence of Maharajah Hari Singh about the hostile actions being launched against his State in Jammu, specially in the Poonch area, is understandable when viewed in the light of his ambition to retain his sovereignty. Moreover, he was perhaps unaware of the magnitude of the threat that was developing, and thought that his State Forces were capable of coping with what might have been assessed by him as minor border incidents. Whatever it was, his silence resulted in India’s truncated Intelligence, both Civil and Military, remaining unaware of what was happening.
While the Indian Intelligence Services may have been blind, it is difficult to imagine that Pakistan’s intention, preparation and plan of action could have escaped detection by the numerous British personnel who were holding key positions in both the Dominions. Strangely enough, Lord Mountbatten, the Governor General of India, and General Sir Rob Lockhart, the Commander in Chief of the Indian Army, apparently knew nothing about the attack on Kashmir until after the tribal raiders had sacked Muzaffarabad.
Was Lord Mountbatten considered an outcast by his British colleagues?
Before the division of the sub-continent into two Dominions, it had been suggested that the Viceroy of undivided India, Lord Mountbatten, should be the Governor General of both India and Pakistan. Mr. Jinnah, the architect of Pakistan, would not have it.
He became the Head of the State of his creation, while India accepted Lord Mountbatten as its first Governor General. That Mr. Jinnah disliked Lord Mountbatten is true, but surely Lord Mountbatten’s British colleagues in service with the Dominion of Pakistan, the Commander in Chief of the Pakistan Army, General Sir Frank Messervey, in particular, would not have been swayed by Jinnah’s animosity towards Lord Mountbatten so far as to withhold from him such vital information as Pakistan’s intention to take Kashmir by force. They must have been fully alive to the fact that it would place Lord Mountbatten in a most invidious position if, as the Governor General of India and even more as the creator and pilot of the Mountbatten Plan, he knew nothing about it.
Lord Mountbatten’s ignorance of the plot that was being hatched against Jammu & Kashmir State can only point to one conclusion: his British colleagues in Pakistan did consider him an outcast. What is even more amazing is the treatment accorded to Field Marshal Sir Claude Auchinleck.
In order to ensure that the partition of the Armed Forces and their assets were fairly and correctly conducted, both India and Pakistan had agreed to the formation of a Supreme Headquarters, with Field Marshal Auchinleck as the Supreme Commander. The Headquarters, staffed entirely by British officers, was located in New Delhi.
Lord Mountbatten’s ignorance of the plot that was being hatched against Jammu & Kashmir State can only point to one conclusion
As a neutral body, Supreme Headquarters owed its loyalty to both Dominions. In his role as a neutral, Auchinleck had free access to both Governments and their Armed Forces Headquarters, and was in constant touch with them, either by personal visits, telephone or wireless, or through couriers.
It would not have called for a great deal of thought on the part of the Supreme Commander to arrive at the inference that the induction of a large body of tribals into a Princely State that had yet to make its choice of accession could have serious repercussions, not excluding a clash between the two Armies of which he was the Supreme Commander.
General Sir Frank Messervey, the C in C of the Pakistan Army, would also certainly have arrived at the same conclusion, and it is, therefore, difficult to believe that he did not brief Auchinleck fully on the events taking place in Pakistan, the intention behind them, and the serious repercussions that were bound to follow.
This excerpt from L.P. Sen’s Slender Was The Thread: Kashmir Confrontation 1947-48 (1994 edition) has been published with permission from Orient BlackSwan. | 6,145 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Traditional owners lived their lives in accordance with the seasonal patterns which governed life in the Laura basin, for thousands and thousands of years.
There are five recognized seasons here, marked by shifting winds, thunderstorms and the availability of different foods. In the Gugu-Yalanji language they are as follows.
The wet season rains made travel difficult, so people spent more time together in permanent camps on higher ground. This is when they stayed in the shelters, which are now rock art galleries, high up in the sand stone escarpments.
The wet season was not a time of plenty, the fruits were less varied and harder to find.
Flooded rivers swept across the lowland plains and became home for swarms of mosquitos. Bush food was hard to find at this time of year and traditional owners relied on stored food, such as nuts and tubers.
Travelling was difficult. It was a time for stories, paintings and maintaining tools.
When the rains and floods eased, people made their way back to the plains to disperse into smaller family groups. This was a time of plenty with abundant fruits, vegetables, hunting and fishing.
The native bee hives were full and honey was gathered with delight.
As the weather got hotter and the rivers started to dry up, fruits and vegetables become less available. Although yams could still be dug from the earth and meat became a large part of the diet.
Conditions are hot and humid at this time of year. Water levels are low and rain is scarce. People would be drawn back to permanent rivers and waterholes.
© Ang-Gnarra Aboriginal Corporation 2020 | <urn:uuid:b96f2e4d-6e4e-4d00-9729-74aca98334d9> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.anggnarra.org.au/our-country/our-seasons | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251776516.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128060946-20200128090946-00360.warc.gz | en | 0.981193 | 336 | 3.671875 | 4 | [
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-0.0988715589046478... | 8 | Traditional owners lived their lives in accordance with the seasonal patterns which governed life in the Laura basin, for thousands and thousands of years.
There are five recognized seasons here, marked by shifting winds, thunderstorms and the availability of different foods. In the Gugu-Yalanji language they are as follows.
The wet season rains made travel difficult, so people spent more time together in permanent camps on higher ground. This is when they stayed in the shelters, which are now rock art galleries, high up in the sand stone escarpments.
The wet season was not a time of plenty, the fruits were less varied and harder to find.
Flooded rivers swept across the lowland plains and became home for swarms of mosquitos. Bush food was hard to find at this time of year and traditional owners relied on stored food, such as nuts and tubers.
Travelling was difficult. It was a time for stories, paintings and maintaining tools.
When the rains and floods eased, people made their way back to the plains to disperse into smaller family groups. This was a time of plenty with abundant fruits, vegetables, hunting and fishing.
The native bee hives were full and honey was gathered with delight.
As the weather got hotter and the rivers started to dry up, fruits and vegetables become less available. Although yams could still be dug from the earth and meat became a large part of the diet.
Conditions are hot and humid at this time of year. Water levels are low and rain is scarce. People would be drawn back to permanent rivers and waterholes.
© Ang-Gnarra Aboriginal Corporation 2020 | 329 | ENGLISH | 1 |
In what ways could Milton’s epic poem Paradise Lost be read as an allegory on the "paradise" of Interregnum Britain that he and other supporters of Cromwell had lost?
While there is no way one can "prove a negative" (in other words, to demonstrate beyond question that an author did not intend a certain meaning) with regard to this issue or anything else in the history of literature, I would tend to doubt that Milton had this idea in mind in writing Paradise Lost.
Regardless of how great Milton and others may have considered Cromwell as a religious and political leader, to view him on the same plane as God would have been heresy, even to them. The Paradise of the Bible is a state in which God's newly-created earth has not yet been corrupted by evil. By contrast, the English Commonwealth came after a period of civil and religious conflict. In other words, the "devil" (if this is how Milton and others on the Puritan side would have regarded the king, Charles I) had already been in power, was executed, and was replaced by a form of government in which the "true" form of Christianity, according to its adherents, was finally empowered. And England during the...
(The entire section contains 2 answers and 709 words.)
check Approved by eNotes Editorial | <urn:uuid:2c4f5ff2-99bc-429c-b436-87a31cbc87e4> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.enotes.com/homework-help/what-ways-could-miltons-epic-poem-paradise-lost-284785?en_action=hh-question_click&en_label=topics_related_hh_questions&en_category=internal_campaign | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250619323.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124100832-20200124125832-00497.warc.gz | en | 0.984102 | 276 | 3.859375 | 4 | [
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0.21643117070... | 2 | In what ways could Milton’s epic poem Paradise Lost be read as an allegory on the "paradise" of Interregnum Britain that he and other supporters of Cromwell had lost?
While there is no way one can "prove a negative" (in other words, to demonstrate beyond question that an author did not intend a certain meaning) with regard to this issue or anything else in the history of literature, I would tend to doubt that Milton had this idea in mind in writing Paradise Lost.
Regardless of how great Milton and others may have considered Cromwell as a religious and political leader, to view him on the same plane as God would have been heresy, even to them. The Paradise of the Bible is a state in which God's newly-created earth has not yet been corrupted by evil. By contrast, the English Commonwealth came after a period of civil and religious conflict. In other words, the "devil" (if this is how Milton and others on the Puritan side would have regarded the king, Charles I) had already been in power, was executed, and was replaced by a form of government in which the "true" form of Christianity, according to its adherents, was finally empowered. And England during the...
(The entire section contains 2 answers and 709 words.)
check Approved by eNotes Editorial | 270 | ENGLISH | 1 |
In those early times, Palestine was occupied in its northern section and beyond, by a people now known from the monuments as the Hittite, and in its southern section by the Canaanite. These people, like the Chaldeans and Egyptians, also worshiped the planets. Their chief god was Baal, he being the El of Chaldea, and the Zeus of Syria and Greece. This was the planet Saturn. Baal had his female companion, Baaltis, who was the Balit of Babylon and the Ashera of the Hebrews. Baal became later, in the popular language, the sun, and was worshiped on the tops of hills and the “high places.” His companion goddess had her altars both there and in groves, in forests, under certain noted trees, as the terebinth, pomegranate, and cypress, or along the highways, where, as religious acts, women offered themselves to passers-by, the money received going into the treasury of the god.
At the chief sanctuaries and temples, on of which, that of Tyre, was so rich and grand as to astonish the much traveled Herodotus, were kept the same great class of women, married and unmarried, as were found in Chaldea and Egypt, and for the same purpose. This class at the suggestion of Balaam, their priest, led the Israelites into sin on that notable occasion mention mentioned in the Bible.
Mars, the Chaldean god of war and death, was worshiped in Canaan under the name of Moloch, and its fires were kept perpetually burning to consume its offerings. And it is recorded that at times as many as a thousand human beings, captives of war, were offered at his altars for a victory. He was further propitiated with human victims if, in war, a disaster came, or when a famine or a pestilence appeared. Then, children, young girls, the most beautiful, the purest and best of the families, the firstborn of sons, from the kings to those of the humblest peasant, were thrown alive into the sacrificial fires.
Carthage, Rome’s great rival, founded by Dido, princess of Tyre, B.C. 869, had her Kronos or Moloch altar, as described by the historians, a huge, half-human, half-monster shaped hollow iron caldron, with outstretched arms, and interior cavity flaming with fire, into whose arms hundreds of victims were cast. Hanno’s son, Hamilcar, there offered himself as a burnt offering in the year 480 B.C. When Agathocles of Syracuse besieged Carthage, hundreds of noble boys were thrown in and consumed, while their parents, mute and tearless, stood by and witnessed their burning (for a tear or a groan would have rendered them vain), the shrieks and cries of the victims being drowned by the drums, flutes, double pipes, and clanging symbols of the priests.
The Hittite moon-goddess, the Astarte of the Greeks, also demanded human sacrifices. Like Moloch, her fires were perpetual albeit, as she was a goddess of purity and her priests pledged to purity and celibacy, no married woman might approach her altars save as a sacrifice; her offerings consisting of married women and maidens. All her priests and servants were eunuchs.
Maidens coming to her must remain maidens forever, and her devotees changed apparel, men donning that of the women, and they, the garments of the men.
Priests of Jezebel
Her eunuch priests numbered thousands and at her altars the worshipers gathered by the ten thousands, to the beating of drums, blowing of pipes, and clashing of cymbals of the priesthood. Then the devotees contorted their bodies, bending them backward and forward, till their hair was matted with mire, then swinging aloft their arms and swaying their bodies, they moved around and around until, covered with dirt and sweat, they began to beat themselves with knotted whips, to bite their arms, and cut themselves with knives and swords, bewailing their sins with moan and shriek and anon prophesying, the dancing ever growing more fierce and wild, the scourgings [sic] more bloody and dreadful, until, resembling beasts at a slaughtering, and exhausted, or unconscious, the worshipers fell to the earth, whereupon the eunuch priests passed among the crowd soliciting alms and gifts for the goddess and her treasury, upon which, when the ceremonies had ended, they lived and feasted. Such were the Jezebel’s priests which the prophet Elijah slew at Mount Carmel. Such were the inhabitants of Palestine whom Moses and Joshua were commanded to destroy. Yet there are sentimental souls who think that such commands were cruel. The cruelty lay in suffering them to curse the earth with their dreadful crimes against nature and God.
For four thousand years, the life and thought of men and women of this earth was unlike our modern ways as if they had been inhabitants of another world.
Outside the temples there was no social life for women. If her husband or father was rich, she was shut up in the harem. If of the middle or lower class, her life was but little elevated above that of the slaves her husband owned and with no greater privileges than they.
Yet these people were not ignorant and mere savages. Many of the arts and some of the sciences were known to them and in daily use in the earliest times after the Flood. But the intellect and the whole nature was overpoweringly, superstitiously, religious; and it was gross, debasing, sensual, and cruel, because their conception of the gods was such. It was then, for thousands of years, as in India in more recent times, a case of religiosity gone to seed and withering on its stalk.
Reference: Woman: Her Position, Influence and Achievement Throughout the Civilized World. Designed and Arranged by William C. King. Published in 1900 by The King-Richardson Co. Copyright 1903 The King-Richardson Co. | <urn:uuid:7d4b2455-19a6-4f72-bcaf-2d9bed20bc23> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://historyswomen.com/miscellaneous-articles/palestine/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250593295.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118164132-20200118192132-00000.warc.gz | en | 0.984553 | 1,292 | 3.359375 | 3 | [
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0.73771977424621... | 3 | In those early times, Palestine was occupied in its northern section and beyond, by a people now known from the monuments as the Hittite, and in its southern section by the Canaanite. These people, like the Chaldeans and Egyptians, also worshiped the planets. Their chief god was Baal, he being the El of Chaldea, and the Zeus of Syria and Greece. This was the planet Saturn. Baal had his female companion, Baaltis, who was the Balit of Babylon and the Ashera of the Hebrews. Baal became later, in the popular language, the sun, and was worshiped on the tops of hills and the “high places.” His companion goddess had her altars both there and in groves, in forests, under certain noted trees, as the terebinth, pomegranate, and cypress, or along the highways, where, as religious acts, women offered themselves to passers-by, the money received going into the treasury of the god.
At the chief sanctuaries and temples, on of which, that of Tyre, was so rich and grand as to astonish the much traveled Herodotus, were kept the same great class of women, married and unmarried, as were found in Chaldea and Egypt, and for the same purpose. This class at the suggestion of Balaam, their priest, led the Israelites into sin on that notable occasion mention mentioned in the Bible.
Mars, the Chaldean god of war and death, was worshiped in Canaan under the name of Moloch, and its fires were kept perpetually burning to consume its offerings. And it is recorded that at times as many as a thousand human beings, captives of war, were offered at his altars for a victory. He was further propitiated with human victims if, in war, a disaster came, or when a famine or a pestilence appeared. Then, children, young girls, the most beautiful, the purest and best of the families, the firstborn of sons, from the kings to those of the humblest peasant, were thrown alive into the sacrificial fires.
Carthage, Rome’s great rival, founded by Dido, princess of Tyre, B.C. 869, had her Kronos or Moloch altar, as described by the historians, a huge, half-human, half-monster shaped hollow iron caldron, with outstretched arms, and interior cavity flaming with fire, into whose arms hundreds of victims were cast. Hanno’s son, Hamilcar, there offered himself as a burnt offering in the year 480 B.C. When Agathocles of Syracuse besieged Carthage, hundreds of noble boys were thrown in and consumed, while their parents, mute and tearless, stood by and witnessed their burning (for a tear or a groan would have rendered them vain), the shrieks and cries of the victims being drowned by the drums, flutes, double pipes, and clanging symbols of the priests.
The Hittite moon-goddess, the Astarte of the Greeks, also demanded human sacrifices. Like Moloch, her fires were perpetual albeit, as she was a goddess of purity and her priests pledged to purity and celibacy, no married woman might approach her altars save as a sacrifice; her offerings consisting of married women and maidens. All her priests and servants were eunuchs.
Maidens coming to her must remain maidens forever, and her devotees changed apparel, men donning that of the women, and they, the garments of the men.
Priests of Jezebel
Her eunuch priests numbered thousands and at her altars the worshipers gathered by the ten thousands, to the beating of drums, blowing of pipes, and clashing of cymbals of the priesthood. Then the devotees contorted their bodies, bending them backward and forward, till their hair was matted with mire, then swinging aloft their arms and swaying their bodies, they moved around and around until, covered with dirt and sweat, they began to beat themselves with knotted whips, to bite their arms, and cut themselves with knives and swords, bewailing their sins with moan and shriek and anon prophesying, the dancing ever growing more fierce and wild, the scourgings [sic] more bloody and dreadful, until, resembling beasts at a slaughtering, and exhausted, or unconscious, the worshipers fell to the earth, whereupon the eunuch priests passed among the crowd soliciting alms and gifts for the goddess and her treasury, upon which, when the ceremonies had ended, they lived and feasted. Such were the Jezebel’s priests which the prophet Elijah slew at Mount Carmel. Such were the inhabitants of Palestine whom Moses and Joshua were commanded to destroy. Yet there are sentimental souls who think that such commands were cruel. The cruelty lay in suffering them to curse the earth with their dreadful crimes against nature and God.
For four thousand years, the life and thought of men and women of this earth was unlike our modern ways as if they had been inhabitants of another world.
Outside the temples there was no social life for women. If her husband or father was rich, she was shut up in the harem. If of the middle or lower class, her life was but little elevated above that of the slaves her husband owned and with no greater privileges than they.
Yet these people were not ignorant and mere savages. Many of the arts and some of the sciences were known to them and in daily use in the earliest times after the Flood. But the intellect and the whole nature was overpoweringly, superstitiously, religious; and it was gross, debasing, sensual, and cruel, because their conception of the gods was such. It was then, for thousands of years, as in India in more recent times, a case of religiosity gone to seed and withering on its stalk.
Reference: Woman: Her Position, Influence and Achievement Throughout the Civilized World. Designed and Arranged by William C. King. Published in 1900 by The King-Richardson Co. Copyright 1903 The King-Richardson Co. | 1,293 | ENGLISH | 1 |
In “Hamlet” by William Shakespeare, the main character is a young man by the title name, Hamlet. His father, the King of Denmark, has been murdered by his brother, Hamlet’s uncle Claudius. Hamlet learns of this from the ghost of his father when he shows himself and says, “The serpent that did sting thy father’s life / Now wears his crown” (Hamlet 1.5.39). He urges Hamlet to revenge his death and also tells him not to harm his mother. Hamlet gets angry at Claudius and his mother. He approaches his mother and points out her sins, but he delays in killing Claudius until the end of the play, even though he has many opportunities to do so.
When approached from the viewpoint of a revenge tragedy style play, Hamlet’s delay does not seem to be a problem. The play focuses on Hamlet and the internal struggles he faces while devising a plan to carry out his revenge. Shakespeare wrote “Hamlet” in this style to showcase this. According to Matthew Woodcock, a revenge tragedy is “a play in which the plot is primarily constructed around the pursuit and enactment of revenge.” He also states that this style of play is meant to be “complex” and “thought provoking” (Woodcock). The audience can see that “Hamlet” does have all these characteristics, so this explains the length of time it takes for the revenge to be carried out.
Hamlet himself offers many words of wisdom in this play as well. At one point, Hamlet tells Horatio “There is a special providence / in the fall of a sparrow. If it be now, ’tis not to come: / if it be not to come, it will be now; if it be not now, / yet it will come-the readiness is all” (Hamlet 5.2.202-205) He is basically saying that everything will work out in the order that it is supposed to. Even though the audience may see Hamlet struggle with his own inaction, this statement proves that he trusts in destiny and that things will happen when they will.
One of the obvious reasons for Hamlet’s delay is the fact that his only evidence of the murderer is a ghost telling him who did it. He has to be thinking of what would happen should he murder Claudius on those grounds. He would most likely be labeled as insane and lose his rights to the throne. In the last part of one of his soliloquies, Hamlet speaks of his uncertainty about the ghost:
The spirit that I have seen
May be a devil, and the devil hath power
T’assume a pleasing shape, yea, and perhaps
Out of my weakness, and my melancholy,
As he is very potent with such spirits,
Abuses me to damn me; I’ll have grounds
More relative than this (Hamlet 2.2.573-579).
Because Hamlet needs more evidence, he acts insane and toys with the other character’s minds. His goal in doing this is to learn any type of incriminating evidence that he can without making them suspicious. He allows his state of mind to be blamed on his rejection by Ophelia while he slyly feels out the situation. His other plan of action is to stage a play very similar to the chain of events that the ghost described to him. His reasoning is that Claudius’ guilt will cause a reaction and then he will have the evidence to justify killing him.
It seems the longer that Hamlet waits to take action, the harder it gets for him. There are a few factors involved. First is that as time goes by, he gets a bit more lax. At one point, he has the perfect opportunity to strike Claudius with his sword, but he sees that Claudius is praying. Hamlet thinks to himself, “Now might I do it pat, now a’ is a-praying, / And now I’ll do’t, and so a’ goes to heaven” (Hamlet 3.3.73-74). His reason for not following through is that his father was not allowed the chance to confess his sins and is suffering in purgatory because of it. Hamlet does not want to do Claudius the favor of sending him straight to heaven. He wants to wait until he has unconfessed sin that he will have to answer for. This is actually ironic because all who die in the last scene do not get the chance to confess, Hamlet included.
Another factor is that Hamlet is actually shipped away to England in an effort by Claudius to have him killed. Hamlet foils his plan and makes it back to Denmark, this time convinced that he will take the first action that he can to kill Claudius. Claudius uses Laertes’ desire for revenge to his own advantage and sets up the doomed fencing duel between Laertes and Hamlet. His plan is that Laertes will strike Hamlet with a poisoned sword, and his death will be ruled an accident. During the match, the queen toasts to Hamlet and drinks the poisoned drink. Hamlet and Laertes both become wounded with the poisoned sword during a scuffle. When Hamlet learns of their impending deaths, he finally takes his last chance to get revenge and forces Claudius to drink the poison as well. All four characters die, leaving no one to revel in the supposed satisfaction of revenge.
Hamlet’s problem of inaction causes him to lose his life along with the others. Perhaps if he had acted sooner, there would have been less loss of life. Because this is a revenge tragedy play though, the ending should come as no surprise. Each character that died was involved in an evil plan or way of life that could have been avoided had they not followed their own selfish desires. The story of Hamlet is tragic and also ironic because he was quick to point out the faults and evils of others, but his wishes for revenge made him just as guilty as they were. In the bigger picture, Hamlet’s believed problem of delay was not actually the real problem. The true problem is the corrupt and selfish human nature that all the characters succumbed to, resulting in the ends of their lives.
Shakespeare, William. “Hamlet.” Literature: An Introduction to Reading and Writing. Ed. Edgar
V. Roberts and Henry E. Jacobs. 8th ed. Upper Saddle River: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2007.
Woodcock, Matthew. “Revenge Tragedy.” The Literary Encyclopedia. 16 Nov 2008. | <urn:uuid:b2d0abb4-e844-4c65-a0cf-3c0f360ec1a2> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://yuptab.com/to-act-or-not-to-act-that-is-the-question/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250606269.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122012204-20200122041204-00453.warc.gz | en | 0.980565 | 1,399 | 3.59375 | 4 | [
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0.15682455897331... | 3 | In “Hamlet” by William Shakespeare, the main character is a young man by the title name, Hamlet. His father, the King of Denmark, has been murdered by his brother, Hamlet’s uncle Claudius. Hamlet learns of this from the ghost of his father when he shows himself and says, “The serpent that did sting thy father’s life / Now wears his crown” (Hamlet 1.5.39). He urges Hamlet to revenge his death and also tells him not to harm his mother. Hamlet gets angry at Claudius and his mother. He approaches his mother and points out her sins, but he delays in killing Claudius until the end of the play, even though he has many opportunities to do so.
When approached from the viewpoint of a revenge tragedy style play, Hamlet’s delay does not seem to be a problem. The play focuses on Hamlet and the internal struggles he faces while devising a plan to carry out his revenge. Shakespeare wrote “Hamlet” in this style to showcase this. According to Matthew Woodcock, a revenge tragedy is “a play in which the plot is primarily constructed around the pursuit and enactment of revenge.” He also states that this style of play is meant to be “complex” and “thought provoking” (Woodcock). The audience can see that “Hamlet” does have all these characteristics, so this explains the length of time it takes for the revenge to be carried out.
Hamlet himself offers many words of wisdom in this play as well. At one point, Hamlet tells Horatio “There is a special providence / in the fall of a sparrow. If it be now, ’tis not to come: / if it be not to come, it will be now; if it be not now, / yet it will come-the readiness is all” (Hamlet 5.2.202-205) He is basically saying that everything will work out in the order that it is supposed to. Even though the audience may see Hamlet struggle with his own inaction, this statement proves that he trusts in destiny and that things will happen when they will.
One of the obvious reasons for Hamlet’s delay is the fact that his only evidence of the murderer is a ghost telling him who did it. He has to be thinking of what would happen should he murder Claudius on those grounds. He would most likely be labeled as insane and lose his rights to the throne. In the last part of one of his soliloquies, Hamlet speaks of his uncertainty about the ghost:
The spirit that I have seen
May be a devil, and the devil hath power
T’assume a pleasing shape, yea, and perhaps
Out of my weakness, and my melancholy,
As he is very potent with such spirits,
Abuses me to damn me; I’ll have grounds
More relative than this (Hamlet 2.2.573-579).
Because Hamlet needs more evidence, he acts insane and toys with the other character’s minds. His goal in doing this is to learn any type of incriminating evidence that he can without making them suspicious. He allows his state of mind to be blamed on his rejection by Ophelia while he slyly feels out the situation. His other plan of action is to stage a play very similar to the chain of events that the ghost described to him. His reasoning is that Claudius’ guilt will cause a reaction and then he will have the evidence to justify killing him.
It seems the longer that Hamlet waits to take action, the harder it gets for him. There are a few factors involved. First is that as time goes by, he gets a bit more lax. At one point, he has the perfect opportunity to strike Claudius with his sword, but he sees that Claudius is praying. Hamlet thinks to himself, “Now might I do it pat, now a’ is a-praying, / And now I’ll do’t, and so a’ goes to heaven” (Hamlet 3.3.73-74). His reason for not following through is that his father was not allowed the chance to confess his sins and is suffering in purgatory because of it. Hamlet does not want to do Claudius the favor of sending him straight to heaven. He wants to wait until he has unconfessed sin that he will have to answer for. This is actually ironic because all who die in the last scene do not get the chance to confess, Hamlet included.
Another factor is that Hamlet is actually shipped away to England in an effort by Claudius to have him killed. Hamlet foils his plan and makes it back to Denmark, this time convinced that he will take the first action that he can to kill Claudius. Claudius uses Laertes’ desire for revenge to his own advantage and sets up the doomed fencing duel between Laertes and Hamlet. His plan is that Laertes will strike Hamlet with a poisoned sword, and his death will be ruled an accident. During the match, the queen toasts to Hamlet and drinks the poisoned drink. Hamlet and Laertes both become wounded with the poisoned sword during a scuffle. When Hamlet learns of their impending deaths, he finally takes his last chance to get revenge and forces Claudius to drink the poison as well. All four characters die, leaving no one to revel in the supposed satisfaction of revenge.
Hamlet’s problem of inaction causes him to lose his life along with the others. Perhaps if he had acted sooner, there would have been less loss of life. Because this is a revenge tragedy play though, the ending should come as no surprise. Each character that died was involved in an evil plan or way of life that could have been avoided had they not followed their own selfish desires. The story of Hamlet is tragic and also ironic because he was quick to point out the faults and evils of others, but his wishes for revenge made him just as guilty as they were. In the bigger picture, Hamlet’s believed problem of delay was not actually the real problem. The true problem is the corrupt and selfish human nature that all the characters succumbed to, resulting in the ends of their lives.
Shakespeare, William. “Hamlet.” Literature: An Introduction to Reading and Writing. Ed. Edgar
V. Roberts and Henry E. Jacobs. 8th ed. Upper Saddle River: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2007.
Woodcock, Matthew. “Revenge Tragedy.” The Literary Encyclopedia. 16 Nov 2008. | 1,369 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Feudalism and Manorialism The social, political, and economic systems of the middle ages.
The Middle Ages or Medieval Period ( 500 CE -1500 CE.) Rise of New Kingdoms/States that are not united (Charlemagne’s empire was short-lived) New Kingdoms are unable to protect themselves from Barbarian Invasions, causing a need for localized Protection Barbarian Invasions cause the Fall of the Western Roman Empire The Rise of Feudalism in Europe
Feudalism • A political and social system of the middle ages based upon relationships of mutual obligations. • It was a system of extreme political decentralization where public power was held and exercised in private hands. • This system was derived as a result of no strong central government. (There were still kings they were just weak!)
Feudalism Continued! • This system was based upon the exchange of land for protection. • A grant of land was called a fief. • The individual who granted the land is known as a lord and the individual who receives the land is known as a vassal.
Commendation Ceremony • Ceremony began with the act of homage (agreement to provide military service in return for land) • This officially entered the two parties in a feudal relationship. • This was followed by an oath of fidelity.
Feudalism continued • Kings were lords • Upper nobility and clergy could be lords and vassals • Lesser nobility (knights) were vassals
Feudalism continued • The reason Feudalism worked is because everyone benefited from this system • Fiefs were typically broken up into large farming estates known as manors • Typically a knight was the lord of the individual manor
Manorialism • While Feudalism provided a political and social system, Manorialism was the economic system of this time. • Economic System- the means of producing, distributing, and consuming goods • Manorialism—economic agricultural system by which the lord of the manor relied upon the labor of peasants who worked his estate or fief.
Manorialism Continued • Manorialism got its name from the manor or large farming estates that fiefs were broken into. • There was little to no trade during this time because it was unsafe to leave one’s manor. • As a result people became self-sufficient.
Manorialism continued • Everything that was needed was produced on one’s manor. • Food, clothing, and shelter were all produced on the manner. • The land on the manor was shared by a lord and several peasant families.
Manorialism continued • The lord kept 1/3 of the land for himself which was known as his domain. • The peasants/serfs farmed the remaining 2/3 of the land. • In return for being allowed to work the land the peasants gave the lord some of their crops, farmed his land, and also paid taxes.
The Composition of a Manor • Manors were comprised of a manor house (where the lord lived), cultivated lands, woodlands (to hunt), pastures (for cattle), fields, a village, a church, a priests house, a mill (used to grind grains into flower, and an oven. • Ideally were located along stream or river to provide power for the mill.
Manorialism Continued • They used an early form of crop rotation on manors. • The manor was divided into 3 fields. Only 2 were planted at a time and the third lay fallow to regain its fertiltiy. | <urn:uuid:010de612-1b15-4fbf-be7d-5eea354cd012> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.slideserve.com/colin/feudalism-and-manorialism | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251694908.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127051112-20200127081112-00226.warc.gz | en | 0.984052 | 735 | 4.1875 | 4 | [
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0.063079670071... | 1 | Feudalism and Manorialism The social, political, and economic systems of the middle ages.
The Middle Ages or Medieval Period ( 500 CE -1500 CE.) Rise of New Kingdoms/States that are not united (Charlemagne’s empire was short-lived) New Kingdoms are unable to protect themselves from Barbarian Invasions, causing a need for localized Protection Barbarian Invasions cause the Fall of the Western Roman Empire The Rise of Feudalism in Europe
Feudalism • A political and social system of the middle ages based upon relationships of mutual obligations. • It was a system of extreme political decentralization where public power was held and exercised in private hands. • This system was derived as a result of no strong central government. (There were still kings they were just weak!)
Feudalism Continued! • This system was based upon the exchange of land for protection. • A grant of land was called a fief. • The individual who granted the land is known as a lord and the individual who receives the land is known as a vassal.
Commendation Ceremony • Ceremony began with the act of homage (agreement to provide military service in return for land) • This officially entered the two parties in a feudal relationship. • This was followed by an oath of fidelity.
Feudalism continued • Kings were lords • Upper nobility and clergy could be lords and vassals • Lesser nobility (knights) were vassals
Feudalism continued • The reason Feudalism worked is because everyone benefited from this system • Fiefs were typically broken up into large farming estates known as manors • Typically a knight was the lord of the individual manor
Manorialism • While Feudalism provided a political and social system, Manorialism was the economic system of this time. • Economic System- the means of producing, distributing, and consuming goods • Manorialism—economic agricultural system by which the lord of the manor relied upon the labor of peasants who worked his estate or fief.
Manorialism Continued • Manorialism got its name from the manor or large farming estates that fiefs were broken into. • There was little to no trade during this time because it was unsafe to leave one’s manor. • As a result people became self-sufficient.
Manorialism continued • Everything that was needed was produced on one’s manor. • Food, clothing, and shelter were all produced on the manner. • The land on the manor was shared by a lord and several peasant families.
Manorialism continued • The lord kept 1/3 of the land for himself which was known as his domain. • The peasants/serfs farmed the remaining 2/3 of the land. • In return for being allowed to work the land the peasants gave the lord some of their crops, farmed his land, and also paid taxes.
The Composition of a Manor • Manors were comprised of a manor house (where the lord lived), cultivated lands, woodlands (to hunt), pastures (for cattle), fields, a village, a church, a priests house, a mill (used to grind grains into flower, and an oven. • Ideally were located along stream or river to provide power for the mill.
Manorialism Continued • They used an early form of crop rotation on manors. • The manor was divided into 3 fields. Only 2 were planted at a time and the third lay fallow to regain its fertiltiy. | 731 | ENGLISH | 1 |
In 1939, Britain declared war on Germany after the invasion of Poland. With advances in technology, the use of code and enigma machines led to the creation of Bletchley Park. Bletchley Park was the central site for British crypt-analysts during World War Two. The workforce consisted of 8,000 women (meaning women constituted 75% of workers overall). Women during this time period were stereotypically encouraged to stay at home with their children. But during the war, the men left to fight leaving the women behind. They were crucial during both world wars and the work of women in Bletchley Park is said to have shortened the war significantly.
The recruitment process was very interesting - in 1942, the Daily Telegraph hosted a competition where a cryptic crossword was to be solved within 12 minutes. The winners were approached by the army and recruited to work at Bletchley Park. The winners of the competition showed strong lateral thinking skills, important for code-breaking. Women held many roles at Bletchley Park, from index card compilers, administrators and dispatch riders to code-breaking specialists. To begin with, many of the men in charge were sceptical that women would be able to operate the complex machinery involved and believed that women would not like to do intellectual work.
Some of the women who worked at Bletchley Park actually made a huge impact in slowing (or even stopping completely) some of the plans of the enemy. For example, Jane Hughes was prominent in allowing Britain to achieve a victory over Germany. In 1940, at the age of 18, she was interviewed by a senior member of the army and joined the secret code-breaking project at Bletchley Park. She joined a group of women known as the Debs of Bletchley Park. They were named this because they were women recruited from upper classes, debutantes, to work in secret as part of the Enigma project. Then in 1941, Hughes and several other women were briefed on the search for a German battleship called the Bismarck. As a result, she decoded a crucial message detailing its whereabouts and it was subsequently attacked by the Navy. This lead to the first significant victory by the code-breakers, demonstrating the usefulness of the project. | <urn:uuid:79bc2462-44bf-4120-93ac-cd4f374767be> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.girlguidinglaser.org.uk/news/december-woman-of-the-month-bletchley-park-women | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250626449.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124221147-20200125010147-00168.warc.gz | en | 0.986852 | 462 | 4.4375 | 4 | [
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0.23514567315578... | 3 | In 1939, Britain declared war on Germany after the invasion of Poland. With advances in technology, the use of code and enigma machines led to the creation of Bletchley Park. Bletchley Park was the central site for British crypt-analysts during World War Two. The workforce consisted of 8,000 women (meaning women constituted 75% of workers overall). Women during this time period were stereotypically encouraged to stay at home with their children. But during the war, the men left to fight leaving the women behind. They were crucial during both world wars and the work of women in Bletchley Park is said to have shortened the war significantly.
The recruitment process was very interesting - in 1942, the Daily Telegraph hosted a competition where a cryptic crossword was to be solved within 12 minutes. The winners were approached by the army and recruited to work at Bletchley Park. The winners of the competition showed strong lateral thinking skills, important for code-breaking. Women held many roles at Bletchley Park, from index card compilers, administrators and dispatch riders to code-breaking specialists. To begin with, many of the men in charge were sceptical that women would be able to operate the complex machinery involved and believed that women would not like to do intellectual work.
Some of the women who worked at Bletchley Park actually made a huge impact in slowing (or even stopping completely) some of the plans of the enemy. For example, Jane Hughes was prominent in allowing Britain to achieve a victory over Germany. In 1940, at the age of 18, she was interviewed by a senior member of the army and joined the secret code-breaking project at Bletchley Park. She joined a group of women known as the Debs of Bletchley Park. They were named this because they were women recruited from upper classes, debutantes, to work in secret as part of the Enigma project. Then in 1941, Hughes and several other women were briefed on the search for a German battleship called the Bismarck. As a result, she decoded a crucial message detailing its whereabouts and it was subsequently attacked by the Navy. This lead to the first significant victory by the code-breakers, demonstrating the usefulness of the project. | 481 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Museum of the Literacy Crusade, Tourist Attractions, Culture
The term ‘crusade’ can be defined as a campaign or movement but is more often associated with the words ‘battle’, ‘fight’, ‘war’ and ‘struggle’. In fact, all these synonyms are quite appropriate when referring to Nicaragua’s ‘Literacy Crusade’. This war against illiteracy was an extensive, nationwide battle against the ill effects of poor education. The struggle took the form of a nationwide campaign designed to educate the masses and empower them with the ability to read and write. Nicaragua was not the first country in the region to attempt such a crusade and so they had the experience and help needed to ensure the highest levels of success. The campaign was coordinated by Father Fernando Cardenal who worked with a team and who frequently corresponded with Brazil and Cuba in order to gain experience and help from these nations.
The Literacy Crusade was made possible by the national reformation which had just taken place. Just fifteen days after coming into power, the Sandinista revolutionaries announced that the country would embark on a six-month campaign against national illiteracy with a special focus on the rural community where approximately 60-90% of the people were illiterate. Two teams were formed. The first was made of housewives, workers and government employees who targeted suburban areas as they could not afford to leave work to travel into the countryside. The second was made up mainly by high school or university students who volunteered to work full-time in the rural parts of the country where they could educate those without access to education. These youths were integrated into rural families and, since some were as young as twelve, parents were often not too keen on the idea. Teachers too were convinced to participate in the program, despite the fact that many of them did not want to work so closely with their students. In the end more than 95,000 people volunteered during the campaign which ended up lasting a period of two years.
In the first five months, the illiteracy rate was reduced from 50% to 23% in people over ten years of age. During the course of the campaign, illiteracy was reduced by 37.39% with the highest percentages of illiteracy occurring in rural areas, despite the fact that more than half the rural population were made literate by the campaign. More than this, the campaign had the effect of binding the people of the country together which had a stabilizing and unifying effect on the entire nation. The campaign resulted in some 400,000 people learning to read and write to the extent where they were able to pass a grade 3 level exam. Unfortunately many proved to be ‘un-teachable’ – most likely due to lack of adequate materials and teaching skills. However, by and large the crusade was seen as being very successful and Nicaragua received the UNESCO ‘Nadezhda K. Krupskaya’ award in recognition of this fact.
Unfortunately the success of the campaign was short lived. By 1990 Nicaragua had a new ruling party in government and the country continued its decline. As a result many Nicaraguan youths today have limited literacy skills. The Museum of the Literacy Crusade, which can be found in Managua, is largely neglected but it provides interesting insight into this brief period of intellectual enlightenment.
Last updated: January 17, 2020 | <urn:uuid:927a27f7-8f8d-4237-b3b8-9b0617555781> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.nicaragua.com/attractions/museums/literature-crusade/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251796127.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129102701-20200129132701-00349.warc.gz | en | 0.988645 | 697 | 3.359375 | 3 | [
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The term ‘crusade’ can be defined as a campaign or movement but is more often associated with the words ‘battle’, ‘fight’, ‘war’ and ‘struggle’. In fact, all these synonyms are quite appropriate when referring to Nicaragua’s ‘Literacy Crusade’. This war against illiteracy was an extensive, nationwide battle against the ill effects of poor education. The struggle took the form of a nationwide campaign designed to educate the masses and empower them with the ability to read and write. Nicaragua was not the first country in the region to attempt such a crusade and so they had the experience and help needed to ensure the highest levels of success. The campaign was coordinated by Father Fernando Cardenal who worked with a team and who frequently corresponded with Brazil and Cuba in order to gain experience and help from these nations.
The Literacy Crusade was made possible by the national reformation which had just taken place. Just fifteen days after coming into power, the Sandinista revolutionaries announced that the country would embark on a six-month campaign against national illiteracy with a special focus on the rural community where approximately 60-90% of the people were illiterate. Two teams were formed. The first was made of housewives, workers and government employees who targeted suburban areas as they could not afford to leave work to travel into the countryside. The second was made up mainly by high school or university students who volunteered to work full-time in the rural parts of the country where they could educate those without access to education. These youths were integrated into rural families and, since some were as young as twelve, parents were often not too keen on the idea. Teachers too were convinced to participate in the program, despite the fact that many of them did not want to work so closely with their students. In the end more than 95,000 people volunteered during the campaign which ended up lasting a period of two years.
In the first five months, the illiteracy rate was reduced from 50% to 23% in people over ten years of age. During the course of the campaign, illiteracy was reduced by 37.39% with the highest percentages of illiteracy occurring in rural areas, despite the fact that more than half the rural population were made literate by the campaign. More than this, the campaign had the effect of binding the people of the country together which had a stabilizing and unifying effect on the entire nation. The campaign resulted in some 400,000 people learning to read and write to the extent where they were able to pass a grade 3 level exam. Unfortunately many proved to be ‘un-teachable’ – most likely due to lack of adequate materials and teaching skills. However, by and large the crusade was seen as being very successful and Nicaragua received the UNESCO ‘Nadezhda K. Krupskaya’ award in recognition of this fact.
Unfortunately the success of the campaign was short lived. By 1990 Nicaragua had a new ruling party in government and the country continued its decline. As a result many Nicaraguan youths today have limited literacy skills. The Museum of the Literacy Crusade, which can be found in Managua, is largely neglected but it provides interesting insight into this brief period of intellectual enlightenment.
Last updated: January 17, 2020 | 709 | ENGLISH | 1 |
As a result of , those of Polish descent were no stranger to status. The start of the war is commonly identified by historians with Germany’s invasion of Poland, so by virtue of this, Polish refugees were some of the first refugees to make their exit from their their home country to avoid complications with the control of a larger power. Shortly after the initial incursion of Axis forces into their country, however, Poland was placed under the authority of another military.
This time around, Poland was under the dominion of Communism at the hands of Soviet Russia. Thus, there was no invasion in an traditional sense; Poland was a satellite of the Soviet Union, and so any military intervention made by Soviet troops was, in effect, the Soviet government dealing with its own constituents. Nonetheless, as with the defeat of the in the 1950’s and the halt put to the in the 1960’s, the events surrounding the “state of war” in 1980’s Poland also set the stage for hundreds of thousands more asylum refugees to seek refuge in a land outside their home country.
The origins of the Soviet crackdown on the people of Poland were formed with a growing political movement among the labor unions of the nation, spearheaded by Lech Walesa, a political leader and later human rights activist.
The organization, known as Solidarity, was a broad social and political movement whose primary motivation was to move Poland away from the influences of Soviet Communism. In due time, though, authorities put a swift stop to the development of these anti-Communist leanings within Poland, and instituted a period of martial law in the country under the guise of preventing civil unrest and promoting economic solvency.
Solidarity members and the leaders of other prominent Soviet resistance groups were arrested and detained, communications and travel between Poland and the outside world were suffocated, six-day work weeks and curfews were imposed, and universities and businesses were put under police control. Throughout the military occupation, deaths of protesters were common, as were Warsaw Pact tanks in Polish cities.
As can be imagined, given the fatalities and the dissolution of liberties, refugee status was on the minds of many Poles. When conditions of martial law were lifted and economic conditions failed to improve, many members of the Polish workforce left the country, becoming asylum refugees in the process.
All told, the number of Polish asylum refugees to flee to other countries totaled over 700,000, and many of them sought official refugee status in other countries. Neighboring countries like Austria saw more than a doubling of their national acceptance rate of people falling under refugee status. From their new location, displaced Polish asylum refugees continued their tradition of non-violent protest in the wake of Soviet repression.
Eventually, for their troubles, those who remained true to the cause of Solidarity and those who acknowledged the refugee status of the exiled Polish, especially the Roman Catholic Church, helped to weaken support for Communism in the Eastern Bloc. Upon the recognition of a free, democratic Poland, a major blow to the Iron Curtain was dealt. | <urn:uuid:aee2f8df-bd49-4a90-a8ea-3a9a13388934> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://immigration.laws.com/category/Cold-War | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250608295.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123041345-20200123070345-00521.warc.gz | en | 0.982795 | 620 | 4.46875 | 4 | [
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0.32624876499... | 6 | As a result of , those of Polish descent were no stranger to status. The start of the war is commonly identified by historians with Germany’s invasion of Poland, so by virtue of this, Polish refugees were some of the first refugees to make their exit from their their home country to avoid complications with the control of a larger power. Shortly after the initial incursion of Axis forces into their country, however, Poland was placed under the authority of another military.
This time around, Poland was under the dominion of Communism at the hands of Soviet Russia. Thus, there was no invasion in an traditional sense; Poland was a satellite of the Soviet Union, and so any military intervention made by Soviet troops was, in effect, the Soviet government dealing with its own constituents. Nonetheless, as with the defeat of the in the 1950’s and the halt put to the in the 1960’s, the events surrounding the “state of war” in 1980’s Poland also set the stage for hundreds of thousands more asylum refugees to seek refuge in a land outside their home country.
The origins of the Soviet crackdown on the people of Poland were formed with a growing political movement among the labor unions of the nation, spearheaded by Lech Walesa, a political leader and later human rights activist.
The organization, known as Solidarity, was a broad social and political movement whose primary motivation was to move Poland away from the influences of Soviet Communism. In due time, though, authorities put a swift stop to the development of these anti-Communist leanings within Poland, and instituted a period of martial law in the country under the guise of preventing civil unrest and promoting economic solvency.
Solidarity members and the leaders of other prominent Soviet resistance groups were arrested and detained, communications and travel between Poland and the outside world were suffocated, six-day work weeks and curfews were imposed, and universities and businesses were put under police control. Throughout the military occupation, deaths of protesters were common, as were Warsaw Pact tanks in Polish cities.
As can be imagined, given the fatalities and the dissolution of liberties, refugee status was on the minds of many Poles. When conditions of martial law were lifted and economic conditions failed to improve, many members of the Polish workforce left the country, becoming asylum refugees in the process.
All told, the number of Polish asylum refugees to flee to other countries totaled over 700,000, and many of them sought official refugee status in other countries. Neighboring countries like Austria saw more than a doubling of their national acceptance rate of people falling under refugee status. From their new location, displaced Polish asylum refugees continued their tradition of non-violent protest in the wake of Soviet repression.
Eventually, for their troubles, those who remained true to the cause of Solidarity and those who acknowledged the refugee status of the exiled Polish, especially the Roman Catholic Church, helped to weaken support for Communism in the Eastern Bloc. Upon the recognition of a free, democratic Poland, a major blow to the Iron Curtain was dealt. | 626 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Davy Crockett, American frontiersman and politician, became a folk hero during his own lifetime. Crockett grew up on the frontier and later used his knowledge of it in his political campaigns. Although he is known chiefly as a hunter and a soldier, Crockett also worked for land for settlers, relief for people in debt, and an expanded banking system for Tennessee.
David "Davy" Crockett, the son of John and Rebecca Crockett, was born on August 17, 1786, in East Tennessee. He was the fifth of nine children. Crockett's father put him to work driving cattle to Virginia when he was twelve years old. After running away from home to escape a beating from his father, Crockett traveled throughout Virginia. He decided that his lack of education limited his marriage possibilities, so he learned to read, to write a little, and to "cypher," or add and subtract.
In 1806 Crockett married Mary Finely and became a farmer. Frontier farming proved unrewarding, and in 1813 he decided to move his family to Franklin County, Tennessee.
Life on the frontier
In 1813, shortly after Crockett moved to Franklin County, frontiersmen ambushed a band of Creek Indian warriors in southern Alabama. Nearby settlers gathered at Fort Mims. The Native Americans attacked the fort and killed over five hundred people. Crockett then volunteered to serve with the frontier military forces in the fight against the Native Americans. In September and October he served as a scout. He went on leave and then returned to military service from September 1814 to February 1815. During this time Crockett served as a scout and a hunter and apparently encountered little fighting.
In 1815 Crockett's first wife died, and he married Elizabeth Patton. While traveling with neighbors in Alabama, he contracted malaria, a disease that causes chills and fever, and was left along the road to die. He recovered and returned to his family, much to their surprise. He has been quoted as remarking about his reported death, "I know'd this was a whopper of a lie, as soon as I heard it."
Local and state politics
In 1817 Crockett and his family moved to Lawrence County, Tennessee. He worked as a justice of the peace and later served as county commissioner. In 1818 he was elected lieutenant colonel of the local military regiment. In 1821 he campaigned for a seat in the state legislature. During the campaign Crockett realized the frontiersmen's isolation and need for recreation. Therefore, he gave short speeches laced with stories that helped lead to his election. Having grown up among the poor settlers, Crockett served as their spokesman. He proposed bills to reduce taxes, to settle land claim disputes, and to protect their general economic interests. In 1823 Crockett was elected to the Tennessee legislature.
In 1825 Crockett ran for a seat in the U.S. Congress but was defeated. He ran again and won in 1827 and was reelected in 1829. Crockett did not agree with many of the policies of President Andrew Jackson (1787–1845). He took a stand against the president on several issues, including Native American removal and land policy. In 1831 when Crockett ran for a third term, he was defeated. Two years later he regained his seat by a narrow margin. In 1834 he published his autobiography, A Narrative of the Life of David Crockett of the State of Tennessee. Then, another defeat in 1835 marked the end of his congressional career.
Death at the Alamo
In 1835 Crockett and four neighbors headed into Texas looking for new land. By January 1836 he had joined the Texas Volunteers, and within a month he reached San Antonio, Texas. Crockett then joined Texans in their fight to hold the Alamo against a Mexican army. In the first week of March he and the other defenders of the Alamo died during the siege and capture of that fort by Mexican troops. Popular tradition says that Crockett was one of the last defenders who died during the final assault. In reality, Crockett was one of the first defenders to die—alone and unarmed, on March 6, 1836.
Crockett's death at the Alamo made him more famous than his political activities did. Through newspaper accounts and other writings—both fact and fiction—legends concerning Crockett's adventures grew. Descriptions of Crockett are varied, but it is generally thought that he was about 5 feet 8 inches tall, with brown hair, blue eyes, and rosy cheeks. He was noted for his humor, his honesty, and his skill as an entertaining public speaker. Those who knew him realized that he was a man of ability and character.
For More Information
Chemerka, William R. The Davy Crockett Almanac and Book of Lists. Austin, TX: Eakin Press, 1999.
Moseley, Elizabeth R. Davy Crockett, Hero of the Wild Frontier. Champaign, IL: Garrard, 1967. Reprint, New York: Chelsea Juniors, 1991.
Rourke, Constance. Davy Crockett. Rev. ed. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1998.
Davy Crockett was a respected, but unremarkable, frontier politician, who was killed in the struggle for Texas independence from Mexico. Due to tall tales of his heroic feats as a frontiersman, Crockett became a legend in his own time and a central character in American folklore.
David Crockett was born in a cabin in Tennessee in 1786. As a young man, he enlisted twice with the Tennessee militia (an army made up of trained civilians rather than professional soldiers) commanded by General Andrew Jackson (1767–1845). He fought in the Creek War (1813–14).
Later, Crockett began a career in politics. He served as a justice of the peace and a Tennessee state legislator before becoming a Democratic congressman from Tennessee in 1827. He served two terms and lost the election for a third term in 1831. Two years later, he ran again and won, returning to Congress to serve a third term.
After losing his battle for reelection to a fourth term in 1835, Crockett moved to east Texas in search of a new home. At the age of forty-nine, he participated in the defense of the Alamo , a mission converted into a fort by Anglo-American (non-Mexican) soldiers in Texas's war of independence with Mexico. Mexican forces killed Crockett and all of the two hundred other defenders of the Alamo in March 1836.
The folk hero
During his lifetime, Crockett's frontier drawl and his tendency to tell folksy stories always drew the attention of journalists. As a politician, he told exaggerated stories about his feats as an Indian fighter and bear hunter to gain votes. He wrote an autobiography in 1834 full of these tall tales. In the 1830s, publishers released dozens of Davy Crockett books. Filled with coarse language and remarkable (and almost certainly untrue) exploits, the books were popular. The myth of the heroic frontiersman continued to grow even after his death. Hollywood discovered the tall tales, resulting in many popular movies and television shows, keeping the legend of Davy Crockett alive.
Davy Crockett was a frontiersman, Indian scout, and politician who became one of America's first folk heroes. His backwoods philosophy, homespun humor, and image as a rough-edged hunter and Indian fighter made him an extremely popular figure during his lifetime. Crockett's reputation—and the tall tales about him—grew to legendary proportions after his death.
Born in Tennessee in 1786, Crockett had no formal schooling and worked on farms as a child. From 1813 to 1815, he served as a scout under Andrew Jackson (who later became the country's president), fighting the Creek Indians. His wartime record and plainspoken humor made him popular with voters. He was elected to the Tennessee legislature in 1821 and to the U.S. Congress in 1827. He went to Texas to help settlers there overthrow Mexican rule but died defending the Alamo on March 6, 1836.
Crockett was known as the "coonskin congressman" because of his many stories about hunting raccoons and bears. He loved to tell tall tales that showed him as stronger, smarter, braver, and a better shot than anyone else in the land. The stories grew more fantastic after his death, thanks largely to a series of adventure books featuring Crockett as the hero. In these tales, he climbed Niagara Falls on an alligator's back, drank the entire Gulf of Mexico, twisted the tail off a comet, and outsmarted a businessman. He also traveled the world performing marvelous feats of daring and skill. In many ways, Davy Crockett is America's own celebrated hero, whose deeds and adventures compare to those of legendary ancient warriors such as Achilles* and Beowulf*. | <urn:uuid:d806f1bd-e79f-4660-8da4-c40bfee14565> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/history/us-history-biographies/davy-crockett | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250606269.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122012204-20200122041204-00010.warc.gz | en | 0.983378 | 1,894 | 3.3125 | 3 | [
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0.0532884225249... | 4 | Davy Crockett, American frontiersman and politician, became a folk hero during his own lifetime. Crockett grew up on the frontier and later used his knowledge of it in his political campaigns. Although he is known chiefly as a hunter and a soldier, Crockett also worked for land for settlers, relief for people in debt, and an expanded banking system for Tennessee.
David "Davy" Crockett, the son of John and Rebecca Crockett, was born on August 17, 1786, in East Tennessee. He was the fifth of nine children. Crockett's father put him to work driving cattle to Virginia when he was twelve years old. After running away from home to escape a beating from his father, Crockett traveled throughout Virginia. He decided that his lack of education limited his marriage possibilities, so he learned to read, to write a little, and to "cypher," or add and subtract.
In 1806 Crockett married Mary Finely and became a farmer. Frontier farming proved unrewarding, and in 1813 he decided to move his family to Franklin County, Tennessee.
Life on the frontier
In 1813, shortly after Crockett moved to Franklin County, frontiersmen ambushed a band of Creek Indian warriors in southern Alabama. Nearby settlers gathered at Fort Mims. The Native Americans attacked the fort and killed over five hundred people. Crockett then volunteered to serve with the frontier military forces in the fight against the Native Americans. In September and October he served as a scout. He went on leave and then returned to military service from September 1814 to February 1815. During this time Crockett served as a scout and a hunter and apparently encountered little fighting.
In 1815 Crockett's first wife died, and he married Elizabeth Patton. While traveling with neighbors in Alabama, he contracted malaria, a disease that causes chills and fever, and was left along the road to die. He recovered and returned to his family, much to their surprise. He has been quoted as remarking about his reported death, "I know'd this was a whopper of a lie, as soon as I heard it."
Local and state politics
In 1817 Crockett and his family moved to Lawrence County, Tennessee. He worked as a justice of the peace and later served as county commissioner. In 1818 he was elected lieutenant colonel of the local military regiment. In 1821 he campaigned for a seat in the state legislature. During the campaign Crockett realized the frontiersmen's isolation and need for recreation. Therefore, he gave short speeches laced with stories that helped lead to his election. Having grown up among the poor settlers, Crockett served as their spokesman. He proposed bills to reduce taxes, to settle land claim disputes, and to protect their general economic interests. In 1823 Crockett was elected to the Tennessee legislature.
In 1825 Crockett ran for a seat in the U.S. Congress but was defeated. He ran again and won in 1827 and was reelected in 1829. Crockett did not agree with many of the policies of President Andrew Jackson (1787–1845). He took a stand against the president on several issues, including Native American removal and land policy. In 1831 when Crockett ran for a third term, he was defeated. Two years later he regained his seat by a narrow margin. In 1834 he published his autobiography, A Narrative of the Life of David Crockett of the State of Tennessee. Then, another defeat in 1835 marked the end of his congressional career.
Death at the Alamo
In 1835 Crockett and four neighbors headed into Texas looking for new land. By January 1836 he had joined the Texas Volunteers, and within a month he reached San Antonio, Texas. Crockett then joined Texans in their fight to hold the Alamo against a Mexican army. In the first week of March he and the other defenders of the Alamo died during the siege and capture of that fort by Mexican troops. Popular tradition says that Crockett was one of the last defenders who died during the final assault. In reality, Crockett was one of the first defenders to die—alone and unarmed, on March 6, 1836.
Crockett's death at the Alamo made him more famous than his political activities did. Through newspaper accounts and other writings—both fact and fiction—legends concerning Crockett's adventures grew. Descriptions of Crockett are varied, but it is generally thought that he was about 5 feet 8 inches tall, with brown hair, blue eyes, and rosy cheeks. He was noted for his humor, his honesty, and his skill as an entertaining public speaker. Those who knew him realized that he was a man of ability and character.
For More Information
Chemerka, William R. The Davy Crockett Almanac and Book of Lists. Austin, TX: Eakin Press, 1999.
Moseley, Elizabeth R. Davy Crockett, Hero of the Wild Frontier. Champaign, IL: Garrard, 1967. Reprint, New York: Chelsea Juniors, 1991.
Rourke, Constance. Davy Crockett. Rev. ed. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1998.
Davy Crockett was a respected, but unremarkable, frontier politician, who was killed in the struggle for Texas independence from Mexico. Due to tall tales of his heroic feats as a frontiersman, Crockett became a legend in his own time and a central character in American folklore.
David Crockett was born in a cabin in Tennessee in 1786. As a young man, he enlisted twice with the Tennessee militia (an army made up of trained civilians rather than professional soldiers) commanded by General Andrew Jackson (1767–1845). He fought in the Creek War (1813–14).
Later, Crockett began a career in politics. He served as a justice of the peace and a Tennessee state legislator before becoming a Democratic congressman from Tennessee in 1827. He served two terms and lost the election for a third term in 1831. Two years later, he ran again and won, returning to Congress to serve a third term.
After losing his battle for reelection to a fourth term in 1835, Crockett moved to east Texas in search of a new home. At the age of forty-nine, he participated in the defense of the Alamo , a mission converted into a fort by Anglo-American (non-Mexican) soldiers in Texas's war of independence with Mexico. Mexican forces killed Crockett and all of the two hundred other defenders of the Alamo in March 1836.
The folk hero
During his lifetime, Crockett's frontier drawl and his tendency to tell folksy stories always drew the attention of journalists. As a politician, he told exaggerated stories about his feats as an Indian fighter and bear hunter to gain votes. He wrote an autobiography in 1834 full of these tall tales. In the 1830s, publishers released dozens of Davy Crockett books. Filled with coarse language and remarkable (and almost certainly untrue) exploits, the books were popular. The myth of the heroic frontiersman continued to grow even after his death. Hollywood discovered the tall tales, resulting in many popular movies and television shows, keeping the legend of Davy Crockett alive.
Davy Crockett was a frontiersman, Indian scout, and politician who became one of America's first folk heroes. His backwoods philosophy, homespun humor, and image as a rough-edged hunter and Indian fighter made him an extremely popular figure during his lifetime. Crockett's reputation—and the tall tales about him—grew to legendary proportions after his death.
Born in Tennessee in 1786, Crockett had no formal schooling and worked on farms as a child. From 1813 to 1815, he served as a scout under Andrew Jackson (who later became the country's president), fighting the Creek Indians. His wartime record and plainspoken humor made him popular with voters. He was elected to the Tennessee legislature in 1821 and to the U.S. Congress in 1827. He went to Texas to help settlers there overthrow Mexican rule but died defending the Alamo on March 6, 1836.
Crockett was known as the "coonskin congressman" because of his many stories about hunting raccoons and bears. He loved to tell tall tales that showed him as stronger, smarter, braver, and a better shot than anyone else in the land. The stories grew more fantastic after his death, thanks largely to a series of adventure books featuring Crockett as the hero. In these tales, he climbed Niagara Falls on an alligator's back, drank the entire Gulf of Mexico, twisted the tail off a comet, and outsmarted a businessman. He also traveled the world performing marvelous feats of daring and skill. In many ways, Davy Crockett is America's own celebrated hero, whose deeds and adventures compare to those of legendary ancient warriors such as Achilles* and Beowulf*. | 1,963 | ENGLISH | 1 |
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How did baseball become so ‘troubled’ following WWII? What enabled the game to survive?
The history of baseball in the United States can be traced to the 18th century when amateurs played a baseball-like game by their informal rules using improvised equipment. The game was so popular that it inspired professional baseball clubs in the 1860s. Baseball is popular in America and around the world. The game went through a lot of trouble to attain its status and imaginable support it wields across the world . The paper will analyze the problems that baseball encountered and how it managed to survive and become a popular kind of sport.
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Baseball teams needed better stadiums that could accommodate a large number of fans. Land was expensive, and the structures were dilapidated. World War II era saw ravaged structures. Some fields were difficult to reach as they were located in decaying neighborhoods. There was stiff competition among the teams that was imminent and stifled the effort of smaller teams. Bigger teams had better structures and were well prepared professionally; moreover, they were highly supported by numerous fans. Such a competitive pressure made smaller teams make less or no effort to develop their teams.
Bigger baseball teams were more organized and better equipped. Moreover, they were supported financially and had a bigger number of supporters unlike smaller teams in the league after World War II. Since there were many baseball supporters, it was easier to raise enough finances to run the affairs of the teams, like insurance, player allowances and payments. Moreover, obtaining a site of several hundred acres was a tall order. It was impacted by the fact that rules and reguations regarding tenancy were yet to be put in place since it was a time of transition and not so much was achieved. Congress was also busy publishing land bills to plan for the future growth and expansion of new cities. The war had also pulled most teams down financially and thus getting land was expensive. The land was now the property of municipalities, and there were allocation procedures and requirements to be met.
The automobile age also played some important role in regard to baseball by allowing wealthy people from suburban parts of cities to enjoy countryside rides. Since the automobile riding was the lifestyle of the time, the status of most of them demanded that they go out and have a ride with their families. The transfer of some teams from the East to West coast also increased baseball troubles after World War II and lessened the gains achieved in developing the League. The movement impacted negatively on the teams.
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The shifting character of the Americans in regard to leisure and the growth of metropolises also played an important role in causing distress to the teams. Baseball is a game that had been mainly supported by the rich majority who were ready to enjoy and have fun, but everything changed due to new ideologies related to family and automobile glamour. The growth of the metropolises also led to limited space for constructions and high prices for land that was used for construction of the fields. It also led to movement of people inside and outside the cities creating inconsistency in the playing surface of the clubs.
Technological advancements and introduction of television greatly impacted the game and reducing its quack-mire. Thus, most people who had television sets preferred to stay home or vvisit their friends to enjoy their favorite drink or meal while watching baseball games. The introduction of television drastically reduced the numbers of supporters visiting the games after the war thus reducing the amount of revenue collected by the clubs and leading to management problems.
What enabled the game to survive?
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State companies became the sponsors of the teams that were a big leap forward. The support saw a big number of teams and players remain in the national league and thus the growth and survival were enhanced. Most of the teams had been edged out due to financial constraints, and this was a grant opportunity for other teams to remain in the game and manage the welfare of their players. The mega support saw the flourishing and fast growth of suburbs.
Recreation brought out the essence of entertainment and recreational standards, colorful team uniforms, cocktail lounges, comfortable seats, attentive stewards etc . To promote hospitality and develop a sense of belonging horse-race tracks were created, escalators were built to safely and quickly carry people, restaurants with courteous personnel were opened etc. Businesses ventured into baseball as a business, making it viable and thus leading to its survival. Air transport lessened the costs of movement making it easier for teams to attend league matches. Business people also got an opportunity to invest in the clubs to earn dividends. The investments pumped a new portion of energy into the teams.
In conclusion, baseball went through a lot of challenges after World War II but it managed to stand the test of time due to the prevalent support structures. The game has since gained an imaginable level being greatly supported by millions of people worldwide.
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How did baseball become so ‘troubled’ following WWII? What enabled the game to survive?
The history of baseball in the United States can be traced to the 18th century when amateurs played a baseball-like game by their informal rules using improvised equipment. The game was so popular that it inspired professional baseball clubs in the 1860s. Baseball is popular in America and around the world. The game went through a lot of trouble to attain its status and imaginable support it wields across the world . The paper will analyze the problems that baseball encountered and how it managed to survive and become a popular kind of sport.
Buy Baseball History essay paper onlineBecome our VIP client
* Final order price might be slightly different depending on the current exchange rate of chosen payment system.
Baseball teams needed better stadiums that could accommodate a large number of fans. Land was expensive, and the structures were dilapidated. World War II era saw ravaged structures. Some fields were difficult to reach as they were located in decaying neighborhoods. There was stiff competition among the teams that was imminent and stifled the effort of smaller teams. Bigger teams had better structures and were well prepared professionally; moreover, they were highly supported by numerous fans. Such a competitive pressure made smaller teams make less or no effort to develop their teams.
Bigger baseball teams were more organized and better equipped. Moreover, they were supported financially and had a bigger number of supporters unlike smaller teams in the league after World War II. Since there were many baseball supporters, it was easier to raise enough finances to run the affairs of the teams, like insurance, player allowances and payments. Moreover, obtaining a site of several hundred acres was a tall order. It was impacted by the fact that rules and reguations regarding tenancy were yet to be put in place since it was a time of transition and not so much was achieved. Congress was also busy publishing land bills to plan for the future growth and expansion of new cities. The war had also pulled most teams down financially and thus getting land was expensive. The land was now the property of municipalities, and there were allocation procedures and requirements to be met.
The automobile age also played some important role in regard to baseball by allowing wealthy people from suburban parts of cities to enjoy countryside rides. Since the automobile riding was the lifestyle of the time, the status of most of them demanded that they go out and have a ride with their families. The transfer of some teams from the East to West coast also increased baseball troubles after World War II and lessened the gains achieved in developing the League. The movement impacted negatively on the teams.
Limited Time offer!
Get 19% OFF
The shifting character of the Americans in regard to leisure and the growth of metropolises also played an important role in causing distress to the teams. Baseball is a game that had been mainly supported by the rich majority who were ready to enjoy and have fun, but everything changed due to new ideologies related to family and automobile glamour. The growth of the metropolises also led to limited space for constructions and high prices for land that was used for construction of the fields. It also led to movement of people inside and outside the cities creating inconsistency in the playing surface of the clubs.
Technological advancements and introduction of television greatly impacted the game and reducing its quack-mire. Thus, most people who had television sets preferred to stay home or vvisit their friends to enjoy their favorite drink or meal while watching baseball games. The introduction of television drastically reduced the numbers of supporters visiting the games after the war thus reducing the amount of revenue collected by the clubs and leading to management problems.
What enabled the game to survive?
Let’s earn with us!
Get 10% from your friends orders!
State companies became the sponsors of the teams that were a big leap forward. The support saw a big number of teams and players remain in the national league and thus the growth and survival were enhanced. Most of the teams had been edged out due to financial constraints, and this was a grant opportunity for other teams to remain in the game and manage the welfare of their players. The mega support saw the flourishing and fast growth of suburbs.
Recreation brought out the essence of entertainment and recreational standards, colorful team uniforms, cocktail lounges, comfortable seats, attentive stewards etc . To promote hospitality and develop a sense of belonging horse-race tracks were created, escalators were built to safely and quickly carry people, restaurants with courteous personnel were opened etc. Businesses ventured into baseball as a business, making it viable and thus leading to its survival. Air transport lessened the costs of movement making it easier for teams to attend league matches. Business people also got an opportunity to invest in the clubs to earn dividends. The investments pumped a new portion of energy into the teams.
In conclusion, baseball went through a lot of challenges after World War II but it managed to stand the test of time due to the prevalent support structures. The game has since gained an imaginable level being greatly supported by millions of people worldwide.
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Eighty years ago thousands of child children were preparing for their first Christmas away home in Lancashire
The first Christmas of the Second World War was a time of great upheaval for thousands of children in Lancashire.
Within weeks of the outbreak of hostilities in September 1939 a mass programme swung into action to evacuate youngsters out of the nation’s major cities amid fears Hitler’s bombers would target the big urban centres.
The Government sought to rehouse evacuees with willing families in the relative safety or rural areas and smaller towns and cities.
As the festive season approached many of these children faced the prospect of their first Christmas away from home and family as the grim reality of wartime life hit home.
The operation was huge with 3,000 children from Salford making the journey to Lancashire on the first day of the evacuation alone.
A further 4,000 followed from Manchester and arrived at Preston Railway Station happily smiling and singing.
With the Government predicting Manchester a likely target of raids so arrangements were made for evacuees to be housed in communities, including Fulwood, Walton-le-Dale and Longridge.
Across the first week of September more than 1.5m children across the nationwere transported to safety out of cities like London, Liverpool and Bristol. At the same time more than 500,000 mothers with children under five and 12,000 pregnant women were relocated.
And teachers also found themselves forced to relocate to ensure the evacuee children could keep up with their studies. By the end of 1939 many parents of the evacuated children had decided to bring their children home when the expected bombing raids of cities had failed to materialise.
The authorities were powerless to prevent any parents from taking their children back home for the school holidays as they remained their legal guardians.
However, the Government and local councils strongly urged families to resist the temptation to be reunited in the family home as the festivities offered no immunity from enemy attacks.
And the sight of any children returning home would increase the likelihood of other parents wanting to bring their loved ones back.
While those youngsters left with their hosts would be more likely to be unsettled and it was felt children given time at home for Christmas would find it hard to return to their safe havens in the New Year.
There were also fears over the added burden on the rail network of transporting the evacuees at what was traditionally a busy period on the railways. Travel restrictions brought in a few months before the holiday were beginning to bite with petrol being rationed forcing people seeking to get away on to trains. However, plans were drawn up for some parents to be allowed to travel out from the cities to see their children for the holiday.
While there were no concessions on accommodation or meals for the visitors billeting officers often did their best to help. In Fleetwood, for example, residents were asked to co-operate with a scheme to house parents for the holidays at reduced rates. At the same time they did not want to upset hoteliers who would normally expect healthy bookings at the time of the year.
Right across Lancashire it was also decided to throw parties for the children staying behind in the county to bring some festive cheer.
With 1,200 children in the port - many from Widnes - Fleetwood’s chief billeting officer Mr E Hewitson told the Lancashire Post: “We are anxious that parents should spend some part of the holidays with their children and we are hoping for an extension of the generosity that has prevailed throughout the reception of these children.
“Artists are volunteering their services to provide daily entertainment of a first class character for the evacuees, and owners of the cinemas are joining in with free film shows. The only thing necessary to make Christmas 1939 a really memorable one is to get the parents to join in the fun. ”
Many of Lancashire’s Salford evacuees stayed for Christmas with their hosts pledging to make the season as happy as possible. In Lancaster, right across the city house parties were organised while fundraising events were held to prepare for civic get togethers for the children. It was hoped all evacuees could attend these celebrations, which typically consisted of tea, followed by games and then organisers had high hopes of giving each child a small present.
They went on record with the aim to give these children a treat and leave them with a happy memory of their first Christmas in Lancaster. A notice was placed in the Lancaster Guardian asking for, “as many people as possible to contribute one shilling to this fund. Every person contributing one shilling to his fund will enable one child to come to this party.”
The response was terrific with close to £15,000 - equivalent to £500,000 today - raised so the young visitors could be entertained over the festive period.
Meanwhile, in Preston the evacuees enjoyed a great party as this report in the Lancashire Post confirms, “The young evacuees at Fulwood had a rollicking time at the Garstang Constitutional School, and their fun was undoubtedly increased because some of their mothers were able to be present. “Father Christmas there, and, joy of joys, there was a cinema show!”
Inevitably the dark shadow of war meant many of the traditional festivities had to be scaled back as the war took its toll with restrictions on goods and shortages. Presents were often homemade out of recycled material and then put under a tree due left unlit to the black-out regulations. This affected stores too, as extravagant shop displays were obstructed by anti-blast tape across the windows.
The limited amount of decorations available in shops meant that the children who were still in school were able to create their own decorations by painting old newspapers and using scraps of paper. Many gifts were topical, Armed Forces uniforms were popular among children, and so were card games like ‘Vacuation’ and ‘Blackout’, many books were also available including ‘Blackout Book’.
Gifts were slightly different for adults, with popular presents including leather or Rexine gas masks and steel or Bakelite helmets. Food supplies in 1939 were yet to be rationed although the Minister of Food announced a shortage of butter and bacon which would lead to them being limited in the new year and so everyone was determined to enjoy the festive season knowing it may be a while before they would do so again. As a result many hotels and restaurants across Lancashire were fully booked over the period. | <urn:uuid:1827809b-fe82-4712-916d-26334ff33c5a> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.lep.co.uk/retro/evacuees-first-christmas-in-wartime-lancashire-1-10165276 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250593295.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118164132-20200118192132-00023.warc.gz | en | 0.985006 | 1,344 | 3.46875 | 3 | [
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0.2382189482450485... | 2 | Eighty years ago thousands of child children were preparing for their first Christmas away home in Lancashire
The first Christmas of the Second World War was a time of great upheaval for thousands of children in Lancashire.
Within weeks of the outbreak of hostilities in September 1939 a mass programme swung into action to evacuate youngsters out of the nation’s major cities amid fears Hitler’s bombers would target the big urban centres.
The Government sought to rehouse evacuees with willing families in the relative safety or rural areas and smaller towns and cities.
As the festive season approached many of these children faced the prospect of their first Christmas away from home and family as the grim reality of wartime life hit home.
The operation was huge with 3,000 children from Salford making the journey to Lancashire on the first day of the evacuation alone.
A further 4,000 followed from Manchester and arrived at Preston Railway Station happily smiling and singing.
With the Government predicting Manchester a likely target of raids so arrangements were made for evacuees to be housed in communities, including Fulwood, Walton-le-Dale and Longridge.
Across the first week of September more than 1.5m children across the nationwere transported to safety out of cities like London, Liverpool and Bristol. At the same time more than 500,000 mothers with children under five and 12,000 pregnant women were relocated.
And teachers also found themselves forced to relocate to ensure the evacuee children could keep up with their studies. By the end of 1939 many parents of the evacuated children had decided to bring their children home when the expected bombing raids of cities had failed to materialise.
The authorities were powerless to prevent any parents from taking their children back home for the school holidays as they remained their legal guardians.
However, the Government and local councils strongly urged families to resist the temptation to be reunited in the family home as the festivities offered no immunity from enemy attacks.
And the sight of any children returning home would increase the likelihood of other parents wanting to bring their loved ones back.
While those youngsters left with their hosts would be more likely to be unsettled and it was felt children given time at home for Christmas would find it hard to return to their safe havens in the New Year.
There were also fears over the added burden on the rail network of transporting the evacuees at what was traditionally a busy period on the railways. Travel restrictions brought in a few months before the holiday were beginning to bite with petrol being rationed forcing people seeking to get away on to trains. However, plans were drawn up for some parents to be allowed to travel out from the cities to see their children for the holiday.
While there were no concessions on accommodation or meals for the visitors billeting officers often did their best to help. In Fleetwood, for example, residents were asked to co-operate with a scheme to house parents for the holidays at reduced rates. At the same time they did not want to upset hoteliers who would normally expect healthy bookings at the time of the year.
Right across Lancashire it was also decided to throw parties for the children staying behind in the county to bring some festive cheer.
With 1,200 children in the port - many from Widnes - Fleetwood’s chief billeting officer Mr E Hewitson told the Lancashire Post: “We are anxious that parents should spend some part of the holidays with their children and we are hoping for an extension of the generosity that has prevailed throughout the reception of these children.
“Artists are volunteering their services to provide daily entertainment of a first class character for the evacuees, and owners of the cinemas are joining in with free film shows. The only thing necessary to make Christmas 1939 a really memorable one is to get the parents to join in the fun. ”
Many of Lancashire’s Salford evacuees stayed for Christmas with their hosts pledging to make the season as happy as possible. In Lancaster, right across the city house parties were organised while fundraising events were held to prepare for civic get togethers for the children. It was hoped all evacuees could attend these celebrations, which typically consisted of tea, followed by games and then organisers had high hopes of giving each child a small present.
They went on record with the aim to give these children a treat and leave them with a happy memory of their first Christmas in Lancaster. A notice was placed in the Lancaster Guardian asking for, “as many people as possible to contribute one shilling to this fund. Every person contributing one shilling to his fund will enable one child to come to this party.”
The response was terrific with close to £15,000 - equivalent to £500,000 today - raised so the young visitors could be entertained over the festive period.
Meanwhile, in Preston the evacuees enjoyed a great party as this report in the Lancashire Post confirms, “The young evacuees at Fulwood had a rollicking time at the Garstang Constitutional School, and their fun was undoubtedly increased because some of their mothers were able to be present. “Father Christmas there, and, joy of joys, there was a cinema show!”
Inevitably the dark shadow of war meant many of the traditional festivities had to be scaled back as the war took its toll with restrictions on goods and shortages. Presents were often homemade out of recycled material and then put under a tree due left unlit to the black-out regulations. This affected stores too, as extravagant shop displays were obstructed by anti-blast tape across the windows.
The limited amount of decorations available in shops meant that the children who were still in school were able to create their own decorations by painting old newspapers and using scraps of paper. Many gifts were topical, Armed Forces uniforms were popular among children, and so were card games like ‘Vacuation’ and ‘Blackout’, many books were also available including ‘Blackout Book’.
Gifts were slightly different for adults, with popular presents including leather or Rexine gas masks and steel or Bakelite helmets. Food supplies in 1939 were yet to be rationed although the Minister of Food announced a shortage of butter and bacon which would lead to them being limited in the new year and so everyone was determined to enjoy the festive season knowing it may be a while before they would do so again. As a result many hotels and restaurants across Lancashire were fully booked over the period. | 1,327 | ENGLISH | 1 |
The month of June is upon us, which means that Pride Month is here. The culmination of different stories, backgrounds, and experiences within the LGBTQ+ community. Pride may be seen as something of the upmost importance or as something trivial. The importance of Pride, however, is as important as it was when it was celebrated in 1970. While Pride Month is a time for members of the LGBTQ+ community to acknowledge how far we’ve come, celebrate where the community is today, and to take pride in who they are, it is also a time to represent an international community that does not share the same freedoms worldwide. It is a time to represent and be a voice to those who are not allowed to be who they truly are.
The history of Pride Month is linked to the Stonewall Riots of 1969 , which occurred when police raided the Stonewall Inn, a gay bar that served as a refuge because the solicitation of homosexual relations was considered an illegal act in urban areas at that time. Police raids were nothing new at the time, and with this came police harassment. Many were brutalized by the police, and while police continued to raid the inside of the bar, a crowd of over 400 people formed outside the bar and police barricaded themselves inside . The barricade was breached several times and eventually the building was set on fire. The crowd dispersed, but the riot continued on and off for five more days. This tragic event has been considered one of the first times that the LGBTQ+ community came together in order to fight against discrimination.
It may seem as though much has changed since 1969, however, many members of the LGBTQ+ community still face discrimination and are not always accepted for who they are. While the United States has progressed, there are still over 70 countries that have not legalized same-sex marriage, and some allow homosexuality to be punishable by death. This year, Brunei, a southeastern Asian country, was about to make gay sex punishable by stoning, but then extended the moratorium of the law. Couples in countries that have made gay marriage legal are still being harassed and beaten in the streets. In countries all over the world, children are still being kicked out of their homes and forced to find shelter elsewhere. People are committing suicide in order to end the shame they feel because of their identity, in order to deal with the lack of acceptance that exists, and the lack of love they feel. It is for those in other parts of the world who are unable to celebrate their identity, let alone share their identity without resulting in some form of punishment that we share this message today.
So why is Pride important? It is an opportunity for people to express themselves, to be proud of who they are, to show that they are not ashamed, to celebrate others, and to celebrate the battles that have been fought in order to get to where the LGBTQ+ community is today.
There is still much needed to be done, but for now, we celebrate. The National Youth Advocate Program celebrates our LGBTQ youth, our LGBTQ families and our community at large embracing differences, our collective history and our determination to Care for People, Connect Communities and Promote Peace. We celebrate, we love, and we embrace the community.
“The beauty of standing up for your rights is others will see you standing and stand up as well.”
– Columnist Cassandra Duffy | <urn:uuid:6c187845-a82a-4162-a3d5-0a0288d740e5> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://nyapinc.wordpress.com/2019/06/26/everyone-deserves-love-the-importance-of-pride-month/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251779833.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128153713-20200128183713-00148.warc.gz | en | 0.980198 | 686 | 3.59375 | 4 | [
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-0.36656177043914... | 2 | The month of June is upon us, which means that Pride Month is here. The culmination of different stories, backgrounds, and experiences within the LGBTQ+ community. Pride may be seen as something of the upmost importance or as something trivial. The importance of Pride, however, is as important as it was when it was celebrated in 1970. While Pride Month is a time for members of the LGBTQ+ community to acknowledge how far we’ve come, celebrate where the community is today, and to take pride in who they are, it is also a time to represent an international community that does not share the same freedoms worldwide. It is a time to represent and be a voice to those who are not allowed to be who they truly are.
The history of Pride Month is linked to the Stonewall Riots of 1969 , which occurred when police raided the Stonewall Inn, a gay bar that served as a refuge because the solicitation of homosexual relations was considered an illegal act in urban areas at that time. Police raids were nothing new at the time, and with this came police harassment. Many were brutalized by the police, and while police continued to raid the inside of the bar, a crowd of over 400 people formed outside the bar and police barricaded themselves inside . The barricade was breached several times and eventually the building was set on fire. The crowd dispersed, but the riot continued on and off for five more days. This tragic event has been considered one of the first times that the LGBTQ+ community came together in order to fight against discrimination.
It may seem as though much has changed since 1969, however, many members of the LGBTQ+ community still face discrimination and are not always accepted for who they are. While the United States has progressed, there are still over 70 countries that have not legalized same-sex marriage, and some allow homosexuality to be punishable by death. This year, Brunei, a southeastern Asian country, was about to make gay sex punishable by stoning, but then extended the moratorium of the law. Couples in countries that have made gay marriage legal are still being harassed and beaten in the streets. In countries all over the world, children are still being kicked out of their homes and forced to find shelter elsewhere. People are committing suicide in order to end the shame they feel because of their identity, in order to deal with the lack of acceptance that exists, and the lack of love they feel. It is for those in other parts of the world who are unable to celebrate their identity, let alone share their identity without resulting in some form of punishment that we share this message today.
So why is Pride important? It is an opportunity for people to express themselves, to be proud of who they are, to show that they are not ashamed, to celebrate others, and to celebrate the battles that have been fought in order to get to where the LGBTQ+ community is today.
There is still much needed to be done, but for now, we celebrate. The National Youth Advocate Program celebrates our LGBTQ youth, our LGBTQ families and our community at large embracing differences, our collective history and our determination to Care for People, Connect Communities and Promote Peace. We celebrate, we love, and we embrace the community.
“The beauty of standing up for your rights is others will see you standing and stand up as well.”
– Columnist Cassandra Duffy | 691 | ENGLISH | 1 |
The tea leaves first arrived in Japan during the Nara period when there was so much influence from China. That is also the time when Buddhism was introduced from China and the social system was copied from the Tang Dynasty in China. In those times the tea was used mostly as a medicine and only available to the rulers and the noble families.
In 1187, Eisai, who was a priest, traveled to China and brought the tea seeds with him. He promoted the idea of grinding tea leaves which was different from how the tea was consumed in China. He said that green tea can cure many diseases including paralysis, loss of appetite and waterborne diseases. He also recommended drinking tea to not to fall asleep after a long time of praying and chanting in buddhist temples. Eisai is the founder of the Rinzai sect of Zen Buddhism who popularized the sect in Japan. So the tea ceremony and the Zen have always been associated.
With the rise the samurai class who adopted the zen buddhism during the Muromachi period (1336~1600: this is the period when there were so many wars in Japan and Japan consisted of dozens of small states) the green tea became more and more common in Japan. Uji emerged as the most prominent tea growing town where the most delicious tea grew in in Japan. The samurai used to gather and drink green tea as a leisure activity and also play the game of correctly guessing the different types of teas grown in Japan. The culture of drinking from the same bowl is said to have been born during this period as there used to be a large number of samurai gathering in the same house with the limited number of bowls.
Most people agree that the tea ceremony as it is today was founded by Sen no Rikyu (1522 ~ 1591) who lived in the Sakai City part of the Osaka district. He is said to have built over 40 chashitsu (teahouse) and is also the grandfather of the founders of the three main tea schools that exist in Japan. He took the idea of the leisure tea drinking activity into a more ritualistic way tea drinking with the omotenashii spirit (subjugation of self for the guest) and the wabi-sabi philosophy (simplistic and minimalistic approach to life). Most of the tea ceremony elements such as alcove, the tea garden, small low-ceiling tearoom, scroll on the wall, seasonal flower decoration known as chabana and the four main principles of the tea ceremony were introduced by Sen no Rikyu. Unfortunately he was sentenced to death was Hideyoshi Toyotomi, then ruler of Japan, who himself was known as a tea fan.
During the Edo Period (1600~1868) the popularity of tea grew. Every year, 30 guarded horsemen used to carry the 8 baskets of the freshest tea from Uji Kyoto to to Tokyo that could only be drunk by the Shogun the emperor and a few nobles. The tea caddy was considered as one of the most important 3 things a samurai possessed (the other two were the katana and the scrolls). It was mostly the samurai class who knew and performed tea ceremony as an important protocol of meetings and receptions. The simplicity was kept but more decorations on the bowls and the tea room emerged.
Before the Meiji only the samurai, religious monks, the royals and few elites used to enjoy the tea ceremony. During the Meiji period (1868 ~ 1912), the government recognized the tea ceremony as an important cultural heritage. As the samurai system was abolished ordinary people and women also started enjoying the tea ceremony. The geisha must have learned the tea ceremony as part of their training and the young women were supposed to study it along with ikebana to be eligible for marriage.
Today, most Japanese would have the experience of the tea ceremony practice at least once perhaps at the elementary school or high school. A number of universities and high schools have the tea ceremony student clubs actively participated by students. In the 1950s and 60s it was common for the marriage age women to go to special schools and learn tea ceremony, ikebana , etc to be ready for marriage and learn how to serve their husbands. In Japan elementary school students are taught the basics of tea ceremony to learn the consideration of others and turn taking. The biggest tea ceremony school Urasenke has hundreds of branches all inside and outside Japan. The elderly enjoy tea ceremony courses occasionally offered community centers.
Unlike what most foreigners think, tea ceremony is usually NOT held in teahouses. Generally speaking, people who are interested in tea ceremony go to a tea ceremony school or join a tea ceremony circle and do it periodically. Most tea ceremonies are held at tearooms in zen temples and there is usually no such thing like “today I want to drink tea, then, I will go to a teahouse and do a tea ceremony.” | <urn:uuid:86f7c1fa-a61c-49a4-8800-862127849f91> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://mai-ko.com/maiko-blog/tea-ceremony/what-is-the-history-of-tea-ceremony-how-did-the-tea-ceremony-start-the-history-of-tea-ceremony/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250598800.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120135447-20200120164447-00163.warc.gz | en | 0.982152 | 1,007 | 3.296875 | 3 | [
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0.49657201766967... | 1 | The tea leaves first arrived in Japan during the Nara period when there was so much influence from China. That is also the time when Buddhism was introduced from China and the social system was copied from the Tang Dynasty in China. In those times the tea was used mostly as a medicine and only available to the rulers and the noble families.
In 1187, Eisai, who was a priest, traveled to China and brought the tea seeds with him. He promoted the idea of grinding tea leaves which was different from how the tea was consumed in China. He said that green tea can cure many diseases including paralysis, loss of appetite and waterborne diseases. He also recommended drinking tea to not to fall asleep after a long time of praying and chanting in buddhist temples. Eisai is the founder of the Rinzai sect of Zen Buddhism who popularized the sect in Japan. So the tea ceremony and the Zen have always been associated.
With the rise the samurai class who adopted the zen buddhism during the Muromachi period (1336~1600: this is the period when there were so many wars in Japan and Japan consisted of dozens of small states) the green tea became more and more common in Japan. Uji emerged as the most prominent tea growing town where the most delicious tea grew in in Japan. The samurai used to gather and drink green tea as a leisure activity and also play the game of correctly guessing the different types of teas grown in Japan. The culture of drinking from the same bowl is said to have been born during this period as there used to be a large number of samurai gathering in the same house with the limited number of bowls.
Most people agree that the tea ceremony as it is today was founded by Sen no Rikyu (1522 ~ 1591) who lived in the Sakai City part of the Osaka district. He is said to have built over 40 chashitsu (teahouse) and is also the grandfather of the founders of the three main tea schools that exist in Japan. He took the idea of the leisure tea drinking activity into a more ritualistic way tea drinking with the omotenashii spirit (subjugation of self for the guest) and the wabi-sabi philosophy (simplistic and minimalistic approach to life). Most of the tea ceremony elements such as alcove, the tea garden, small low-ceiling tearoom, scroll on the wall, seasonal flower decoration known as chabana and the four main principles of the tea ceremony were introduced by Sen no Rikyu. Unfortunately he was sentenced to death was Hideyoshi Toyotomi, then ruler of Japan, who himself was known as a tea fan.
During the Edo Period (1600~1868) the popularity of tea grew. Every year, 30 guarded horsemen used to carry the 8 baskets of the freshest tea from Uji Kyoto to to Tokyo that could only be drunk by the Shogun the emperor and a few nobles. The tea caddy was considered as one of the most important 3 things a samurai possessed (the other two were the katana and the scrolls). It was mostly the samurai class who knew and performed tea ceremony as an important protocol of meetings and receptions. The simplicity was kept but more decorations on the bowls and the tea room emerged.
Before the Meiji only the samurai, religious monks, the royals and few elites used to enjoy the tea ceremony. During the Meiji period (1868 ~ 1912), the government recognized the tea ceremony as an important cultural heritage. As the samurai system was abolished ordinary people and women also started enjoying the tea ceremony. The geisha must have learned the tea ceremony as part of their training and the young women were supposed to study it along with ikebana to be eligible for marriage.
Today, most Japanese would have the experience of the tea ceremony practice at least once perhaps at the elementary school or high school. A number of universities and high schools have the tea ceremony student clubs actively participated by students. In the 1950s and 60s it was common for the marriage age women to go to special schools and learn tea ceremony, ikebana , etc to be ready for marriage and learn how to serve their husbands. In Japan elementary school students are taught the basics of tea ceremony to learn the consideration of others and turn taking. The biggest tea ceremony school Urasenke has hundreds of branches all inside and outside Japan. The elderly enjoy tea ceremony courses occasionally offered community centers.
Unlike what most foreigners think, tea ceremony is usually NOT held in teahouses. Generally speaking, people who are interested in tea ceremony go to a tea ceremony school or join a tea ceremony circle and do it periodically. Most tea ceremonies are held at tearooms in zen temples and there is usually no such thing like “today I want to drink tea, then, I will go to a teahouse and do a tea ceremony.” | 1,036 | ENGLISH | 1 |
kidzsearch.com > wiki Explore:images videos games
German reunification (German: Deutsche Wiedervereinigung) is a term of history. Unification means making two or more parts as one. The German reunification is the unification of the two parts of Germany.
After the Second World War, Germany had been divided into two countries. One was the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), also called "West Germany". The other part was the German Democratic Republic (GDR), which was also called "East Germany". The German reunification was on 3 October 1990, when East Germany again became a part of the Federal Republic of Germany.
During the Cold war (1945 – 1989)
After World War II, Germany was divided into 4 occupation zones by the 4 allied forces, France, Great Britain, The United States of America and The Soviet Union (Russia) in 1945. In 1949 the French, British and American zones were made joined into the Federal Republic of Germany, also known as "West Germany", while the Soviet zone was made into a separate state known as the German Democratic Republic, or "East Germany".
During the cold war, West Germany was a democratic country (Politicians were elected in free elections), was allied with the United States of America and had a capitalist economic system (Businesses were owned by citizens). East Germany was a communist country (One Party, the communist party ruled all the time, elections were only for show, and all businesses were owned by the state) and was controlled by the Soviet Union.
After West Germany's economy began to grow faster and faster in the 1950s, while East Germany's economy was not doing so well, many people moved from East to West Germany. To stop this emigration, the border between East and West Germany was closed in 1961 by East German forces. This border was part of the Iron Curtain. Between 1961 and 1989, leaving East Germany was very hard and extremely dangerous. Officially leaving East Germany took years to be approved, and people who applied were often spied on by East German police. Many people who tried to flee over the border were shot and killed there.
The Fall of the Wall (1989)
- See also: Wende
In 1989, Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev started to open the Soviet Union to the west. Many of the communist countries followed his example, opening the door into freedom for their citizens. East Germany tried to ignore this trend, but during the year of 1989, public protest grew inside the country. After some tries to keep the country stable, the border was finally opened on 9 November 1989. Conversion of East Germany into a democratic country started almost immediately. During the following 11 months, the terms of unification were negotiated between East and West Germany, France, Great Britain, The United States of America and The Soviet Union, and the Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany also called the Two Plus Four Treaty, signed by the two German states and the four wartime allies, opened the way towards reunification.
Two options for reunification were written in the West German constitution (the Grundgesetz):
- Making a new country with a new Constitution and
- letting the new federal states joining the existing Federal Republic of Germany.
The second option was chosen, and at on 3rd October 1990, at 0:01 MEZ, the recreated federal states of Brandenburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt, Thuringia and reunified Berlin officially joined the Federal Republic of Germany. The German Democratic Republic ceased to exist at this moment. | <urn:uuid:6f499b16-be1e-4a3e-862a-c7786112a804> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://wiki.kidzsearch.com/wiki/German_reunification | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251737572.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127235617-20200128025617-00406.warc.gz | en | 0.984857 | 742 | 3.59375 | 4 | [
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... | 1 | kidzsearch.com > wiki Explore:images videos games
German reunification (German: Deutsche Wiedervereinigung) is a term of history. Unification means making two or more parts as one. The German reunification is the unification of the two parts of Germany.
After the Second World War, Germany had been divided into two countries. One was the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), also called "West Germany". The other part was the German Democratic Republic (GDR), which was also called "East Germany". The German reunification was on 3 October 1990, when East Germany again became a part of the Federal Republic of Germany.
During the Cold war (1945 – 1989)
After World War II, Germany was divided into 4 occupation zones by the 4 allied forces, France, Great Britain, The United States of America and The Soviet Union (Russia) in 1945. In 1949 the French, British and American zones were made joined into the Federal Republic of Germany, also known as "West Germany", while the Soviet zone was made into a separate state known as the German Democratic Republic, or "East Germany".
During the cold war, West Germany was a democratic country (Politicians were elected in free elections), was allied with the United States of America and had a capitalist economic system (Businesses were owned by citizens). East Germany was a communist country (One Party, the communist party ruled all the time, elections were only for show, and all businesses were owned by the state) and was controlled by the Soviet Union.
After West Germany's economy began to grow faster and faster in the 1950s, while East Germany's economy was not doing so well, many people moved from East to West Germany. To stop this emigration, the border between East and West Germany was closed in 1961 by East German forces. This border was part of the Iron Curtain. Between 1961 and 1989, leaving East Germany was very hard and extremely dangerous. Officially leaving East Germany took years to be approved, and people who applied were often spied on by East German police. Many people who tried to flee over the border were shot and killed there.
The Fall of the Wall (1989)
- See also: Wende
In 1989, Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev started to open the Soviet Union to the west. Many of the communist countries followed his example, opening the door into freedom for their citizens. East Germany tried to ignore this trend, but during the year of 1989, public protest grew inside the country. After some tries to keep the country stable, the border was finally opened on 9 November 1989. Conversion of East Germany into a democratic country started almost immediately. During the following 11 months, the terms of unification were negotiated between East and West Germany, France, Great Britain, The United States of America and The Soviet Union, and the Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany also called the Two Plus Four Treaty, signed by the two German states and the four wartime allies, opened the way towards reunification.
Two options for reunification were written in the West German constitution (the Grundgesetz):
- Making a new country with a new Constitution and
- letting the new federal states joining the existing Federal Republic of Germany.
The second option was chosen, and at on 3rd October 1990, at 0:01 MEZ, the recreated federal states of Brandenburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt, Thuringia and reunified Berlin officially joined the Federal Republic of Germany. The German Democratic Republic ceased to exist at this moment. | 788 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Parents of young children with amblyopia are often advised that vision in the weak eye can be improved by covering the healthy eye with an eye patch for a couple of hours every day. At what age does eye patching become less effective? Does the age at which the patching began matter?
Some studies have shown that eye patching has been effective in adults. One study1 tested teenagers ages 13-17 and found that, combined with glasses and near vision activity, patching was effective in treating lazy eye. In fact there have been studies on treatment of amblyopia in older children/adults as early as 19572, but this study was only performed on seven cases of amblyopia, so while it did show that patching combined with vision therapy did help treat amblyopia. Luckily, scientists have developed other ways to treat it, such as playing Tetris.3 | <urn:uuid:1ccdb6fe-3b5a-4dfc-bf9f-fba1757f4914> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/questions/125/is-eye-patching-effective-for-older-children-with-amblyopia | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250604849.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121162615-20200121191615-00256.warc.gz | en | 0.986323 | 179 | 3.296875 | 3 | [
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0.42307874560... | 6 | Parents of young children with amblyopia are often advised that vision in the weak eye can be improved by covering the healthy eye with an eye patch for a couple of hours every day. At what age does eye patching become less effective? Does the age at which the patching began matter?
Some studies have shown that eye patching has been effective in adults. One study1 tested teenagers ages 13-17 and found that, combined with glasses and near vision activity, patching was effective in treating lazy eye. In fact there have been studies on treatment of amblyopia in older children/adults as early as 19572, but this study was only performed on seven cases of amblyopia, so while it did show that patching combined with vision therapy did help treat amblyopia. Luckily, scientists have developed other ways to treat it, such as playing Tetris.3 | 185 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Page "Arthur Phillip" Paragraph 21
Phillip showed in other ways that he recognised that New South Wales could not be run simply as a prison camp.
Lord Sydney, often criticised as an ineffectual incompetent, had made one fundamental decision about the settlement that was to influence it from the start.
Instead of just establishing it as a military prison, he provided for a civil administration, with courts of law.
Two convicts, Henry and Susannah Kable, sought to sue Duncan Sinclair, the captain of Alexander, for stealing their possessions during the voyage.
Convicts in Britain had no right to sue, and Sinclair had boasted that he could not be sued by them.
Someone in Government obviously had a quiet word in Kable's ear, as when the court met and Sinclair challenged the prosecution on the ground that the Kables were felons, the court required him to prove it.
As all the convict records had been left behind in England, he could not do so, and the court ordered the captain to make restitution.
Further, soon after Lord Sydney appointed him governor of New South Wales Arthur Phillip drew up a detailed memorandum of his plans for the proposed new colony.
In one paragraph he wrote: " The laws of this country will of course, be introduced in South Wales, and there is one that I would wish to take place from the moment his Majesty's forces take possession of the country: That there can be no slavery in a free land, and consequently no slaves ", and he meant what he said.
Nevertheless, Phillip believed in discipline, and floggings and hangings were commonplace, although Philip commuted many death sentences. | <urn:uuid:0ef08795-c187-484f-a75d-bf0abfd433f6> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.altsci.com/3/p/Arthur%20Phillip/21 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250628549.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125011232-20200125040232-00263.warc.gz | en | 0.982132 | 340 | 3.5 | 4 | [
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Phillip showed in other ways that he recognised that New South Wales could not be run simply as a prison camp.
Lord Sydney, often criticised as an ineffectual incompetent, had made one fundamental decision about the settlement that was to influence it from the start.
Instead of just establishing it as a military prison, he provided for a civil administration, with courts of law.
Two convicts, Henry and Susannah Kable, sought to sue Duncan Sinclair, the captain of Alexander, for stealing their possessions during the voyage.
Convicts in Britain had no right to sue, and Sinclair had boasted that he could not be sued by them.
Someone in Government obviously had a quiet word in Kable's ear, as when the court met and Sinclair challenged the prosecution on the ground that the Kables were felons, the court required him to prove it.
As all the convict records had been left behind in England, he could not do so, and the court ordered the captain to make restitution.
Further, soon after Lord Sydney appointed him governor of New South Wales Arthur Phillip drew up a detailed memorandum of his plans for the proposed new colony.
In one paragraph he wrote: " The laws of this country will of course, be introduced in South Wales, and there is one that I would wish to take place from the moment his Majesty's forces take possession of the country: That there can be no slavery in a free land, and consequently no slaves ", and he meant what he said.
Nevertheless, Phillip believed in discipline, and floggings and hangings were commonplace, although Philip commuted many death sentences. | 331 | ENGLISH | 1 |
The Adventurers and Explorers classrooms are learning about fire and volcanoes! This activity is a fun way to help the children learn better by doing. Its objective is to demonstrate how many of Earth’s common rocks were made made by volcanoes, where rocks and minerals are melted and reformed.
The children were first read a story to introduce them to volcanoes. The Adventurers discussed rocks and their formations and the teacher showed them igneous rocks. There were lots of questions and observations.
Then, the kids were led outside and asked to collect rocks. As many as they would like, and of any colour, size and shape.
Once the rocks were collected, everyone gathered around and talked about they looked like. The students were encouraged to name colours, shapes and identify sizes.
Then, each child was given a sheet of cardrobe and encouraged to create an artwork using the rocks they had collected. This was really fun for them, because they had spent time in the garden choosing their materials.
If you try this activity at home, we recommend using tag board or cardboard to attach the rocks. If you plan on using glue, small rocks work best for this project. It’s also a great idea to build temporary rocks sculptures outside. | <urn:uuid:aeba6b9c-3110-4348-8c95-3cf47e3d18cb> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://elementspreschoolblog.wordpress.com/2016/09/29/volcanoes-rock-art/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251783000.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128184745-20200128214745-00168.warc.gz | en | 0.988229 | 255 | 3.90625 | 4 | [
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0.44402214884... | 3 | The Adventurers and Explorers classrooms are learning about fire and volcanoes! This activity is a fun way to help the children learn better by doing. Its objective is to demonstrate how many of Earth’s common rocks were made made by volcanoes, where rocks and minerals are melted and reformed.
The children were first read a story to introduce them to volcanoes. The Adventurers discussed rocks and their formations and the teacher showed them igneous rocks. There were lots of questions and observations.
Then, the kids were led outside and asked to collect rocks. As many as they would like, and of any colour, size and shape.
Once the rocks were collected, everyone gathered around and talked about they looked like. The students were encouraged to name colours, shapes and identify sizes.
Then, each child was given a sheet of cardrobe and encouraged to create an artwork using the rocks they had collected. This was really fun for them, because they had spent time in the garden choosing their materials.
If you try this activity at home, we recommend using tag board or cardboard to attach the rocks. If you plan on using glue, small rocks work best for this project. It’s also a great idea to build temporary rocks sculptures outside. | 248 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Table of Contents
The Iran hostage crisis refers to a diplomatic situation between Iran and the United States that lasted for 444 days between November 4, 1979, and January 20, 1981. A group of college students from Iran stormed the US Embassy in the capital of Iran (Tehran) and captured 66 American citizens and diplomats. The students were part of the Muslim Student Followers of the Imam's Line who were strong supporters of the Iranian Revolution.
In the US, the incident received strong criticism from the media and President Jimmy Carter. Words such as “blackmail” and “entanglement” were commonly used in describing the incident. In Iran, the crisis had massive support as it was perceived as a movement that went against the US influence in Iran – in particular, the US influence in sabotaging the Iranian Revolution and supporting the abusive rule by Mohammad Reza Pahlavi (the last Shah of Iran).
Things got even worse once the Shah was overthrown and admitted in the US with cancer. Against Iran’s demands, the US refused to hand over the deposed Shah to stand for his crimes. In turn, Iran interpreted the refusal as a sure sign that the US was also complicit in the Shah’s crimes. Eventually, when all sorts of negotiations failed, President Carter was forced to turn to the military to save the hostages. The rescue mission led to the deaths of nine people (one Iranian and eight Americans) and turned out to be a failure.
The ineffectiveness of President Carter’s mission is said to have contributed to his defeat in the 1980 elections. The hostages were released just minutes into President Ronald Reagan’s first term after the Algiers Accords were made official. Ties between the two nations went downhill from there as the US imposed economic sanctions on Iran. Meanwhile, in Iran, the situation reinforced the status of Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini.
Background of the Conflict
The Iran Hostage Crisis’ roots go as far back as the period of World War II when Britain was allied with the Soviet Union. The two powers wanted to force monarch Reza Shah Pahlavi (father to Mohammad Reza Pahlavi) to give up the throne in favor of Mohammed. The Allies were concerned that Reza Shah would ally with Nazi Germany even though Reza had made a declaration of neutrality. However, the ruler of the oil-rich nation also prevented the Allies from using Iran as a supply route for troops. Due to its strategic position, the Allies had no choice but to invade Iran. The invasion forced Reza Shah to abdicate the throne in 1941.
When Mohammed took the throne, he was soon engaged in power struggles with the prime minister in the 1950s. Eventually, in 1953, the UK and the US helped Mohammed (through spy agencies) by deposing the prime minister in a mission called Operation Ajax. After that, the Shah extended his power and named himself an absolute monarch instead of the previous constitutional monarch.
In the US, on New Year's Eve 1977, months before the start ofthe Iranian Revolution, President Carter made a public toast endorsing the Shah. The toast was not received well in Iran by the people. All this anger culminated in the Iranian Revolution, which saw the deposition of the Shah in February 1979 after Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini returned from France. The Shah had exiled Ayatollah Khomeini for 15 years.
After the embassy was taken, the Carter administration made contact with the de facto administration in Iran with the hope of stabilizing the situation. Things took a turn for the worse in October 1979 after the Shah was allowed entry into the US to receive treatment for lymphoma. The State Department was against the permit although influential figures such as the then Secretary of State Henry Kissinger swayed the decision.
Naturally, relations between the US and Iran went sour with rumors emerging in Iran of a possible coup by the US to install the Shah in power once again. Khomeini took advantage of the rumors to further spread the message against the US or the “Great Satan” as he called the nation. It is important to note that there were no American plots as a later study revealed although evidence of spies was revealed.
Aside from getting rid of what they believed to be American sabotage, the hostage-takers also wanted to get rid of the de facto government established by Prime Minister Mehdi Bazargan. They believed that the provisional government did not intend to support the revolution. Lastly, they wanted to use the crisis to get the Shah back to stand trial for his rule.
The Planning and the Attack
The Iranians made the first attempt to take the embassy on February 14, 1979. On that day, members of the Organization of Iranian People's Fedai Guerrillas captured the US embassy and took one hostage. To save lives, Ambassador William Sullivangave up the embassy to the attackers although the US had control again within three hours with help from Iranian Foreign Minister Ebrahim Yazdi. The hostage, a marine called Kenneth Kraus, was tortured, tried, and was set to be executed. However, President Carter and Ambassador Sullivan moved quick and got him freed in less than a week.
The next attempt, which led to the crisis, was planned by Ebrahim Asgharzadeh, who was still in university at the time. The second attack was slated for September 1979. After much debate over whether to storm the US or the Soviet Embassy, Ebrahim and his group (also students) settled for the US. In later interviews, the group only wished to capture the embassy for a maximum of one week and detain a few people. By doing that, they were hoping to have their voice heard all over the world.
Before the attack, the students did an extensive reconnaissance of the embassy and monitored the procedures of the guards from rooftops. They also had help from the guard police officers and the Islamic Revolutionary Guards. In addition, they drew heavily on the first time the embassy was captured. The group did not inform Ayatollah Khomeini after Ayatollah Mohammad Mousavi Khoeiniha convinced them not to.
On November 4, 1979, the conspirators joined a demonstration outside the embassy. When they saw that the guards were unwilling to use deadly force against the demonstrators, the original plan of taking the embassy for a few days changed. The change of plans was also motivated by the large crowd that gathered outside to cheer them on. The group captured many embassy workers and marines then bound them up and paraded them for the cameras. Six Americans escaped the embassy and sought shelter in the British Embassy. The Canadians organized an operation called the Canadian Caper to smuggle out the diplomats.
On camera, the students who captured the embassy stated that the hostages were guests who were treated humanely and respectfully. Ebrahim described the initial plan as nonviolent and symbolic to show the world how much Iran was offended.
However, the accounts of the hostages showed that things were far from what the students were insisting. Several of them complained of mistreatments such as beatings, theft, solitary confinement, execution threats, and others. Some of the hostage-takers included the hostages in games of Russian roulette.
February 5, 1980, was a particularly bad day as the guards roused and then blindfolded the victims, and led them to other rooms. The victims were stripped, searched, and finally told to kneel with their hands up. By the victims’ accounts, the guards were ready to execute them only for it to turn out to be a joke. Those who attempted to escape were punished through solitary confiments.
Before the hostages were released, the US made a first attempt at rescuing the hostages using the military. The mission was approved despite objections by the then United States Secretary of State, Cyrus Vance. The first attempt, called Operation Eagle Claw, was a failure that was eventually made public.
Accepting responsibility for the failure, President Carter’s popularity dipped considerably, which contributed to his defeat while seeking the second term. Meanwhile, in Iran, Khomeini used the attempt to claim that God intervened on behalf of Iran. Conversely, Khomeini’s popularity increased dramatically in Iran.
There were plans for a second rescue attempt although the operation was never implemented. In hindsight, the failed attempt destroyed any chances of saving the hostages through similar means. The hostage-takers distributed the hostages to different confinement zones thus eliminating any chances of rescuing all of them in one attempt.
Less than an hour after President Reagan was sworn in after defeating Carter in the 1980 elections, the hostages were released after lengthy negotiations. This was on January 20, 1981. Due to the help of the Algerian government in the negotiation, the hostages were flown out of Iran to the US through Algeria. Ten days after their release, the hostages got a ticker-tape parade in New York City through the Canyon of Heroes.
The crisis worsened relations between the US and Iran to the point where the two countries were outright enemies and cut off all diplomatic ties. This was why the US aided Iraq after Iran pushed back Iraq’s invasion. Unsurprisingly, the US’s decision to aid Iraq was not popular in Iran.
In addition, Iran lost plenty as the negotiation that saw to the release of the hostages favored the US. In fact, none of Iran’s original demands were met. However, Khomeini and his supporters gained plenty as they solidified their positions. In addition, the intelligence recovered from the embassy helped Khomeini to root out US informants. To this day, Iran celebrates that event yearly by demonstrating and burning an Americanflag at the embassy.
The hostages and their families tried suing the Iranian government in 2000 although their attempt failed. The judge ruled that the initial agreement for the hostages’ release ruled out any hope of compensation. Further, the case could have led to other international diplomatic problems.
To this day, people are still unclear as tojust why the hostages were released just after Reagan was sworn in. Some conspiracy theorists argue that the Reagan government delayed the released although it has not been proven. According to the theorists, some of the key individuals who delayed the release included William Casey (CIA director) and maybe George Bush (the Vice President).
About the Author
Ferdinand graduated in 2016 with a Bsc. Project Planning and Management. He enjoys writing about pretty much anything and has a soft spot for technology and advocating for world peace. | <urn:uuid:f04c1a10-61da-4867-88a9-6dd4916241b0> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.worldatlas.com/feature/what-was-the-iran-hostage-crisis.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250589560.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20200117123339-20200117151339-00461.warc.gz | en | 0.981644 | 2,144 | 3.515625 | 4 | [
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0.40249744057... | 3 | Table of Contents
The Iran hostage crisis refers to a diplomatic situation between Iran and the United States that lasted for 444 days between November 4, 1979, and January 20, 1981. A group of college students from Iran stormed the US Embassy in the capital of Iran (Tehran) and captured 66 American citizens and diplomats. The students were part of the Muslim Student Followers of the Imam's Line who were strong supporters of the Iranian Revolution.
In the US, the incident received strong criticism from the media and President Jimmy Carter. Words such as “blackmail” and “entanglement” were commonly used in describing the incident. In Iran, the crisis had massive support as it was perceived as a movement that went against the US influence in Iran – in particular, the US influence in sabotaging the Iranian Revolution and supporting the abusive rule by Mohammad Reza Pahlavi (the last Shah of Iran).
Things got even worse once the Shah was overthrown and admitted in the US with cancer. Against Iran’s demands, the US refused to hand over the deposed Shah to stand for his crimes. In turn, Iran interpreted the refusal as a sure sign that the US was also complicit in the Shah’s crimes. Eventually, when all sorts of negotiations failed, President Carter was forced to turn to the military to save the hostages. The rescue mission led to the deaths of nine people (one Iranian and eight Americans) and turned out to be a failure.
The ineffectiveness of President Carter’s mission is said to have contributed to his defeat in the 1980 elections. The hostages were released just minutes into President Ronald Reagan’s first term after the Algiers Accords were made official. Ties between the two nations went downhill from there as the US imposed economic sanctions on Iran. Meanwhile, in Iran, the situation reinforced the status of Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini.
Background of the Conflict
The Iran Hostage Crisis’ roots go as far back as the period of World War II when Britain was allied with the Soviet Union. The two powers wanted to force monarch Reza Shah Pahlavi (father to Mohammad Reza Pahlavi) to give up the throne in favor of Mohammed. The Allies were concerned that Reza Shah would ally with Nazi Germany even though Reza had made a declaration of neutrality. However, the ruler of the oil-rich nation also prevented the Allies from using Iran as a supply route for troops. Due to its strategic position, the Allies had no choice but to invade Iran. The invasion forced Reza Shah to abdicate the throne in 1941.
When Mohammed took the throne, he was soon engaged in power struggles with the prime minister in the 1950s. Eventually, in 1953, the UK and the US helped Mohammed (through spy agencies) by deposing the prime minister in a mission called Operation Ajax. After that, the Shah extended his power and named himself an absolute monarch instead of the previous constitutional monarch.
In the US, on New Year's Eve 1977, months before the start ofthe Iranian Revolution, President Carter made a public toast endorsing the Shah. The toast was not received well in Iran by the people. All this anger culminated in the Iranian Revolution, which saw the deposition of the Shah in February 1979 after Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini returned from France. The Shah had exiled Ayatollah Khomeini for 15 years.
After the embassy was taken, the Carter administration made contact with the de facto administration in Iran with the hope of stabilizing the situation. Things took a turn for the worse in October 1979 after the Shah was allowed entry into the US to receive treatment for lymphoma. The State Department was against the permit although influential figures such as the then Secretary of State Henry Kissinger swayed the decision.
Naturally, relations between the US and Iran went sour with rumors emerging in Iran of a possible coup by the US to install the Shah in power once again. Khomeini took advantage of the rumors to further spread the message against the US or the “Great Satan” as he called the nation. It is important to note that there were no American plots as a later study revealed although evidence of spies was revealed.
Aside from getting rid of what they believed to be American sabotage, the hostage-takers also wanted to get rid of the de facto government established by Prime Minister Mehdi Bazargan. They believed that the provisional government did not intend to support the revolution. Lastly, they wanted to use the crisis to get the Shah back to stand trial for his rule.
The Planning and the Attack
The Iranians made the first attempt to take the embassy on February 14, 1979. On that day, members of the Organization of Iranian People's Fedai Guerrillas captured the US embassy and took one hostage. To save lives, Ambassador William Sullivangave up the embassy to the attackers although the US had control again within three hours with help from Iranian Foreign Minister Ebrahim Yazdi. The hostage, a marine called Kenneth Kraus, was tortured, tried, and was set to be executed. However, President Carter and Ambassador Sullivan moved quick and got him freed in less than a week.
The next attempt, which led to the crisis, was planned by Ebrahim Asgharzadeh, who was still in university at the time. The second attack was slated for September 1979. After much debate over whether to storm the US or the Soviet Embassy, Ebrahim and his group (also students) settled for the US. In later interviews, the group only wished to capture the embassy for a maximum of one week and detain a few people. By doing that, they were hoping to have their voice heard all over the world.
Before the attack, the students did an extensive reconnaissance of the embassy and monitored the procedures of the guards from rooftops. They also had help from the guard police officers and the Islamic Revolutionary Guards. In addition, they drew heavily on the first time the embassy was captured. The group did not inform Ayatollah Khomeini after Ayatollah Mohammad Mousavi Khoeiniha convinced them not to.
On November 4, 1979, the conspirators joined a demonstration outside the embassy. When they saw that the guards were unwilling to use deadly force against the demonstrators, the original plan of taking the embassy for a few days changed. The change of plans was also motivated by the large crowd that gathered outside to cheer them on. The group captured many embassy workers and marines then bound them up and paraded them for the cameras. Six Americans escaped the embassy and sought shelter in the British Embassy. The Canadians organized an operation called the Canadian Caper to smuggle out the diplomats.
On camera, the students who captured the embassy stated that the hostages were guests who were treated humanely and respectfully. Ebrahim described the initial plan as nonviolent and symbolic to show the world how much Iran was offended.
However, the accounts of the hostages showed that things were far from what the students were insisting. Several of them complained of mistreatments such as beatings, theft, solitary confinement, execution threats, and others. Some of the hostage-takers included the hostages in games of Russian roulette.
February 5, 1980, was a particularly bad day as the guards roused and then blindfolded the victims, and led them to other rooms. The victims were stripped, searched, and finally told to kneel with their hands up. By the victims’ accounts, the guards were ready to execute them only for it to turn out to be a joke. Those who attempted to escape were punished through solitary confiments.
Before the hostages were released, the US made a first attempt at rescuing the hostages using the military. The mission was approved despite objections by the then United States Secretary of State, Cyrus Vance. The first attempt, called Operation Eagle Claw, was a failure that was eventually made public.
Accepting responsibility for the failure, President Carter’s popularity dipped considerably, which contributed to his defeat while seeking the second term. Meanwhile, in Iran, Khomeini used the attempt to claim that God intervened on behalf of Iran. Conversely, Khomeini’s popularity increased dramatically in Iran.
There were plans for a second rescue attempt although the operation was never implemented. In hindsight, the failed attempt destroyed any chances of saving the hostages through similar means. The hostage-takers distributed the hostages to different confinement zones thus eliminating any chances of rescuing all of them in one attempt.
Less than an hour after President Reagan was sworn in after defeating Carter in the 1980 elections, the hostages were released after lengthy negotiations. This was on January 20, 1981. Due to the help of the Algerian government in the negotiation, the hostages were flown out of Iran to the US through Algeria. Ten days after their release, the hostages got a ticker-tape parade in New York City through the Canyon of Heroes.
The crisis worsened relations between the US and Iran to the point where the two countries were outright enemies and cut off all diplomatic ties. This was why the US aided Iraq after Iran pushed back Iraq’s invasion. Unsurprisingly, the US’s decision to aid Iraq was not popular in Iran.
In addition, Iran lost plenty as the negotiation that saw to the release of the hostages favored the US. In fact, none of Iran’s original demands were met. However, Khomeini and his supporters gained plenty as they solidified their positions. In addition, the intelligence recovered from the embassy helped Khomeini to root out US informants. To this day, Iran celebrates that event yearly by demonstrating and burning an Americanflag at the embassy.
The hostages and their families tried suing the Iranian government in 2000 although their attempt failed. The judge ruled that the initial agreement for the hostages’ release ruled out any hope of compensation. Further, the case could have led to other international diplomatic problems.
To this day, people are still unclear as tojust why the hostages were released just after Reagan was sworn in. Some conspiracy theorists argue that the Reagan government delayed the released although it has not been proven. According to the theorists, some of the key individuals who delayed the release included William Casey (CIA director) and maybe George Bush (the Vice President).
About the Author
Ferdinand graduated in 2016 with a Bsc. Project Planning and Management. He enjoys writing about pretty much anything and has a soft spot for technology and advocating for world peace. | 2,183 | ENGLISH | 1 |
NOEL KING, HOST:
Rosa Parks is the woman who refused to give up her seat on the bus. It was 1955. It was the segregated South, and it was the start of the Montgomery bus boycott. From that moment on, Rosa Parks became an icon in the civil rights movement. But for a long time, we haven't known much about her as a regular person.
Is that Rosa Parks on a yoga mat?
A few days ago, I went to see a new exhibit at the Library of Congress in Washington, D.C. It's called "Rosa Parks: In Her Own Words." And it shows a very different Rosa Parks than the woman we learned about in history class.
ADRIENNE CANNON: She was a radical. She maintained a calm demeanor, but beneath the surface was always that militant spirit. And that buoyed her, and that guided her throughout her life.
KING: Adrienne Cannon curated this exhibit. And she says that militant spirit was instilled in Rosa Parks when she was a very small girl.
CANNON: The right of self-defense was stressed in the home. You can see in that early sketch - early childhood incidents and experiences - she opens it with talking about the Ku Klux Klan riding through the community, terrorizing black families, burning churches and homes in the aftermath of World War I. And that she sits up at night, fully dressed, with her grandfather, keeping visual over the home. They often sat up all night long because they couldn't take the chance of being caught off guard. And she says that she wanted to see him kill a Ku Kluxer.
KING: She says that?
CANNON: She says that.
KING: As a child?
CANNON: As a child. The first one that entered our house would surely die - this when I was 6 or 7.
KING: I talked to Carla Hayden, the current librarian of Congress, to learn more about the exhibit.
This exhibition, "Rosa Parks: In Her Own Words," gives you the impression - that title gives you the impression that there's a story that's been told about Rosa Parks, but it's not quite the whole story.
CARLA HAYDEN: People have a view of Rosa Parks as this very sedate woman with a purse. And that's the iconic image. And she was just tired. And what this exhibit does is show you that there was so much more to Rosa Parks in terms of her belief in civil rights, her determination and also the hardships that she endured because of that.
KING: Do you think she was concerned that she had become a one-dimensional figure? Because she must have seen herself described as a demure seamstress and thought, what the heck? That's not me.
HAYDEN: And I think that you - when you look at the photographs in the exhibit, you look at her writings, you also can imagine that every now and then she probably had a very small smile when she thought about that.
HAYDEN: You get to know Rosa Parks as a person and not as an icon. And she is so relatable in that way. You feel like you're visiting one of your grandmothers or your aunt and you want to hear more from her. And you just start speaking in a different way when you get into the exhibit as well.
KING: Who was she as a little girl?
HAYDEN: She was feisty.
HAYDEN: And the anecdote of her - being just a little bit not violent, but she thought about it.
KING: And it becomes clear as you walk through the exhibit that her family were feisty people. These were not folks who sit by and let things happen to them.
HAYDEN: And when you think about what was going on in the '50s - I was alive then. And in fact, I talked to my 88-year-old mother recently, and she remembered, in 1955, we were in Tallahassee, Fla., and things were pretty rough at that time. And so to have a young person with this determination to fight for rights and to be part of a movement was brave - took a lot of courage.
KING: There was the risk of physical harm. She would have known that.
HAYDEN: Yes, yes. And at that point, you get a sense that she was making a decision, a conscious decision that she was going to do what she could to help others, and she was going to take the risk.
KING: Which is a lot gutsier, frankly, than just refusing to get up...
HAYDEN: I'm tired. Yes.
KING: ...Than just saying, I'm tired.
HAYDEN: And that's what we hope that people will get from the exhibit, and that they will realize that she was embraced by Stokely Carmichael and younger activists and Angela Davis's mom...
KING: Lights of the Black Power movement, yeah.
HAYDEN: ...And she participated.
KING: She wrote a lot. The exhibition is called "Rosa Parks: In Her Own Words," and I thought that was metaphorical. But, in fact, she wrote a lot.
HAYDEN: She wrote a lot.
KING: She wrote letters. She kept what looked like diary entries. What in there surprised you? Did you read anything that surprised you?
HAYDEN: Well, the strength that comes through, but also the forcefulness in her writing that comes through...
KING: Tell us more.
HAYDEN: ...And the repetition. And it's almost a stream-of-consciousness aspect. And so she's demure. She's ladylike. But in her writing, you can see that there were these deep feelings and emotions that she was expressing.
KING: And yet hardly a picture where she's not smiling. And I found that impressive. She seems to have a cheerful heart. I had not seen - you know, I had seen the pictures of her around the time of the boycott. She would have been in her early 40s. We see pictures of her younger and older and then much older. And she has a serenity about her, doesn't she?
HAYDEN: And she seems to enjoy being very well-presented. And there's a beautiful video and a photograph of her in a gorgeous gown, floor-length, kind of sequined and lace - and it's pink, her favorite color. And she is just happy as a lark. She just looks wonderful with the essence of war. She's just beautiful. And you can see that that was something that made her happy.
KING: Your colleague, Adrienne Cannon, the curator, described Rosa Parks in our interview as both a militant and a radical. Lots of people, when they're young, can be described that way. Was Rosa Parks that way in her 80s as she aged?
HAYDEN: She certainly was. And you can see her, as I mentioned, with Stokely Carmichael and in other instances where she's with people who are doing groundbreaking things - presidential candidates, Jesse Jackson. So she was active politically, and she was right up to the minute. She was at the Million Man March and participated in that. So Rosa Parks kept her hand in the game a little bit.
DAVID GREENE, HOST:
That was Noel King speaking with Carla Hayden, the 14th librarian of Congress, and Adrienne Cannon, the curator of the library's exhibit, "Rosa Parks: In Her Own Words." It opens today.
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Rosa Parks is the woman who refused to give up her seat on the bus. It was 1955. It was the segregated South, and it was the start of the Montgomery bus boycott. From that moment on, Rosa Parks became an icon in the civil rights movement. But for a long time, we haven't known much about her as a regular person.
Is that Rosa Parks on a yoga mat?
A few days ago, I went to see a new exhibit at the Library of Congress in Washington, D.C. It's called "Rosa Parks: In Her Own Words." And it shows a very different Rosa Parks than the woman we learned about in history class.
ADRIENNE CANNON: She was a radical. She maintained a calm demeanor, but beneath the surface was always that militant spirit. And that buoyed her, and that guided her throughout her life.
KING: Adrienne Cannon curated this exhibit. And she says that militant spirit was instilled in Rosa Parks when she was a very small girl.
CANNON: The right of self-defense was stressed in the home. You can see in that early sketch - early childhood incidents and experiences - she opens it with talking about the Ku Klux Klan riding through the community, terrorizing black families, burning churches and homes in the aftermath of World War I. And that she sits up at night, fully dressed, with her grandfather, keeping visual over the home. They often sat up all night long because they couldn't take the chance of being caught off guard. And she says that she wanted to see him kill a Ku Kluxer.
KING: She says that?
CANNON: She says that.
KING: As a child?
CANNON: As a child. The first one that entered our house would surely die - this when I was 6 or 7.
KING: I talked to Carla Hayden, the current librarian of Congress, to learn more about the exhibit.
This exhibition, "Rosa Parks: In Her Own Words," gives you the impression - that title gives you the impression that there's a story that's been told about Rosa Parks, but it's not quite the whole story.
CARLA HAYDEN: People have a view of Rosa Parks as this very sedate woman with a purse. And that's the iconic image. And she was just tired. And what this exhibit does is show you that there was so much more to Rosa Parks in terms of her belief in civil rights, her determination and also the hardships that she endured because of that.
KING: Do you think she was concerned that she had become a one-dimensional figure? Because she must have seen herself described as a demure seamstress and thought, what the heck? That's not me.
HAYDEN: And I think that you - when you look at the photographs in the exhibit, you look at her writings, you also can imagine that every now and then she probably had a very small smile when she thought about that.
HAYDEN: You get to know Rosa Parks as a person and not as an icon. And she is so relatable in that way. You feel like you're visiting one of your grandmothers or your aunt and you want to hear more from her. And you just start speaking in a different way when you get into the exhibit as well.
KING: Who was she as a little girl?
HAYDEN: She was feisty.
HAYDEN: And the anecdote of her - being just a little bit not violent, but she thought about it.
KING: And it becomes clear as you walk through the exhibit that her family were feisty people. These were not folks who sit by and let things happen to them.
HAYDEN: And when you think about what was going on in the '50s - I was alive then. And in fact, I talked to my 88-year-old mother recently, and she remembered, in 1955, we were in Tallahassee, Fla., and things were pretty rough at that time. And so to have a young person with this determination to fight for rights and to be part of a movement was brave - took a lot of courage.
KING: There was the risk of physical harm. She would have known that.
HAYDEN: Yes, yes. And at that point, you get a sense that she was making a decision, a conscious decision that she was going to do what she could to help others, and she was going to take the risk.
KING: Which is a lot gutsier, frankly, than just refusing to get up...
HAYDEN: I'm tired. Yes.
KING: ...Than just saying, I'm tired.
HAYDEN: And that's what we hope that people will get from the exhibit, and that they will realize that she was embraced by Stokely Carmichael and younger activists and Angela Davis's mom...
KING: Lights of the Black Power movement, yeah.
HAYDEN: ...And she participated.
KING: She wrote a lot. The exhibition is called "Rosa Parks: In Her Own Words," and I thought that was metaphorical. But, in fact, she wrote a lot.
HAYDEN: She wrote a lot.
KING: She wrote letters. She kept what looked like diary entries. What in there surprised you? Did you read anything that surprised you?
HAYDEN: Well, the strength that comes through, but also the forcefulness in her writing that comes through...
KING: Tell us more.
HAYDEN: ...And the repetition. And it's almost a stream-of-consciousness aspect. And so she's demure. She's ladylike. But in her writing, you can see that there were these deep feelings and emotions that she was expressing.
KING: And yet hardly a picture where she's not smiling. And I found that impressive. She seems to have a cheerful heart. I had not seen - you know, I had seen the pictures of her around the time of the boycott. She would have been in her early 40s. We see pictures of her younger and older and then much older. And she has a serenity about her, doesn't she?
HAYDEN: And she seems to enjoy being very well-presented. And there's a beautiful video and a photograph of her in a gorgeous gown, floor-length, kind of sequined and lace - and it's pink, her favorite color. And she is just happy as a lark. She just looks wonderful with the essence of war. She's just beautiful. And you can see that that was something that made her happy.
KING: Your colleague, Adrienne Cannon, the curator, described Rosa Parks in our interview as both a militant and a radical. Lots of people, when they're young, can be described that way. Was Rosa Parks that way in her 80s as she aged?
HAYDEN: She certainly was. And you can see her, as I mentioned, with Stokely Carmichael and in other instances where she's with people who are doing groundbreaking things - presidential candidates, Jesse Jackson. So she was active politically, and she was right up to the minute. She was at the Million Man March and participated in that. So Rosa Parks kept her hand in the game a little bit.
DAVID GREENE, HOST:
That was Noel King speaking with Carla Hayden, the 14th librarian of Congress, and Adrienne Cannon, the curator of the library's exhibit, "Rosa Parks: In Her Own Words." It opens today.
(SOUNDBITE OF CHRISTIAN SCOTT ATUNDE ADJUAH'S "DIASPORA") Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright NPR. | 1,605 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Orpheus and Eurydice – A Myth about Love
The myth of Orpheus and Eurydice is a reminder that love persists above all, even after death. When someone truly loves, they won't hesitate to go to hell just to be in the company of the one they love.
The myth of Orpheus and Eurydice is about the kind of love that can go beyond death. The legend says that Orpheus was a very special being, son of Apollo, the god of music and the arts, and of Calliope, also known as Clio and the muse of poetry. Such an origin gave Orpheus the special gift of music.
Orpheus learned music from Apollo, his father. His mastery was such that Apollo gave him his own lyre as a symbol of his fatherly love. This instrument had been made by Hermes, who used the shell of a turtle to build it. The story goes that Orpheus could interpret the most beautiful melodies that were ever heard on Earth.
He was so talented that gods and mortals were moved to tears when they heard his music. Even the wildest of creatures became meek when they heard his music because it bewitched them. He was quite the ladies man until the moment he met Eurydice, a nymph.
Orpheus and Eurydice
Orpheus led a dissipated and adventurous life. Thus, he offered to go with the Argonauts on their journey to find the Golden Fleece. The legend says that he saved their expedition when the mermaids tried to confuse the sailors with their singing. Their voices hypnotized the sailors and they would throw themselves into the sea, where the mermaids proceeded to devour them.
But Orpheus used his talent on that occasion and prevented it. Thus, when the mermaids began to sing, he began to play his lyre. His music was a lot more beautiful than theirs and he was able to drown their sound with his. As a consequence, only one of the sailors succumbed to the charm of the mermaids and died.
After that expedition, Orpheus and Eurydice met. She was a very beautiful nymph. One day, when Orpheus saw her figure reflected in the water and immediately felt that he could die of love for her. He finally caught her attention and Eurydice fell passionately in love with him. Then, they got married. For a while, they lived a happy life full of love and passion.
The loss of Eurydice
Even though Orpheus and Eurydice had a happy and fulfilling life in her palace, she never forgot that she was a nymph. This is why she couldn’t stop going to the woods and be in the middle of nature, which was so familiar to her. One afternoon when she went to the forest, she saw a hunter chasing a helpless fawn. When she helped it escape, she unleashed the wrath of the hunter.
The man said he would forgive the offense, as long as she agreed to kiss him. Of course, she refused because she was a happily married woman and wasn’t about to risk that happiness due to fear. Therefore, when the hunter tried to force her to, she ran. But in her hurry, she stepped on the head of a sleeping snake and it bit her. As a consequence, the nymph died on the spot.
When Orpheus learned about the death of his wife, he fell into despair. He decided to go down to the underworld to rescue her from death. Using his lyre and his beautiful singing voice, he convinced Charon, the boatman, and Cerberus, Hades’ dog and guardian of the underworld, to take him to Persephone, the queen of hell. When she heard his music, she was quite touched by it.
In the end, Persephone allowed Orpheus to bring his beloved wife back to life but with a condition. During their journey back, Orpheus had to walk in front of Eurydice. He couldn’t turn to look at her until they were completely out in the sunlight outside the underworld. Orpheus accepted but didn’t believe that Eurydice would follow. He was afraid there would be a demon behind him instead of his lover.
When he finally came out of the cave, he couldn’t resist any longer and turned around to look. Although Eurydice was almost completely out in the sunlight, she died once more. This highly distressed Orpheus, who continued to play the kind of sad music that even made the gods cry. The maenads, some rather fickle beings, fell in love with him. But Orpheus didn’t yield to their attempts to seduce him.
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The myth of Orpheus and Eurydice is a reminder that love persists above all, even after death. When someone truly loves, they won't hesitate to go to hell just to be in the company of the one they love.
The myth of Orpheus and Eurydice is about the kind of love that can go beyond death. The legend says that Orpheus was a very special being, son of Apollo, the god of music and the arts, and of Calliope, also known as Clio and the muse of poetry. Such an origin gave Orpheus the special gift of music.
Orpheus learned music from Apollo, his father. His mastery was such that Apollo gave him his own lyre as a symbol of his fatherly love. This instrument had been made by Hermes, who used the shell of a turtle to build it. The story goes that Orpheus could interpret the most beautiful melodies that were ever heard on Earth.
He was so talented that gods and mortals were moved to tears when they heard his music. Even the wildest of creatures became meek when they heard his music because it bewitched them. He was quite the ladies man until the moment he met Eurydice, a nymph.
Orpheus and Eurydice
Orpheus led a dissipated and adventurous life. Thus, he offered to go with the Argonauts on their journey to find the Golden Fleece. The legend says that he saved their expedition when the mermaids tried to confuse the sailors with their singing. Their voices hypnotized the sailors and they would throw themselves into the sea, where the mermaids proceeded to devour them.
But Orpheus used his talent on that occasion and prevented it. Thus, when the mermaids began to sing, he began to play his lyre. His music was a lot more beautiful than theirs and he was able to drown their sound with his. As a consequence, only one of the sailors succumbed to the charm of the mermaids and died.
After that expedition, Orpheus and Eurydice met. She was a very beautiful nymph. One day, when Orpheus saw her figure reflected in the water and immediately felt that he could die of love for her. He finally caught her attention and Eurydice fell passionately in love with him. Then, they got married. For a while, they lived a happy life full of love and passion.
The loss of Eurydice
Even though Orpheus and Eurydice had a happy and fulfilling life in her palace, she never forgot that she was a nymph. This is why she couldn’t stop going to the woods and be in the middle of nature, which was so familiar to her. One afternoon when she went to the forest, she saw a hunter chasing a helpless fawn. When she helped it escape, she unleashed the wrath of the hunter.
The man said he would forgive the offense, as long as she agreed to kiss him. Of course, she refused because she was a happily married woman and wasn’t about to risk that happiness due to fear. Therefore, when the hunter tried to force her to, she ran. But in her hurry, she stepped on the head of a sleeping snake and it bit her. As a consequence, the nymph died on the spot.
When Orpheus learned about the death of his wife, he fell into despair. He decided to go down to the underworld to rescue her from death. Using his lyre and his beautiful singing voice, he convinced Charon, the boatman, and Cerberus, Hades’ dog and guardian of the underworld, to take him to Persephone, the queen of hell. When she heard his music, she was quite touched by it.
In the end, Persephone allowed Orpheus to bring his beloved wife back to life but with a condition. During their journey back, Orpheus had to walk in front of Eurydice. He couldn’t turn to look at her until they were completely out in the sunlight outside the underworld. Orpheus accepted but didn’t believe that Eurydice would follow. He was afraid there would be a demon behind him instead of his lover.
When he finally came out of the cave, he couldn’t resist any longer and turned around to look. Although Eurydice was almost completely out in the sunlight, she died once more. This highly distressed Orpheus, who continued to play the kind of sad music that even made the gods cry. The maenads, some rather fickle beings, fell in love with him. But Orpheus didn’t yield to their attempts to seduce him.
These creatures killed him in revenge and scattered his remains all over the place. Amazingly, this allowed Orpheus and Eurydice to meet again in the underworld. And now they were together forever. Ever since, beautiful melodies can be heard in the meadows and groves. | 1,021 | ENGLISH | 1 |
On one hand, some sociologist would argue that children who are born into poverty will grow up to be poor throughout their lives is true. Marxist argue that not everyone in society have the same chances, for example within schools students are put into sets depending on their ability, however lower sets are not given the chance to take higher tier paper, this is unfair as it doesn’t give them chance to get top marks and also some students are labeled as ‘gifted + talented’, therefore these students will start to internalize this label and most likely achieve the highest grades.
Another reason is that there is now a culture of poverty; people in poverty have their own norms and values that differ from the rest of society, this most likely keeps them in poverty. Primary socialization being the most important type of socialization means that individuals are now brought up in a way that they can’t escape poverty. One example of a value that tends to keep them in poverty is fatalism. Fatalism is when people do little to change or improve the situation they are in so they might as well just accept the way things are. Most parents who are in poverty may have a fatalistic view on their child’s school life, this is because they don’t push or motivate their children as their education is not their main priority and they don’t care about it as they have made themselves believe their child will fail, but also they can may believe that they don’t need a career as there are benefits.
Immediate gratification is also an alternative value that people in poverty develop. It is when they live for the moment and don’t think about what tomorrow will bring, if they have a bit if money saved, they will spend it rather than saving up. Social security reinforces this, as if a person has savings above a certain limit they will cut their benefits off, so for that person it would make no sense to them to save. Another example is if a child at school is more interested in having a laugh and mucking around rather than concentrating and focusing on their exams (immediate gratification) because they don’t believe it is worth getting good grades for a good job (fatalism).
New Rights believe that children born into poverty will grow up to be poor throughout their lives. They call the underclass ‘welfare scrounges’ describing them as sponges, they believe that they are to use to having handouts, wasting the money they do have on drinking, smoking or gambling. New Rights claim that parents influence their children not to work but take benefits for income instead of working; they feel that they pass this on during primary socialization.
Lastly, material deprivation suggests that a child will grow up to be poor if born in poverty as if a person in poverty can’t afford basics such as food, they will then become very ill, making them unable to find a job and earn money, this now becomes a cycle of poverty as there is an inability for those individuals to escape from poverty.
On the other hand some sociologist would argue that children born into poverty will not grow up to be poor throughout their lives. A reason supporting this is social mobility; this refers to the movement up or down the class system. This therefore suggests that if a child was to be born into poverty, they always have chances to change that and go on to better things in life. Also within the 21st century it is now easier for people in poverty to move up the… | <urn:uuid:9c5281d7-a29e-4b56-b07e-7aa9c92f2298> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.majortests.com/essay/Poverty-Social-Class-And-Poverty-Develop-541279.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251700675.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127112805-20200127142805-00107.warc.gz | en | 0.98229 | 721 | 3.59375 | 4 | [
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0.1738927215... | 1 | On one hand, some sociologist would argue that children who are born into poverty will grow up to be poor throughout their lives is true. Marxist argue that not everyone in society have the same chances, for example within schools students are put into sets depending on their ability, however lower sets are not given the chance to take higher tier paper, this is unfair as it doesn’t give them chance to get top marks and also some students are labeled as ‘gifted + talented’, therefore these students will start to internalize this label and most likely achieve the highest grades.
Another reason is that there is now a culture of poverty; people in poverty have their own norms and values that differ from the rest of society, this most likely keeps them in poverty. Primary socialization being the most important type of socialization means that individuals are now brought up in a way that they can’t escape poverty. One example of a value that tends to keep them in poverty is fatalism. Fatalism is when people do little to change or improve the situation they are in so they might as well just accept the way things are. Most parents who are in poverty may have a fatalistic view on their child’s school life, this is because they don’t push or motivate their children as their education is not their main priority and they don’t care about it as they have made themselves believe their child will fail, but also they can may believe that they don’t need a career as there are benefits.
Immediate gratification is also an alternative value that people in poverty develop. It is when they live for the moment and don’t think about what tomorrow will bring, if they have a bit if money saved, they will spend it rather than saving up. Social security reinforces this, as if a person has savings above a certain limit they will cut their benefits off, so for that person it would make no sense to them to save. Another example is if a child at school is more interested in having a laugh and mucking around rather than concentrating and focusing on their exams (immediate gratification) because they don’t believe it is worth getting good grades for a good job (fatalism).
New Rights believe that children born into poverty will grow up to be poor throughout their lives. They call the underclass ‘welfare scrounges’ describing them as sponges, they believe that they are to use to having handouts, wasting the money they do have on drinking, smoking or gambling. New Rights claim that parents influence their children not to work but take benefits for income instead of working; they feel that they pass this on during primary socialization.
Lastly, material deprivation suggests that a child will grow up to be poor if born in poverty as if a person in poverty can’t afford basics such as food, they will then become very ill, making them unable to find a job and earn money, this now becomes a cycle of poverty as there is an inability for those individuals to escape from poverty.
On the other hand some sociologist would argue that children born into poverty will not grow up to be poor throughout their lives. A reason supporting this is social mobility; this refers to the movement up or down the class system. This therefore suggests that if a child was to be born into poverty, they always have chances to change that and go on to better things in life. Also within the 21st century it is now easier for people in poverty to move up the… | 695 | ENGLISH | 1 |
The New South Wales Department of Health initiated a public awareness drive to help restrain the spread of influenza and thwart a potential pandemic. The health department had also laid out certain precautions that include getting immunized, washing your hands with soap and water regularly, and wearing a mask for those already suffering from the flu.
The department's communicable disease director, Dr.Jeremy McAnulty, explained how the flu spreads through water droplets from coughs and sneezes, which have the potential to traverse a meters distance. Masks actually stop this movement in its tracks, trapping them inside, so it is specially recommended for people already down with flu and are visiting other crowded places.
"Wearing a face mask is something we haven't talked about in the past although it has been talked about in reference to how we might combat the flu," said Dr McAnulty . Though, he did confess that wearing a mask in Australia was something of a strict no-no. In Dr.McAnulty's words, "It's something that people haven't really taken to to-date, although in some countries like Japan and parts of Asia it's much more culturally acceptable. It was used in Australia in 1919 when they had the pandemic after World War I and there is some evidence that after the outbreak of SARS in Hong Kong that they worked in reducing the disease."
Immunization still remains the number one strategy against flu, says Dr McAnulty, "Anyone who wants to avoid getting sick should get an influenza vaccination now," he said. Immunization should be top priority for those who are above 65 and those people with hidden medical conditions. | <urn:uuid:5d73a359-4275-4fd5-9e3a-0cfa8e071b8a> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.medindia.net/news/view_news_main.asp?x=8523 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250609478.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123071220-20200123100220-00329.warc.gz | en | 0.980582 | 334 | 3.3125 | 3 | [
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0.5923637151718... | 1 | The New South Wales Department of Health initiated a public awareness drive to help restrain the spread of influenza and thwart a potential pandemic. The health department had also laid out certain precautions that include getting immunized, washing your hands with soap and water regularly, and wearing a mask for those already suffering from the flu.
The department's communicable disease director, Dr.Jeremy McAnulty, explained how the flu spreads through water droplets from coughs and sneezes, which have the potential to traverse a meters distance. Masks actually stop this movement in its tracks, trapping them inside, so it is specially recommended for people already down with flu and are visiting other crowded places.
"Wearing a face mask is something we haven't talked about in the past although it has been talked about in reference to how we might combat the flu," said Dr McAnulty . Though, he did confess that wearing a mask in Australia was something of a strict no-no. In Dr.McAnulty's words, "It's something that people haven't really taken to to-date, although in some countries like Japan and parts of Asia it's much more culturally acceptable. It was used in Australia in 1919 when they had the pandemic after World War I and there is some evidence that after the outbreak of SARS in Hong Kong that they worked in reducing the disease."
Immunization still remains the number one strategy against flu, says Dr McAnulty, "Anyone who wants to avoid getting sick should get an influenza vaccination now," he said. Immunization should be top priority for those who are above 65 and those people with hidden medical conditions. | 332 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Carisbrooke Castle facts for kids
Carisbrooke Castle is the Isle of Wight's only remaining medieval castle. It was built on a Roman site. The castle earthworks were begun in 1070. The shell keep was built on the site some 70 years later. None of the Norman domestic buildings now remain. The gatehouse with its drum towers dates from the 14th and 15th centuries.
In 1377 the French landed on the island but the castle was not attacked.
During Elizabethan times the threat of a Spanish invasion was avoided when the Spanish Armada was turned away at a nearby battle. However, the castle was considerably altered to resist the new artillery. Outer lines of defence were built enclosing the old castle. The curtain walls, bastions, and bulwarks remain in good condition to this day.
Charles I was held as prisoner at the castle in 1647. An attempt to escape failed when he got stuck in the bars.
Later the castle was the occasional residence of the governor of the Isle of Wight and it became home to Princess Beatrice, youngest daughter of Queen Victoria, when she was governor.
Images for kids
Carisbrooke Castle Facts for Kids. Kiddle Encyclopedia. | <urn:uuid:d467f85d-dae6-4adb-9116-969d1221cbe2> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://kids.kiddle.co/Carisbrooke_Castle | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251671078.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125071430-20200125100430-00476.warc.gz | en | 0.983553 | 251 | 3.40625 | 3 | [
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Carisbrooke Castle is the Isle of Wight's only remaining medieval castle. It was built on a Roman site. The castle earthworks were begun in 1070. The shell keep was built on the site some 70 years later. None of the Norman domestic buildings now remain. The gatehouse with its drum towers dates from the 14th and 15th centuries.
In 1377 the French landed on the island but the castle was not attacked.
During Elizabethan times the threat of a Spanish invasion was avoided when the Spanish Armada was turned away at a nearby battle. However, the castle was considerably altered to resist the new artillery. Outer lines of defence were built enclosing the old castle. The curtain walls, bastions, and bulwarks remain in good condition to this day.
Charles I was held as prisoner at the castle in 1647. An attempt to escape failed when he got stuck in the bars.
Later the castle was the occasional residence of the governor of the Isle of Wight and it became home to Princess Beatrice, youngest daughter of Queen Victoria, when she was governor.
Images for kids
Carisbrooke Castle Facts for Kids. Kiddle Encyclopedia. | 261 | ENGLISH | 1 |
January 9, 1926
Less than 20 months after construction on it had begun, a new lighthouse was completed in the western region of what is now the State of Libya. At the time of this lighthouse’s completion, the area of present-day Libya was an Italian colony known as Italian Tripolitania. Italian Tripolitania was unified with Italian Cyrenaica (an Italian colony in what is now the eastern region of Libya) to form Italian Libya in 1934. Libya has been an independent country since the early 1950s.
The lighthouse was built along the Mediterranean coastline and in the vicinity of the city of Tripoli. Italian architect Aldo Bruschi, in his capacity as director of the maritime section of Italian Tripolitania’s public works agency, designed the lighthouse. The reinforced concrete tower, which became known as Il Faro di Tripoli (Italian for “The Lighthouse of Tripoli”), was the third lighthouse to be constructed at that location.
The first of these lighthouses had been built sometime around 1880. This black-and-white cylindrical lower was destroyed in 1911 by Italian naval shelling during the Italo-Turkish War between the Kingdom of Italy and the Ottoman Empire. A cast-iron skeletal tower was built in 1912 as a replacement lighthouse, only to be supplanted in the following decade by Bruschi’s creation.
The third lighthouse remained in service until being demolished in 1943, just around the same time that the Axis powers (including Italy) were driven out of Italian Libya by the Allied forces as part of the North African Campaign in World War II. After the war ended, a new lighthouse was built in the area where Il Faro di Tripoli had once stood and served.
Additional information on lighthouses that have been built in the present-day State of Libya is available at http://www.ibiblio.org/lighthouse/lby.htm. | <urn:uuid:09801466-a976-4202-90a6-a430cb8d79c0> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://transportationhistory.org/2020/01/09/1926-this-lighthouse-was-the-third-one-built-on-the-same-spot/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251678287.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125161753-20200125190753-00361.warc.gz | en | 0.984989 | 392 | 3.625 | 4 | [
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0.251749455928... | 14 | January 9, 1926
Less than 20 months after construction on it had begun, a new lighthouse was completed in the western region of what is now the State of Libya. At the time of this lighthouse’s completion, the area of present-day Libya was an Italian colony known as Italian Tripolitania. Italian Tripolitania was unified with Italian Cyrenaica (an Italian colony in what is now the eastern region of Libya) to form Italian Libya in 1934. Libya has been an independent country since the early 1950s.
The lighthouse was built along the Mediterranean coastline and in the vicinity of the city of Tripoli. Italian architect Aldo Bruschi, in his capacity as director of the maritime section of Italian Tripolitania’s public works agency, designed the lighthouse. The reinforced concrete tower, which became known as Il Faro di Tripoli (Italian for “The Lighthouse of Tripoli”), was the third lighthouse to be constructed at that location.
The first of these lighthouses had been built sometime around 1880. This black-and-white cylindrical lower was destroyed in 1911 by Italian naval shelling during the Italo-Turkish War between the Kingdom of Italy and the Ottoman Empire. A cast-iron skeletal tower was built in 1912 as a replacement lighthouse, only to be supplanted in the following decade by Bruschi’s creation.
The third lighthouse remained in service until being demolished in 1943, just around the same time that the Axis powers (including Italy) were driven out of Italian Libya by the Allied forces as part of the North African Campaign in World War II. After the war ended, a new lighthouse was built in the area where Il Faro di Tripoli had once stood and served.
Additional information on lighthouses that have been built in the present-day State of Libya is available at http://www.ibiblio.org/lighthouse/lby.htm. | 417 | ENGLISH | 1 |
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