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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Continental Army Private Caleb Haskell missed the failed attack on Quebec on New Year’s Day, 1775, but endured months of anxiety and hardship during the siege that followed.
He had been recovering from smallpox when American soldiers attacked the fortified walls of the city during a fierce snowstorm.
The Battle of Quebec was the first major American defeat of the Revolution. Fifty men, including Gen. Richard Montgomery, were killed, 34 wounded and 431 captured. The British lost only five killed and 14 wounded. Also wounded was Col. Benedict Arnold, the 35-year-old former Connecticut militia officer who led the expedition to Quebec.
Arnold stubbornly continued the siege with the remnants of the ragged and shivering army, already too weak from the arduous overland journey from Boston. They were no match for the superior forces within the walls of Quebec.
Technically, the men were volunteering their services as their enlistments had expired at midnight on Dec. 31, 1775. But practically their only choice was to stay with the army.
Smallpox still ravaged the camp. Provisions were scarce, and some soldiers went door to door in the villages outside Quebec to beg for food. Reinforcements trickled in, but they just made up for the soldiers lost to smallpox. Caleb Haskell noted the arrival of fresh troops in his diary. “The Canadians are daily joining us,” he wrote on Jan. 4, 1776. Two days later he wrote that the men built a breastwork of snow against British musket balls.
The Lot of a Continental Army Private
Throughout January and February, he recorded the details of the siege: the terrible weather, rumors of attacks, prisoner escapes and captures of spies.
By mid-January he was well enough to do guard duty at night. The British periodically fired on the guardhouse, but did little damage. A typical diary entry reads, “A cold, sharp air. We have shot flying around our guardhouse every day from the enemy, but have received no damage yet.”
On Jan. 25, 1776, Haskell wrote:
This day, about noon, 500 of the enemy came out at Palace Gate. About 200 advanced almost to our guard house. As soon as we were mustered they retreated in again.
The horrible weather continued unabated. “A bad snow storm today,” Haskell wrote on January 9th. “Severely cold and uncomfortable,” he wrote the next day. On January 11 they buried a soldier who died of his wounds. That night, “a bad snow storm.”
On January 15 he wrote there was another bad snow storm, and “so cold that a man can scarce get out without freezing.” On February 10, the second day of a storm, he wrote, “The storm continues. Such a storm, I believe, never was known in New England. Two of our men nearly perished going after provisions.”
At the end of January, Haskell’s company was ordered to join Capt. Matthew Smith. They were not happy about it. Haskell wrote on January 30:
This day we had to go down the Bon pour ferry and join Capt. Smith, which was not agreeable to our company, we looking upon ourselves as freemen, and, have been so since the first of January, refused to go. Our company consisting of fourteen men fit for duty enlisted for two months under Capt. Newhall in Col. Livingston’s regiment. In the afternoon were put under guard at head quarters for disobedience of orders.
January 31st, Wednesday.–To day we were tried by a Court Martial, and fined one months pay, and ordered to join Capt. Smith immediately, or be again confined and received thirty-nine stripes to minutes allowed to answer in. We finding that arbitrary rule prevailed, concluded to go with Capt. Smith. Then we were released and went to our quarters.
On Feb. 23, 1776, Continental Army Private Caleb Haskell wrote in his diary:
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0.19227439165115356... | 3 | Continental Army Private Caleb Haskell missed the failed attack on Quebec on New Year’s Day, 1775, but endured months of anxiety and hardship during the siege that followed.
He had been recovering from smallpox when American soldiers attacked the fortified walls of the city during a fierce snowstorm.
The Battle of Quebec was the first major American defeat of the Revolution. Fifty men, including Gen. Richard Montgomery, were killed, 34 wounded and 431 captured. The British lost only five killed and 14 wounded. Also wounded was Col. Benedict Arnold, the 35-year-old former Connecticut militia officer who led the expedition to Quebec.
Arnold stubbornly continued the siege with the remnants of the ragged and shivering army, already too weak from the arduous overland journey from Boston. They were no match for the superior forces within the walls of Quebec.
Technically, the men were volunteering their services as their enlistments had expired at midnight on Dec. 31, 1775. But practically their only choice was to stay with the army.
Smallpox still ravaged the camp. Provisions were scarce, and some soldiers went door to door in the villages outside Quebec to beg for food. Reinforcements trickled in, but they just made up for the soldiers lost to smallpox. Caleb Haskell noted the arrival of fresh troops in his diary. “The Canadians are daily joining us,” he wrote on Jan. 4, 1776. Two days later he wrote that the men built a breastwork of snow against British musket balls.
The Lot of a Continental Army Private
Throughout January and February, he recorded the details of the siege: the terrible weather, rumors of attacks, prisoner escapes and captures of spies.
By mid-January he was well enough to do guard duty at night. The British periodically fired on the guardhouse, but did little damage. A typical diary entry reads, “A cold, sharp air. We have shot flying around our guardhouse every day from the enemy, but have received no damage yet.”
On Jan. 25, 1776, Haskell wrote:
This day, about noon, 500 of the enemy came out at Palace Gate. About 200 advanced almost to our guard house. As soon as we were mustered they retreated in again.
The horrible weather continued unabated. “A bad snow storm today,” Haskell wrote on January 9th. “Severely cold and uncomfortable,” he wrote the next day. On January 11 they buried a soldier who died of his wounds. That night, “a bad snow storm.”
On January 15 he wrote there was another bad snow storm, and “so cold that a man can scarce get out without freezing.” On February 10, the second day of a storm, he wrote, “The storm continues. Such a storm, I believe, never was known in New England. Two of our men nearly perished going after provisions.”
At the end of January, Haskell’s company was ordered to join Capt. Matthew Smith. They were not happy about it. Haskell wrote on January 30:
This day we had to go down the Bon pour ferry and join Capt. Smith, which was not agreeable to our company, we looking upon ourselves as freemen, and, have been so since the first of January, refused to go. Our company consisting of fourteen men fit for duty enlisted for two months under Capt. Newhall in Col. Livingston’s regiment. In the afternoon were put under guard at head quarters for disobedience of orders.
January 31st, Wednesday.–To day we were tried by a Court Martial, and fined one months pay, and ordered to join Capt. Smith immediately, or be again confined and received thirty-nine stripes to minutes allowed to answer in. We finding that arbitrary rule prevailed, concluded to go with Capt. Smith. Then we were released and went to our quarters.
On Feb. 23, 1776, Continental Army Private Caleb Haskell wrote in his diary:
Cold, uncomfortable weather. | 846 | ENGLISH | 1 |
(Un)healthy Food for Thought
At Head Start centers in Harris County, Texas, 181 teachers were asked five questions, including "How many servings of fruits and vegetables should you eat each day?" and "Which food group should be consumed most?" They were also asked questions about their attitudes, behaviors and weight status.
Almost one quarter of the teachers identified themselves as overweight (24 percent) and more than half were obese (55 percent).
Only four of the 181 teachers (3 percent) answered at least four of the five nutrition questions correctly, according to results in the Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics.
More than half of the teachers (52 percent) had consumed french fries on the previous day and more than four in 10 teachers (44 percent) drank soda. About a quarter of the teachers had not eaten fruit (26 percent) or vegetables (23 percent) the previous day.
Dr. Shreela Sharma, the study's lead author at the University of Texas, noted that this sample study does not necessarily represent the knowledge or habits of all preschool teachers in the country. Even so, she said the results reveal that many preschool teachers may not be where they should when it comes to nutritional knowledge and behaviors.
"An important caveat we need to consider is that teachers are role models for preschoolers," Sharma said. "This population does have the potential to impact our children."
Sharma noted that the survey's participants were not unlike the general population in their dietary behaviors. But these teachers should not be to blame for their lack of knowledge.
"There is no current nutritional education being provided to these teachers, which is why we saw these lower scores," Sharma said. "When we are hiring these teachers, we need to give them the tools to improve their own knowledge and model the right eating behaviors for children."
Half of the teachers (54 percent) agreed that it was hard to know which nutrition information to believe, and only 9 percent reported that their nutrition habits were healthy. A majority of teachers were trying to lose weight (71 percent) and said they would like to weigh less (81 percent).
Head Start teachers are responsible for providing nutrition education to over 1 million low-income children annually, yet little is known about their nutrition-related knowledge, attitudes and behaviors.
Related Topics: Nutrition
Research shows that when people immigrate to the United States, their diet changes...Read More | <urn:uuid:6cf3de04-47e8-4a5e-b37f-d35efdb09f59> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.first5la.org/parenting/articles/unhealthy-food-for-thought/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251687958.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126074227-20200126104227-00061.warc.gz | en | 0.98004 | 491 | 3.8125 | 4 | [
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0.194980... | 3 | (Un)healthy Food for Thought
At Head Start centers in Harris County, Texas, 181 teachers were asked five questions, including "How many servings of fruits and vegetables should you eat each day?" and "Which food group should be consumed most?" They were also asked questions about their attitudes, behaviors and weight status.
Almost one quarter of the teachers identified themselves as overweight (24 percent) and more than half were obese (55 percent).
Only four of the 181 teachers (3 percent) answered at least four of the five nutrition questions correctly, according to results in the Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics.
More than half of the teachers (52 percent) had consumed french fries on the previous day and more than four in 10 teachers (44 percent) drank soda. About a quarter of the teachers had not eaten fruit (26 percent) or vegetables (23 percent) the previous day.
Dr. Shreela Sharma, the study's lead author at the University of Texas, noted that this sample study does not necessarily represent the knowledge or habits of all preschool teachers in the country. Even so, she said the results reveal that many preschool teachers may not be where they should when it comes to nutritional knowledge and behaviors.
"An important caveat we need to consider is that teachers are role models for preschoolers," Sharma said. "This population does have the potential to impact our children."
Sharma noted that the survey's participants were not unlike the general population in their dietary behaviors. But these teachers should not be to blame for their lack of knowledge.
"There is no current nutritional education being provided to these teachers, which is why we saw these lower scores," Sharma said. "When we are hiring these teachers, we need to give them the tools to improve their own knowledge and model the right eating behaviors for children."
Half of the teachers (54 percent) agreed that it was hard to know which nutrition information to believe, and only 9 percent reported that their nutrition habits were healthy. A majority of teachers were trying to lose weight (71 percent) and said they would like to weigh less (81 percent).
Head Start teachers are responsible for providing nutrition education to over 1 million low-income children annually, yet little is known about their nutrition-related knowledge, attitudes and behaviors.
Related Topics: Nutrition
Research shows that when people immigrate to the United States, their diet changes...Read More | 496 | ENGLISH | 1 |
How valid was the South's justification for secession?
Although the southern states seceded for morally questionable reasons, one could argue that secession was a right that states in the U.S. retained prior to 1868.
Secession had been a hot topic in American political and legal circles even before the Civil War began. The theory of states rights’ seemed to suggest that states, who legally entered into an agreement with the federal government through adopting the constitution, could secede or withdrawal with a similar vote. Political theorists, especially those in the south where the authority of the state was seen as more important than that of the federal government, believed that secession was the right of every state. Southern patriots such as Patrick Henry affirmed that the constitution was an agreement between sovereign states, and that secession was allowed if it was done to safeguard the rights of the people.
There were also many instances were states, both north and south, flirted with the ideas of secession. During the War of 1812, the New England states thought about seceding because the war had ruined their trade with Britain, causing huge reductions in the amount of American exports. During the Nullification Crisis, the state of South Carolina tried to secede over an unpopular tariff.
It wasn’t until after the Civil War in 1868 that the Supreme Court ever ruled on the issue of secession and said unequivocally that secession was unconstitutional. In the case White v. Texas, supreme court justice Salmon P. Chase said that not state, not even Texas, had the right to secede because once a state is admitted to the union, they become a part of an “an indestructible Union, composed of indestructible states.” Basically, the Supreme Court said that no state has ever actually seceded; they’ve only been in states of rebellion.
On a side note, it is interesting to note that today over 22% of Americans believe that states have the right to secede, even today.
check Approved by eNotes Editorial | <urn:uuid:0ad2ddcd-9541-4549-b057-49889ca3a6f4> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.enotes.com/homework-help/what-was-souths-argument-justify-seceding-what-332157?en_action=hh-question_click&en_label=hh-sidebar&en_category=internal_campaign | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250626449.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124221147-20200125010147-00447.warc.gz | en | 0.981094 | 421 | 4.125 | 4 | [
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0.2657... | 2 | How valid was the South's justification for secession?
Although the southern states seceded for morally questionable reasons, one could argue that secession was a right that states in the U.S. retained prior to 1868.
Secession had been a hot topic in American political and legal circles even before the Civil War began. The theory of states rights’ seemed to suggest that states, who legally entered into an agreement with the federal government through adopting the constitution, could secede or withdrawal with a similar vote. Political theorists, especially those in the south where the authority of the state was seen as more important than that of the federal government, believed that secession was the right of every state. Southern patriots such as Patrick Henry affirmed that the constitution was an agreement between sovereign states, and that secession was allowed if it was done to safeguard the rights of the people.
There were also many instances were states, both north and south, flirted with the ideas of secession. During the War of 1812, the New England states thought about seceding because the war had ruined their trade with Britain, causing huge reductions in the amount of American exports. During the Nullification Crisis, the state of South Carolina tried to secede over an unpopular tariff.
It wasn’t until after the Civil War in 1868 that the Supreme Court ever ruled on the issue of secession and said unequivocally that secession was unconstitutional. In the case White v. Texas, supreme court justice Salmon P. Chase said that not state, not even Texas, had the right to secede because once a state is admitted to the union, they become a part of an “an indestructible Union, composed of indestructible states.” Basically, the Supreme Court said that no state has ever actually seceded; they’ve only been in states of rebellion.
On a side note, it is interesting to note that today over 22% of Americans believe that states have the right to secede, even today.
check Approved by eNotes Editorial | 419 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Why should you be wondering how to write like Charles Dickens? Because there’s a lot you can learn from him.
Charles Dickens is hailed as one of the best literary writers. He’s also considered to be the greatest novelist of the Victorian era. Born in poverty, in England, Dickens relied on his writing for his income. It’s also surprising to see him being considered a literary genius when he hadn’t even finished his formal education.
Charles Dickens and Writing
Dickens was forced to leave school and work in a factory to help make ends meet and pay off debts that had landed his father in prison. He first became popular in 1836 when he started publishing a series, namely The Pickwick Papers. His series was loved so much that in a few years, he was considered a literary celebrity on an international level.
From then on, Dickens truly hit his stride as a writer. He was responsible for editing a weekly journal, a duty he fulfilled for 20 years. In his lifetime, he wrote a total of 15 novels, 5 novellas, and hundreds of non-fiction articles and short stories. Some of his works such as A Christmas Carol, Oliver Twist, and Great Expectations are still adapted into musicals, movies, and cartoons today.
Clearly, there’s a lot that writers can learn from Charles Dickens. Many literary authors such as Tom Wolfe, George Orwell, and even Leo Tolstoy highly praised Dickens work for his style, characterization, and realism.
Learning how to write like Charles Dickens is going to be a difficult task, especially because he has attained legendary status. His work has made millions and readers in all generations love, laugh, and cry. Luckily, we’re here to help you focus on the core areas that Charles Dickens focused on. The following are some ways that you can learn to write just like Charles Dickens.
1. A Story Idea Which Resonates with Readers
Pick a story idea which will resonate with your readers, regardless of their age. Charles Dickens work was produced in the 1895’s yet readers can still pick up his stories and connect with them. A timeless classic from Charles Dickens work is A Christmas Carol.
When you break it down, it has all the elements which make it resonate with different readers:
- Timing – Christmas – Global Holiday
- Main character – Ebenezer Scrooge – Unique because of his hate for a holiday which spreads joy
- Setting – London
- Healthy Values – Forgiveness, restitution, kindness, and repentance
- Unique Perspective – The Ghosts of Christmas Past, Present, and Future
- Conflict – Internal struggle of Scrooge to pick between love or money
- Crisis – Loneliness and impending death
- Climax – A decision that only Scrooge can make
- Resolution – Change of heart which occurs instantly
- Conclusion – Restoration of Scrooge’s relationships
Your story idea also needs to be somewhere along these lines. You need to pick themes and map each element of your idea to make sure that you’re not missing out on a crucial detail here.
2. Create Characters which Are Unique and Memorable
Plenty of memorable characters are found in the worlds of Charles Dickens. He makes sure that readers are able to connect to his work. Plus, all his characters are well rounded. They have their flaws but that’s exactly why they spring up from the text and pull at the reader’s attention.
It’s not just relating to one story either. Dickens fame is reliant on his unique characters, including David Copperfield, Oliver Twist, and Ebenezer Scrooge. These characters have distinct traits which make them stand out. Additionally, Dickens also spent a lot of time developing the supporting characters in his work.
There’s a reason why many people liked Oliver Twist. Twist was the main protagonist but other characters such as Fagin, Bill Sikes, Artful Dodger and even the kind Rose Maylie who adopts Oliver were all properly created.
Based on this, don’t be afraid to spend time on your characters and make them come to life. Your readers will thank you for the effort here.
3. Listen to Your Readers to Stay on Track
Charles Dickens is famously known for having written according to his readers’ reactions. Since his work was produced on a series-basis, Dickens had time to actually consider the response he generated and make any changes in the story as needed. These changes were generally well met and increased his readership.
At that time, Dickens was probably the only writer who paid such attention to his readers and considered what they wanted from the story. He created characters, improved storylines and also enhanced the personality of his characters, based on what he heard every day from those around him.
By being open to feedback in this manner, you have to make sure that you’re able to develop your stories and improve your work drastically as well. It should be noted that not all writers have the luxury of getting instant feedback as they are not working on series-based work.
In this case, though, thorough market research is going to be your best friend. Look at your genre; take a look at the most popular work and analyze why it’s popular. In fact, if it is possible, do a small poll online and ask readers what they look for in a story. This will only help you become a better writer.
4. Describe Everything Vividly
Dickens work has a unique quality. He had a knack for writing descriptions which could bring the story to life. Readers could not just imagine the scene; they could smell it, feel it and even hear the people that they were reading about. In this case, you have to make sure that you describe everything in as much detail as possible.
However, be very careful when applying this. It sounds brilliant and easy but if you’re not careful, you’ll end up writing loads of filler content. In this case, you want to make sure that you are able to be brief but also as descriptive as possible. Granted, this can take some time to master so don’t be too quick to rush yourself.
Take your time and try to learn how to describe something in as few words as possible. It might appear difficult at first but as you continue to write, you will become better at bringing clarity to the reader, regardless of the where and how the story unfolds.
5. Let Your Readers Wait a Bit
One of the best ways that Dickens improved his readership and stole the heart of millions of readers across the globe was his ability to leave the readers wanting more. Charles Dickens made good use of cliffhangers to ensure that readers were always interested in the story. He also added twists that kept readers hooked to his every word.
This also meant that they were eagerly waiting for him to release the new installation. When another chapter would be released, his readers would be waiting voraciously to devour the story! Now, it can be difficult to do this when you’re not writing a series but you have to make sure to apply this to your work as well.
Wait a bit before you release the second book of your work. Again, there’s no pressure to make it a series. Just wait a bit, gauge the reaction of your readers and also work on the plot outline and other fine details of your next book. If your readers loved your first book, they will actually start to reach out to you to find out when you will be releasing more.
6. Be Disciplined in Your Writing Schedule
Always write with a schedule. Dickens led a busy life and was responsible for the editing of a newspaper journal for 20 years. Yet, when he wrote, he didn’t give in to distractions. While there’s no proof found regarding his writing schedule, it is said that he could write prolifically when he wanted.
In fact, A Christmas Carol was written, finalized, and published within six weeks. It was also evident that he was working with self-imposed deadlines. Thankfully, his efforts ensured that A Christmas Carol was released on 19th December 1843. Today, the story is over 175 years old.
If you also want to have a disciplined writing schedule, it is a good idea to try some timed-writing with the help of the Pomodoro Technique. This method can help you overcome distractions, focus on the task at hand and enjoy small breaks which allow you to rest and refresh your mind.
Plus, give yourself a word count on daily a basis so that you can easily finish your book on time. By dividing the total word count with the number of days available, you will also able to stop feeling overwhelmed by the work that you need to do.
7. Draw Inspiration from Around You
One of the most interesting qualities of Charles Dickens work is that all his stories draw inspiration from what was around him. The themes in his stories stem from areas that Dickens understood or wanted to raise awareness for. Oliver Twist stands out the most noticeably for this feature.
As a child, Dickens was forced to work in a factory, earning 10 shillings a week and looking after his siblings while his parents were in jail for their father’s debt. The harsh conditions that Dickens faced made a lasting impression on him and really brought the plight of small children to light. He also wondered how no one ever exclaimed to see a child working in a factory.
With an aim to bring such evils to light, Charles Dickens wrote Oliver Twist in which he detailed many of his accounts and wrote about what he saw. His work not only shocked many people but also ensured that changes were made in labor laws to prevent children from being exposed to such a harmful environment.
Similarly, you should try and draw inspiration from events, things, and even conversations taking place around you. Finding the source of inspiration, in this case, will help you have an authentic story which will have a large readership due to its message.
8. Opening Sentences that Gripped Readers
Charles Dickens mastered the art of having gripping opening sentences that got the reader’s attention instantaneously. Don’t think so? Think back to some of the most iconic opening sentences. Does the following line pop up in your head?
“It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness….” – A Tale of Two Cities
This line is one of the most interesting opening lines that a story has ever had. It draws readers into the story so easily that before they know it, they have read the first paragraph and the first page and are now moving on to the next. Similarly, you should also try to have an opening sentence that catches the reader’s attention.
Not only does this masterpiece have the most interesting opening line but A Tale of Two Cities was hailed as one of the most historically accurate stories told. It’s literally the best example of Charles Dickens’s work and helps highlight his skills as a writer.
9. Being Innovative with Traditional Elements
Another area where Dickens’s skills shone was by taking some traditional elements and making them completely new. This added a unique touch to his story. A good example of this can be seen in A Christmas Carol. Charles Dickens brings the Past, Present, and Future of Scrooge alive by turning them into ghosts that only he can see.
That’s a very interesting concept. Another twist here is that it plays on the superstitious element of ghosts where it is normally believed that seeing them can be bad luck, or they’re omens or messages from the other side. In this story, they certainly do have messages and tell that not heeding their warnings will mean bad luck for Scrooge.
Plus, in the story, you see two beliefs come to life – a dark, traditional belief of ghosts and ghouls and a light one related to Christmas. It’s seeing these two beliefs being brought to life that made the story so universally liked.
By paying attention to these things, you can write like Charles Dickens or at least emulate his writing style to a certain extent. Even if you want to write like him, try to add originality into your work! | <urn:uuid:dd194b7c-f032-447d-b22a-423cfab73b3f> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://srcxp.com/how-to-write-like-charles-dickens/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251669967.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125041318-20200125070318-00286.warc.gz | en | 0.980212 | 2,552 | 3.4375 | 3 | [
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0.208626493811... | 4 | Why should you be wondering how to write like Charles Dickens? Because there’s a lot you can learn from him.
Charles Dickens is hailed as one of the best literary writers. He’s also considered to be the greatest novelist of the Victorian era. Born in poverty, in England, Dickens relied on his writing for his income. It’s also surprising to see him being considered a literary genius when he hadn’t even finished his formal education.
Charles Dickens and Writing
Dickens was forced to leave school and work in a factory to help make ends meet and pay off debts that had landed his father in prison. He first became popular in 1836 when he started publishing a series, namely The Pickwick Papers. His series was loved so much that in a few years, he was considered a literary celebrity on an international level.
From then on, Dickens truly hit his stride as a writer. He was responsible for editing a weekly journal, a duty he fulfilled for 20 years. In his lifetime, he wrote a total of 15 novels, 5 novellas, and hundreds of non-fiction articles and short stories. Some of his works such as A Christmas Carol, Oliver Twist, and Great Expectations are still adapted into musicals, movies, and cartoons today.
Clearly, there’s a lot that writers can learn from Charles Dickens. Many literary authors such as Tom Wolfe, George Orwell, and even Leo Tolstoy highly praised Dickens work for his style, characterization, and realism.
Learning how to write like Charles Dickens is going to be a difficult task, especially because he has attained legendary status. His work has made millions and readers in all generations love, laugh, and cry. Luckily, we’re here to help you focus on the core areas that Charles Dickens focused on. The following are some ways that you can learn to write just like Charles Dickens.
1. A Story Idea Which Resonates with Readers
Pick a story idea which will resonate with your readers, regardless of their age. Charles Dickens work was produced in the 1895’s yet readers can still pick up his stories and connect with them. A timeless classic from Charles Dickens work is A Christmas Carol.
When you break it down, it has all the elements which make it resonate with different readers:
- Timing – Christmas – Global Holiday
- Main character – Ebenezer Scrooge – Unique because of his hate for a holiday which spreads joy
- Setting – London
- Healthy Values – Forgiveness, restitution, kindness, and repentance
- Unique Perspective – The Ghosts of Christmas Past, Present, and Future
- Conflict – Internal struggle of Scrooge to pick between love or money
- Crisis – Loneliness and impending death
- Climax – A decision that only Scrooge can make
- Resolution – Change of heart which occurs instantly
- Conclusion – Restoration of Scrooge’s relationships
Your story idea also needs to be somewhere along these lines. You need to pick themes and map each element of your idea to make sure that you’re not missing out on a crucial detail here.
2. Create Characters which Are Unique and Memorable
Plenty of memorable characters are found in the worlds of Charles Dickens. He makes sure that readers are able to connect to his work. Plus, all his characters are well rounded. They have their flaws but that’s exactly why they spring up from the text and pull at the reader’s attention.
It’s not just relating to one story either. Dickens fame is reliant on his unique characters, including David Copperfield, Oliver Twist, and Ebenezer Scrooge. These characters have distinct traits which make them stand out. Additionally, Dickens also spent a lot of time developing the supporting characters in his work.
There’s a reason why many people liked Oliver Twist. Twist was the main protagonist but other characters such as Fagin, Bill Sikes, Artful Dodger and even the kind Rose Maylie who adopts Oliver were all properly created.
Based on this, don’t be afraid to spend time on your characters and make them come to life. Your readers will thank you for the effort here.
3. Listen to Your Readers to Stay on Track
Charles Dickens is famously known for having written according to his readers’ reactions. Since his work was produced on a series-basis, Dickens had time to actually consider the response he generated and make any changes in the story as needed. These changes were generally well met and increased his readership.
At that time, Dickens was probably the only writer who paid such attention to his readers and considered what they wanted from the story. He created characters, improved storylines and also enhanced the personality of his characters, based on what he heard every day from those around him.
By being open to feedback in this manner, you have to make sure that you’re able to develop your stories and improve your work drastically as well. It should be noted that not all writers have the luxury of getting instant feedback as they are not working on series-based work.
In this case, though, thorough market research is going to be your best friend. Look at your genre; take a look at the most popular work and analyze why it’s popular. In fact, if it is possible, do a small poll online and ask readers what they look for in a story. This will only help you become a better writer.
4. Describe Everything Vividly
Dickens work has a unique quality. He had a knack for writing descriptions which could bring the story to life. Readers could not just imagine the scene; they could smell it, feel it and even hear the people that they were reading about. In this case, you have to make sure that you describe everything in as much detail as possible.
However, be very careful when applying this. It sounds brilliant and easy but if you’re not careful, you’ll end up writing loads of filler content. In this case, you want to make sure that you are able to be brief but also as descriptive as possible. Granted, this can take some time to master so don’t be too quick to rush yourself.
Take your time and try to learn how to describe something in as few words as possible. It might appear difficult at first but as you continue to write, you will become better at bringing clarity to the reader, regardless of the where and how the story unfolds.
5. Let Your Readers Wait a Bit
One of the best ways that Dickens improved his readership and stole the heart of millions of readers across the globe was his ability to leave the readers wanting more. Charles Dickens made good use of cliffhangers to ensure that readers were always interested in the story. He also added twists that kept readers hooked to his every word.
This also meant that they were eagerly waiting for him to release the new installation. When another chapter would be released, his readers would be waiting voraciously to devour the story! Now, it can be difficult to do this when you’re not writing a series but you have to make sure to apply this to your work as well.
Wait a bit before you release the second book of your work. Again, there’s no pressure to make it a series. Just wait a bit, gauge the reaction of your readers and also work on the plot outline and other fine details of your next book. If your readers loved your first book, they will actually start to reach out to you to find out when you will be releasing more.
6. Be Disciplined in Your Writing Schedule
Always write with a schedule. Dickens led a busy life and was responsible for the editing of a newspaper journal for 20 years. Yet, when he wrote, he didn’t give in to distractions. While there’s no proof found regarding his writing schedule, it is said that he could write prolifically when he wanted.
In fact, A Christmas Carol was written, finalized, and published within six weeks. It was also evident that he was working with self-imposed deadlines. Thankfully, his efforts ensured that A Christmas Carol was released on 19th December 1843. Today, the story is over 175 years old.
If you also want to have a disciplined writing schedule, it is a good idea to try some timed-writing with the help of the Pomodoro Technique. This method can help you overcome distractions, focus on the task at hand and enjoy small breaks which allow you to rest and refresh your mind.
Plus, give yourself a word count on daily a basis so that you can easily finish your book on time. By dividing the total word count with the number of days available, you will also able to stop feeling overwhelmed by the work that you need to do.
7. Draw Inspiration from Around You
One of the most interesting qualities of Charles Dickens work is that all his stories draw inspiration from what was around him. The themes in his stories stem from areas that Dickens understood or wanted to raise awareness for. Oliver Twist stands out the most noticeably for this feature.
As a child, Dickens was forced to work in a factory, earning 10 shillings a week and looking after his siblings while his parents were in jail for their father’s debt. The harsh conditions that Dickens faced made a lasting impression on him and really brought the plight of small children to light. He also wondered how no one ever exclaimed to see a child working in a factory.
With an aim to bring such evils to light, Charles Dickens wrote Oliver Twist in which he detailed many of his accounts and wrote about what he saw. His work not only shocked many people but also ensured that changes were made in labor laws to prevent children from being exposed to such a harmful environment.
Similarly, you should try and draw inspiration from events, things, and even conversations taking place around you. Finding the source of inspiration, in this case, will help you have an authentic story which will have a large readership due to its message.
8. Opening Sentences that Gripped Readers
Charles Dickens mastered the art of having gripping opening sentences that got the reader’s attention instantaneously. Don’t think so? Think back to some of the most iconic opening sentences. Does the following line pop up in your head?
“It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness….” – A Tale of Two Cities
This line is one of the most interesting opening lines that a story has ever had. It draws readers into the story so easily that before they know it, they have read the first paragraph and the first page and are now moving on to the next. Similarly, you should also try to have an opening sentence that catches the reader’s attention.
Not only does this masterpiece have the most interesting opening line but A Tale of Two Cities was hailed as one of the most historically accurate stories told. It’s literally the best example of Charles Dickens’s work and helps highlight his skills as a writer.
9. Being Innovative with Traditional Elements
Another area where Dickens’s skills shone was by taking some traditional elements and making them completely new. This added a unique touch to his story. A good example of this can be seen in A Christmas Carol. Charles Dickens brings the Past, Present, and Future of Scrooge alive by turning them into ghosts that only he can see.
That’s a very interesting concept. Another twist here is that it plays on the superstitious element of ghosts where it is normally believed that seeing them can be bad luck, or they’re omens or messages from the other side. In this story, they certainly do have messages and tell that not heeding their warnings will mean bad luck for Scrooge.
Plus, in the story, you see two beliefs come to life – a dark, traditional belief of ghosts and ghouls and a light one related to Christmas. It’s seeing these two beliefs being brought to life that made the story so universally liked.
By paying attention to these things, you can write like Charles Dickens or at least emulate his writing style to a certain extent. Even if you want to write like him, try to add originality into your work! | 2,465 | ENGLISH | 1 |
The story of an hour is a classic example of literary fiction that uses symbolism and themes to tell the story. In the first sentence, Kate Chopin introduces the main character Louise Mallard as having heart trouble. Louise’s sister and friend came to tell the disturbing news that her husband died in a train wreck. They take great care to relay the news gently, so as not to upset her heart condition. Chopin does not go into detail about the heart trouble, leaving the reader to think what they will.
The heart trouble mentioned in the first line is symbolic and has double meaning. It refers to not only the actual physical condition of her heart, but also to the pain she feels being trapped in a marriage. It was not uncommon in Chopin’s time that married women felt oppressed by their husband’s power and social status. (Shmoop Editorial Team)
After hearing of her husband’s death, Mrs.
Mallard began crying at once, then retreats to her room by herself to be left alone with her thoughts. While she is sitting there, staring out an open window, her thoughts take over and she begins to feel something that she is trying to repress, because she knows society would not allow her these feelings. What she feels is an extreme need and urge for her freedom and independence, which she would now have because her husband is gone. The symbolism here is that of the open window. Chopin uses the word “open” to describe several things in this scene. “The open window from which Louise gazes for much of the story represents the freedom and opportunities that await her after her husband has died.”(Grade Saver)
The climax of the story takes place when Louise finally lets go of any thoughts that are holding her back and as she begins to feel this “freedom” she exclaims, “Free! Body and soul free!” (Booth and Mays, 354) Once she is elated by her newfound thoughts, she realizes that her sister has been at the door begging her to open it, for fear that she is making herself ill. She replies, “’Go away, I am not making myself ill.’ No, she was drinking in the very elixir of life through that open window.”(Booth and Mays, 354) She opens the door and descends down the stairs with her sister and as she reaches the bottom, someone is opening the front door with a key.
This is where the story takes a dramatic turn of events which leads to a twisted ending. The door opens and her husband walks in, with no knowledge that there even was an accident. At the sight of her husband, Louise dies suddenly. The doctor determines that she died of heart disease brought on by the joy of seeing her husband. This is true, but also ironic, because “it had been the loss of joy that had actually killed her”(Shmoop Editorial Team), the loss of her independence. The obvious twist in the end is that her husband would be the one who is released from the oppression of marriage.
Cite this page
The Story of an Hour Plot Analysis. (2016, Dec 18). Retrieved from https://studymoose.com/the-story-of-an-hour-plot-analysis-essay | <urn:uuid:f96c5105-58f4-46b2-84b3-874c42f93d27> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://studymoose.com/the-story-of-an-hour-plot-analysis-essay | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251694071.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126230255-20200127020255-00451.warc.gz | en | 0.982938 | 694 | 3.328125 | 3 | [
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-0.06231319159269333... | 1 | The story of an hour is a classic example of literary fiction that uses symbolism and themes to tell the story. In the first sentence, Kate Chopin introduces the main character Louise Mallard as having heart trouble. Louise’s sister and friend came to tell the disturbing news that her husband died in a train wreck. They take great care to relay the news gently, so as not to upset her heart condition. Chopin does not go into detail about the heart trouble, leaving the reader to think what they will.
The heart trouble mentioned in the first line is symbolic and has double meaning. It refers to not only the actual physical condition of her heart, but also to the pain she feels being trapped in a marriage. It was not uncommon in Chopin’s time that married women felt oppressed by their husband’s power and social status. (Shmoop Editorial Team)
After hearing of her husband’s death, Mrs.
Mallard began crying at once, then retreats to her room by herself to be left alone with her thoughts. While she is sitting there, staring out an open window, her thoughts take over and she begins to feel something that she is trying to repress, because she knows society would not allow her these feelings. What she feels is an extreme need and urge for her freedom and independence, which she would now have because her husband is gone. The symbolism here is that of the open window. Chopin uses the word “open” to describe several things in this scene. “The open window from which Louise gazes for much of the story represents the freedom and opportunities that await her after her husband has died.”(Grade Saver)
The climax of the story takes place when Louise finally lets go of any thoughts that are holding her back and as she begins to feel this “freedom” she exclaims, “Free! Body and soul free!” (Booth and Mays, 354) Once she is elated by her newfound thoughts, she realizes that her sister has been at the door begging her to open it, for fear that she is making herself ill. She replies, “’Go away, I am not making myself ill.’ No, she was drinking in the very elixir of life through that open window.”(Booth and Mays, 354) She opens the door and descends down the stairs with her sister and as she reaches the bottom, someone is opening the front door with a key.
This is where the story takes a dramatic turn of events which leads to a twisted ending. The door opens and her husband walks in, with no knowledge that there even was an accident. At the sight of her husband, Louise dies suddenly. The doctor determines that she died of heart disease brought on by the joy of seeing her husband. This is true, but also ironic, because “it had been the loss of joy that had actually killed her”(Shmoop Editorial Team), the loss of her independence. The obvious twist in the end is that her husband would be the one who is released from the oppression of marriage.
Cite this page
The Story of an Hour Plot Analysis. (2016, Dec 18). Retrieved from https://studymoose.com/the-story-of-an-hour-plot-analysis-essay | 666 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article.Join Britannica's Publishing Partner Program and our community of experts to gain a global audience for your work!
United States presidential election of 1828
The results of the 1828 U.S. presidential election are provided in the table.
Appealing to the masses
The election of 1828 was arguably one of the most significant in United States history, ushering in the era of political campaigns and paving the way for the solidification of political parties. The previous election, of 1824, had seen John Quincy Adams become president although his opponent Andrew Jackson had earned the most electoral votes. Because no candidate won a majority of the electoral vote, however, that election was decided by the House of Representatives in Adams’s favour after fellow candidate and Speaker of the House Henry Clay (who finished fourth) threw his support behind Adams. Adams subsequently appointed Clay his secretary of state, giving merit to rumours of a “corrupt bargain” in the eyes of Jackson supporters. During the contested election of 1824, followers of Henry Clay and John Quincy Adams began calling themselves National Republicans, and backers of Andrew Jackson emerged as Democratic Republicans. By the election of 1828, the Jacksonians had become known simply as the Democrats. Unlike previous elections, in which the parties’ congressional delegations would generally gather to nominate a candidate (this had failed to coalesce support around a single candidate among the Democratic-Republicans in 1824), this election was the first in which a majority of states held conventions to endorse a candidate.
By 1828 selection of presidential electors was being decided by the voters in all but two states, and public opinion was becoming more important than ever before. Jackson’s supporters established pro-Jackson newspapers and helped to distribute information and election material. Both sides organized rallies, parades, and other public events to promote their chosen candidate.
Personalities and slander played a large part in the 1828 election. Jackson and his wife, Rachel, despite their long marriage, had been vilified in campaign pamphlets as adulterers. News of Jackson’s proclivities for dueling and gambling became embellished and widespread. The mudslinging was just as fierce from Jackson’s supporters, portraying Adams not only as a “corrupt bargainer” but also as an unscrupulous aristocrat who had misappropriated tax dollars. In the end, with 178 electoral votes to Adams’s 83, Jackson became the first president to gain office by a direct appeal to the mass of voters rather than through the support of a recognized political organization.
Results of the 1828 election
Learn More in these related Britannica articles:
Andrew Jackson: Presidential prospectsIn the election of 1828 Jackson defeated Adams by an electoral vote of 178 to 83 after a campaign in which personalities and slander played a larger part than in any previous U.S. national election. Jackson and his wife, Rachel, despite their long marriage, had been vilified in campaign…
John Quincy Adams: Presidency and feud with JacksonIn 1828 Jackson was elected president over Adams, with 178 electoral votes to Adams’s 83. It was during Jackson’s administration that irreconcilable differences developed between his followers and those of Adams, the latter becoming known as the National Republicans, who, with the Anti-Masons, were the precursors…
John C. Calhoun: Champion of states’ rights…Calhoun, and his prospects in 1828 were most promising. “I was a candidate for reelection (as vice president) on a ticket with General Jackson himself,” he wrote later, “with a certain prospect of the triumphant success of the ticket, and a fair prospect of the highest office to which an… | <urn:uuid:9a7884b1-b4bc-4305-94e4-9d2aa9959886> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.britannica.com/event/United-States-presidential-election-of-1828 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251690095.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126165718-20200126195718-00542.warc.gz | en | 0.981307 | 780 | 4.03125 | 4 | [
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-0.1449922025... | 1 | Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article.Join Britannica's Publishing Partner Program and our community of experts to gain a global audience for your work!
United States presidential election of 1828
The results of the 1828 U.S. presidential election are provided in the table.
Appealing to the masses
The election of 1828 was arguably one of the most significant in United States history, ushering in the era of political campaigns and paving the way for the solidification of political parties. The previous election, of 1824, had seen John Quincy Adams become president although his opponent Andrew Jackson had earned the most electoral votes. Because no candidate won a majority of the electoral vote, however, that election was decided by the House of Representatives in Adams’s favour after fellow candidate and Speaker of the House Henry Clay (who finished fourth) threw his support behind Adams. Adams subsequently appointed Clay his secretary of state, giving merit to rumours of a “corrupt bargain” in the eyes of Jackson supporters. During the contested election of 1824, followers of Henry Clay and John Quincy Adams began calling themselves National Republicans, and backers of Andrew Jackson emerged as Democratic Republicans. By the election of 1828, the Jacksonians had become known simply as the Democrats. Unlike previous elections, in which the parties’ congressional delegations would generally gather to nominate a candidate (this had failed to coalesce support around a single candidate among the Democratic-Republicans in 1824), this election was the first in which a majority of states held conventions to endorse a candidate.
By 1828 selection of presidential electors was being decided by the voters in all but two states, and public opinion was becoming more important than ever before. Jackson’s supporters established pro-Jackson newspapers and helped to distribute information and election material. Both sides organized rallies, parades, and other public events to promote their chosen candidate.
Personalities and slander played a large part in the 1828 election. Jackson and his wife, Rachel, despite their long marriage, had been vilified in campaign pamphlets as adulterers. News of Jackson’s proclivities for dueling and gambling became embellished and widespread. The mudslinging was just as fierce from Jackson’s supporters, portraying Adams not only as a “corrupt bargainer” but also as an unscrupulous aristocrat who had misappropriated tax dollars. In the end, with 178 electoral votes to Adams’s 83, Jackson became the first president to gain office by a direct appeal to the mass of voters rather than through the support of a recognized political organization.
Results of the 1828 election
Learn More in these related Britannica articles:
Andrew Jackson: Presidential prospectsIn the election of 1828 Jackson defeated Adams by an electoral vote of 178 to 83 after a campaign in which personalities and slander played a larger part than in any previous U.S. national election. Jackson and his wife, Rachel, despite their long marriage, had been vilified in campaign…
John Quincy Adams: Presidency and feud with JacksonIn 1828 Jackson was elected president over Adams, with 178 electoral votes to Adams’s 83. It was during Jackson’s administration that irreconcilable differences developed between his followers and those of Adams, the latter becoming known as the National Republicans, who, with the Anti-Masons, were the precursors…
John C. Calhoun: Champion of states’ rights…Calhoun, and his prospects in 1828 were most promising. “I was a candidate for reelection (as vice president) on a ticket with General Jackson himself,” he wrote later, “with a certain prospect of the triumphant success of the ticket, and a fair prospect of the highest office to which an… | 802 | ENGLISH | 1 |
A Winter Journey
In Year 5 of his reign, Ramesses II fought a confederation headed by King Muwatallis II of the Hittites at the Battle of Kadesh (aka Qadesh). Ramesses recorded this on many monuments, such as the Luxor Temple, as a famous victory (see above). The truth was that the outcome of the battle was more like a draw with both sides claiming to have won but with neither side really having the upper hand. What was clear was that, after the crushing experience of Kadesh, the two superpowers of the region, the Egyptians and the Hittites, could not afford another encounter of that kind.
After a few years, Muwatallis died and his kingdom was split by a civil war between his son Urhi-Teshub and his brother Hattusillis. While the Hittites were preoccupied with problems at home, Ramesses had a chance to consolidate his hold on the traditional Egyptian territories in the Levant without Hittite interference. When Urhi- Teshub was deposed by his uncle he sought refuge at the Egyptian court. Hattusillis III demanded that his nephew should be sent back to Hatti and Ramesses’ refusal threatened to revive the old hostilities. While their armies were being prepared for war an Assyrian attack on the buffer state of Mitanni changed everything. Ramesses and Hattusillis came to realise that the Assyrians were more dangerous to both their nations than they were to each other and continued antagonism between them had to stop. This led to the drawing up of what has been described as the very first formal peace treaty in history.
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READ THE ENTIRE ISSUE | <urn:uuid:9f291dc4-48b9-44f1-8d9d-2644d30a7263> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.magzter.com/articles/8600/265878/5a9d966a4281c | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251687958.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126074227-20200126104227-00510.warc.gz | en | 0.988134 | 380 | 3.859375 | 4 | [
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In Year 5 of his reign, Ramesses II fought a confederation headed by King Muwatallis II of the Hittites at the Battle of Kadesh (aka Qadesh). Ramesses recorded this on many monuments, such as the Luxor Temple, as a famous victory (see above). The truth was that the outcome of the battle was more like a draw with both sides claiming to have won but with neither side really having the upper hand. What was clear was that, after the crushing experience of Kadesh, the two superpowers of the region, the Egyptians and the Hittites, could not afford another encounter of that kind.
After a few years, Muwatallis died and his kingdom was split by a civil war between his son Urhi-Teshub and his brother Hattusillis. While the Hittites were preoccupied with problems at home, Ramesses had a chance to consolidate his hold on the traditional Egyptian territories in the Levant without Hittite interference. When Urhi- Teshub was deposed by his uncle he sought refuge at the Egyptian court. Hattusillis III demanded that his nephew should be sent back to Hatti and Ramesses’ refusal threatened to revive the old hostilities. While their armies were being prepared for war an Assyrian attack on the buffer state of Mitanni changed everything. Ramesses and Hattusillis came to realise that the Assyrians were more dangerous to both their nations than they were to each other and continued antagonism between them had to stop. This led to the drawing up of what has been described as the very first formal peace treaty in history.
Continue Reading with Magzter GOLD
Log-in, if you are already a subscriber
Get unlimited access to thousands of curated premium stories and 5,000+ magazines
READ THE ENTIRE ISSUE | 378 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Beating the Bounds History
Beating the Bounds of a Parish is an ancient tradition based on the need for inhabitants to know the extent of their land before the days of maps. The people, led by parish officials and sometimes the vicar and choirboys, would walk round the boundary, checking the boundary stones were in place and making sure that everyone, particularly the young, knew where the boundary lay. The event also served to prevent disputes about ownership of land and the liabilities to pay local dues. During the reign of Henry VIII the tradition was made popular by a decree that a feast with parish ale was to be held after the annual perambulation.
There are records held in the Maidstone Reference Library which show that the ceremony of Beating the Bounds was performed in Westerham on 22nd May 1718 and was recorded in meticulous detail by a Mr. Lewis. However the document is not easy to read. The walk took three days, the first part being done on Ascension Thursday (22nd May), the second part on the Saturday and the final part on Monday 26th May.
In 1758 his son, George Lewis, undertook the same walk as his father and made a record in his notebook of the route on Monday 17th April, the 18th April and 20th April. Within his document, which is easier to read, he pays tribute to the accuracy of his father’s account 40 years earlier.
In early accounts of Beating the Bounds nobody drew a sketch or plan of the route taken as people knew their way around the fields and hedges. From the records it is difficult to place where they were walking with references to hedges, many of which will no longer exist. Ordnance Survey maps, as we know them today, did not appear until 1840.
There are also specific records of Beating the Bounds for the years 1805 and 1837, with notes of the latter being used again in 1851 and 1857, plus other records for 1863 and 1873.
In more modern times the tradition of Beating the Bounds in Westerham appears to have lapsed and not been officially held after 1983. However, the Westerham Society revived the tradition in 2012 and has since held a Beating the Bounds event annually. | <urn:uuid:3ee9ae80-0e2d-4183-9aa1-d012511e688c> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | http://www.westerhamsociety.org.uk/beating-the-bounds-history | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250597458.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120052454-20200120080454-00242.warc.gz | en | 0.985356 | 464 | 3.421875 | 3 | [
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0.2107279598712... | 10 | Beating the Bounds History
Beating the Bounds of a Parish is an ancient tradition based on the need for inhabitants to know the extent of their land before the days of maps. The people, led by parish officials and sometimes the vicar and choirboys, would walk round the boundary, checking the boundary stones were in place and making sure that everyone, particularly the young, knew where the boundary lay. The event also served to prevent disputes about ownership of land and the liabilities to pay local dues. During the reign of Henry VIII the tradition was made popular by a decree that a feast with parish ale was to be held after the annual perambulation.
There are records held in the Maidstone Reference Library which show that the ceremony of Beating the Bounds was performed in Westerham on 22nd May 1718 and was recorded in meticulous detail by a Mr. Lewis. However the document is not easy to read. The walk took three days, the first part being done on Ascension Thursday (22nd May), the second part on the Saturday and the final part on Monday 26th May.
In 1758 his son, George Lewis, undertook the same walk as his father and made a record in his notebook of the route on Monday 17th April, the 18th April and 20th April. Within his document, which is easier to read, he pays tribute to the accuracy of his father’s account 40 years earlier.
In early accounts of Beating the Bounds nobody drew a sketch or plan of the route taken as people knew their way around the fields and hedges. From the records it is difficult to place where they were walking with references to hedges, many of which will no longer exist. Ordnance Survey maps, as we know them today, did not appear until 1840.
There are also specific records of Beating the Bounds for the years 1805 and 1837, with notes of the latter being used again in 1851 and 1857, plus other records for 1863 and 1873.
In more modern times the tradition of Beating the Bounds in Westerham appears to have lapsed and not been officially held after 1983. However, the Westerham Society revived the tradition in 2012 and has since held a Beating the Bounds event annually. | 506 | ENGLISH | 1 |
- How is odysseus confident in the odyssey essay
- Personal accomplishments the past year essay
- Argumentative essay topics about theme
Why or why not? The Apology is assumed to be the write realistic account that has been conserved of Socrates ' defense of himself as it was presented before the Athenian Council. This essay states that Socrates teaches his students the art of clever argument, and in doing so teaches them the art of the any argument into a more favorable apology.
He boldly questions the morality of the people of court. Western philosophy is the philosophical thought of the western world. Socrates did not win over the jury pleading his case, and was therefore sentenced to execution. What his interesting about this defense of Socrates is that he effectively takes the accusation that was lobbied against him and turned upon the very people who are trying to discredit him. There are few other personalities in history that have drawn criticism and praise from the furthest ends of each spectrum. Socrates has been called the inventor of reason and logic, and at the same time has been condemned as a corruptor and a flake. Perhaps he was all of these. He denies the fact that his philosophy and philosophic activities cause harm to the society he lives in and the city in general. He denies that his philosophy can corrupt the youth, claiming that his philosophic thought is of great value for humanity. Socrates states that his way of life is the best way of life for all human beings because it produces happiness for everyone in the city. He admits that he does not believe in the Gods of the city, but he is guided by some sort of higher being, or spirits. I would have voted set him free because these two sets of charges are insufficient for death penalty. The second claim about the corrupted youth is also false because there is no proof.
This is likely done to discredit anything he can say to defend himself and, makes the Jury suspicious of him from the very start. Socrates responds to these charges are convincing.
He denies the fact that his philosophy and philosophic activities cause harm to the society he lives in and the city in general. He denies that his philosophy can corrupt the youth, claiming that his philosophic apology is of great value for humanity.
At the onset of the trial, Socrates appears to challenging the charges, which included corrupting the youth, challenging belief in the writes that were accepted and reveled by the State, and introducing a new religious focus, but also belittles his own significance and suggesting that the will not attempt to disprove that he participated in the actions maintained by the court Socrates was accused of being an atheist as essay as corrupting the young men in his community.
I believe that Socrates was innocent of the accusations that were made against him, but he possessed contempt for the court and displayed that in his conceitedness and these actions led to his death. He boldly questions the morality of the people of court.
Socrates accepts the fact that people are unwilling to accept the truth, and he felt if he did not choose death people would assume he was guilty Perhaps one of their biggest apologies the the development of write. Socrates, a well-known Greek philosopher, gave the modern essay the Socratic Method, among others.
He challenged many Athenian values while reaffirming others. | <urn:uuid:705c9bde-ed83-4c05-84f5-60a1a37b087b> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://idlebots.me/comparison/73970-essays-to-write-on-plato-the-apology.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250591234.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20200117205732-20200117233732-00222.warc.gz | en | 0.987221 | 668 | 3.5625 | 4 | [
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0.189028084278... | 1 | - How is odysseus confident in the odyssey essay
- Personal accomplishments the past year essay
- Argumentative essay topics about theme
Why or why not? The Apology is assumed to be the write realistic account that has been conserved of Socrates ' defense of himself as it was presented before the Athenian Council. This essay states that Socrates teaches his students the art of clever argument, and in doing so teaches them the art of the any argument into a more favorable apology.
He boldly questions the morality of the people of court. Western philosophy is the philosophical thought of the western world. Socrates did not win over the jury pleading his case, and was therefore sentenced to execution. What his interesting about this defense of Socrates is that he effectively takes the accusation that was lobbied against him and turned upon the very people who are trying to discredit him. There are few other personalities in history that have drawn criticism and praise from the furthest ends of each spectrum. Socrates has been called the inventor of reason and logic, and at the same time has been condemned as a corruptor and a flake. Perhaps he was all of these. He denies the fact that his philosophy and philosophic activities cause harm to the society he lives in and the city in general. He denies that his philosophy can corrupt the youth, claiming that his philosophic thought is of great value for humanity. Socrates states that his way of life is the best way of life for all human beings because it produces happiness for everyone in the city. He admits that he does not believe in the Gods of the city, but he is guided by some sort of higher being, or spirits. I would have voted set him free because these two sets of charges are insufficient for death penalty. The second claim about the corrupted youth is also false because there is no proof.
This is likely done to discredit anything he can say to defend himself and, makes the Jury suspicious of him from the very start. Socrates responds to these charges are convincing.
He denies the fact that his philosophy and philosophic activities cause harm to the society he lives in and the city in general. He denies that his philosophy can corrupt the youth, claiming that his philosophic apology is of great value for humanity.
At the onset of the trial, Socrates appears to challenging the charges, which included corrupting the youth, challenging belief in the writes that were accepted and reveled by the State, and introducing a new religious focus, but also belittles his own significance and suggesting that the will not attempt to disprove that he participated in the actions maintained by the court Socrates was accused of being an atheist as essay as corrupting the young men in his community.
I believe that Socrates was innocent of the accusations that were made against him, but he possessed contempt for the court and displayed that in his conceitedness and these actions led to his death. He boldly questions the morality of the people of court.
Socrates accepts the fact that people are unwilling to accept the truth, and he felt if he did not choose death people would assume he was guilty Perhaps one of their biggest apologies the the development of write. Socrates, a well-known Greek philosopher, gave the modern essay the Socratic Method, among others.
He challenged many Athenian values while reaffirming others. | 674 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Causes and Consequences of World War Two uk
What Were the Causes of the 2nd World War?
There were many causes that led to the Second World War. Perhaps the main cause of this war was the First World War. The 1st world war caused a major division between various nations. This consisted of the Allied power that comprised of France, the United States of America, the British Empire, the Russian empire among others. This alied power was the winners of this world war. The second group was known as the Central powers that consisted of, the German Empire, Hungary, and Australia among others. Then came the Versailles treaty which immediately followed the 1st world war culmination, which accused Germany of being the cause of the wars therefore putting onto them some military restrictions. The Germans were also fined a huge amount of money as a result. As if this was not enough, they were also asked to make territorial concessions towards the Allied powers (Dowswell, 2002).
Buy Causes and Consequences of World War Two essay paper online
* Final order price might be slightly different depending on the current exchange rate of chosen payment system.
Soon after the 1st world war the Germans witnessed the rise of a famous dictator called Adolf Hitler who came with his Nazism concept which became popular in the 1930s. Nazism was a type of socialism which was quite different from Marxism, which was accompanied by expansionism together with racism. This socialism required absolute obedience to a strong and powerful leader who was no other than Hitler himself. Whereas the Germans saw the rise of Nazism and a new leader, Hitler, Italy on the other hand saw the rise of Benito Mussolini accompanied with the rise of his form of socialism called Fascism. This socialism on its part advocated for racism, totalitarianism as well as great violence. Both the Hitler’s and Mussolini’s concepts were quite the same to each other hence this depicted both of them as the leaders of the war directed towards the Allied Powers.
During this period of time, the Repblican government which was being led by the then president, Woodrow Wilson decided to stop taking part in the political activities which were taking part all through the world at that time. Also the League of Nations charged with the responsibility of bringing sanity throughout the world turned failed to achieve this. The result was that the world was unable to avoid the menace of the great Depression that followed immediately after. Amidst the chaos at the time countries like Italy, Japan, and Germany attacked their neighbors as they looked forward to expanding their territories. Consequently the Allied powers took this seriously and revenged with military force. This is what led to the 2nd world war (Dowswell, 2002).
What Were the Consequences of World War 2?
Even as the consequences of the 1st world war are seen to be gruesome, they consequences of the 2nd world war made those of the first to look just like a Sunday picnic. The lost lived as a result of this war amounted to many millions, and also those who were left without homes were much larger than that. However the Second World War was the end of all dictatorship in all the European countries. It also marked the turnover in terms of the super powers from Germany to the Soviet Union together with the United States. Also it marked the birth of the Unite Nations, which was an organization meant to promote the much needed peace as well as world security.
Immediately after its formation I put in place the Paris Peace Treaty which took place on 10th of February, 1947. This treaty allowed nations such as Bulgaria, Italy as well as Finland to become sovereign States in the international affairs and also allowed them to join the membership of the United Nations. The Paris Peace Treaty also provided for the compensation of war victims and also allowed for the adjustment of teerritories. Several Asian and other European countries were not favored by the evens that followed the world war. This is because the territorial borders ere redrawn. Some countries like Finland, Japan Germany and Poland as well as other independent states to the German territories lost some part of their land to the Soviet Union which was a great benefactor to this boundary reviews. German was the biggest losers as a result of these reviews as it was divided into four. One of the parts was taken by France, the other by the United States, and the others by the Great Britain and Soviet Union. The first plans put forth by the United States toward Germany were eased as it came to a realization that the European revival largely depended on the Germany industrial base revival. It is important to realize that the end of the 2nd world war did not put everything to an end. It was because of this war that the foundation of the cold war between the Soviet Union and United States which lived for 44 years was laid (Divine, 1969).
That covered momentous information as far as the causes and the consequences of the 2nd world war are concerned. It is also important to note that the 2nd world war had some positive effects though they are not comparable to its replications’. There was creation of many job opportunities which brought an end to Great Depression unemployment crises. Whereas the Industries that met the consequences of the 2nd world war were a success, the others were unsuccessful. Also the economy in the European countries almost stagnated during the 2nd World War. The repercussions of this war took some time be eliminated after the end of the war came September the 2nd , 1945 but it was not until after the loss of about 49,000,000 civilians and soldiers numbering to 24,000,000 (Divine, 1969).
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Most popular orders | <urn:uuid:c1c9a382-1546-45fc-a10f-8f9c5971a7a2> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://primewritings.co.uk/essays/history/causes-and-consequences-of-world-war-two.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250591234.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20200117205732-20200117233732-00233.warc.gz | en | 0.986044 | 1,156 | 3.609375 | 4 | [
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0.322959423065185... | 2 | Causes and Consequences of World War Two uk
What Were the Causes of the 2nd World War?
There were many causes that led to the Second World War. Perhaps the main cause of this war was the First World War. The 1st world war caused a major division between various nations. This consisted of the Allied power that comprised of France, the United States of America, the British Empire, the Russian empire among others. This alied power was the winners of this world war. The second group was known as the Central powers that consisted of, the German Empire, Hungary, and Australia among others. Then came the Versailles treaty which immediately followed the 1st world war culmination, which accused Germany of being the cause of the wars therefore putting onto them some military restrictions. The Germans were also fined a huge amount of money as a result. As if this was not enough, they were also asked to make territorial concessions towards the Allied powers (Dowswell, 2002).
Buy Causes and Consequences of World War Two essay paper online
* Final order price might be slightly different depending on the current exchange rate of chosen payment system.
Soon after the 1st world war the Germans witnessed the rise of a famous dictator called Adolf Hitler who came with his Nazism concept which became popular in the 1930s. Nazism was a type of socialism which was quite different from Marxism, which was accompanied by expansionism together with racism. This socialism required absolute obedience to a strong and powerful leader who was no other than Hitler himself. Whereas the Germans saw the rise of Nazism and a new leader, Hitler, Italy on the other hand saw the rise of Benito Mussolini accompanied with the rise of his form of socialism called Fascism. This socialism on its part advocated for racism, totalitarianism as well as great violence. Both the Hitler’s and Mussolini’s concepts were quite the same to each other hence this depicted both of them as the leaders of the war directed towards the Allied Powers.
During this period of time, the Repblican government which was being led by the then president, Woodrow Wilson decided to stop taking part in the political activities which were taking part all through the world at that time. Also the League of Nations charged with the responsibility of bringing sanity throughout the world turned failed to achieve this. The result was that the world was unable to avoid the menace of the great Depression that followed immediately after. Amidst the chaos at the time countries like Italy, Japan, and Germany attacked their neighbors as they looked forward to expanding their territories. Consequently the Allied powers took this seriously and revenged with military force. This is what led to the 2nd world war (Dowswell, 2002).
What Were the Consequences of World War 2?
Even as the consequences of the 1st world war are seen to be gruesome, they consequences of the 2nd world war made those of the first to look just like a Sunday picnic. The lost lived as a result of this war amounted to many millions, and also those who were left without homes were much larger than that. However the Second World War was the end of all dictatorship in all the European countries. It also marked the turnover in terms of the super powers from Germany to the Soviet Union together with the United States. Also it marked the birth of the Unite Nations, which was an organization meant to promote the much needed peace as well as world security.
Immediately after its formation I put in place the Paris Peace Treaty which took place on 10th of February, 1947. This treaty allowed nations such as Bulgaria, Italy as well as Finland to become sovereign States in the international affairs and also allowed them to join the membership of the United Nations. The Paris Peace Treaty also provided for the compensation of war victims and also allowed for the adjustment of teerritories. Several Asian and other European countries were not favored by the evens that followed the world war. This is because the territorial borders ere redrawn. Some countries like Finland, Japan Germany and Poland as well as other independent states to the German territories lost some part of their land to the Soviet Union which was a great benefactor to this boundary reviews. German was the biggest losers as a result of these reviews as it was divided into four. One of the parts was taken by France, the other by the United States, and the others by the Great Britain and Soviet Union. The first plans put forth by the United States toward Germany were eased as it came to a realization that the European revival largely depended on the Germany industrial base revival. It is important to realize that the end of the 2nd world war did not put everything to an end. It was because of this war that the foundation of the cold war between the Soviet Union and United States which lived for 44 years was laid (Divine, 1969).
That covered momentous information as far as the causes and the consequences of the 2nd world war are concerned. It is also important to note that the 2nd world war had some positive effects though they are not comparable to its replications’. There was creation of many job opportunities which brought an end to Great Depression unemployment crises. Whereas the Industries that met the consequences of the 2nd world war were a success, the others were unsuccessful. Also the economy in the European countries almost stagnated during the 2nd World War. The repercussions of this war took some time be eliminated after the end of the war came September the 2nd , 1945 but it was not until after the loss of about 49,000,000 civilians and soldiers numbering to 24,000,000 (Divine, 1969).
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Most popular orders | 1,194 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Shakespeare Through the Ages
The Bard is inescapable. If you’ve been to an English-speaking secondary school, there’s an overwhelming chance that you or your loved ones have been exposed to hefty doses of Shakespeare. References to Shakespeare's plays and poems are everywhere in books, movies, television shows, and even in the words we use every day—words like “assassinate” (first recorded in Macbeth) and “bump” (first recorded in Romeo & Juliet). You certainly wouldn't be alone in wondering why Shakespeare is so famous, or what it is about him that resonates among the "Classics" crowd. "Oh, but you really must read Shakespeare." But Shakespeare hasn’t always enjoyed the acclaim and ubiquity he has today.
In His Lifetime
Shakespeare was writing at a time when playwrights weren’t usually widely respected individuals. Theaters of the time were rowdy places with eating, drinking, mingling, and even prostitution against the background of the play. A lot of Shakespeare’s words that now seem so flowery would have been like the speech of the peasantry, and the thirty-five plays are loaded with wide-reaching humor (sex jokes and references to bodily functions, for example). While this would ensure his popularity, and his eventual undying fame, the literate classes at the time would have been more likely to idolize writers like Sir Philip Sidney or Edmund Spenser. Shakespeare was more popular than many of his contemporaries, as evidenced by the fact that he was sponsored by Elizabeth I and James I, but it didn’t approach the renown of later centuries.
After His Death
When Shakespeare died, his works were compiled and he was memorialized by some of the other great writers of the time, Ben Jonson and John Milton. This marked a big shift in the course of Shakespeare for two reasons. First was that the praise of these two writers—especially from Milton, who would go on to write Paradise Lost—legitimized his literary merit, and they were some of the first to call him the best poet of the time. Second was that only rich people could really afford these kinds of books as opposed to the widely accessible plays. This was the root of the Shakespeare of the stage, which was still targeted at the masses, and the written ‘poetic’ Shakespeare that was read and studied by the wealthy.
The Interregnum & Restoration
Oliver Cromwell and the Puritans hated the theater (for the above reasons of depravity and prostitution). When they overthrew the monarchy and executed Charles I, they soon went after the theaters. The Globe Theater, where Shakespeare performed, was singled out and burned down. The written Shakespeare continued to be read by the upper classes the same as he was before, but the common people could only see “droll” performances of particular comic scenes. So, when the Restoration came and brought the happy, vulgar Restoration Comedies, the happy, vulgar Shakespeare made a huge comeback among a viewing public that had been denied their entertainment for years.
In the Empire & Abroad
Shakespeare continued to diverge, which is part of what situates him in such a unique level of acclaim. The stage performances would incorporate big loud special effects like fireworks and lightning, tragedies like King Lear would be rewritten to have happy endings, and some were adapted into grand operas (which, strange as it may sound now, were huge public spectacles that commoners would enjoy). The common Shakespeare was more popular than ever. And the literate of England came to seriously appreciate how Shakespeare’s ‘unlearned’ plays were broke the accepted rules of drama. Even though they were essentially partaking of entirely different products, they both named them "Shakespeare," and in that way he could at once occupy a space of high renown and mass appeal. This dual popularity crossed borders through English merchants and performers, and Shakespeare would remain a cultural mainstay in the expanding British Empire.
The Romantics to Now
The final big push in Shakespeare’s reputation came with the Romantic period of English literature. The Romantics positively adored Shakespeare (giving us the great word “bardolatry”) and were the first group to definitively declare Shakespeare as ‘the greatest poet.’ And so the climate at the time was that productions of Shakespeare were guaranteed hits with the masses, the rich and the educated also loved Shakespeare, and English/Anglo-American cultural influence was growing across the world. History gave the perfect storm for Shakespeare to become what he is now, due largely to his common appeal. How tragic, then, that the theater today is increasingly seen as something not for the poor or less educated. The next time someone comes at you with a snooty piece about “Shakespeare,” remember that what has always made the Bard special—lost as it may be in four hundred years of language drift—is that he appealed to the everyone, not just the elite.
For more information, read Becoming Shakespeare: The Strange Afterlife That Turned a Provincial Playwright into the Bard.
By Logan Chamberlain | <urn:uuid:0ea9bdeb-b6bd-441b-bbc0-a33e179e6b99> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.infoplease.com/arts-entertainment/performing-arts/shakespeare-through-ages | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250601241.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121014531-20200121043531-00545.warc.gz | en | 0.982024 | 1,068 | 3.484375 | 3 | [
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0.19920757412... | 1 | Shakespeare Through the Ages
The Bard is inescapable. If you’ve been to an English-speaking secondary school, there’s an overwhelming chance that you or your loved ones have been exposed to hefty doses of Shakespeare. References to Shakespeare's plays and poems are everywhere in books, movies, television shows, and even in the words we use every day—words like “assassinate” (first recorded in Macbeth) and “bump” (first recorded in Romeo & Juliet). You certainly wouldn't be alone in wondering why Shakespeare is so famous, or what it is about him that resonates among the "Classics" crowd. "Oh, but you really must read Shakespeare." But Shakespeare hasn’t always enjoyed the acclaim and ubiquity he has today.
In His Lifetime
Shakespeare was writing at a time when playwrights weren’t usually widely respected individuals. Theaters of the time were rowdy places with eating, drinking, mingling, and even prostitution against the background of the play. A lot of Shakespeare’s words that now seem so flowery would have been like the speech of the peasantry, and the thirty-five plays are loaded with wide-reaching humor (sex jokes and references to bodily functions, for example). While this would ensure his popularity, and his eventual undying fame, the literate classes at the time would have been more likely to idolize writers like Sir Philip Sidney or Edmund Spenser. Shakespeare was more popular than many of his contemporaries, as evidenced by the fact that he was sponsored by Elizabeth I and James I, but it didn’t approach the renown of later centuries.
After His Death
When Shakespeare died, his works were compiled and he was memorialized by some of the other great writers of the time, Ben Jonson and John Milton. This marked a big shift in the course of Shakespeare for two reasons. First was that the praise of these two writers—especially from Milton, who would go on to write Paradise Lost—legitimized his literary merit, and they were some of the first to call him the best poet of the time. Second was that only rich people could really afford these kinds of books as opposed to the widely accessible plays. This was the root of the Shakespeare of the stage, which was still targeted at the masses, and the written ‘poetic’ Shakespeare that was read and studied by the wealthy.
The Interregnum & Restoration
Oliver Cromwell and the Puritans hated the theater (for the above reasons of depravity and prostitution). When they overthrew the monarchy and executed Charles I, they soon went after the theaters. The Globe Theater, where Shakespeare performed, was singled out and burned down. The written Shakespeare continued to be read by the upper classes the same as he was before, but the common people could only see “droll” performances of particular comic scenes. So, when the Restoration came and brought the happy, vulgar Restoration Comedies, the happy, vulgar Shakespeare made a huge comeback among a viewing public that had been denied their entertainment for years.
In the Empire & Abroad
Shakespeare continued to diverge, which is part of what situates him in such a unique level of acclaim. The stage performances would incorporate big loud special effects like fireworks and lightning, tragedies like King Lear would be rewritten to have happy endings, and some were adapted into grand operas (which, strange as it may sound now, were huge public spectacles that commoners would enjoy). The common Shakespeare was more popular than ever. And the literate of England came to seriously appreciate how Shakespeare’s ‘unlearned’ plays were broke the accepted rules of drama. Even though they were essentially partaking of entirely different products, they both named them "Shakespeare," and in that way he could at once occupy a space of high renown and mass appeal. This dual popularity crossed borders through English merchants and performers, and Shakespeare would remain a cultural mainstay in the expanding British Empire.
The Romantics to Now
The final big push in Shakespeare’s reputation came with the Romantic period of English literature. The Romantics positively adored Shakespeare (giving us the great word “bardolatry”) and were the first group to definitively declare Shakespeare as ‘the greatest poet.’ And so the climate at the time was that productions of Shakespeare were guaranteed hits with the masses, the rich and the educated also loved Shakespeare, and English/Anglo-American cultural influence was growing across the world. History gave the perfect storm for Shakespeare to become what he is now, due largely to his common appeal. How tragic, then, that the theater today is increasingly seen as something not for the poor or less educated. The next time someone comes at you with a snooty piece about “Shakespeare,” remember that what has always made the Bard special—lost as it may be in four hundred years of language drift—is that he appealed to the everyone, not just the elite.
For more information, read Becoming Shakespeare: The Strange Afterlife That Turned a Provincial Playwright into the Bard.
By Logan Chamberlain | 1,026 | ENGLISH | 1 |
The Sokolov Defection occurred in October 1962, when Soviet scientist Nokolai Stepanovich Sokolov defected to the United States of America. A mission was thus executed by the CIA to get Sokolov through Europe and over the Berlin Wall.
In 1962, Soviet scientist Nikoloai Stepanovich Sokolov sought to defect to the United States, having become fearful that the Soviets would tamper with his work. After Sokolov approached the CIA, special forces commander Major Zero, began an operation to rescue Sokolov. Sokolov accepted their rescue attempts for what they were, under the terms that his wife and child were to be taken to safety first.
Agreeing to these terms, Major Zero led a team to get Sokolov's family and bring them back to America. Sokolov himself was later transported over the Berlin Wall. However, having had to travel 600 miles over the course of two weeks, he was left physically exhausted and was checked into a hospital in West Berlin.
While the operation was a success, it was short lived, as only a week later the Cuban Missile Crisis came about. On October 28th, Nikita Khrushchev agreed to remove the missiles from Cuba on the condition that Sokolov be immediately returned to the Soviet Union to finish his work on the nuclear weapon, which would be later known as Shagohod.
With the potential threat of World War III looming over him, Major Zero had no chose but to return Sokolov to Soviet agents, but not before secretly promising Sokolov that he would rescue him again. Though Sokolov was forced to return to the Soviet Union, his family remained safely under the CIA's protection.
Two years later, Major Zero formed the unofficial FOX unit and recruited his first agent, who would later be known as Big Boss, to rescue Sokolov in an operation known as the Virtuous Mission. | <urn:uuid:2e4d1d7a-2053-4e85-a18c-66c27273bc97> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.ign.com/wikis/metal-gear-solid-5-the-phantom-pain/Sokolov_Defection | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251696046.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127081933-20200127111933-00161.warc.gz | en | 0.988145 | 394 | 3.421875 | 3 | [
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0.3129800260066986... | 2 | The Sokolov Defection occurred in October 1962, when Soviet scientist Nokolai Stepanovich Sokolov defected to the United States of America. A mission was thus executed by the CIA to get Sokolov through Europe and over the Berlin Wall.
In 1962, Soviet scientist Nikoloai Stepanovich Sokolov sought to defect to the United States, having become fearful that the Soviets would tamper with his work. After Sokolov approached the CIA, special forces commander Major Zero, began an operation to rescue Sokolov. Sokolov accepted their rescue attempts for what they were, under the terms that his wife and child were to be taken to safety first.
Agreeing to these terms, Major Zero led a team to get Sokolov's family and bring them back to America. Sokolov himself was later transported over the Berlin Wall. However, having had to travel 600 miles over the course of two weeks, he was left physically exhausted and was checked into a hospital in West Berlin.
While the operation was a success, it was short lived, as only a week later the Cuban Missile Crisis came about. On October 28th, Nikita Khrushchev agreed to remove the missiles from Cuba on the condition that Sokolov be immediately returned to the Soviet Union to finish his work on the nuclear weapon, which would be later known as Shagohod.
With the potential threat of World War III looming over him, Major Zero had no chose but to return Sokolov to Soviet agents, but not before secretly promising Sokolov that he would rescue him again. Though Sokolov was forced to return to the Soviet Union, his family remained safely under the CIA's protection.
Two years later, Major Zero formed the unofficial FOX unit and recruited his first agent, who would later be known as Big Boss, to rescue Sokolov in an operation known as the Virtuous Mission. | 404 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Time travels but leaves behinds its marks. Every generation that passes, adds to the human civilization. In the history, the most prominent names are of Roman, Greek and Latin civilizations. These civilizations are still known to have put a great impact on society. The impact on trade, law, administration, culture, the religion and the role of the individual are most prominent.
Ancient world is considered the period thousands of years back from now. These people were mostly hunters and farmers. They had learnt to settle down in the colonies and lead a social life. In societies, the ancient people required societal and social laws and regulations.
Impact of ancient world on Government laws
Romans were the first in known history to lay down rules for governing people. Law of the Twelve Tables was first Roman law. The law differentiated private law from public law. The public law is one that is pertaining to state issues like tax and courts (The Influence of The Roman Empire, n.d.). Private law is about settling down disputes among the people.
The Roman Private Law formed the basis of Civil Law. The private and business concerns of people were dealt under this law. The law also provided a basis for private international law (The Influence of The Roman Empire, n.d.). The Romans used to hold trials where respectable people of the society used to evaluate cases and decide cases based on evidences and witnesses. The guilty was punished after the trial and one that was not found guilty was discharged from trial. This practice is still intact in the sophisticated courts of today (The Influence of The Roman Empire, n.d.).
The American concept of “innocent until found guilty” is also adopted from the Roman law. The Roman society did not hold anyone responsible until the charges against him were proved wrong.
Democracy finds its roots in Roman culture. They valued the opinion of society. Decisions were made based on public consent. Often people were collected in open areas or grounds to brief them on issues and get their opinion of the critical state issues (The Influence of The Roman Empire, n.d.).
The Romans had laws to make laws. They had two-house system. The issue to make laws on was first discussed in assembly of citizens called committee it was after hat proceeded to an upper house or senate. The two-house system is still practiced in most of countries including most developed ones.
Romans believed in the idea of social service. It is therefore that they took special interest in building roads, travelers inns, and water and sewerage drain system in the cities. The government was considered responsible for offering public goods. Besides basic roads and sanitation, even entertainment was a states’ job. State used to hold carnivals and games that invited people from distant places enjoy or display their talent.
Impact of ancient world on Religion
Ancient civilizations followed religion in one way or the other. They had gods, idols and goddesses to worship. Some of them worshipped the heavenly bodies and believed in the power of astrology. The Romans, when introduced to Christianity, became proponents of this religion. They practiced religion regularly. There were religious believes that were observed on continuos basis. The family norms were also based on the religion they followed. Religion was a source of power as well as a source of spirituality for them. Idols and gods were considered the mainterners ad Sustainers of the universe. The idea is still the basis of many religions. The majority of world religions consider God as the supreme power. However, unlike Christianity, the Romans were not monotheists and believed in multiple gods.
Impact of ancient world on Role of Individual
It is individuals that… | <urn:uuid:8c7f26a1-894d-4274-9a49-b1faec0511a5> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.majortests.com/essay/History-Ancient-Rome-And-Culture-539118.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250593994.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118221909-20200119005909-00508.warc.gz | en | 0.981163 | 746 | 3.8125 | 4 | [
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0.123284369707... | 1 | Time travels but leaves behinds its marks. Every generation that passes, adds to the human civilization. In the history, the most prominent names are of Roman, Greek and Latin civilizations. These civilizations are still known to have put a great impact on society. The impact on trade, law, administration, culture, the religion and the role of the individual are most prominent.
Ancient world is considered the period thousands of years back from now. These people were mostly hunters and farmers. They had learnt to settle down in the colonies and lead a social life. In societies, the ancient people required societal and social laws and regulations.
Impact of ancient world on Government laws
Romans were the first in known history to lay down rules for governing people. Law of the Twelve Tables was first Roman law. The law differentiated private law from public law. The public law is one that is pertaining to state issues like tax and courts (The Influence of The Roman Empire, n.d.). Private law is about settling down disputes among the people.
The Roman Private Law formed the basis of Civil Law. The private and business concerns of people were dealt under this law. The law also provided a basis for private international law (The Influence of The Roman Empire, n.d.). The Romans used to hold trials where respectable people of the society used to evaluate cases and decide cases based on evidences and witnesses. The guilty was punished after the trial and one that was not found guilty was discharged from trial. This practice is still intact in the sophisticated courts of today (The Influence of The Roman Empire, n.d.).
The American concept of “innocent until found guilty” is also adopted from the Roman law. The Roman society did not hold anyone responsible until the charges against him were proved wrong.
Democracy finds its roots in Roman culture. They valued the opinion of society. Decisions were made based on public consent. Often people were collected in open areas or grounds to brief them on issues and get their opinion of the critical state issues (The Influence of The Roman Empire, n.d.).
The Romans had laws to make laws. They had two-house system. The issue to make laws on was first discussed in assembly of citizens called committee it was after hat proceeded to an upper house or senate. The two-house system is still practiced in most of countries including most developed ones.
Romans believed in the idea of social service. It is therefore that they took special interest in building roads, travelers inns, and water and sewerage drain system in the cities. The government was considered responsible for offering public goods. Besides basic roads and sanitation, even entertainment was a states’ job. State used to hold carnivals and games that invited people from distant places enjoy or display their talent.
Impact of ancient world on Religion
Ancient civilizations followed religion in one way or the other. They had gods, idols and goddesses to worship. Some of them worshipped the heavenly bodies and believed in the power of astrology. The Romans, when introduced to Christianity, became proponents of this religion. They practiced religion regularly. There were religious believes that were observed on continuos basis. The family norms were also based on the religion they followed. Religion was a source of power as well as a source of spirituality for them. Idols and gods were considered the mainterners ad Sustainers of the universe. The idea is still the basis of many religions. The majority of world religions consider God as the supreme power. However, unlike Christianity, the Romans were not monotheists and believed in multiple gods.
Impact of ancient world on Role of Individual
It is individuals that… | 730 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Abraham Lincoln was born in Kentucky on February 12, 1809; his family eventually settled in Illinois. He had been able to attend school only sporadically, but he had a thirst for knowledge and quietly set out to become a lawyer.
Lincoln was elected to the Illinois General Assembly in 1834 and his political career continued to blossom along with his legal career. In New Salem he partnered with John T. Stuart, which brought sustained and profitable contact with the railroad industry. In the 1850s, Lincoln successfully defended the Illinois Central Railroad in cases involving dispute of property taxes. In 1856 he defended the Rock Island Railroad in a precedent-setting case involving the right to build bridges across heavily traveled waterways.
Lincoln’s legal work for the railroads took a back seat to his political career in 1860 when he ran for the presidency. As president he signed the Pacific Railway Act into law, authorizing the federal government to assist two private corporations—the Union Pacific and the Central Pacific railroads—to build a line from Omaha, Nebraska to Sacramento, California.
Lincoln had traveled to Washington, DC, by train in February 1861 to assume the presidency, and his body returned to Springfield by the same mode of transportation after his assassination in April, 1865. As the funeral train made its way slowly from the nation’s capital to Chicago, laborers on the Chicago and Alton were working feverishly to widen that line’s right of way between Chicago and Springfield to accommodate the Pullman car Mrs. Lincoln had requested for the last leg of her long journey. Abraham Lincoln’s final act in promoting the development of railroads was the unintentional one of publicizing the luxuries of Pullman cars, heralding a new era in train travel.
For additional information, visit: | <urn:uuid:a8892fba-942e-4e01-ac75-732d663e747a> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.nrrhof.org/abraham-lincoln | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251776516.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128060946-20200128090946-00245.warc.gz | en | 0.981316 | 365 | 3.84375 | 4 | [
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0.37283316254... | 1 | Abraham Lincoln was born in Kentucky on February 12, 1809; his family eventually settled in Illinois. He had been able to attend school only sporadically, but he had a thirst for knowledge and quietly set out to become a lawyer.
Lincoln was elected to the Illinois General Assembly in 1834 and his political career continued to blossom along with his legal career. In New Salem he partnered with John T. Stuart, which brought sustained and profitable contact with the railroad industry. In the 1850s, Lincoln successfully defended the Illinois Central Railroad in cases involving dispute of property taxes. In 1856 he defended the Rock Island Railroad in a precedent-setting case involving the right to build bridges across heavily traveled waterways.
Lincoln’s legal work for the railroads took a back seat to his political career in 1860 when he ran for the presidency. As president he signed the Pacific Railway Act into law, authorizing the federal government to assist two private corporations—the Union Pacific and the Central Pacific railroads—to build a line from Omaha, Nebraska to Sacramento, California.
Lincoln had traveled to Washington, DC, by train in February 1861 to assume the presidency, and his body returned to Springfield by the same mode of transportation after his assassination in April, 1865. As the funeral train made its way slowly from the nation’s capital to Chicago, laborers on the Chicago and Alton were working feverishly to widen that line’s right of way between Chicago and Springfield to accommodate the Pullman car Mrs. Lincoln had requested for the last leg of her long journey. Abraham Lincoln’s final act in promoting the development of railroads was the unintentional one of publicizing the luxuries of Pullman cars, heralding a new era in train travel.
For additional information, visit: | 380 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Entitled: "Electricity" sculpture by Louis-Ernest Barrias located at the entrance to the Gallery of Machines, Paris Exposition, 1889. The Exposition Universelle of 1889 was a World's Fair held in Paris, France from May 6 to October 31, 1889. It was held during the year of the 100th anniversary of the storming of the Bastille, an event considered symbolic of the beginning of the French Revolution. The main symbol of the Fair was the Eiffel Tower, which served as the entrance arch to the Fair. The 1889 fair was held on the Champ de Mars in Paris, which had been the site of the earlier Paris Universal Exhibition of 1867, and would also be the site of the 1900 exposition. | <urn:uuid:c5391621-6055-45e1-a2ff-853c2b6b490f> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-electricity-paris-exposition-1889-135094806.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250589861.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20200117152059-20200117180059-00408.warc.gz | en | 0.983317 | 155 | 3.34375 | 3 | [
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-... | 1 | Entitled: "Electricity" sculpture by Louis-Ernest Barrias located at the entrance to the Gallery of Machines, Paris Exposition, 1889. The Exposition Universelle of 1889 was a World's Fair held in Paris, France from May 6 to October 31, 1889. It was held during the year of the 100th anniversary of the storming of the Bastille, an event considered symbolic of the beginning of the French Revolution. The main symbol of the Fair was the Eiffel Tower, which served as the entrance arch to the Fair. The 1889 fair was held on the Champ de Mars in Paris, which had been the site of the earlier Paris Universal Exhibition of 1867, and would also be the site of the 1900 exposition. | 180 | ENGLISH | 1 |
The cereal grain known as oats was once a common small farm crop in Iowa. In the sun, a field of mature oats looks like a golden sea. A beautiful part of our landscape. July is normally the month for the harvesting the oats. In Iowa, the grain was generally used for feed for livestock and the straw used as a source of bedding for the animals. This article is about the heritage and culture surrounding the harvesting of that golden sea of grain.
If you know what a “Threshing Ring” is, then this article will make sense. If you don’t, it is a good time to learn. In the 1920’s, 30’s and 40’s local farmers planted a great deal of oats as feed for various livestock. It was a product that had a requirement for a special processing technique or machine called a separator. The larger grain separators were called “threshing machines” designed to remove the oat kernels off the plant and without the pesky husks. The machines were very large and expensive. They were powered in the early years by large steam engines utilizing a large drive belt from the tractor to the machine.
Did You Know? One of the more popular threshing machines was made in Des Moines by Wood Brothers Machine Company located on the NE part of Des Moines. The facility is long gone but the heritage of the company lives on in threshing and living history events around the country.
It was essential to have one of these machines to harvest the large number of acres of oats. One farmer could not afford to own or run the machine. It took a large number of farmers to run the machine and bring in the harvest. Every farmer had their job – one ran the steam engine, one ran the blower that made the straw stack, one coordinated the threshing machine and others did the work of bringing in the oat shocks and other delivered the harvested oats to the granary. The full process repeated on several days at each farm was called the “Threshing Ring”. It is a story of cooperation and coordination.
The threshing machine was moved from one farm to the next as the crops were harvested. A move would often take a full day to get completed and set up. There were often six to ten or more farms involved. The cost of the machine was shared. This process was both dawn to dusk work and a social event with large group meals and at times even some evening entertainment. Common to all evening meals was a wash tub filled with ice, beverages and maybe even a beer or two.
Now – what does this threshing ring have to do with Keep Iowa Beautiful? Those groups of farmers, children and wives symbolized the concept of working together as a “community” to get things done. They were empowered by the early American “get it done” attitude along with a pooling of time, effort and money. They did not ask government or others to do this for them, it was their job! It was community spirit that, often tied to the local country school, brought this rural set of people together for a common cause.
This process reflects what many communities need today. Communities need one person to motivate and organize (like the threshing machine owner / manager) citizens to make improvements in their community. They need a “can do” attitude and a common cause to work together. Like the community garden of today there are numerous projects requiring the threshing ring concept.
No, I don’t think we will bring back the threshing ring, but I know that many communities use that concept and hopefully many more of Iowa’s communities will use the principles in various efforts to enhance their neighborhoods and communities. There are a number of threshing festivals later in July and early August where the threshing process is re-enacted.
In some ways, we may already have today’s equivalent of the threshing ring in “community or school gardens” where large numbers of people work together to produce garden products. Bringing back the spirit of community is an objective of value to all of us. | <urn:uuid:fedab2b0-7877-4819-be0e-4bf78794bc41> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://keepiowabeautiful.org/bring-back-threshing-ring-july-2017/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594391.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119093733-20200119121733-00414.warc.gz | en | 0.983329 | 860 | 3.53125 | 4 | [
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0.1121757775... | 1 | The cereal grain known as oats was once a common small farm crop in Iowa. In the sun, a field of mature oats looks like a golden sea. A beautiful part of our landscape. July is normally the month for the harvesting the oats. In Iowa, the grain was generally used for feed for livestock and the straw used as a source of bedding for the animals. This article is about the heritage and culture surrounding the harvesting of that golden sea of grain.
If you know what a “Threshing Ring” is, then this article will make sense. If you don’t, it is a good time to learn. In the 1920’s, 30’s and 40’s local farmers planted a great deal of oats as feed for various livestock. It was a product that had a requirement for a special processing technique or machine called a separator. The larger grain separators were called “threshing machines” designed to remove the oat kernels off the plant and without the pesky husks. The machines were very large and expensive. They were powered in the early years by large steam engines utilizing a large drive belt from the tractor to the machine.
Did You Know? One of the more popular threshing machines was made in Des Moines by Wood Brothers Machine Company located on the NE part of Des Moines. The facility is long gone but the heritage of the company lives on in threshing and living history events around the country.
It was essential to have one of these machines to harvest the large number of acres of oats. One farmer could not afford to own or run the machine. It took a large number of farmers to run the machine and bring in the harvest. Every farmer had their job – one ran the steam engine, one ran the blower that made the straw stack, one coordinated the threshing machine and others did the work of bringing in the oat shocks and other delivered the harvested oats to the granary. The full process repeated on several days at each farm was called the “Threshing Ring”. It is a story of cooperation and coordination.
The threshing machine was moved from one farm to the next as the crops were harvested. A move would often take a full day to get completed and set up. There were often six to ten or more farms involved. The cost of the machine was shared. This process was both dawn to dusk work and a social event with large group meals and at times even some evening entertainment. Common to all evening meals was a wash tub filled with ice, beverages and maybe even a beer or two.
Now – what does this threshing ring have to do with Keep Iowa Beautiful? Those groups of farmers, children and wives symbolized the concept of working together as a “community” to get things done. They were empowered by the early American “get it done” attitude along with a pooling of time, effort and money. They did not ask government or others to do this for them, it was their job! It was community spirit that, often tied to the local country school, brought this rural set of people together for a common cause.
This process reflects what many communities need today. Communities need one person to motivate and organize (like the threshing machine owner / manager) citizens to make improvements in their community. They need a “can do” attitude and a common cause to work together. Like the community garden of today there are numerous projects requiring the threshing ring concept.
No, I don’t think we will bring back the threshing ring, but I know that many communities use that concept and hopefully many more of Iowa’s communities will use the principles in various efforts to enhance their neighborhoods and communities. There are a number of threshing festivals later in July and early August where the threshing process is re-enacted.
In some ways, we may already have today’s equivalent of the threshing ring in “community or school gardens” where large numbers of people work together to produce garden products. Bringing back the spirit of community is an objective of value to all of us. | 813 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Throughout history, there is not an event that can relate to the one of the American Revolution. This revolution that took place in the Americas had many events that led to this revolution for the colonies. The events that slowly crept up to the much-needed revolution was in the period from 1750 to 1776. During this time, the struggling American colonies that were under control by the English and its parliament were dealing with different situations politically, socially and economically that led them to seek for their independence.
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This independence could not have been achieved if it was not for the colonies seek for identity and to be known as Americans by unity by the eve of the revolution. Governments are supposed to guide a nation or settlers to hold a moral and virtuous community. Before any citizen can be called an American or any type of identification, there must be a government that made them what they are. Before the republic, the British Parliament controlled the colonies. England had settled in America to what was known as New England and spread their ideas to the colonies.
The native colonies were under control of the parliament because they had never received a true form of government. They most likely did not perceive any sort of knowledge about a government so they wanted to adapt their ideas. With their gratification of a government, they did not know what they were getting into. It was said that the monarchy of England, who at that time was James II in the late 1 7th century, was seen as a corrupt ruler and a parliament was needed to oppress the monarch.
With the English Bill of Rights, it was certain that the parliament would bring new popes for England because parliament would pass laws and secure the rights of the citizens. In reality, when the colonies did not receive this type of protection, they were not able to find their identity with all the political problems that are always proliferating. Politics throughout the world have many problems and nothing can change it. The colonies knew that a sense of unity was needed to overcome the parliament and their doings so they can find their identity in society. Documents B, D) The road to revolution for the American colonies was very intricate because hey needed to overcome obstacles that would either bring them away from accomplishing a revolution or hurt them with deplorable outcomes. To overcome many obstacles that lay ahead, the colonies needed to work together so neither colony will suffer by them self, only to suffer as a whole. A man named Benjamin Franklin of Boston portrayed in the Pennsylvania Gazette of various pieces to a snake and it stated, “Join or Die. This referred to the various colonies that settled independently and why they needed to come together to form a united group so they can subdue the English reliant and England itself. Although this had failed, later on the colonies will unit because of a man named George Greenville, British Secretary of Treasury, enforced harsh policies for England’s debt. When the colonies united, they needed to form some sort of government that would guide them to success.
With all the different acts that were being passed such as the Stamp Act, which required a revenue from newspapers and other legal documents or the Quartering Act, which required citizens to house and feed British troops that were staying for war; were fought off due to the assembly f the first continental congress. This was a house of representatives from the colonies and they wanted to secure the rights and liberties for the people of the colonies and alleviate the new taxes being brought to the colonies.
These acts mainly affected Boston the most because it witnessed the Boston Massacre (1770), which was the attack on a Boston crowd by British troops because of their opposition to the parliament, and the Boston Tea Party (1773), which Bostonians had invaded a ship full of tea from the British East India Company and dispersed all the tea leaves into the water. Boston could not have survived without the unity of the colonies because they had to pay huge debt for lose of tea and probably for land reparations due to British invasion.
Many colonies contributed to Boston with their sympathy and goods that would try to heal the wound that they received from the redcoats. The united colonies worked together to find themselves as a whole that received their identity before the declaration of independence. (Documents A, G, C) The united colonies were headed to the eve of the American Revolution and troops were getting ready for war. This was the first time were the united colonists fought along side for the same goal, which was for independence for the colonies.
Troops were led to fight against the British to stop the parliament from exposing corruption into the eyes of the citizens and to gain back their liberties. The variety of settlers that settled in the land of America had many disagreements before uniting due to land, resources and money. An example of this would be Indian tribes fighting for land with New England. Eventually, this would not be important to either side because they would unite depicting of Benjamin Gazette article.
When uniting, this would create social equality due to various ethnics such as the Dutch, French, Spanish and English, and the identity as Americans. As Americans, they sought for their freedom, their liberties, their proprieties, a government, and the most important idea of the revolution, independence. These Americans officially recognized their selves for the unity that they acquired that helped them stand strong as they reached the climax to the revolution. (Documents H, E)
As the colonies arrived to the eve of the American Revolution, there are many ideas that a community can learn to find their place in the world. The English parliament had kept the original colonies under control, which create a lot Of problems for them. The proliferation of revenues and taxes brought many problems such as taxes of stamps and sugar. These problems and along with others could not have been stopped without the colonies uniting as a whole and finding their identity as American citizens. The Americans achieved they much needed revolution to start a new life with new independence. | <urn:uuid:31f4cafa-dcf6-4675-8833-d372ad76c5ed> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://benjaminbarber.org/american-history-24/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250593295.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118164132-20200118192132-00500.warc.gz | en | 0.986573 | 1,214 | 3.453125 | 3 | [
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0.2503262758255005... | 1 | Throughout history, there is not an event that can relate to the one of the American Revolution. This revolution that took place in the Americas had many events that led to this revolution for the colonies. The events that slowly crept up to the much-needed revolution was in the period from 1750 to 1776. During this time, the struggling American colonies that were under control by the English and its parliament were dealing with different situations politically, socially and economically that led them to seek for their independence.
Need Help with Your Essay?
Leave your essay topic in comments and get a free help
This independence could not have been achieved if it was not for the colonies seek for identity and to be known as Americans by unity by the eve of the revolution. Governments are supposed to guide a nation or settlers to hold a moral and virtuous community. Before any citizen can be called an American or any type of identification, there must be a government that made them what they are. Before the republic, the British Parliament controlled the colonies. England had settled in America to what was known as New England and spread their ideas to the colonies.
The native colonies were under control of the parliament because they had never received a true form of government. They most likely did not perceive any sort of knowledge about a government so they wanted to adapt their ideas. With their gratification of a government, they did not know what they were getting into. It was said that the monarchy of England, who at that time was James II in the late 1 7th century, was seen as a corrupt ruler and a parliament was needed to oppress the monarch.
With the English Bill of Rights, it was certain that the parliament would bring new popes for England because parliament would pass laws and secure the rights of the citizens. In reality, when the colonies did not receive this type of protection, they were not able to find their identity with all the political problems that are always proliferating. Politics throughout the world have many problems and nothing can change it. The colonies knew that a sense of unity was needed to overcome the parliament and their doings so they can find their identity in society. Documents B, D) The road to revolution for the American colonies was very intricate because hey needed to overcome obstacles that would either bring them away from accomplishing a revolution or hurt them with deplorable outcomes. To overcome many obstacles that lay ahead, the colonies needed to work together so neither colony will suffer by them self, only to suffer as a whole. A man named Benjamin Franklin of Boston portrayed in the Pennsylvania Gazette of various pieces to a snake and it stated, “Join or Die. This referred to the various colonies that settled independently and why they needed to come together to form a united group so they can subdue the English reliant and England itself. Although this had failed, later on the colonies will unit because of a man named George Greenville, British Secretary of Treasury, enforced harsh policies for England’s debt. When the colonies united, they needed to form some sort of government that would guide them to success.
With all the different acts that were being passed such as the Stamp Act, which required a revenue from newspapers and other legal documents or the Quartering Act, which required citizens to house and feed British troops that were staying for war; were fought off due to the assembly f the first continental congress. This was a house of representatives from the colonies and they wanted to secure the rights and liberties for the people of the colonies and alleviate the new taxes being brought to the colonies.
These acts mainly affected Boston the most because it witnessed the Boston Massacre (1770), which was the attack on a Boston crowd by British troops because of their opposition to the parliament, and the Boston Tea Party (1773), which Bostonians had invaded a ship full of tea from the British East India Company and dispersed all the tea leaves into the water. Boston could not have survived without the unity of the colonies because they had to pay huge debt for lose of tea and probably for land reparations due to British invasion.
Many colonies contributed to Boston with their sympathy and goods that would try to heal the wound that they received from the redcoats. The united colonies worked together to find themselves as a whole that received their identity before the declaration of independence. (Documents A, G, C) The united colonies were headed to the eve of the American Revolution and troops were getting ready for war. This was the first time were the united colonists fought along side for the same goal, which was for independence for the colonies.
Troops were led to fight against the British to stop the parliament from exposing corruption into the eyes of the citizens and to gain back their liberties. The variety of settlers that settled in the land of America had many disagreements before uniting due to land, resources and money. An example of this would be Indian tribes fighting for land with New England. Eventually, this would not be important to either side because they would unite depicting of Benjamin Gazette article.
When uniting, this would create social equality due to various ethnics such as the Dutch, French, Spanish and English, and the identity as Americans. As Americans, they sought for their freedom, their liberties, their proprieties, a government, and the most important idea of the revolution, independence. These Americans officially recognized their selves for the unity that they acquired that helped them stand strong as they reached the climax to the revolution. (Documents H, E)
As the colonies arrived to the eve of the American Revolution, there are many ideas that a community can learn to find their place in the world. The English parliament had kept the original colonies under control, which create a lot Of problems for them. The proliferation of revenues and taxes brought many problems such as taxes of stamps and sugar. These problems and along with others could not have been stopped without the colonies uniting as a whole and finding their identity as American citizens. The Americans achieved they much needed revolution to start a new life with new independence. | 1,216 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Martin Luther King Jr.
Martin Luther King Jr. is a symbol of social justice all over the United States. Everything King did started with his childhood. His parents taught him about how blacks were treated and why it shouldn’t be like that (“Martin Luther King Jr. – Biography”). They said that God made everyone equal but some people were just too ignorant to see it. From a young age King was exposed to the segregation and cruelness of the world he lived in. He knew that it wasn’t right and someone needed to stand up and stop it. Martin Luther King Jr.’s home life and childhood helped him achieve equality for both blacks and whites.
Dr. King was born on Tuesday, January 15, 1929 in Atlanta, Georgia. His parents are Reverend Martin Luther King Sr. and Alberta Williams King. He has an older sister, Willie Christine King, and a younger brother, Alfred Daniel Williams King. King was born into a financially secure middle-class family in a poor, black community. He was very privileged in the fact that he received better education than most people of his race (“Martin Luther King Jr. – Biography”). Martin Luther King Jr. always excelled in school. He attended segregated public school in Georgia until he was fifteen. He went to Morehouse college, the same place that his father and grandfather went, and graduated with a degree (Dyson). Later, he received his final doctorate in 1955 at Boston University (school which taught both blacks and whites).
Martin Luther King Jr.’s parents taught him to notice and respond to injustices. King yearned for everyone to have equal opportunities. The Kings were a very close family that did many things together. The children took piano lessons from their mother and excelled quite rapidly. The whole family was also interested in sports including: football and baseball. When King was very young, he started as a paperboy, and when he grew up he always dreamed of being a fireman and helping people (“Martin Luther King Jr. Childhood”). Martin Luther King Sr., was certain his son was going to be a pastor. Martin Jr.’s grandfather was a pastor at Ebenezer Baptist Church and when he died Martin’s father took over (“Martin Luther King Jr. – Biography”). It was expected that King would follow the line of pastors. Martin loved to tell others of God and His plan for the world and it was a perfect fit.
Martin Luther King Sr. was a very big influence on King’s life. He was a Baptist minister and was in charge of the children’s moral and religious education (“Martin Luther King Jr. Childhood”). To Dr. King, his father was a model of courage and compassion. King Sr. “had led a successful campaign to equalize the salaries of white and black teachers in Atlanta” (“Martin Luther King Jr.,” SparkNotes). He worked hard for the rights of people and taught his son to do it too. King Jr. knew from a young age that people didn’t have the same rights and he couldn’t understand why. He tried to understand it, but he couldn’t see how a man could despise another man so much just because of the color of his skin. King once said, “I look to a day when people will not be judged by the color of their skin, but by the content of their character” (“Martin Luther King Jr. Quotes”). He wanted people to see each other as being people. Not to be judged on their race, religion, gender, age or anything except their character and what they are willing to do to change things in the world. “Every man must decide whether he will walk in the light of creative altruism or in the darkness of destructive selfishness.” -Martin Luther King Jr. (“Martin Luther King Jr. Quotes”). He was very passionate and he wanted others to be, too.
King learned when he was very young how people were separated. He had many white friends before he started school, but when school started he was no longer allowed to play with them. The white parents did not want their sons playing with a black boy no matter how polite and kind he was. Another instance of racism Martin experienced was when he went to buy shoes with his father. The clerk told them that the blacks had to go to the back of the store. When Martin Sr. was told this he calmly left the store. King Jr. was confused why they had left and his parents told him that this was not respectful treatment and they didn’t need to stand for it. His mother said, “even though some people make you feel bad or angry, you should not show it. You are as good as anyone else” (“Martin Luther King Jr. Childhood”). King was beginning to understand the differences between the blacks and whites. As he grew older his mother told him about the history of slavery and segregation. With these lessons, Martin really started to get interested in discrimination and the views of other people.
Martin was always opening his mind up to what the world could be. Many say that he is an advocate of a color-blind society. King wanted people to focus more on character and attitude then the color of their skin. King said, “We must develop and maintain the capacity to forgive. He who is devoid of the power to forgive is devoid of the power to love. There is some good in the worst of us and some evil in the best of us. When we discover this, we are less prone to hate our enemies” (“Martin Luther King Jr. Quotes”). He believed race doesn’t depict the person, evil and hatred do. King knew that the only way our world will be a happy one, was if everyone was treated the same. “I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin, but by the content of their character” (“Martin Luther King, Jr. Quotes”). King knew that his dream was distant, but necessary and he had hoped that he could help get it started.
Martin Luther King Jr.’s home life and childhood helped him show others his vision of equality, justice, and selflessness. King was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee on August 28, 1963 by James Earl Ray for standing up in what he believed in. Martin once said, “A man who won’t die for something is not fit to live” (“Martin Luther King, Jr. Quotes”). King demonstrated this well by putting himself out there and showing everyone something new. He knew it was dangerous, but he did it anyway because he knew it was the right thing to do. King is still celebrated now for what he did so many years ago. He even has his own day, January 20th, so that everyone can know what he did. Martin Luther King Jr. was an excellent symbol of social justice. He was just what the world needed to get the civil rights movement going. Many people look up to him as their idol and really appreciate what he did for the world.
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Martin Luther King Jr. is a symbol of social justice all over the United States. Everything King did started with his childhood. His parents taught him about how blacks were treated and why it shouldn’t be like that (“Martin Luther King Jr. – Biography”). They said that God made everyone equal but some people were just too ignorant to see it. From a young age King was exposed to the segregation and cruelness of the world he lived in. He knew that it wasn’t right and someone needed to stand up and stop it. Martin Luther King Jr.’s home life and childhood helped him achieve equality for both blacks and whites.
Dr. King was born on Tuesday, January 15, 1929 in Atlanta, Georgia. His parents are Reverend Martin Luther King Sr. and Alberta Williams King. He has an older sister, Willie Christine King, and a younger brother, Alfred Daniel Williams King. King was born into a financially secure middle-class family in a poor, black community. He was very privileged in the fact that he received better education than most people of his race (“Martin Luther King Jr. – Biography”). Martin Luther King Jr. always excelled in school. He attended segregated public school in Georgia until he was fifteen. He went to Morehouse college, the same place that his father and grandfather went, and graduated with a degree (Dyson). Later, he received his final doctorate in 1955 at Boston University (school which taught both blacks and whites).
Martin Luther King Jr.’s parents taught him to notice and respond to injustices. King yearned for everyone to have equal opportunities. The Kings were a very close family that did many things together. The children took piano lessons from their mother and excelled quite rapidly. The whole family was also interested in sports including: football and baseball. When King was very young, he started as a paperboy, and when he grew up he always dreamed of being a fireman and helping people (“Martin Luther King Jr. Childhood”). Martin Luther King Sr., was certain his son was going to be a pastor. Martin Jr.’s grandfather was a pastor at Ebenezer Baptist Church and when he died Martin’s father took over (“Martin Luther King Jr. – Biography”). It was expected that King would follow the line of pastors. Martin loved to tell others of God and His plan for the world and it was a perfect fit.
Martin Luther King Sr. was a very big influence on King’s life. He was a Baptist minister and was in charge of the children’s moral and religious education (“Martin Luther King Jr. Childhood”). To Dr. King, his father was a model of courage and compassion. King Sr. “had led a successful campaign to equalize the salaries of white and black teachers in Atlanta” (“Martin Luther King Jr.,” SparkNotes). He worked hard for the rights of people and taught his son to do it too. King Jr. knew from a young age that people didn’t have the same rights and he couldn’t understand why. He tried to understand it, but he couldn’t see how a man could despise another man so much just because of the color of his skin. King once said, “I look to a day when people will not be judged by the color of their skin, but by the content of their character” (“Martin Luther King Jr. Quotes”). He wanted people to see each other as being people. Not to be judged on their race, religion, gender, age or anything except their character and what they are willing to do to change things in the world. “Every man must decide whether he will walk in the light of creative altruism or in the darkness of destructive selfishness.” -Martin Luther King Jr. (“Martin Luther King Jr. Quotes”). He was very passionate and he wanted others to be, too.
King learned when he was very young how people were separated. He had many white friends before he started school, but when school started he was no longer allowed to play with them. The white parents did not want their sons playing with a black boy no matter how polite and kind he was. Another instance of racism Martin experienced was when he went to buy shoes with his father. The clerk told them that the blacks had to go to the back of the store. When Martin Sr. was told this he calmly left the store. King Jr. was confused why they had left and his parents told him that this was not respectful treatment and they didn’t need to stand for it. His mother said, “even though some people make you feel bad or angry, you should not show it. You are as good as anyone else” (“Martin Luther King Jr. Childhood”). King was beginning to understand the differences between the blacks and whites. As he grew older his mother told him about the history of slavery and segregation. With these lessons, Martin really started to get interested in discrimination and the views of other people.
Martin was always opening his mind up to what the world could be. Many say that he is an advocate of a color-blind society. King wanted people to focus more on character and attitude then the color of their skin. King said, “We must develop and maintain the capacity to forgive. He who is devoid of the power to forgive is devoid of the power to love. There is some good in the worst of us and some evil in the best of us. When we discover this, we are less prone to hate our enemies” (“Martin Luther King Jr. Quotes”). He believed race doesn’t depict the person, evil and hatred do. King knew that the only way our world will be a happy one, was if everyone was treated the same. “I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin, but by the content of their character” (“Martin Luther King, Jr. Quotes”). King knew that his dream was distant, but necessary and he had hoped that he could help get it started.
Martin Luther King Jr.’s home life and childhood helped him show others his vision of equality, justice, and selflessness. King was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee on August 28, 1963 by James Earl Ray for standing up in what he believed in. Martin once said, “A man who won’t die for something is not fit to live” (“Martin Luther King, Jr. Quotes”). King demonstrated this well by putting himself out there and showing everyone something new. He knew it was dangerous, but he did it anyway because he knew it was the right thing to do. King is still celebrated now for what he did so many years ago. He even has his own day, January 20th, so that everyone can know what he did. Martin Luther King Jr. was an excellent symbol of social justice. He was just what the world needed to get the civil rights movement going. Many people look up to him as their idol and really appreciate what he did for the world.
Martin Luther King Jr. | 1,436 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Martin Luther King, Jr.
Martin Luther King, Jr. was one of the leading men involved in the civil rights movement. He was a Baptist Minister and most well-known for following Mahatma Gandhi’s belief of non-violent protest. King was involved in many of the social and political activist movements from the mid 1950’s until the day he was assassinated in 1968.
King was born in Atlanta, Georgia and was from a family that had its roots in the country areas of Georgia; and his father and father-in-law had been ministers in the local church. He and his father adopted the name of ‘Martin Luther’ to honor the German protestor that established the Protestant religion. King’s family environment discouraged any prejudice based on race, religion or economic situation. These lessons would be the founding base for King’s beliefs for the rest of his life.
By 1948, King attended Moorehouse College and then Crozer Theological Seminary in Chester, Pennsylvania. He was considered to be a good student, but rebelled against what he thought was the more conservative religious attitude of his father. A friend of his father, theologian Reinhold Niebbuhr, became the single individual that had the most influence over King’s growing spiritual and intellectual development. King was accepted by a number of colleges and universities for his doctoral study which included Yale and Scotland’s Edinburgh; he chose to go to Boston University. He graduated when he was 25 years old and became pastor of a Montgomery, Alabama church.
December 1, 1955 was the date that Rosa Parks, a Black American woman, refused to give up her seat to a white person and was arrested. The segregation and prejudice of the time was bad and the local chapter of the NAACP met with King and other community members to arrange a boycott of the bus system. King was elected to speak to the community and this speech started his career on the road to the many protests against unfair situations.
The success of King’s reception and his ability to speak to the people led him and others to form the Southern Christian Leadership Conference. Their purpose was to address unfair practices for the Black American community and other race-related topics. He traveled all over the country preaching reform and especially non-violent protest.
Dr. King encouraged and participated all types of non-violent protest efforts including ‘sit-ins’ at lunch rooms where the black and whites were separated. Returning to Atlanta, he took over his father’s church, and continued to support civil rights.
He was arrested in 1960 when he and 75 other Black Americans entered a department store and requested service at the lunch counter and were denied due to their race. They continued to sit until the time they were arrested. The story was brought to the attention of the then candidate for President, John F. Kennedy, who called King’s wife and expressed concern for the treatment.
In 1963 King organized a demonstration in Birmingham, Alabama. Police turned fire hoses on the demonstrators and the attention for mistreatment became nationwide. King was arrested along with a number of other people and it was from his jail cell that he announced the nonviolent way to achieve success:
“Nonviolent direct action seeks to create such a crisis and foster such a tension that a community, which has constantly refused to negotiate, is forced to confront the issue.”
King worked with others to organize a massive 1963 demonstration to Washington, D.C. Over 200,000 people showed up and it was there, at the podium, that Dr. King gave his famous “I have a dream” speech. Tensions were mounting in cities and towns across the country and it became obvious that change in discrimination had to occur. Dr. King’s actions helped the passage of the 1964 Civil Rights Act and Dr. King received the Nobel Peace Prize.
While Dr. King always asked for nonviolence and peaceful protest, violence broke out in Selma, Alabama during Civil Rights march. This horrible situation became known as “Bloody Sunday” and while Dr. King wasn’t there, the nation watched as police turned violent against the demonstrators. By the time a third march was planned, Dr. King knew they couldn’t violate the restraining order that had been set in place, so instead, white and black demonstrators marched to the Pettus Bridge where the barricades had been set in place and everyone kneeled in prayer. They then turned and walked away.
His point had been made at the bridge, without violence, but some of the less patient younger supporters began to shy away from these kinds of tactics. Dr. King made the decision to extend the protests to include the Vietnam War. The unpopular and politically motivated war was taking American lives and many across the country was in opposition to it. He added additional positions to address the poor and unemployed.
In 1968, Dr. King was frustrated with the slow movement of civil rights and equality and was attempting to broaden the range of programs that he wanted to address in the hope that it would attract leaders that would take action. On April 3rd, while standing on a balcony in Memphis, Tennessee, he was killed by a sniper bullet from a former convict and one that was discontented with the message that Dr. King was sending. | <urn:uuid:e3091df8-266f-4c81-9b78-7fdfb6882bd7> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.historyforkids.net/martin-luther-king.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250607596.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122221541-20200123010541-00170.warc.gz | en | 0.989084 | 1,088 | 3.625 | 4 | [
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-0.10870216041803... | 1 | Martin Luther King, Jr.
Martin Luther King, Jr. was one of the leading men involved in the civil rights movement. He was a Baptist Minister and most well-known for following Mahatma Gandhi’s belief of non-violent protest. King was involved in many of the social and political activist movements from the mid 1950’s until the day he was assassinated in 1968.
King was born in Atlanta, Georgia and was from a family that had its roots in the country areas of Georgia; and his father and father-in-law had been ministers in the local church. He and his father adopted the name of ‘Martin Luther’ to honor the German protestor that established the Protestant religion. King’s family environment discouraged any prejudice based on race, religion or economic situation. These lessons would be the founding base for King’s beliefs for the rest of his life.
By 1948, King attended Moorehouse College and then Crozer Theological Seminary in Chester, Pennsylvania. He was considered to be a good student, but rebelled against what he thought was the more conservative religious attitude of his father. A friend of his father, theologian Reinhold Niebbuhr, became the single individual that had the most influence over King’s growing spiritual and intellectual development. King was accepted by a number of colleges and universities for his doctoral study which included Yale and Scotland’s Edinburgh; he chose to go to Boston University. He graduated when he was 25 years old and became pastor of a Montgomery, Alabama church.
December 1, 1955 was the date that Rosa Parks, a Black American woman, refused to give up her seat to a white person and was arrested. The segregation and prejudice of the time was bad and the local chapter of the NAACP met with King and other community members to arrange a boycott of the bus system. King was elected to speak to the community and this speech started his career on the road to the many protests against unfair situations.
The success of King’s reception and his ability to speak to the people led him and others to form the Southern Christian Leadership Conference. Their purpose was to address unfair practices for the Black American community and other race-related topics. He traveled all over the country preaching reform and especially non-violent protest.
Dr. King encouraged and participated all types of non-violent protest efforts including ‘sit-ins’ at lunch rooms where the black and whites were separated. Returning to Atlanta, he took over his father’s church, and continued to support civil rights.
He was arrested in 1960 when he and 75 other Black Americans entered a department store and requested service at the lunch counter and were denied due to their race. They continued to sit until the time they were arrested. The story was brought to the attention of the then candidate for President, John F. Kennedy, who called King’s wife and expressed concern for the treatment.
In 1963 King organized a demonstration in Birmingham, Alabama. Police turned fire hoses on the demonstrators and the attention for mistreatment became nationwide. King was arrested along with a number of other people and it was from his jail cell that he announced the nonviolent way to achieve success:
“Nonviolent direct action seeks to create such a crisis and foster such a tension that a community, which has constantly refused to negotiate, is forced to confront the issue.”
King worked with others to organize a massive 1963 demonstration to Washington, D.C. Over 200,000 people showed up and it was there, at the podium, that Dr. King gave his famous “I have a dream” speech. Tensions were mounting in cities and towns across the country and it became obvious that change in discrimination had to occur. Dr. King’s actions helped the passage of the 1964 Civil Rights Act and Dr. King received the Nobel Peace Prize.
While Dr. King always asked for nonviolence and peaceful protest, violence broke out in Selma, Alabama during Civil Rights march. This horrible situation became known as “Bloody Sunday” and while Dr. King wasn’t there, the nation watched as police turned violent against the demonstrators. By the time a third march was planned, Dr. King knew they couldn’t violate the restraining order that had been set in place, so instead, white and black demonstrators marched to the Pettus Bridge where the barricades had been set in place and everyone kneeled in prayer. They then turned and walked away.
His point had been made at the bridge, without violence, but some of the less patient younger supporters began to shy away from these kinds of tactics. Dr. King made the decision to extend the protests to include the Vietnam War. The unpopular and politically motivated war was taking American lives and many across the country was in opposition to it. He added additional positions to address the poor and unemployed.
In 1968, Dr. King was frustrated with the slow movement of civil rights and equality and was attempting to broaden the range of programs that he wanted to address in the hope that it would attract leaders that would take action. On April 3rd, while standing on a balcony in Memphis, Tennessee, he was killed by a sniper bullet from a former convict and one that was discontented with the message that Dr. King was sending. | 1,083 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Each person must find courage to win their own battle for maturity in the red badge of courage by st
In fact, he does this by looking back at his earlier thoughts of battle and fleeing. They are happy to see him return. His actions in battle were done without thought, consideration, or care.
He is doing enough battle with his own head; he does not want to fight the words and emotions of others when they find his secret. Chapter 9 Analysis: The beginning of this chapter stands out because of its specific reference to a "red badge of courage.
He will find out in the next chapter. However, this is not always the case, for Henry demonstrates that a soldier might still focus on his individual response to the war and split from the body. Anticipation is building once again, but it is different from the previous day.
Their view is from afar.
Courage in the red badge of courage
The lieutenant cuts him off, angry at all the words being uttered. The haze and gray colors represent the unknown of battle. Chapter 23 Analysis: The regiment is facing their final test of this book. However, his actions are not of exceptional bravery. He dreams of speaking, but when the time comes to put his thoughts into action and ridicule Wilson, he cannot. His face turns gray as he tells Henry that he fears being trampled to death by the speeding artillery carts. This does show, however, that Henry's perception of the outside world and his place in it is changing. Here he expresses his disappointment that the superior officer who identified his regiment as expendable seemed to be right; he is upset that his fellow soldiers have not performed the way he wanted them to and proven the officer wrong. Chapter 6 Analysis: As Henry become more and more aware after the battle, he and his fellow soldiers experience a reprieve.
It is Henry's superior observation and senses that lead him to flee the battle scene. Or, perhaps, they thought it would be too ironical to get killed at the portals of safety.
The red badge of courage analysis
The result is a network of rich detail and imagery. He assumes that he is above them all. In this context, this tattered man is full of words. Henry, so caught up in his own considerations, musings, and emotions, cannot think of a thing to say, even when asked direct questions. Henry deserts his regiment when he thinks they have lost, and ventures out on his own. It does not matter what exactly it is. Of course, we do not hear these from the officers themselves. The soldiers have come from a terrible battle and feel heroic and manly.
Wounds are not just outward marks; they have consequences on the body. They believe that the battle is over; their trials have passed. On their last advance, they have gotten close enough to the enemy to see features of their faces.
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In fact, he does this by looking back at his earlier thoughts of battle and fleeing. They are happy to see him return. His actions in battle were done without thought, consideration, or care.
He is doing enough battle with his own head; he does not want to fight the words and emotions of others when they find his secret. Chapter 9 Analysis: The beginning of this chapter stands out because of its specific reference to a "red badge of courage.
He will find out in the next chapter. However, this is not always the case, for Henry demonstrates that a soldier might still focus on his individual response to the war and split from the body. Anticipation is building once again, but it is different from the previous day.
Their view is from afar.
Courage in the red badge of courage
The lieutenant cuts him off, angry at all the words being uttered. The haze and gray colors represent the unknown of battle. Chapter 23 Analysis: The regiment is facing their final test of this book. However, his actions are not of exceptional bravery. He dreams of speaking, but when the time comes to put his thoughts into action and ridicule Wilson, he cannot. His face turns gray as he tells Henry that he fears being trampled to death by the speeding artillery carts. This does show, however, that Henry's perception of the outside world and his place in it is changing. Here he expresses his disappointment that the superior officer who identified his regiment as expendable seemed to be right; he is upset that his fellow soldiers have not performed the way he wanted them to and proven the officer wrong. Chapter 6 Analysis: As Henry become more and more aware after the battle, he and his fellow soldiers experience a reprieve.
It is Henry's superior observation and senses that lead him to flee the battle scene. Or, perhaps, they thought it would be too ironical to get killed at the portals of safety.
The red badge of courage analysis
The result is a network of rich detail and imagery. He assumes that he is above them all. In this context, this tattered man is full of words. Henry, so caught up in his own considerations, musings, and emotions, cannot think of a thing to say, even when asked direct questions. Henry deserts his regiment when he thinks they have lost, and ventures out on his own. It does not matter what exactly it is. Of course, we do not hear these from the officers themselves. The soldiers have come from a terrible battle and feel heroic and manly.
Wounds are not just outward marks; they have consequences on the body. They believe that the battle is over; their trials have passed. On their last advance, they have gotten close enough to the enemy to see features of their faces.
based on 32 review | 591 | ENGLISH | 1 |
With the advent of World War II, the commonwealth of Massachusetts established a Massachusetts Women’s Defense Corps in May of 1941, under a Massachusetts Committee on Public Safety. The MWDC worked closely with the Massachusetts State Guard, the U.S. Army, state agencies and local communities. Its function was to assist in training women volunteers in five areas: medical, transportation, communications, canteen, and air raid precautions.
From a start as a Women’s Civilian Defense School in Boston, the organization had quickly grown to having more than one hundred auxiliary defense schools by the end of 1941. Maynard was one. The Maynard Historical Society notes that in November 1941, Maynard women of the MWDC Motor Corps received diplomas from their instructor, Mrs. Frank Sheridan. The following March, the women conducted a drill involving a convoy of 12 cars. The women drove to a rendezvous site in Clinton, where their final test was a tire change. Mrs. Louis Boeske was complimented for her speed at this skill. She replied that she had spent many years in and around cars with her husband.
Later during the war, the various states’ organizations were superseded by federal government action. The Women’s Army Corps was made active duty status on July 1, 1943. The idea behind WAC was that women serving in noncombat roles would free up men for combat assignments, essential because the Army was running out of men to draft. WACs initially served as switchboard operators, clerk/typists, mechanics and in food preparation. In time, other classifications were added, such as transportation, postal clerk and armory staff. WAVES (Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service) were the Navy equivalent, SPARS for the Coast Guard, WASP (Women Airforce Service Pilots) flying planes, and Marine Corps Women’s Reserve. The previously existing Army Nurse Corps dating to 1901, expanded to 60,000 women during World War II. All totaled, more than 300,000 women served in the armed forces during World War II. Per the plaques in Memorial Park, this included more than two dozen women from Maynard.
All was not champagne and roses for the women who volunteered for military duty. There was serious backlash. Men in service who had a safe, stateside or behind the lines job did not want to be sent to combat. Mothers, wives and girlfriends did not want their men being sent to combat. Priests and ministers sermonized against women joining the military. There was a slander campaign — much of it initiated by men in uniform — that women who were enrolling were prostitutes, or that they were sexually promiscuous, becoming pregnant, spreading venereal diseases... Part of the motivation was a fear that if their wives, fiancés or girlfriends joined the army, they would be far from home and in the company of other men.
In Massachusetts, soldiers in the Fort Devens area were credited by investigators with originating the rumor that “fantastic” numbers of pregnant women had been sent back to Lovell General Hospital from North Africa. Agents descended on that hospital’s records “without prearrangement” and reported, “No record of an overseas pregnancy was found.” Another Fort Devens’ rumor was that the venereal disease rate was skyrocketing. Also not true. A third rumor was that women in uniform were officially advised to utilize prophylactics, or even issued same. Agents interviewed hundreds of women and were unable to find even one who had ever been so instructed.
Locally, whether women were in the Massachusetts Women’s Defense Corps or not, enrolled in WAC or not, all were deeply affected by the war. Rationing included gasoline for cars (3 gallons per week), also fuel oil for houses, sugar and coffee (1 pound per adult every five weeks). Meat, butter and canned goods were in short supply. All new car manufacture ceased February 1942, to not be resumed until the war was over. A national speed limit of 35 miles per hour was imposed to save fuel. All forms of rationing ended in the United States in August 1945. In stark comparison, rationing of many good and foods continued in the United Kingdom until the summer of 1954. George Orwell’s famous novel “1984” was completed in 1948; the title stemming from an inversion of the last two numbers of the year. Food rationing was present in Orwell’s real life and in his novel.
— Mark’s parents met during the war, at the Brooklyn Navy Yard, where his mother was a clerk and his father a bicycle messenger. | <urn:uuid:e6cc8eae-aac1-4d48-a2d5-5595c807ef0f> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://bolton.wickedlocal.com/news/20190801/life-outdoors-wwii---women-at-war | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250593937.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118193018-20200118221018-00509.warc.gz | en | 0.985097 | 967 | 3.375 | 3 | [
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0.2001260966... | 1 | With the advent of World War II, the commonwealth of Massachusetts established a Massachusetts Women’s Defense Corps in May of 1941, under a Massachusetts Committee on Public Safety. The MWDC worked closely with the Massachusetts State Guard, the U.S. Army, state agencies and local communities. Its function was to assist in training women volunteers in five areas: medical, transportation, communications, canteen, and air raid precautions.
From a start as a Women’s Civilian Defense School in Boston, the organization had quickly grown to having more than one hundred auxiliary defense schools by the end of 1941. Maynard was one. The Maynard Historical Society notes that in November 1941, Maynard women of the MWDC Motor Corps received diplomas from their instructor, Mrs. Frank Sheridan. The following March, the women conducted a drill involving a convoy of 12 cars. The women drove to a rendezvous site in Clinton, where their final test was a tire change. Mrs. Louis Boeske was complimented for her speed at this skill. She replied that she had spent many years in and around cars with her husband.
Later during the war, the various states’ organizations were superseded by federal government action. The Women’s Army Corps was made active duty status on July 1, 1943. The idea behind WAC was that women serving in noncombat roles would free up men for combat assignments, essential because the Army was running out of men to draft. WACs initially served as switchboard operators, clerk/typists, mechanics and in food preparation. In time, other classifications were added, such as transportation, postal clerk and armory staff. WAVES (Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service) were the Navy equivalent, SPARS for the Coast Guard, WASP (Women Airforce Service Pilots) flying planes, and Marine Corps Women’s Reserve. The previously existing Army Nurse Corps dating to 1901, expanded to 60,000 women during World War II. All totaled, more than 300,000 women served in the armed forces during World War II. Per the plaques in Memorial Park, this included more than two dozen women from Maynard.
All was not champagne and roses for the women who volunteered for military duty. There was serious backlash. Men in service who had a safe, stateside or behind the lines job did not want to be sent to combat. Mothers, wives and girlfriends did not want their men being sent to combat. Priests and ministers sermonized against women joining the military. There was a slander campaign — much of it initiated by men in uniform — that women who were enrolling were prostitutes, or that they were sexually promiscuous, becoming pregnant, spreading venereal diseases... Part of the motivation was a fear that if their wives, fiancés or girlfriends joined the army, they would be far from home and in the company of other men.
In Massachusetts, soldiers in the Fort Devens area were credited by investigators with originating the rumor that “fantastic” numbers of pregnant women had been sent back to Lovell General Hospital from North Africa. Agents descended on that hospital’s records “without prearrangement” and reported, “No record of an overseas pregnancy was found.” Another Fort Devens’ rumor was that the venereal disease rate was skyrocketing. Also not true. A third rumor was that women in uniform were officially advised to utilize prophylactics, or even issued same. Agents interviewed hundreds of women and were unable to find even one who had ever been so instructed.
Locally, whether women were in the Massachusetts Women’s Defense Corps or not, enrolled in WAC or not, all were deeply affected by the war. Rationing included gasoline for cars (3 gallons per week), also fuel oil for houses, sugar and coffee (1 pound per adult every five weeks). Meat, butter and canned goods were in short supply. All new car manufacture ceased February 1942, to not be resumed until the war was over. A national speed limit of 35 miles per hour was imposed to save fuel. All forms of rationing ended in the United States in August 1945. In stark comparison, rationing of many good and foods continued in the United Kingdom until the summer of 1954. George Orwell’s famous novel “1984” was completed in 1948; the title stemming from an inversion of the last two numbers of the year. Food rationing was present in Orwell’s real life and in his novel.
— Mark’s parents met during the war, at the Brooklyn Navy Yard, where his mother was a clerk and his father a bicycle messenger. | 972 | ENGLISH | 1 |
The Battle of Jutland involved around 100,000 men from both the British and German navies. Four of these men in particular were crucial to the events that took place. It was German commander Admiral Reinhard Scheer who instigated the battle, with a clever strategy to draw out and destroy part of the British fleet. His vice admiral, Franz Hipper, spearheaded this daring scheme with his battlecruiser scouting group. British Vice Admiral Sir David Beatty led the British battlecruisers to meet the Germans, ahead of Admiral Sir John Jellicoe and the bulk of the British fleet. The decisions and actions that all of these men made during the Battle of Jutland ultimately contributed to its outcome.
Admiral Reinhard Scheer
Admiral Reinhard Scheer
Reinhard Scheer joined the Imperial German Navy in 1879. He was a dynamic, confident leader who brought optimism to his role in command of the German High Seas Fleet, which he gained control of in early 1916. After nearly two years of war, there had been no decisive battle between the two major naval rivals, Britain and Germany. Scheer was eager to change that and came up with a strategy to defeat the British. At the core of his plan was his intention to divide the numerically superior British fleet and destroy part of it – the Battlecruiser Fleet (BCF). The BCF was based at Rosyth, Scotland and was commanded by Vice Admiral Sir David Beatty.
Scheer sent a scouting force of German battlecruisers, led by Vice Admiral Franz Hipper, to lure Beatty's ships out into the North Sea. While the battlecruisers exchanged fire, the rest of the German fleet rapidly approached. Scheer hoped that Beatty's force could be destroyed before the rest of the British fleet arrived to support it. His plan almost worked. Beatty took the bait and met the Germans at Jutland, off the north coast of Denmark. But, as the remainder of the German fleet headed towards the battle, so too did Admiral Jellicoe's Grand Fleet. The British had cracked Germany's naval codes and knew what was planned. Scheersuddenly found himself faced with a full-strength Grand Fleet. His plan was rapidly unravelling, but he made some clever manoeuvres and avoided losing his entire fleet. The High Seas Fleet withdrew from the battle and returned to Germany. It had sustained some damage and lost 11 ships but had avoided being totally wiped out.
The Germans never again seriously challenged the British at sea for the remainder of the war. Scheer's gamble had failed and, in his report on the battle to Germany's leader Kaiser Wilhelm II, he urged a return to unrestricted submarine warfare. Although Scheer failed to achieve what he intended at Jutland, his career survived the battle. He became Chief of the Naval Staff in August 1918 but retired from the Imperial German Navy in December that year. Scheer died in 1928 and was buried at Weimar.
Vice Admiral Sir David Beatty
Vice Admiral Sir David Beatty
David Beatty was a charismatic and dashing leader. He joined the Royal Navy in 1884 and his confidence and abilities ensured he quickly rose up the ranks. He was appointed rear admiral at the comparatively young age of 38 and was a favourite of Winston Churchill, the First Lord of the Admiralty, who made him his Naval Secretary in 1911. Beatty became commander of the Battlecruiser Fleet (BCF) in 1914, leading it through the early engagements of the war at Heligoland Bight and the Dogger Bank.
On 30 May 1916, British naval intelligence warned that German Admiral Reinhard Scheer was planning an operation in the North Sea the following day. The British fleet, led by Admiral Sir John Jellicoe, was ordered to sea by the Admiralty. Beatty's force formed the vanguard and came into contact with the German battlecruisers, led by Vice Admiral Franz Hipper, at just before 4 pm on 31 May. Both sides opened fire, with mixed results. The British had more firepower but they suffered from poor visibility, while the Germans were more accurate in their firing. Beatty's battlecruisers sustained more direct hits than their German counterparts, leading him to exclaim, "There seems to be something wrong with our bloody ships today".
Two early losses were HMS Queen Mary and HMS Indefatigable, which were sunk at around 4 pm. Beatty's flagship, HMS Lion, also suffered extensive damage from frequent hits. When the German High Seas Fleet arrived in support of Hipper, Beatty realised he was outnumbered and ordered his force to turn away. The Germans pursued him and he led them straight into the path of Jellicoe and the entire British Grand Fleet. His battlecruisers now joined with the rest of the fleet as the battle continued to rage. They caused damage to several of Hipper's battlecruisers, including SMS Seydlitz and SMS Lützow. Beatty's role in the battle now came to a close and he took no real part in the night fighting that followed, as the Germans turned for home.
It was a frustrating encounter for Beatty, who never managed to gain an advantage over the Germans. His independent nature led to a difficult working relationship with his commander, Jellicoe, which caused problems at Jutland. Confusion, poor visibility and a lack of communication within the British fleet all contributed to the disappointing outcome of the battle. After Jutland, Jellicoe was given a non-operational role and Beatty stepped in to replace him in command of the Grand Fleet. In 1919, he became First Sea Lord, a position he held until 1927. After he retired, his health steadily declined and he died in London in 1936.
Admiral Sir John Jellicoe
Admiral Sir John Jellicoe
A quietly confident, unassuming man, Jellicoe joined the Royal Navy in 1872. His polite, studious nature and attention to detail ensured he steadily advanced through the naval promotion system and he was second in command of the Home Fleet as war approached. He was 54 years old when he was made commander of the Grand Fleet as war broke out in August 1914. He was reluctant to take up the post, however, and only did so after some intervention from the First Lord of the Admiralty, Winston Churchill. Jellicoe's cautious and considered style of leadership was the opposite of Beatty's dashing boldness. On 30 May 1916, he learned that the Germans were planning something in the North Sea and ordered the fleet out of its bases. Initially, Jellicoe did not rush to meet the German force, as he lacked specific information on its movements, strength and plans. This hampered his decision-making throughout the battle. Once Beatty reported contact with Hipper's ships in the early afternoon of 31 May, Jellicoe ordered his force to advance at full speed. As the battle between Beatty's and Hipper's battlecruisers intensified, Jellicoe – and the bulk of the Grand Fleet – rapidly approached. Beatty turned away and led the Germans straight towards Jellicoe's fleet, which was assembled in a line.
The British managed to 'cross the T' of Admiral Scheer's force. This was the naval term for a manoeuvre which essentially meant the British had a firing advantage over the Germans. Scheer now decided to turn away and the German fleet managed to escape the British guns. Jellicoe ordered the British to bear south and soon came into contact with the Germans, again managing to 'cross the T'. But Scheer evaded the British once more and the German fleet disappeared into the mist, firing off torpedoes at its pursuers. Jellicoe followed his pre-battle plans for such a situation and turned away to avoid the torpedoes. By the time he could turn back and pursue the Germans, they had effectively escaped. As night fell, there were some small clashes that lasted through into the next morning. By then, the opportunity to inflict any real damage on the High Seas Fleet had been lost and Jellicoe was unwilling to engage in serious night fighting. In the confusion and darkness, the German fleet managed to get away.
Jellicoe has been criticised for the outcome of the Battle of Jutland. It was felt that he was too cautious in his dealing with the Germans and should have taken a more aggressive approach. His defenders, however, note the significant risk of losing the fleet – a vital aspect of Britain's wartime defence – as explanation for his calculated restraint. Churchill too understood the magnitude of Jellicoe’s responsibility, describing him as "the only man on either side who could lose the war in an afternoon". In November 1916, Jellicoe was appointed First Sea Lord and never again took part in operations at sea. He died in 1935 and was buried at St Paul's Cathedral.
Vice Admiral Franz Hipper
Vice Admiral Franz Hipper
Franz Hipper joined the Imperial German Navy in 1881. After holding several commands and serving around the world, he was put in charge of all German scouting forces in 1913. Vice Admiral Hipper was an excellent tactician, who commanded effectively during the Battle of the Dogger Bank in 1914. As commander of the I Scouting Group of battlecruisers, Hipper played a key role in putting Admiral Scheer's plan into effect at Jutland. Not long after 2pm on 31 May, Hipper and Beatty's battlecruiser forces made contact with each other.
Hipper turned south, hoping to draw the British towards the rest of the German fleet. It worked, and Beatty followed him. The two opposing battlecruiser forces soon opened fire on each other. Hipper's ships scored several early hits on the British, destroying HMS Queen Maryand HMS Indefatigable. The gunners on Hipper's battlecruisers had the advantage. The British ships were clearly visible against the skyline, whilst the Germans were less distinct targets. The Germans were able to capitalise on this, and achieved a better accuracy and range of fire during the fight between the battlecruisers.
When Scheer approached with the High Seas Fleet, Beatty turned away and headed north. The Germans followed and soon met the British Grand Fleet. A fierce battlecruiser encounter took place between the German ships SMS Lützow and SMS Derfflinger and Britain's HMS Invincible. Invincible exploded and all but 6 of her crew of 1,000 were lost. At one stage in the battle, Hipper had to transfer to a new flagship, SMS Moltke, as his had sustained too much damage and eventually sank. Under increasing pressure from the Grand Fleet, as night fell the Germans disengaged and turned for home. Hipper's force sustained some damage in the night fighting that occurred as the High Seas Fleet desperately tried to get home intact. Despite this, he and his remaining battlecruisers managed to return to their bases in Germany. Hipper's role at Jutland was judged to have been carried out well, as his battlecruisers decisively won the initial clash with Beatty's force. In August 1918, Hipper took over from Scheer in control of the High Seas Fleet. He retired from the Imperial German Navy a few months later. He died in 1932. | <urn:uuid:039b1c17-f9e5-4cbf-938f-bfa9b1b338d3> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/who-were-the-key-personalities-in-the-battle-of-jutland | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250606226.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121222429-20200122011429-00019.warc.gz | en | 0.985668 | 2,342 | 3.703125 | 4 | [
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0.289671689271... | 3 | The Battle of Jutland involved around 100,000 men from both the British and German navies. Four of these men in particular were crucial to the events that took place. It was German commander Admiral Reinhard Scheer who instigated the battle, with a clever strategy to draw out and destroy part of the British fleet. His vice admiral, Franz Hipper, spearheaded this daring scheme with his battlecruiser scouting group. British Vice Admiral Sir David Beatty led the British battlecruisers to meet the Germans, ahead of Admiral Sir John Jellicoe and the bulk of the British fleet. The decisions and actions that all of these men made during the Battle of Jutland ultimately contributed to its outcome.
Admiral Reinhard Scheer
Admiral Reinhard Scheer
Reinhard Scheer joined the Imperial German Navy in 1879. He was a dynamic, confident leader who brought optimism to his role in command of the German High Seas Fleet, which he gained control of in early 1916. After nearly two years of war, there had been no decisive battle between the two major naval rivals, Britain and Germany. Scheer was eager to change that and came up with a strategy to defeat the British. At the core of his plan was his intention to divide the numerically superior British fleet and destroy part of it – the Battlecruiser Fleet (BCF). The BCF was based at Rosyth, Scotland and was commanded by Vice Admiral Sir David Beatty.
Scheer sent a scouting force of German battlecruisers, led by Vice Admiral Franz Hipper, to lure Beatty's ships out into the North Sea. While the battlecruisers exchanged fire, the rest of the German fleet rapidly approached. Scheer hoped that Beatty's force could be destroyed before the rest of the British fleet arrived to support it. His plan almost worked. Beatty took the bait and met the Germans at Jutland, off the north coast of Denmark. But, as the remainder of the German fleet headed towards the battle, so too did Admiral Jellicoe's Grand Fleet. The British had cracked Germany's naval codes and knew what was planned. Scheersuddenly found himself faced with a full-strength Grand Fleet. His plan was rapidly unravelling, but he made some clever manoeuvres and avoided losing his entire fleet. The High Seas Fleet withdrew from the battle and returned to Germany. It had sustained some damage and lost 11 ships but had avoided being totally wiped out.
The Germans never again seriously challenged the British at sea for the remainder of the war. Scheer's gamble had failed and, in his report on the battle to Germany's leader Kaiser Wilhelm II, he urged a return to unrestricted submarine warfare. Although Scheer failed to achieve what he intended at Jutland, his career survived the battle. He became Chief of the Naval Staff in August 1918 but retired from the Imperial German Navy in December that year. Scheer died in 1928 and was buried at Weimar.
Vice Admiral Sir David Beatty
Vice Admiral Sir David Beatty
David Beatty was a charismatic and dashing leader. He joined the Royal Navy in 1884 and his confidence and abilities ensured he quickly rose up the ranks. He was appointed rear admiral at the comparatively young age of 38 and was a favourite of Winston Churchill, the First Lord of the Admiralty, who made him his Naval Secretary in 1911. Beatty became commander of the Battlecruiser Fleet (BCF) in 1914, leading it through the early engagements of the war at Heligoland Bight and the Dogger Bank.
On 30 May 1916, British naval intelligence warned that German Admiral Reinhard Scheer was planning an operation in the North Sea the following day. The British fleet, led by Admiral Sir John Jellicoe, was ordered to sea by the Admiralty. Beatty's force formed the vanguard and came into contact with the German battlecruisers, led by Vice Admiral Franz Hipper, at just before 4 pm on 31 May. Both sides opened fire, with mixed results. The British had more firepower but they suffered from poor visibility, while the Germans were more accurate in their firing. Beatty's battlecruisers sustained more direct hits than their German counterparts, leading him to exclaim, "There seems to be something wrong with our bloody ships today".
Two early losses were HMS Queen Mary and HMS Indefatigable, which were sunk at around 4 pm. Beatty's flagship, HMS Lion, also suffered extensive damage from frequent hits. When the German High Seas Fleet arrived in support of Hipper, Beatty realised he was outnumbered and ordered his force to turn away. The Germans pursued him and he led them straight into the path of Jellicoe and the entire British Grand Fleet. His battlecruisers now joined with the rest of the fleet as the battle continued to rage. They caused damage to several of Hipper's battlecruisers, including SMS Seydlitz and SMS Lützow. Beatty's role in the battle now came to a close and he took no real part in the night fighting that followed, as the Germans turned for home.
It was a frustrating encounter for Beatty, who never managed to gain an advantage over the Germans. His independent nature led to a difficult working relationship with his commander, Jellicoe, which caused problems at Jutland. Confusion, poor visibility and a lack of communication within the British fleet all contributed to the disappointing outcome of the battle. After Jutland, Jellicoe was given a non-operational role and Beatty stepped in to replace him in command of the Grand Fleet. In 1919, he became First Sea Lord, a position he held until 1927. After he retired, his health steadily declined and he died in London in 1936.
Admiral Sir John Jellicoe
Admiral Sir John Jellicoe
A quietly confident, unassuming man, Jellicoe joined the Royal Navy in 1872. His polite, studious nature and attention to detail ensured he steadily advanced through the naval promotion system and he was second in command of the Home Fleet as war approached. He was 54 years old when he was made commander of the Grand Fleet as war broke out in August 1914. He was reluctant to take up the post, however, and only did so after some intervention from the First Lord of the Admiralty, Winston Churchill. Jellicoe's cautious and considered style of leadership was the opposite of Beatty's dashing boldness. On 30 May 1916, he learned that the Germans were planning something in the North Sea and ordered the fleet out of its bases. Initially, Jellicoe did not rush to meet the German force, as he lacked specific information on its movements, strength and plans. This hampered his decision-making throughout the battle. Once Beatty reported contact with Hipper's ships in the early afternoon of 31 May, Jellicoe ordered his force to advance at full speed. As the battle between Beatty's and Hipper's battlecruisers intensified, Jellicoe – and the bulk of the Grand Fleet – rapidly approached. Beatty turned away and led the Germans straight towards Jellicoe's fleet, which was assembled in a line.
The British managed to 'cross the T' of Admiral Scheer's force. This was the naval term for a manoeuvre which essentially meant the British had a firing advantage over the Germans. Scheer now decided to turn away and the German fleet managed to escape the British guns. Jellicoe ordered the British to bear south and soon came into contact with the Germans, again managing to 'cross the T'. But Scheer evaded the British once more and the German fleet disappeared into the mist, firing off torpedoes at its pursuers. Jellicoe followed his pre-battle plans for such a situation and turned away to avoid the torpedoes. By the time he could turn back and pursue the Germans, they had effectively escaped. As night fell, there were some small clashes that lasted through into the next morning. By then, the opportunity to inflict any real damage on the High Seas Fleet had been lost and Jellicoe was unwilling to engage in serious night fighting. In the confusion and darkness, the German fleet managed to get away.
Jellicoe has been criticised for the outcome of the Battle of Jutland. It was felt that he was too cautious in his dealing with the Germans and should have taken a more aggressive approach. His defenders, however, note the significant risk of losing the fleet – a vital aspect of Britain's wartime defence – as explanation for his calculated restraint. Churchill too understood the magnitude of Jellicoe’s responsibility, describing him as "the only man on either side who could lose the war in an afternoon". In November 1916, Jellicoe was appointed First Sea Lord and never again took part in operations at sea. He died in 1935 and was buried at St Paul's Cathedral.
Vice Admiral Franz Hipper
Vice Admiral Franz Hipper
Franz Hipper joined the Imperial German Navy in 1881. After holding several commands and serving around the world, he was put in charge of all German scouting forces in 1913. Vice Admiral Hipper was an excellent tactician, who commanded effectively during the Battle of the Dogger Bank in 1914. As commander of the I Scouting Group of battlecruisers, Hipper played a key role in putting Admiral Scheer's plan into effect at Jutland. Not long after 2pm on 31 May, Hipper and Beatty's battlecruiser forces made contact with each other.
Hipper turned south, hoping to draw the British towards the rest of the German fleet. It worked, and Beatty followed him. The two opposing battlecruiser forces soon opened fire on each other. Hipper's ships scored several early hits on the British, destroying HMS Queen Maryand HMS Indefatigable. The gunners on Hipper's battlecruisers had the advantage. The British ships were clearly visible against the skyline, whilst the Germans were less distinct targets. The Germans were able to capitalise on this, and achieved a better accuracy and range of fire during the fight between the battlecruisers.
When Scheer approached with the High Seas Fleet, Beatty turned away and headed north. The Germans followed and soon met the British Grand Fleet. A fierce battlecruiser encounter took place between the German ships SMS Lützow and SMS Derfflinger and Britain's HMS Invincible. Invincible exploded and all but 6 of her crew of 1,000 were lost. At one stage in the battle, Hipper had to transfer to a new flagship, SMS Moltke, as his had sustained too much damage and eventually sank. Under increasing pressure from the Grand Fleet, as night fell the Germans disengaged and turned for home. Hipper's force sustained some damage in the night fighting that occurred as the High Seas Fleet desperately tried to get home intact. Despite this, he and his remaining battlecruisers managed to return to their bases in Germany. Hipper's role at Jutland was judged to have been carried out well, as his battlecruisers decisively won the initial clash with Beatty's force. In August 1918, Hipper took over from Scheer in control of the High Seas Fleet. He retired from the Imperial German Navy a few months later. He died in 1932. | 2,466 | ENGLISH | 1 |
World War I saw the birth of Selective Service
Following the U.S. declaration of war against Germany on April 6, 1917, it became apparent that a large army would have to be created almost from scratch. It was believed that the U.S. needed an army of 1 million men in order to make a significant contribution to the war effort (ultimately the U.S. forces reached a total of almost 4 million).
Despite the fact that many men enlisted, President Woodrow Wilson, Secretary of War Newton Baker, and Army Chief of Staff Hugh Scott all agreed that a draft would be necessary.
Recalling the anti-draft riots of the Civil War, the government tried to make it seem as though the draft was a local, voluntary effort rather than something forced upon the citizenry by the army.
The first step in this effort was to rename the draft and call it “Selective Service.” The implication was that although men were required to register, only those who were qualified would be ‘selected’ to serve; or as President Wilson put it, “It is in no sense a conscription of the unwilling; it is rather selection from a nation which has volunteered in mass.”
Throughout the country, local draft boards were established and June 5, 1917, was set as the day that all men ages 21 through 30 (inclusive) had to register for Selective Service. In late May, Sheriff Walter J. Dryden of Salisbury had a notice printed in the Wicomico News that gave the locations of all the county’s registration offices.
As each man registered he was given a card with a number it. The numbers began at 1 and increased with each additional registrant. In Wicomico County 2,250 men registered for selective service, 911 of whom were from Salisbury.
Rather than take their chances with the draft, 15 men enlisted in Company I, Salisbury’s National Guard unit. Sheriff Dryden was authorized to arrest any “slackers” who did not register, although most were allowed to register after June 5 if they could show that they were unaware of the requirement.
July 20, federal government officials gathered in the Senate office building to draw capsules containing numbers from a large glass bowl. The numbers determined which men would be called up in the first draft.
For almost 17 hours, blindfolded officials pulled capsules from the bowl until all 10,500 had been removed (10,500 was the largest number of registrants at a single registration office in the country). Each state was then given a quota for the number of men it had to provide. Maryland’s quota for the first call-up was 14,192 and Wicomico County’s share of this total was 204 men.
Examinations for the first quota of men were set to begin on Aug. 9, and the board examined 68 men each day for three days. In Wicomico County, the Exemption Board comprised Dr. George W. Todd, Mr. William T. Phoebus, and Sheriff Walter Dryden. There were only two reasons for which someone could request an exemption: physical disabilities and having dependents.
Of the 204 men examined, 60 were rejected as being physically unfit, and many of the others claimed exemption on the grounds of dependencies. The result was that only 37 men were accepted for service from this initial call-up. Before the war ended in November 1918 about 650 Wicomico men were drafted into the army.
Farmers complained about the drafting of farm workers as harvest time approached. To address this problem, Maryland’s Gov. Emerson Harrington proclaimed that all men between the ages of 18 and 50 who were not employed were required to register with the state.
These men would then be called upon to do work either for the state or for private agricultural or industrial businesses. Anyone not registering was to be arrested and put to work on the roads or farms.
Stephen Gehnrich is a professor of biology at Salisbury University, and has been a World War I buff for almost 30 years. Email him at firstname.lastname@example.org.
Related: 1917: Salisbury men prepare for war | <urn:uuid:123c6560-9702-4f6d-8f03-7c22e2a595d7> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.delmarvanow.com/story/opinion/readers/2017/10/15/world-war-i-selective-service/759734001/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250595787.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119234426-20200120022426-00287.warc.gz | en | 0.984064 | 870 | 3.84375 | 4 | [
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0.31085702776908875... | 1 | World War I saw the birth of Selective Service
Following the U.S. declaration of war against Germany on April 6, 1917, it became apparent that a large army would have to be created almost from scratch. It was believed that the U.S. needed an army of 1 million men in order to make a significant contribution to the war effort (ultimately the U.S. forces reached a total of almost 4 million).
Despite the fact that many men enlisted, President Woodrow Wilson, Secretary of War Newton Baker, and Army Chief of Staff Hugh Scott all agreed that a draft would be necessary.
Recalling the anti-draft riots of the Civil War, the government tried to make it seem as though the draft was a local, voluntary effort rather than something forced upon the citizenry by the army.
The first step in this effort was to rename the draft and call it “Selective Service.” The implication was that although men were required to register, only those who were qualified would be ‘selected’ to serve; or as President Wilson put it, “It is in no sense a conscription of the unwilling; it is rather selection from a nation which has volunteered in mass.”
Throughout the country, local draft boards were established and June 5, 1917, was set as the day that all men ages 21 through 30 (inclusive) had to register for Selective Service. In late May, Sheriff Walter J. Dryden of Salisbury had a notice printed in the Wicomico News that gave the locations of all the county’s registration offices.
As each man registered he was given a card with a number it. The numbers began at 1 and increased with each additional registrant. In Wicomico County 2,250 men registered for selective service, 911 of whom were from Salisbury.
Rather than take their chances with the draft, 15 men enlisted in Company I, Salisbury’s National Guard unit. Sheriff Dryden was authorized to arrest any “slackers” who did not register, although most were allowed to register after June 5 if they could show that they were unaware of the requirement.
July 20, federal government officials gathered in the Senate office building to draw capsules containing numbers from a large glass bowl. The numbers determined which men would be called up in the first draft.
For almost 17 hours, blindfolded officials pulled capsules from the bowl until all 10,500 had been removed (10,500 was the largest number of registrants at a single registration office in the country). Each state was then given a quota for the number of men it had to provide. Maryland’s quota for the first call-up was 14,192 and Wicomico County’s share of this total was 204 men.
Examinations for the first quota of men were set to begin on Aug. 9, and the board examined 68 men each day for three days. In Wicomico County, the Exemption Board comprised Dr. George W. Todd, Mr. William T. Phoebus, and Sheriff Walter Dryden. There were only two reasons for which someone could request an exemption: physical disabilities and having dependents.
Of the 204 men examined, 60 were rejected as being physically unfit, and many of the others claimed exemption on the grounds of dependencies. The result was that only 37 men were accepted for service from this initial call-up. Before the war ended in November 1918 about 650 Wicomico men were drafted into the army.
Farmers complained about the drafting of farm workers as harvest time approached. To address this problem, Maryland’s Gov. Emerson Harrington proclaimed that all men between the ages of 18 and 50 who were not employed were required to register with the state.
These men would then be called upon to do work either for the state or for private agricultural or industrial businesses. Anyone not registering was to be arrested and put to work on the roads or farms.
Stephen Gehnrich is a professor of biology at Salisbury University, and has been a World War I buff for almost 30 years. Email him at firstname.lastname@example.org.
Related: 1917: Salisbury men prepare for war | 892 | ENGLISH | 1 |
The battle was fought on October 8, 1862, between the Union Army of the Ohio, commanded by Maj. Gen. Don Carlos Buell, and the Confederate Army of Mississippi, commanded by Gen. Braxton Bragg. The battle was a tactical victory for the Confederates, but a strategic victory for the Union because Bragg withdrew his army from the Kentucky, which remained in Union hands for the remainder of the war.
Perryville's homes and farms were left in shambles by the battle. Henry P. Squire Bottom, a slave-owning Unionist on whose farm a significant portion of the battle was fought, suffered losses of pork, corn, hay, and wood to Union soldiers who remained in the area for weeks after the fighting. During the battle Bottom also had significant damage to his farm, including the loss of a substantial barn filled with hay that burned completely due to artillery fire from a Confederate battery. Other accounts note that nearly all residents of the area suffered some losses as well as having their homes and outbuildings used as field hospitals.
The main force of the Union army had buried most of their dead in long trenches before pursuing Bragg, but most of the Confederate dead were still unburied a week after the battle. Union soldiers finally forced local residents to help them lay the dead in shallow trenches carved in the dry soil. Two months later, 347 were reburied in a mass grave on Bottom's land. In 1886 a total of 435 Confederates were buried on Bottom's land; this land was chosen because their dead lay thickest on the eastern slope. Although Bottom claimed that about 100 were identified, the only remnants of the cemetery were a corner of a stone wall and one headstone—that of Samuel H. Ransom of the 1st Tennessee Infantry CSA.
An interpretive museum is located near the site where many Confederate soldiers killed in the Battle of Perryville were buried. Additionally, monuments, interpretive signage, and cannons mark notable events that occurred during the battle. | <urn:uuid:3ab3b9f7-41c5-452d-aa9b-5c87f501b195> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.theclio.com/entry/1155 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251788528.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129041149-20200129071149-00368.warc.gz | en | 0.986263 | 411 | 3.734375 | 4 | [
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0.44804549... | 1 | The battle was fought on October 8, 1862, between the Union Army of the Ohio, commanded by Maj. Gen. Don Carlos Buell, and the Confederate Army of Mississippi, commanded by Gen. Braxton Bragg. The battle was a tactical victory for the Confederates, but a strategic victory for the Union because Bragg withdrew his army from the Kentucky, which remained in Union hands for the remainder of the war.
Perryville's homes and farms were left in shambles by the battle. Henry P. Squire Bottom, a slave-owning Unionist on whose farm a significant portion of the battle was fought, suffered losses of pork, corn, hay, and wood to Union soldiers who remained in the area for weeks after the fighting. During the battle Bottom also had significant damage to his farm, including the loss of a substantial barn filled with hay that burned completely due to artillery fire from a Confederate battery. Other accounts note that nearly all residents of the area suffered some losses as well as having their homes and outbuildings used as field hospitals.
The main force of the Union army had buried most of their dead in long trenches before pursuing Bragg, but most of the Confederate dead were still unburied a week after the battle. Union soldiers finally forced local residents to help them lay the dead in shallow trenches carved in the dry soil. Two months later, 347 were reburied in a mass grave on Bottom's land. In 1886 a total of 435 Confederates were buried on Bottom's land; this land was chosen because their dead lay thickest on the eastern slope. Although Bottom claimed that about 100 were identified, the only remnants of the cemetery were a corner of a stone wall and one headstone—that of Samuel H. Ransom of the 1st Tennessee Infantry CSA.
An interpretive museum is located near the site where many Confederate soldiers killed in the Battle of Perryville were buried. Additionally, monuments, interpretive signage, and cannons mark notable events that occurred during the battle. | 425 | ENGLISH | 1 |
We all celebrate Fourth of July in our way, but there is a lot more to the holiday than what a lot of us know. There is a lot of superstitions around the holiday and the reason we celebrate.
The 4th of July is the day Americans celebrate the signing of the Declaration of Independence, the document that declares the United States independent of Great Britain and explains their reasons for so doing. However, that the Declaration of Independence was signed on the 4th July 1776 is a myth rather than a fact.
The truth is that a resolution declaring independence, which had been proposed by Richard Henry Lee earlier in June 1776, was passed on the 2nd July, 1776. Therefore, the 2nd of July 1776 is the date on which the United States legally cut itself off from Great Britain through a Resolution by the Continental Congress. The Declaration of Independence is, strictly speaking, the document in which the Continental Congress explained why the United States had declared itself independent.
Congress had appointed a Committee to be in charge of drafting the Declaration of Independence, and it was this Committee that in turn entrusted Thomas Jefferson with the mandate of preparing the Declaration. After Thomas Jefferson prepared the Declaration, two members of the Committee made some alterations to it. That the 2nd of July is the most significant day in American history is attested to by the fact that on the 3rd July 1776, John Adams wrote the following words to his wife:
“The second day of July, 1776, will be the most memorable epoch in the history of America. I am apt to believe that it will be celebrated by succeeding generations as the great anniversary festival. It ought to be commemorated as the day of deliverance, by solemn acts of devotion to God Almighty. It ought to be solemnized with pomp and parade, with shows, games, sports, guns, bells, bonfires, and illuminations, from one end of this continent to the other, from this time forward forever more.”
The Declaration of Independence was approved and adopted by Congress on the 4th July, 1776. Contrary to myth, it was not signed on the 4th July. The Declaration of Independence was signed by 56 members, including John Adams and Thomas Jefferson, both of whom later became Presidents of the United States. In a strange turn of events, both John Adams and Thomas Jefferson died on the 4th July of the same year, 1826. Most of the signers of the Declaration of Independence signed in on the 2nd August 1776, and some even later than that date.
“So what happened on the Glorious Fourth? The document justifying the act of Congress-you know it as Thomas Jefferson’s Declaration of Independence-was adopted on the fourth, as is indicated on the document itself, which is, one supposes, the cause for all the confusion. As one scholar has observed, what has happened is that the document announcing the event has overshadowed the event itself. “
According to research “(m)ost delegates signed the document on August 2, when a clean copy was finally produced by Timothy Matlack, assistant to the secretary of Congress. Several did not sign until later. And their names were not released to the public until later still, January 1777. The event was so uninspiring that nobody apparently bothered to write home about it. ..The truth about the signing was not finally established until 1884 when historian Mellon Chamberlain, researching the manuscript minutes of the journal of Congress, came upon the entry for August 2 noting a signing ceremony.”
Therefore, that the Declaration of Independence was signed on July 4th, 1776, and that Independence was declared on the 4th July are two great American myths.
Another July 4th superstition is that the Liberty Bell Rang on the 4th July. According to this superstition, ” a young boy with blonde hair and blue eyes was supposed to have been posted in the street next to Independence Hall to give a signal to an old man in the bell tower when independence was declared. It never happened. The story was made up out of whole cloth in the middle of the nineteenth century by writer George Lippard in a book intended for children. The book was aptly titled, Legends of the American Revolution.
There was no pretense that the story was genuine.” The Liberty Bell does exist in Philadelphia, but it has nothing to do with the Declaration of Independence. “If you visit the Liberty Bell in Philadelphia, encased in a multi-million dollar shrine… a tape recording made by the National Park Service leaves the impression that the bell indeed played a role in American independence. ..The guides are more forthcoming, though they do not expressly repudiate the old tradition unless directly asked a question about it.”
There is also a superstition that Betsy Ross sewed the First Flag. Her house is a few blocks from Liberty Bell. However, “there is no proof Betsy lived here, as the Joint State Government Commission of Pennsylvania concluded in a study in 1949… Every year the throngs still come to gawk.” The story is said to have been concocted by Betsy’s relatives. The truth is that no one knows who sewed the first flag, although it is known that it was designed by Frances Hopkins. Another great superstition about the 4th of July is that when John Adams died, he uttered the words “Jefferson survives”. The truth is that Jefferson died hours before John Adams.
In Chinese culture, there is a superstition that the number 4 symbolizes death. Because of the superstition, many Chinese high rise buildings do not have floors with the number 4. Superstitions, of course, are irrational believe, but one has to be amazed at some things that have happened on the 4th Of July. First, both Thomas Jefferson and John Adams died on the 4th of July. Yet another US president, died on the 4th July too, in 1831. Other 4th of July deaths include Pope Saint Leo 11 who died in 683, 380 people who died of a heat wave in 1911 in the North east of the US, and Barry White, a famous singer who died in 2003.
There is also a superstition that sipping hot tea and eating scones on the 4th of July is a bad omen. However, remember that sipping hot tea and eating scones is an English tradition. Isn’t it obvious why the practice should be discouraged on the 4th July? Americans might, as well, also want to avoid French Fries and French beans on 4th July. Not only are those foods European as their name suggests, one of them is also unhealthy! Finally, in North Carolina, there is a superstition that turnip seed should be planted on the 4th July.
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- Three Things Changing the Future of Entertainment Now - January 23, 2020 | <urn:uuid:a22a0297-11df-44ed-b304-52dfe9986d66> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://week99er.com/new/fourth-of-july-superstitions/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250616186.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124070934-20200124095934-00085.warc.gz | en | 0.983373 | 1,469 | 3.46875 | 3 | [
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0.08468086272478... | 1 | We all celebrate Fourth of July in our way, but there is a lot more to the holiday than what a lot of us know. There is a lot of superstitions around the holiday and the reason we celebrate.
The 4th of July is the day Americans celebrate the signing of the Declaration of Independence, the document that declares the United States independent of Great Britain and explains their reasons for so doing. However, that the Declaration of Independence was signed on the 4th July 1776 is a myth rather than a fact.
The truth is that a resolution declaring independence, which had been proposed by Richard Henry Lee earlier in June 1776, was passed on the 2nd July, 1776. Therefore, the 2nd of July 1776 is the date on which the United States legally cut itself off from Great Britain through a Resolution by the Continental Congress. The Declaration of Independence is, strictly speaking, the document in which the Continental Congress explained why the United States had declared itself independent.
Congress had appointed a Committee to be in charge of drafting the Declaration of Independence, and it was this Committee that in turn entrusted Thomas Jefferson with the mandate of preparing the Declaration. After Thomas Jefferson prepared the Declaration, two members of the Committee made some alterations to it. That the 2nd of July is the most significant day in American history is attested to by the fact that on the 3rd July 1776, John Adams wrote the following words to his wife:
“The second day of July, 1776, will be the most memorable epoch in the history of America. I am apt to believe that it will be celebrated by succeeding generations as the great anniversary festival. It ought to be commemorated as the day of deliverance, by solemn acts of devotion to God Almighty. It ought to be solemnized with pomp and parade, with shows, games, sports, guns, bells, bonfires, and illuminations, from one end of this continent to the other, from this time forward forever more.”
The Declaration of Independence was approved and adopted by Congress on the 4th July, 1776. Contrary to myth, it was not signed on the 4th July. The Declaration of Independence was signed by 56 members, including John Adams and Thomas Jefferson, both of whom later became Presidents of the United States. In a strange turn of events, both John Adams and Thomas Jefferson died on the 4th July of the same year, 1826. Most of the signers of the Declaration of Independence signed in on the 2nd August 1776, and some even later than that date.
“So what happened on the Glorious Fourth? The document justifying the act of Congress-you know it as Thomas Jefferson’s Declaration of Independence-was adopted on the fourth, as is indicated on the document itself, which is, one supposes, the cause for all the confusion. As one scholar has observed, what has happened is that the document announcing the event has overshadowed the event itself. “
According to research “(m)ost delegates signed the document on August 2, when a clean copy was finally produced by Timothy Matlack, assistant to the secretary of Congress. Several did not sign until later. And their names were not released to the public until later still, January 1777. The event was so uninspiring that nobody apparently bothered to write home about it. ..The truth about the signing was not finally established until 1884 when historian Mellon Chamberlain, researching the manuscript minutes of the journal of Congress, came upon the entry for August 2 noting a signing ceremony.”
Therefore, that the Declaration of Independence was signed on July 4th, 1776, and that Independence was declared on the 4th July are two great American myths.
Another July 4th superstition is that the Liberty Bell Rang on the 4th July. According to this superstition, ” a young boy with blonde hair and blue eyes was supposed to have been posted in the street next to Independence Hall to give a signal to an old man in the bell tower when independence was declared. It never happened. The story was made up out of whole cloth in the middle of the nineteenth century by writer George Lippard in a book intended for children. The book was aptly titled, Legends of the American Revolution.
There was no pretense that the story was genuine.” The Liberty Bell does exist in Philadelphia, but it has nothing to do with the Declaration of Independence. “If you visit the Liberty Bell in Philadelphia, encased in a multi-million dollar shrine… a tape recording made by the National Park Service leaves the impression that the bell indeed played a role in American independence. ..The guides are more forthcoming, though they do not expressly repudiate the old tradition unless directly asked a question about it.”
There is also a superstition that Betsy Ross sewed the First Flag. Her house is a few blocks from Liberty Bell. However, “there is no proof Betsy lived here, as the Joint State Government Commission of Pennsylvania concluded in a study in 1949… Every year the throngs still come to gawk.” The story is said to have been concocted by Betsy’s relatives. The truth is that no one knows who sewed the first flag, although it is known that it was designed by Frances Hopkins. Another great superstition about the 4th of July is that when John Adams died, he uttered the words “Jefferson survives”. The truth is that Jefferson died hours before John Adams.
In Chinese culture, there is a superstition that the number 4 symbolizes death. Because of the superstition, many Chinese high rise buildings do not have floors with the number 4. Superstitions, of course, are irrational believe, but one has to be amazed at some things that have happened on the 4th Of July. First, both Thomas Jefferson and John Adams died on the 4th of July. Yet another US president, died on the 4th July too, in 1831. Other 4th of July deaths include Pope Saint Leo 11 who died in 683, 380 people who died of a heat wave in 1911 in the North east of the US, and Barry White, a famous singer who died in 2003.
There is also a superstition that sipping hot tea and eating scones on the 4th of July is a bad omen. However, remember that sipping hot tea and eating scones is an English tradition. Isn’t it obvious why the practice should be discouraged on the 4th July? Americans might, as well, also want to avoid French Fries and French beans on 4th July. Not only are those foods European as their name suggests, one of them is also unhealthy! Finally, in North Carolina, there is a superstition that turnip seed should be planted on the 4th July.
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The Boston Tea Party is famous as being one of the earliest ‘patriotic events’ leading up to the American Revolution. Citizens of Weare, New Hampshire rebelled against the King of England some TWENTY months before the Boston Tea Party, and three years before the “Shot Heard Round The World.”
Within the Royal Province of New Hampshire, when grants were written which created new townships, Governor Benning Wentworth included a clause that reserved “all white pine trees” fit for creating masts for the royal navy, to be restricted to the King of England. In 1722 the New Hampshire
General Court passed an act (which was enforced until the American Revolution) making it a penal offense to cut any trees that were twelve inches or more in diameter. The fine for doing so was five pounds, and all lumber made from such trees was forfeited to the king.
The New Hampshire colonists were not happy with this law. Weare was an area noted for many large, tall pine trees. Mast Road in neighboring Goffstown, is thusly named because these large trees, which were to be turned into ship’s masts, were hauled down that road on its way to the Amoskeag River in “Squog” or the west side of Manchester, and then rafted down the Merrimack river to Newburyport or Boston. The Weare settlers (along with others in NH) wanted the trees that stood on their land for building their houses, churches, and to sell for profit.
In 1771 Governor John Wentworth was appointed a ‘Surveyor of the King’s Woods’ and he appointed deputies that traveled throughout the state, enforcing the law. They searched saw mills, marked any trees in the mill that should have been reserved for the king with a “broad arrow mark,” confiscating them for sale with the proceeds going into the King’s treasury. Following the posting of an advertisement in the newspaper, if the matter was not settled, the offending saw mill owner and any others involved were arrested, often tried in court, and fined.
As a result, a new settler, before he could build his cabin and clear his land, had to get a deputy to put the broad arrow mark on all the king’s pine trees that were to be kept for masts, and then a royal license to cut the rest, for all which he had to pay a good sum. The settlers of Weare, for the most part, were poor, and so they would circumnavigate this law when they could.
In 1772, one of these deputies, John Sherburn, visited the area. He he found a large lot ofwhite-pine logs at Richards’, Asa Pattee’s and Dow’s mills; two hundred and seventy logs, that were from 17 to 36 inches in diameter, in Clement’s mill yard, at Oil Mill Village (a section of South Weare, near the Goffstown line), and one hundred and fifty-four at Job Rowles’ mill in Dunbarton. The deputies duly marked the trees, and a made out a warrant against Ebenezer Mudget of Weare, and others who had brought the trees to the lumber mills. An advertisement was placed in the New Hampshire Gazette, Feb. 7, 1772, at Portsmouth, libeling the offenders, and the log-cutters were cited to come in and show cause why these logs should not be forfeited.
5 February 1772–Portsmouth.
A citation is published in the New Hampshire Gazette, and read as follows: All persons claiming property in the following WHITE PINE LOGS, seized by order of the SURVEYOR GENERAL in Goffstown and Weare, in the Province of New Hampshire, may appear at Court of Vice Admiralty to be held at Portsmouth, on Thursday the 27th instant at Ten of the clock a.m. and shew cause why the same should not be declared forfeited, agreeable to all information filed in said Court.
200 White Pine Logs from 15 or 30 inches diameter lying at Richard’s mill in Goffstown
250 Ditto from 15 to 13 inches diameter at Patty’s mill.
35 Ditto from 36 to 20 ditto at Dow’s mill.
140 Ditto from 30 to 18 ditto at Asa Patty’s old mill.
270 Ditto from 36 to 17 ditto at Clement’s mill in Weare
154 Ditto from 36 to 15 at Job Rowell’s mill
Also 74 bundles of Clapboards at Merrimack River, Portsmouth, Feb 5, 1772. JOHN SHERBURN, D. Rr.
Samuel Blodget, Esq. of Goffstown was sent by the mill owners to settle. According to the History of Weare NH, while there, the governor won Mr. Blodget over, and in February 1772, made him a deputy ‘Surveyor of the Kings Woods,” which included a commission and a large territory to look after. He made an agreement with the governor that the men involved would pay a sum, the logs would be given to them, and the case dropped, then Blodget returned home. On February 24, 1767 Mr. Blodget sent a letter to each man involved indicating his new status, and urging them to pay the fines. Three men from Bedford and fourteen from Goffstown came at once, paid the settlement, and obtained their logs.
But the “obstinate” men of Weare did not come.
Benjamin Whiting, Esquire, of Hollis, who was then sheriff of Hillsborough County, and his deputy Mr. John Quigley, Esq. of Francestown, went to Weare to serve the warrant on Ebenezer Mudgett, who was considered the chief of these offenders. He was living on the north road from Clement’s Mill in the Oil Mill section of South Weare. When arrested, it was late in the day, and Mudgett agreed to provide bail in the morning. They allowed Mudgett to go home, while the two law men went to Aaron Quimby’s inn nearby to spend the night.
13 April 1772. News of Mudgett’s arrest spread throughout the town. Many said they would provide bail for him, and they gathered at his house to create a plan. At dawn, Mudgett went to the inn and woke the sheriff, saying his bail was ready. Whiting jumped out of bed, berated Mudgett for coming so early, and started to dress. Suddenly more than twenty men rushed in. Their faces were blackened and they held switches (rods made of green tree limbs) in their hands. Whiting went for his guns but they were taken from him, and the men beat him. These same men also beat his deputy, Mr. Quigley. Later Whiting would say, “They almost killed me.”
When the beating was over, the horses of the sheriff and his deputy were saddled and bridled, but not before their ears, manes and tails were shaved. (This act made the value of the horses worthless). The King’s men were placed on their horses, and sent down the road with the sound of jeers, jokes and shouts in their ears.
Sheriff Whiting quickly sought out Colonel Moore of Bedford and Edward Goldstone Lutwytche of Merrimack [the history of Weare said they also approached John Goffe of Derryfield]. A posse or party of men assembled and with muskets in hand, marched to Weare to find the rioters. But not a soul could be found, as they had fled to the woods. Soon, one of them was captured and jailed, then the rest discovered when they posted bail, and ordered to appear in His Majesty’s Superior Court.
The eight “rioters” from Weare who were brought before the court were: Jotham Tuttle, Timothy Worthley, Jonathan Worthley, Caleb Atwood, William Dustin, Abraham Johnson, William Quimby and Ebenezer Mudgett.
The Superior Court consisted of the Hon. Theodore Atkinson, Esq, Chief Justice and the Honorables Meshech Weare, Leverett Hubbard and William Parker, Esq., Justices.
In September of 1772 they were indicted, and charged with being rioters and disturbers of the peace, and with “making an assault upon the body of Benjamin Whiting, Esq. Sheriff, and that they beat, wounded and evilly mistreated him and other injuries did so that his life was despaired of.” They were also charged with going “against the peace of our Lord the King, his crown and dignity.” The men they were fined twenty shillings with costs, and they went free. Meshech Weare, who gave his name to the town, was one of the judges of the court. The light fines imposed demonstrate that the judges did not approve of the law, probably any better than the men who cut the logs.
Seventeen months later, another group of men, their faces blackened and painted would dump tea into Boston Harbor. Had they perhaps heard of these courageous men of Weare, and followed their lead?
Taxation without representation, the stamp act, the tax on molasses, the law that all exports should be sent to England and that England should furnish all the imports, the attempt to govern by force and the quartering of troops on the people roused the colonists to armed resistance. The Shot Heard Round the World was sounded on April 19, 1775.
There were other early protests and riots that occurred in New Hampshire, including that of the burning in effigy of George Meserve, the tax man of Portsmouth NH… but that is another story.
What happened to the men involved in the “Pine Tree Riot” of Weare NH….
– Caleb Atwood, son of John & Abigail (Sanders) Atwood, was b. 28 Dec 1738 in Hampstead, Rockingham Co. NH. He served during the American revolution for 4 months and 24 days in 1776, participating in the Ticonderoga expedition. In 1762 he had married Elizabeth Atwood, and had nine children. He bought 14 Feb 1760 lot sixty, range two from his father John Atwood for forty two Spanish milled dollars. He came to town in the spring of that year, and built his cabin on the side of Mount Dearborn, the highest house in town. He was a prominent man, active in town affairs, and a member of the first church. In his old age he went to live with his son Joshua in Antrim NH, and later in Deering where he died. His descendants resided in various places including Bradford, Newbury, Weare and Newport NH.
– Lieut. William Dustin [Duston], son of Timothy & Lydia (Raymond) Dustin member of the first Committee of Safety in Weare NH, July 1775; hired Ezra Clement (for 3 months) as his replacement in 1776; Went to Ticonderoga for 4 months and 24 days in 1776. He had married Rhoda Pattee in 1761, and he kept a tavern in South Weare. He had 9 children. William came from Chester NH to Weare when he bought, Sept. 20, 1762, the south-east corner of lot twenty-six, range one. Two years after, 1764, he bought ninety acres of lot thirty-seven, range one, from Asa Pattee. He was very poor, and had nothing when he arrived in Weare, except his axe and his jug. He ran in debt for his land, but raised corn enough the first year to pay for it. He built his cabin a few rods north-east of Meadow Brook, opposite the (later) blacksmith shop in South Weare. Afterwards he built a house, where Dearborn’s tavern would later stand. He also served in the French and Indian War. Reportedly he owned a female slave, named Rose, when he came to Weare. She later went to Boston to live. Also reportedly, Mr. Dustin’s wife was considered a witch.
– Abraham Johnson, b. 30 May 1739 in Haverhill MA, married 27 Nov 1759 in Hampstead, Rockingham Co NH to Priscilla (Stevens) Colby, widow of Theophilus Colby. They had 4 children, the last 2 being born in Weare NH. He is said to have lived on lot sixty-four, range two, in a hut by Mount William Pond. He sold to William Hutchins in 1762, moved to lot two, in the gore, and built a house, the second one north of Oil Mill on the east side of the Piscataquog, where he lived many years.
–Ebenezer Mudgett, son of William & Dinah (Davis) Mudgett, signed the Association Test in Weare, June 1776; he hired Daniel Bayley as his replacement (for 5 months) in 1776; Went to Ticonderoga for 4 months and 24 days in 1776. On 13 Dec 1764 he bought of Jeremiah Allen, lot thirty-six range one. Ebenezer came from Hampstead, and was called “merchant.” In 1766 Ebenezer’s house was designated in the town records as the place where preaching would be held. He had married 10 Oct 1752 in Hampstead, Rockingham Co NH to Miriam Johnson. They had 11 children, the first generation descendants of whom resided in Weare NH, and Lamoille Co VT.
–William Quimby, son of William & Martha (Eastman) Quimby, was born 13 June 1749 in Salisbury MA; he signed the Association Test in Weare, June 1776. He had married in 1768 at Hampstead NH to Mehitable Whitaker. He has come from Derryfield NH about 1753. He fished at Amoskeag falls. He built his cabin of logs hewed square, pinned together, ends breaking joints on lot fifty-five, range one, which he bought of Moses Quimby. He lived in town only a few years, then disposed of his property and removed to Sandwich NH. They had four sons. William’s brothers Aaron and Moses also settled in the town of Weare. His brother Aaron Quimby was the owner of the inn where the scene of the “Pine Tree Riot” took place.
–Jotham Tuttle, son of Jotham & Martha (Hall) Tuttle of Medford MA, signed the Association Test in Weare, June 1776; he came to Weare during the French & Indian War in 1759, and married Molly Worthley (Wortley) daughter of Thomas & Mehitable (Yarrow) Worthley, the second settlers of Weare NH. He was a hunter and fisherman. He was poor, and when he went to Bedford to mill, fourteen miles away, he carried his bag of corn on his shoulder and gun in hand. He would go and return the same day. He had 8 children, whose next generation descendants resided (among other places) in Weare, Goffstown, Amherst, Boscawen NH; Tunbridge, Weston and Sharon, VT. Jotham Tuttle was my 4th great-grandfather. The Timothy and Jonathan Worthley who participated with him, in the Pine Tree Riot, were his wife’s brothers.
–Jonathan Worthley, son of Thomas & Mehitable (Yarrow) Worthley, soldier in the Revolutionary War in Captain John Parker’s Company, Colonel Timothy Bedel’s New Hampshire Regiment of Rangers and was in the Attacks on St. Johns and Fort Chambly in 1775. He was in Captain Aaron Quimby’s Company, Colonel Moses Kelley’s New Hampshire Regiment in the Expedition to Rhode Island under General Sullivan in 1778.enlisted in the army during the American Revolution; State papers show him in Capt. John Parker’s Company, Capt. Timothy Bedell’s regiment, mustered in 11 July 1775, age 23. He married twice, first to Sarah Ordway and second to Mrs. Tamar (Hadley) Grant. He had 14 children by his first wife, whose first generation descendants resided in New Hampshire, Washington County, and Orange Co VT, Gratiot Co, Michigan, and Hancock Co ME.
–Lieut. Timothy Worthley, son of Thomas & Mehitable (Yarrow) Worthley, member of the first Committee of Safety in Weare NH, July 1775; also received lieutenant’s commission during the American Revolution. He married twice, first to Mary Johnson, and 2nd to Lydia Eaton (when he also moved to Goffstown NH). He had 8 children by first wife and 3 by his 2nd. The next generation descendants lived in NH (including Weare, Bedford, New Boston and Antrim), and also New York State.
OTHER WEARE RESIDENTS:
Jonathan Clement – sawmill owner where the logs in question were found. Not specifically named in the warrant against the town. He moved to Weare from Hampstead in April of 1764 when he bought land and the saw mill of Nathaniel Martin in Weare NH and proceeded to build a grist mill. He was a signer of the Association Test in Weare NH. He is Not listed as a direct participant in the Pine Tree Riot. He married Hannah Dustin, and prob 2nd, Sarah Watts. Reportedly had 8 children.
THE KING’S MEN
Samuel Blodget – son of Caleb & Sarah (Wyman) Blodget, b. 1724 in Woburn MA; In 1744-45 participated in Siege of Louisburg; purchased lands in Goffstown NH in 1751; joined the expedition against Crown Point in 1755 and 1757 (under John Goffe), and at seige of Ft. William Henry. In 1765 purchased extensive lands in Goffstown NH (Straw Place); manufactures potash and pearlash, including works in Haverhill MA, Hampstead and New Boston NH; engaged in mercantile business in Boston MA. In 1769 appointed collector of the excise tax by Gov. John Wentworth. In April 1775 opened a store in Goffstown. In June 1775 he was connected with the commisary dept. of the Continental Army, and appointed sutler of Gen. Sullivan’s brigade stationed at Winter Hill. In 1776 he retired from the army and returned to Goffstown where he engaged in mercantile pursuits. In 1777 he offered a bounty of $100 to residents of Goffstown for the growth of wool and flax. In 1780 he was town treasurer and in 1781 one of the selectman. He invented a machine for raising sunken vessel. When 70 years of age he began the construction of the canal and locks on the Amoskeag Canal. At age 83, at the opening of Blodgets lock and canal, rode through the locks and canal on a raft. He died 1 Sep 1807. He m. about 1748 Hannah White of Plaistow NH. He had 10 children. The first generation resided in Amesbury, Haverhill and Boston MA, Philadelphia PA, Goffstown and Manchester (Derryfield) NH.
John Quigley, deputy, was also considered a “Tory” and “had to leave his country for his country’s good.” [Prov. Papers, vol vii, pp. 417, 563, 639]. The History of Weare NH states, “Quigley shrewdly tried to make his peace and become a patriot. He got a part of the committees of three towns to “whitewash” him, and when people persisted in calling him a tory and treating him as such, he got his friends on the committees to send a remonstrance to the congress at Exeter.” Quigley was advised by the committee to enlist in the army, and gave him a letter to Colonel Bedell who was raising a regiment on the frontier of Coos. Whether he enlisted or not is not known.
Benjamin Whiting, son of John & Sarah (Hunt) Whiting, born 15 Feb 1740/41, probably died in Canada. First High Sheriff of Hillsborough County NH (1772-1775), involved in the Pine Tree Riot of Weare NH; was considered a “Tory” in the time of the American Revolution, refusing to sign the Association Test. He is supposed to have left the state of NH in 1777, possibly to Nova Scotia [History of Hillsborough Co., p. 595]. The “History of the NH Sheriff’s Dept” states he fled to England. . He married 9 Sep 1770 in Portsmouth NH to Grace Hall dau of Rev. Willard Hall of Westford MA. They lived in Hollis NH and had at least 4 children: Frances Wentworth, Martha, Grace and Sarah. By the “Act of Banishment” of the NH General Court in November 1778, in his absence he was forbidden to return, and his estate was confiscated (Belknap’s History of NH, p. 381). He left behind his family, and he was assumed to have died within a few years after his leaving, as his wife, Grace Whiting, married 28 May 1782 to Burpee Ames of Hollis NH. They had one child, Burpee Ames. Upon her decease, which occurred shortly after this marriage, Mr. Ames married for his 2d wife, Hannah Cumings, the deserted wife of another Hollis’Tory’, Thomas Cumings.
Colonel John Goffe – head of regiment that marched to Weare; son of John & Hannah (Parish) Goffe, b. 1701 prob Boston MA; d. 1781. He married 16 Oct 1722 in MA to Hannah Griggs of Roxbury MA. He settled at the mouth of Cohos Brook in Londonderry NH, at the outlet of Massabesic Pond (called “Moore’s Village). He built a mill, later the current site of the Wayfarer Inn.
Colonel Edward Goldstone Lutwyche – head of regiment; son of Capt. Lawrence and Sarah (Lindall) Lutwyche, born in 1737 and resided in Merrimack, NH, in the Thornton’s Ferry (formerly Lutwyche’s Ferry) section of town; he was selectman in 1763 In 1780 Matthew Thornton, physician and signer of the Declaration of Independance for NH, purchased the confiscasted estate of “Tory’ Edward Goldstone Lutwyche, including the site of the current Thornton’s Ferry Cemetery. Lutwyche was a well educated man, a lawyer by profession, and a colonel of the 5th NH provincial regiment of militia. He fled to Boston to join General Gage’s army, and fought with him in the American Revolution, leaving his wife behind. Mrs. Lutwyche found that running the Ferry was too much of a hardship and she petitioned the legislature for a release. In 1778 Edward Lutwyche superintended the King’s Brewery at New York, being paid at the rate of 10/day. He married in 1748 to Jane Rapalje. His will was probated 23 January 1816 in Canterbury, England.
Theodore Atkinson, Esq. son of Theodore & Mary Atkinson, (1697-1760) was born in New Castle NH. He attended Harvard College, and he had been a clerk of the Court of Common Pleas in Massachusetts and admitted to the Bar there in 1731. He became the first Chief Justice of NH that had any legal training. He was Colonel of the 1st Regiment OF NH militia with active service during the French & Indian War. He was Collector of Customs, Naval Officer and Sheriff of th Province; In 1741 he was appointed Secretary of the Province. Soon after his return in 1754 as a delegate to the Congress at Albany, he was appointed Chief Justice of NH. In 1732 he married the widow Hannah (Wentworth) Plaisted, widow of Samuel Plaisted, and daughter of Lieut-Gov. John & Sarah (Hunking) Wentworth. Both of their children, Hannah and Theodore, predeceased them. In July of 1775 when ordered to turn over the records of the province to the Revolutionary Government in Exeter he refused, but the documents were confiscated. Oddly he was not named in the 1778 list of Loyalists whose lands the patriots confiscated, even though his close associates suffered that fate. He died in Portsmouth in 1779 leaving the bulk of his estate to his cousin, George King, on the condition that he change his surname to Atkinson. He made donations to the Portsmouth Anglican Church, Harvard College, and Dartmouth College. The town of Atkinson NH was named in his honor.
Honorable Meshech Weare, Esq., Justice. Born 16 Jan 1712 in Hampton Falls, Rockingham Co NH. Graduated in 1735 from Harvard College, minister and justice of the Superior Court. Eventually Chief Justice of the NH Supreme Court. Representative to the General Court 1745-1755. Colonel of the provincial militia. The town of Weare NH was named for him. He was a leader in framing the constitution of NH, adopted 5 Jan 1776 (the first American state to formally do so). He was elected Chairman of the Committee of Safety for NH, and served in this capacity throughout the American Revolution. He was elected as New Hampshire’s first constitutional governor (then known as a ‘president’) in 1784. He married 1st to Elizabeth Shaw, and 2nd to Mehitable Wainwright. He had ten children. The first generation lived in locations such as Hampton Falls, Concord, South Hampton, and other places.
Leverett Hubbard, Esq. Justice, son of Nathaniel & Elizabeth (Tailer-Nelson) Hubbard – of Portsmouth NH; He was born in Rhode Island (one record says Dorchester MA) and educated at Harvard College, receiving honors in 1742. He also studied law in Rhode Island. In 1760 he was appointed Controller of Customers of Portsmouth, and in 1763 appointed Justice of the Superior Court of Judicature for the province of NH. He was associate judge of the supreme court of judicature of the state of NH from 1772 to October of 1785. In 1785 when the State Constitution went into operation, he was not reappointed, which left him in very straitened circumstances, and “his mind became in some measure deranged, a few years before his death.” (Annals of Portsmouth, by Nathaniel Adams, 1825). He married 1) Anne Pierce; and 2nd, Anne Jeffreys. He died 2 January 1793 in Portsmouth NH. No known children.
William Parker, Esq., Justice, son of William & Zerviah (Stanley) Parker, was born in 1703 in Portsmouth NH. He attended public school, apprenticed to his father, and in 1732 was admitted to the bar. He was clerk of the commissioners who settled the boundary line between NH and MA in 1737. He was appointed Register of Probate by Gov. Belcher, afterwards becoming a Judge of Admiralty. From 1765 to 1774 he was a member of the General Assembly, and in August 1771 he was appointed a judge of the Superior Court. Following his removal from the bench, he was confined to his house with gout. In 1763 Harvard College conferred on him the degree of Master of Arts. He married 1st) Elizabeth Grafton; m2nd) Widow Coates. He had 3 children by his first wife. The first generation of his descendants lived in Portsmouth NH and Boston, Massachusetts. | <urn:uuid:58407b29-003b-4af6-941f-c7e3694166c4> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | http://www.cowhampshireblog.com/2006/03/21/weare-nh-1772-rebellion-before-the-revolution/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250597458.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120052454-20200120080454-00452.warc.gz | en | 0.982863 | 5,918 | 4.15625 | 4 | [
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0.22024711966514... | 17 | The Boston Tea Party is famous as being one of the earliest ‘patriotic events’ leading up to the American Revolution. Citizens of Weare, New Hampshire rebelled against the King of England some TWENTY months before the Boston Tea Party, and three years before the “Shot Heard Round The World.”
Within the Royal Province of New Hampshire, when grants were written which created new townships, Governor Benning Wentworth included a clause that reserved “all white pine trees” fit for creating masts for the royal navy, to be restricted to the King of England. In 1722 the New Hampshire
General Court passed an act (which was enforced until the American Revolution) making it a penal offense to cut any trees that were twelve inches or more in diameter. The fine for doing so was five pounds, and all lumber made from such trees was forfeited to the king.
The New Hampshire colonists were not happy with this law. Weare was an area noted for many large, tall pine trees. Mast Road in neighboring Goffstown, is thusly named because these large trees, which were to be turned into ship’s masts, were hauled down that road on its way to the Amoskeag River in “Squog” or the west side of Manchester, and then rafted down the Merrimack river to Newburyport or Boston. The Weare settlers (along with others in NH) wanted the trees that stood on their land for building their houses, churches, and to sell for profit.
In 1771 Governor John Wentworth was appointed a ‘Surveyor of the King’s Woods’ and he appointed deputies that traveled throughout the state, enforcing the law. They searched saw mills, marked any trees in the mill that should have been reserved for the king with a “broad arrow mark,” confiscating them for sale with the proceeds going into the King’s treasury. Following the posting of an advertisement in the newspaper, if the matter was not settled, the offending saw mill owner and any others involved were arrested, often tried in court, and fined.
As a result, a new settler, before he could build his cabin and clear his land, had to get a deputy to put the broad arrow mark on all the king’s pine trees that were to be kept for masts, and then a royal license to cut the rest, for all which he had to pay a good sum. The settlers of Weare, for the most part, were poor, and so they would circumnavigate this law when they could.
In 1772, one of these deputies, John Sherburn, visited the area. He he found a large lot ofwhite-pine logs at Richards’, Asa Pattee’s and Dow’s mills; two hundred and seventy logs, that were from 17 to 36 inches in diameter, in Clement’s mill yard, at Oil Mill Village (a section of South Weare, near the Goffstown line), and one hundred and fifty-four at Job Rowles’ mill in Dunbarton. The deputies duly marked the trees, and a made out a warrant against Ebenezer Mudget of Weare, and others who had brought the trees to the lumber mills. An advertisement was placed in the New Hampshire Gazette, Feb. 7, 1772, at Portsmouth, libeling the offenders, and the log-cutters were cited to come in and show cause why these logs should not be forfeited.
5 February 1772–Portsmouth.
A citation is published in the New Hampshire Gazette, and read as follows: All persons claiming property in the following WHITE PINE LOGS, seized by order of the SURVEYOR GENERAL in Goffstown and Weare, in the Province of New Hampshire, may appear at Court of Vice Admiralty to be held at Portsmouth, on Thursday the 27th instant at Ten of the clock a.m. and shew cause why the same should not be declared forfeited, agreeable to all information filed in said Court.
200 White Pine Logs from 15 or 30 inches diameter lying at Richard’s mill in Goffstown
250 Ditto from 15 to 13 inches diameter at Patty’s mill.
35 Ditto from 36 to 20 ditto at Dow’s mill.
140 Ditto from 30 to 18 ditto at Asa Patty’s old mill.
270 Ditto from 36 to 17 ditto at Clement’s mill in Weare
154 Ditto from 36 to 15 at Job Rowell’s mill
Also 74 bundles of Clapboards at Merrimack River, Portsmouth, Feb 5, 1772. JOHN SHERBURN, D. Rr.
Samuel Blodget, Esq. of Goffstown was sent by the mill owners to settle. According to the History of Weare NH, while there, the governor won Mr. Blodget over, and in February 1772, made him a deputy ‘Surveyor of the Kings Woods,” which included a commission and a large territory to look after. He made an agreement with the governor that the men involved would pay a sum, the logs would be given to them, and the case dropped, then Blodget returned home. On February 24, 1767 Mr. Blodget sent a letter to each man involved indicating his new status, and urging them to pay the fines. Three men from Bedford and fourteen from Goffstown came at once, paid the settlement, and obtained their logs.
But the “obstinate” men of Weare did not come.
Benjamin Whiting, Esquire, of Hollis, who was then sheriff of Hillsborough County, and his deputy Mr. John Quigley, Esq. of Francestown, went to Weare to serve the warrant on Ebenezer Mudgett, who was considered the chief of these offenders. He was living on the north road from Clement’s Mill in the Oil Mill section of South Weare. When arrested, it was late in the day, and Mudgett agreed to provide bail in the morning. They allowed Mudgett to go home, while the two law men went to Aaron Quimby’s inn nearby to spend the night.
13 April 1772. News of Mudgett’s arrest spread throughout the town. Many said they would provide bail for him, and they gathered at his house to create a plan. At dawn, Mudgett went to the inn and woke the sheriff, saying his bail was ready. Whiting jumped out of bed, berated Mudgett for coming so early, and started to dress. Suddenly more than twenty men rushed in. Their faces were blackened and they held switches (rods made of green tree limbs) in their hands. Whiting went for his guns but they were taken from him, and the men beat him. These same men also beat his deputy, Mr. Quigley. Later Whiting would say, “They almost killed me.”
When the beating was over, the horses of the sheriff and his deputy were saddled and bridled, but not before their ears, manes and tails were shaved. (This act made the value of the horses worthless). The King’s men were placed on their horses, and sent down the road with the sound of jeers, jokes and shouts in their ears.
Sheriff Whiting quickly sought out Colonel Moore of Bedford and Edward Goldstone Lutwytche of Merrimack [the history of Weare said they also approached John Goffe of Derryfield]. A posse or party of men assembled and with muskets in hand, marched to Weare to find the rioters. But not a soul could be found, as they had fled to the woods. Soon, one of them was captured and jailed, then the rest discovered when they posted bail, and ordered to appear in His Majesty’s Superior Court.
The eight “rioters” from Weare who were brought before the court were: Jotham Tuttle, Timothy Worthley, Jonathan Worthley, Caleb Atwood, William Dustin, Abraham Johnson, William Quimby and Ebenezer Mudgett.
The Superior Court consisted of the Hon. Theodore Atkinson, Esq, Chief Justice and the Honorables Meshech Weare, Leverett Hubbard and William Parker, Esq., Justices.
In September of 1772 they were indicted, and charged with being rioters and disturbers of the peace, and with “making an assault upon the body of Benjamin Whiting, Esq. Sheriff, and that they beat, wounded and evilly mistreated him and other injuries did so that his life was despaired of.” They were also charged with going “against the peace of our Lord the King, his crown and dignity.” The men they were fined twenty shillings with costs, and they went free. Meshech Weare, who gave his name to the town, was one of the judges of the court. The light fines imposed demonstrate that the judges did not approve of the law, probably any better than the men who cut the logs.
Seventeen months later, another group of men, their faces blackened and painted would dump tea into Boston Harbor. Had they perhaps heard of these courageous men of Weare, and followed their lead?
Taxation without representation, the stamp act, the tax on molasses, the law that all exports should be sent to England and that England should furnish all the imports, the attempt to govern by force and the quartering of troops on the people roused the colonists to armed resistance. The Shot Heard Round the World was sounded on April 19, 1775.
There were other early protests and riots that occurred in New Hampshire, including that of the burning in effigy of George Meserve, the tax man of Portsmouth NH… but that is another story.
What happened to the men involved in the “Pine Tree Riot” of Weare NH….
– Caleb Atwood, son of John & Abigail (Sanders) Atwood, was b. 28 Dec 1738 in Hampstead, Rockingham Co. NH. He served during the American revolution for 4 months and 24 days in 1776, participating in the Ticonderoga expedition. In 1762 he had married Elizabeth Atwood, and had nine children. He bought 14 Feb 1760 lot sixty, range two from his father John Atwood for forty two Spanish milled dollars. He came to town in the spring of that year, and built his cabin on the side of Mount Dearborn, the highest house in town. He was a prominent man, active in town affairs, and a member of the first church. In his old age he went to live with his son Joshua in Antrim NH, and later in Deering where he died. His descendants resided in various places including Bradford, Newbury, Weare and Newport NH.
– Lieut. William Dustin [Duston], son of Timothy & Lydia (Raymond) Dustin member of the first Committee of Safety in Weare NH, July 1775; hired Ezra Clement (for 3 months) as his replacement in 1776; Went to Ticonderoga for 4 months and 24 days in 1776. He had married Rhoda Pattee in 1761, and he kept a tavern in South Weare. He had 9 children. William came from Chester NH to Weare when he bought, Sept. 20, 1762, the south-east corner of lot twenty-six, range one. Two years after, 1764, he bought ninety acres of lot thirty-seven, range one, from Asa Pattee. He was very poor, and had nothing when he arrived in Weare, except his axe and his jug. He ran in debt for his land, but raised corn enough the first year to pay for it. He built his cabin a few rods north-east of Meadow Brook, opposite the (later) blacksmith shop in South Weare. Afterwards he built a house, where Dearborn’s tavern would later stand. He also served in the French and Indian War. Reportedly he owned a female slave, named Rose, when he came to Weare. She later went to Boston to live. Also reportedly, Mr. Dustin’s wife was considered a witch.
– Abraham Johnson, b. 30 May 1739 in Haverhill MA, married 27 Nov 1759 in Hampstead, Rockingham Co NH to Priscilla (Stevens) Colby, widow of Theophilus Colby. They had 4 children, the last 2 being born in Weare NH. He is said to have lived on lot sixty-four, range two, in a hut by Mount William Pond. He sold to William Hutchins in 1762, moved to lot two, in the gore, and built a house, the second one north of Oil Mill on the east side of the Piscataquog, where he lived many years.
–Ebenezer Mudgett, son of William & Dinah (Davis) Mudgett, signed the Association Test in Weare, June 1776; he hired Daniel Bayley as his replacement (for 5 months) in 1776; Went to Ticonderoga for 4 months and 24 days in 1776. On 13 Dec 1764 he bought of Jeremiah Allen, lot thirty-six range one. Ebenezer came from Hampstead, and was called “merchant.” In 1766 Ebenezer’s house was designated in the town records as the place where preaching would be held. He had married 10 Oct 1752 in Hampstead, Rockingham Co NH to Miriam Johnson. They had 11 children, the first generation descendants of whom resided in Weare NH, and Lamoille Co VT.
–William Quimby, son of William & Martha (Eastman) Quimby, was born 13 June 1749 in Salisbury MA; he signed the Association Test in Weare, June 1776. He had married in 1768 at Hampstead NH to Mehitable Whitaker. He has come from Derryfield NH about 1753. He fished at Amoskeag falls. He built his cabin of logs hewed square, pinned together, ends breaking joints on lot fifty-five, range one, which he bought of Moses Quimby. He lived in town only a few years, then disposed of his property and removed to Sandwich NH. They had four sons. William’s brothers Aaron and Moses also settled in the town of Weare. His brother Aaron Quimby was the owner of the inn where the scene of the “Pine Tree Riot” took place.
–Jotham Tuttle, son of Jotham & Martha (Hall) Tuttle of Medford MA, signed the Association Test in Weare, June 1776; he came to Weare during the French & Indian War in 1759, and married Molly Worthley (Wortley) daughter of Thomas & Mehitable (Yarrow) Worthley, the second settlers of Weare NH. He was a hunter and fisherman. He was poor, and when he went to Bedford to mill, fourteen miles away, he carried his bag of corn on his shoulder and gun in hand. He would go and return the same day. He had 8 children, whose next generation descendants resided (among other places) in Weare, Goffstown, Amherst, Boscawen NH; Tunbridge, Weston and Sharon, VT. Jotham Tuttle was my 4th great-grandfather. The Timothy and Jonathan Worthley who participated with him, in the Pine Tree Riot, were his wife’s brothers.
–Jonathan Worthley, son of Thomas & Mehitable (Yarrow) Worthley, soldier in the Revolutionary War in Captain John Parker’s Company, Colonel Timothy Bedel’s New Hampshire Regiment of Rangers and was in the Attacks on St. Johns and Fort Chambly in 1775. He was in Captain Aaron Quimby’s Company, Colonel Moses Kelley’s New Hampshire Regiment in the Expedition to Rhode Island under General Sullivan in 1778.enlisted in the army during the American Revolution; State papers show him in Capt. John Parker’s Company, Capt. Timothy Bedell’s regiment, mustered in 11 July 1775, age 23. He married twice, first to Sarah Ordway and second to Mrs. Tamar (Hadley) Grant. He had 14 children by his first wife, whose first generation descendants resided in New Hampshire, Washington County, and Orange Co VT, Gratiot Co, Michigan, and Hancock Co ME.
–Lieut. Timothy Worthley, son of Thomas & Mehitable (Yarrow) Worthley, member of the first Committee of Safety in Weare NH, July 1775; also received lieutenant’s commission during the American Revolution. He married twice, first to Mary Johnson, and 2nd to Lydia Eaton (when he also moved to Goffstown NH). He had 8 children by first wife and 3 by his 2nd. The next generation descendants lived in NH (including Weare, Bedford, New Boston and Antrim), and also New York State.
OTHER WEARE RESIDENTS:
Jonathan Clement – sawmill owner where the logs in question were found. Not specifically named in the warrant against the town. He moved to Weare from Hampstead in April of 1764 when he bought land and the saw mill of Nathaniel Martin in Weare NH and proceeded to build a grist mill. He was a signer of the Association Test in Weare NH. He is Not listed as a direct participant in the Pine Tree Riot. He married Hannah Dustin, and prob 2nd, Sarah Watts. Reportedly had 8 children.
THE KING’S MEN
Samuel Blodget – son of Caleb & Sarah (Wyman) Blodget, b. 1724 in Woburn MA; In 1744-45 participated in Siege of Louisburg; purchased lands in Goffstown NH in 1751; joined the expedition against Crown Point in 1755 and 1757 (under John Goffe), and at seige of Ft. William Henry. In 1765 purchased extensive lands in Goffstown NH (Straw Place); manufactures potash and pearlash, including works in Haverhill MA, Hampstead and New Boston NH; engaged in mercantile business in Boston MA. In 1769 appointed collector of the excise tax by Gov. John Wentworth. In April 1775 opened a store in Goffstown. In June 1775 he was connected with the commisary dept. of the Continental Army, and appointed sutler of Gen. Sullivan’s brigade stationed at Winter Hill. In 1776 he retired from the army and returned to Goffstown where he engaged in mercantile pursuits. In 1777 he offered a bounty of $100 to residents of Goffstown for the growth of wool and flax. In 1780 he was town treasurer and in 1781 one of the selectman. He invented a machine for raising sunken vessel. When 70 years of age he began the construction of the canal and locks on the Amoskeag Canal. At age 83, at the opening of Blodgets lock and canal, rode through the locks and canal on a raft. He died 1 Sep 1807. He m. about 1748 Hannah White of Plaistow NH. He had 10 children. The first generation resided in Amesbury, Haverhill and Boston MA, Philadelphia PA, Goffstown and Manchester (Derryfield) NH.
John Quigley, deputy, was also considered a “Tory” and “had to leave his country for his country’s good.” [Prov. Papers, vol vii, pp. 417, 563, 639]. The History of Weare NH states, “Quigley shrewdly tried to make his peace and become a patriot. He got a part of the committees of three towns to “whitewash” him, and when people persisted in calling him a tory and treating him as such, he got his friends on the committees to send a remonstrance to the congress at Exeter.” Quigley was advised by the committee to enlist in the army, and gave him a letter to Colonel Bedell who was raising a regiment on the frontier of Coos. Whether he enlisted or not is not known.
Benjamin Whiting, son of John & Sarah (Hunt) Whiting, born 15 Feb 1740/41, probably died in Canada. First High Sheriff of Hillsborough County NH (1772-1775), involved in the Pine Tree Riot of Weare NH; was considered a “Tory” in the time of the American Revolution, refusing to sign the Association Test. He is supposed to have left the state of NH in 1777, possibly to Nova Scotia [History of Hillsborough Co., p. 595]. The “History of the NH Sheriff’s Dept” states he fled to England. . He married 9 Sep 1770 in Portsmouth NH to Grace Hall dau of Rev. Willard Hall of Westford MA. They lived in Hollis NH and had at least 4 children: Frances Wentworth, Martha, Grace and Sarah. By the “Act of Banishment” of the NH General Court in November 1778, in his absence he was forbidden to return, and his estate was confiscated (Belknap’s History of NH, p. 381). He left behind his family, and he was assumed to have died within a few years after his leaving, as his wife, Grace Whiting, married 28 May 1782 to Burpee Ames of Hollis NH. They had one child, Burpee Ames. Upon her decease, which occurred shortly after this marriage, Mr. Ames married for his 2d wife, Hannah Cumings, the deserted wife of another Hollis’Tory’, Thomas Cumings.
Colonel John Goffe – head of regiment that marched to Weare; son of John & Hannah (Parish) Goffe, b. 1701 prob Boston MA; d. 1781. He married 16 Oct 1722 in MA to Hannah Griggs of Roxbury MA. He settled at the mouth of Cohos Brook in Londonderry NH, at the outlet of Massabesic Pond (called “Moore’s Village). He built a mill, later the current site of the Wayfarer Inn.
Colonel Edward Goldstone Lutwyche – head of regiment; son of Capt. Lawrence and Sarah (Lindall) Lutwyche, born in 1737 and resided in Merrimack, NH, in the Thornton’s Ferry (formerly Lutwyche’s Ferry) section of town; he was selectman in 1763 In 1780 Matthew Thornton, physician and signer of the Declaration of Independance for NH, purchased the confiscasted estate of “Tory’ Edward Goldstone Lutwyche, including the site of the current Thornton’s Ferry Cemetery. Lutwyche was a well educated man, a lawyer by profession, and a colonel of the 5th NH provincial regiment of militia. He fled to Boston to join General Gage’s army, and fought with him in the American Revolution, leaving his wife behind. Mrs. Lutwyche found that running the Ferry was too much of a hardship and she petitioned the legislature for a release. In 1778 Edward Lutwyche superintended the King’s Brewery at New York, being paid at the rate of 10/day. He married in 1748 to Jane Rapalje. His will was probated 23 January 1816 in Canterbury, England.
Theodore Atkinson, Esq. son of Theodore & Mary Atkinson, (1697-1760) was born in New Castle NH. He attended Harvard College, and he had been a clerk of the Court of Common Pleas in Massachusetts and admitted to the Bar there in 1731. He became the first Chief Justice of NH that had any legal training. He was Colonel of the 1st Regiment OF NH militia with active service during the French & Indian War. He was Collector of Customs, Naval Officer and Sheriff of th Province; In 1741 he was appointed Secretary of the Province. Soon after his return in 1754 as a delegate to the Congress at Albany, he was appointed Chief Justice of NH. In 1732 he married the widow Hannah (Wentworth) Plaisted, widow of Samuel Plaisted, and daughter of Lieut-Gov. John & Sarah (Hunking) Wentworth. Both of their children, Hannah and Theodore, predeceased them. In July of 1775 when ordered to turn over the records of the province to the Revolutionary Government in Exeter he refused, but the documents were confiscated. Oddly he was not named in the 1778 list of Loyalists whose lands the patriots confiscated, even though his close associates suffered that fate. He died in Portsmouth in 1779 leaving the bulk of his estate to his cousin, George King, on the condition that he change his surname to Atkinson. He made donations to the Portsmouth Anglican Church, Harvard College, and Dartmouth College. The town of Atkinson NH was named in his honor.
Honorable Meshech Weare, Esq., Justice. Born 16 Jan 1712 in Hampton Falls, Rockingham Co NH. Graduated in 1735 from Harvard College, minister and justice of the Superior Court. Eventually Chief Justice of the NH Supreme Court. Representative to the General Court 1745-1755. Colonel of the provincial militia. The town of Weare NH was named for him. He was a leader in framing the constitution of NH, adopted 5 Jan 1776 (the first American state to formally do so). He was elected Chairman of the Committee of Safety for NH, and served in this capacity throughout the American Revolution. He was elected as New Hampshire’s first constitutional governor (then known as a ‘president’) in 1784. He married 1st to Elizabeth Shaw, and 2nd to Mehitable Wainwright. He had ten children. The first generation lived in locations such as Hampton Falls, Concord, South Hampton, and other places.
Leverett Hubbard, Esq. Justice, son of Nathaniel & Elizabeth (Tailer-Nelson) Hubbard – of Portsmouth NH; He was born in Rhode Island (one record says Dorchester MA) and educated at Harvard College, receiving honors in 1742. He also studied law in Rhode Island. In 1760 he was appointed Controller of Customers of Portsmouth, and in 1763 appointed Justice of the Superior Court of Judicature for the province of NH. He was associate judge of the supreme court of judicature of the state of NH from 1772 to October of 1785. In 1785 when the State Constitution went into operation, he was not reappointed, which left him in very straitened circumstances, and “his mind became in some measure deranged, a few years before his death.” (Annals of Portsmouth, by Nathaniel Adams, 1825). He married 1) Anne Pierce; and 2nd, Anne Jeffreys. He died 2 January 1793 in Portsmouth NH. No known children.
William Parker, Esq., Justice, son of William & Zerviah (Stanley) Parker, was born in 1703 in Portsmouth NH. He attended public school, apprenticed to his father, and in 1732 was admitted to the bar. He was clerk of the commissioners who settled the boundary line between NH and MA in 1737. He was appointed Register of Probate by Gov. Belcher, afterwards becoming a Judge of Admiralty. From 1765 to 1774 he was a member of the General Assembly, and in August 1771 he was appointed a judge of the Superior Court. Following his removal from the bench, he was confined to his house with gout. In 1763 Harvard College conferred on him the degree of Master of Arts. He married 1st) Elizabeth Grafton; m2nd) Widow Coates. He had 3 children by his first wife. The first generation of his descendants lived in Portsmouth NH and Boston, Massachusetts. | 6,180 | ENGLISH | 1 |
14 May 1885 Birth of Otto Klemperer, great conductor of the 20th century #otdimjh
Otto Klemperer (14 May 1885 – 6 July 1973) was a German conductor and composer. He is widely regarded as one of the leading conductors of the 20th century.
Klemperer was born on 14 May 1885 in Breslau. Although the boy first wanted to be an actor rather than a musician, the aid of a wealthy family member allowed him to pursue a musical education. With the support of his parents, he dropped out of secondary school to study music in Frankfurt, several years later moving to Berlin to continue his studies at the conservatory.
In 1905 he began a period of study with Hans Pfitzner. At the beginning of the war in 1914, he received his first big break as the temporary replacement for Pfitzner as the opera director for the city of Strasbourg. By the end of the war, with the defeat of Germany and the drama of the November Revolution, Klemperer, increasingly radicalised, had become a faithful supporter of the new Weimar Republic. He moved to Cologne, and formally converted to Catholicism in 1919.
In the mid-1920s he returned to Berlin, a centre of musical innovation in Weimar Germany. It was there that he held probably his most significant post, as conductor of the Kroll Opera, where he was a vocal advocate of composers like Ernst Krenek, Kurt Weill and Schoenberg. However, the increasingly conservative atmosphere of Germany, along with the severe economic depression, claimed him as an early victim, and he lost his position at the Kroll in 1931. Instead, he was offered a position working at the Prussian State Opera, where he was conducting when Hitler came to power.
Despite the response to his production of Wagner’s Tannhäuser in early 1933, Klemperer initially did not want to leave Germany, and hoped that his fame and apolitical stance would protect him. In April 1933, however, he fled to Austria, leaving his wife and children behind, to follow when he had secured a permanent residence. Unlike many of his fellow German-Jewish refugees, Klemperer was to establish a successful musical career in exile. Upon arrival in the United States, where he had already toured successfully in the 1920s, he was offered the position of musical director of the Los Angeles Philharmonic Orchestra.
In 1939 he underwent an operation for a brain tumour, which left him with facial paralysis and worsened his emotional problems. He was so incapacitated that he ceased to conduct for several years. After the war, however, he was to resume an impressive international musical career. He became known as one of the best living conductors of the classical German repertoire, particularly of works of the Viennese school and his early idol, Mahler. In later life he reverted to Judaism in the 1960s, and became a citizen of the State of Israel in 1970. The conductor died in Zurich in July 1973, at the age of 88. He was buried in the Jewish cemetery in Zurich.
Prayer: Thank you Lord for this man and the beautiful music he produced. Despite his emotional and personal struggles, he articulated the beauty of God through his musical gifts, and expressed the faith you gave him as a Jew, a Catholic, and a human being caught up in the struggles of life. Even as he brought alive great works of music such as Bach’s St Matthew Passion that proclaim your glory, help us to live lives of faith, worship and devotion to you. In Yeshua’s name we pray. Amen. | <urn:uuid:b7e1d70a-0fd8-4465-a529-0e3ed5985cee> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://jewinthepew.org/2016/05/13/14-may-1885-birth-of-otto-klemperer-otdimjh/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251789055.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129071944-20200129101944-00062.warc.gz | en | 0.988652 | 756 | 3.390625 | 3 | [
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0.282940566... | 9 | 14 May 1885 Birth of Otto Klemperer, great conductor of the 20th century #otdimjh
Otto Klemperer (14 May 1885 – 6 July 1973) was a German conductor and composer. He is widely regarded as one of the leading conductors of the 20th century.
Klemperer was born on 14 May 1885 in Breslau. Although the boy first wanted to be an actor rather than a musician, the aid of a wealthy family member allowed him to pursue a musical education. With the support of his parents, he dropped out of secondary school to study music in Frankfurt, several years later moving to Berlin to continue his studies at the conservatory.
In 1905 he began a period of study with Hans Pfitzner. At the beginning of the war in 1914, he received his first big break as the temporary replacement for Pfitzner as the opera director for the city of Strasbourg. By the end of the war, with the defeat of Germany and the drama of the November Revolution, Klemperer, increasingly radicalised, had become a faithful supporter of the new Weimar Republic. He moved to Cologne, and formally converted to Catholicism in 1919.
In the mid-1920s he returned to Berlin, a centre of musical innovation in Weimar Germany. It was there that he held probably his most significant post, as conductor of the Kroll Opera, where he was a vocal advocate of composers like Ernst Krenek, Kurt Weill and Schoenberg. However, the increasingly conservative atmosphere of Germany, along with the severe economic depression, claimed him as an early victim, and he lost his position at the Kroll in 1931. Instead, he was offered a position working at the Prussian State Opera, where he was conducting when Hitler came to power.
Despite the response to his production of Wagner’s Tannhäuser in early 1933, Klemperer initially did not want to leave Germany, and hoped that his fame and apolitical stance would protect him. In April 1933, however, he fled to Austria, leaving his wife and children behind, to follow when he had secured a permanent residence. Unlike many of his fellow German-Jewish refugees, Klemperer was to establish a successful musical career in exile. Upon arrival in the United States, where he had already toured successfully in the 1920s, he was offered the position of musical director of the Los Angeles Philharmonic Orchestra.
In 1939 he underwent an operation for a brain tumour, which left him with facial paralysis and worsened his emotional problems. He was so incapacitated that he ceased to conduct for several years. After the war, however, he was to resume an impressive international musical career. He became known as one of the best living conductors of the classical German repertoire, particularly of works of the Viennese school and his early idol, Mahler. In later life he reverted to Judaism in the 1960s, and became a citizen of the State of Israel in 1970. The conductor died in Zurich in July 1973, at the age of 88. He was buried in the Jewish cemetery in Zurich.
Prayer: Thank you Lord for this man and the beautiful music he produced. Despite his emotional and personal struggles, he articulated the beauty of God through his musical gifts, and expressed the faith you gave him as a Jew, a Catholic, and a human being caught up in the struggles of life. Even as he brought alive great works of music such as Bach’s St Matthew Passion that proclaim your glory, help us to live lives of faith, worship and devotion to you. In Yeshua’s name we pray. Amen. | 814 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Yasuke was a man from Mozambique who served briefly under Oda Nobunaga. He was brought to Japan initially by Alessandro Valignano in 1579. After an incident in 1581 where Kyoto residents forced their way into a Jesuit residence in their eagerness to witness this black man firsthand, the African man was summoned by Oda Nobunaga, who wished to see/meet him himself. Granting the man some monetary sum, he dubbed him Yasuke and took him into his service. Yasuke accompanied Nobunaga into battle on at least one occasion; after Nobunaga's death, Yasuke was captured by the forces of Akechi Mitsuhide but was ultimately released. Little is known of his subsequent fate.
- Leupp, Gary. "Images of Black People in Late Medieval and Early Modern Japan, 1543-1900." Japan Forum 7:1 (1995). p2. | <urn:uuid:a3d7212d-2352-4db0-a8aa-e764d819762f> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | http://wiki.samurai-archives.com/index.php?title=Yasuke | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250601615.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121044233-20200121073233-00321.warc.gz | en | 0.985673 | 187 | 3.625 | 4 | [
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0.88217091560... | 2 | Yasuke was a man from Mozambique who served briefly under Oda Nobunaga. He was brought to Japan initially by Alessandro Valignano in 1579. After an incident in 1581 where Kyoto residents forced their way into a Jesuit residence in their eagerness to witness this black man firsthand, the African man was summoned by Oda Nobunaga, who wished to see/meet him himself. Granting the man some monetary sum, he dubbed him Yasuke and took him into his service. Yasuke accompanied Nobunaga into battle on at least one occasion; after Nobunaga's death, Yasuke was captured by the forces of Akechi Mitsuhide but was ultimately released. Little is known of his subsequent fate.
- Leupp, Gary. "Images of Black People in Late Medieval and Early Modern Japan, 1543-1900." Japan Forum 7:1 (1995). p2. | 203 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Long before Archdale’s administration, piracy flourished in Carolina. As early as 1685 it had been suggested that perhaps the governor of Carolina had best not reside in Charleston, “which is so near the sea as to be in danger from a sudden invasion of pirates.” Later, one of the members of Governor James Colleton’s Council was expelled “for holding correspondence with pirates.” During this same period Seth Sothel, one of the proprietors of the colony and governor of the Albemarle section, used accusations of piracy as a means of enforcing his arbitrary will.
At one time, buccaneers freely roamed the streets of Charleston, and if arrested and brought to trial, side-stepped justice by bribing public officials and even the juries. Decent citizens could do little more than raise their voices in angry protest. The growing importance of Charleston called for the appointment of governors who would take a firmer stand against these corsairs. The South Carolina Assembly passed laws curbing the activities of pirates. And for a change, these acts were enforced. The buccaneers began to steer clear of the port and sought greener pastures a little further to the North.
The term “Carolina” in the 17th century applied to the territory of both present‑day North and South Carolina. The area known as “Carolina south and west of Cape Fear,” or modern South Carolina, grew much faster than the area of today’s North Carolina. South Carolina had an excellent port in Charleston which attracted trade and people. North Carolina’s coastline of shallow coastal sounds and inlets offered little opportunity for harbor developments. Yet, as so often happens, one man’s misfortune is another man’s gain. These same shallow waters offered an ideal haven to pirates. By 1700 Edmund Randolph was sending reports to England that North Carolina had achieved a reputation as “a place which receives pirates, runaways and illegal traders.”
Because the colony showed so little promise as a potential trade center, the English authorities neglected to emphasize or particularly encourage its development. The thinly-scattered population was ideal for pirates. There were those among the more unscrupulous elements of the population of North Carolina who welcomed the pirates as an additional source of revenue. Yet there were many North Carolinians who wished to rid the colony of this menace. It was not to be an easy task.
When people think of pirates, most often Captain Kidd comes to mind. However, there is much doubt today that William Kidd was ever a pirate. Measured by his deeds, or misdeeds, on the high seas, certainly he would not rank with the top 100 pirates in history. Yet more words have been printed about this much-maligned man than any other captain in the trade.
In reality, it would appear that Kidd was a privateer rather than a pirate. At the age of 50, he was a successful, respected sea captain, living with his family in a fine brick house in New York. The prosperous owner of several merchant ships, he entertained no ambitions toward the life of a buccaneer. England was suffering from pirate raids on English merchant vessels in the Red Sea. The nation was also engaged in a war with France, and could not spare the ships to suppress this threat to her prosperity. A number of prominent Englishmen provided the financial backing for an expedition to crush the Red Sea pirates, expecting to make a nice profit from the sale of goods taken from the renegades.
One of the chief promoters of this expedition was Lord Bellomont, soon to be governor of New York. The list of those who invested money included the names of the Lord High Chancellor of England, the First Lord of the Admiralty, two of the King’s Secretaries of State, and a number of less important dignitaries. Even the King, William III, was to receive 10% of any proceeds from the voyage. Captain Kidd was selected to command and received a commission as a privateer.
In 1696 Kidd set sail in the 34-gun Adventure Galley. Two vessels were captured which were sailing under French passes, or permits. These were considered legal prizes of war, because of the war between France and England. When Kidd returned, it was not to share in any profit but to discover that he had been charged with piracy. Taken back to England in chains, his case became a political football. Certain elements were attempting to turn a number of his financial backers out of public office, and Kidd’s trial provided a method by which they could be discredited. Even then, he was not convicted of piracy, but for killing a mutinous seaman by striking him on the head with a water bucket. As captain of the ship, Kidd had every right to discipline a member of the crew, but this was not considered in the verdict. After he was hanged on May 23, 1701, his body was hung up in chains as a grisly warning to other erring mariners. Although Captain Kidd does not fall within any list of Carolina pirates, it has seemed appropriate to clear up the many misconceptions so long associated with his career. As he stated at his trial, Kidd was “the innocentest of them all. . . .” Yet few of the Carolina pirates, who were much more active in the bloody business, ever achieved his fame.
There were, however, many famous pirates who terrorized the shipping off the coast of Carolina. This was especially true after some of them fled the West Indies in 1717. Not only were the isolated shallow sounds an attraction, but rumors of a friendly governor led many of the buccaneers to look with favor upon the colony. It has been estimated that there were at least 2,000 pirates operating off the North American coast at this time. Governor Alexander Spotswood of Virginia sent a plaintive plea for aid back to England for, as he said, “Our coast is now infected with pirates.”
Not all of them were bearded swashbuckling males. One of the more famous pirates was a woman who, according to the scanty records, grew up in “Carolina.” Her name was Anne Bonny (sometimes spelled Bonney). She was born in Ireland, the daughter of an Irish lawyer whose name is not known. Her father emigrated to Carolina, where he prospered as the owner of a plantation. After the death of her mother, the young girl kept house for her father. Even then, or so the story goes, she had a “fierce and courageous” temper, and in one of her uncontrollable rages killed one of the house servants.
Anne met a handsome but penniless young sailor by the name of James Bonny. She fell in love. This so enraged her father that he turned her out of the house. She wandered with her husband to the West Indies. He seems to have been a pirate, for after his arrival there he surrendered and took the oath from Woodes Rogers. Anne could not take the rather dull life of a housewife ashore. A short time later she joined the pirate crew of Captain John Rackham, more commonly known as “Calico Jack,” because of the striped breeches which he always wore.
According to the stories of the day, Anne once more fell in love, this time with a member of the crew. This affair ended rather suddenly when Anne discovered that the other pirate was also a woman! This other female pirate was Mary Read, and her past had been filled with even more adventure than had Anne Bonny’s. She had at one time served in the English army, concealing her identity by donning the uniform of a regular soldier.
Anne Bonny and Mary Read became close companions and were almost constantly together. They wore women’s clothes most of the time they were on shipboard until a prize was sighted. Then they quickly changed into men’s jackets, long trousers, and knotted handkerchiefs about their heads. In battle, they fought alongside the other members of the crew, and it was later testified at their trials that they were just as cruel and bloodthirsty as any other pirates. When Rackham’s crew was eventually captured and tried, the two women were sentenced to hang along with the other men, but neither was ever executed. Mary Read died in jail of a violent fever. Anne Bonny was reprieved a number of times, and although no one seems to be certain just what did happen to her, there is no record of her having met death on the gallows. | <urn:uuid:0aa4df35-492d-40c1-991b-0dc6bd383456> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.legendsofamerica.com/ah-pirates/2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251690379.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126195918-20200126225918-00356.warc.gz | en | 0.98762 | 1,781 | 3.671875 | 4 | [
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-0.04060692340135... | 1 | Long before Archdale’s administration, piracy flourished in Carolina. As early as 1685 it had been suggested that perhaps the governor of Carolina had best not reside in Charleston, “which is so near the sea as to be in danger from a sudden invasion of pirates.” Later, one of the members of Governor James Colleton’s Council was expelled “for holding correspondence with pirates.” During this same period Seth Sothel, one of the proprietors of the colony and governor of the Albemarle section, used accusations of piracy as a means of enforcing his arbitrary will.
At one time, buccaneers freely roamed the streets of Charleston, and if arrested and brought to trial, side-stepped justice by bribing public officials and even the juries. Decent citizens could do little more than raise their voices in angry protest. The growing importance of Charleston called for the appointment of governors who would take a firmer stand against these corsairs. The South Carolina Assembly passed laws curbing the activities of pirates. And for a change, these acts were enforced. The buccaneers began to steer clear of the port and sought greener pastures a little further to the North.
The term “Carolina” in the 17th century applied to the territory of both present‑day North and South Carolina. The area known as “Carolina south and west of Cape Fear,” or modern South Carolina, grew much faster than the area of today’s North Carolina. South Carolina had an excellent port in Charleston which attracted trade and people. North Carolina’s coastline of shallow coastal sounds and inlets offered little opportunity for harbor developments. Yet, as so often happens, one man’s misfortune is another man’s gain. These same shallow waters offered an ideal haven to pirates. By 1700 Edmund Randolph was sending reports to England that North Carolina had achieved a reputation as “a place which receives pirates, runaways and illegal traders.”
Because the colony showed so little promise as a potential trade center, the English authorities neglected to emphasize or particularly encourage its development. The thinly-scattered population was ideal for pirates. There were those among the more unscrupulous elements of the population of North Carolina who welcomed the pirates as an additional source of revenue. Yet there were many North Carolinians who wished to rid the colony of this menace. It was not to be an easy task.
When people think of pirates, most often Captain Kidd comes to mind. However, there is much doubt today that William Kidd was ever a pirate. Measured by his deeds, or misdeeds, on the high seas, certainly he would not rank with the top 100 pirates in history. Yet more words have been printed about this much-maligned man than any other captain in the trade.
In reality, it would appear that Kidd was a privateer rather than a pirate. At the age of 50, he was a successful, respected sea captain, living with his family in a fine brick house in New York. The prosperous owner of several merchant ships, he entertained no ambitions toward the life of a buccaneer. England was suffering from pirate raids on English merchant vessels in the Red Sea. The nation was also engaged in a war with France, and could not spare the ships to suppress this threat to her prosperity. A number of prominent Englishmen provided the financial backing for an expedition to crush the Red Sea pirates, expecting to make a nice profit from the sale of goods taken from the renegades.
One of the chief promoters of this expedition was Lord Bellomont, soon to be governor of New York. The list of those who invested money included the names of the Lord High Chancellor of England, the First Lord of the Admiralty, two of the King’s Secretaries of State, and a number of less important dignitaries. Even the King, William III, was to receive 10% of any proceeds from the voyage. Captain Kidd was selected to command and received a commission as a privateer.
In 1696 Kidd set sail in the 34-gun Adventure Galley. Two vessels were captured which were sailing under French passes, or permits. These were considered legal prizes of war, because of the war between France and England. When Kidd returned, it was not to share in any profit but to discover that he had been charged with piracy. Taken back to England in chains, his case became a political football. Certain elements were attempting to turn a number of his financial backers out of public office, and Kidd’s trial provided a method by which they could be discredited. Even then, he was not convicted of piracy, but for killing a mutinous seaman by striking him on the head with a water bucket. As captain of the ship, Kidd had every right to discipline a member of the crew, but this was not considered in the verdict. After he was hanged on May 23, 1701, his body was hung up in chains as a grisly warning to other erring mariners. Although Captain Kidd does not fall within any list of Carolina pirates, it has seemed appropriate to clear up the many misconceptions so long associated with his career. As he stated at his trial, Kidd was “the innocentest of them all. . . .” Yet few of the Carolina pirates, who were much more active in the bloody business, ever achieved his fame.
There were, however, many famous pirates who terrorized the shipping off the coast of Carolina. This was especially true after some of them fled the West Indies in 1717. Not only were the isolated shallow sounds an attraction, but rumors of a friendly governor led many of the buccaneers to look with favor upon the colony. It has been estimated that there were at least 2,000 pirates operating off the North American coast at this time. Governor Alexander Spotswood of Virginia sent a plaintive plea for aid back to England for, as he said, “Our coast is now infected with pirates.”
Not all of them were bearded swashbuckling males. One of the more famous pirates was a woman who, according to the scanty records, grew up in “Carolina.” Her name was Anne Bonny (sometimes spelled Bonney). She was born in Ireland, the daughter of an Irish lawyer whose name is not known. Her father emigrated to Carolina, where he prospered as the owner of a plantation. After the death of her mother, the young girl kept house for her father. Even then, or so the story goes, she had a “fierce and courageous” temper, and in one of her uncontrollable rages killed one of the house servants.
Anne met a handsome but penniless young sailor by the name of James Bonny. She fell in love. This so enraged her father that he turned her out of the house. She wandered with her husband to the West Indies. He seems to have been a pirate, for after his arrival there he surrendered and took the oath from Woodes Rogers. Anne could not take the rather dull life of a housewife ashore. A short time later she joined the pirate crew of Captain John Rackham, more commonly known as “Calico Jack,” because of the striped breeches which he always wore.
According to the stories of the day, Anne once more fell in love, this time with a member of the crew. This affair ended rather suddenly when Anne discovered that the other pirate was also a woman! This other female pirate was Mary Read, and her past had been filled with even more adventure than had Anne Bonny’s. She had at one time served in the English army, concealing her identity by donning the uniform of a regular soldier.
Anne Bonny and Mary Read became close companions and were almost constantly together. They wore women’s clothes most of the time they were on shipboard until a prize was sighted. Then they quickly changed into men’s jackets, long trousers, and knotted handkerchiefs about their heads. In battle, they fought alongside the other members of the crew, and it was later testified at their trials that they were just as cruel and bloodthirsty as any other pirates. When Rackham’s crew was eventually captured and tried, the two women were sentenced to hang along with the other men, but neither was ever executed. Mary Read died in jail of a violent fever. Anne Bonny was reprieved a number of times, and although no one seems to be certain just what did happen to her, there is no record of her having met death on the gallows. | 1,758 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Paper type: Essay Pages: 6 (1425 words)
The late eighteenth century encompasses a great struggle around the time of the French Revolution, in which several of the rebellious French groups begin to seek stability. Napoleon is one of the most important political figures in particular due to his consolidation of the achievements of the Revolution with Romanticism, and the most controversial when he is seen attempting to establish an empire by conquering most of present-day Europe. Following Napoleon’s downfall against growing coalitions of the enemy, Britain, Austria, Russia, and Prussia agreed to form a Quadruple Alliance for twenty years to preserve whatever settlement they agreed on, while establishing the Congress of Vienna to deal with whatever remaining problems they still had.
The Congress of Vienna consisted of these four major European powers, whom of which were all intent on creating a balance of power to preserve the peace in Napoleon’s absence; ultimately, the Congress of Vienna would achieve all of their goals, culminating in peace and the prevention of general war for a hundred years.
The Congress of Vienna was an international conference centered around the original countries that had emerged victorious. Notably, each of these countries were involved in the forming of several coalitions against France. Austria was one of Napolean’s earliest victims, having formed the First Coalition with Prussia and then the Second Coalition with Russia as an attempt to contain Revolutionary France. They were represented later in congress by Prince Klemens von Metternich. He was heavily conservative in his actions; however, he was willing to modify his ideals in order to for the conference to be a success. Prussia was an area that remained neutral apart from the times when they were forced into war, and as a result, their representative Prince Karl August von Hardenberg was also very inactive. Intelligent as he was, he simply knew the meaning of compromise. His actions would later become a nod to Russia when he brought about a reunion between Russia and Britain.
Russia exchanged a significant amount of victories with the French before finally seceding from the Second Coalition. Meanwhile, Alexander I alternately befriended and fought against Napoleon on several Adeyoye 2 occasions, only to meet with the other nations in a collaboration against him. Although Alexander helped to to form the Quadruple Alliance, he was more devoted to the interests of Russia. A radical thinker, he was often unpredictable and stood out from the other representatives. Unlike his counterparts, he rejected the idea of altering his ideals to stay true to congress; this would entail conflict for the others later on. Great Britain was also a former ally of France through The Peace of Amiens, but a combination of Napoleon’s confidence and disregard for the partner in this relationship provoked the force of Britain in warfare. Britain elected Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh as their representative in congress.
Castlereagh stands as a more visible example of the nations keeping check over one another when he begins to realize the intentions of Alexander, eventually dedicating himself to a limit on Russia’s control. Ultimately, all of these nations were part of the sixth coalition that defeated him at Leipzig and effectively drove him to exile on the island of Elba, off the coast of central Italy. Some time after congress is formed, Charles Talleyrand of France will take advantage of the rising suspicion toward Alexander and effectively convince the other diplomats to include France as a fifth great power, whereupon his objective will be to keep France in one piece. Promptly after assembling the Congress of Vienna, the powers kept to their intentions of reform. They were united there to resolve any remaining issues that were present. Although it was an easy problem that they faced, one of the most important problems revolved around France.
Even before the victorious coalition had entered Paris, Castlereagh brought about the signing of the Treaty of Chaumont, which provided for the restoration of the Bourbons to the French throne and the contraction of France to its frontiers of 1792. This was accompanied by the creation of non-vindictive boundary settlement as a part of their attempt to keep France calm and satisfied. Furthermore, it evolved into a collective agreement that no single state should be allowed to dominate Europe. Sure enough, a main issue arose concerning the settlement of eastern Europe. Alexander initiated the conflict by requesting Adeyoye 3 control over Poland; Prussia reciprocated by asking for all of Saxony in return for their share of Poland. Whereas Alexander was determined to have all of Poland under his rule, Austria was equally unwilling to surrender their share of Poland or see Prussia grow. It was in this instance that Talleyrand made an alliance with Austria and Britain on behalf of France, forcing Alexander to yield.
In his attempt to keep France unified, Talleyrand would exploit the suspicions of the other leading forces; however, this separation would prove to be only temporary with the arrival of another large problem. The French army was still loyal to their former emperor, and many of the French people were beginning to grow weary of the restored Bourbons. Just when the coalition seemed to be dissolving in Vienna, Napoleon seized the opportunity and returned to France, where he was received by his people. In response to existing systems, Napoleon entered promising a liberal constitution and a peaceful foreign policy; however, the allies were not convinced. As a result, he was quickly dealt with as an outlaw and forced into exile on Saint Helena, a tiny Atlantic Island off the coast of Africa. The real problem, however, was not Napoleon himself but the propaganda that stirred around congress because of him in The Hundred Days.
During which, Alexander was able to assemble a Holy Alliance, whereby all of the monarchs would act together in accordance with Christian principles. Alexander believed his proposal would only strengthen international relations while England abstained from it, believing that such extreme political reaction was unnecessary. The overall peace settlement indeed became harsher for France as a result of armies like the ones of the French Revolution and Napoleon overturning the political and social order of much of the continent. As a result, the original four renewed their Quadruple alliance, ruling that the prevention of war was a more favorable outcome than the upheaval and destruction of suppression; they would not punish France but instead try to stabilize it.
After dealing with the majority of their issues, the organization that was originally formed to Adeyoye 4 last for twenty years had profound results overlapping their time for many years. Looking back at past ills, the congress was able to resolve their internal conflict just as well as the external conflict. Alexander quickly grew silent in his radical ways after compromise came about with Austria and Prussia over Poland. France, although deprived of more or less all of the territory that Napoleon conquered, was willing to accept the change because of how well the new international order set them up. Difficult problems were solved reasonably. Rather than having them made by monarchs, treaties were made by states and could last after the death of a monarch.
Furthermore, European leaders were inspired to calculate political and economical powers in new ways that went beyond the simplistic ideas of trade domination that had started most wars; they took into account their natural resources and economies, their systems of education, and the possibility that general growth in agriculture, commerce, and industry would benefit all states and not one at the expense of others. Just as they intended, The Congress of Vienna established a framework for stability and the overall effect was an influence on most of Europe around them. Napoleon would rise to power in France and contend in unwanted domination, only to suffer defeat going against other, more united nations.
Although Spain would not be in the Quadruple Alliance, national resistance to France would drain French strength everywhere else in Europe and hasten Napoleon’s defeat. Rather than picking at the carcass of what was once a great republic, the victors of the Napoleonic Wars would come together to focus on stabilizing Europe after the onslaught of Napoleon. The Congress of Vienna would consist of each nation’s leading politicians, who would keep one another in check while subsequently improving the continent. Their primary goal was to reestablish a balance of power and a sense of peace; ultimately, they were highly successful in doing so. The Vienna settlement was left essentially intact for almost half a century, and general war would cease for a century.
Cite this page
Congress of Vienna. (2016, Dec 30). Retrieved from https://studymoose.com/congress-of-vienna-essay | <urn:uuid:8380038e-28fd-45ad-83cd-b625b67c54f1> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://studymoose.com/congress-of-vienna-essay | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251773463.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128030221-20200128060221-00502.warc.gz | en | 0.983359 | 1,728 | 3.484375 | 3 | [
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The late eighteenth century encompasses a great struggle around the time of the French Revolution, in which several of the rebellious French groups begin to seek stability. Napoleon is one of the most important political figures in particular due to his consolidation of the achievements of the Revolution with Romanticism, and the most controversial when he is seen attempting to establish an empire by conquering most of present-day Europe. Following Napoleon’s downfall against growing coalitions of the enemy, Britain, Austria, Russia, and Prussia agreed to form a Quadruple Alliance for twenty years to preserve whatever settlement they agreed on, while establishing the Congress of Vienna to deal with whatever remaining problems they still had.
The Congress of Vienna consisted of these four major European powers, whom of which were all intent on creating a balance of power to preserve the peace in Napoleon’s absence; ultimately, the Congress of Vienna would achieve all of their goals, culminating in peace and the prevention of general war for a hundred years.
The Congress of Vienna was an international conference centered around the original countries that had emerged victorious. Notably, each of these countries were involved in the forming of several coalitions against France. Austria was one of Napolean’s earliest victims, having formed the First Coalition with Prussia and then the Second Coalition with Russia as an attempt to contain Revolutionary France. They were represented later in congress by Prince Klemens von Metternich. He was heavily conservative in his actions; however, he was willing to modify his ideals in order to for the conference to be a success. Prussia was an area that remained neutral apart from the times when they were forced into war, and as a result, their representative Prince Karl August von Hardenberg was also very inactive. Intelligent as he was, he simply knew the meaning of compromise. His actions would later become a nod to Russia when he brought about a reunion between Russia and Britain.
Russia exchanged a significant amount of victories with the French before finally seceding from the Second Coalition. Meanwhile, Alexander I alternately befriended and fought against Napoleon on several Adeyoye 2 occasions, only to meet with the other nations in a collaboration against him. Although Alexander helped to to form the Quadruple Alliance, he was more devoted to the interests of Russia. A radical thinker, he was often unpredictable and stood out from the other representatives. Unlike his counterparts, he rejected the idea of altering his ideals to stay true to congress; this would entail conflict for the others later on. Great Britain was also a former ally of France through The Peace of Amiens, but a combination of Napoleon’s confidence and disregard for the partner in this relationship provoked the force of Britain in warfare. Britain elected Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh as their representative in congress.
Castlereagh stands as a more visible example of the nations keeping check over one another when he begins to realize the intentions of Alexander, eventually dedicating himself to a limit on Russia’s control. Ultimately, all of these nations were part of the sixth coalition that defeated him at Leipzig and effectively drove him to exile on the island of Elba, off the coast of central Italy. Some time after congress is formed, Charles Talleyrand of France will take advantage of the rising suspicion toward Alexander and effectively convince the other diplomats to include France as a fifth great power, whereupon his objective will be to keep France in one piece. Promptly after assembling the Congress of Vienna, the powers kept to their intentions of reform. They were united there to resolve any remaining issues that were present. Although it was an easy problem that they faced, one of the most important problems revolved around France.
Even before the victorious coalition had entered Paris, Castlereagh brought about the signing of the Treaty of Chaumont, which provided for the restoration of the Bourbons to the French throne and the contraction of France to its frontiers of 1792. This was accompanied by the creation of non-vindictive boundary settlement as a part of their attempt to keep France calm and satisfied. Furthermore, it evolved into a collective agreement that no single state should be allowed to dominate Europe. Sure enough, a main issue arose concerning the settlement of eastern Europe. Alexander initiated the conflict by requesting Adeyoye 3 control over Poland; Prussia reciprocated by asking for all of Saxony in return for their share of Poland. Whereas Alexander was determined to have all of Poland under his rule, Austria was equally unwilling to surrender their share of Poland or see Prussia grow. It was in this instance that Talleyrand made an alliance with Austria and Britain on behalf of France, forcing Alexander to yield.
In his attempt to keep France unified, Talleyrand would exploit the suspicions of the other leading forces; however, this separation would prove to be only temporary with the arrival of another large problem. The French army was still loyal to their former emperor, and many of the French people were beginning to grow weary of the restored Bourbons. Just when the coalition seemed to be dissolving in Vienna, Napoleon seized the opportunity and returned to France, where he was received by his people. In response to existing systems, Napoleon entered promising a liberal constitution and a peaceful foreign policy; however, the allies were not convinced. As a result, he was quickly dealt with as an outlaw and forced into exile on Saint Helena, a tiny Atlantic Island off the coast of Africa. The real problem, however, was not Napoleon himself but the propaganda that stirred around congress because of him in The Hundred Days.
During which, Alexander was able to assemble a Holy Alliance, whereby all of the monarchs would act together in accordance with Christian principles. Alexander believed his proposal would only strengthen international relations while England abstained from it, believing that such extreme political reaction was unnecessary. The overall peace settlement indeed became harsher for France as a result of armies like the ones of the French Revolution and Napoleon overturning the political and social order of much of the continent. As a result, the original four renewed their Quadruple alliance, ruling that the prevention of war was a more favorable outcome than the upheaval and destruction of suppression; they would not punish France but instead try to stabilize it.
After dealing with the majority of their issues, the organization that was originally formed to Adeyoye 4 last for twenty years had profound results overlapping their time for many years. Looking back at past ills, the congress was able to resolve their internal conflict just as well as the external conflict. Alexander quickly grew silent in his radical ways after compromise came about with Austria and Prussia over Poland. France, although deprived of more or less all of the territory that Napoleon conquered, was willing to accept the change because of how well the new international order set them up. Difficult problems were solved reasonably. Rather than having them made by monarchs, treaties were made by states and could last after the death of a monarch.
Furthermore, European leaders were inspired to calculate political and economical powers in new ways that went beyond the simplistic ideas of trade domination that had started most wars; they took into account their natural resources and economies, their systems of education, and the possibility that general growth in agriculture, commerce, and industry would benefit all states and not one at the expense of others. Just as they intended, The Congress of Vienna established a framework for stability and the overall effect was an influence on most of Europe around them. Napoleon would rise to power in France and contend in unwanted domination, only to suffer defeat going against other, more united nations.
Although Spain would not be in the Quadruple Alliance, national resistance to France would drain French strength everywhere else in Europe and hasten Napoleon’s defeat. Rather than picking at the carcass of what was once a great republic, the victors of the Napoleonic Wars would come together to focus on stabilizing Europe after the onslaught of Napoleon. The Congress of Vienna would consist of each nation’s leading politicians, who would keep one another in check while subsequently improving the continent. Their primary goal was to reestablish a balance of power and a sense of peace; ultimately, they were highly successful in doing so. The Vienna settlement was left essentially intact for almost half a century, and general war would cease for a century.
Cite this page
Congress of Vienna. (2016, Dec 30). Retrieved from https://studymoose.com/congress-of-vienna-essay | 1,713 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Paper type: Essay Pages: 3 (538 words)
During the Antebellum period, education was not a primary focus. Education was not all that important because everything seemed to be set in stone. The children of the wealthy would get the best possible education in private schools and academies, and would learn about business. This would prepare them for their inherited future. The children of the poor on the other hand would go to public schools which taught trade and industrial skills, which would prepare them to work in jobs at factories and such.
However, educational reformers saw that in order for the country to succeed, the poor had to be taught, or democracy would not succeed.
During the antebellum period, the north was in a very good position. They were manufacturing on a large scale and urbanizing. These two characteristics are they key role in educational reform. The south however was neither urbanized nor manufacturing. The south, which at the time was still heavily into slavery, could not be educationally reformed as well as the north because slavery was contradicting with the reform process.
There were many reform struggles in the south, all due to slavery. The north was reforming nicely, with new schools being built, the wealthy paying higher taxes in order to educate the poor and such.
The antebellum period gave birth too many education advocators. They fought for different people, but they shared one purpose, to provide education. For example, the most renowned education reformer was Horace Mann. As secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education, Mann fought for higher teacher qualifications, better pay, newer school buildings, and better curriculum. He believed that education was a child’s “natural right,” and that moral education should be the heart of the curriculum. Mann was firmly convinced that public education had the power to become a stabilizing as well as an equalizing force in American society.
Educational reform during the antebellum period was not only an effort to get better education for the poor white men, but also the women and African Americans. Women took this as their chance to try and gain some rights and become equal with men, in education. They fought for their right to get the same education opportunities as men. The women who did faced yet another obstacle. For example, the women who got into the colleges were given rigorous and challenging schedules. This was an effort to undermine their confidence, and keep them from graduating college. The women however didn’t falter, and did very well. African Americans also used this as an opportunity to get educated. However, only free African Americans had a chance, because it was forbidden for slaves to receive education. This reform and slight education gave the African Americans hope and some light in their future.
The educational reform during the antebellum period was very significant. It educated the poor, because the wealthy knew what needed to be done. Since working men were allowed to vote, and the majority of men were in the low middle classes, their vote made a big difference. Since most of them were uneducated, they would be ignorant and dangerous when it came time to elections. Education reformers knew that the poor needed to be educated in order for democracy to succeed.
Cite this page
Antebellum America (Educational Reform). (2016, Apr 19). Retrieved from https://studymoose.com/antebellum-america-educational-reform-essay | <urn:uuid:83fdd2ae-d791-4a17-b605-3b64ab5ee7ba> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://studymoose.com/antebellum-america-educational-reform-essay | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250614880.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124011048-20200124040048-00350.warc.gz | en | 0.989763 | 707 | 3.984375 | 4 | [
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During the Antebellum period, education was not a primary focus. Education was not all that important because everything seemed to be set in stone. The children of the wealthy would get the best possible education in private schools and academies, and would learn about business. This would prepare them for their inherited future. The children of the poor on the other hand would go to public schools which taught trade and industrial skills, which would prepare them to work in jobs at factories and such.
However, educational reformers saw that in order for the country to succeed, the poor had to be taught, or democracy would not succeed.
During the antebellum period, the north was in a very good position. They were manufacturing on a large scale and urbanizing. These two characteristics are they key role in educational reform. The south however was neither urbanized nor manufacturing. The south, which at the time was still heavily into slavery, could not be educationally reformed as well as the north because slavery was contradicting with the reform process.
There were many reform struggles in the south, all due to slavery. The north was reforming nicely, with new schools being built, the wealthy paying higher taxes in order to educate the poor and such.
The antebellum period gave birth too many education advocators. They fought for different people, but they shared one purpose, to provide education. For example, the most renowned education reformer was Horace Mann. As secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education, Mann fought for higher teacher qualifications, better pay, newer school buildings, and better curriculum. He believed that education was a child’s “natural right,” and that moral education should be the heart of the curriculum. Mann was firmly convinced that public education had the power to become a stabilizing as well as an equalizing force in American society.
Educational reform during the antebellum period was not only an effort to get better education for the poor white men, but also the women and African Americans. Women took this as their chance to try and gain some rights and become equal with men, in education. They fought for their right to get the same education opportunities as men. The women who did faced yet another obstacle. For example, the women who got into the colleges were given rigorous and challenging schedules. This was an effort to undermine their confidence, and keep them from graduating college. The women however didn’t falter, and did very well. African Americans also used this as an opportunity to get educated. However, only free African Americans had a chance, because it was forbidden for slaves to receive education. This reform and slight education gave the African Americans hope and some light in their future.
The educational reform during the antebellum period was very significant. It educated the poor, because the wealthy knew what needed to be done. Since working men were allowed to vote, and the majority of men were in the low middle classes, their vote made a big difference. Since most of them were uneducated, they would be ignorant and dangerous when it came time to elections. Education reformers knew that the poor needed to be educated in order for democracy to succeed.
Cite this page
Antebellum America (Educational Reform). (2016, Apr 19). Retrieved from https://studymoose.com/antebellum-america-educational-reform-essay | 701 | ENGLISH | 1 |
What was the significance of slavery in the political development of 18th- and 19th-century America?© BrainMass Inc. brainmass.com October 9, 2019, 9:28 pm ad1c9bdddf
Prior to 1776, slavery was allowed to a certain extent and actually slightly encouraged. During the European Colonial Period, slavery was rampant and most Europeans had no problem with it. When the United States started forming and organizing their governmental structure, slavery was one of the most debated issues. Because of many of other issues going on in the United States at that time, the US government took slavery off the agenda because of the other issues. They said it would be discussed at a later date, however no specific time was set. However, it did allow the states to form a union and sign off on the Constitution. Slavery was a major element in the economic health of the south which was heavily reliant on agriculture. Because this was before the big machines and harvesters, it took a huge amount of labor to do the harvest, planting, cultivating etc... To do this without slaves would have been impossible.
The plantation owners would not have been able to afford their farms with out ...
How slavery and the significance of slavery impacted the political climate and development of the 18th and 19th centuries in the United States. | <urn:uuid:650b849c-0051-401e-96bb-8a94fb33e59a> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://brainmass.com/history/north-american-history/significance-slavery-political-development-america-185851 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250624328.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124161014-20200124190014-00381.warc.gz | en | 0.982056 | 271 | 3.40625 | 3 | [
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0.4008170... | 1 | What was the significance of slavery in the political development of 18th- and 19th-century America?© BrainMass Inc. brainmass.com October 9, 2019, 9:28 pm ad1c9bdddf
Prior to 1776, slavery was allowed to a certain extent and actually slightly encouraged. During the European Colonial Period, slavery was rampant and most Europeans had no problem with it. When the United States started forming and organizing their governmental structure, slavery was one of the most debated issues. Because of many of other issues going on in the United States at that time, the US government took slavery off the agenda because of the other issues. They said it would be discussed at a later date, however no specific time was set. However, it did allow the states to form a union and sign off on the Constitution. Slavery was a major element in the economic health of the south which was heavily reliant on agriculture. Because this was before the big machines and harvesters, it took a huge amount of labor to do the harvest, planting, cultivating etc... To do this without slaves would have been impossible.
The plantation owners would not have been able to afford their farms with out ...
How slavery and the significance of slavery impacted the political climate and development of the 18th and 19th centuries in the United States. | 283 | ENGLISH | 1 |
I'm looking at a photo of Redwood trees, that measures 20"Hx144"L continuous,no seams. It dates from the late 1800s or early 1900s. Is that possible? Who might have produced this?
Photography was born in 1827. Soon photo engineering was advancing at a rapid pace. In 1890, the Cyclographe a foyer variable was marketed by J. Damoizeau of Paris. This camera has a spring motor that rotates the camera. The result was a panoramic view 360⁰. The camera could be stopped in its rotation making the view any desired angle. What followed was a parade many different camera designs that recorded on film a panoramic view. I have a print, similar, taken at the Port of New York, my father’s regiment, the 42nd Rainbow, embarking for France in World War 1. Modern Panoramic cameras continued in production to the present era.
Photographic paper was made in rolls and cut later, so continuous photo of this size was possible. Photos of that size could have been developed using sponges and other tools, so wet processing of such a big piece of paper was most likely also possible at that time. Exposure would have to be very long, but I think it was also doable.
Who might have produced this in late 1800 or early 1900? A photographic studio that wanted to show their capabilities? Photographic paper and film manufacturer? A serious hobbyist? John Muir himself? | <urn:uuid:545186ac-ab5a-40b9-a3a2-747b7a28ab9d> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://photo.stackexchange.com/questions/76235/im-looking-at-a-photo-that-measures-a-continous-20hx144l-the-subject-matter | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250597230.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120023523-20200120051523-00230.warc.gz | en | 0.983171 | 309 | 3.28125 | 3 | [
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0.3902621269226074,... | 3 | I'm looking at a photo of Redwood trees, that measures 20"Hx144"L continuous,no seams. It dates from the late 1800s or early 1900s. Is that possible? Who might have produced this?
Photography was born in 1827. Soon photo engineering was advancing at a rapid pace. In 1890, the Cyclographe a foyer variable was marketed by J. Damoizeau of Paris. This camera has a spring motor that rotates the camera. The result was a panoramic view 360⁰. The camera could be stopped in its rotation making the view any desired angle. What followed was a parade many different camera designs that recorded on film a panoramic view. I have a print, similar, taken at the Port of New York, my father’s regiment, the 42nd Rainbow, embarking for France in World War 1. Modern Panoramic cameras continued in production to the present era.
Photographic paper was made in rolls and cut later, so continuous photo of this size was possible. Photos of that size could have been developed using sponges and other tools, so wet processing of such a big piece of paper was most likely also possible at that time. Exposure would have to be very long, but I think it was also doable.
Who might have produced this in late 1800 or early 1900? A photographic studio that wanted to show their capabilities? Photographic paper and film manufacturer? A serious hobbyist? John Muir himself? | 329 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Ami. The 90,000 (in 1975) Ami were indigenous to the east coast between Hualien and Taitung. They have been growing rapidly in number (their 1939 population was 52,000). The influences of the Japanese after 1900 and the local Han peasantry have led to a great deal of acculturation, although the Ami are one of the few aboriginal peoples on Taiwan who still speak their own language.
The Ami were originally swidden agriculturalists who adopted wet-rice agriculture and the water buffalo (used for plowing) from the Han in approximately 1900. They raised dogs for hunting and pigs and chickens for ritual sacrifice. They made their clothing from bark cloth. Prior to Japanese occupation, the members of villages owned land corporately; it was parceled into units worked by younger men's age-grade groups. Since then, private ownership has become common. Hunting and fishing territories are administered by age-grade groups.
The Ami are matrilineal (with 50 clans) and generally matrilocal. The ambl-anak form of marriage, however, allowed those without daughters to pay a bride-price to gain patrilocal residence for the couple. Owing to Chinese influence, at least in part, this pattern is being used more and more by those with daughters.
Political structure is dualistic. Secular authority resides in the men's age-grade groups. Ritual authority is provided by the matrilineal kakitaan, or hereditary priestly families, though it is the men and not the women of these families who function as priests.
Social control of murder depended less on law than on blood vengeance by the deceased's kindred. Warfare against the Atayal, Bunun, and Puyuma peoples involved headhunting; pacification circa 1930 ended this. Traditionally the taking of heads was integral to the irisin renewal and fertility ceremony, celebrated following the millet harvest. Ami villages were once protected against their enemies by sharp bamboo stakes and trenches.
Puyuma. The approximately 6,000 (in 1975) Puyuma are now essentially assimilated among Han peasants. Traditionally they were agriculturalists who also hunted and fished. Land was owned by heads of aristocratic families, who rented it to commoners for part of the agricultural and faunal goods they produced.
The Puyuma lived in permanent villages of approximately 600 people. Each village was politically independent and almost entirely endogamous. Leadership was inherited among chiefly families. The Puyuma are matrilineal and matrilocal.
Of special importance was the moiety and age-grade system. The age-grade groups functioned as military training schools, among other things, and the moieties would practice attacking each other. From the ages of 18 to 22, a young man lived segregated from females in a men's house and learned to fight. At 22 he was allowed to marry, and he left the men's house to live with his wife's family.
The Puyuma believe that each person has three souls, one of which resides in the head, and one of which resides on each shoulder. Illness is caused by the departure of a shoulder soul, and death by that of the head soul. Female shamans treat illness by returning a shoulder soul. | <urn:uuid:586609cd-6717-494b-a5d6-76674f44d898> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.everyculture.com/East-Southeast-Asia/Taiwan-Aboriginal-Peoples-Eastern-Lowland-Groups.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251688806.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126104828-20200126134828-00315.warc.gz | en | 0.980345 | 679 | 3.484375 | 3 | [
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0.195350483059883... | 3 | Ami. The 90,000 (in 1975) Ami were indigenous to the east coast between Hualien and Taitung. They have been growing rapidly in number (their 1939 population was 52,000). The influences of the Japanese after 1900 and the local Han peasantry have led to a great deal of acculturation, although the Ami are one of the few aboriginal peoples on Taiwan who still speak their own language.
The Ami were originally swidden agriculturalists who adopted wet-rice agriculture and the water buffalo (used for plowing) from the Han in approximately 1900. They raised dogs for hunting and pigs and chickens for ritual sacrifice. They made their clothing from bark cloth. Prior to Japanese occupation, the members of villages owned land corporately; it was parceled into units worked by younger men's age-grade groups. Since then, private ownership has become common. Hunting and fishing territories are administered by age-grade groups.
The Ami are matrilineal (with 50 clans) and generally matrilocal. The ambl-anak form of marriage, however, allowed those without daughters to pay a bride-price to gain patrilocal residence for the couple. Owing to Chinese influence, at least in part, this pattern is being used more and more by those with daughters.
Political structure is dualistic. Secular authority resides in the men's age-grade groups. Ritual authority is provided by the matrilineal kakitaan, or hereditary priestly families, though it is the men and not the women of these families who function as priests.
Social control of murder depended less on law than on blood vengeance by the deceased's kindred. Warfare against the Atayal, Bunun, and Puyuma peoples involved headhunting; pacification circa 1930 ended this. Traditionally the taking of heads was integral to the irisin renewal and fertility ceremony, celebrated following the millet harvest. Ami villages were once protected against their enemies by sharp bamboo stakes and trenches.
Puyuma. The approximately 6,000 (in 1975) Puyuma are now essentially assimilated among Han peasants. Traditionally they were agriculturalists who also hunted and fished. Land was owned by heads of aristocratic families, who rented it to commoners for part of the agricultural and faunal goods they produced.
The Puyuma lived in permanent villages of approximately 600 people. Each village was politically independent and almost entirely endogamous. Leadership was inherited among chiefly families. The Puyuma are matrilineal and matrilocal.
Of special importance was the moiety and age-grade system. The age-grade groups functioned as military training schools, among other things, and the moieties would practice attacking each other. From the ages of 18 to 22, a young man lived segregated from females in a men's house and learned to fight. At 22 he was allowed to marry, and he left the men's house to live with his wife's family.
The Puyuma believe that each person has three souls, one of which resides in the head, and one of which resides on each shoulder. Illness is caused by the departure of a shoulder soul, and death by that of the head soul. Female shamans treat illness by returning a shoulder soul. | 710 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Public Art: Fountain of Trajan
Also Known As : Trajan Fountain
Description: The 12metre high fountain was constructed in honor of the Roman Emperor Trajan. His statue once stood in the centre niche overlooking the once glorious pool but unfortunately, all that remains of the statue is one foot and the globe. The pool was 20x10m and was surrounded by Corinthian columns and statues of members of the Imperial Family including Dionysus, Aphrodite, Satry. These statues now reside in the Museum. The water flowed into the pool from a pipe in the pedestal under Trajan’s feet.
Date: The fountain was erected between 102 and 104 A.D.
Location: The fountain is located on Curetes Street, one of the three main streets of Ephesus in Turkey.
So Who Was Emperor Trajan? : Trajan (Tranjanus) was a Roman Emperor from AD 98-117 and his reign was known as the golden age. After defeating the Dacians (now Romania) he worked on improving the city of Rome’s infrastructure, initiating the draining of the Pontine marshes, improving seaports and reducing taxes. Trajan was the first Roman Emperor not to be born in Italy. He was born in a city in south-eastern Spain near Seville.
Things You May Not Know:
Emperor Trajan’s reputation was so squeaky clean that during and following his death every new emperor after him was honored by the Senate with the wish “felicior Augusto, melior Traiano” meaning “be luckier than Augustus and better than Trajan”.
During his reign, Trajan hosted an almighty three-month gladiator festival in thein Rome. The gory event was attended by 5 million people, By the end of the festival, over 11,000 slaves, criminals and gladiators lay dead.
Trajan died from dropsy (edema) an accumulation of fluid beneath the skin.
Trajan’s ashes were laid to rest underneath Trajan’s column, the monument commemorating his success. | <urn:uuid:ca2ec888-b5c8-40b9-97c3-b232496f6eaf> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://publicartaroundtheworld.com/public-art-in-turkey/public-art-in-ephesus/fountain-of-trajan-ephesus/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251689924.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126135207-20200126165207-00207.warc.gz | en | 0.980412 | 445 | 3.5625 | 4 | [
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0.4255242347717285... | 11 | Public Art: Fountain of Trajan
Also Known As : Trajan Fountain
Description: The 12metre high fountain was constructed in honor of the Roman Emperor Trajan. His statue once stood in the centre niche overlooking the once glorious pool but unfortunately, all that remains of the statue is one foot and the globe. The pool was 20x10m and was surrounded by Corinthian columns and statues of members of the Imperial Family including Dionysus, Aphrodite, Satry. These statues now reside in the Museum. The water flowed into the pool from a pipe in the pedestal under Trajan’s feet.
Date: The fountain was erected between 102 and 104 A.D.
Location: The fountain is located on Curetes Street, one of the three main streets of Ephesus in Turkey.
So Who Was Emperor Trajan? : Trajan (Tranjanus) was a Roman Emperor from AD 98-117 and his reign was known as the golden age. After defeating the Dacians (now Romania) he worked on improving the city of Rome’s infrastructure, initiating the draining of the Pontine marshes, improving seaports and reducing taxes. Trajan was the first Roman Emperor not to be born in Italy. He was born in a city in south-eastern Spain near Seville.
Things You May Not Know:
Emperor Trajan’s reputation was so squeaky clean that during and following his death every new emperor after him was honored by the Senate with the wish “felicior Augusto, melior Traiano” meaning “be luckier than Augustus and better than Trajan”.
During his reign, Trajan hosted an almighty three-month gladiator festival in thein Rome. The gory event was attended by 5 million people, By the end of the festival, over 11,000 slaves, criminals and gladiators lay dead.
Trajan died from dropsy (edema) an accumulation of fluid beneath the skin.
Trajan’s ashes were laid to rest underneath Trajan’s column, the monument commemorating his success. | 437 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Historically home to the Chumash and Tongva, Los Angeles was claimed by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo for Spain in 1542. The city was officially founded on September 4, 1781, by Spanish governor Felipe de Neve. It became a part of Mexico in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence. In 1848, at the end of the Mexican–American War, Los Angeles and the rest of California were purchased as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, and thus became part of the United States. Los Angeles was incorporated as a municipality on April 4, 1850, five months before California achieved statehood. The discovery of oil in the 1890s brought rapid growth to the city. The city was further expanded with the completion of the Los Angeles Aqueduct in 1913, which delivers water from Eastern California. | <urn:uuid:06112baa-7d7b-4f96-95fa-1ef0e2f7d824> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://powerdreamteam.info/los-angeles-coloring-pages/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250607407.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122191620-20200122220620-00352.warc.gz | en | 0.980436 | 175 | 3.359375 | 3 | [
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0.085761569440... | 2 | Historically home to the Chumash and Tongva, Los Angeles was claimed by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo for Spain in 1542. The city was officially founded on September 4, 1781, by Spanish governor Felipe de Neve. It became a part of Mexico in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence. In 1848, at the end of the Mexican–American War, Los Angeles and the rest of California were purchased as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, and thus became part of the United States. Los Angeles was incorporated as a municipality on April 4, 1850, five months before California achieved statehood. The discovery of oil in the 1890s brought rapid growth to the city. The city was further expanded with the completion of the Los Angeles Aqueduct in 1913, which delivers water from Eastern California. | 197 | ENGLISH | 1 |
It was common in the 19th century for newspapers to publish lists of letters that had been received in the local post office. There was no free rural mail delivery until late in the 19th century and many cities didn’t have mail delivered to their homes either. The purpose of this listed published in a Warsaw, Illinois, newspaper in 1859 was to let people know they had a letter at the post office.
The hope was that even if people were not subscribers to the newspaper that someone who knew them would see their name in the newspaper and make them aware that they had mail. This 1859 notice even provided an additional piece of information: which letters were German.
It’s not specifically stated in this list exactly what is meant by “German Letters.” The reference could have been to items mailed from Germany or simply have been to items that had German handwriting on them. My inclination is to assume that “German” is referring to their origin. But that could be incorrect.
I can’t assume that the recipient of the letter was a native of Germany either–at least just on this reference. What’s safe to assume is that the person to whom the letter was addressed had an associate of some type who lived in Germany and that that person thought the recipient was living close enough to Warsaw, Illinois, that they could get mail addressed to them there and likely did business there (at least occasionally). It does not mean that the person was living in the village of Warsaw at the time this notice was published. | <urn:uuid:104fa763-09fb-4f7a-9341-6aec2c8e9386> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | http://rootdig.genealogytipoftheday.com/?p=9578 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250597458.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120052454-20200120080454-00104.warc.gz | en | 0.995473 | 316 | 3.28125 | 3 | [
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-0.104818269610... | 5 | It was common in the 19th century for newspapers to publish lists of letters that had been received in the local post office. There was no free rural mail delivery until late in the 19th century and many cities didn’t have mail delivered to their homes either. The purpose of this listed published in a Warsaw, Illinois, newspaper in 1859 was to let people know they had a letter at the post office.
The hope was that even if people were not subscribers to the newspaper that someone who knew them would see their name in the newspaper and make them aware that they had mail. This 1859 notice even provided an additional piece of information: which letters were German.
It’s not specifically stated in this list exactly what is meant by “German Letters.” The reference could have been to items mailed from Germany or simply have been to items that had German handwriting on them. My inclination is to assume that “German” is referring to their origin. But that could be incorrect.
I can’t assume that the recipient of the letter was a native of Germany either–at least just on this reference. What’s safe to assume is that the person to whom the letter was addressed had an associate of some type who lived in Germany and that that person thought the recipient was living close enough to Warsaw, Illinois, that they could get mail addressed to them there and likely did business there (at least occasionally). It does not mean that the person was living in the village of Warsaw at the time this notice was published. | 310 | ENGLISH | 1 |
The character of Robinson Crusoe on the fate of the decision
Posted On March 12, 2017
The character of Robinson Crusoe on the fate of the decision?,
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Character decides fate. Human being is the center of the world. Since human being opens their eyes, they are confused by their fate. While under the same social background, family environment, and with the same intelligence, some people are successful, but others are failing. The reason is the different kinds of character. Accordingly, different character lead to their different kinds of fate. According to the dictionary, character is the mental or moral qualities that make a person, group, nation, etc different from others. Generally speaking, character is the psychologist feature in the attitude and behavior when a person deal with people and matters, such as reasonable, stable, and frank. But character is not just simple, for every kind of character has its different sides; the cultural background of temperament is the basic factor of character. Fate is the power believed to control all events in a way that can not be resisted; destiny. Fate is not so mysterious that can not be mastered. When a person is in his old age, he can know what to do and how to deal with them. In fact, this is the convert of the outside fate to inside character. If a person masters his character, he controls his fate at the same time. In the world which is full of fierce competition, a person must firstly know his character, and then command his character well, he can be a popular man in the world. Otherwise, he may falls behind others, and be discriminated. The following is the detailed discussion of character and fate. Robinson Crusoe sets a good example for us.
I. The Brief Introuduction of the original works
A. The Introuduction of The Author
The author of Robinson Crusoe, Daniel Defoe was born in a good commercial family in 1660, in London. He was once a businessman, who ran the enterprise of underclothes, cigarettes and wine trade, he had lived through some difficulties, but he could save his enterprise every time after his failure, meanwhile, he showed us his stable determination to fight against his fate. He could not be destroyed. All of those experiences paved the way of thought and technique of the accomplishment of his masterpiece Robinson Crusoe. That is, the success of Robinson Crusoe is not occasional. It is said that besides Bible, Robinson Crusoe is the most published book. Today, the book has been regarded as the first long fiction in the world.
B. the Introduction of the Brief Content
Robinson Crusoe was written under the enlightenment of a real story in 18th. A Scottish seafaring man in Britain ship named Alengzander slake clashed against his captain, and was deserted in an isolated island, which had the distance of 500 meters far away from the coast of Chile. He lived alone there for about four years; he was finally saved by a famous sailor and was taken home in 1771. The event had evoked great interesting in the Europe. Robinson Crusoe, who was created by Daniel Defoe, was a representative of bourgeoisie, an ideal hero, what he advocated was not to satisfy with annoyance, but to develop, to work and to attain something through your effort. We can see the tradition of western civilization from him and his adventure spirit. The works praises people™s work spirit. The fiction opens up the way of English realism fiction. Robinson Crusoe, who was the protagonist of The Life and Strange Surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoe, was a person of stubborn, aggressive and firm. Because of his decision to go out to see the outside world and know it, he finally went out to be a sailor without the concession of his parents. He became a slave in the coast of Africa because of the attack by a group of pirates, but he later escaped there for that he can not bear the hard life, and he was saved by a Portugal ship, and he was carried to Brazil safely, where he attained a lot of money. But he was not satisfied with such property and designed to his dream to be on the way to sell slaves in Africa when somebody advised him to do so. Just because of it, he was flowed to an isolated island and was reduced to a lonely man without any company. Thank goodness, there were so much food, clothes and tools left in the ship which was wrecked on the coast. He could still be alive for those materials. During the period, Bible was his spirit support, he built house, got rice, tamed sheep and made leather clothes by the fur of animals. After twenty eight years, he was saved by an English ship to England.
II. The Process of Being Locked on the Isolated Island
A. The Conflict of Robinson Crusoe™s Character
We can not clearly define the character of Robinson Crusoe, because his character was complex. On the one hand, he was undoubtedly weak for his bourgeois status, he was tired of the boring commercial life, and was afraid of the existed and disagreeable way to be rich and devoting all his life to such common profession; he wanted to have another life style which could supply him excitement and energy. In a word, he wanted to attain most of what he wanted, and be far away from the earthly world. He wanted to live a special life. On the other hand, he liked freedom, and attempted to pursue his own life, he was also willing to achieve his dream at any price, even worked hard. His strong point of his character was showed here completely. His weakness in the common life just converted to the strong point of his later sailing life, which was a sharp different world from what he had lived for about twenty years.
B.The First Decision to Go for Sailing
Robinson Crusoe was supposed to live happy and easy life, but he attempted to go out from his parents™ house to sail in the sea without following his parents™ advice for his own dream though his parents had leaved lots of property for him. He came out with several companies and began his sailing life.
C.The Second Decision to Stay in the Sea
All of his thought promoted him to go out to Hull, and met one of his friends, who persuaded him to go to London, so he suffered the first storm in the sea. At this time, he wanted to go home very much and felt regret that he did not follow his parents™ words, but when the sea calmed down, he forgot the fear and worry during the storm, just concentrated himself to the beautiful and peaceful evening. This was the second time he followed his own thought and created the prelude of his later lonely life.
D. Meeting the Serious Disaster in the Sea
Once he decided to stay in the sea, his fate could not be controlled by himself but only the disasters in the sea. The storm was varied and changeable. It could take away his life anytime, his second unhappiness was coming. This was a storm lasted longer and more serious than the first time. Luckily, he and his company were saved. This time he may probably go back with the grave persuasion of an older. But still he did not go back just for his pity self-ego, he was afraid of confronting with the discrimination and hatred opposed the best motions that to go home,
That they are not asham™d to sin, and yet was asham™d to repent, not asham™d of the Action for which they ought justly to be esteem™d fools, but are asham™d of the returning, which only can make them be esteem™d wise men.(Defoe,16)
This was the third time his personality put him to the abyss of his unlucky fate.
E. Being Locked in the Isolated Island
Thus, he continued to sail with his company, but unluckily, they were attacked by a group of pirates, Robinson Crusoe was caught as a slave of a Moor. Though he finally escaped from his Master, and earned enough money by doing some trade with others, and could live a quiet retired life and of which his father had so carefully described the middle station of life, he was still interested in some other things, he finally went to Africa to do the business of selling slaves, which was the real beginning of his unlucky fate. From now on, he was locked in the isolated island.
F. The Character of Robinson Crusoe
From the above facts, we the readers may hold that Robinson Crusoe was a person with unreasonable, even mad personality, he could be easy and happy whatever life style he chose as long as he had not decide to go to Africa. Before he was reduced to be a lonely man, he had experienced the similar condition, the only difference was he was saved and could live the normal life, he himself once said that if he was not so aggressive and impious, he could never experience such kind of terrible life. When he was concentrated in the great ecstasy of survival, new danger was waiting for him. The life on the isolated island was difficult that we can not imagine. There were no existed food, no place to have a rest, no people to communicate with, besides all of these, the worst was the fear itself, he would be attacked by wild animal anytime, Therefore, he must be alert to everything every time. If Robinson Crusoe was weak, he might have lost his heart to continue his life, and might do nothing. But he did not do so, the base of his unlucky fate was just his aggressive character, therefore, he was not depressed, not negative but positive to fight against nature, all of his activities were not only for survival, but also for creation. The first problem he must solve on the island was survival, Robinson Crusoe was born in the middle class family, so he believed his own strength very much, he believe only his own effort, not others™, can help him to make his dream come true, to help him climb up the ladder of the social. Therefore, he moved all of the useful materials to the island and did not fell tired for about forty times. So, he felt not so sad when the wrecked ship was flown by sea wave and then he built tent, made fence, built the house to live in, caught fish and sheep as food. In a word, he did everything he could to prepare for his later life on the isolated island. Thank goodness, he attained enough food and materials to live on, and because of his kindness, he saved a person named Friday, who helped Robinson Crusoe a lot, finally they saved a ship, in turn, the people in the ship saved them, they took them back to Britain. Until now, we could see Robinson Crusoe was reduced to be a vagrant, but finally he came back to human being.
From his life that he escaped from his family to being saved by others, what he faced was almost all difficulty. Through the slight description and discussion, we have been informed that what Robinson Crusoe faced was almost all difficulty and dangers that a common people can hardly deal with, even dare not confront with, but Robinson Crusoe faced them bravely. Just as his words, it is disgusting to cherish the thought of going home to live easy life. He held there was a kind of mysterious force made him go forward, and he attributed all of this to God™s will, he showed his aggressive character that he did not want to obey the traditional life style, his so-called mysterious predestination just reflected spirit condition of denying the bound of modern tradition and demanding the development of primate freedom, his strange thought just reflected his courage and lofty quality of opening up new world, all of which formed his bourgeois character.
From all these above, we could come to the conclusion that Robinson Crusoe chose his life, and was responsible for his own choice, he saved himself in the loneliness for a long time, he was successful. What I want to say is that, his success was not only due to his survival, but also his maintained health and integrity and personality, he still had the common sense, which had not been corroded by endless loneliness, in turn, he abstained his fruit that a common can not achieve even can not imagine. We could praise him undoubtedly that he is a hero, a hero not only in his own times, his own country, but also in all human being. His strong mind, kind heart, aggressive temperament help him achieve the utmost of his life, in the above passage, we have analyzed Robinson Crusoe was a person with complex character, he was weak in the earthly society, but strong minded in his own choice and he was kindhearted to save Friday who finally helped him escaped from that isolated island. The adventure story tells us, as a human being, we™d better live according to our own will, whatever disasters we will meet, and the most important point is we must form a good character that can be responsible for the life we have chosen. It is important to have a character of strong minded, steadfast, tough and tensile to face our life. Just as Shakespeare™s motto in Cymbeline: trouble is the mother of strong for ever.
III. Different Character, Different Fate
A. The Important Role of Character in the Daily Life
In our modern society, people live in a world that contains fierce competition; most people live with great pressure. There is an American journalist interviewed the great banker: what is the most factor of your success He answered without any hesitation: Character, a series of questions following: what is character? What kind of character is good for success in such a society?
B. The Relationship between Proper and Improper Character
Psychologists find that improper character is an important factor leading to be suffered and failure, such as sensitive, sheltie, stubborn, unconfident, introversive, self-center, irritable, and pay excessive attention to other™s evaluation. In fact, the development of healthy and integrated character is more important than the intelligence, just like ability can be formed gradually, but habit need our continuous training; many successful companies focus on first the degree of the expansion of the employees™ character when they are planning to absorb some new workers.
The conception of temperament is wider than human nature and personality, it has not only informed factor, but also a social factor, we can list a series of advantage of character, also can arrange disadvantage, they just like the two sides of a coin, they depend on each other, and react on each other. The strong point is usually the resource of shortage, the elaborate of advantage usually exposes on the biggest disadvantage. The effective step is: to see clearly your own strong points, and know your shortage, only treating yourself well, improving yourself can you go forward firmly.
C. The Correct Attitude towards One™s Proper and Improper Character
The people who have drawback in temperament will not live so happy life compare to those who are positive to life in doing their business, study, treating others and dealing with matters in their daily lives, and they may enjoy the different feeling. After you experience much trials and hardships in your life, and if you are positive sanguine, strong minded, kind and gentle, you will have the chance to enjoy the feeling that king sponsored: to sow one kind of temperament, to gain a kind of success.
It is said that God is fair, and everyone is the apple that has been bitted by God. Actually, this theory is easy to be understood by anyone. But in our real life many people can not accepted their own shortage, and accordingly they complain all day instead of doing some useful thing to make amends for their shortcoming, they can not be saved, God has deserted them. While, there are still a group of people with strong mind just like Robinson Crusoe, they never give up when they are in trouble, even in despair condition. This kind of people is the real hero of our society, we should learn from them.
?. Detailed Examples
A. The Example of Sanglan
The world is so complex and changeable that it is hard for a person to live well, let alone those disabled ones. For instance, our famous national gymnast Sanglan, she took part in the gymnastic training when she was a child, she was very industrious, she do the exercise every day from dawn until dark, and with the help of the strict coach, she could master the spirit of the gymnastic, so she finally got the qualification of participating the Olympic Games, much still, she often wins the golden medal, but, when she was concentrated in the great joys, she felt off and broke her legs in one of the Olympic Games. From that time on, she became a handicapped woman, and could not still stay in her loved and familiar gymnastic field. This was a great punch on Sanglan. But after a short time for sadness, she finally overcame herself with the consol and help of her family members, her relatives and the public people who like her. She can feel a botch of light is shooting at her in the darkness; she converted her despair to hope, and accepted a job worked as a host, we the audiences can see her bright smile appear on her face again. She did not absorb herself in the sadness for a long time, and she did not complain her unlucky fate endlessly, she was like Robinson Crusoe. In the beginning, they chose their lives according to their own will bravely, irrespective of what kind of difficult they will meet; their character forced them to confront with their joy and sadness of their lives. That was their fate, the fate they chose and faced.
B. The Story of Einstein
There are a great number of such kinds of events. Einstein was well-known in our world, and he was a person who liked to stay alone, for he could get aspiration when he stayed alone to create the famous theory. We can understand him from different aspects, but he regarded himself as a lonely traveler, if we try to understand him from this aspect, we will get new information of the great scientist. He was the greatest scientist in the atom times, and also the most brilliant intellectual in existence. He liked to stay alone to think some profound issues. It is worthy in referring to that his loneliness was not forced but his choice, he could live well and do some matters in the loneliness which is regarded to beunbearable by most people. Actually, loneliness has two sides, if you make friends with him, he will like you, too, but once you hated him and fought against him, he also treated you in the same way. Einstein adhered to his own principle all the time, though his loneliness became clash with the outside world, he just replied them with silence. His understanding of lonesome is deep, he held that a real scientist can bear loneliness, and a well bred man also needed primate life and put it to objective and logic world. This is just like the people live in the noisy big city, he desire to search for a quiet, fresh life. Einstein™s explanation of his lonely temperament was full of theory, and had listed to the degree of transcend real and perceptive world. Therefore Einstein never fell unrest for his loneliness, because he hates the deliration in the earthly world. Only break away from the deliration and quarrel, can scientists find themselves and the real freedom in their own field. When his second wife died in 1936, his life changed basically, loneliness is not his character and his thought any more, but it became true, it became his close company in his daily life. His felling of loneliness usually can be seen on his face. When his relatives and his little sister died in 1950s, Einstein was hit heavily again. He was tangled with loneliness from that time on. But he overcame all of obstacles and contributed a lot to human being, the objective field that only scientists can enter while the common people can hardly understand. Supposed the scientists are not the lonely traveler in this field, what achievement we can get? Einstein can be regarded as a great man in our human society. This is a second example to tell us that only make ourselves be firm, can we be the winner of our lives.
It is said that fate can not be resisted, while it is possible to change your temperament. It is not only inborn, to shape it in the day after tomorrow is also important. The recent survey issued in America showed that the average intelligence of the successful people in the field of politics and trade is in the middle level, but their emotional quality is high. In fact, the factor of EQ is included in the character, therefore, our opinion that character decides fate is proved by science. Actually, we do not need to prove the point, only looking at the various famous men in the human history, they are the undoubtedly proved. Although some of them are successful, and others are failing, each of their fate is related closely to their personality and special temperament.
In the history, for the unfair chance, the factor of character is not so important, but today, in the highly developed information times, the same opportunity is existed in the front of almost everyone, the only difference is the different attitudes to treat opportunity, the form is decided by character finally. In such a society, we have no reason to neglect our responsibility, and have no space to complain, what we should do is only to form our temperament, and to grasp our own fate.
C. The Story of Danna
Danna, the queen of England, her astonishing beauty overmastered the prince, and also overcame all the people in the world. This is not the crucial factor that influenced her fate, but her treasonable temperament. Concerning to Danna, there seem to be many topics. Nowadays, she had not existed in the world, but what she leaves to us is some beautiful recollection, the great domino effect she made in her life is not easy for us to efface. From a pure little girl to a famous queen, and finally broke away from the loyalty, divorced with Charlie, the unusual experience showed us her temperament and personality. People paid more attention to her beauty, mild, but neglected the other sides of her temperament—- treason. Treason and mellow seemed to be contradict, but they coexisted in her body, formed her short life. It was just the connection of the two that characters created her specialty and misfortune. If she was not so beautiful, she was not the queen, at the same time, she could avoid a lot of misery in her life. As a queen, she really got the imaginable wealth, but she also paid high cost for it. If she was not treasonable, and only obeyed the various rules of the loyalty, did not fight against her fate, though she was still a famous somebody, the judgment of people to her was different. If we say the loyalty changed the fate of Danna, then this was the inevitable result she fought against her fate from a pure girl to a treasonable queen. The behave and dressing of Danna were different gradually from the several rules of the loyalty, so it was normal for her to be blamed. In the loyal that was famous for their conservation, the common and normal behavior in her eyes can not be understood. For example, she liked to stand beside the playground to whoop and clap for her children when they were playing football there, and bought clothes for her children in the flesh in the clothes shop, offered absolute different education to her children, aiming to let her children know the real world, the real life. All of these opposed to the tradition and rule of the loyalty. The loyalty could not bear the queen with so treasonable character and queen Danna could not accept the kinds of rule, when such rules lose its effect on Danna, she certainly left there. These were the life trace of queen Danna. A great person who can just be a good mother, but not a so-called queen. Finally, she insisted on her own personality and chose her own free life, but not the treasure in the British loyalty. This is a typical example for our point that character decides our life.
D. The Example of Xiangyu
All of the above are the frontal examples; there still are some contrary examples. Some people can not form proper character, and leading to the sad life. Xiangyu was a headstrong and indecisive person, therefore, though he was brave and tenacious, and could be so-called hero, he is still a rude man, he was festinated to be failing for his character. Therefore, the fight between Chu and Han was actually the haggle of temperament. At the beginning and the middle of the fight between Chu and Han, Xiangyu was actually in the advantageous condition, but he failed finally. The failure could be due to his character to the most extent. In the war, though Liubang was a rascal, his character had a lot of advantage that others could not compare, he can accept the words of his court, and was good at using useful people, he also dared to achieve his aim at any price. Although Xiangyu was a hero, he has not the quality of leader that was his indecisive character. For example, he could help his soldier to bind their cuts, but he could not praise them. The morale of the troop could not be evoked, so they failed in the batter.
We can see the frontal and the contrary sides of people™s character from the above introduction; we can also know the importance of our temperament in our daily lives and the competition. A frontal character could help us live easily in the world, while a contrary one just could increase our burden. Robinson Crusoe saved himself by working hard on the isolated island positively and did not design to the difficulties. So he lived a happy life after he was saved, he was the winner of his fate; his character decided his fate finally.
A wise person should master the theory well, and can be the winner of life, but some stupid men can not understand it, and can not command it well, such people only can be the victim of the world. They can not catch up with others; accordingly, they can not be admitted by people in the world. The popular people in the 21st are those who can master their character and fate. -H | <urn:uuid:f8a1db7d-ef50-4200-a1bd-1b5bd804eab1> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://systemsinfluenza.org/the-character-of-robinson-crusoe-on-the-fate-of-the-decision/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250604849.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121162615-20200121191615-00384.warc.gz | en | 0.988882 | 5,434 | 3.296875 | 3 | [
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0.0007910989224910... | 1 | The character of Robinson Crusoe on the fate of the decision
Posted On March 12, 2017
The character of Robinson Crusoe on the fate of the decision?,
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Character decides fate. Human being is the center of the world. Since human being opens their eyes, they are confused by their fate. While under the same social background, family environment, and with the same intelligence, some people are successful, but others are failing. The reason is the different kinds of character. Accordingly, different character lead to their different kinds of fate. According to the dictionary, character is the mental or moral qualities that make a person, group, nation, etc different from others. Generally speaking, character is the psychologist feature in the attitude and behavior when a person deal with people and matters, such as reasonable, stable, and frank. But character is not just simple, for every kind of character has its different sides; the cultural background of temperament is the basic factor of character. Fate is the power believed to control all events in a way that can not be resisted; destiny. Fate is not so mysterious that can not be mastered. When a person is in his old age, he can know what to do and how to deal with them. In fact, this is the convert of the outside fate to inside character. If a person masters his character, he controls his fate at the same time. In the world which is full of fierce competition, a person must firstly know his character, and then command his character well, he can be a popular man in the world. Otherwise, he may falls behind others, and be discriminated. The following is the detailed discussion of character and fate. Robinson Crusoe sets a good example for us.
I. The Brief Introuduction of the original works
A. The Introuduction of The Author
The author of Robinson Crusoe, Daniel Defoe was born in a good commercial family in 1660, in London. He was once a businessman, who ran the enterprise of underclothes, cigarettes and wine trade, he had lived through some difficulties, but he could save his enterprise every time after his failure, meanwhile, he showed us his stable determination to fight against his fate. He could not be destroyed. All of those experiences paved the way of thought and technique of the accomplishment of his masterpiece Robinson Crusoe. That is, the success of Robinson Crusoe is not occasional. It is said that besides Bible, Robinson Crusoe is the most published book. Today, the book has been regarded as the first long fiction in the world.
B. the Introduction of the Brief Content
Robinson Crusoe was written under the enlightenment of a real story in 18th. A Scottish seafaring man in Britain ship named Alengzander slake clashed against his captain, and was deserted in an isolated island, which had the distance of 500 meters far away from the coast of Chile. He lived alone there for about four years; he was finally saved by a famous sailor and was taken home in 1771. The event had evoked great interesting in the Europe. Robinson Crusoe, who was created by Daniel Defoe, was a representative of bourgeoisie, an ideal hero, what he advocated was not to satisfy with annoyance, but to develop, to work and to attain something through your effort. We can see the tradition of western civilization from him and his adventure spirit. The works praises people™s work spirit. The fiction opens up the way of English realism fiction. Robinson Crusoe, who was the protagonist of The Life and Strange Surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoe, was a person of stubborn, aggressive and firm. Because of his decision to go out to see the outside world and know it, he finally went out to be a sailor without the concession of his parents. He became a slave in the coast of Africa because of the attack by a group of pirates, but he later escaped there for that he can not bear the hard life, and he was saved by a Portugal ship, and he was carried to Brazil safely, where he attained a lot of money. But he was not satisfied with such property and designed to his dream to be on the way to sell slaves in Africa when somebody advised him to do so. Just because of it, he was flowed to an isolated island and was reduced to a lonely man without any company. Thank goodness, there were so much food, clothes and tools left in the ship which was wrecked on the coast. He could still be alive for those materials. During the period, Bible was his spirit support, he built house, got rice, tamed sheep and made leather clothes by the fur of animals. After twenty eight years, he was saved by an English ship to England.
II. The Process of Being Locked on the Isolated Island
A. The Conflict of Robinson Crusoe™s Character
We can not clearly define the character of Robinson Crusoe, because his character was complex. On the one hand, he was undoubtedly weak for his bourgeois status, he was tired of the boring commercial life, and was afraid of the existed and disagreeable way to be rich and devoting all his life to such common profession; he wanted to have another life style which could supply him excitement and energy. In a word, he wanted to attain most of what he wanted, and be far away from the earthly world. He wanted to live a special life. On the other hand, he liked freedom, and attempted to pursue his own life, he was also willing to achieve his dream at any price, even worked hard. His strong point of his character was showed here completely. His weakness in the common life just converted to the strong point of his later sailing life, which was a sharp different world from what he had lived for about twenty years.
B.The First Decision to Go for Sailing
Robinson Crusoe was supposed to live happy and easy life, but he attempted to go out from his parents™ house to sail in the sea without following his parents™ advice for his own dream though his parents had leaved lots of property for him. He came out with several companies and began his sailing life.
C.The Second Decision to Stay in the Sea
All of his thought promoted him to go out to Hull, and met one of his friends, who persuaded him to go to London, so he suffered the first storm in the sea. At this time, he wanted to go home very much and felt regret that he did not follow his parents™ words, but when the sea calmed down, he forgot the fear and worry during the storm, just concentrated himself to the beautiful and peaceful evening. This was the second time he followed his own thought and created the prelude of his later lonely life.
D. Meeting the Serious Disaster in the Sea
Once he decided to stay in the sea, his fate could not be controlled by himself but only the disasters in the sea. The storm was varied and changeable. It could take away his life anytime, his second unhappiness was coming. This was a storm lasted longer and more serious than the first time. Luckily, he and his company were saved. This time he may probably go back with the grave persuasion of an older. But still he did not go back just for his pity self-ego, he was afraid of confronting with the discrimination and hatred opposed the best motions that to go home,
That they are not asham™d to sin, and yet was asham™d to repent, not asham™d of the Action for which they ought justly to be esteem™d fools, but are asham™d of the returning, which only can make them be esteem™d wise men.(Defoe,16)
This was the third time his personality put him to the abyss of his unlucky fate.
E. Being Locked in the Isolated Island
Thus, he continued to sail with his company, but unluckily, they were attacked by a group of pirates, Robinson Crusoe was caught as a slave of a Moor. Though he finally escaped from his Master, and earned enough money by doing some trade with others, and could live a quiet retired life and of which his father had so carefully described the middle station of life, he was still interested in some other things, he finally went to Africa to do the business of selling slaves, which was the real beginning of his unlucky fate. From now on, he was locked in the isolated island.
F. The Character of Robinson Crusoe
From the above facts, we the readers may hold that Robinson Crusoe was a person with unreasonable, even mad personality, he could be easy and happy whatever life style he chose as long as he had not decide to go to Africa. Before he was reduced to be a lonely man, he had experienced the similar condition, the only difference was he was saved and could live the normal life, he himself once said that if he was not so aggressive and impious, he could never experience such kind of terrible life. When he was concentrated in the great ecstasy of survival, new danger was waiting for him. The life on the isolated island was difficult that we can not imagine. There were no existed food, no place to have a rest, no people to communicate with, besides all of these, the worst was the fear itself, he would be attacked by wild animal anytime, Therefore, he must be alert to everything every time. If Robinson Crusoe was weak, he might have lost his heart to continue his life, and might do nothing. But he did not do so, the base of his unlucky fate was just his aggressive character, therefore, he was not depressed, not negative but positive to fight against nature, all of his activities were not only for survival, but also for creation. The first problem he must solve on the island was survival, Robinson Crusoe was born in the middle class family, so he believed his own strength very much, he believe only his own effort, not others™, can help him to make his dream come true, to help him climb up the ladder of the social. Therefore, he moved all of the useful materials to the island and did not fell tired for about forty times. So, he felt not so sad when the wrecked ship was flown by sea wave and then he built tent, made fence, built the house to live in, caught fish and sheep as food. In a word, he did everything he could to prepare for his later life on the isolated island. Thank goodness, he attained enough food and materials to live on, and because of his kindness, he saved a person named Friday, who helped Robinson Crusoe a lot, finally they saved a ship, in turn, the people in the ship saved them, they took them back to Britain. Until now, we could see Robinson Crusoe was reduced to be a vagrant, but finally he came back to human being.
From his life that he escaped from his family to being saved by others, what he faced was almost all difficulty. Through the slight description and discussion, we have been informed that what Robinson Crusoe faced was almost all difficulty and dangers that a common people can hardly deal with, even dare not confront with, but Robinson Crusoe faced them bravely. Just as his words, it is disgusting to cherish the thought of going home to live easy life. He held there was a kind of mysterious force made him go forward, and he attributed all of this to God™s will, he showed his aggressive character that he did not want to obey the traditional life style, his so-called mysterious predestination just reflected spirit condition of denying the bound of modern tradition and demanding the development of primate freedom, his strange thought just reflected his courage and lofty quality of opening up new world, all of which formed his bourgeois character.
From all these above, we could come to the conclusion that Robinson Crusoe chose his life, and was responsible for his own choice, he saved himself in the loneliness for a long time, he was successful. What I want to say is that, his success was not only due to his survival, but also his maintained health and integrity and personality, he still had the common sense, which had not been corroded by endless loneliness, in turn, he abstained his fruit that a common can not achieve even can not imagine. We could praise him undoubtedly that he is a hero, a hero not only in his own times, his own country, but also in all human being. His strong mind, kind heart, aggressive temperament help him achieve the utmost of his life, in the above passage, we have analyzed Robinson Crusoe was a person with complex character, he was weak in the earthly society, but strong minded in his own choice and he was kindhearted to save Friday who finally helped him escaped from that isolated island. The adventure story tells us, as a human being, we™d better live according to our own will, whatever disasters we will meet, and the most important point is we must form a good character that can be responsible for the life we have chosen. It is important to have a character of strong minded, steadfast, tough and tensile to face our life. Just as Shakespeare™s motto in Cymbeline: trouble is the mother of strong for ever.
III. Different Character, Different Fate
A. The Important Role of Character in the Daily Life
In our modern society, people live in a world that contains fierce competition; most people live with great pressure. There is an American journalist interviewed the great banker: what is the most factor of your success He answered without any hesitation: Character, a series of questions following: what is character? What kind of character is good for success in such a society?
B. The Relationship between Proper and Improper Character
Psychologists find that improper character is an important factor leading to be suffered and failure, such as sensitive, sheltie, stubborn, unconfident, introversive, self-center, irritable, and pay excessive attention to other™s evaluation. In fact, the development of healthy and integrated character is more important than the intelligence, just like ability can be formed gradually, but habit need our continuous training; many successful companies focus on first the degree of the expansion of the employees™ character when they are planning to absorb some new workers.
The conception of temperament is wider than human nature and personality, it has not only informed factor, but also a social factor, we can list a series of advantage of character, also can arrange disadvantage, they just like the two sides of a coin, they depend on each other, and react on each other. The strong point is usually the resource of shortage, the elaborate of advantage usually exposes on the biggest disadvantage. The effective step is: to see clearly your own strong points, and know your shortage, only treating yourself well, improving yourself can you go forward firmly.
C. The Correct Attitude towards One™s Proper and Improper Character
The people who have drawback in temperament will not live so happy life compare to those who are positive to life in doing their business, study, treating others and dealing with matters in their daily lives, and they may enjoy the different feeling. After you experience much trials and hardships in your life, and if you are positive sanguine, strong minded, kind and gentle, you will have the chance to enjoy the feeling that king sponsored: to sow one kind of temperament, to gain a kind of success.
It is said that God is fair, and everyone is the apple that has been bitted by God. Actually, this theory is easy to be understood by anyone. But in our real life many people can not accepted their own shortage, and accordingly they complain all day instead of doing some useful thing to make amends for their shortcoming, they can not be saved, God has deserted them. While, there are still a group of people with strong mind just like Robinson Crusoe, they never give up when they are in trouble, even in despair condition. This kind of people is the real hero of our society, we should learn from them.
?. Detailed Examples
A. The Example of Sanglan
The world is so complex and changeable that it is hard for a person to live well, let alone those disabled ones. For instance, our famous national gymnast Sanglan, she took part in the gymnastic training when she was a child, she was very industrious, she do the exercise every day from dawn until dark, and with the help of the strict coach, she could master the spirit of the gymnastic, so she finally got the qualification of participating the Olympic Games, much still, she often wins the golden medal, but, when she was concentrated in the great joys, she felt off and broke her legs in one of the Olympic Games. From that time on, she became a handicapped woman, and could not still stay in her loved and familiar gymnastic field. This was a great punch on Sanglan. But after a short time for sadness, she finally overcame herself with the consol and help of her family members, her relatives and the public people who like her. She can feel a botch of light is shooting at her in the darkness; she converted her despair to hope, and accepted a job worked as a host, we the audiences can see her bright smile appear on her face again. She did not absorb herself in the sadness for a long time, and she did not complain her unlucky fate endlessly, she was like Robinson Crusoe. In the beginning, they chose their lives according to their own will bravely, irrespective of what kind of difficult they will meet; their character forced them to confront with their joy and sadness of their lives. That was their fate, the fate they chose and faced.
B. The Story of Einstein
There are a great number of such kinds of events. Einstein was well-known in our world, and he was a person who liked to stay alone, for he could get aspiration when he stayed alone to create the famous theory. We can understand him from different aspects, but he regarded himself as a lonely traveler, if we try to understand him from this aspect, we will get new information of the great scientist. He was the greatest scientist in the atom times, and also the most brilliant intellectual in existence. He liked to stay alone to think some profound issues. It is worthy in referring to that his loneliness was not forced but his choice, he could live well and do some matters in the loneliness which is regarded to beunbearable by most people. Actually, loneliness has two sides, if you make friends with him, he will like you, too, but once you hated him and fought against him, he also treated you in the same way. Einstein adhered to his own principle all the time, though his loneliness became clash with the outside world, he just replied them with silence. His understanding of lonesome is deep, he held that a real scientist can bear loneliness, and a well bred man also needed primate life and put it to objective and logic world. This is just like the people live in the noisy big city, he desire to search for a quiet, fresh life. Einstein™s explanation of his lonely temperament was full of theory, and had listed to the degree of transcend real and perceptive world. Therefore Einstein never fell unrest for his loneliness, because he hates the deliration in the earthly world. Only break away from the deliration and quarrel, can scientists find themselves and the real freedom in their own field. When his second wife died in 1936, his life changed basically, loneliness is not his character and his thought any more, but it became true, it became his close company in his daily life. His felling of loneliness usually can be seen on his face. When his relatives and his little sister died in 1950s, Einstein was hit heavily again. He was tangled with loneliness from that time on. But he overcame all of obstacles and contributed a lot to human being, the objective field that only scientists can enter while the common people can hardly understand. Supposed the scientists are not the lonely traveler in this field, what achievement we can get? Einstein can be regarded as a great man in our human society. This is a second example to tell us that only make ourselves be firm, can we be the winner of our lives.
It is said that fate can not be resisted, while it is possible to change your temperament. It is not only inborn, to shape it in the day after tomorrow is also important. The recent survey issued in America showed that the average intelligence of the successful people in the field of politics and trade is in the middle level, but their emotional quality is high. In fact, the factor of EQ is included in the character, therefore, our opinion that character decides fate is proved by science. Actually, we do not need to prove the point, only looking at the various famous men in the human history, they are the undoubtedly proved. Although some of them are successful, and others are failing, each of their fate is related closely to their personality and special temperament.
In the history, for the unfair chance, the factor of character is not so important, but today, in the highly developed information times, the same opportunity is existed in the front of almost everyone, the only difference is the different attitudes to treat opportunity, the form is decided by character finally. In such a society, we have no reason to neglect our responsibility, and have no space to complain, what we should do is only to form our temperament, and to grasp our own fate.
C. The Story of Danna
Danna, the queen of England, her astonishing beauty overmastered the prince, and also overcame all the people in the world. This is not the crucial factor that influenced her fate, but her treasonable temperament. Concerning to Danna, there seem to be many topics. Nowadays, she had not existed in the world, but what she leaves to us is some beautiful recollection, the great domino effect she made in her life is not easy for us to efface. From a pure little girl to a famous queen, and finally broke away from the loyalty, divorced with Charlie, the unusual experience showed us her temperament and personality. People paid more attention to her beauty, mild, but neglected the other sides of her temperament—- treason. Treason and mellow seemed to be contradict, but they coexisted in her body, formed her short life. It was just the connection of the two that characters created her specialty and misfortune. If she was not so beautiful, she was not the queen, at the same time, she could avoid a lot of misery in her life. As a queen, she really got the imaginable wealth, but she also paid high cost for it. If she was not treasonable, and only obeyed the various rules of the loyalty, did not fight against her fate, though she was still a famous somebody, the judgment of people to her was different. If we say the loyalty changed the fate of Danna, then this was the inevitable result she fought against her fate from a pure girl to a treasonable queen. The behave and dressing of Danna were different gradually from the several rules of the loyalty, so it was normal for her to be blamed. In the loyal that was famous for their conservation, the common and normal behavior in her eyes can not be understood. For example, she liked to stand beside the playground to whoop and clap for her children when they were playing football there, and bought clothes for her children in the flesh in the clothes shop, offered absolute different education to her children, aiming to let her children know the real world, the real life. All of these opposed to the tradition and rule of the loyalty. The loyalty could not bear the queen with so treasonable character and queen Danna could not accept the kinds of rule, when such rules lose its effect on Danna, she certainly left there. These were the life trace of queen Danna. A great person who can just be a good mother, but not a so-called queen. Finally, she insisted on her own personality and chose her own free life, but not the treasure in the British loyalty. This is a typical example for our point that character decides our life.
D. The Example of Xiangyu
All of the above are the frontal examples; there still are some contrary examples. Some people can not form proper character, and leading to the sad life. Xiangyu was a headstrong and indecisive person, therefore, though he was brave and tenacious, and could be so-called hero, he is still a rude man, he was festinated to be failing for his character. Therefore, the fight between Chu and Han was actually the haggle of temperament. At the beginning and the middle of the fight between Chu and Han, Xiangyu was actually in the advantageous condition, but he failed finally. The failure could be due to his character to the most extent. In the war, though Liubang was a rascal, his character had a lot of advantage that others could not compare, he can accept the words of his court, and was good at using useful people, he also dared to achieve his aim at any price. Although Xiangyu was a hero, he has not the quality of leader that was his indecisive character. For example, he could help his soldier to bind their cuts, but he could not praise them. The morale of the troop could not be evoked, so they failed in the batter.
We can see the frontal and the contrary sides of people™s character from the above introduction; we can also know the importance of our temperament in our daily lives and the competition. A frontal character could help us live easily in the world, while a contrary one just could increase our burden. Robinson Crusoe saved himself by working hard on the isolated island positively and did not design to the difficulties. So he lived a happy life after he was saved, he was the winner of his fate; his character decided his fate finally.
A wise person should master the theory well, and can be the winner of life, but some stupid men can not understand it, and can not command it well, such people only can be the victim of the world. They can not catch up with others; accordingly, they can not be admitted by people in the world. The popular people in the 21st are those who can master their character and fate. -H | 5,440 | ENGLISH | 1 |
The Color Purple Analysis
Analysis of Alice Walker’s The Color Purple “No one is exempt from the possibility of a conscious connection to All That Is. ” Alice Walker explores this quote through the story of Celie. Just like the color purple, the truth, no one is exempt from. No one can run away from the truth. It is inevitably inescapable. Starting off in a rather harsh setting, Celie starts off her story at the time she is raped for the first time by her own father. Rather straight forward, Walker captures her reader’s interest right in the beginning of her novel. Blood is thicker than water. This saying is most exemplified throughout The Color Purple. Love, the tale of two sisters reconnecting, was one of the major themes of the story. In depth, love was not always romantic, but existent. There were different types of love depicted in the novel: love between family, friends, and couples. Love, in turn, helps with creating and development of relationship between characters. Many other themes are depicted in this great work of fiction: Race, racism, African American women and men, abused wives, sexuality, and relationships.
These many themes are illustrated throughout the novel through different settings and people. Structuring her writing in hort journal entries to God and the family of Celie, the round character, Walker employed them as one of the three symbols throughout the work of fiction. Traumatizing and explicit events occur during the entries which lead to the internal and external conflicts that will take place through the duration of the novel. In addition to these graphic events that were both inconceivable and horrific in every sense for Celie, the events described in the entries led to the novel being banned within some high schools. In The Color Purple, Alice Walker writes in a southern dialect and low level diction. The etting takes place in rural areas of the south where race played a huge part during the time when discrimination was more prevalent in America. Based on the level of diction, Walker writes in an uneducated, southern style. By writing in this type of style Walker is able to fully exemplify Celie’s thoughts creating a better understanding for the reader by revealing her level of education and social class. Sequentially, this adds verisimilitude to the novel. Born on February 9, 1944 in Eatonton, Georgia; Alice Walker was nurtured by two sharecroppers and was the youngest of eight children by Minnie Tallulah Grant and Willie Lee
Walker. When she was young she suffered from a traumatizing experience of being shot by a BB Gun in the eye by her little brother. She was bullied at an early age because of the scaring of her eye which was finally removed by her doctor eight years after the incident occurred. Before having the scaring removed, Walker wrote in order to escape her reality, similar to Celie. She attends segregated schools throughout her adolescent years and achieves success by graduating from high school and then attends Spelman College, a college founded for African American women.
While attending Spelman, Walker also gets involved in the Civil Rights Movement. By furthering her education, she attended Sarah Lewis College and continues to be apart of the Civil Rights movement. After college, Walker got a job and soon after ironically married a White Civil Rights lawyer named Melvyn Leventhal two years later. The irony of it all is that she marries a Jewish and Caucasian male when all her writing consists of racism, African American struggles, and abuse. Ultimately, the marriage ended in divorce after having conceived their first and only hild, Rebecca. Not only recognized for writing novels, Alice Walker is also recognized for her collections of poetry. Her first collection is titled, Once. After publishing her first collection of poetry, she began teaching at Jackson State College where she taught in the Black Studies Program. She continued to teach and eventually started publishing novels while continuing to publish poetry too. The Color Purple was Alice Walker’s third novel. The struggles that Alice Walker had to endure herself as a child are what helped manifest her development of The Color Purple.
This proclaimed book and later motion picture, earned two prestigious rewards: the Pulitzer Prize and the American Book Award. The novel achieved a tremendous amount of success and was made into a film that was produced by Steven Spielberg in 1985. Years after, in 2005, its first Broadway musical was produced. Alice Walker continues to be known for her novels about African American women and her work definitely describes the effect that abuse in the home has on individuals. Which goes to show when it comes to The Color Purple as Celie was emotionally and physically abused by her father.
The constant telling that she was too ugly, making her quit school at a young age, and being raped were some of the ways that created the lack of trust within Celie’s family circle. Celie writes letters to God which illustrated a contrast between her spirituality and lack of faith. Evident, since she does not write to God in hopes of being saved, but out of her misery, despair, and lack of hope that life will never work out in her favor. Essentially, Walker chooses to record thoughts of the protagonist with a low level diction and southern dialect allowing Celie’s thoughts to be fully expressed.
Based on Celie’s writing technique you know she is uneducated and she admits to it when she says how her father took her out of school and let her sister, Nettie, keep going. Reading The Color Purple can be described as confusing by those who are not used to such low level and amateurish writing style. Many might stumbled upon Celie’s choice of words and order of her thoughts. Alice Walker captures Celie’s true feeling and the way she actually thinks by spelling word wrong like ask. She spells ask like “ast” which further exemplifies that Celie is far from being smart.
Further into the novel, diction becomes more advanced once the point of view is change from Celie alternating to Nettie. Then the letters are from Nettie writing back to Celie. The switch in diction earned some scrutiny by the New York Times, “If Alice Walker’s celebrated and prize-winning earlier novel, “The Color Purple,” had a glaring flaw, it was Nettie’s letters from Africa, which tended to a certain monotonous didacticism. ” Although appraised for this, by writing with better grammar and a higher level diction, Walker reminds the readers that Nettie is educated unlike her sister.
You are able to compare Celie’s writing to her sister and it creates more realism for Celie’s character as it defines her lack of education. In contrast, Nettie’s letters speaks to the audience revealing purpose not out of despair, yet quite different than Celie’s letters. She talks about the civilization of Africa, politics, issues on racism that Celie was not very familiar with. Also, Nettie’s letters adds more credibility to Celie’s character. Clearly, the diction and dialect show Celie’s lack of intelligence, but it also help you understand where the setting takes place. The way Celie speaks and the word choice she uses ives you insight on the rural areas where the setting takes place. The setting often paints an image of a farm as Celie writes in her journal entries how she and Harpo would work in the fields. The setting, taking place in the rural areas of Georgia helps to create atmosphere and establishes credibility and verisimilitude. In turn, this creates realism. Walker uses cultural circumstances of African Americans to help shape her setting. The upsetting, stressful, and tragic tones create a rather sympathetic and emotional atmosphere. Race plays a huge role in The Color Purple. All African Americans were viewed as the eaker race, but African American woman were represented as the weaker gender between both sexes. The males take on an overpowering role and abuse their wives to keep them under their control. After the constant abuse Celie looses pride in her own race, self, and gender. It is not until she learns about some of the wealthy societies of Africa and essentially the color purple that she regains some of her pride that was taken away by the males in her life. Racism against Blacks inflicted by Whites, another theme depicted, was just as essential to race as it was to the dehumanization of African Americans.
Setting the tone, such blatant, unfair and harsh treatment during early times serves for the foundation of how Blacks treated their own kind. “They have the nerve to try to make us think slavery fell through because of us, say Sofia. Like us didn’t have sense enough to handle it” (102). Unlike most in the novel, Sofia had pride in her race. She did not let racism change her outlook and reflection of herself and race. Seemingly, a sense of pride that one could only wish that most African Americans exhibited. Another theme expressed in The Color Purple is African American women and abused wives.
Walker paints a picture that all Black males are controlling and disrespect their wives. To some Black males the way Walker portrayed them was offensive. According to the New York Times, critics claimed that Alice Walker “portrayed black men harshly. ” Many Black men felt that Walker expressed prejudice views toward them especially since she married a White man. With that being said, others commended her for her portrayal. In essence, many felt that The Color Purple encouraged lesbianism not only offended African American men. This is confirmed in an article on race and domesticity in The Color Purple.
The article states that the novel was “degrading to Black men and promoting lesbianism among Black women. ” The males in the novel were Celie’s antagonists. Some felt that Walker had something against African American males and that she thought they were all bad. Likewise, sensing any hostility toward Walker against African American males is understandable. Furthermore, the author was just trying to tell a story of the love of two sisters and the hardships of African American women and wives down south in the early 1900s. Due to the disturbing events that Celie had to endure through her childhood especially he does not even label men in her journal entries. Celie always referred to them as “Mr. ___. ” Perhaps in a way this was her way of taking away power from males. The only good feelings and sexual ones are given to her by females, one in particular Shug Avery. The constant and explicit talk about sexuality is one of the many reasons why there are high schools who banned the work of fiction from school curriculums. According to the School Library Journal, “The Color Purple ranks 18 on the American Library Association’s list of 100 most frequently challenged books. ” With that being said, high chools forbid their school libraries from ordering the book. The incestual scenes between Celie and her father alarmed the parents of Little Axe High School and they force the school to ban the novel (Norman). Although there are some overtly explicit experiences Celie dealt with, it is nothing that should be banned. Some high schools, usually those with a predominantly Black population can relate to this story, but schools like Little Axe High School probably would find a harder time relating to the story since their school is predominantly White. However, that does not mean someone White would not enjoy reading the novel.
A Caucasian student, attending Warren Mott high school as a senior this year, actually enjoyed reading the novel in her English 11 class her junior year. To help enhance the understanding of African American culture and history, The Color Purple has been put in many high school curriculums. A case study written by Rob Baum states that, “Woods High School added The Color Purple to its curriculum to rectify its balance of gendered and raced texts. ” Adding on, reading The Color Purple for opposite races and even African Americans themselves can give much insight on some of the oppressed, abused, cultural ackgrounds of African Americans. Throughout the novel, Celie struggles with her sexuality. This is an example of the internal conflict within Celie. All her life she was beaten and raped by the men, including her father and husband. Dealing with much abuse causes Celie to have no confidence. Celie has no sense of her own actuality. She has no self worth, inner beauty, or formal intelligence. As Celie works through her internal conflict, the symbols employed throughout the novel are shown. The conflicts worked through the novel to add to the tragic and upsetting atmosphere.
Along with internal conflict, there was also some external conflict. There was external conflict between Celie and the men in her life. Her father and husband are just some of the examples of external conflict. Not only did the protagonist have external conflicts between men, other supporting characters such as Sofia and Harpo did as well. The males in the story try to dominate their women, while some succeed in doing so and others do not. Celie is an example of the women who accepted the oppression and just tried to survive. Day by day, she never fought back until given the courage in the end.
Sofia, on the other hand, was an example of how women fought back against the sexist ideas that men could do whatever they wanted to overpower their wives, including beat them. Relationships were significant in the development of the novel. The relationships between women and women, men and women, and people and God were illustrated. Just like there was love among the women, there was also jealously. The bond between Shug and Celie started off with jealously as Shug was prettier and was able to get the attention of Celie’s husband and stand up to him. The women stayed within competition of one another until they ere finally able to ban to together and rise against the men in their lives that were keeping them down. The relationship between Celie and Shug was one the most prominent relationship in the story. After their bond was formed Celie learns many life lessons that ultimately help to liberate her from the captivity of male dominance in the story. Next, the relationships between men and women often lacked love and passion in their marriages. The men were too busy following after their fathers that they never learned how to truly love their wives. Depicted in the novel, Black men felt they had to “wear the pants”; this dea transcends through The Color Purple as the men fail to break away from the tradition of trying to tame and train their wives. In doing so, some lost their wives respect and love in some circumstances. Instances such as when Harpo observed his father’s relationship between him and his wife. Harpo formed the conclusion that by beating his wife like his father did to Celie, he might create a more controlling and accepting relationship between him and his wife. Trying to earn her respect by watching his father’s relationship with Celie, he beats his wife, Sofia. In response,
Sofia lashes out and fights back. She was the perfect example of women who were true to themselves in mind and physique. Additionally, the males in the novel let their violent fathers dictate how they handled their own relationships. Furthermore, the relationships that Celie encounters with men in her life cause her to feel no type of attraction or passion from men. “Naw, I say. Mr. ______ can tell you, I don’t like it at all. What is it like? He git up on you, heist your nightgown round your waist, plunge in. Most times I pretend I ain’t there. He never know the difference. Never ast me how I feel, nothing.
Just do his business, get off, go to sleep”(77). In this excerpt, Celie describes how she felt about having intercourse with her husband. Unfortunate enough, no love or passion is felt, just abuse. Last, but not least, the relationship among people and God was exemplified through Celie and how she views God. After being raped Celie loses her sense of love with God. To Celie, God was a male therefore, she lost faith in him like all the other males she had to encounter in her life. Writing to him out of loss of hope, she loses sight of the color purple and the liberation of life.
By the end of the novel, Celie realizes the color purple is nature and the two combined is God as well. Viewing the two as one, she grasps the feeling of joy and being free. Symbolism takes place throughout the novel. Like God, the color purple, represented nature. It stands for all the beauty that nature beholds and one of the unrecognized truths Celie had yet to understand. Celie had no idea of what the color purple was in the beginning. She lived life only to get to the next day. It was not until Shug came into her life that she gets a sense of the color purple. Then she is able to liberate herself from the control of her husband and move orward in life. “Until you do right by me, I say, everything you even dream about will fail. I give it to him straight, just like it come to me. And it seem to come to me from the trees” (206). This quote is evident of Celie’s transformation. Once wounded, she is now a warrior. Unrecognized, the color purple was the main idea of the story carried forward, hence its name. Later on in the novel once Celie is living her life freely without the strong hand of men, she begins to make pants. Gaining a sense of actuality, beauty, and confidence in herself, Celie wears the pants as well as making them.
The pants symbolized how Celie overcame the sexism she always was subjugated to. Since pants, culturally was a male article of clothing in the early 1990s, wearing and producing them gave Celie a sense of power she never felt before. The idea that men wore the pants was no longer a belief of Celie and it proves true in the novel. She no longer felt oppressed and afraid emotionally or economically. Her clothing business consisting of only pants was one of the starting blocks in her life that she was not afraid of men and she did not need them to support her emotionally or financially either. Therefore, pants being symbolic f manhood in many ways, making them was liberating for Celie. God was also a symbol, not just the color purple and pants. Writing to God is what kept Celie life moving. Her letters to God were an indication that she was still alive and sane. Furthermore, the letters added to the verisimilitude of the novel. The employed symbol was used to give insight to the setting through Celie’s eyes which helped to create realism. The Color Purple expresses the theme that everyone has a story to tell. Celie’s story was told in the novel. Going more in depth, the plot of the story helps enlighten readers on all the hemes discussed in the previous paragraphs. The plot shaped the Walker’s story into a tragic love story that of two sisters trying to reunite once again. The violence, abuse, and sexuality of the plot are told from Celie’s perspective and through her writing of letters the other themes in the novel are revealed: symbols, marriage, and race. As stated in the Masterplots Revised Second Edition, “Alice Walker’s novel is unique in its preoccupation with spiritual survival and with exploring the oppressions, insanities, loyalties, and triumphs of Black women. Speaking to many unrecognized truths and possibilities of life, The Color Purple employs symbols in order to let those truths become understood. Setting, structure, diction, and dialect serve the purpose of verisimilitude for Walker. She uses them to create realism and credibility for her readers. Although criticized for her portrayal of African American men, the novel is still to this day a classic. The critical analysis of sex and lesbianism caused much uproar in some high school including Little Axe High School resulting in the banning of the novel in the school’s curriculum. Yet, it remains a best seller. | <urn:uuid:3b2bf203-5ae9-4547-afd4-40377ed928df> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://freebooksummary.com/the-color-purple-analysis-51094 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250620381.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124130719-20200124155719-00334.warc.gz | en | 0.981229 | 4,184 | 3.6875 | 4 | [
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-0.035339169... | 3 | The Color Purple Analysis
Analysis of Alice Walker’s The Color Purple “No one is exempt from the possibility of a conscious connection to All That Is. ” Alice Walker explores this quote through the story of Celie. Just like the color purple, the truth, no one is exempt from. No one can run away from the truth. It is inevitably inescapable. Starting off in a rather harsh setting, Celie starts off her story at the time she is raped for the first time by her own father. Rather straight forward, Walker captures her reader’s interest right in the beginning of her novel. Blood is thicker than water. This saying is most exemplified throughout The Color Purple. Love, the tale of two sisters reconnecting, was one of the major themes of the story. In depth, love was not always romantic, but existent. There were different types of love depicted in the novel: love between family, friends, and couples. Love, in turn, helps with creating and development of relationship between characters. Many other themes are depicted in this great work of fiction: Race, racism, African American women and men, abused wives, sexuality, and relationships.
These many themes are illustrated throughout the novel through different settings and people. Structuring her writing in hort journal entries to God and the family of Celie, the round character, Walker employed them as one of the three symbols throughout the work of fiction. Traumatizing and explicit events occur during the entries which lead to the internal and external conflicts that will take place through the duration of the novel. In addition to these graphic events that were both inconceivable and horrific in every sense for Celie, the events described in the entries led to the novel being banned within some high schools. In The Color Purple, Alice Walker writes in a southern dialect and low level diction. The etting takes place in rural areas of the south where race played a huge part during the time when discrimination was more prevalent in America. Based on the level of diction, Walker writes in an uneducated, southern style. By writing in this type of style Walker is able to fully exemplify Celie’s thoughts creating a better understanding for the reader by revealing her level of education and social class. Sequentially, this adds verisimilitude to the novel. Born on February 9, 1944 in Eatonton, Georgia; Alice Walker was nurtured by two sharecroppers and was the youngest of eight children by Minnie Tallulah Grant and Willie Lee
Walker. When she was young she suffered from a traumatizing experience of being shot by a BB Gun in the eye by her little brother. She was bullied at an early age because of the scaring of her eye which was finally removed by her doctor eight years after the incident occurred. Before having the scaring removed, Walker wrote in order to escape her reality, similar to Celie. She attends segregated schools throughout her adolescent years and achieves success by graduating from high school and then attends Spelman College, a college founded for African American women.
While attending Spelman, Walker also gets involved in the Civil Rights Movement. By furthering her education, she attended Sarah Lewis College and continues to be apart of the Civil Rights movement. After college, Walker got a job and soon after ironically married a White Civil Rights lawyer named Melvyn Leventhal two years later. The irony of it all is that she marries a Jewish and Caucasian male when all her writing consists of racism, African American struggles, and abuse. Ultimately, the marriage ended in divorce after having conceived their first and only hild, Rebecca. Not only recognized for writing novels, Alice Walker is also recognized for her collections of poetry. Her first collection is titled, Once. After publishing her first collection of poetry, she began teaching at Jackson State College where she taught in the Black Studies Program. She continued to teach and eventually started publishing novels while continuing to publish poetry too. The Color Purple was Alice Walker’s third novel. The struggles that Alice Walker had to endure herself as a child are what helped manifest her development of The Color Purple.
This proclaimed book and later motion picture, earned two prestigious rewards: the Pulitzer Prize and the American Book Award. The novel achieved a tremendous amount of success and was made into a film that was produced by Steven Spielberg in 1985. Years after, in 2005, its first Broadway musical was produced. Alice Walker continues to be known for her novels about African American women and her work definitely describes the effect that abuse in the home has on individuals. Which goes to show when it comes to The Color Purple as Celie was emotionally and physically abused by her father.
The constant telling that she was too ugly, making her quit school at a young age, and being raped were some of the ways that created the lack of trust within Celie’s family circle. Celie writes letters to God which illustrated a contrast between her spirituality and lack of faith. Evident, since she does not write to God in hopes of being saved, but out of her misery, despair, and lack of hope that life will never work out in her favor. Essentially, Walker chooses to record thoughts of the protagonist with a low level diction and southern dialect allowing Celie’s thoughts to be fully expressed.
Based on Celie’s writing technique you know she is uneducated and she admits to it when she says how her father took her out of school and let her sister, Nettie, keep going. Reading The Color Purple can be described as confusing by those who are not used to such low level and amateurish writing style. Many might stumbled upon Celie’s choice of words and order of her thoughts. Alice Walker captures Celie’s true feeling and the way she actually thinks by spelling word wrong like ask. She spells ask like “ast” which further exemplifies that Celie is far from being smart.
Further into the novel, diction becomes more advanced once the point of view is change from Celie alternating to Nettie. Then the letters are from Nettie writing back to Celie. The switch in diction earned some scrutiny by the New York Times, “If Alice Walker’s celebrated and prize-winning earlier novel, “The Color Purple,” had a glaring flaw, it was Nettie’s letters from Africa, which tended to a certain monotonous didacticism. ” Although appraised for this, by writing with better grammar and a higher level diction, Walker reminds the readers that Nettie is educated unlike her sister.
You are able to compare Celie’s writing to her sister and it creates more realism for Celie’s character as it defines her lack of education. In contrast, Nettie’s letters speaks to the audience revealing purpose not out of despair, yet quite different than Celie’s letters. She talks about the civilization of Africa, politics, issues on racism that Celie was not very familiar with. Also, Nettie’s letters adds more credibility to Celie’s character. Clearly, the diction and dialect show Celie’s lack of intelligence, but it also help you understand where the setting takes place. The way Celie speaks and the word choice she uses ives you insight on the rural areas where the setting takes place. The setting often paints an image of a farm as Celie writes in her journal entries how she and Harpo would work in the fields. The setting, taking place in the rural areas of Georgia helps to create atmosphere and establishes credibility and verisimilitude. In turn, this creates realism. Walker uses cultural circumstances of African Americans to help shape her setting. The upsetting, stressful, and tragic tones create a rather sympathetic and emotional atmosphere. Race plays a huge role in The Color Purple. All African Americans were viewed as the eaker race, but African American woman were represented as the weaker gender between both sexes. The males take on an overpowering role and abuse their wives to keep them under their control. After the constant abuse Celie looses pride in her own race, self, and gender. It is not until she learns about some of the wealthy societies of Africa and essentially the color purple that she regains some of her pride that was taken away by the males in her life. Racism against Blacks inflicted by Whites, another theme depicted, was just as essential to race as it was to the dehumanization of African Americans.
Setting the tone, such blatant, unfair and harsh treatment during early times serves for the foundation of how Blacks treated their own kind. “They have the nerve to try to make us think slavery fell through because of us, say Sofia. Like us didn’t have sense enough to handle it” (102). Unlike most in the novel, Sofia had pride in her race. She did not let racism change her outlook and reflection of herself and race. Seemingly, a sense of pride that one could only wish that most African Americans exhibited. Another theme expressed in The Color Purple is African American women and abused wives.
Walker paints a picture that all Black males are controlling and disrespect their wives. To some Black males the way Walker portrayed them was offensive. According to the New York Times, critics claimed that Alice Walker “portrayed black men harshly. ” Many Black men felt that Walker expressed prejudice views toward them especially since she married a White man. With that being said, others commended her for her portrayal. In essence, many felt that The Color Purple encouraged lesbianism not only offended African American men. This is confirmed in an article on race and domesticity in The Color Purple.
The article states that the novel was “degrading to Black men and promoting lesbianism among Black women. ” The males in the novel were Celie’s antagonists. Some felt that Walker had something against African American males and that she thought they were all bad. Likewise, sensing any hostility toward Walker against African American males is understandable. Furthermore, the author was just trying to tell a story of the love of two sisters and the hardships of African American women and wives down south in the early 1900s. Due to the disturbing events that Celie had to endure through her childhood especially he does not even label men in her journal entries. Celie always referred to them as “Mr. ___. ” Perhaps in a way this was her way of taking away power from males. The only good feelings and sexual ones are given to her by females, one in particular Shug Avery. The constant and explicit talk about sexuality is one of the many reasons why there are high schools who banned the work of fiction from school curriculums. According to the School Library Journal, “The Color Purple ranks 18 on the American Library Association’s list of 100 most frequently challenged books. ” With that being said, high chools forbid their school libraries from ordering the book. The incestual scenes between Celie and her father alarmed the parents of Little Axe High School and they force the school to ban the novel (Norman). Although there are some overtly explicit experiences Celie dealt with, it is nothing that should be banned. Some high schools, usually those with a predominantly Black population can relate to this story, but schools like Little Axe High School probably would find a harder time relating to the story since their school is predominantly White. However, that does not mean someone White would not enjoy reading the novel.
A Caucasian student, attending Warren Mott high school as a senior this year, actually enjoyed reading the novel in her English 11 class her junior year. To help enhance the understanding of African American culture and history, The Color Purple has been put in many high school curriculums. A case study written by Rob Baum states that, “Woods High School added The Color Purple to its curriculum to rectify its balance of gendered and raced texts. ” Adding on, reading The Color Purple for opposite races and even African Americans themselves can give much insight on some of the oppressed, abused, cultural ackgrounds of African Americans. Throughout the novel, Celie struggles with her sexuality. This is an example of the internal conflict within Celie. All her life she was beaten and raped by the men, including her father and husband. Dealing with much abuse causes Celie to have no confidence. Celie has no sense of her own actuality. She has no self worth, inner beauty, or formal intelligence. As Celie works through her internal conflict, the symbols employed throughout the novel are shown. The conflicts worked through the novel to add to the tragic and upsetting atmosphere.
Along with internal conflict, there was also some external conflict. There was external conflict between Celie and the men in her life. Her father and husband are just some of the examples of external conflict. Not only did the protagonist have external conflicts between men, other supporting characters such as Sofia and Harpo did as well. The males in the story try to dominate their women, while some succeed in doing so and others do not. Celie is an example of the women who accepted the oppression and just tried to survive. Day by day, she never fought back until given the courage in the end.
Sofia, on the other hand, was an example of how women fought back against the sexist ideas that men could do whatever they wanted to overpower their wives, including beat them. Relationships were significant in the development of the novel. The relationships between women and women, men and women, and people and God were illustrated. Just like there was love among the women, there was also jealously. The bond between Shug and Celie started off with jealously as Shug was prettier and was able to get the attention of Celie’s husband and stand up to him. The women stayed within competition of one another until they ere finally able to ban to together and rise against the men in their lives that were keeping them down. The relationship between Celie and Shug was one the most prominent relationship in the story. After their bond was formed Celie learns many life lessons that ultimately help to liberate her from the captivity of male dominance in the story. Next, the relationships between men and women often lacked love and passion in their marriages. The men were too busy following after their fathers that they never learned how to truly love their wives. Depicted in the novel, Black men felt they had to “wear the pants”; this dea transcends through The Color Purple as the men fail to break away from the tradition of trying to tame and train their wives. In doing so, some lost their wives respect and love in some circumstances. Instances such as when Harpo observed his father’s relationship between him and his wife. Harpo formed the conclusion that by beating his wife like his father did to Celie, he might create a more controlling and accepting relationship between him and his wife. Trying to earn her respect by watching his father’s relationship with Celie, he beats his wife, Sofia. In response,
Sofia lashes out and fights back. She was the perfect example of women who were true to themselves in mind and physique. Additionally, the males in the novel let their violent fathers dictate how they handled their own relationships. Furthermore, the relationships that Celie encounters with men in her life cause her to feel no type of attraction or passion from men. “Naw, I say. Mr. ______ can tell you, I don’t like it at all. What is it like? He git up on you, heist your nightgown round your waist, plunge in. Most times I pretend I ain’t there. He never know the difference. Never ast me how I feel, nothing.
Just do his business, get off, go to sleep”(77). In this excerpt, Celie describes how she felt about having intercourse with her husband. Unfortunate enough, no love or passion is felt, just abuse. Last, but not least, the relationship among people and God was exemplified through Celie and how she views God. After being raped Celie loses her sense of love with God. To Celie, God was a male therefore, she lost faith in him like all the other males she had to encounter in her life. Writing to him out of loss of hope, she loses sight of the color purple and the liberation of life.
By the end of the novel, Celie realizes the color purple is nature and the two combined is God as well. Viewing the two as one, she grasps the feeling of joy and being free. Symbolism takes place throughout the novel. Like God, the color purple, represented nature. It stands for all the beauty that nature beholds and one of the unrecognized truths Celie had yet to understand. Celie had no idea of what the color purple was in the beginning. She lived life only to get to the next day. It was not until Shug came into her life that she gets a sense of the color purple. Then she is able to liberate herself from the control of her husband and move orward in life. “Until you do right by me, I say, everything you even dream about will fail. I give it to him straight, just like it come to me. And it seem to come to me from the trees” (206). This quote is evident of Celie’s transformation. Once wounded, she is now a warrior. Unrecognized, the color purple was the main idea of the story carried forward, hence its name. Later on in the novel once Celie is living her life freely without the strong hand of men, she begins to make pants. Gaining a sense of actuality, beauty, and confidence in herself, Celie wears the pants as well as making them.
The pants symbolized how Celie overcame the sexism she always was subjugated to. Since pants, culturally was a male article of clothing in the early 1990s, wearing and producing them gave Celie a sense of power she never felt before. The idea that men wore the pants was no longer a belief of Celie and it proves true in the novel. She no longer felt oppressed and afraid emotionally or economically. Her clothing business consisting of only pants was one of the starting blocks in her life that she was not afraid of men and she did not need them to support her emotionally or financially either. Therefore, pants being symbolic f manhood in many ways, making them was liberating for Celie. God was also a symbol, not just the color purple and pants. Writing to God is what kept Celie life moving. Her letters to God were an indication that she was still alive and sane. Furthermore, the letters added to the verisimilitude of the novel. The employed symbol was used to give insight to the setting through Celie’s eyes which helped to create realism. The Color Purple expresses the theme that everyone has a story to tell. Celie’s story was told in the novel. Going more in depth, the plot of the story helps enlighten readers on all the hemes discussed in the previous paragraphs. The plot shaped the Walker’s story into a tragic love story that of two sisters trying to reunite once again. The violence, abuse, and sexuality of the plot are told from Celie’s perspective and through her writing of letters the other themes in the novel are revealed: symbols, marriage, and race. As stated in the Masterplots Revised Second Edition, “Alice Walker’s novel is unique in its preoccupation with spiritual survival and with exploring the oppressions, insanities, loyalties, and triumphs of Black women. Speaking to many unrecognized truths and possibilities of life, The Color Purple employs symbols in order to let those truths become understood. Setting, structure, diction, and dialect serve the purpose of verisimilitude for Walker. She uses them to create realism and credibility for her readers. Although criticized for her portrayal of African American men, the novel is still to this day a classic. The critical analysis of sex and lesbianism caused much uproar in some high school including Little Axe High School resulting in the banning of the novel in the school’s curriculum. Yet, it remains a best seller. | 4,112 | ENGLISH | 1 |
The adoption of the US Constitution itself, in 1788, might meet your requirements. After the Declaration of Independence the colonies organized themselves into a nation under the Articles of Confederation. This was good enough to see them through the War of Independence, which ended in 1783. The next war they were involved in was the Franco-American naval war of 1798-1800. There were various tensions and conflicts with Native American Tribes throughout the early history, however, but few of them rose to the level of being officially recognized as "wars". Depending on how you view those issues and conflicts, you might treat the period of 1783-1788 as one of "peace".
Soon after the war of independence, it became apparent that the articles were ineffective and that a stronger centralized government was needed to maintain unity and deal with the issues the states and nation as a whole faced. So the states assembled a constitutional convention, via the procedures of the Articles of Confederation, whose original intent was to amend the articles so as to solve these problems. However, it soon became apparent to the convention that amendments simply weren't going to do, and the entire constitution had to be rewritten and replaced.
So the US Constitution as we would come to know it started to be developed. The notable thing here, which may make it meet your requirements, is that while the proposed constitution only required ratification by 9 of the 13 states to adopt, the Articles of Confederation themselves declared themselves perpetual, inviolable, and that any changes to them required unanimous approval in its Article XIII:
[T]he Articles of this Confederation shall be inviolably observed by every State, and the Union shall be perpetual; nor shall any alteration at any time hereafter be made in any of them; unless such alteration be agreed to in a Congress of the United States, and be afterwards confirmed by the legislatures of every State.
So while the process started out following the terms of their existing constitution, the procedure for adoption of the new one violated it. There was some slight debate and contention on the matter of the legitimacy of the new constitution as a result, but it was not terribly significant. In Federalist #40 Madison even dismissed it out of hand as moot. Some contemperaneous justifications (and still repeated by some modern historians, though it's long since ceased to be a legal issue: by 1790 all states at the time had ratified the new constitution) were that states were already regularly violating the articles, rendering them essentially invalid; that the constitution was a "side deal between states" before ratification that was permitted by the articles; or arguing on a technicality that a complete replacement was not the same thing as an alteration, and so was not covered by the unanimity clause. | <urn:uuid:d8904629-1eee-4c4c-bab0-1f86a25535af> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://politics.stackexchange.com/questions/48511/are-there-examples-of-democratic-states-peacefully-changing-their-constitution-w | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251796127.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129102701-20200129132701-00550.warc.gz | en | 0.982308 | 554 | 3.453125 | 3 | [
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0.26010581851... | 9 | The adoption of the US Constitution itself, in 1788, might meet your requirements. After the Declaration of Independence the colonies organized themselves into a nation under the Articles of Confederation. This was good enough to see them through the War of Independence, which ended in 1783. The next war they were involved in was the Franco-American naval war of 1798-1800. There were various tensions and conflicts with Native American Tribes throughout the early history, however, but few of them rose to the level of being officially recognized as "wars". Depending on how you view those issues and conflicts, you might treat the period of 1783-1788 as one of "peace".
Soon after the war of independence, it became apparent that the articles were ineffective and that a stronger centralized government was needed to maintain unity and deal with the issues the states and nation as a whole faced. So the states assembled a constitutional convention, via the procedures of the Articles of Confederation, whose original intent was to amend the articles so as to solve these problems. However, it soon became apparent to the convention that amendments simply weren't going to do, and the entire constitution had to be rewritten and replaced.
So the US Constitution as we would come to know it started to be developed. The notable thing here, which may make it meet your requirements, is that while the proposed constitution only required ratification by 9 of the 13 states to adopt, the Articles of Confederation themselves declared themselves perpetual, inviolable, and that any changes to them required unanimous approval in its Article XIII:
[T]he Articles of this Confederation shall be inviolably observed by every State, and the Union shall be perpetual; nor shall any alteration at any time hereafter be made in any of them; unless such alteration be agreed to in a Congress of the United States, and be afterwards confirmed by the legislatures of every State.
So while the process started out following the terms of their existing constitution, the procedure for adoption of the new one violated it. There was some slight debate and contention on the matter of the legitimacy of the new constitution as a result, but it was not terribly significant. In Federalist #40 Madison even dismissed it out of hand as moot. Some contemperaneous justifications (and still repeated by some modern historians, though it's long since ceased to be a legal issue: by 1790 all states at the time had ratified the new constitution) were that states were already regularly violating the articles, rendering them essentially invalid; that the constitution was a "side deal between states" before ratification that was permitted by the articles; or arguing on a technicality that a complete replacement was not the same thing as an alteration, and so was not covered by the unanimity clause. | 581 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Rock slag is a very hot dry material that is generated during the Ironmaking process. This material is transported via truck from the Blast Furnace and stockpiled. Historically, dust emissions were generated when the material was tipped from the back of the truck. In order to supress dust emissions, recycled water was sprayed on the slag during tipping.
A number of investigations have been conducted to reduce dust emissions even further. A parallel trial of salt-based and polymer-based dust suppressants was conducted to determine the most effective solution. Both products were tested through various weather conditions. It was concluded that the polymer-based dust suppressant was more effective. The polymer-based coating forms a crust over the surface of the stockpile which is effective for up till several months. This has resulted in a significant saving of recycled water consumed as intermediate dust spraying is no longer required. | <urn:uuid:7259ec89-b67a-4872-81d9-15072957381a> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.bluescopeillawarra.com.au/environment/environmental-improvement-initiatives/2015/06/reduction-in-dust-emissions-from-tipping-rock-slag/?filter=&page=2 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250607314.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122161553-20200122190553-00089.warc.gz | en | 0.983096 | 175 | 3.375 | 3 | [
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0.189843475818634... | 4 | Rock slag is a very hot dry material that is generated during the Ironmaking process. This material is transported via truck from the Blast Furnace and stockpiled. Historically, dust emissions were generated when the material was tipped from the back of the truck. In order to supress dust emissions, recycled water was sprayed on the slag during tipping.
A number of investigations have been conducted to reduce dust emissions even further. A parallel trial of salt-based and polymer-based dust suppressants was conducted to determine the most effective solution. Both products were tested through various weather conditions. It was concluded that the polymer-based dust suppressant was more effective. The polymer-based coating forms a crust over the surface of the stockpile which is effective for up till several months. This has resulted in a significant saving of recycled water consumed as intermediate dust spraying is no longer required. | 171 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Differing visions and leadership conflict, overall played an important factor but only to a small extent, in shaping the history of the Soviet Union. During the first six months, following the Bolshevik Revolution, they led with one vision and one leader, Lenin, despite some minor debates, and followed through the vital civil war period, where survival was she only goal. However, the NEP, led to debate within the party with the power struggle breaking down the party. Once Stalin was in control, part ideology and leadership all came under his leadership.
Following the successful revolution, the first 6 months of power was to a small extent shaped by differing visions and leadership conflict, with Russia following one ideology, led by an undisputed Lenin whilst conflict arousing from the peace treaty. Since pre-revolution, the Bolsheviks had direction and a leader, provided through the April theses and was implemented through populist policies including, the land decree and workers' rights policies. The party, led by a small vanguard, began implementing communist (Leninist) ideologies whilst gaining popular support amongst the population, by succeeding their campaign slogan, peace bread and land for example. As a result, differing visions played a minor role, and is further elaborated as Lenin took upon the leadership role uncontested. Leadership conflict, played to a small extent, a role in shaping the history of the Soviet Union, as Lenin had popular support, and despite not having great success in the election of the constituent assembly, with Bolsheviks only gaining 24% of the votes, through the Cheka, Lenin made sure that leadership conflict was non-existent, and further achieved this through a series of purges within the party and society. However conflict did arise over the peace treaty with Germany, and split the party into two. As a result of Trotsky's failure to achieve a successful treaty, through his "no peace no war strategy" the part divided between the leftists and the rights, resolved as a result of Lenin's threat to resign as a leader. | <urn:uuid:6ea1ec1d-5a03-4d6b-a317-b0fd4f789663> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.exampleessays.com/viewpaper/218649.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250606696.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122042145-20200122071145-00124.warc.gz | en | 0.980576 | 402 | 3.71875 | 4 | [
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0.2360213696956... | 5 | Differing visions and leadership conflict, overall played an important factor but only to a small extent, in shaping the history of the Soviet Union. During the first six months, following the Bolshevik Revolution, they led with one vision and one leader, Lenin, despite some minor debates, and followed through the vital civil war period, where survival was she only goal. However, the NEP, led to debate within the party with the power struggle breaking down the party. Once Stalin was in control, part ideology and leadership all came under his leadership.
Following the successful revolution, the first 6 months of power was to a small extent shaped by differing visions and leadership conflict, with Russia following one ideology, led by an undisputed Lenin whilst conflict arousing from the peace treaty. Since pre-revolution, the Bolsheviks had direction and a leader, provided through the April theses and was implemented through populist policies including, the land decree and workers' rights policies. The party, led by a small vanguard, began implementing communist (Leninist) ideologies whilst gaining popular support amongst the population, by succeeding their campaign slogan, peace bread and land for example. As a result, differing visions played a minor role, and is further elaborated as Lenin took upon the leadership role uncontested. Leadership conflict, played to a small extent, a role in shaping the history of the Soviet Union, as Lenin had popular support, and despite not having great success in the election of the constituent assembly, with Bolsheviks only gaining 24% of the votes, through the Cheka, Lenin made sure that leadership conflict was non-existent, and further achieved this through a series of purges within the party and society. However conflict did arise over the peace treaty with Germany, and split the party into two. As a result of Trotsky's failure to achieve a successful treaty, through his "no peace no war strategy" the part divided between the leftists and the rights, resolved as a result of Lenin's threat to resign as a leader. | 407 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Today, January 15, is the birthday of, in my mind, the greatest civil rights leader in American history. Of course, I am referring to Martin Luther King, Jr. As is the case with many of our holidays, we celebrate it on a Monday, the third one in January, rather than on the actual day. This year, it will be celebrated on January 20.
This year will mark the 52nd anniversary of his untimely assassination on April 4, 1968. Like the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941 and the assassination of President JFK on November 22, 1963 most of us will always remember where we were when we heard the horrible news.
For some people, the holiday holds no special meaning; it is just a day off from work, a day to spend with family or friends, part of a long three-day weekend. For many of us, however, particularly those of us who were alive in the 1950s and 1960s, it is much, much more.
MLK was born on January 15, 1929. In my opinion, he became the most prominent and influential American civil rights leader in the 1950s and 1960s, if not ever. MLK was more than just a pastor. He believed that more could be achieved by civil disobedience and non-violence than by violence. He preached peaceful disobedience, sit-ins, marches and demonstrations, often in the face of wanton violence and cruelty by the police and others, rather than by rioting. In this regard, he was inspired by Mahatma Gandhi. In turn, he inspired many others such as Nelson Mandela and the Black Civil Rights movement in South Africa.
He also recognized the power of the press to bring attention to his cause and influence public opinion. For example, as many as 70 million people around the world witnessed the police brutality inflicted on the peaceful black and white marchers in Selma, Alabama, in March of 1965, including women and children as well as men. Those images, broadcast live on TV and radio, appalled and disgusted many people and provided an immeasurable boost to the public awareness of the injustices being visited upon blacks in the South. These events were captured dramatically and realistically in the 2014 movie, “Selma,” which featured David Oyelowo as MLK. If you haven’t seen it, I recommend it.
Unlike any other African American leaders before or since, he had the ability to unite, rather than divide. Although he was criticized by some of the more militant civil rights leaders of the time, such as Stokely Carmichael, he commanded the support and respect of a large majority of blacks and many whites as well. In that regard, he was similar to Mandela.
After his death, despite the urgings of some civil rights leaders who wanted to continue MLK’s philosophy, more militant African American leaders, such as Mr. Carmichael, came into prominence. There was rioting in over 100 US cities, and a slew of violent incidents at the 1968 Democratic Convention in Chicago in front of the national press and millions of Americans, which many believe swung the 1968 presidential election to Richard Nixon. The Civil Rights movement was changed forever.
MLK came into prominence in 1955 when he led a bus boycott, peacefully, in Montgomery, Alabama. The boycott had been fueled by the famous Rosa Parks incident in which she had refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white person. She was arrested on December 1. (Most people don’t know that earlier that year in March a similar incident had occurred, also in Montgomery, involving Claudette Colvin, a black girl who had also refused to give up her seat to a white man. However, that case did not receive the same notoriety. Civil rights lawyers declined to pursue it because Colvin was 15, unmarried and pregnant. They chose to wait for a case with a more favorable fact pattern, and they were proven to be right.)
Later, MLK became the leader of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference and remained so until his death. He applied his non-violence philosophy to protests in Selma, Ala., St. Augustine, FL, and the March on Washington, D. C., among others. He made it a policy never to endorse a particular political party or candidate. He believed he could be more effective if he were neutral and not beholden to anyone. Furthermore, in his view, neither party was all bad, and neither one was perfect. In his words, “[t]hey both have weaknesses.”
Perhaps, MLK’s signature moment occurred during the famous March on Washington in August 1963. Ironically, MLK was not the primary organizer of the March. That was Bayard Rustin, a colleague. The primary purpose of the March was to dramatize the plight of blacks in the South. Civil rights leaders, including Roy Wilkins, NAACP, Whitney Young, National Urban League, A. Philip Randolph, Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, John Lewis, SNCC, James Farmer CORE, and MLK, wanted to bring awareness of these issues right to the seat of the Federal government. More than 250,000 people of all ethnicities and colors attended. MLK was one of several speakers, and he only spoke for 17 minutes. But, his “I Have a Dream” speech became one of the most famous speeches ever. The March, in general, and MLK’s speech, in particular, are credited with bringing civil rights to the political forefront and facilitating the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
Some little-known facts about MLK:
1. His birth name was Michael King, Jr., after his father. In 1931 his father changed his own name to Martin Luther King, after the German theologian, Martin Luther, whom he admired. At the same time, he changed his son’s name.
2. In 1958 MLK was stabbed in the chest after a speech by a woman who had been stalking him, and he nearly died.
3. The FBI began tapping MLK’s telephone as early as 1963. Robert Kennedy, who was Attorney General at the time and who is viewed as a staunch supporter of civil rights, in general, and MLK, in particular, authorized the tapping.
4. MLK won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964 at the age of 35, the youngest age ever at the time.
5. MLK won a Grammy Award in 1971, posthumously. It should be noted that he won it, not because he displayed a great singing voice, but for a “Spoken Word Album,” “Why I Oppose the War in Vietnam.” In addition, he won countless other awards and was awarded some 50 honorary degrees from various colleges and universities.
6. The US Treasury has announced that it will be redesigning the $5 bill. It will still feature Abraham Lincoln on the obverse, or front, side, but the reverse, or back, side will feature depictions of events that have occurred at the Lincoln Memorial, including MLK’s “I Have a Dream” speech.
7. Even though MLK was one of the great public speakers of his time, inexplicably, he got a “C” in a public speaking course at the seminary. (Kind of like a baseball scout saying Babe Ruth can hit “a little bit.”)
8. MLK is one of three individuals and the only native-born American to have a holiday named after him. In case you’re wondering, the others are George Washington (born in the COLONY of Virginia), and Christopher Columbus.
Some MLK quotes to ponder:
1. “Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere.”
2. “The time is always right to do what is right.”
3. “We must learn to live together as brothers or perish together as fools.”
4. “Darkness cannot drive out darkness, only light can do that. Hate cannot drive out hate, only love can do that.”
5. “Free at last. Free at last. Thank God almighty, we are free at last.”
6. “I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin, but by the content of their character.”
Today, there is much division among African Americans as well as their leaders. Some are moderate and want to work within the system; others are more militant. Many of the leaders have their own agendas and look for any excuse to foment distrust and discord. I believe that these “race hustlers,” and we all know who they are, do more harm than good, but that is a subject for another blog.
In my opinion, we have made much progress in the area of civil rights. For example, we have elected an African American president (twice); an African American sits on the Supreme Court; and African Americans hold and have held positions of prominence in every field of endeavor, including business, entertainment, sports, and the military. But, still, it is a work in progress. We can do more.
One can speculate whether and to what extent MLK’s assassination changed the course of history. In my opinion, had MLK lived, the Civil Rights Movement would have been considerably different over the last 50 years, more peaceful and less divisive, with better results. Furthermore, his assassination had a significant impact, not only on the history of the civil rights movement, but also on the overall history of the country, itself. I hope and believe that eventually a moderate leader will emerge and bridge the gap as MLK did half a century ago.
So, as you enjoy the holiday in whatever manner you choose, I ask you to reflect for a moment on where we are as a nation regarding civil rights, where we want to go and how we get there. | <urn:uuid:8b814049-2f34-458a-8929-80640409e828> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://webuiltitblog.com/category/uncategorized/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251796127.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129102701-20200129132701-00431.warc.gz | en | 0.982195 | 2,079 | 3.546875 | 4 | [
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0.27518510818481... | 2 | Today, January 15, is the birthday of, in my mind, the greatest civil rights leader in American history. Of course, I am referring to Martin Luther King, Jr. As is the case with many of our holidays, we celebrate it on a Monday, the third one in January, rather than on the actual day. This year, it will be celebrated on January 20.
This year will mark the 52nd anniversary of his untimely assassination on April 4, 1968. Like the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941 and the assassination of President JFK on November 22, 1963 most of us will always remember where we were when we heard the horrible news.
For some people, the holiday holds no special meaning; it is just a day off from work, a day to spend with family or friends, part of a long three-day weekend. For many of us, however, particularly those of us who were alive in the 1950s and 1960s, it is much, much more.
MLK was born on January 15, 1929. In my opinion, he became the most prominent and influential American civil rights leader in the 1950s and 1960s, if not ever. MLK was more than just a pastor. He believed that more could be achieved by civil disobedience and non-violence than by violence. He preached peaceful disobedience, sit-ins, marches and demonstrations, often in the face of wanton violence and cruelty by the police and others, rather than by rioting. In this regard, he was inspired by Mahatma Gandhi. In turn, he inspired many others such as Nelson Mandela and the Black Civil Rights movement in South Africa.
He also recognized the power of the press to bring attention to his cause and influence public opinion. For example, as many as 70 million people around the world witnessed the police brutality inflicted on the peaceful black and white marchers in Selma, Alabama, in March of 1965, including women and children as well as men. Those images, broadcast live on TV and radio, appalled and disgusted many people and provided an immeasurable boost to the public awareness of the injustices being visited upon blacks in the South. These events were captured dramatically and realistically in the 2014 movie, “Selma,” which featured David Oyelowo as MLK. If you haven’t seen it, I recommend it.
Unlike any other African American leaders before or since, he had the ability to unite, rather than divide. Although he was criticized by some of the more militant civil rights leaders of the time, such as Stokely Carmichael, he commanded the support and respect of a large majority of blacks and many whites as well. In that regard, he was similar to Mandela.
After his death, despite the urgings of some civil rights leaders who wanted to continue MLK’s philosophy, more militant African American leaders, such as Mr. Carmichael, came into prominence. There was rioting in over 100 US cities, and a slew of violent incidents at the 1968 Democratic Convention in Chicago in front of the national press and millions of Americans, which many believe swung the 1968 presidential election to Richard Nixon. The Civil Rights movement was changed forever.
MLK came into prominence in 1955 when he led a bus boycott, peacefully, in Montgomery, Alabama. The boycott had been fueled by the famous Rosa Parks incident in which she had refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white person. She was arrested on December 1. (Most people don’t know that earlier that year in March a similar incident had occurred, also in Montgomery, involving Claudette Colvin, a black girl who had also refused to give up her seat to a white man. However, that case did not receive the same notoriety. Civil rights lawyers declined to pursue it because Colvin was 15, unmarried and pregnant. They chose to wait for a case with a more favorable fact pattern, and they were proven to be right.)
Later, MLK became the leader of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference and remained so until his death. He applied his non-violence philosophy to protests in Selma, Ala., St. Augustine, FL, and the March on Washington, D. C., among others. He made it a policy never to endorse a particular political party or candidate. He believed he could be more effective if he were neutral and not beholden to anyone. Furthermore, in his view, neither party was all bad, and neither one was perfect. In his words, “[t]hey both have weaknesses.”
Perhaps, MLK’s signature moment occurred during the famous March on Washington in August 1963. Ironically, MLK was not the primary organizer of the March. That was Bayard Rustin, a colleague. The primary purpose of the March was to dramatize the plight of blacks in the South. Civil rights leaders, including Roy Wilkins, NAACP, Whitney Young, National Urban League, A. Philip Randolph, Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, John Lewis, SNCC, James Farmer CORE, and MLK, wanted to bring awareness of these issues right to the seat of the Federal government. More than 250,000 people of all ethnicities and colors attended. MLK was one of several speakers, and he only spoke for 17 minutes. But, his “I Have a Dream” speech became one of the most famous speeches ever. The March, in general, and MLK’s speech, in particular, are credited with bringing civil rights to the political forefront and facilitating the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
Some little-known facts about MLK:
1. His birth name was Michael King, Jr., after his father. In 1931 his father changed his own name to Martin Luther King, after the German theologian, Martin Luther, whom he admired. At the same time, he changed his son’s name.
2. In 1958 MLK was stabbed in the chest after a speech by a woman who had been stalking him, and he nearly died.
3. The FBI began tapping MLK’s telephone as early as 1963. Robert Kennedy, who was Attorney General at the time and who is viewed as a staunch supporter of civil rights, in general, and MLK, in particular, authorized the tapping.
4. MLK won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964 at the age of 35, the youngest age ever at the time.
5. MLK won a Grammy Award in 1971, posthumously. It should be noted that he won it, not because he displayed a great singing voice, but for a “Spoken Word Album,” “Why I Oppose the War in Vietnam.” In addition, he won countless other awards and was awarded some 50 honorary degrees from various colleges and universities.
6. The US Treasury has announced that it will be redesigning the $5 bill. It will still feature Abraham Lincoln on the obverse, or front, side, but the reverse, or back, side will feature depictions of events that have occurred at the Lincoln Memorial, including MLK’s “I Have a Dream” speech.
7. Even though MLK was one of the great public speakers of his time, inexplicably, he got a “C” in a public speaking course at the seminary. (Kind of like a baseball scout saying Babe Ruth can hit “a little bit.”)
8. MLK is one of three individuals and the only native-born American to have a holiday named after him. In case you’re wondering, the others are George Washington (born in the COLONY of Virginia), and Christopher Columbus.
Some MLK quotes to ponder:
1. “Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere.”
2. “The time is always right to do what is right.”
3. “We must learn to live together as brothers or perish together as fools.”
4. “Darkness cannot drive out darkness, only light can do that. Hate cannot drive out hate, only love can do that.”
5. “Free at last. Free at last. Thank God almighty, we are free at last.”
6. “I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin, but by the content of their character.”
Today, there is much division among African Americans as well as their leaders. Some are moderate and want to work within the system; others are more militant. Many of the leaders have their own agendas and look for any excuse to foment distrust and discord. I believe that these “race hustlers,” and we all know who they are, do more harm than good, but that is a subject for another blog.
In my opinion, we have made much progress in the area of civil rights. For example, we have elected an African American president (twice); an African American sits on the Supreme Court; and African Americans hold and have held positions of prominence in every field of endeavor, including business, entertainment, sports, and the military. But, still, it is a work in progress. We can do more.
One can speculate whether and to what extent MLK’s assassination changed the course of history. In my opinion, had MLK lived, the Civil Rights Movement would have been considerably different over the last 50 years, more peaceful and less divisive, with better results. Furthermore, his assassination had a significant impact, not only on the history of the civil rights movement, but also on the overall history of the country, itself. I hope and believe that eventually a moderate leader will emerge and bridge the gap as MLK did half a century ago.
So, as you enjoy the holiday in whatever manner you choose, I ask you to reflect for a moment on where we are as a nation regarding civil rights, where we want to go and how we get there. | 2,100 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Daily Photos & Art
CELEBRATING BLACK HISTORY MONTH
Henry Blair (1807–1860) was the second African American inventor to receive a patent. He was born in Glen Ross, Maryland, United States in 1807. His first invention was the Seed-Planter, patented October 14, 1834, which allowed farmers to plant more corn using less labor in a smaller amount of time. On August 31, 1836 he obtained a second patent for a cotton planter. This invention worked by splitting the ground with two shovel-like blades which were pulled along by a horse. A wheel-driven cylinder followed behind which dropped the seed into the newly plowed ground. Blair had been a successful farmer for years and developed the inventions as a means of increasing efficiency in farming.
In the patent records, Blair is listed as a “colored man”; making this identification the only one of its kind in early patent records. Blair was illiterate, therefore he signed his patents with an “x”. It is said that Blair was a freedman. At the time that his patents were granted United States patent law allowed both freed and enslaved people to obtain patents. In 1857 this law was challenged by a slave-owner who claimed that he owned “all the fruits of the slave’s labor” including his slave’s inventions. This resulted in the change of the law in 1858 which stated that slaves were not citizens and therefore could not hold patents. After the American Civil War, in 1871, the law was changed to grant all men patent rights. He died in 1860. | <urn:uuid:3e013035-8c27-4e15-9cc4-39a498ae1747> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | http://unconfirmedbreakingnews.com/2018/02/zz2218aabreaking-news-5203/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251783342.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128215526-20200129005526-00484.warc.gz | en | 0.989872 | 333 | 3.765625 | 4 | [
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0.0651947930455... | 1 | Daily Photos & Art
CELEBRATING BLACK HISTORY MONTH
Henry Blair (1807–1860) was the second African American inventor to receive a patent. He was born in Glen Ross, Maryland, United States in 1807. His first invention was the Seed-Planter, patented October 14, 1834, which allowed farmers to plant more corn using less labor in a smaller amount of time. On August 31, 1836 he obtained a second patent for a cotton planter. This invention worked by splitting the ground with two shovel-like blades which were pulled along by a horse. A wheel-driven cylinder followed behind which dropped the seed into the newly plowed ground. Blair had been a successful farmer for years and developed the inventions as a means of increasing efficiency in farming.
In the patent records, Blair is listed as a “colored man”; making this identification the only one of its kind in early patent records. Blair was illiterate, therefore he signed his patents with an “x”. It is said that Blair was a freedman. At the time that his patents were granted United States patent law allowed both freed and enslaved people to obtain patents. In 1857 this law was challenged by a slave-owner who claimed that he owned “all the fruits of the slave’s labor” including his slave’s inventions. This resulted in the change of the law in 1858 which stated that slaves were not citizens and therefore could not hold patents. After the American Civil War, in 1871, the law was changed to grant all men patent rights. He died in 1860. | 346 | ENGLISH | 1 |
After the eruption of Vesuvius in AD 79, the ancient Roman city of Pompeii was lost for centuries. Today, it is one of the world's most famous – and fascinating – archaeological sites. As volcanologists and archaeologists argue about excavations at the site – which volcanologists say may be destroying useful clues about lava flow that would protect the city's modern residents – we revisit the facts we know about the city on the west coast of Italy near modern-day Naples…
Here, Roman historian and archaeologist Dr Joanne Berry shares eight lesser-known Pompeii facts…
Pompeii is not frozen in time, nor is it a perfect time-capsule
The eruption of Vesuvius in AD 79 caused vast damage – fires were started, rooftops were swept away, columns collapsed. Most of the inhabitants of the town escaped into the surrounding countryside (although we have no idea how many of those died there). They took with them small valuables, like coins and jewellery, and lamps. Organic materials, like sheets, blankets, clothes, curtains, were mostly destroyed.
In the years and centuries after the eruption, salvagers explored Pompeii, tunnelling through walls and removing valuable objects. The earliest formal excavations in the 18th century were little more than treasure-hunting exercises, which means that records of finds are poor or non-existent. There is also evidence that some finds, such as wall-paintings and pottery, were deliberately destroyed by the excavators because they were not considered to be of high enough quality! All these factors make Pompeii a challenging site to study – much like most other archaeological sites.
Pompeii resembled a giant building site
It is commonly known that in AD 63 a massive earthquake caused major damage in the town. Scholars now agree, however, that this was merely one in a series of earthquakes that shook Pompeii and the surrounding area in the years before AD 79, when Vesuvius erupted. It is clear that some buildings were repaired several times in this period.
In fact, Pompeii must have resembled a giant building site, with reconstruction work taking place in both public buildings and private houses. In the past scholars argued that the town was abandoned by the wealthy in this period and taken over by a mercantile class. These days we see the scale of rebuilding as a sign of massive investment in the city – possibly sponsored by the emperor – by inhabitants who sought to improve their urban environment.
A painting on plaster of a riot at the amphitheater, Pompeii. c55-79 BC. (Photo By DEA Picture Library/De Agostini/Getty Images)
The amphitheatre was colourfully decorated…
When the amphitheatre was first excavated in 1815, a remarkable series of frescoes [mural paintings] adorned its parapet wall. There were large painted panels of wild animals, such as a bear and a bull facing off, tied together by a length of rope so that neither could escape the other, and a referee standing between two gladiators. On either side of these, smaller panels depicted winged victories, or candelabra-lit spaces.
The frescoes probably were painted on the podium wall in the period immediately before the eruption. Within a few months of their excavation, however, they had been completely destroyed by frost, leaving no traces of their presence that can be seen by visitors today. Luckily for us, drawings had been made of them when they were excavated, so we have some idea of the original colourful decoration of the amphitheatre.
‘The Last Day of Pompeii’, as imagined by 19th-century Russian artist Karl Briullov. (Photo by VCG Wilson/Corbis via Getty Images)
… as was the House of Julia Felix
A series of frescos were found in the atrium of the Praedium [aka ’Estate] of Julia Felix that seem to depict scenes of everyday life in the forum (the political centre of the Roman city). Twelve fragments of these frescoes survive: one depicts a beggar being offered something by a woman wearing a green tunic, and another shows a boy being whipped – this sometimes has been considered evidence of the presence of a school in the forum area.
Other fragments show a man cleaning another man’s shoes, a cobbler, merchants displaying their wares to two women, and figures selling bread, fruit and vegetables, and what look like socks. In one scene a customer holds the hand of a child. Horses, mules, and carts, and possibly a chariot can be identified in other scenes
In one important fragment, a banner has been strung from two equestrian statues and four male figures have stopped to read it, or to have it read to them (since we don’t know for sure how many people in Pompeii could read) All these scenes remind us that the Forum was not just the political centre of the Roman city – it was its economic and social heart too.
The Cult of Isis was particularly popular at Pompeii
In addition to the famous Temple of Isis [dedicated to the Egyptian goddess Isis], images and statuettes of Isis have been found in more than 20 houses, often alongside figurines of more traditional Roman gods and goddesses.
Although Roman writers were suspicious of the Cult of Isis, which they thought threatened traditional Roman values like honour and duty to the state the Temple of Isis at Pompeii had existed at Pompeii for around 200 years before the eruption of AD 79 – which means that the Cult had a long and established following at Pompeii. Followers of Isis believed that she offered the possibility of life after death, but she was also patron goddess of sailors. This surely explains her popularity at Pompeii, which was located by the sea.
The Cult of Isis attracted women, freedmen, and slaves to its ranks, but its rites and ceremonies remain unknown.
Despite what you might read, there is only one securely identified brothel (or ‘Lupanar’) at Pompeii
It is located on a narrow, winding street in the centre of the town, and it is today one of the most visited tourist attractions in the excavations. We know it was a brothel from its layout (it is divided into cubicles, each with a masonry bed), erotic wall paintings, and multiple explicit graffiti that list sexual acts and prices.
Scholars have suggested that other ‘brothels’ were located in houses with erotic wall paintings, but in actual fact erotic paintings are ubiquitous at Pompeii and are not associated with the sale of sex. This does not mean that prostitution only took place in the Lupanar, however. Advertisements for prostitutes have been found in the streets of tombs that surround the town, and bars probably sold sex as well as food and wine.
An erotic painting from one of the brothels in Pompeii. But, despite what you might read, there is only one securely identified brothel at Pompeii. (Photo by: Werner Forman/UIG via Getty Images)
The plastercasts of the victims of the eruption are the most famous artefacts from Pompeii. But did you know that archaeologists also make plastercasts of root cavities in gardens to determine what flowers, fruits and vegetables were being grown in AD 79?
This technique was first pioneered by Wilhelmina Jashemski (1910–2007), an American archaeologist who studied every garden in Pompeii. One large garden was found to be a vineyard – there were 2,014 root cavities that were found to have been made by vines, and additional cavities from the wooden stakes that supported these plants. The vineyard had been divided into four parts by intersecting paths, and trees had been growing along the paths and at intervals through the vineyard. Vegetables seem to have been grown under the vines too. Other gardens grew vines on a smaller scale, and vegetables and fruit and nut trees were common.
Although some of the produce must have been consumed by the inhabitants of the houses concerned, it is likely that much was destined for sale at market.
A plaster cast body of a person killed by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius at Pompeii in AD 79, on display at the Royal Ontario Museum. (Photo by Roberto Machado Noa/LightRocket via Getty Images)
Waiting for a legal case to be heard in the Basilicain the Forum of Pompeii must have been long and boring, if the evidence of nearly 200 scribblings found on its walls is anything to go by
Some people simply scratched their names and the date, just like modern graffiti. Others used this public venue (used for law courts, administration and business transactions) to vent their bile (‘Chios, I hope your piles irritate you so they burn like they’ve never burned before!’) or make accusations (‘Lucilla was making money from her body’, and ‘Virgula to her bloke Tertius: you’re a dirty old man!’).
Some graffiti were started in one hand, but finished in another: a slave called Agatho starts to ask something of the goddess Venus; his sentence is finished by someone else who writes ‘I ask that he perish’.
Some of those waiting seem to have resorted to playing games: a remarkable graffito records the names of three men playing ‘Trigon’, a game that involved players throwing multiple balls at each other. Another man is designated as score-keeper, and one is tasked with fetching the balls. Clearly the Basilica was a lively spot!
Dr Joanne Berry is a lecturer in ancient history at Swansea University. She is author of The Complete Pompeii (Thames and Hudson, 2007, reprinted in paperbook in 2012), co-author of The Complete Roman Legions (Thames and Hudson Ltd, 2015) and the founder of Blogging Pompeii, a news and discussion site for Pompeii and the archaeological sites of the Bay of Naples.
This article was first published by History Extra in 2016 | <urn:uuid:be03da72-c82e-4b57-81bb-44d7a8d5d0ef> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.historyextra.com/period/roman/pompeii-facts-vesuvius-volcano-ash-eruption-ancient-romans-archaeology/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250598217.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120081337-20200120105337-00252.warc.gz | en | 0.980501 | 2,098 | 3.609375 | 4 | [
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0.70764499902... | 2 | After the eruption of Vesuvius in AD 79, the ancient Roman city of Pompeii was lost for centuries. Today, it is one of the world's most famous – and fascinating – archaeological sites. As volcanologists and archaeologists argue about excavations at the site – which volcanologists say may be destroying useful clues about lava flow that would protect the city's modern residents – we revisit the facts we know about the city on the west coast of Italy near modern-day Naples…
Here, Roman historian and archaeologist Dr Joanne Berry shares eight lesser-known Pompeii facts…
Pompeii is not frozen in time, nor is it a perfect time-capsule
The eruption of Vesuvius in AD 79 caused vast damage – fires were started, rooftops were swept away, columns collapsed. Most of the inhabitants of the town escaped into the surrounding countryside (although we have no idea how many of those died there). They took with them small valuables, like coins and jewellery, and lamps. Organic materials, like sheets, blankets, clothes, curtains, were mostly destroyed.
In the years and centuries after the eruption, salvagers explored Pompeii, tunnelling through walls and removing valuable objects. The earliest formal excavations in the 18th century were little more than treasure-hunting exercises, which means that records of finds are poor or non-existent. There is also evidence that some finds, such as wall-paintings and pottery, were deliberately destroyed by the excavators because they were not considered to be of high enough quality! All these factors make Pompeii a challenging site to study – much like most other archaeological sites.
Pompeii resembled a giant building site
It is commonly known that in AD 63 a massive earthquake caused major damage in the town. Scholars now agree, however, that this was merely one in a series of earthquakes that shook Pompeii and the surrounding area in the years before AD 79, when Vesuvius erupted. It is clear that some buildings were repaired several times in this period.
In fact, Pompeii must have resembled a giant building site, with reconstruction work taking place in both public buildings and private houses. In the past scholars argued that the town was abandoned by the wealthy in this period and taken over by a mercantile class. These days we see the scale of rebuilding as a sign of massive investment in the city – possibly sponsored by the emperor – by inhabitants who sought to improve their urban environment.
A painting on plaster of a riot at the amphitheater, Pompeii. c55-79 BC. (Photo By DEA Picture Library/De Agostini/Getty Images)
The amphitheatre was colourfully decorated…
When the amphitheatre was first excavated in 1815, a remarkable series of frescoes [mural paintings] adorned its parapet wall. There were large painted panels of wild animals, such as a bear and a bull facing off, tied together by a length of rope so that neither could escape the other, and a referee standing between two gladiators. On either side of these, smaller panels depicted winged victories, or candelabra-lit spaces.
The frescoes probably were painted on the podium wall in the period immediately before the eruption. Within a few months of their excavation, however, they had been completely destroyed by frost, leaving no traces of their presence that can be seen by visitors today. Luckily for us, drawings had been made of them when they were excavated, so we have some idea of the original colourful decoration of the amphitheatre.
‘The Last Day of Pompeii’, as imagined by 19th-century Russian artist Karl Briullov. (Photo by VCG Wilson/Corbis via Getty Images)
… as was the House of Julia Felix
A series of frescos were found in the atrium of the Praedium [aka ’Estate] of Julia Felix that seem to depict scenes of everyday life in the forum (the political centre of the Roman city). Twelve fragments of these frescoes survive: one depicts a beggar being offered something by a woman wearing a green tunic, and another shows a boy being whipped – this sometimes has been considered evidence of the presence of a school in the forum area.
Other fragments show a man cleaning another man’s shoes, a cobbler, merchants displaying their wares to two women, and figures selling bread, fruit and vegetables, and what look like socks. In one scene a customer holds the hand of a child. Horses, mules, and carts, and possibly a chariot can be identified in other scenes
In one important fragment, a banner has been strung from two equestrian statues and four male figures have stopped to read it, or to have it read to them (since we don’t know for sure how many people in Pompeii could read) All these scenes remind us that the Forum was not just the political centre of the Roman city – it was its economic and social heart too.
The Cult of Isis was particularly popular at Pompeii
In addition to the famous Temple of Isis [dedicated to the Egyptian goddess Isis], images and statuettes of Isis have been found in more than 20 houses, often alongside figurines of more traditional Roman gods and goddesses.
Although Roman writers were suspicious of the Cult of Isis, which they thought threatened traditional Roman values like honour and duty to the state the Temple of Isis at Pompeii had existed at Pompeii for around 200 years before the eruption of AD 79 – which means that the Cult had a long and established following at Pompeii. Followers of Isis believed that she offered the possibility of life after death, but she was also patron goddess of sailors. This surely explains her popularity at Pompeii, which was located by the sea.
The Cult of Isis attracted women, freedmen, and slaves to its ranks, but its rites and ceremonies remain unknown.
Despite what you might read, there is only one securely identified brothel (or ‘Lupanar’) at Pompeii
It is located on a narrow, winding street in the centre of the town, and it is today one of the most visited tourist attractions in the excavations. We know it was a brothel from its layout (it is divided into cubicles, each with a masonry bed), erotic wall paintings, and multiple explicit graffiti that list sexual acts and prices.
Scholars have suggested that other ‘brothels’ were located in houses with erotic wall paintings, but in actual fact erotic paintings are ubiquitous at Pompeii and are not associated with the sale of sex. This does not mean that prostitution only took place in the Lupanar, however. Advertisements for prostitutes have been found in the streets of tombs that surround the town, and bars probably sold sex as well as food and wine.
An erotic painting from one of the brothels in Pompeii. But, despite what you might read, there is only one securely identified brothel at Pompeii. (Photo by: Werner Forman/UIG via Getty Images)
The plastercasts of the victims of the eruption are the most famous artefacts from Pompeii. But did you know that archaeologists also make plastercasts of root cavities in gardens to determine what flowers, fruits and vegetables were being grown in AD 79?
This technique was first pioneered by Wilhelmina Jashemski (1910–2007), an American archaeologist who studied every garden in Pompeii. One large garden was found to be a vineyard – there were 2,014 root cavities that were found to have been made by vines, and additional cavities from the wooden stakes that supported these plants. The vineyard had been divided into four parts by intersecting paths, and trees had been growing along the paths and at intervals through the vineyard. Vegetables seem to have been grown under the vines too. Other gardens grew vines on a smaller scale, and vegetables and fruit and nut trees were common.
Although some of the produce must have been consumed by the inhabitants of the houses concerned, it is likely that much was destined for sale at market.
A plaster cast body of a person killed by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius at Pompeii in AD 79, on display at the Royal Ontario Museum. (Photo by Roberto Machado Noa/LightRocket via Getty Images)
Waiting for a legal case to be heard in the Basilicain the Forum of Pompeii must have been long and boring, if the evidence of nearly 200 scribblings found on its walls is anything to go by
Some people simply scratched their names and the date, just like modern graffiti. Others used this public venue (used for law courts, administration and business transactions) to vent their bile (‘Chios, I hope your piles irritate you so they burn like they’ve never burned before!’) or make accusations (‘Lucilla was making money from her body’, and ‘Virgula to her bloke Tertius: you’re a dirty old man!’).
Some graffiti were started in one hand, but finished in another: a slave called Agatho starts to ask something of the goddess Venus; his sentence is finished by someone else who writes ‘I ask that he perish’.
Some of those waiting seem to have resorted to playing games: a remarkable graffito records the names of three men playing ‘Trigon’, a game that involved players throwing multiple balls at each other. Another man is designated as score-keeper, and one is tasked with fetching the balls. Clearly the Basilica was a lively spot!
Dr Joanne Berry is a lecturer in ancient history at Swansea University. She is author of The Complete Pompeii (Thames and Hudson, 2007, reprinted in paperbook in 2012), co-author of The Complete Roman Legions (Thames and Hudson Ltd, 2015) and the founder of Blogging Pompeii, a news and discussion site for Pompeii and the archaeological sites of the Bay of Naples.
This article was first published by History Extra in 2016 | 2,079 | ENGLISH | 1 |
In the early morning hours of December 7, 1941, Japan launched a surprise military attack on the United States naval base at Pearl Harbor in Hawaii. To mark the anniversary of that event, here are five things you probably didn't know about Pearl Harbor....
The Japanese Bombers Were Originally Mistaken for U.S. Aircraft Radar operators at Pearl Harbor were expecting a group of U.S. aircraft to fly into the area on December 7, so they weren't particularly alarmed to see two groups flying toward the base that morning. Because they assumed that the groups on radar were U.S. planes, the operators didn't issue any warnings. That turned out to be a huge mistake as those groups on radar were the Japanese planes that attacked Pearl Harbor.
The USS Arizona Still Leaks Fuel The day before the attacks, the USS Arizona took on a full load of fuel, nearly 1.5 million gallons. Much of that fuel helped ignite the explosion and subsequent fires that destroyed the ship, but shockingly, some fuel continues to seep out of the wreckage. The Arizona continues to spill up to 9 quarts of oil into the harbor each day.
Most of The Ships That Were Sunk Were Resurrected Nine battleships were sunk in the bombing attack. Fortunately, since the ships were docked and therefore sank in shallow water, the navy was able to raise seven of them. In fact, the navy was able not only to resurrect the ships, but also to repair them so they could be used during World War II. Only the USS Arizona and the USS Utah were irrecoverable.
Veterans of The Attack Can be Laid to Rest at Pearl Harbor Survivors of Pearl Harbor have the option to join their lost comrades and make Pearl Harbor their final resting place. Crew members who served on board the USS Arizona during the attack may choose to have their ashes deposited by divers beneath one of the sunken Arizona’s gun turrets. Roughly 30 Arizona survivors have chosen this option. Other military survivors can choose to have their ashes scattered wherever their ship was located during the attacks.
Hawaii Was Put Into Martial Law After Pearl Harbor For Three Years
After the Pearl Harbor attack, Hawaii spent three years under Martial Law. The military forced a curfew onto Hawaiians at night, forcing everyone to be indoors with their electricity completely off, and anyone who was outside after hours would face arrest or possibly even shot. Residents were also forced to build bomb shelters and barbed wire fences and have an identification card. Alcohol of any kind was banned–as was taking any photographs–and food was rationed. The military also confiscated the tourist-laden hotels on the beaches of Waikiki.Hawaii was a territory at the time, so the military’s treatment of Hawaiians after Pearl Harbor helped set forth the initiative for Hawaii to become a state. | <urn:uuid:05ac2e85-ed48-4f83-a87c-6e1e9b534939> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://triviatoday.com/blog/article.asp?a=83EAD5&t=PWQZDDSHXU | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250607314.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122161553-20200122190553-00037.warc.gz | en | 0.981456 | 576 | 3.5 | 4 | [
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0.344496160745... | 5 | In the early morning hours of December 7, 1941, Japan launched a surprise military attack on the United States naval base at Pearl Harbor in Hawaii. To mark the anniversary of that event, here are five things you probably didn't know about Pearl Harbor....
The Japanese Bombers Were Originally Mistaken for U.S. Aircraft Radar operators at Pearl Harbor were expecting a group of U.S. aircraft to fly into the area on December 7, so they weren't particularly alarmed to see two groups flying toward the base that morning. Because they assumed that the groups on radar were U.S. planes, the operators didn't issue any warnings. That turned out to be a huge mistake as those groups on radar were the Japanese planes that attacked Pearl Harbor.
The USS Arizona Still Leaks Fuel The day before the attacks, the USS Arizona took on a full load of fuel, nearly 1.5 million gallons. Much of that fuel helped ignite the explosion and subsequent fires that destroyed the ship, but shockingly, some fuel continues to seep out of the wreckage. The Arizona continues to spill up to 9 quarts of oil into the harbor each day.
Most of The Ships That Were Sunk Were Resurrected Nine battleships were sunk in the bombing attack. Fortunately, since the ships were docked and therefore sank in shallow water, the navy was able to raise seven of them. In fact, the navy was able not only to resurrect the ships, but also to repair them so they could be used during World War II. Only the USS Arizona and the USS Utah were irrecoverable.
Veterans of The Attack Can be Laid to Rest at Pearl Harbor Survivors of Pearl Harbor have the option to join their lost comrades and make Pearl Harbor their final resting place. Crew members who served on board the USS Arizona during the attack may choose to have their ashes deposited by divers beneath one of the sunken Arizona’s gun turrets. Roughly 30 Arizona survivors have chosen this option. Other military survivors can choose to have their ashes scattered wherever their ship was located during the attacks.
Hawaii Was Put Into Martial Law After Pearl Harbor For Three Years
After the Pearl Harbor attack, Hawaii spent three years under Martial Law. The military forced a curfew onto Hawaiians at night, forcing everyone to be indoors with their electricity completely off, and anyone who was outside after hours would face arrest or possibly even shot. Residents were also forced to build bomb shelters and barbed wire fences and have an identification card. Alcohol of any kind was banned–as was taking any photographs–and food was rationed. The military also confiscated the tourist-laden hotels on the beaches of Waikiki.Hawaii was a territory at the time, so the military’s treatment of Hawaiians after Pearl Harbor helped set forth the initiative for Hawaii to become a state. | 575 | ENGLISH | 1 |
St. Francis Xavier was a Navarrese-Basque Roman Catholic missionary born in the Kingdom of Navarre on April 7, 1506. His father was a privy counselor and finance minister to King John III of Navarre. He was the youngest in his family and resided in a castle which still partially stands today and is in the possession of the Jesuit order.
As the young Francis grew, he was surrounded by war. Navarre was the target of a campaign by King Ferdinand of Aragon and Castile, and the kingdom was eventually conquered.
When the war stopped and Francis came of age, he was sent to study at the University of Paris. While there he roomed with his friend, Peter Favre. The pair met and were heavily influenced by Ignatius of Loyola, who encouraged Francis to become a priest.
n 1530, Francis Xavier earned his master's degree, and went on to teach philosophy at the University of Paris.
On August 15, 1534, Francis Xavier along with Peter Favre, and several other friends, made vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience. The men planned to travel to the Holy Land to convert non-believers. Francis Xavier started his study of theology that same year and was ordained on June 24, 1537.
Pope Paul III approved the formation of their order in 1540, which became The Society of Jesus. The order is more popularly became known as the Jesuits.
While Francis Xavier was becoming a priest, Portugal was colonizing India. The Portuguese settlers in India and elsewhere were losing their faith and Christian values. To restore these values, the King of Portugal asked the Pope to send missionaries to the region.
Pope Paul III asked the new order to take the mission, particularly since they could not undertake their preferred mission to the Holy Land due to warfare there. Ignatius ultimately decided to send Francis.
Francis Xavier left for India in 1541, on his thirty-fifth birthday. As he departed he was informed that the pope appointed him to be the Papal Nuncio in the East. A Papal Nuncio is a diplomat who takes up permanent residence in another country to formally represent the Church there. He arrived in the region and colony of Goa, India on May 6, 1542.
Although Goa had churches and even a bishop in the Portuguese colony, there were few people to preach and minister to the Portuguese, especially outside the walls of the city.
A major problem Francis quickly recognized was the nature of the people and their intentions. Many sailors and settlers were former prisoners who had been recruited from Portuguese jails or were fleeing mistakes they made back home. None of them came to spread or live virtuous lives. Instead they came to escape Portugal, find adventure, or to make fortunes. Still, they settled and made families.
Xavier ministered first to the sick and the children. Then he learned about the native people of the Pearl Fishery Coast, which had been baptized a decade earlier, but were never taught their faith. Xavier began ministering to them. He spent three years among them, but was often embarrassed by the conduct of his Portuguese countrymen who were already Catholic, but frequently misbehaved.
Xavier built 40 churches for the people of the Pearl Fishery Coast. Xavier encountered difficulty in his mission because he usually worked to convert the people first, instead of their leaders.
avier eventually decided to travel to Malacca and the Maluku Islands to evangelize the people there. He spent about two years in the region, and while in Malacca, a Japanese man named Anjiro caught up with him. Anjiro was accused of murder in Japan but had managed to flee. Learning about Xavier, he decided to find Xavier and tell him about Japan, which he did. Xavier converted Anjiro to Christianity, making him the first Japanese convert to Christianity.
Xavier returned to Goa for about a year to attend to his official responsibilities, but he was very interested in visiting Japan. In 1549, he finally departed for the country, arriving in July of that year.
The local daimyo warmly received Xavier, but forbade his subjects from converting to Christianity. In addition to the legal obstacle, Xavier found language to be a barrier. The Japanese language was different than any other he had previously encountered.
Xavier was surprised to find that his poverty was a barrier to his communication. Poverty was not respected in feudal Japan as it was in Europe, so Xavier was compelled to change his strategy. On one occasion, when meeting with a local prince, Xavier arranged to be finely dressed and for his fellow missionaries to wait on him. He had gifts from India delivered to him. The charade had the desired effect and improved his reputation.
Despite his efforts, the Japanese were not easily converted. Most held fast to their traditional Buddhist or Shinto beliefs. The Japanese also found the concept of hell as a place of eternal torment to be difficult to accept.
Some traditionalists, including priests from the native religions, grew hostile toward Xavier and Christianity. Xavier established a few congregations, but the religion was suppressed from spreading by the nobility to grew to mistrust the outsiders and their faith. Eventually, Christianity became the subject of great persecution, forcing many to go underground with their belief.
Xavier finished his work in Japan for the time and decided to return to India with a stop in Goa. During his voyage, he was petitioned to meet with the Chinese emperor and argue for the release of several Portuguese prisoners as a representative of their government. Xavier decided to make the trip to China, but first felt the need to return to his headquarters in Goa.
He departed India for the last time in April, 1552 and stopped in Malacca to obtain official documents attesting to his status as a representative of the Portuguese king. However, the harbor in Malacca was now controlled by Alvaro da Gama, the Captain of Malaca and the son of Vasco da Gama.
Da Gama was not friendly to Xavier who refused to recognize his official status as Papal Nuncio. He confiscated the gifts Xavier intended for the Chinese emperor and staffed his ship with a new crew, loyal to himself.
Xavier's ship reached China in August, stopping at an island off the Chinese coast. From there, Xavier was on his own. He managed to find a man to agree to take him to China for a large fee, but while he was waiting for his boat to arrive became ill with a fever. Xavier died on December 3, 1552.
Xavier was buried on the island until February 1553 when his body was removed and taken to Malacca where it was buried at a church for a month. Then one of Xavier?s companions moved his body to his own residence for the rest of the year. In December, his body was moved to Goa. Xavier remains buried in a silver casket enclosed in a glass case.
Several of his bones have been removed. His right arm, used to bless converts, is on display in Rome. Another arm bone is kept on Coloane island, in Macau, which today is part of China.
Xavier was beatified by Pope Paul V on Oct. 25, 1619, and canonized by Gregory XV on March 12, 1622 at the same ceremony as Ignatius of Loyola. He is the patron of Catholic missions and his feast day is on December 3. | <urn:uuid:4732784f-f2c7-4335-8c9a-a544e5e606da> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.ecsd.net/schools/8405/school-information/Pages/Our-Namesake.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251694908.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127051112-20200127081112-00449.warc.gz | en | 0.991007 | 1,530 | 3.53125 | 4 | [
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0.359597533941268... | 5 | St. Francis Xavier was a Navarrese-Basque Roman Catholic missionary born in the Kingdom of Navarre on April 7, 1506. His father was a privy counselor and finance minister to King John III of Navarre. He was the youngest in his family and resided in a castle which still partially stands today and is in the possession of the Jesuit order.
As the young Francis grew, he was surrounded by war. Navarre was the target of a campaign by King Ferdinand of Aragon and Castile, and the kingdom was eventually conquered.
When the war stopped and Francis came of age, he was sent to study at the University of Paris. While there he roomed with his friend, Peter Favre. The pair met and were heavily influenced by Ignatius of Loyola, who encouraged Francis to become a priest.
n 1530, Francis Xavier earned his master's degree, and went on to teach philosophy at the University of Paris.
On August 15, 1534, Francis Xavier along with Peter Favre, and several other friends, made vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience. The men planned to travel to the Holy Land to convert non-believers. Francis Xavier started his study of theology that same year and was ordained on June 24, 1537.
Pope Paul III approved the formation of their order in 1540, which became The Society of Jesus. The order is more popularly became known as the Jesuits.
While Francis Xavier was becoming a priest, Portugal was colonizing India. The Portuguese settlers in India and elsewhere were losing their faith and Christian values. To restore these values, the King of Portugal asked the Pope to send missionaries to the region.
Pope Paul III asked the new order to take the mission, particularly since they could not undertake their preferred mission to the Holy Land due to warfare there. Ignatius ultimately decided to send Francis.
Francis Xavier left for India in 1541, on his thirty-fifth birthday. As he departed he was informed that the pope appointed him to be the Papal Nuncio in the East. A Papal Nuncio is a diplomat who takes up permanent residence in another country to formally represent the Church there. He arrived in the region and colony of Goa, India on May 6, 1542.
Although Goa had churches and even a bishop in the Portuguese colony, there were few people to preach and minister to the Portuguese, especially outside the walls of the city.
A major problem Francis quickly recognized was the nature of the people and their intentions. Many sailors and settlers were former prisoners who had been recruited from Portuguese jails or were fleeing mistakes they made back home. None of them came to spread or live virtuous lives. Instead they came to escape Portugal, find adventure, or to make fortunes. Still, they settled and made families.
Xavier ministered first to the sick and the children. Then he learned about the native people of the Pearl Fishery Coast, which had been baptized a decade earlier, but were never taught their faith. Xavier began ministering to them. He spent three years among them, but was often embarrassed by the conduct of his Portuguese countrymen who were already Catholic, but frequently misbehaved.
Xavier built 40 churches for the people of the Pearl Fishery Coast. Xavier encountered difficulty in his mission because he usually worked to convert the people first, instead of their leaders.
avier eventually decided to travel to Malacca and the Maluku Islands to evangelize the people there. He spent about two years in the region, and while in Malacca, a Japanese man named Anjiro caught up with him. Anjiro was accused of murder in Japan but had managed to flee. Learning about Xavier, he decided to find Xavier and tell him about Japan, which he did. Xavier converted Anjiro to Christianity, making him the first Japanese convert to Christianity.
Xavier returned to Goa for about a year to attend to his official responsibilities, but he was very interested in visiting Japan. In 1549, he finally departed for the country, arriving in July of that year.
The local daimyo warmly received Xavier, but forbade his subjects from converting to Christianity. In addition to the legal obstacle, Xavier found language to be a barrier. The Japanese language was different than any other he had previously encountered.
Xavier was surprised to find that his poverty was a barrier to his communication. Poverty was not respected in feudal Japan as it was in Europe, so Xavier was compelled to change his strategy. On one occasion, when meeting with a local prince, Xavier arranged to be finely dressed and for his fellow missionaries to wait on him. He had gifts from India delivered to him. The charade had the desired effect and improved his reputation.
Despite his efforts, the Japanese were not easily converted. Most held fast to their traditional Buddhist or Shinto beliefs. The Japanese also found the concept of hell as a place of eternal torment to be difficult to accept.
Some traditionalists, including priests from the native religions, grew hostile toward Xavier and Christianity. Xavier established a few congregations, but the religion was suppressed from spreading by the nobility to grew to mistrust the outsiders and their faith. Eventually, Christianity became the subject of great persecution, forcing many to go underground with their belief.
Xavier finished his work in Japan for the time and decided to return to India with a stop in Goa. During his voyage, he was petitioned to meet with the Chinese emperor and argue for the release of several Portuguese prisoners as a representative of their government. Xavier decided to make the trip to China, but first felt the need to return to his headquarters in Goa.
He departed India for the last time in April, 1552 and stopped in Malacca to obtain official documents attesting to his status as a representative of the Portuguese king. However, the harbor in Malacca was now controlled by Alvaro da Gama, the Captain of Malaca and the son of Vasco da Gama.
Da Gama was not friendly to Xavier who refused to recognize his official status as Papal Nuncio. He confiscated the gifts Xavier intended for the Chinese emperor and staffed his ship with a new crew, loyal to himself.
Xavier's ship reached China in August, stopping at an island off the Chinese coast. From there, Xavier was on his own. He managed to find a man to agree to take him to China for a large fee, but while he was waiting for his boat to arrive became ill with a fever. Xavier died on December 3, 1552.
Xavier was buried on the island until February 1553 when his body was removed and taken to Malacca where it was buried at a church for a month. Then one of Xavier?s companions moved his body to his own residence for the rest of the year. In December, his body was moved to Goa. Xavier remains buried in a silver casket enclosed in a glass case.
Several of his bones have been removed. His right arm, used to bless converts, is on display in Rome. Another arm bone is kept on Coloane island, in Macau, which today is part of China.
Xavier was beatified by Pope Paul V on Oct. 25, 1619, and canonized by Gregory XV on March 12, 1622 at the same ceremony as Ignatius of Loyola. He is the patron of Catholic missions and his feast day is on December 3. | 1,561 | ENGLISH | 1 |
I examined the racial and ethnic tensions during the time of 1870 – 1916. There were substantial changes during these 46 years. These years were not easy, in many ways they were terrible and unjust, but as time went on; we as Americans learned what it meant to be free to provide many freedoms to race’s, ethnicity and sexes.
I am going to start with America’s “Gilded Age” that lasted from 1870 – 1890. This age was very contradictory to what gilded is supposed to mean, this was not an age of gold or beauty. The slogan for the gilded age was “Get rich, dishonestly if we can, honestly if we must,” During the Gilded age the economy and industry resulted in an enormous growth. Unfortunately during the gilded age, there were mainly death, poverty, and the lack of rights for many. The Economy was booming, in New York industry was providing many job as well as many unhappy American citizens, those citizens heard of the west. The west was described as “vast trackless spaces wit mineral rich soil and herds of buffalo”
The west attracted many people. The promise of land and the American idea of owning your own farm after working for such corrupt industries in the each were very enticing. Ex-slaves, whites, Chinese and many other cultures would make route to the west, this is where I believe the worst of the racial and ethical tensions happened. The west was not unoccupied. The west was occupied by the Native Americans. As migrants moved towards the west the Native Americas were had a choice, either give up their land or go to war. Native Americans were forced to move to reservations, they were forced to choose to live with the idea of the white man or not be able to become and America civilian, they had their children taken from them because the government viewed them as teaching their children a “negative” culture. As you can Imagine the Native Americans were not going to give up their history and culture and that resulted many deaths.
The economy in America was booming. Big industries such as the railways, miners and oil were making enormous prohibits. Andrew Carnegie and Andrew Rockefeller were among some of the wealthy that had made a fortune in business knowledge. As these industries raised any poor man (black, white, Chinese, Spanish, Latino, etc…) were being held down. The poor would try to have strikes, only to be met with violence from federal and personal police.
When I read the topic of industrialization and workers, I realized it was all races that were the new “slaves” of industry. I realized the Expansion of Native Americas was the worst or all the discrimination at this time as the Native Americans had their children taken away, their ancestry and history almost erased. The Chinese were a close second in my opinion as they also had no rights as they were not citizens and were discriminated against in may violent acts.
The Chinese had had immigrated to the United States. The... | <urn:uuid:0260be44-4894-4f77-a30b-da59108d3be4> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://brightkite.com/essay-on/test-97 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251728207.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127205148-20200127235148-00348.warc.gz | en | 0.9948 | 614 | 3.671875 | 4 | [
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... | 1 | I examined the racial and ethnic tensions during the time of 1870 – 1916. There were substantial changes during these 46 years. These years were not easy, in many ways they were terrible and unjust, but as time went on; we as Americans learned what it meant to be free to provide many freedoms to race’s, ethnicity and sexes.
I am going to start with America’s “Gilded Age” that lasted from 1870 – 1890. This age was very contradictory to what gilded is supposed to mean, this was not an age of gold or beauty. The slogan for the gilded age was “Get rich, dishonestly if we can, honestly if we must,” During the Gilded age the economy and industry resulted in an enormous growth. Unfortunately during the gilded age, there were mainly death, poverty, and the lack of rights for many. The Economy was booming, in New York industry was providing many job as well as many unhappy American citizens, those citizens heard of the west. The west was described as “vast trackless spaces wit mineral rich soil and herds of buffalo”
The west attracted many people. The promise of land and the American idea of owning your own farm after working for such corrupt industries in the each were very enticing. Ex-slaves, whites, Chinese and many other cultures would make route to the west, this is where I believe the worst of the racial and ethical tensions happened. The west was not unoccupied. The west was occupied by the Native Americans. As migrants moved towards the west the Native Americas were had a choice, either give up their land or go to war. Native Americans were forced to move to reservations, they were forced to choose to live with the idea of the white man or not be able to become and America civilian, they had their children taken from them because the government viewed them as teaching their children a “negative” culture. As you can Imagine the Native Americans were not going to give up their history and culture and that resulted many deaths.
The economy in America was booming. Big industries such as the railways, miners and oil were making enormous prohibits. Andrew Carnegie and Andrew Rockefeller were among some of the wealthy that had made a fortune in business knowledge. As these industries raised any poor man (black, white, Chinese, Spanish, Latino, etc…) were being held down. The poor would try to have strikes, only to be met with violence from federal and personal police.
When I read the topic of industrialization and workers, I realized it was all races that were the new “slaves” of industry. I realized the Expansion of Native Americas was the worst or all the discrimination at this time as the Native Americans had their children taken away, their ancestry and history almost erased. The Chinese were a close second in my opinion as they also had no rights as they were not citizens and were discriminated against in may violent acts.
The Chinese had had immigrated to the United States. The... | 613 | ENGLISH | 1 |
The only way to be able to connect with these discoveries is directly through the folklore told by the indigenous peoples who inhabited the region. These discoveries may include fossils or evidences of natural phenomena, and can provide an insight into life before written records.
While the Lenape people near the Chemung River in modern-day New York and Pennsylvania named the river after their words meaning "big horn," there had been discoveries of mammoth tusks, which may have been the horns that they were referring to. The Lenape discovered these bones and explained to Thomas Jefferson, who was president of the United States at the time, how it may have ended up in there, by explaining that they were the ancestors of the buffalo. The river was definitely purposeful for the Lenape, since they cultivated squash, corn, and tobacco near it.
Although it would not validate every single detail of religious and mythological beliefs, these sites can provide an insight into the inspirations behind such beliefs. In the case of the Siwalik Hills, they were described in the Indian epic Mahabharata as being the site of a cataclysmic battle where giants and war elephants would be buried. It turned out that there were a lot of fossils that date back to the Pliocene period, which was the time period when giant mammals, including elephants, thrived.
There would definitely be a lot of spiritual significance given to the fossils even to the indigenous peoples who first encountered. In the case of the Ute nation in the American Southwest, they were seen to have worn as amulets the fossils of trilobites, which were a species of anthropod which existed 540-440 million years ago. Since indigenous peoples have made direct contact with these fossils and other prehistoric phenomena, then modern society should not dismiss their mythologies as fictional conjurations, rather as hints as to what life was like centuries--if not millenia--before colonization. This was the case with astrophysicists who were working alongside the Gunditjimara, an Australian Aboriginal tribe, in connecting a myth about a deluge which killed the people who did not make it to mountaintops with a tsunami that hit Australian coasts 11,000 years ago. When professionals like astronomers and scientists are contacting indigenous peoples to provide insight into their mythologies, then it is a sign that they know exceedingly more about their own landscape than even them.
The languages are also important as they can be directly tied to their history. In the case of Canadian place-names like Musqueam, Kwatlen, Matsqui, and Chilliwack, their etymologies, which come from the indigenous Salish languages, provide a hint into the foraging sites that were used by the Salish. In the case of Musqueam, it comes from the Salish word meaning "grass," which specifically refer to the plant grown in Fraser River Estuary; and Chilliwack means "valley of many streams."
By syncretizing with the geography, history, indigeneity, and language of the land, they can all help to uncover information overlooked by colonial powers. In order to truly understand the landscape, the discoveries have to give indigenous peoples more room to speak about their histories interacting with their own land. | <urn:uuid:dbaaef69-e7b1-4f6c-bd30-357c0005b2c9> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.theodysseyonline.com/are-indigenous-cultures-key-prehistoric-discoveries | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250606226.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121222429-20200122011429-00463.warc.gz | en | 0.983756 | 666 | 4.03125 | 4 | [
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0.2610365450... | 1 | The only way to be able to connect with these discoveries is directly through the folklore told by the indigenous peoples who inhabited the region. These discoveries may include fossils or evidences of natural phenomena, and can provide an insight into life before written records.
While the Lenape people near the Chemung River in modern-day New York and Pennsylvania named the river after their words meaning "big horn," there had been discoveries of mammoth tusks, which may have been the horns that they were referring to. The Lenape discovered these bones and explained to Thomas Jefferson, who was president of the United States at the time, how it may have ended up in there, by explaining that they were the ancestors of the buffalo. The river was definitely purposeful for the Lenape, since they cultivated squash, corn, and tobacco near it.
Although it would not validate every single detail of religious and mythological beliefs, these sites can provide an insight into the inspirations behind such beliefs. In the case of the Siwalik Hills, they were described in the Indian epic Mahabharata as being the site of a cataclysmic battle where giants and war elephants would be buried. It turned out that there were a lot of fossils that date back to the Pliocene period, which was the time period when giant mammals, including elephants, thrived.
There would definitely be a lot of spiritual significance given to the fossils even to the indigenous peoples who first encountered. In the case of the Ute nation in the American Southwest, they were seen to have worn as amulets the fossils of trilobites, which were a species of anthropod which existed 540-440 million years ago. Since indigenous peoples have made direct contact with these fossils and other prehistoric phenomena, then modern society should not dismiss their mythologies as fictional conjurations, rather as hints as to what life was like centuries--if not millenia--before colonization. This was the case with astrophysicists who were working alongside the Gunditjimara, an Australian Aboriginal tribe, in connecting a myth about a deluge which killed the people who did not make it to mountaintops with a tsunami that hit Australian coasts 11,000 years ago. When professionals like astronomers and scientists are contacting indigenous peoples to provide insight into their mythologies, then it is a sign that they know exceedingly more about their own landscape than even them.
The languages are also important as they can be directly tied to their history. In the case of Canadian place-names like Musqueam, Kwatlen, Matsqui, and Chilliwack, their etymologies, which come from the indigenous Salish languages, provide a hint into the foraging sites that were used by the Salish. In the case of Musqueam, it comes from the Salish word meaning "grass," which specifically refer to the plant grown in Fraser River Estuary; and Chilliwack means "valley of many streams."
By syncretizing with the geography, history, indigeneity, and language of the land, they can all help to uncover information overlooked by colonial powers. In order to truly understand the landscape, the discoveries have to give indigenous peoples more room to speak about their histories interacting with their own land. | 668 | ENGLISH | 1 |
History books often described women as being "relegated" to spinning or embroidery, and one thinks of a woman in a fussy dress wasting time with an embroidery hoop. Elizabeth Wayland Barber in her book Women's Work: the First 20,000 Years, however, describes in great detail a world where the work of women – and trading skills of women -- ran the world economy, producing the world's most coveted, sold, and plundered product.
Cloth Drove the Global Economy
You have to remember that until recently, with the invention of plastic and the availability of metals, everything was made of either fabric or wood. Objects were wrapped in cloth, carried in a sack, and even wooden boxes were frequently lined with fabric. Leather was too hard to work with and required killing an animal, so it was reserved for things that needed its strength like straps, belts and harnesses. Iron and bronze required intensive procedures using resources that weren't available everywhere. Wood was resource and labor intensive and so saved for things that lasted. Even pottery was not as ubiquitous as cloth. Fabric was key.
I have written before about the effort required to cloth one's family in Viking times, but throughout history, "the cloth made by women did not merely dress people but also functioned at the heart of the economy, both domestic and external," Barber says.
After all, it wasn't the Leather Road, or the Pottery Road. "As a pair, silk and horses made up one of the most common exchanges on the Silk Road."[i] And the silk weavers were, of course, women until demand grew to the point that both men and women were required.[ii]
As a coveted object, fabric "was one of the most frequent forms of plunder in the Middle Ages, as in many another time and place." (p. 290)
Women Were Cloth Traders As Well
While "most of the hours of the woman's day, and occasionally of the man's, were spent on textile-related activities," Barber says, Page 31 "at least some of the wives, daughters, and sisters were in business for themselves, acting as textile suppliers...and taking considerable profit therefrom to use for their own purposes." (p.169)
Textiles were also important gifts of diplomacy. "Women of the merchant class were not the only ones running textile establishments. Queens did it, too, but for the "state" rather than directly for themselves. The caravans for which these textiles were destined carried Royal gifts from one court to another, an important part of ancient diplomacy." (p.175)
Thread as a Symbol of the Divine
"One's life span was conceived by the Greeks as a thread, formed by the fates at birth, but the act of weaving the thread symbolized what one did with that life, the choices of the individual." (p.242) It's a metaphor that I worked with in my novel A Slender Tether, without knowing it's ancient origin.
Spinning thread (which Barber says takes 7-10 times more labor than weaving) was such an important part of historic life that it was part of ancient spirituality. "Fate, to the Greeks, was spun as a thread. Both thread and time were linear, both easily and arbitrarily broken. One could argue that, since women were the people who spun, the spinners of one's destiny would have to be women. These divine females spinners were called the Moirai or Apportioners, and are often mentioned in Greek literature as being three in number: Klotho, "spinner," who spun the thread of life, Lachesis, "Allotment," who measured it out, and Atropos, "Untenable," who chose went to lop it off. Homer is less specific, and in both the Iliad and Odyssey he repeats a stock couplet probably passed down from bards much older than he: and then [the person] will suffer whatever Fate and the heavy [handed] Spinners spun into their linen [thread] for him, coming into being, when his mother gave birth to him." (p. 235)
Mystery of the Venus de Milo: She was Spinning
"Close analysis of the musculature of the famous Venus de Milo – the ancient Greek statue of Aphrodite found on the island of Melos in 1820 and now in the Louvre – shows that she couldn't hold on to her drapery even before the statute lost its arms. Why? She was holding both arms out. One, the left, she held high and a little back, counterbalancing its weight by curving her body… The typical position for spinning thread in the Greek manner. Spinning was a common symbol for the creation of new life in Greece and elsewhere." (p. 237)
The String Revolution
We've heard of the agricultural revolutions, but Barber takes us back further, to 30,000 years ago and suggests that "so powerful is simple string in taming the world to human will and ingenuity that I suspect it to be the unseen weapon that allowed the human race to conquer the earth, that enabled us to move out into every econiche on the globe during the upper Paleolithic. We could call it the String Revolution." (p.45)
"Acquisitiveness is a Neolithic invention," she said. "String nets to catch a meal and carry it home for the family, plus wraps to keep warm and a few small tools and light containers to hold and prepare the food, for thousands of years were possessions enough. The heavier crafts like pottery awaited the advent of permanent houses to store things in." (p. 54)
[i] The Silk Road: A Very Short Introduction by James A Millward, Oxford University Press, 2013, pg. 63
[ii] Ancient History Encyclopedia at https://www.ancient.eu/Silk/ | <urn:uuid:9c7bed81-a3db-46ca-96da-ec69ab3d41cd> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | http://www.jesswells.com/blog/posts/35414 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250592636.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118135205-20200118163205-00150.warc.gz | en | 0.980461 | 1,225 | 3.4375 | 3 | [
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0.36625325679... | 8 | History books often described women as being "relegated" to spinning or embroidery, and one thinks of a woman in a fussy dress wasting time with an embroidery hoop. Elizabeth Wayland Barber in her book Women's Work: the First 20,000 Years, however, describes in great detail a world where the work of women – and trading skills of women -- ran the world economy, producing the world's most coveted, sold, and plundered product.
Cloth Drove the Global Economy
You have to remember that until recently, with the invention of plastic and the availability of metals, everything was made of either fabric or wood. Objects were wrapped in cloth, carried in a sack, and even wooden boxes were frequently lined with fabric. Leather was too hard to work with and required killing an animal, so it was reserved for things that needed its strength like straps, belts and harnesses. Iron and bronze required intensive procedures using resources that weren't available everywhere. Wood was resource and labor intensive and so saved for things that lasted. Even pottery was not as ubiquitous as cloth. Fabric was key.
I have written before about the effort required to cloth one's family in Viking times, but throughout history, "the cloth made by women did not merely dress people but also functioned at the heart of the economy, both domestic and external," Barber says.
After all, it wasn't the Leather Road, or the Pottery Road. "As a pair, silk and horses made up one of the most common exchanges on the Silk Road."[i] And the silk weavers were, of course, women until demand grew to the point that both men and women were required.[ii]
As a coveted object, fabric "was one of the most frequent forms of plunder in the Middle Ages, as in many another time and place." (p. 290)
Women Were Cloth Traders As Well
While "most of the hours of the woman's day, and occasionally of the man's, were spent on textile-related activities," Barber says, Page 31 "at least some of the wives, daughters, and sisters were in business for themselves, acting as textile suppliers...and taking considerable profit therefrom to use for their own purposes." (p.169)
Textiles were also important gifts of diplomacy. "Women of the merchant class were not the only ones running textile establishments. Queens did it, too, but for the "state" rather than directly for themselves. The caravans for which these textiles were destined carried Royal gifts from one court to another, an important part of ancient diplomacy." (p.175)
Thread as a Symbol of the Divine
"One's life span was conceived by the Greeks as a thread, formed by the fates at birth, but the act of weaving the thread symbolized what one did with that life, the choices of the individual." (p.242) It's a metaphor that I worked with in my novel A Slender Tether, without knowing it's ancient origin.
Spinning thread (which Barber says takes 7-10 times more labor than weaving) was such an important part of historic life that it was part of ancient spirituality. "Fate, to the Greeks, was spun as a thread. Both thread and time were linear, both easily and arbitrarily broken. One could argue that, since women were the people who spun, the spinners of one's destiny would have to be women. These divine females spinners were called the Moirai or Apportioners, and are often mentioned in Greek literature as being three in number: Klotho, "spinner," who spun the thread of life, Lachesis, "Allotment," who measured it out, and Atropos, "Untenable," who chose went to lop it off. Homer is less specific, and in both the Iliad and Odyssey he repeats a stock couplet probably passed down from bards much older than he: and then [the person] will suffer whatever Fate and the heavy [handed] Spinners spun into their linen [thread] for him, coming into being, when his mother gave birth to him." (p. 235)
Mystery of the Venus de Milo: She was Spinning
"Close analysis of the musculature of the famous Venus de Milo – the ancient Greek statue of Aphrodite found on the island of Melos in 1820 and now in the Louvre – shows that she couldn't hold on to her drapery even before the statute lost its arms. Why? She was holding both arms out. One, the left, she held high and a little back, counterbalancing its weight by curving her body… The typical position for spinning thread in the Greek manner. Spinning was a common symbol for the creation of new life in Greece and elsewhere." (p. 237)
The String Revolution
We've heard of the agricultural revolutions, but Barber takes us back further, to 30,000 years ago and suggests that "so powerful is simple string in taming the world to human will and ingenuity that I suspect it to be the unseen weapon that allowed the human race to conquer the earth, that enabled us to move out into every econiche on the globe during the upper Paleolithic. We could call it the String Revolution." (p.45)
"Acquisitiveness is a Neolithic invention," she said. "String nets to catch a meal and carry it home for the family, plus wraps to keep warm and a few small tools and light containers to hold and prepare the food, for thousands of years were possessions enough. The heavier crafts like pottery awaited the advent of permanent houses to store things in." (p. 54)
[i] The Silk Road: A Very Short Introduction by James A Millward, Oxford University Press, 2013, pg. 63
[ii] Ancient History Encyclopedia at https://www.ancient.eu/Silk/ | 1,237 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Henry clay was the speaker of the House of Representatives. Although Mr. Clay desired to run for the much coveted position of the president of United States he could not do so because he was not among the three chosen from the state of Kentucky to be in the House of Representative. Despite the fact that Mr. Clay was not chosen to be one of the electors of the president at the state House of Representative, he had other alternative way of influencing the voting in the House of Representatives. Mr. Letcher a bosom friend of Clay whom they even lodged in the same house was a member of house of representative of Kentucky. Being of such great influence in the house, he could have used his power as the speaker of the House of Representatives to influence the voting in the house in the favor of John Quincy Adams.
Buy Corrupt Bargain essay paper online
After Clay missed an opportunity to be voted for in the House of Representative, it was obvious that his opponents will make use of this situation to pin him down especially in his own state of Kentucky. According to Letcher, there would be meetings of people at the county level instructing their members to vote for Jackson. Even Relief Party will be taken up into this hostility against Mr. Clay. Letcher affirms that Relief Party was hostile to Henry Clay. Jackson being on the opponents’ side it is obvious that Clay Henry could never be in his support for presidency.
In the conversation between Letcher and Adams on the 17th at Adams’ office depicts that Adams had never had bitter feelings about Clay which even Clay himself was aware of despite having fallen out before. At that time Clay did not feel any hostility against Adams and even spoke respectfully of him as confirmed by Letcher. According to Letcher Clay was a sincere man “and was a man of sincerity” (2) and probably would never engage in corrupt deals. The voting of Calhoun as the vice-president by electors of Kentucky was more hostile to Clay than the election of Jackson as the president. This is because the election of Calhoun as the vice-president diminished Clay’s prospects of rising to the top having had lost a golden opportunity to be among the presidential candidates. This would then make Clay play his cards smartly in order to be rewarded with an administration portfolio. He had to marshal and put his support in the right “basket”. Despite the fact that Jackson had emerged top Clay could not put his support behind Jackson for the simple reason of being supported by Reality Party that was hostile to him. On the other hand, it could not be wise for Clay to support William Harris Crawford since he was the weakest of the candidates. Although Clay and Adams had fallen out before, Adams did not show hostility to Clay. This is was unusual and it made it Clay change his perception about Adams. Through this uncommon behavior Adams commanded great respect from Clay. Clay was a very influential in Kentucky and his supports would cast their support behind Adams if they were assured that Clay will be rewarded with an administration portfolio. If Adams did not harbor any hostility against Clay even after false allegations, then Clay was almost sure to be rewarded heftily if he threw his support behind Adams.
In a nutshell, there is no evidence throughout the conversations between Clay and Adams in the memoir that there was corrupt bargain for presidency. Clay’s support of Adams was purely out of his foreseen gain. To Clay, Adams was an honest, compassionate and reliable person. He was therefore almost sure to receive a reward if John Quincy Adams became the president of United States. Just as he expected, Adams rewarded him with powerful secretary of state portfolio.
Memoirs are autobiographies that many at times are subjective. The memoirs only tell the story from the writer’s point of view and hence many at times could not present the persons weakness. Memoirs are therefore unreliable for making an objective judgment about something and in this case whether Henry Clay and Quincy Adams were engaged in a corrupt bargain for presidency.
Accusation of a “corrupt bargain” will obviously affect Adam’s presidency. Such accusations will slump the faith that people of United States as well as that of the members of House of Representative have in Adams’s. Consequently he would meet a lot of resistance in passing of bills at the House of Representatives as well as support of the people of United States in general. Without the support of the House of Representatives it will be quite difficult for Adams to implement his campaign pledges. Whenever he would want to do anything, there will be a feeling that something fishy may be going on. On the hand in the perspective that the accusations of corruption are false, it will make his supporters to have more faith in him and hence enjoy their ardent support at all time. He may also win the support of his opponents out of sympathy.
If Adam’s family background is not credible it would seriously aggravate the problem. If his family has a history of being involved in corrupt deals especially in the political arena, then this would be used by his opponents as a strategy to justify Adam’s accusations of corruption. Although it is possible that Adam’s is not corrupt it would be difficult to convince people otherwise.
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Most popular orders | <urn:uuid:728a37f0-6b77-4548-b876-8afd8344a727> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://exclusivepapers.com/essays/economics/corrupt-bargain.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251789055.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129071944-20200129101944-00201.warc.gz | en | 0.988584 | 1,075 | 3.5625 | 4 | [
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0.1929289251565... | 1 | Henry clay was the speaker of the House of Representatives. Although Mr. Clay desired to run for the much coveted position of the president of United States he could not do so because he was not among the three chosen from the state of Kentucky to be in the House of Representative. Despite the fact that Mr. Clay was not chosen to be one of the electors of the president at the state House of Representative, he had other alternative way of influencing the voting in the House of Representatives. Mr. Letcher a bosom friend of Clay whom they even lodged in the same house was a member of house of representative of Kentucky. Being of such great influence in the house, he could have used his power as the speaker of the House of Representatives to influence the voting in the house in the favor of John Quincy Adams.
Buy Corrupt Bargain essay paper online
After Clay missed an opportunity to be voted for in the House of Representative, it was obvious that his opponents will make use of this situation to pin him down especially in his own state of Kentucky. According to Letcher, there would be meetings of people at the county level instructing their members to vote for Jackson. Even Relief Party will be taken up into this hostility against Mr. Clay. Letcher affirms that Relief Party was hostile to Henry Clay. Jackson being on the opponents’ side it is obvious that Clay Henry could never be in his support for presidency.
In the conversation between Letcher and Adams on the 17th at Adams’ office depicts that Adams had never had bitter feelings about Clay which even Clay himself was aware of despite having fallen out before. At that time Clay did not feel any hostility against Adams and even spoke respectfully of him as confirmed by Letcher. According to Letcher Clay was a sincere man “and was a man of sincerity” (2) and probably would never engage in corrupt deals. The voting of Calhoun as the vice-president by electors of Kentucky was more hostile to Clay than the election of Jackson as the president. This is because the election of Calhoun as the vice-president diminished Clay’s prospects of rising to the top having had lost a golden opportunity to be among the presidential candidates. This would then make Clay play his cards smartly in order to be rewarded with an administration portfolio. He had to marshal and put his support in the right “basket”. Despite the fact that Jackson had emerged top Clay could not put his support behind Jackson for the simple reason of being supported by Reality Party that was hostile to him. On the other hand, it could not be wise for Clay to support William Harris Crawford since he was the weakest of the candidates. Although Clay and Adams had fallen out before, Adams did not show hostility to Clay. This is was unusual and it made it Clay change his perception about Adams. Through this uncommon behavior Adams commanded great respect from Clay. Clay was a very influential in Kentucky and his supports would cast their support behind Adams if they were assured that Clay will be rewarded with an administration portfolio. If Adams did not harbor any hostility against Clay even after false allegations, then Clay was almost sure to be rewarded heftily if he threw his support behind Adams.
In a nutshell, there is no evidence throughout the conversations between Clay and Adams in the memoir that there was corrupt bargain for presidency. Clay’s support of Adams was purely out of his foreseen gain. To Clay, Adams was an honest, compassionate and reliable person. He was therefore almost sure to receive a reward if John Quincy Adams became the president of United States. Just as he expected, Adams rewarded him with powerful secretary of state portfolio.
Memoirs are autobiographies that many at times are subjective. The memoirs only tell the story from the writer’s point of view and hence many at times could not present the persons weakness. Memoirs are therefore unreliable for making an objective judgment about something and in this case whether Henry Clay and Quincy Adams were engaged in a corrupt bargain for presidency.
Accusation of a “corrupt bargain” will obviously affect Adam’s presidency. Such accusations will slump the faith that people of United States as well as that of the members of House of Representative have in Adams’s. Consequently he would meet a lot of resistance in passing of bills at the House of Representatives as well as support of the people of United States in general. Without the support of the House of Representatives it will be quite difficult for Adams to implement his campaign pledges. Whenever he would want to do anything, there will be a feeling that something fishy may be going on. On the hand in the perspective that the accusations of corruption are false, it will make his supporters to have more faith in him and hence enjoy their ardent support at all time. He may also win the support of his opponents out of sympathy.
If Adam’s family background is not credible it would seriously aggravate the problem. If his family has a history of being involved in corrupt deals especially in the political arena, then this would be used by his opponents as a strategy to justify Adam’s accusations of corruption. Although it is possible that Adam’s is not corrupt it would be difficult to convince people otherwise.
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Most popular orders | 1,049 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Genesis is a book of history, and as such must begin, as all histories do, in the middle. Given that the book opens with "In the beginning," it may seem strange to read that it begins not with the beginning but with the middle. The middle I am referring to here, however, is present before Moses begins with his "in the beginning" opening. In this middle sits Moses the divinely inspired but still very real writer trying to articulate to Israel their past, present, and future. The historical genre attempts to use the past to explain the present and shape the future, and Moses' history is no exception. So the real question is not whether Moses' history in Genesis begins in the middle but what is God trying to say to us through Moses' history? Why might God have used Moses as a historian? Why isn't this poetry or wisdom literature? What difference does it make that Genesis is a history? These are some of the questions we should carry with us as we read through Genesis.
The first 11 chapters of Genesis are known as Moses' primeval history. These chapters give the history of the entire world from its creation to the days of Abraham. That is a lot of ground to cover, considering that Moses most likely lived around 2000-1800 BCE. Even the most conservative estimates about the age of the Earth make that about 4,000 years of history in 11 chapters. Think about all of the people who would live and events that would happen in 4,000 years. So, Moses left out a lot of stuff. Why?
We can begin to answer this question by thinking about what Moses was trying to do with his history. The literary traditions of the time and place of Moses help us to think about his purpose. Moses not only knew about these literary traditions, he knew about the other primeval histories that were popular during his time. Actually, he not only knew about these other primeval histories, he interacted with these other primeval histories in his Genesis primeval history.
Moses was not the first historian of the world's origins. There were actually a lot of these floating around the ancient Near East during Moses' time. The most well-known of these histories is probably the Gilgamesh Epic, but the Babylonians had both a creation story and a flood story. There were other creation accounts in Egypt and Canaan too. Remember, Moses was well-educated in the royal courts of Egypt during his youth. So, how did Moses interact with these other histories and why?
Before considering an answer, we must also remember that Moses' original audience for his primeval history also began in the middle. The Israelites also had an existing history that, like Moses', involved a lot of Egyptian and Ancient Near Eastern influence. That meant that Moses had to interact with these existing histories simply to make himself understood by his audience.
So, Moses' interactions with these other histories was both positive and negative. The negative interaction was to correct false beliefs and tell the historical truth to Israel about its relationship to God. It was positive in the sense that Moses had to use the same way of telling primeval history that these other histories used just to be understood by his audience. One particular literary text that Moses seems to have positively interacted with a lot was rediscovered and published in 1965 as Atrahasis: The Babylonian Story of the Flood.
Moses seems to have followed the threefold literary structure of the Atrahasis Epic, which begins with the creation of people, their subsequent corruption of the world, the rectification of this problem with a judgement flood, and ends with a new world order. Moses used this same storyline to tell a very different primeval history to the people of Israel.
Remember that histories are stories about the past to explain the present and shape the future. How does this storyline in Atrahasis Epic do this? Do we know how it works? This history works by telling its readers that the universe operates by supernatural order and wisdom, and that it is the responsibility of every member of society regardless of status to conform to this divine order. They learn this by remembering what happened when people did not conform to this divine order. So, one of the functions of the Atrahasis Epic was to keep everybody, from slaves to royals, in obedient order. These stories justified both the existing social, cultural, and religious structures as well as the enforcement mechanisms that were undoubtedly used to maintain this order.
Why would Moses use this as his literary structure for his primeval history? This seems like a recipe for social coercion and systemic abuse. Moses uses this literary structure to convince his Israelite audience that God created and ordered a good world, and that Moses' leading of captive Israelites out of slavery into the promised land was in concert with that good divine order. Remember, Moses faced significant opposition from Israelites who believed Moses had led them astray. His purpose was to convince them that Moses' program was the way of God just like the creation of the world. In the rest of the Pentateuch, Moses goes to great lengths to ensure that people were not subjected to the sorts of systemic abuses that Israelites had suffered in Egypt.
Moses showed Israel that moving towards Canaan was like moving towards God's ideal creation in Gen 1:1-2:3. Egypt was a place of corruption and hardship, just like the world's corruption had brought hardship in Gen 2:4-6:8. The flood and new order of Gen 6:9-11:9 with Noah showed Israel the new order and blessings that would come with following Moses to Canaan. Canaan was the divine inheritance of Israel if they would only turn away from Egypt and its corruption.
For further investigation of this topic, you could read the Atrahasis Epic.
Moving Towards Shalom
One of the ways that action occurs throughout Genesis is in terms of movement towards shalom. One way of understanding what shalom means is to imagine what that word would have meant to enslaved ancient Israelites who were themselves trying to imagine life beyond slavery. All of the dominant worldly pagan wisdom of their day told them that it was really important to maintain the existing social and economic world order in which they were enslaved, because if they did not really bad things like a catastrophic flood would happen to them. The message was basically that nothing significant could be done for an Israelite to move her out of slavery, because her enslavement is the will of the gods.
An enslaved person knows in their core that their enslavement is wrong. An enslaved person will try to escape their bondage. The pagan world's wisdom does not try to teach enslaved people that somehow being enslaved is good. That just would not work. Instead, its message for the enslaved was that escape is futile and that your enslavement is probably due in some way to your own inadequacy. It would tell an enslaved person that the sense of injustice and hope you can feel deep in your bones is just not how the world works.
Shalom in Genesis functions as a way of telling those enslaved people that this worldly wisdom is a lie. Life, love, peace, and justice are the threads from which the world is woven. This shalom is the real supernatural order, and our hope is in God who alone can restore this world order.
As you move through Genesis, try to imagine how what you read about God, his creation, and what it says about all people tells a radically different story to these enslaved Israelites about the way the world should work. Think about how shalom, Sabbath, and Canaan are deeply related to each other. As you read, think about movement and action in this narrative in terms of being towards or away from shalom and life. | <urn:uuid:aee7dbfd-b578-457e-89b3-4c4931e5ce47> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | http://bibleelements.com/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251789055.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129071944-20200129101944-00082.warc.gz | en | 0.982591 | 1,579 | 3.34375 | 3 | [
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0.15676453... | 5 | Genesis is a book of history, and as such must begin, as all histories do, in the middle. Given that the book opens with "In the beginning," it may seem strange to read that it begins not with the beginning but with the middle. The middle I am referring to here, however, is present before Moses begins with his "in the beginning" opening. In this middle sits Moses the divinely inspired but still very real writer trying to articulate to Israel their past, present, and future. The historical genre attempts to use the past to explain the present and shape the future, and Moses' history is no exception. So the real question is not whether Moses' history in Genesis begins in the middle but what is God trying to say to us through Moses' history? Why might God have used Moses as a historian? Why isn't this poetry or wisdom literature? What difference does it make that Genesis is a history? These are some of the questions we should carry with us as we read through Genesis.
The first 11 chapters of Genesis are known as Moses' primeval history. These chapters give the history of the entire world from its creation to the days of Abraham. That is a lot of ground to cover, considering that Moses most likely lived around 2000-1800 BCE. Even the most conservative estimates about the age of the Earth make that about 4,000 years of history in 11 chapters. Think about all of the people who would live and events that would happen in 4,000 years. So, Moses left out a lot of stuff. Why?
We can begin to answer this question by thinking about what Moses was trying to do with his history. The literary traditions of the time and place of Moses help us to think about his purpose. Moses not only knew about these literary traditions, he knew about the other primeval histories that were popular during his time. Actually, he not only knew about these other primeval histories, he interacted with these other primeval histories in his Genesis primeval history.
Moses was not the first historian of the world's origins. There were actually a lot of these floating around the ancient Near East during Moses' time. The most well-known of these histories is probably the Gilgamesh Epic, but the Babylonians had both a creation story and a flood story. There were other creation accounts in Egypt and Canaan too. Remember, Moses was well-educated in the royal courts of Egypt during his youth. So, how did Moses interact with these other histories and why?
Before considering an answer, we must also remember that Moses' original audience for his primeval history also began in the middle. The Israelites also had an existing history that, like Moses', involved a lot of Egyptian and Ancient Near Eastern influence. That meant that Moses had to interact with these existing histories simply to make himself understood by his audience.
So, Moses' interactions with these other histories was both positive and negative. The negative interaction was to correct false beliefs and tell the historical truth to Israel about its relationship to God. It was positive in the sense that Moses had to use the same way of telling primeval history that these other histories used just to be understood by his audience. One particular literary text that Moses seems to have positively interacted with a lot was rediscovered and published in 1965 as Atrahasis: The Babylonian Story of the Flood.
Moses seems to have followed the threefold literary structure of the Atrahasis Epic, which begins with the creation of people, their subsequent corruption of the world, the rectification of this problem with a judgement flood, and ends with a new world order. Moses used this same storyline to tell a very different primeval history to the people of Israel.
Remember that histories are stories about the past to explain the present and shape the future. How does this storyline in Atrahasis Epic do this? Do we know how it works? This history works by telling its readers that the universe operates by supernatural order and wisdom, and that it is the responsibility of every member of society regardless of status to conform to this divine order. They learn this by remembering what happened when people did not conform to this divine order. So, one of the functions of the Atrahasis Epic was to keep everybody, from slaves to royals, in obedient order. These stories justified both the existing social, cultural, and religious structures as well as the enforcement mechanisms that were undoubtedly used to maintain this order.
Why would Moses use this as his literary structure for his primeval history? This seems like a recipe for social coercion and systemic abuse. Moses uses this literary structure to convince his Israelite audience that God created and ordered a good world, and that Moses' leading of captive Israelites out of slavery into the promised land was in concert with that good divine order. Remember, Moses faced significant opposition from Israelites who believed Moses had led them astray. His purpose was to convince them that Moses' program was the way of God just like the creation of the world. In the rest of the Pentateuch, Moses goes to great lengths to ensure that people were not subjected to the sorts of systemic abuses that Israelites had suffered in Egypt.
Moses showed Israel that moving towards Canaan was like moving towards God's ideal creation in Gen 1:1-2:3. Egypt was a place of corruption and hardship, just like the world's corruption had brought hardship in Gen 2:4-6:8. The flood and new order of Gen 6:9-11:9 with Noah showed Israel the new order and blessings that would come with following Moses to Canaan. Canaan was the divine inheritance of Israel if they would only turn away from Egypt and its corruption.
For further investigation of this topic, you could read the Atrahasis Epic.
Moving Towards Shalom
One of the ways that action occurs throughout Genesis is in terms of movement towards shalom. One way of understanding what shalom means is to imagine what that word would have meant to enslaved ancient Israelites who were themselves trying to imagine life beyond slavery. All of the dominant worldly pagan wisdom of their day told them that it was really important to maintain the existing social and economic world order in which they were enslaved, because if they did not really bad things like a catastrophic flood would happen to them. The message was basically that nothing significant could be done for an Israelite to move her out of slavery, because her enslavement is the will of the gods.
An enslaved person knows in their core that their enslavement is wrong. An enslaved person will try to escape their bondage. The pagan world's wisdom does not try to teach enslaved people that somehow being enslaved is good. That just would not work. Instead, its message for the enslaved was that escape is futile and that your enslavement is probably due in some way to your own inadequacy. It would tell an enslaved person that the sense of injustice and hope you can feel deep in your bones is just not how the world works.
Shalom in Genesis functions as a way of telling those enslaved people that this worldly wisdom is a lie. Life, love, peace, and justice are the threads from which the world is woven. This shalom is the real supernatural order, and our hope is in God who alone can restore this world order.
As you move through Genesis, try to imagine how what you read about God, his creation, and what it says about all people tells a radically different story to these enslaved Israelites about the way the world should work. Think about how shalom, Sabbath, and Canaan are deeply related to each other. As you read, think about movement and action in this narrative in terms of being towards or away from shalom and life. | 1,592 | ENGLISH | 1 |
The people of Spain are divided, and soon the land may be divided too. For many years, people living in Catalonia, an upper region of Spain known for the famous city of Barcelona, have been trying to break away from the country and gain independence.
One of the reasons why Catalans want this independence is because many of the people living in the region generally feel that the government takes a lot in taxes and does not give as much back. Wesleyan Spanish teacher Whitney Martinez said, “Historically, Catalonians have seen themselves as distinct partly because of economics. The region brings a lot of economic success to the country of Spain, but they feel like they are having to pay too much in taxes. They are giving a lot, but the rest of the country is not really giving back to them.” Catalonia is one of the most productive and wealthy regions in Spain, and its people make up about 16% of Spain’s population. Separatists, Catalans wanting to leave Spain, feel that if they became independent from Spain, they would be able to use more of their wealth and not be taxed unfairly. Another reason why Catalans would want independence from Spain is their distinct history and culture. Wesleyan foreign language teacher Suzanne Ragains said, “Catalonia is a culturally and linguistically distinct part of Spain. If you meet someone from Catalonia, they will not say they are Spanish, they will say they’re Catalan.” When asked why she thought Catalonia wanted its independence, Ragains said, “They [Catalans] feel an identity which is distinct from the rest of Spain, and with that comes this desire to be politically separate from the rest of Spain.”
One of the biggest moments in the modern independence movement happened a few years ago. On Oct. 27, 2017, Catalan Parliament declared their independence. However, on the same day, the Spanish government suspended the Catalan declaration of independence. The European Union has treated this crisis as an internal problem for Spain. As a result, they have not sent in any help for the separatists, but that does not mean that no one is aware of their struggles. According to the British news channel BBC, in 2017, the Economist Intelligence Unit, which is responsible for creating a democracy ranking for countries each year, said, “Spain risked being downgraded from a ‘full democracy’ to a ‘flawed’ one over its handling of the situation.” Spanish law enforcers have sometimes reacted violently to the Catalan protests and have even jailed politicians opposing them. In Oct. 2019, Spain’s Supreme Court sentenced nine Catalan politicians to jail terms between nine and 13 years for that independence bid, and three others were fined. If Spain were declared a “flawed” democracy, this could affect outsiders’ views on the country and might even prevent people from wanting to travel there. This kind of oppression is not new to the Catalans. Martinez said, “Throughout history with different monarchs, their [Catalan] culture was oppressed. There has been a growing frustration and unrest caused by different monarchs oppressing the people and telling them they had to speak one language [Spanish] in the whole country, and they had to pay a lot of taxes.”
There is a lot to consider when thinking about Catalonia’s complicated struggle for independence. This conflict could take a long time to resolve, but with the way tensions are rising, there is a good chance that the world will see either a united Spain or an independent Catalonia very soon. Wesleyan history teacher Kevin Kadzis recognized that this movement could become a trend in Europe. Kadzis said, “Europe is made up of many different nation states, cultures and ethnicities, and if one group of people decides that they want to become independent, what’s to stop other groups from doing that? While they are different countries, it could start a tidal wave of small independence movements.” Other regions in the world could see Catalonia’s efforts and become inspired to do something similar in their own country.
Catalans have many reasons for wanting to be independent, but the question remains as to whether a newly independent Catalonia would be able to last and avoid corruption. Ragains said, “There are many communities within countries, especially in western Europe, that have a distinct cultural and linguistic identity like Catalonia does. But, are they stronger by themselves or are they stronger as part of the country that they’re in?” | <urn:uuid:81a5493c-344f-4a3d-b853-0adc28658ef8> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://greenandgold.wesleyanschool.org/2019/12/12/the-catalan-independence-movement/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251700988.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127143516-20200127173516-00528.warc.gz | en | 0.980779 | 926 | 3.265625 | 3 | [
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0.51424282... | 8 | The people of Spain are divided, and soon the land may be divided too. For many years, people living in Catalonia, an upper region of Spain known for the famous city of Barcelona, have been trying to break away from the country and gain independence.
One of the reasons why Catalans want this independence is because many of the people living in the region generally feel that the government takes a lot in taxes and does not give as much back. Wesleyan Spanish teacher Whitney Martinez said, “Historically, Catalonians have seen themselves as distinct partly because of economics. The region brings a lot of economic success to the country of Spain, but they feel like they are having to pay too much in taxes. They are giving a lot, but the rest of the country is not really giving back to them.” Catalonia is one of the most productive and wealthy regions in Spain, and its people make up about 16% of Spain’s population. Separatists, Catalans wanting to leave Spain, feel that if they became independent from Spain, they would be able to use more of their wealth and not be taxed unfairly. Another reason why Catalans would want independence from Spain is their distinct history and culture. Wesleyan foreign language teacher Suzanne Ragains said, “Catalonia is a culturally and linguistically distinct part of Spain. If you meet someone from Catalonia, they will not say they are Spanish, they will say they’re Catalan.” When asked why she thought Catalonia wanted its independence, Ragains said, “They [Catalans] feel an identity which is distinct from the rest of Spain, and with that comes this desire to be politically separate from the rest of Spain.”
One of the biggest moments in the modern independence movement happened a few years ago. On Oct. 27, 2017, Catalan Parliament declared their independence. However, on the same day, the Spanish government suspended the Catalan declaration of independence. The European Union has treated this crisis as an internal problem for Spain. As a result, they have not sent in any help for the separatists, but that does not mean that no one is aware of their struggles. According to the British news channel BBC, in 2017, the Economist Intelligence Unit, which is responsible for creating a democracy ranking for countries each year, said, “Spain risked being downgraded from a ‘full democracy’ to a ‘flawed’ one over its handling of the situation.” Spanish law enforcers have sometimes reacted violently to the Catalan protests and have even jailed politicians opposing them. In Oct. 2019, Spain’s Supreme Court sentenced nine Catalan politicians to jail terms between nine and 13 years for that independence bid, and three others were fined. If Spain were declared a “flawed” democracy, this could affect outsiders’ views on the country and might even prevent people from wanting to travel there. This kind of oppression is not new to the Catalans. Martinez said, “Throughout history with different monarchs, their [Catalan] culture was oppressed. There has been a growing frustration and unrest caused by different monarchs oppressing the people and telling them they had to speak one language [Spanish] in the whole country, and they had to pay a lot of taxes.”
There is a lot to consider when thinking about Catalonia’s complicated struggle for independence. This conflict could take a long time to resolve, but with the way tensions are rising, there is a good chance that the world will see either a united Spain or an independent Catalonia very soon. Wesleyan history teacher Kevin Kadzis recognized that this movement could become a trend in Europe. Kadzis said, “Europe is made up of many different nation states, cultures and ethnicities, and if one group of people decides that they want to become independent, what’s to stop other groups from doing that? While they are different countries, it could start a tidal wave of small independence movements.” Other regions in the world could see Catalonia’s efforts and become inspired to do something similar in their own country.
Catalans have many reasons for wanting to be independent, but the question remains as to whether a newly independent Catalonia would be able to last and avoid corruption. Ragains said, “There are many communities within countries, especially in western Europe, that have a distinct cultural and linguistic identity like Catalonia does. But, are they stronger by themselves or are they stronger as part of the country that they’re in?” | 906 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Corkscrew, Admiral Vernon
Adams and Fernando photograph an example of this corkscrew with a sheath.
As a result of the Convention of Prado in 1739, Spain agreed to pay £95,000 compensation for damages to British shipping by Spanish coastal patrol vessels. However, it soon became obvious that Spain had no intention of paying this compensation. As a result of this, and the continuing attacks on British shipping, war was declared on 19th October 1739 and two squadrons were dispatched to the South American Colonies. The first, under Commodore Anson, was to sail to Peru and the other, under Admiral Vernon was to attack Porto Bello (Panama), where in 1596 Sir Francis Drake had died of dysentry . Vernon had announced to Parliament that he could take Porto Bello with six ships. His second in command, Commodore Charles Brown, was to lead the attack and the principal events were: (i) the capture of Porto Bello on 22nd November 1739; (ii) the bombardment and capture of Fort Chagre on 24th March 1740; (iii) the taking of Carthagena,on 1st April 1741; (iv) the proposed attack on Havana in July 1741. These events were all part of a larger action known as the "War of Jenkins Ear."
Admiral Vernon arrived at Porto Bello on 20th November 1739. The following day Brown led the attack on the Iron Fort (Castle Hierro) at the mouth of the harbour, with Vernon bringing up the rear. After a severe bombardment the troops were landed and the fort surrendered. The next morning the proposed attack on Gloria Castle at the further end of the harbour was curtailed by the enemy putting up a white flag and presenting conditions for a truce. Vernon rejected these conditions and after drawing up his own which were at once agreed to, he set sail for Jamaica on 15th December.
Before leaving England, Vernon had made it clear that his two prime targets were to be firstly Porto Bello and then the much stronger Carthagena. Although, initially he showed no inclination to carry out the second part of the campaign an insolent letter from the Spanish Admiral Don Blas de Leso spurred him into further action. However, unfavourable weather put off his first attempt and he turned his attention to Fort Chagre which he took on 24th March 1740 without much difficulty.
After this success, Vernon appears to have remained inactive for nearly 12 months whilst he greatly increased the numbers of his fleet and was now joined by Sir Chaloner Ogle, his new second in command. On 9th March 1741 the bombardment of the forts and batteries at the mouth of Carthagena harbour began and for the next few weeks they proceeded to take control of the outer harbour. At this point, Vernon dispatched Captain Laws in the Spence with news of his victory which was received with great rejoicing in London on 17th May. However, British luck had started to run out and attempts to take control of the inner part of the town started to go disastrously wrong. Owing to increasing sickness and lack of supplies, as well as the resistance of the enemy, the British were compelled to withdraw. It is estimated that of the initial 5,000 men only 3,200 returned to the ships. Vernon returned to Jamaica and any further thought of attack on Carthagena was abandoned. The medals produced were no doubt the result of reports brought back to England by Captain Laws. The profusion of medals portraying Don Blas kneeling in front of Vernon is purely in the artist's imagination.
Similarly, the medals issued for the proposed attack on Havana were produced in anticipation. After the failure of the attack at Carthagena, the following July Vernon sailed for Cuba where he intended to proceed to Santiago and Havana. However, through a number of difficulties he was compelled to withdraw and return to Jamaica.
The wave of patriotic fervour that these events produced spread even to the British Colonies. In 1743, Lawrence Washington, named his estate on the Potomac "Mount Vernon" in recognition of his naval hero.
If you require further information on this item you can contact us in a number of ways. Click here to see our contact information. | <urn:uuid:8aa39869-c975-4f8c-a288-ca383b3ce724> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://historicmedals.com/viewItem.php?no=3451 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594209.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119035851-20200119063851-00445.warc.gz | en | 0.986673 | 876 | 3.5 | 4 | [
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0.25665825605... | 2 | Corkscrew, Admiral Vernon
Adams and Fernando photograph an example of this corkscrew with a sheath.
As a result of the Convention of Prado in 1739, Spain agreed to pay £95,000 compensation for damages to British shipping by Spanish coastal patrol vessels. However, it soon became obvious that Spain had no intention of paying this compensation. As a result of this, and the continuing attacks on British shipping, war was declared on 19th October 1739 and two squadrons were dispatched to the South American Colonies. The first, under Commodore Anson, was to sail to Peru and the other, under Admiral Vernon was to attack Porto Bello (Panama), where in 1596 Sir Francis Drake had died of dysentry . Vernon had announced to Parliament that he could take Porto Bello with six ships. His second in command, Commodore Charles Brown, was to lead the attack and the principal events were: (i) the capture of Porto Bello on 22nd November 1739; (ii) the bombardment and capture of Fort Chagre on 24th March 1740; (iii) the taking of Carthagena,on 1st April 1741; (iv) the proposed attack on Havana in July 1741. These events were all part of a larger action known as the "War of Jenkins Ear."
Admiral Vernon arrived at Porto Bello on 20th November 1739. The following day Brown led the attack on the Iron Fort (Castle Hierro) at the mouth of the harbour, with Vernon bringing up the rear. After a severe bombardment the troops were landed and the fort surrendered. The next morning the proposed attack on Gloria Castle at the further end of the harbour was curtailed by the enemy putting up a white flag and presenting conditions for a truce. Vernon rejected these conditions and after drawing up his own which were at once agreed to, he set sail for Jamaica on 15th December.
Before leaving England, Vernon had made it clear that his two prime targets were to be firstly Porto Bello and then the much stronger Carthagena. Although, initially he showed no inclination to carry out the second part of the campaign an insolent letter from the Spanish Admiral Don Blas de Leso spurred him into further action. However, unfavourable weather put off his first attempt and he turned his attention to Fort Chagre which he took on 24th March 1740 without much difficulty.
After this success, Vernon appears to have remained inactive for nearly 12 months whilst he greatly increased the numbers of his fleet and was now joined by Sir Chaloner Ogle, his new second in command. On 9th March 1741 the bombardment of the forts and batteries at the mouth of Carthagena harbour began and for the next few weeks they proceeded to take control of the outer harbour. At this point, Vernon dispatched Captain Laws in the Spence with news of his victory which was received with great rejoicing in London on 17th May. However, British luck had started to run out and attempts to take control of the inner part of the town started to go disastrously wrong. Owing to increasing sickness and lack of supplies, as well as the resistance of the enemy, the British were compelled to withdraw. It is estimated that of the initial 5,000 men only 3,200 returned to the ships. Vernon returned to Jamaica and any further thought of attack on Carthagena was abandoned. The medals produced were no doubt the result of reports brought back to England by Captain Laws. The profusion of medals portraying Don Blas kneeling in front of Vernon is purely in the artist's imagination.
Similarly, the medals issued for the proposed attack on Havana were produced in anticipation. After the failure of the attack at Carthagena, the following July Vernon sailed for Cuba where he intended to proceed to Santiago and Havana. However, through a number of difficulties he was compelled to withdraw and return to Jamaica.
The wave of patriotic fervour that these events produced spread even to the British Colonies. In 1743, Lawrence Washington, named his estate on the Potomac "Mount Vernon" in recognition of his naval hero.
If you require further information on this item you can contact us in a number of ways. Click here to see our contact information. | 929 | ENGLISH | 1 |
- Created by: LiaFairgrieve
- Created on: 20-04-18 14:12
W.E.B Du Bois:
A civil rights leader who earned fame for his publication of such works as Souls of Black Folk 1903, and was a founding officer the NAACP and editor of its magazine. He also conducted the essential Philadelphia ***** study and made strides in changing the attitudes of the American people. He gained support from white liberals which helped fuel his political journey which lasted throughout his lifetime.
Founded in 1905 by7 Du Bois and Trotter
Had an academic approach that the working class AA’s did not relate to. It did however gain mass support from women and consequently it campaigned for their suffrage too. Unfortunately due to lack of funding it achieved little and was abandoned in favour of the naacp.
National Association for the Advancement of Coloured People
The group first convened in 1909 and is still around today. It published articles, defended African Americans in court and gave passionate speeches. 1920’s they had 90,000 members but this dipped due to the great depression in the 1330’s to 50,000 members.
He felt that equality was not achievable but had pride for his heritage and campaigned for pan-Africanism. He struck a chord with the working classes unlike the more political African American leaders with his big ideas such as a black shipping line. However he had no political strategy and ran into financial troubles.
Nation Urban Workers League:
Set up in 1911 to look after the welfare of AA’s in northern cities.
The Great Migration:
Causes- ww1, boll weevil infestations, segregation in the South, better job opportunities
In the first two years 1916-1918 400,000 African Americans moved North
Overall around 6 million migrated
This put a huge strain on cities and often African Americans were forced to live in very poor conditions. White Americans and black Americans who were already in the North did not want to… | <urn:uuid:c88588bf-a766-43ab-930d-473bdf1462a1> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://getrevising.co.uk/revision-notes/african-american-civil-rights-revision-1865-1945-1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250599789.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120195035-20200120224035-00528.warc.gz | en | 0.980917 | 417 | 3.9375 | 4 | [
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- Created on: 20-04-18 14:12
W.E.B Du Bois:
A civil rights leader who earned fame for his publication of such works as Souls of Black Folk 1903, and was a founding officer the NAACP and editor of its magazine. He also conducted the essential Philadelphia ***** study and made strides in changing the attitudes of the American people. He gained support from white liberals which helped fuel his political journey which lasted throughout his lifetime.
Founded in 1905 by7 Du Bois and Trotter
Had an academic approach that the working class AA’s did not relate to. It did however gain mass support from women and consequently it campaigned for their suffrage too. Unfortunately due to lack of funding it achieved little and was abandoned in favour of the naacp.
National Association for the Advancement of Coloured People
The group first convened in 1909 and is still around today. It published articles, defended African Americans in court and gave passionate speeches. 1920’s they had 90,000 members but this dipped due to the great depression in the 1330’s to 50,000 members.
He felt that equality was not achievable but had pride for his heritage and campaigned for pan-Africanism. He struck a chord with the working classes unlike the more political African American leaders with his big ideas such as a black shipping line. However he had no political strategy and ran into financial troubles.
Nation Urban Workers League:
Set up in 1911 to look after the welfare of AA’s in northern cities.
The Great Migration:
Causes- ww1, boll weevil infestations, segregation in the South, better job opportunities
In the first two years 1916-1918 400,000 African Americans moved North
Overall around 6 million migrated
This put a huge strain on cities and often African Americans were forced to live in very poor conditions. White Americans and black Americans who were already in the North did not want to… | 446 | ENGLISH | 1 |
As German bombs fell on London in September 1939, the British tea industry faced a dilemma they had feared for some time. How would they protect their precious commodity that fueled an empire? Tea.
Lord Woolton, Minister of Food, recounted the tumultuous time: “When London was being persistently bombed, I had to tell the tea blenders to remove their stocks to less vulnerable positions – a scheme drawn up by the Tea Buyers’ Association in 1937 at the request of the Food Defense Department.”
30,000 tons of tea had already been sent to a variety of safe warehouses far from London while 40,000 tons remained in the city. The tea auctions in London halted on September 5 and the Ministry of Food became the owners of all tea stocks. The 280 tea wholesalers based in London were allotted leaf in only three grades: high, medium, and low.
Mincing Lane, the center of London’s tea trade, was bombed on May 11, 1941 and half of the brokers’ offices and records were destroyed. Over 8000 tons of tea were damaged that year. The removal of tea from the danger area proceeded with haste and, by 1942, most of the contents of 30 warehouses on the Thames had been dispersed to 500 locations across the country. | <urn:uuid:3e14a8c8-d615-410d-a49a-1a0db1a8e2ad> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.bostonteapartyship.com/tea-blog/keep-calm-carry-on | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251694071.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126230255-20200127020255-00193.warc.gz | en | 0.984982 | 262 | 3.625 | 4 | [
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0.526330769062... | 5 | As German bombs fell on London in September 1939, the British tea industry faced a dilemma they had feared for some time. How would they protect their precious commodity that fueled an empire? Tea.
Lord Woolton, Minister of Food, recounted the tumultuous time: “When London was being persistently bombed, I had to tell the tea blenders to remove their stocks to less vulnerable positions – a scheme drawn up by the Tea Buyers’ Association in 1937 at the request of the Food Defense Department.”
30,000 tons of tea had already been sent to a variety of safe warehouses far from London while 40,000 tons remained in the city. The tea auctions in London halted on September 5 and the Ministry of Food became the owners of all tea stocks. The 280 tea wholesalers based in London were allotted leaf in only three grades: high, medium, and low.
Mincing Lane, the center of London’s tea trade, was bombed on May 11, 1941 and half of the brokers’ offices and records were destroyed. Over 8000 tons of tea were damaged that year. The removal of tea from the danger area proceeded with haste and, by 1942, most of the contents of 30 warehouses on the Thames had been dispersed to 500 locations across the country. | 288 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Born in 1856 to Jewish parents, Freud lived and practiced most of his life in Vienna. He was graduated from medical school in 1881 and practiced as a clinical neurologist for several years before becoming interested in the "talking cure" that his colleague, Josef Breuer, had developed as a means of dealing with his patients' emotional symptoms. Freud's writings and lectures on the subject of hysteria and its sexual roots led him to be ostracized by most of his medical colleagues. His medical training and the influence of the work of Charles Darwin were largely responsible for his emphasis on sexual and aggressive instincts as the basis for behavior.
Freud's theory was important because it was the first of its kind and because it was controversial, generating further research into and theorizing about the female personality.
Was this article helpful?
Download this Guide and Discover How To Find And Monetize on Your Expertise And Strengths. Inside this special report, you'll discover: How positive thinking is one of the key factors in a successful life. Five ways and tools to help you stay positive. Use these to help you keep on track. Case studies that'll inspire you to stick to your dreams. Plus much, much more. | <urn:uuid:aedc1ce1-97fb-4f9c-a67b-a5801a2f5d1b> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.europeanmedical.info/psychology-basics/freuds-background-and-impact.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251694176.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127020458-20200127050458-00556.warc.gz | en | 0.985542 | 248 | 3.75 | 4 | [
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0.2142234891653... | 1 | Born in 1856 to Jewish parents, Freud lived and practiced most of his life in Vienna. He was graduated from medical school in 1881 and practiced as a clinical neurologist for several years before becoming interested in the "talking cure" that his colleague, Josef Breuer, had developed as a means of dealing with his patients' emotional symptoms. Freud's writings and lectures on the subject of hysteria and its sexual roots led him to be ostracized by most of his medical colleagues. His medical training and the influence of the work of Charles Darwin were largely responsible for his emphasis on sexual and aggressive instincts as the basis for behavior.
Freud's theory was important because it was the first of its kind and because it was controversial, generating further research into and theorizing about the female personality.
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Download this Guide and Discover How To Find And Monetize on Your Expertise And Strengths. Inside this special report, you'll discover: How positive thinking is one of the key factors in a successful life. Five ways and tools to help you stay positive. Use these to help you keep on track. Case studies that'll inspire you to stick to your dreams. Plus much, much more. | 251 | ENGLISH | 1 |
The slave trade once fuelled the commercial exploits of the Europeans and Americans and huge profits were made from this. But, with growing calls to abolish this evil method of extracting labour, the British found themselves no longer willing to participate in the slave trade. As industrialisation in Britain was gaining pace, there was now an increased demand for palm oil. It was used as a lubricant for industrial machinery.
The new demand for palm oil was very aggressive such that the British traders were merciless in their pursuit of these economic exploits. And at the same time, power rivalries among the local chiefs emerged. Palm oil is a tropical plant native to the Niger Delta. By 1870, palm oil had supplanted slave trade as the major commercial trade in the Niger Delta, the area that had been formerly known as the Slave Coast.
At first, much of the palm oil trade was an uncoordinated venture, as natives were able to sell the product to the highest bidder. They advanced the product to those who had the best deals. Native chiefs, as a result, became extremely wealthy because of this newfound trade. An example is King Jaja of Opobo.
Among the Europeans, there was intense competition as to who got the preferential access to the vastly profitable palm oil trade. In 1879, Sir George Dashwood Taubman Goldie (1846–1925), created the United African Company which took inspiration from the East India Company. Goldie also took control of the Lower Niger River. Goldie was determined to establish a commercial (and effectively a political) hegemony over Lower Niger River such that by 1884, his company had created 30 trading posts along the Lower Niger.
The 1884 Berlin Conference decided the fate of African countries, and the British desired all of the Niger Delta for themselves. This monopoly by Goldie gave the British an advantage over the French and Germans at the farcical conference. This is because the British got the area that the United Africa Company operated in as their sphere of influence.
With the competition from other Europeans brushed off, the attention now shifted to the local chiefs. The company, through ruse and subterfuge, signed with tribal chiefs along the Benue and Niger Rivers whilst also penetrating inland within two years (1884-1886). Verbal agreements had been made to confine Goldie's company's activities to the coastal areas, so much that this penetration inland was a violation of these agreements.
In 1886, the company changed its name to The National Africa Company and was granted a Royal Charter by the British government. The charter gave the company authority to administer the Niger Delta and all lands around the banks of the Benue and Niger Rivers. The company changed their name again to the more familiar Royal Niger Company. It still exists today as Unilever. (Listen to the song Another Story by Burna Boy and M.anifest).
The company was outright deceitful, for to the local chiefs they thought that it was a matter of free trade, but behind the scenes, the company entered private contracts on its own terms. These deceitful private contracts were written in English and signed by the local chiefs (they hardly understood the intricacies of the English legal language). And these contracts were enforced! When Jaja of Opobo tried to export the oil on his own, he was said to be obstructing commerce and was therefore sent into exile.
The Jaja ordeal made other chiefs to scrutinize the deals they were getting from the Royal Niger Company. Frederick William Koko Mingi VIII of Nembe kingdom was one of these rulers. The Royal Niger Company was encroaching into his territory, and was not in agreement with the monopoly enjoyed by the company. Therefore he sought favourable trading terms particularly with the Germans. The Royal Niger Company denied the locals direct access to their former markets and set pace on who they could trade with.
King Koko, in act of defiance and rebellion, denounced Christianity and formed an alliance with the kingdoms of Bonny and Okpoma to bring down the company. The Bonny never gave their support to the alliance but the plan proceeded nonetheless.
On January 29, 1895, King Koko launched and led an attack on the Royal Niger Company’s headquarters ( which was in Akassa in current day Bayelsa state.) King Koko managed to capture 60 white men as hostages though he lost 40 of his men. He also held several f of their goods.
King Koko would only release the hostages if he was allowed to trade with whoever he wanted to trade with but the British refused to concede to his demands and Koko then killed 40 of the hostages. Britain’s Royal Navy retaliated by attacking the area of Brass (Nembe) on February 20, 1895. They burned it to the ground, killing many of the people in the town.
By April 1895, the British had resumed their operations, but King Koko was now on the run. King Koko rejected the British settlement terms and disappeared. He however committed suicide in exile in 1898. All that while, the British had labelled him an outlaw. The British also fined the people of Brass £500 (today’s $35).
What all of this conflict did back in Britain was to destroy the reputation of the Royal Niger Company. There was no more public confidence in the company back home and the company's charter was revoked in 1899. With the charter revoked, it meant that the company no longer had the authority to administer the area it had once administered.
As a result, the company sold its holdings to the British government for £865,000. That was the amount that Britain paid to get the whole area that would be later known as Nigeria.
At the start of the song Another Story by Burna Boy and M.anifest, there are some thought-provoking words. "The British didn't travel halfway across the world just to spread democracy. Nigeria started off as a business deal for them, between a company and a government. Incidentally, the Niger Company is still around today, only it is known by a different name - Unilever..."
Credits - Africa Is A Country
Header image credit - BrundCrunch | <urn:uuid:7d339d64-df4a-4fe1-ad2e-718e92e356f9> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.africanexponent.com/post/4483-nigeria-started-off-as-a-business-deal-between-a-company-and-a-government | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250606872.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122071919-20200122100919-00246.warc.gz | en | 0.983671 | 1,260 | 4.03125 | 4 | [
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0.07091990113... | 9 | The slave trade once fuelled the commercial exploits of the Europeans and Americans and huge profits were made from this. But, with growing calls to abolish this evil method of extracting labour, the British found themselves no longer willing to participate in the slave trade. As industrialisation in Britain was gaining pace, there was now an increased demand for palm oil. It was used as a lubricant for industrial machinery.
The new demand for palm oil was very aggressive such that the British traders were merciless in their pursuit of these economic exploits. And at the same time, power rivalries among the local chiefs emerged. Palm oil is a tropical plant native to the Niger Delta. By 1870, palm oil had supplanted slave trade as the major commercial trade in the Niger Delta, the area that had been formerly known as the Slave Coast.
At first, much of the palm oil trade was an uncoordinated venture, as natives were able to sell the product to the highest bidder. They advanced the product to those who had the best deals. Native chiefs, as a result, became extremely wealthy because of this newfound trade. An example is King Jaja of Opobo.
Among the Europeans, there was intense competition as to who got the preferential access to the vastly profitable palm oil trade. In 1879, Sir George Dashwood Taubman Goldie (1846–1925), created the United African Company which took inspiration from the East India Company. Goldie also took control of the Lower Niger River. Goldie was determined to establish a commercial (and effectively a political) hegemony over Lower Niger River such that by 1884, his company had created 30 trading posts along the Lower Niger.
The 1884 Berlin Conference decided the fate of African countries, and the British desired all of the Niger Delta for themselves. This monopoly by Goldie gave the British an advantage over the French and Germans at the farcical conference. This is because the British got the area that the United Africa Company operated in as their sphere of influence.
With the competition from other Europeans brushed off, the attention now shifted to the local chiefs. The company, through ruse and subterfuge, signed with tribal chiefs along the Benue and Niger Rivers whilst also penetrating inland within two years (1884-1886). Verbal agreements had been made to confine Goldie's company's activities to the coastal areas, so much that this penetration inland was a violation of these agreements.
In 1886, the company changed its name to The National Africa Company and was granted a Royal Charter by the British government. The charter gave the company authority to administer the Niger Delta and all lands around the banks of the Benue and Niger Rivers. The company changed their name again to the more familiar Royal Niger Company. It still exists today as Unilever. (Listen to the song Another Story by Burna Boy and M.anifest).
The company was outright deceitful, for to the local chiefs they thought that it was a matter of free trade, but behind the scenes, the company entered private contracts on its own terms. These deceitful private contracts were written in English and signed by the local chiefs (they hardly understood the intricacies of the English legal language). And these contracts were enforced! When Jaja of Opobo tried to export the oil on his own, he was said to be obstructing commerce and was therefore sent into exile.
The Jaja ordeal made other chiefs to scrutinize the deals they were getting from the Royal Niger Company. Frederick William Koko Mingi VIII of Nembe kingdom was one of these rulers. The Royal Niger Company was encroaching into his territory, and was not in agreement with the monopoly enjoyed by the company. Therefore he sought favourable trading terms particularly with the Germans. The Royal Niger Company denied the locals direct access to their former markets and set pace on who they could trade with.
King Koko, in act of defiance and rebellion, denounced Christianity and formed an alliance with the kingdoms of Bonny and Okpoma to bring down the company. The Bonny never gave their support to the alliance but the plan proceeded nonetheless.
On January 29, 1895, King Koko launched and led an attack on the Royal Niger Company’s headquarters ( which was in Akassa in current day Bayelsa state.) King Koko managed to capture 60 white men as hostages though he lost 40 of his men. He also held several f of their goods.
King Koko would only release the hostages if he was allowed to trade with whoever he wanted to trade with but the British refused to concede to his demands and Koko then killed 40 of the hostages. Britain’s Royal Navy retaliated by attacking the area of Brass (Nembe) on February 20, 1895. They burned it to the ground, killing many of the people in the town.
By April 1895, the British had resumed their operations, but King Koko was now on the run. King Koko rejected the British settlement terms and disappeared. He however committed suicide in exile in 1898. All that while, the British had labelled him an outlaw. The British also fined the people of Brass £500 (today’s $35).
What all of this conflict did back in Britain was to destroy the reputation of the Royal Niger Company. There was no more public confidence in the company back home and the company's charter was revoked in 1899. With the charter revoked, it meant that the company no longer had the authority to administer the area it had once administered.
As a result, the company sold its holdings to the British government for £865,000. That was the amount that Britain paid to get the whole area that would be later known as Nigeria.
At the start of the song Another Story by Burna Boy and M.anifest, there are some thought-provoking words. "The British didn't travel halfway across the world just to spread democracy. Nigeria started off as a business deal for them, between a company and a government. Incidentally, the Niger Company is still around today, only it is known by a different name - Unilever..."
Credits - Africa Is A Country
Header image credit - BrundCrunch | 1,304 | ENGLISH | 1 |
[dropcaps]D[/dropcaps]avid was the second king of Israel, and prominent figure in the religion Judaism. According to Biblical narrative, David was the youngest of seven sons from Jesse. He was also requested to play the lyre for Saul as a way to relieve him from an evil spirit. What David is most notable for is his battle against Philistine giant Goliath, who challenged the Israelite to send in any single Israelite for a one-on-one combat. With a stone attack from his slingshot, the young and frail David defeated Goliath, sending the Philistines out of Israel in terror. Upon David’s victory, then-current king Saul requested David as commander over his armies; he would eventually become king of Israel after Saul’s death during battle, anointed by prophet Samuel in Judah. David’s legacy in the Jewish tradition remains in his recognition as one of the most righteous kings of Israel, while also known as the author of a large amount of the book of Psalms, found in the Hebrew Bible. | <urn:uuid:c299bf5c-1922-4b53-b4b5-8cf04348585e> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | http://religiomag.com/king-david-warrior-artist-and-jewish-leader/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251669967.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125041318-20200125070318-00050.warc.gz | en | 0.982023 | 219 | 3.671875 | 4 | [
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0.226214796304702... | 4 | [dropcaps]D[/dropcaps]avid was the second king of Israel, and prominent figure in the religion Judaism. According to Biblical narrative, David was the youngest of seven sons from Jesse. He was also requested to play the lyre for Saul as a way to relieve him from an evil spirit. What David is most notable for is his battle against Philistine giant Goliath, who challenged the Israelite to send in any single Israelite for a one-on-one combat. With a stone attack from his slingshot, the young and frail David defeated Goliath, sending the Philistines out of Israel in terror. Upon David’s victory, then-current king Saul requested David as commander over his armies; he would eventually become king of Israel after Saul’s death during battle, anointed by prophet Samuel in Judah. David’s legacy in the Jewish tradition remains in his recognition as one of the most righteous kings of Israel, while also known as the author of a large amount of the book of Psalms, found in the Hebrew Bible. | 214 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Harvey Internment Camp Shrine
Our Year 5 class recently visited the Harvey Internment Camp Shrine as part of our learning about the impact and contribution of Italian migration in Australia, and more specifically, our local area. The Internment Camp was in operation during World War II, housing both Italian internees who were known as “Enemy Aliens” as well as Prisoners of War from the German warship HSK Kormoran responsible for sinking HMAS Sydney.
The Shrine was built by internees who wanted a place to gather in prayer as part of their strong Catholic Faith. In the 1980s it was discovered in a field and restored. It has since been housed in the stone chapel and developed into a tourist precinct in recognition of those who were interned as well as those impacted by the internment of their loved ones.
The display boards are written in both English and Italian and the students loved testing their language skills to recognise words and phrases familiar to them. They were also interested in the “Australia Remembers” exhibit and were able to link this to their learning in HASS about the ways communities work together based on shared values and beliefs and how they develop and change over time.
The students enjoyed exploring this fascinating piece of history and were intrigued by the strong connection to our local community in Harvey. Many of the names of current families at St Anne’s, including that of their teacher and some of the students themselves, are listed on the wall plaques at the camp in remembrance of their grandfathers, great-grandfathers and relatives who were interned.
Teacher – Louisa Sgambelluri | <urn:uuid:01c0aebb-51c9-47a3-af7b-2d73bbc17bf7> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.stannes.wa.edu.au/harvey-internment-camp-shrine/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251678287.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125161753-20200125190753-00215.warc.gz | en | 0.99005 | 336 | 3.734375 | 4 | [
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0.6681960225105... | 2 | Harvey Internment Camp Shrine
Our Year 5 class recently visited the Harvey Internment Camp Shrine as part of our learning about the impact and contribution of Italian migration in Australia, and more specifically, our local area. The Internment Camp was in operation during World War II, housing both Italian internees who were known as “Enemy Aliens” as well as Prisoners of War from the German warship HSK Kormoran responsible for sinking HMAS Sydney.
The Shrine was built by internees who wanted a place to gather in prayer as part of their strong Catholic Faith. In the 1980s it was discovered in a field and restored. It has since been housed in the stone chapel and developed into a tourist precinct in recognition of those who were interned as well as those impacted by the internment of their loved ones.
The display boards are written in both English and Italian and the students loved testing their language skills to recognise words and phrases familiar to them. They were also interested in the “Australia Remembers” exhibit and were able to link this to their learning in HASS about the ways communities work together based on shared values and beliefs and how they develop and change over time.
The students enjoyed exploring this fascinating piece of history and were intrigued by the strong connection to our local community in Harvey. Many of the names of current families at St Anne’s, including that of their teacher and some of the students themselves, are listed on the wall plaques at the camp in remembrance of their grandfathers, great-grandfathers and relatives who were interned.
Teacher – Louisa Sgambelluri | 329 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Can Empathy Be Taught?
Research shows that empathy is a powerful social tool. Can it be learned?
Posted Oct 18, 2018
A client recently told me that a friend had failed to show up for an outing they had been planning together for several weeks. “What kind of friend would do that?” they wanted to know. “I never would.”
A friend shared that a co-worker had taken credit for her (my friend’s) work. “How could she do that?” she wanted to know. “I don’t understand. She knows I had really worked hard on that project. It’s so wrong.”
Another friend said that a woman he had been dating had suddenly stopped being available to go out. “I asked her what had happened,” he said, “but she didn’t answer my calls. She stopped responding to texts or to emails, too.” He said that he got the message that she wasn’t interested anymore, but he was hurt and surprised. “She didn’t seem like that kind of person. We’d been dating long enough that I would think she would feel that she might at least owe me an explanation. I know some guys ghost women they’ve been going out with, but I would never do that. It’s not fair to them. And what she did wasn’t fair to me.”
Many people do things we can’t understand and that we would never do. Although there can be a number of different explanations for such behavior (I’ve written about ghosting in another post), one reason is a failure of empathy. And it seems to me that we’re seeing increasing levels of this failure these days.
Empathy is “the ability to understand and share the feelings of another.” It is similar to but different from sympathy, which can mean sharing a certain feeling with someone—having the same feelings they do—or having compassion for someone’s feelings (empathy can involve sympathy, but doesn’t always).
According to Helen Riess (associate professor of psychiatry at Harvard Medical School, director of the Empathy and Relational Science Program at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston, as well as and co-founder and chief scientist of empathetics.com), empathy plays an important role in our society’s ability to function, promoting a “sharing of experiences, needs, and desires between individuals.” Our neural networks are set up to interact with the neural networks of others in order to both perceive and understand their emotions and to differentiate them from our own, which makes it possible for humans to live with one another without constantly fighting or feeling taken over by someone else.
Research has shown that empathy is not simply inborn, but can actually be taught. For example, it appears that medical training can actually diminish empathy, but on the other hand, physicians can be taught to be more empathic to their patients. Interestingly, their increased empathy also increases patient satisfaction and compliance with treatment recommendations.
It seems to me that these techniques could work with a lot of people besides physicians. As I listen to clients, colleagues, and friends discussing their concerns these days, I find myself thinking that we should be teaching empathy in school. Perhaps if we start in the early grades and keep teaching it through high school, problems of bullying, harassment, and other inappropriate behavior would diminish.
But there seems to be some discomfort even with the idea of teaching empathy to young children. One mother told me that she feared that too much empathy could lead to softness or weakness. She didn’t want her son to be “like a girl,” feeling too much for other people and therefore pushing aside his own needs and unable to pursue his own goals.
As I listened to her, I found myself wondering what kind of empathy involves not meeting your own goals, and began to think about how some women seem to sublimate their own wishes in order to give others what they want. But is that empathy? I don’t think so. I’m not sure what I would call it, but not empathy – not “understanding someone else’s feelings while also differentiating our own feelings from theirs.”
Empathy doesn’t require sublimation or burying of our own feelings. In fact, true empathy involves using our feelings to understand the feelings of someone else. We might not know exactly how they feel, but we might use our feelings to help us know something of what they are feeling.
One of the same studies that found that empathy could be taught to physicians also showed that empathic doctors tended to have patients who followed treatment recommendations and showed better treatment outcomes.
It is often easier to have empathy for someone who is like us but it is possible to learn empathy for those who are different from us. This kind of understanding, according to Reiss, can cross bridges and promote positive social behavior. Maybe we could use a little more empathy in our world.
Helen Riess. (2017) The Science of Empathy. Journal of Patient Experience. 4(2): 74–77. Published online 2017 May 9. doi: 10.1177/2374373517699267 | <urn:uuid:356be224-369a-43bd-9351-c3c375ce52a2> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://rsrc2.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-couch/201810/can-empathy-be-taught | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250593295.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118164132-20200118192132-00359.warc.gz | en | 0.98031 | 1,110 | 3.40625 | 3 | [
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0.3484191894... | 3 | Can Empathy Be Taught?
Research shows that empathy is a powerful social tool. Can it be learned?
Posted Oct 18, 2018
A client recently told me that a friend had failed to show up for an outing they had been planning together for several weeks. “What kind of friend would do that?” they wanted to know. “I never would.”
A friend shared that a co-worker had taken credit for her (my friend’s) work. “How could she do that?” she wanted to know. “I don’t understand. She knows I had really worked hard on that project. It’s so wrong.”
Another friend said that a woman he had been dating had suddenly stopped being available to go out. “I asked her what had happened,” he said, “but she didn’t answer my calls. She stopped responding to texts or to emails, too.” He said that he got the message that she wasn’t interested anymore, but he was hurt and surprised. “She didn’t seem like that kind of person. We’d been dating long enough that I would think she would feel that she might at least owe me an explanation. I know some guys ghost women they’ve been going out with, but I would never do that. It’s not fair to them. And what she did wasn’t fair to me.”
Many people do things we can’t understand and that we would never do. Although there can be a number of different explanations for such behavior (I’ve written about ghosting in another post), one reason is a failure of empathy. And it seems to me that we’re seeing increasing levels of this failure these days.
Empathy is “the ability to understand and share the feelings of another.” It is similar to but different from sympathy, which can mean sharing a certain feeling with someone—having the same feelings they do—or having compassion for someone’s feelings (empathy can involve sympathy, but doesn’t always).
According to Helen Riess (associate professor of psychiatry at Harvard Medical School, director of the Empathy and Relational Science Program at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston, as well as and co-founder and chief scientist of empathetics.com), empathy plays an important role in our society’s ability to function, promoting a “sharing of experiences, needs, and desires between individuals.” Our neural networks are set up to interact with the neural networks of others in order to both perceive and understand their emotions and to differentiate them from our own, which makes it possible for humans to live with one another without constantly fighting or feeling taken over by someone else.
Research has shown that empathy is not simply inborn, but can actually be taught. For example, it appears that medical training can actually diminish empathy, but on the other hand, physicians can be taught to be more empathic to their patients. Interestingly, their increased empathy also increases patient satisfaction and compliance with treatment recommendations.
It seems to me that these techniques could work with a lot of people besides physicians. As I listen to clients, colleagues, and friends discussing their concerns these days, I find myself thinking that we should be teaching empathy in school. Perhaps if we start in the early grades and keep teaching it through high school, problems of bullying, harassment, and other inappropriate behavior would diminish.
But there seems to be some discomfort even with the idea of teaching empathy to young children. One mother told me that she feared that too much empathy could lead to softness or weakness. She didn’t want her son to be “like a girl,” feeling too much for other people and therefore pushing aside his own needs and unable to pursue his own goals.
As I listened to her, I found myself wondering what kind of empathy involves not meeting your own goals, and began to think about how some women seem to sublimate their own wishes in order to give others what they want. But is that empathy? I don’t think so. I’m not sure what I would call it, but not empathy – not “understanding someone else’s feelings while also differentiating our own feelings from theirs.”
Empathy doesn’t require sublimation or burying of our own feelings. In fact, true empathy involves using our feelings to understand the feelings of someone else. We might not know exactly how they feel, but we might use our feelings to help us know something of what they are feeling.
One of the same studies that found that empathy could be taught to physicians also showed that empathic doctors tended to have patients who followed treatment recommendations and showed better treatment outcomes.
It is often easier to have empathy for someone who is like us but it is possible to learn empathy for those who are different from us. This kind of understanding, according to Reiss, can cross bridges and promote positive social behavior. Maybe we could use a little more empathy in our world.
Helen Riess. (2017) The Science of Empathy. Journal of Patient Experience. 4(2): 74–77. Published online 2017 May 9. doi: 10.1177/2374373517699267 | 1,046 | ENGLISH | 1 |
In 1922 a British scientific expedition led by Harold Spencer-Jones, set off for Christmas Island. Their aim was to test if gravity (a large mass) could bend light. This was a part of Einstein’s theory of relativity. In order to do this, they needed a full solar eclipse. (The “why” is explained below in the “Einstein theory expedition” article.) So with 4 tons of bags, equipment and a large telescope they made their way to Christmas Island.
The following is an account by Harold Spencer-Jones, Chief Assistant, Royal Observatory, Greenwich, describing the setup and location of the telescope. He was also accompanied by his wife and you can read about her packing and expectations of the trip here.
I believe the area where Spencer-Jones built and set up the telescope house was at South Point.
… I was able to get the foundation prepared for the instrument. The site chosen was at the south end of the Island, A new quarry is just being opened there, and a railway has been constructed across the Island to bring the phosphate into the settlement. But for this railway, it would not have been possible for the instruments to have been erected there, as the Island is very densely covered with jungle. The telescope was erected just at the terminus of the railway, on a terrace which had been levelled in preparation for the erection of coolie lines. The pier for the telescope was built up from the solid limestone rock, so as to give a perfectly stable foundation, and was constructed of lumps of limestone, cemented together with concrete.
As the expedition was remaining for about six months on the Island, it was necessary to have a more substantial housing for the telescope than is customary on eclipse expeditions. A house had been designed by me before leaving home, and this was kindly erected for us by the Company. It consisted of a wooden framework covered with corrugated iron. The total area was 40 by 20 ft. The observatory proper had an area of 20 ft, square. To east and west of it were two rooms each of 20 by 10 ft., which served respectively as a living-room and a dark-room. The central portion of the roof was constructed to slide back in two halves to east and west, running on rails with double-flanged wheels over the two rooms previously mentioned. The roof was moved by means of cables wound twice round double-flanged wheels, and could be opened without difficulty by one person. The walls of the house were 12 ft. 6 in. high and afforded considerable protection against the wind, which in general was fairly strong.
The erection of the telescope proceeded without hitch. We were assisted by Chinese coolies who worked splendidly. The manner in which they lifted heavy parts weighing several hundredweights by man-handling, which we would ourselves have lifted with shear legs and tackle, was surprising. The only difficulty arose, before the observing house was completed, from the innate curiosity of the Chinese. They cannot resist the temptation to abstract any small piece of brass, etc., which they can detach. This they regard as a good ” joss.” The difficulty was overcome by warning them that the telescope took photographs, and if any of them were to touch it, it would take a photograph of them and they would be detected. Thereafter it was left severely alone.
Science Progress in the Twentieth Century (1919-1933) Vol. 17. No. 68 (April 1923), pages 589, 593
And was the expedition a success? It was to be thwarted, most disappointingly, as explained below. No matter the outcome, Harold Spencer-Jones went on to have an illustrious career. In 1933 he became the Astrologer Royal and in 1942 received a knighthood.
EINSTEIN THEORY EXPEDITION.
WHY CHRISTMAS ISLAND
The expedition to Christmas Island, near Java, which went out to photograph the eclipse of the sun last September, has now returned.
Mr. Spencer Jones, who was the head of the party, informed a SUNDAY TIMES representative yesterday that the main purpose of the expedition was to test one of the conclusions of Professor Einstein’s theory that rays of light passing near the sun, or any other massive body, are slightly bent, so that their path is no longer a straight line.
The only practical method is to photograph stars very near the sun and to compare those photographs with others of the same stars taken at night, when the sun is in another part of the sky.
Advantage of Eclipse.
Owing to the brilliance of the sun, the only possible opportunity of photographing stars very near the sun occurs at the time of a total solar eclipse, when the moon passes directly in front of the sun and obscures its light …
Marred by weather.
Unfortunately, after a fine spell the weather broke unexpectedly on the morning of the eclipse, and for four days there was a continuous thick cloud accompanied by heavy rain.
Besides the British expedition, a joint Dutch and German party was also sent to Christmas Island. This party had two large telescopes, and they intended to test the Einstein theory by methods slightly different from those used by the British party. They, also, of course, were doomed to failure.
Moreover, the eclipse this year, though it so favourable as that of 1919, was more favourable than future eclipses will be for some years.
The one hope.
The Lick Observatory party, on the North West Coast of Australia, observed the eclipse under excellent conditions, and, said Mr. Spencer Jones, we are waiting now to learn what results are derived from their observations.
If the results support those of 1919, it will be no longer possible to doubt that the bending of light rays by the sun, as predicted by Einstein, actually occurs. If they contradict them, the question will still remain unsettled, and every effort must be made to test the theory again at the next eclipse on September 10. 1923, which will be visible in California and North Mexico.
It is possible that under the circumstance another British Expedition may be sent.
The Sunday Times (London, England), Sunday, December 31, 1922, Issue 5203, p.15. | <urn:uuid:91e046c3-f36d-4bfc-b3f4-6e307828e1d3> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://christmasislandarchives.com/british-eclipse-expedition-1922/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594662.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119151736-20200119175736-00095.warc.gz | en | 0.980723 | 1,285 | 3.546875 | 4 | [
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0.72299116849... | 2 | In 1922 a British scientific expedition led by Harold Spencer-Jones, set off for Christmas Island. Their aim was to test if gravity (a large mass) could bend light. This was a part of Einstein’s theory of relativity. In order to do this, they needed a full solar eclipse. (The “why” is explained below in the “Einstein theory expedition” article.) So with 4 tons of bags, equipment and a large telescope they made their way to Christmas Island.
The following is an account by Harold Spencer-Jones, Chief Assistant, Royal Observatory, Greenwich, describing the setup and location of the telescope. He was also accompanied by his wife and you can read about her packing and expectations of the trip here.
I believe the area where Spencer-Jones built and set up the telescope house was at South Point.
… I was able to get the foundation prepared for the instrument. The site chosen was at the south end of the Island, A new quarry is just being opened there, and a railway has been constructed across the Island to bring the phosphate into the settlement. But for this railway, it would not have been possible for the instruments to have been erected there, as the Island is very densely covered with jungle. The telescope was erected just at the terminus of the railway, on a terrace which had been levelled in preparation for the erection of coolie lines. The pier for the telescope was built up from the solid limestone rock, so as to give a perfectly stable foundation, and was constructed of lumps of limestone, cemented together with concrete.
As the expedition was remaining for about six months on the Island, it was necessary to have a more substantial housing for the telescope than is customary on eclipse expeditions. A house had been designed by me before leaving home, and this was kindly erected for us by the Company. It consisted of a wooden framework covered with corrugated iron. The total area was 40 by 20 ft. The observatory proper had an area of 20 ft, square. To east and west of it were two rooms each of 20 by 10 ft., which served respectively as a living-room and a dark-room. The central portion of the roof was constructed to slide back in two halves to east and west, running on rails with double-flanged wheels over the two rooms previously mentioned. The roof was moved by means of cables wound twice round double-flanged wheels, and could be opened without difficulty by one person. The walls of the house were 12 ft. 6 in. high and afforded considerable protection against the wind, which in general was fairly strong.
The erection of the telescope proceeded without hitch. We were assisted by Chinese coolies who worked splendidly. The manner in which they lifted heavy parts weighing several hundredweights by man-handling, which we would ourselves have lifted with shear legs and tackle, was surprising. The only difficulty arose, before the observing house was completed, from the innate curiosity of the Chinese. They cannot resist the temptation to abstract any small piece of brass, etc., which they can detach. This they regard as a good ” joss.” The difficulty was overcome by warning them that the telescope took photographs, and if any of them were to touch it, it would take a photograph of them and they would be detected. Thereafter it was left severely alone.
Science Progress in the Twentieth Century (1919-1933) Vol. 17. No. 68 (April 1923), pages 589, 593
And was the expedition a success? It was to be thwarted, most disappointingly, as explained below. No matter the outcome, Harold Spencer-Jones went on to have an illustrious career. In 1933 he became the Astrologer Royal and in 1942 received a knighthood.
EINSTEIN THEORY EXPEDITION.
WHY CHRISTMAS ISLAND
The expedition to Christmas Island, near Java, which went out to photograph the eclipse of the sun last September, has now returned.
Mr. Spencer Jones, who was the head of the party, informed a SUNDAY TIMES representative yesterday that the main purpose of the expedition was to test one of the conclusions of Professor Einstein’s theory that rays of light passing near the sun, or any other massive body, are slightly bent, so that their path is no longer a straight line.
The only practical method is to photograph stars very near the sun and to compare those photographs with others of the same stars taken at night, when the sun is in another part of the sky.
Advantage of Eclipse.
Owing to the brilliance of the sun, the only possible opportunity of photographing stars very near the sun occurs at the time of a total solar eclipse, when the moon passes directly in front of the sun and obscures its light …
Marred by weather.
Unfortunately, after a fine spell the weather broke unexpectedly on the morning of the eclipse, and for four days there was a continuous thick cloud accompanied by heavy rain.
Besides the British expedition, a joint Dutch and German party was also sent to Christmas Island. This party had two large telescopes, and they intended to test the Einstein theory by methods slightly different from those used by the British party. They, also, of course, were doomed to failure.
Moreover, the eclipse this year, though it so favourable as that of 1919, was more favourable than future eclipses will be for some years.
The one hope.
The Lick Observatory party, on the North West Coast of Australia, observed the eclipse under excellent conditions, and, said Mr. Spencer Jones, we are waiting now to learn what results are derived from their observations.
If the results support those of 1919, it will be no longer possible to doubt that the bending of light rays by the sun, as predicted by Einstein, actually occurs. If they contradict them, the question will still remain unsettled, and every effort must be made to test the theory again at the next eclipse on September 10. 1923, which will be visible in California and North Mexico.
It is possible that under the circumstance another British Expedition may be sent.
The Sunday Times (London, England), Sunday, December 31, 1922, Issue 5203, p.15. | 1,315 | ENGLISH | 1 |
On March 29, 1951, Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were convicted of espionage.
Howard Zinn explained in A People’s History of the United States:
It was not McCarthy and the Republicans, but the liberal Democratic Truman administration, whose Justice Department initiated a series of prosecutions that intensified the nation’s anti-Communist mood. The most important was the prosecution of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg in the summer of 1950.
The Rosenbergs were charged with espionage. The major evidence was supplied by a few people who had already confessed to being spies, and were either in prison or under indictment. David Greenglass, the brother of Ethel Rosenberg, was the key witness. He had been a machinist at the Manhattan Project laboratory at Los Alamos, New Mexico, in 1944-1945 when the atomic bomb was being made there and testified that Julius Rosenberg had asked him to get information for the Russians. Continue reading about their case at the Rosenberg Fund for Children.
Learn about the role of junior prosecutor Roy Cohn in the Democracy Now! segment below. Cohn went on serve as a chief counsel to Senator Joseph McCarthy during the Red Scare in the 1950s and would later become a leading mob attorney. Cohn represented Donald Trump for years. | <urn:uuid:c9d295c8-f2d6-426e-929b-db9d1d0e8b64> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.zinnedproject.org/news/tdih/julius-and-ethel-rosenberg-are-convicted | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251687958.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126074227-20200126104227-00341.warc.gz | en | 0.983371 | 252 | 3.703125 | 4 | [
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0.54777419567108... | 1 | On March 29, 1951, Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were convicted of espionage.
Howard Zinn explained in A People’s History of the United States:
It was not McCarthy and the Republicans, but the liberal Democratic Truman administration, whose Justice Department initiated a series of prosecutions that intensified the nation’s anti-Communist mood. The most important was the prosecution of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg in the summer of 1950.
The Rosenbergs were charged with espionage. The major evidence was supplied by a few people who had already confessed to being spies, and were either in prison or under indictment. David Greenglass, the brother of Ethel Rosenberg, was the key witness. He had been a machinist at the Manhattan Project laboratory at Los Alamos, New Mexico, in 1944-1945 when the atomic bomb was being made there and testified that Julius Rosenberg had asked him to get information for the Russians. Continue reading about their case at the Rosenberg Fund for Children.
Learn about the role of junior prosecutor Roy Cohn in the Democracy Now! segment below. Cohn went on serve as a chief counsel to Senator Joseph McCarthy during the Red Scare in the 1950s and would later become a leading mob attorney. Cohn represented Donald Trump for years. | 271 | ENGLISH | 1 |
The 26th Michigan Infantry was not only involved in two of the most crucial battles of the Civil War, but received a front row seat to the final moments of the Civil War when General Grant and General Lee met at Appomattox Court House. The 26th Michigan Volunteer Infantry fought in two pivotal battles of the Civil War: Wilderness and Petersburg. With those and many other conflicts in their history, they are perhaps best known for being the closest unit when General Lee surrendered at Appomattox Courthouse on April 9, 1865. The 26th holds a special place in the hearts of the locals in the small town of Fowlerville Michigan as 41 residents served in the 26th, more than in any other regiment.
The Michigan 26th Volunteer Infantry was used as skirmishers during the Civil War for the Second Corps(7). Skirmishers main purpose was to disrupt the advancement of enemy troops and to spread out and locate enemy lines. It is with the Second Corps that these skirmishers were able to be at the front line when Lee surrendered at Appomattox Court House in 1865. The 26th was created on the 12th of December in 1862. It was then that they left Jackson, Michigan on track for Washington DC. As the 26th left Washington DC, they were at their peak size of 903 men.
Under the command of General Erasmus Keyes, the Michigan 26th Volunteer Infantry partook in one of their first “skirmishes” as they were assigned to New York to calm down the Draft Riots that were wreaking havoc on the city. These riots were caused when President Abraham Lincoln was made aware that the Union was running low on men. In an attempt to raise the number of Union troops he signed a bill requiring that all men who were American citizens between the ages of 20 and 35 and those who were unmarried between 35 and 45 were mandated to register for a draft lottery. The reason this bill sparked such an uproar is that someone who did not want to go to war could simply pay the government $300 and they would be exempt from joining the Union Army. This caused the poor and lower working class people to become enraged, causing them to revolt and riot, thus nearly destroying New York city. In October 1863, the 26th was stationed at Fort Richmond which is located on Staten Island (4).
This low morale that was seen in New York was also apparent for the troops who were had set up camp near Alexandria Virginia during the winter of 1863. Conditions were brutal that winter and many of the soldiers were unhappy with the current affairs of things. According to a letter sent home from 26th Michigan Infantry soldier Henry Arnold, there was preferential treatment on lodgings during that winter. In the letter he sent home in February 1863, he shares that he and his fellow troops are sleeping on the ground in tents, while the African American troops were quartered in houses. In his strong worded letter he is expressing his frustration at not only the Union Army but also towards President Abraham Lincoln (1). His letter is a first hand story, telling of how the morale was low during the winter of 1863 for the 26th Michigan Volunteer Infantry. Things would improve for the men the following spring, as they would be forced to engage in more brutal combat than they had previously seen.
After the 26th Michigan Infantry the winter of 1863, the 26th Michigan Infantry they advanced towards the Confederate lines with the Second Corps. The next major battle fought by the Michigan 26th Volunteer Infantry was the battle of Spotsylvania Court House. The battle of Spotsylvania Court House began May 8, 1864 and was fought until May 21, 1864. Although there was not a clear cut winner during the Battle of Spotsylvania Court House, both sides suffered heavy casualties. The Michigan 26th was not different in this regard as they had 27 men killed, 98 men who were wounded, and 14 men that were missing in action (4). The violence in this battle was written about in the diary of Benjamin Brock, a soldier in the 26th Michigan Infantry. It was during this battle, on May 12th 1864 he received a gunshot wound to his hand, nearly costing him said hand. In his diary he also mentions that he considered himself lucky as his comrade James was shot dead beside him (2). Benjamin Brock was one of many Union soldiers to be wounded or killed in this bloodbath of a battle.
After the 26th partook in the Battle of Spotsylvania Court House, they soon saw themselves face to face with nearly a year long siege. The 26th Michigan Volunteer Infantry took part in the decisive siege of Petersburg, Virginia. The siege of Petersburg was perhaps the biggest blow the Confederates would endure before the war ended. Petersburg housed a critical supply line that went to the capitol of the Confederacy, Richmond, Virginia. By time the Confederate city fell, almost a year had passed and many bloody attacks had been made. Perhaps the most popular of these attacks was the battle of the crater, in which explosives were planted by the Union under Confederate fortifications. This bloody battle was a foreshadowing of the trench warfare that would be seen in World War I, several years later. It was from the victory at the battle of Petersburg that the 26th Michigan Volunteer Infantry moved onto the final stage of the Civil War, Appomattox Courthouse Virginia.
It was at the Battle of Appomattox Courthouse that the Union troops had defeated General Robert E. Lee and the Confederates for the final time as the war was finally won there on April 9th, 1865. The 26th Michigan Infantry was lucky enough to get a front row seat to the signing of the treaty that would end the Civil War. According to the memoir of Webster K. Cole, a soldier in the 26th, he not only saw General Lee and General Grant ride up to the Mclean house, the location in which the treaty was signed, but also was part of the unit (26th) that was in charge of the final tasks that were completed in the month following the end of the Civil War. In his first hand experience with the 26th at Appomattox Courthouse he says:
GRANT AND LEE and their body guards came in then. Lee and his bunch of about 40 lined up on one side of the road, our band of 36 musicians on the other, and 10,000 Yanks passed in review while the band played “Hail to the Chief.” Then Grant and Lee rode away side by side and their staffs followed them in order. The 26th Michigan, as a mark of honor, was left to care for the rebs. We had five days’ rations in our haversacks and three days’ in the wagons. The supply train unloaded the three days’ rations to Lee’s quartermasters, loaded their empty arms into the emptied wagons and left. We stayed two days until they got their paroles signed and left for where God only knows, not for home for they had no homes. While on picket one night I counted 16 homes burning at one time, the cavalry boys doing the burning. They said “The rebs are doing the same thing down in my home in Ohio.” The last of the 26,000 left about three o’clock in the afternoon and we started for Washington Junction, 35 miles away. We made it the next day at dark, tired and hungry. (6)Webster K. Cole
As Cole says, although the war was over, the 26th was unable to just jump on a train and go home, they had to stay an extra month and help Appomattox settle into post-war life.
Finally on June 4, 1865, the 26th Michigan Volunteer Infantry would be mustered out and those brave men who served would finally get to resume their normal lives, or at least those who made it back home alive had that luxury. Of the total 998 men to serve in the 26th, 62 were killed in battle, 39 died later of wounds sustained, and another 158 men died of diseases contracted during the war. These numbers mean that the 26th Michigan Infantry had a casualty rate of 25.9%(4). These casualties were not spread evenly over their time as a unit, as the 26th did not see many battles their first couple years of the war. They were not engaged in many skirmishes until the beginning of 1864. In the reminiscences of 26th soldier Newton Thorne Kirk, the war may have sounded as if it were a “summer picnic”, but he tells that this feeling of ease was soon to be nonexistent as of May of 1964, and this sense of constant war would not end until April 1865 when the war ended(3). The fighting these brave men had to do between the Battle of Spotsylvania until the end of the war was nothing short of impressive, as they had to endure brutal battles. The 26th Michigan Volunteer Infantry is known throughout the small town of Fowlerville, Michigan as they sent many men into that unit. The statue located at the front of the cemetery in which many of those men are buried, serves as a reminder that we should remember the sacrifice, and the service that these men gave our nation.
- Arnold, H. “The American Civil War Collection: Arnold“.
- Brock, B. “The American Civil War Collection: Brock“
- Kirk, N. “The American Civil War Collection: Kirk“
- “26th Regiment MichiganVolunteer Infantry.” 26th Regiment Michigan Infantry.
- Barcousky, Len. “Eyewitness 1865: Local Civil War Veterans Saluted upon their Return.“..
- Cole, W. “A Michigander Gets His War Story.” Civil War Times, 42(5), 24–28. n.p.: n.p., 26 .
- Hutchins, R.G. “Fowlerville Goes to War 1861-1865: Livingston County, Michigan.” | <urn:uuid:eca85478-99b3-408a-a742-3ef7bd0e2958> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://ss.sites.mtu.edu/mhugl/2019/11/15/26th-michigan-volunteer-infantry/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251681625.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125222506-20200126012506-00295.warc.gz | en | 0.989421 | 2,085 | 3.421875 | 3 | [
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0.36258774995... | 14 | The 26th Michigan Infantry was not only involved in two of the most crucial battles of the Civil War, but received a front row seat to the final moments of the Civil War when General Grant and General Lee met at Appomattox Court House. The 26th Michigan Volunteer Infantry fought in two pivotal battles of the Civil War: Wilderness and Petersburg. With those and many other conflicts in their history, they are perhaps best known for being the closest unit when General Lee surrendered at Appomattox Courthouse on April 9, 1865. The 26th holds a special place in the hearts of the locals in the small town of Fowlerville Michigan as 41 residents served in the 26th, more than in any other regiment.
The Michigan 26th Volunteer Infantry was used as skirmishers during the Civil War for the Second Corps(7). Skirmishers main purpose was to disrupt the advancement of enemy troops and to spread out and locate enemy lines. It is with the Second Corps that these skirmishers were able to be at the front line when Lee surrendered at Appomattox Court House in 1865. The 26th was created on the 12th of December in 1862. It was then that they left Jackson, Michigan on track for Washington DC. As the 26th left Washington DC, they were at their peak size of 903 men.
Under the command of General Erasmus Keyes, the Michigan 26th Volunteer Infantry partook in one of their first “skirmishes” as they were assigned to New York to calm down the Draft Riots that were wreaking havoc on the city. These riots were caused when President Abraham Lincoln was made aware that the Union was running low on men. In an attempt to raise the number of Union troops he signed a bill requiring that all men who were American citizens between the ages of 20 and 35 and those who were unmarried between 35 and 45 were mandated to register for a draft lottery. The reason this bill sparked such an uproar is that someone who did not want to go to war could simply pay the government $300 and they would be exempt from joining the Union Army. This caused the poor and lower working class people to become enraged, causing them to revolt and riot, thus nearly destroying New York city. In October 1863, the 26th was stationed at Fort Richmond which is located on Staten Island (4).
This low morale that was seen in New York was also apparent for the troops who were had set up camp near Alexandria Virginia during the winter of 1863. Conditions were brutal that winter and many of the soldiers were unhappy with the current affairs of things. According to a letter sent home from 26th Michigan Infantry soldier Henry Arnold, there was preferential treatment on lodgings during that winter. In the letter he sent home in February 1863, he shares that he and his fellow troops are sleeping on the ground in tents, while the African American troops were quartered in houses. In his strong worded letter he is expressing his frustration at not only the Union Army but also towards President Abraham Lincoln (1). His letter is a first hand story, telling of how the morale was low during the winter of 1863 for the 26th Michigan Volunteer Infantry. Things would improve for the men the following spring, as they would be forced to engage in more brutal combat than they had previously seen.
After the 26th Michigan Infantry the winter of 1863, the 26th Michigan Infantry they advanced towards the Confederate lines with the Second Corps. The next major battle fought by the Michigan 26th Volunteer Infantry was the battle of Spotsylvania Court House. The battle of Spotsylvania Court House began May 8, 1864 and was fought until May 21, 1864. Although there was not a clear cut winner during the Battle of Spotsylvania Court House, both sides suffered heavy casualties. The Michigan 26th was not different in this regard as they had 27 men killed, 98 men who were wounded, and 14 men that were missing in action (4). The violence in this battle was written about in the diary of Benjamin Brock, a soldier in the 26th Michigan Infantry. It was during this battle, on May 12th 1864 he received a gunshot wound to his hand, nearly costing him said hand. In his diary he also mentions that he considered himself lucky as his comrade James was shot dead beside him (2). Benjamin Brock was one of many Union soldiers to be wounded or killed in this bloodbath of a battle.
After the 26th partook in the Battle of Spotsylvania Court House, they soon saw themselves face to face with nearly a year long siege. The 26th Michigan Volunteer Infantry took part in the decisive siege of Petersburg, Virginia. The siege of Petersburg was perhaps the biggest blow the Confederates would endure before the war ended. Petersburg housed a critical supply line that went to the capitol of the Confederacy, Richmond, Virginia. By time the Confederate city fell, almost a year had passed and many bloody attacks had been made. Perhaps the most popular of these attacks was the battle of the crater, in which explosives were planted by the Union under Confederate fortifications. This bloody battle was a foreshadowing of the trench warfare that would be seen in World War I, several years later. It was from the victory at the battle of Petersburg that the 26th Michigan Volunteer Infantry moved onto the final stage of the Civil War, Appomattox Courthouse Virginia.
It was at the Battle of Appomattox Courthouse that the Union troops had defeated General Robert E. Lee and the Confederates for the final time as the war was finally won there on April 9th, 1865. The 26th Michigan Infantry was lucky enough to get a front row seat to the signing of the treaty that would end the Civil War. According to the memoir of Webster K. Cole, a soldier in the 26th, he not only saw General Lee and General Grant ride up to the Mclean house, the location in which the treaty was signed, but also was part of the unit (26th) that was in charge of the final tasks that were completed in the month following the end of the Civil War. In his first hand experience with the 26th at Appomattox Courthouse he says:
GRANT AND LEE and their body guards came in then. Lee and his bunch of about 40 lined up on one side of the road, our band of 36 musicians on the other, and 10,000 Yanks passed in review while the band played “Hail to the Chief.” Then Grant and Lee rode away side by side and their staffs followed them in order. The 26th Michigan, as a mark of honor, was left to care for the rebs. We had five days’ rations in our haversacks and three days’ in the wagons. The supply train unloaded the three days’ rations to Lee’s quartermasters, loaded their empty arms into the emptied wagons and left. We stayed two days until they got their paroles signed and left for where God only knows, not for home for they had no homes. While on picket one night I counted 16 homes burning at one time, the cavalry boys doing the burning. They said “The rebs are doing the same thing down in my home in Ohio.” The last of the 26,000 left about three o’clock in the afternoon and we started for Washington Junction, 35 miles away. We made it the next day at dark, tired and hungry. (6)Webster K. Cole
As Cole says, although the war was over, the 26th was unable to just jump on a train and go home, they had to stay an extra month and help Appomattox settle into post-war life.
Finally on June 4, 1865, the 26th Michigan Volunteer Infantry would be mustered out and those brave men who served would finally get to resume their normal lives, or at least those who made it back home alive had that luxury. Of the total 998 men to serve in the 26th, 62 were killed in battle, 39 died later of wounds sustained, and another 158 men died of diseases contracted during the war. These numbers mean that the 26th Michigan Infantry had a casualty rate of 25.9%(4). These casualties were not spread evenly over their time as a unit, as the 26th did not see many battles their first couple years of the war. They were not engaged in many skirmishes until the beginning of 1864. In the reminiscences of 26th soldier Newton Thorne Kirk, the war may have sounded as if it were a “summer picnic”, but he tells that this feeling of ease was soon to be nonexistent as of May of 1964, and this sense of constant war would not end until April 1865 when the war ended(3). The fighting these brave men had to do between the Battle of Spotsylvania until the end of the war was nothing short of impressive, as they had to endure brutal battles. The 26th Michigan Volunteer Infantry is known throughout the small town of Fowlerville, Michigan as they sent many men into that unit. The statue located at the front of the cemetery in which many of those men are buried, serves as a reminder that we should remember the sacrifice, and the service that these men gave our nation.
- Arnold, H. “The American Civil War Collection: Arnold“.
- Brock, B. “The American Civil War Collection: Brock“
- Kirk, N. “The American Civil War Collection: Kirk“
- “26th Regiment MichiganVolunteer Infantry.” 26th Regiment Michigan Infantry.
- Barcousky, Len. “Eyewitness 1865: Local Civil War Veterans Saluted upon their Return.“..
- Cole, W. “A Michigander Gets His War Story.” Civil War Times, 42(5), 24–28. n.p.: n.p., 26 .
- Hutchins, R.G. “Fowlerville Goes to War 1861-1865: Livingston County, Michigan.” | 2,225 | ENGLISH | 1 |
In Ms. G’s class in New Jersey, they did this exciting Christmas tree craft!
They cut watercolor sheets into strips of different lengths and then talked about how to best assemble their trees before doing so.
First students were asked what 2D shape would be best to make a Christmas tree out of, and they responded how a triangle would work well.
Then the class was asked what part of a Christmas tree is the biggest and they said how it is the bottom.
After that was established it was discussed how the class would create a triangular Christmas tree while utilizing strips of paper that were rectangular.
It was decided they would create the shape of a tree by layering the shorter strips of paper on top of the longer ones as the tree, “Moved up.”
Designing the Tree
After it was discussed how the Christmas tree would look, students started preparing it by laying-out the tree shape on their paper right before they started gluing the strips down.
This was a fantastic way to explore the length and support of student’s spatial awareness skills. Once it was clear how the tree would look the class began gluing-on their strips for the tree. The final result was gorge
New Jersey, USA
Click Here for Even More Activity and Craft Ideas | <urn:uuid:e875852f-4513-4d82-a240-41ca846e8b2d> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | http://teachersmag.com/posts/christmas-tree-craft-preschool/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250626449.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124221147-20200125010147-00434.warc.gz | en | 0.98301 | 267 | 3.875 | 4 | [
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0.565749228000640... | 2 | In Ms. G’s class in New Jersey, they did this exciting Christmas tree craft!
They cut watercolor sheets into strips of different lengths and then talked about how to best assemble their trees before doing so.
First students were asked what 2D shape would be best to make a Christmas tree out of, and they responded how a triangle would work well.
Then the class was asked what part of a Christmas tree is the biggest and they said how it is the bottom.
After that was established it was discussed how the class would create a triangular Christmas tree while utilizing strips of paper that were rectangular.
It was decided they would create the shape of a tree by layering the shorter strips of paper on top of the longer ones as the tree, “Moved up.”
Designing the Tree
After it was discussed how the Christmas tree would look, students started preparing it by laying-out the tree shape on their paper right before they started gluing the strips down.
This was a fantastic way to explore the length and support of student’s spatial awareness skills. Once it was clear how the tree would look the class began gluing-on their strips for the tree. The final result was gorge
New Jersey, USA
Click Here for Even More Activity and Craft Ideas | 251 | ENGLISH | 1 |
The map of Jansson-Visscher
The famous Jansson-Visscher map of New Netherland was first released in 1650. The map listed the names of numerous indigenous tribes and settlements, which suggests that the Dutch traders knew the importance of knowing the names of their indigenous suppliers and where they lived. It makes this map an important resource for anyone who wants to study the history of the original inhabitants of North America.
This map provides a detailed view of the area that, by 1650, was known as New England. At the time, map making was big business and demand was high. It would be inaccurate to say that their content was insignificant. In fact, they were detailed, accurate, and are important resources for research. | <urn:uuid:52b753a9-e865-4f8a-afe6-1b6d78773273> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | http://newnetherland.net/nn/?project=kaart-1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250606975.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122101729-20200122130729-00063.warc.gz | en | 0.986692 | 151 | 3.90625 | 4 | [
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0.15549641847610... | 6 | The map of Jansson-Visscher
The famous Jansson-Visscher map of New Netherland was first released in 1650. The map listed the names of numerous indigenous tribes and settlements, which suggests that the Dutch traders knew the importance of knowing the names of their indigenous suppliers and where they lived. It makes this map an important resource for anyone who wants to study the history of the original inhabitants of North America.
This map provides a detailed view of the area that, by 1650, was known as New England. At the time, map making was big business and demand was high. It would be inaccurate to say that their content was insignificant. In fact, they were detailed, accurate, and are important resources for research. | 155 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Like many people of this time period Beethoven was affected by the French Revolution, the enlightenment and romantic periods; in 1789 the French Revolution was raging and people were dying. The French general Napoleon defeated France’s enemies and inspired Beethoven with ideas of freedom and equality. It was because those inspirations that Beethoven was going to dedicated his Third Symphony, Erocia which means heroic to him, that was until Napoleon decided to declared himself emperor, which made him so angry that he viciously scratched out the dedication. (Alvarez 2006-2007)
He was also influence by nature and especially the country side. This is evident by his sixth Symphony, Pastoral which means simple country, below are the titles for each movement of this Symphony “Awakening of Cheerful Feelings upon Arrival in the Country,” “Scene by the Brook,” Merrymaking of Country Folk,” “Thunder Storm,” and “Song of the Shepard’s, Joy and Gratitude after the Storm.” Along with other musical composition Beethoven was a man of head of his time. He was a classicalist but he should have been a romantic. In fact it is because of him that the Romantic period of music was started. Just like Frank Schubert he drew on poets like Goethe and Schiller for his songs. Just the stirring emotions of his compositions gets my vote for being a romantic.
Most biographers tend to divide Beethoven life into three stages. I will continue with this practice event though this is just summarized version of events that took placed due Ludwig van Beethoven’s Life. His career is divided into Early, Middle and Late Periods. Early general is thought to be from birth to 1802, the middle from 1803 to 1814, and the late period from 1815 to his death. Beethoven’s work strongly influenced by Haydn and Mozart until he begins to explore new direction and gradually expanded the scope and ambition of his work. The middle period is thought to begin shortly after his personal crisis brought about by his recognition of his deafness. This period include large-scale works that express heroism and struggle. The late period is thought to begin around 1815. This period is characterized by the intellectual depth, formal innovation, intensity and high personal expression. (Ludwig van Beethoven 2011)
Born December 16, 1770; although there is some debate about his actual date of birth, but according to traditions of that time period children were christened within 24-hours of their birth and Ludwig van Beethoven was christened on December 17, 1770 at the Parish of St. Regius. He was born to Johann and Magdalena Keverich van Beethoven of Flemish descent at 515 Bonngasse, Bonn Germany.
Eyewitness said that Johann was and ill-tempered man who would beat music lessons into his young son. There is speculation that he would force the young Ludwig to play the violin for his father’s drunken friends. ... | <urn:uuid:9125eec1-2418-4c81-8bbe-eef2c5bceb15> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://brightkite.com/essay-on/beethoven-20 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251700988.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127143516-20200127173516-00290.warc.gz | en | 0.98513 | 639 | 3.484375 | 3 | [
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-0.019244473427534... | 1 | Like many people of this time period Beethoven was affected by the French Revolution, the enlightenment and romantic periods; in 1789 the French Revolution was raging and people were dying. The French general Napoleon defeated France’s enemies and inspired Beethoven with ideas of freedom and equality. It was because those inspirations that Beethoven was going to dedicated his Third Symphony, Erocia which means heroic to him, that was until Napoleon decided to declared himself emperor, which made him so angry that he viciously scratched out the dedication. (Alvarez 2006-2007)
He was also influence by nature and especially the country side. This is evident by his sixth Symphony, Pastoral which means simple country, below are the titles for each movement of this Symphony “Awakening of Cheerful Feelings upon Arrival in the Country,” “Scene by the Brook,” Merrymaking of Country Folk,” “Thunder Storm,” and “Song of the Shepard’s, Joy and Gratitude after the Storm.” Along with other musical composition Beethoven was a man of head of his time. He was a classicalist but he should have been a romantic. In fact it is because of him that the Romantic period of music was started. Just like Frank Schubert he drew on poets like Goethe and Schiller for his songs. Just the stirring emotions of his compositions gets my vote for being a romantic.
Most biographers tend to divide Beethoven life into three stages. I will continue with this practice event though this is just summarized version of events that took placed due Ludwig van Beethoven’s Life. His career is divided into Early, Middle and Late Periods. Early general is thought to be from birth to 1802, the middle from 1803 to 1814, and the late period from 1815 to his death. Beethoven’s work strongly influenced by Haydn and Mozart until he begins to explore new direction and gradually expanded the scope and ambition of his work. The middle period is thought to begin shortly after his personal crisis brought about by his recognition of his deafness. This period include large-scale works that express heroism and struggle. The late period is thought to begin around 1815. This period is characterized by the intellectual depth, formal innovation, intensity and high personal expression. (Ludwig van Beethoven 2011)
Born December 16, 1770; although there is some debate about his actual date of birth, but according to traditions of that time period children were christened within 24-hours of their birth and Ludwig van Beethoven was christened on December 17, 1770 at the Parish of St. Regius. He was born to Johann and Magdalena Keverich van Beethoven of Flemish descent at 515 Bonngasse, Bonn Germany.
Eyewitness said that Johann was and ill-tempered man who would beat music lessons into his young son. There is speculation that he would force the young Ludwig to play the violin for his father’s drunken friends. ... | 639 | ENGLISH | 1 |
The coded name OmahaBeach refers to the invasion of the Normandy in 1944 during the Second World War. The beach is located in France at the coast of Normandy and provides a link between the British and the American landings. History identifies this beach as the ideal defensive position for the Germans. This is because of the topographical structure characteristic of the beach; an enclosed battlefield is surrounded by cliffs. The allied forces apparently took a risk in this attack by approaching the beach directly from the sea. This exposed them to the line of fire from the defending German forces. Many individuals lost their lives during the attack.
In planning their attacks, the allied forces failed to review historical occurrences, which would have helped in reducing the number of casualties. The defending German forces had been prepared for the attacks by setting up their defensive machinery along the beach. The allied forces, on the other hand, had seemingly been working out their attack plans for a long period. This entailed gathering information that would enable them to outdo the German forces. It was in their favor that they had a strong air force and numerous ships which would enable them to take control of the sea. The armored tanks were to be used as a form of cover for the soldiers. However, this never came to be following the unfavorable weather conditions that disrupted the plans of the allied group (Rickard, 2009).
In their tactical mission, the allied forces had divided their forces into groups. This would enable them to take the German forces by surprise as each group followed its predecessor after a set time. The air forces were the first to pose their attack on the beach. This was a strategy to provide cover for the infantry. Soldiers were delivered along the shores of the sea in ships; however, the disruptive weather led to a great loss of armory. This left the allied forces at the mercy of the German forces that lay in wait for the attacks.
Official history map displaying the Corps’ D-day objectives (Cromwell, 2012)
The American soldiers divided the beach into a number of sections to enable them take over the Omaha and overwhelm the German soldiers. Different troops were given distinctive destinations with the preliminary attacks being made by the two Regimental Combat Teams.
Following a thorough preparation of the soldiers, the allied fleets were delivered in the Normandy coast. Ships assigned for transportation took position, and the assault was set to begin. The strong tidal waves and winds, however, introduced challenges for the soldiers. The majority of the troops was drifted to different destinations from their prescribed landings. This disadvantaged the soldiers who were required to formulate new strategies for the attack. Others were unfortunate and lost their lives very soon in the sea. The majority of the soldiers lost their armory in the confusion whereas others had to disarm to wade off the deep waters. Under these conditions, the soldiers were left exhausted from fighting for their lives and struggling to find a way through the sea waves (Lewis, 2001).
This weak start off for the allied forces and the loss of soldiers as well as armory was far more than what the soldiers had been prepared for. The surviving soldiers did not lose hope and kept surging forward unarmed ready to face their fate. The engineers who came in superior landing crafts followed this first group. However, the German forces being already in position and advantaged with the beach topography destroyed these immediately. This further put the American team in jeopardy. A number of the soldiers were able to make it to a strip where they took a rest and evaluated what the next move should be. The soldiers were confused whether to remain as they were and await the instructions of their leaders or make their own decision and move ahead with the attack.
Phases of Operations/Key Events
Despite the prior hiccups, the attacks continued. The survivors of the initial attacks reorganized themselves. Supportive firearms were delivered to the soldiers by the destroyer team. This appeared to be the only unfailing breakthrough for the soldiers. The destroyers were able to move further towards the Germans and managed to destroy a number of their defense positions. Communication, which had been destroyed at the start of the attacks, was restored between the destroyers and the naval team; this enabled the allied forces to regain their composure and continue with their mission.
This co-ordination paved way for the second troop, which forged forward following directives from their leaders. This attracted the landing of more troops. A number of the troop leaders was also ashore trying to reorganize their attack strategies. Courageous soldiers attempted to cross the minefields, which led to losing their lives on the way. However, this did not deter the determination of the soldiers. They were finally able to cut their way through the fields and reach the foot of the bluff. This provided a way for the soldiers who seemingly worked their way up the obstacles (Lewis, 2001).
The allied forces were now at a lateral position to fight the German forces at a close range. Hand grenades were now the main source of destruction. With a way through to reach the higher grounds of the beach where the German troops had been taking cover, the allied forces were placed at a fair battlefield. They had the same advantage as their opponents. These advances helped in the breaching of the German territory, progress was made inland and the allied forces were able to take over most parts of the Omaha. This put the German forces at a disadvantage, which did not allow them room to stage a counter attack. American forces kept landing on the beach even in the late night. They could not allow the breakthrough be jeopardized.
Outcome of the Battle of Omaha Beach
The American forces managed to take over the OmahaBeach from the Germans after gaining an advantage in the first day of the attacks. This is in spite of the original hiccups at the start of the attacks. During the next days, focus was put on merging the conquered beachheads into one supply area, a mission that took time to establish. This victory, however, led to the loss of lives of many soldiers. The number of casualties on that day is usually unknown as approximate values have been provided through history. There was massive destruction of equipment and machinery which seemingly outlined the shore of the beach.
Different troops took over different villages inland. The OmahaBeach was established as one of the two Mulberry Harbors. A breakwater was formulated from the scampering of ships. This formed an offloading point for supplies of equipment and support soldiers. The injured soldiers were also taken from the battlefields in the same way the supplies came in. Currently, the remains of the unfolding events can be identified during the low tides.
A cemetery is on the Eastern side of the Omaha Beach. This is in honor of the courageous soldiers who gave their lives while serving their country. This is a symbolic reflection of the occurrences of the battle that led to the taking over of the presently attractive beach of Omaha. Currently, the American government has established a visitor’s center near the cemetery where individuals can go and view films of the historic events. The American Military usually maintain and manage this cemetery. The terrifying visionary at the battlefield of Omaha is acclaimed to still haunt the soldiers that survived the attacks.
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Most popular orders | <urn:uuid:e5d05f31-8bac-4a01-bd35-93190fc27307> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://exclusivepapers.com/essays/informative/wwii-battle-of-omaha.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250589560.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20200117123339-20200117151339-00109.warc.gz | en | 0.983225 | 1,541 | 3.78125 | 4 | [
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0.38413810729980... | 1 | The coded name OmahaBeach refers to the invasion of the Normandy in 1944 during the Second World War. The beach is located in France at the coast of Normandy and provides a link between the British and the American landings. History identifies this beach as the ideal defensive position for the Germans. This is because of the topographical structure characteristic of the beach; an enclosed battlefield is surrounded by cliffs. The allied forces apparently took a risk in this attack by approaching the beach directly from the sea. This exposed them to the line of fire from the defending German forces. Many individuals lost their lives during the attack.
In planning their attacks, the allied forces failed to review historical occurrences, which would have helped in reducing the number of casualties. The defending German forces had been prepared for the attacks by setting up their defensive machinery along the beach. The allied forces, on the other hand, had seemingly been working out their attack plans for a long period. This entailed gathering information that would enable them to outdo the German forces. It was in their favor that they had a strong air force and numerous ships which would enable them to take control of the sea. The armored tanks were to be used as a form of cover for the soldiers. However, this never came to be following the unfavorable weather conditions that disrupted the plans of the allied group (Rickard, 2009).
In their tactical mission, the allied forces had divided their forces into groups. This would enable them to take the German forces by surprise as each group followed its predecessor after a set time. The air forces were the first to pose their attack on the beach. This was a strategy to provide cover for the infantry. Soldiers were delivered along the shores of the sea in ships; however, the disruptive weather led to a great loss of armory. This left the allied forces at the mercy of the German forces that lay in wait for the attacks.
Official history map displaying the Corps’ D-day objectives (Cromwell, 2012)
The American soldiers divided the beach into a number of sections to enable them take over the Omaha and overwhelm the German soldiers. Different troops were given distinctive destinations with the preliminary attacks being made by the two Regimental Combat Teams.
Following a thorough preparation of the soldiers, the allied fleets were delivered in the Normandy coast. Ships assigned for transportation took position, and the assault was set to begin. The strong tidal waves and winds, however, introduced challenges for the soldiers. The majority of the troops was drifted to different destinations from their prescribed landings. This disadvantaged the soldiers who were required to formulate new strategies for the attack. Others were unfortunate and lost their lives very soon in the sea. The majority of the soldiers lost their armory in the confusion whereas others had to disarm to wade off the deep waters. Under these conditions, the soldiers were left exhausted from fighting for their lives and struggling to find a way through the sea waves (Lewis, 2001).
This weak start off for the allied forces and the loss of soldiers as well as armory was far more than what the soldiers had been prepared for. The surviving soldiers did not lose hope and kept surging forward unarmed ready to face their fate. The engineers who came in superior landing crafts followed this first group. However, the German forces being already in position and advantaged with the beach topography destroyed these immediately. This further put the American team in jeopardy. A number of the soldiers were able to make it to a strip where they took a rest and evaluated what the next move should be. The soldiers were confused whether to remain as they were and await the instructions of their leaders or make their own decision and move ahead with the attack.
Phases of Operations/Key Events
Despite the prior hiccups, the attacks continued. The survivors of the initial attacks reorganized themselves. Supportive firearms were delivered to the soldiers by the destroyer team. This appeared to be the only unfailing breakthrough for the soldiers. The destroyers were able to move further towards the Germans and managed to destroy a number of their defense positions. Communication, which had been destroyed at the start of the attacks, was restored between the destroyers and the naval team; this enabled the allied forces to regain their composure and continue with their mission.
This co-ordination paved way for the second troop, which forged forward following directives from their leaders. This attracted the landing of more troops. A number of the troop leaders was also ashore trying to reorganize their attack strategies. Courageous soldiers attempted to cross the minefields, which led to losing their lives on the way. However, this did not deter the determination of the soldiers. They were finally able to cut their way through the fields and reach the foot of the bluff. This provided a way for the soldiers who seemingly worked their way up the obstacles (Lewis, 2001).
The allied forces were now at a lateral position to fight the German forces at a close range. Hand grenades were now the main source of destruction. With a way through to reach the higher grounds of the beach where the German troops had been taking cover, the allied forces were placed at a fair battlefield. They had the same advantage as their opponents. These advances helped in the breaching of the German territory, progress was made inland and the allied forces were able to take over most parts of the Omaha. This put the German forces at a disadvantage, which did not allow them room to stage a counter attack. American forces kept landing on the beach even in the late night. They could not allow the breakthrough be jeopardized.
Outcome of the Battle of Omaha Beach
The American forces managed to take over the OmahaBeach from the Germans after gaining an advantage in the first day of the attacks. This is in spite of the original hiccups at the start of the attacks. During the next days, focus was put on merging the conquered beachheads into one supply area, a mission that took time to establish. This victory, however, led to the loss of lives of many soldiers. The number of casualties on that day is usually unknown as approximate values have been provided through history. There was massive destruction of equipment and machinery which seemingly outlined the shore of the beach.
Different troops took over different villages inland. The OmahaBeach was established as one of the two Mulberry Harbors. A breakwater was formulated from the scampering of ships. This formed an offloading point for supplies of equipment and support soldiers. The injured soldiers were also taken from the battlefields in the same way the supplies came in. Currently, the remains of the unfolding events can be identified during the low tides.
A cemetery is on the Eastern side of the Omaha Beach. This is in honor of the courageous soldiers who gave their lives while serving their country. This is a symbolic reflection of the occurrences of the battle that led to the taking over of the presently attractive beach of Omaha. Currently, the American government has established a visitor’s center near the cemetery where individuals can go and view films of the historic events. The American Military usually maintain and manage this cemetery. The terrifying visionary at the battlefield of Omaha is acclaimed to still haunt the soldiers that survived the attacks.
Related Free Informative Essays
- Rewarding Volunteers
- Recreation and Wellness Intranet Project
- Legal aspects of carbon trading
- Solving Air Pollution Problem
- Human Sexuality
- What Is a Good Human Life and How Should It Be Lived
- The Blue and the Gray: New York During the Civil War
- History of Porn
- Cultural Conflict
- Naturopathic Medicine
Most popular orders | 1,551 | ENGLISH | 1 |
There are many reasons that the American Civil has attracted substantial and sustained popular and academic attention, but at the heart of any explanation must be the multitude of voices. In many respects, the war gave voice to all sorts of Americans, everyone from top military commanders planning strategy to illiterate civilians scrawling an "X" onto petitions addressed to public officials.
The History Learning Site, 25 Mar A common assumption to explain the cause of the American Civil War was that the North was no longer willing to tolerate slavery as being part of the fabric of US society and that the political power brokers in Washington were planning to abolish slavery throughout the Union.
Therefore for many people slavery is the key issue to explain the causes of the American Civil War. By America could not be seen as being a homogenous society. Clearly defined areas could be identified that had different outlooks and different values.
This was later to be seen in the North versus South divide that created the two sides in the war.
The area relied on exports to markets in Western Europe and the class structure that could be found in the UK, for example, was mimicked in the southern states.
Social advancement was possible but invariably it was done within the senior families of a state, who were the economic, political and legal brokers of their state on behalf of the people in that state.
Within this structure was the wealth that these families had accrued. It cannot be denied that a huge part of this wealth came from the fact that the plantation owners oriented the work on their plantations around slave labour.
As abhorrent as it may be to those in the C21st, slavery was simply seen as part of the southern way of life. When the dark clouds of war gathered inmany in the South saw their very way of life being threatened.
Part of that was slavery but it was not the only part. The North The North was almost in complete contrast to the South. In the lead up to Aprilthe North was industrialising at a very fast rate. Entrepreneurs were accepted and, in fact, were seen as being vital to the further industrial development of America.
You did not have to stay in your social place and social mobility was common. For example, Samuel Colt was born in Connecticut into a relatively poor background.
Whether he could have done this in the South is a moot topic. Cornelius Vanderbilt is another example. Whether a man who came from the Netherlands could have forced his way into the social hierarchy of the South is again a question open to debate. The North was also a cosmopolitan mixture of nationalities and religions — far more so than the South.
There can be little doubt that there were important groups in the North that were anti-slavery and wanted its abolition throughout the Union. While they had their freedom and were paid, their lifestyle was at best very harsh. While the two sides that made up the American Civil War were apart in many areas, it became worse when the perception in the South was that the North would try to impose its values on the South.
InSouth Carolina passed an act that declared that Federal tariff legislation of and could not be enforced onto states and that after February 1st the tariffs would not be recognised in the state.
Congress pushed through the Force Bill that enabled the President to use military force to bring any state into line with regards to implementing Federal law. On this occasion the threat of military force worked.
People in South Carolina vowed, however, it would be the last time. Slavery and the American Civil War It was now that slavery became mixed up with state rights — just how much power a state had compared to federal authority. State rights became intermingled with slavery. The key issue was whether slavery would be allowed in the newly created states that were joining the Union.
Kansas was officially opened to settlement in and there was a rush to settle in the state between those who supported slavery and those who opposed it.
However on January 29thKansas was admitted to the Union as a slave-free state. Many in the traditional slave states saw this as the first step towards abolishing slavery throughout the Union and thus the destruction of the southern way of life.The Short, Savage Life of A Civil War Guerrilla by Albert Castel and Thomas Goodrich Words Feb 22nd, 4 Pages Not only was this war the bloodiest war in history but it help shape and develop some of the most gruesome and ferocious men.
Kids learn about the many causes of the Civil War including slavery, states' rights, expansion, industry, Abraham Lincoln, and secession. Causes of the Civil War Parents and Teachers: Support Ducksters by following us on or. The Events That Caused The American Civil War Causes Of The Civil War Summary States’ Rights The Missouri Compromise The Dred Scott Decision The Abolitionist Movement Abolitionist John Brown John Brown’s Raid On Harpers Ferry Slavery In America Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Harriet Beecher Stowe Uncle Tom’s Cabin Secessionism Abraham Lincoln’s Election Civil War Causes .
Nepal, the home of Mount Everest, has been gripped in recent years by civil war. A new paper by Harvard Business School professor Lakshmi Iyer and Quy-Toan Do of the World Bank looked at the roots of Nepal's conflict from a variety of angles.
For the future, investing in poverty reduction strategies. By April , slavery had become inextricably entwined with state rights, the power of the federal government over the states, the South’s ‘way of life’ etc.
– all of which made a major contribution to the causes of the American Civil War. The Civil War was also the first modern war on the continent (and, perhaps, the globe), and the only conflict in U.S. history fought entirely on the nation's soil.
One and done, guys. Take the fighting outside the country next time. | <urn:uuid:205c8d45-1d7f-49e8-8e19-5ef528232dd3> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://mybusel.ashio-midori.com/an-analysis-of-the-causes-of-the-civil-war-by-jay-dub-41967wi.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250606226.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121222429-20200122011429-00226.warc.gz | en | 0.981989 | 1,209 | 3.546875 | 4 | [
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0.2239859104156... | 2 | There are many reasons that the American Civil has attracted substantial and sustained popular and academic attention, but at the heart of any explanation must be the multitude of voices. In many respects, the war gave voice to all sorts of Americans, everyone from top military commanders planning strategy to illiterate civilians scrawling an "X" onto petitions addressed to public officials.
The History Learning Site, 25 Mar A common assumption to explain the cause of the American Civil War was that the North was no longer willing to tolerate slavery as being part of the fabric of US society and that the political power brokers in Washington were planning to abolish slavery throughout the Union.
Therefore for many people slavery is the key issue to explain the causes of the American Civil War. By America could not be seen as being a homogenous society. Clearly defined areas could be identified that had different outlooks and different values.
This was later to be seen in the North versus South divide that created the two sides in the war.
The area relied on exports to markets in Western Europe and the class structure that could be found in the UK, for example, was mimicked in the southern states.
Social advancement was possible but invariably it was done within the senior families of a state, who were the economic, political and legal brokers of their state on behalf of the people in that state.
Within this structure was the wealth that these families had accrued. It cannot be denied that a huge part of this wealth came from the fact that the plantation owners oriented the work on their plantations around slave labour.
As abhorrent as it may be to those in the C21st, slavery was simply seen as part of the southern way of life. When the dark clouds of war gathered inmany in the South saw their very way of life being threatened.
Part of that was slavery but it was not the only part. The North The North was almost in complete contrast to the South. In the lead up to Aprilthe North was industrialising at a very fast rate. Entrepreneurs were accepted and, in fact, were seen as being vital to the further industrial development of America.
You did not have to stay in your social place and social mobility was common. For example, Samuel Colt was born in Connecticut into a relatively poor background.
Whether he could have done this in the South is a moot topic. Cornelius Vanderbilt is another example. Whether a man who came from the Netherlands could have forced his way into the social hierarchy of the South is again a question open to debate. The North was also a cosmopolitan mixture of nationalities and religions — far more so than the South.
There can be little doubt that there were important groups in the North that were anti-slavery and wanted its abolition throughout the Union. While they had their freedom and were paid, their lifestyle was at best very harsh. While the two sides that made up the American Civil War were apart in many areas, it became worse when the perception in the South was that the North would try to impose its values on the South.
InSouth Carolina passed an act that declared that Federal tariff legislation of and could not be enforced onto states and that after February 1st the tariffs would not be recognised in the state.
Congress pushed through the Force Bill that enabled the President to use military force to bring any state into line with regards to implementing Federal law. On this occasion the threat of military force worked.
People in South Carolina vowed, however, it would be the last time. Slavery and the American Civil War It was now that slavery became mixed up with state rights — just how much power a state had compared to federal authority. State rights became intermingled with slavery. The key issue was whether slavery would be allowed in the newly created states that were joining the Union.
Kansas was officially opened to settlement in and there was a rush to settle in the state between those who supported slavery and those who opposed it.
However on January 29thKansas was admitted to the Union as a slave-free state. Many in the traditional slave states saw this as the first step towards abolishing slavery throughout the Union and thus the destruction of the southern way of life.The Short, Savage Life of A Civil War Guerrilla by Albert Castel and Thomas Goodrich Words Feb 22nd, 4 Pages Not only was this war the bloodiest war in history but it help shape and develop some of the most gruesome and ferocious men.
Kids learn about the many causes of the Civil War including slavery, states' rights, expansion, industry, Abraham Lincoln, and secession. Causes of the Civil War Parents and Teachers: Support Ducksters by following us on or. The Events That Caused The American Civil War Causes Of The Civil War Summary States’ Rights The Missouri Compromise The Dred Scott Decision The Abolitionist Movement Abolitionist John Brown John Brown’s Raid On Harpers Ferry Slavery In America Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Harriet Beecher Stowe Uncle Tom’s Cabin Secessionism Abraham Lincoln’s Election Civil War Causes .
Nepal, the home of Mount Everest, has been gripped in recent years by civil war. A new paper by Harvard Business School professor Lakshmi Iyer and Quy-Toan Do of the World Bank looked at the roots of Nepal's conflict from a variety of angles.
For the future, investing in poverty reduction strategies. By April , slavery had become inextricably entwined with state rights, the power of the federal government over the states, the South’s ‘way of life’ etc.
– all of which made a major contribution to the causes of the American Civil War. The Civil War was also the first modern war on the continent (and, perhaps, the globe), and the only conflict in U.S. history fought entirely on the nation's soil.
One and done, guys. Take the fighting outside the country next time. | 1,190 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was born on January 27th 1756 in Salzburg, Austria to Leopold Mozart, who was also a composer and violinist, and his wife Anna Maria Pertl. The couple had seven children but only two survived. Wolfgang Amadeus and Anna born in 1951.
The young Wolfgang showed musical promise from a very early age. At just 4 years old he could play the same pieces as his sister who was 5 years older than him. By the age of just 5 it is said that he had composed his very first minuet and that by the age of 9 he was composing symphonies. In 1792 Mozart’s father took both his children on a tour around Vienna, on the tour the family performed for members of the nobility. Anna played piano and Wolfgang played both the piano and the violin. A longer tour of Europe was planned by the children’s father in 1763 and the children again performed in various courts in several countries. At the age of 14 Mozart was commissioned to compose an opera – his very first – entitled Mitridate, re di Ponto.
Mozart’s father was keen for his son to make a living from his talent as part of a nobleman’s court rather than on his own as he considered this to be the more stable option, however it was difficult for Mozart to find such a position as most courts were not prepared to take on a composer so young – despite Mozart’s obvious talent. Eventually Mozart found employment in his late adolescence/early twenties with the Prince-Archbishop of Salzburg. He continued to look for work elsewhere as he found life in provincial Salzburg too limiting. He was also frustrated by his father, who sabotaged any chance of romance for the young Mozart, who was keen to keep his son working to earn enough to support the whole family.
In 1781 Mozart clashed bitterly with the Prince-Archbishop and resigned from his post. His father opposed the resignation but 25-year-old Mozart had finally had enough. Mozart moved to Vienna to work as a freelance composer and musician although he continued to look for a position with an aristocratic court. Mozart further angered his father by marrying Constanze Weber, a singer from a poor family in 1782.
For 9 years Mozart worked in Vienna composing and playing music but also teaching the subject. It was during his time in Vienna that he wrote some of his best-loved and most famous works. The later part of Mozart’s life was troubled with financial problems. Despite a growing reputation as a composer he never seemed to have enough money. The death of his father also troubled him greatly particularly as the two men were never fully reconciled after Mozart left for Vienna against his father’s wishes. At the age of just 35 in 1791 Mozart died from what was known as a ‘military’ fever. | <urn:uuid:220ca76a-fad3-4918-99fa-0d5519d6e01c> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://welovevinylrecords.wordpress.com/2011/02/19/mozart-a-short-biography/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250619323.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124100832-20200124125832-00045.warc.gz | en | 0.996026 | 614 | 3.375 | 3 | [
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0.125183463096... | 1 | Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was born on January 27th 1756 in Salzburg, Austria to Leopold Mozart, who was also a composer and violinist, and his wife Anna Maria Pertl. The couple had seven children but only two survived. Wolfgang Amadeus and Anna born in 1951.
The young Wolfgang showed musical promise from a very early age. At just 4 years old he could play the same pieces as his sister who was 5 years older than him. By the age of just 5 it is said that he had composed his very first minuet and that by the age of 9 he was composing symphonies. In 1792 Mozart’s father took both his children on a tour around Vienna, on the tour the family performed for members of the nobility. Anna played piano and Wolfgang played both the piano and the violin. A longer tour of Europe was planned by the children’s father in 1763 and the children again performed in various courts in several countries. At the age of 14 Mozart was commissioned to compose an opera – his very first – entitled Mitridate, re di Ponto.
Mozart’s father was keen for his son to make a living from his talent as part of a nobleman’s court rather than on his own as he considered this to be the more stable option, however it was difficult for Mozart to find such a position as most courts were not prepared to take on a composer so young – despite Mozart’s obvious talent. Eventually Mozart found employment in his late adolescence/early twenties with the Prince-Archbishop of Salzburg. He continued to look for work elsewhere as he found life in provincial Salzburg too limiting. He was also frustrated by his father, who sabotaged any chance of romance for the young Mozart, who was keen to keep his son working to earn enough to support the whole family.
In 1781 Mozart clashed bitterly with the Prince-Archbishop and resigned from his post. His father opposed the resignation but 25-year-old Mozart had finally had enough. Mozart moved to Vienna to work as a freelance composer and musician although he continued to look for a position with an aristocratic court. Mozart further angered his father by marrying Constanze Weber, a singer from a poor family in 1782.
For 9 years Mozart worked in Vienna composing and playing music but also teaching the subject. It was during his time in Vienna that he wrote some of his best-loved and most famous works. The later part of Mozart’s life was troubled with financial problems. Despite a growing reputation as a composer he never seemed to have enough money. The death of his father also troubled him greatly particularly as the two men were never fully reconciled after Mozart left for Vienna against his father’s wishes. At the age of just 35 in 1791 Mozart died from what was known as a ‘military’ fever. | 608 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Beowulf is an Old English epic poem created anywhere from 975 to 1025. In the poem, Beowulf, a warrior and commander, faces dangerous beasts and magical creatures. He fights them to protect those who need help and cannot stand up to their enemies. The poem is considered an extremely important piece of Old English literature. It showcases everyday life of Anglo-Saxon tribes in the 6th century, provides historical evidence of certain events, and ties together many Scandinavian tales, historical events and myths.
In this article, we will look at Beowulf and all of the supporting characters around him.
Beowulf is the main character of the poem. He comes to help king Hrothgar, whose army was being terrorized by Grendel. Beowulf kills Grendel, and then kills Grendel’s mother—who came after Beowulf to avenge her son. He then becomes king of Geatland, but his reign as king was not peaceful; he gets attacked by a fire-breathing dragon. The dragon hurts Beowulf so badly that Beowulf dies from his wounds.
When speaking about his character traits, first and foremost, Beowulf is associated with bravery. There are numerous occasions to which he shows how fearless he is in fights against beasts and mysterious creatures. In the text we come across such narrative that portrays his bravery:
"When he comes to me
I mean to stand, not run from his shooting
Flames, stand till fate decides
Which of us wins. My heart is firm,
My hands calm: I need no hot
("Beowulf", lines 2456-2461)
Here Beowulf says that his “heart is firm”, which alludes that he is ready to face the dragon and stand up against him no matter how strong the dragon might be. This suggests that Beowulf is fearless, even though he knew that on his own he did not stand a chance against the dragon.
Another trait of character immanent to Beowulf is strength. He says:
"But the truth
Is simple: no man swims in the sea
As I can, no strength is a match for mine"
("Beowulf", lines 602-605)
Even though it might sound that Beowulf was showing off, and that all his words were just words, readers have an opportunity to see proof of his testimony throughout the poem. They see him beat Grendel and his mother with ease, realizing that, indeed, he was the strongest of all. He killed Grendel by ripping his arm out of his socket with the strength of 30 men.
Besides being a brave and strong warrior, Beowulf is also characterized as a very wise and righteous king who ruled over Geatland. He managed to free his land and kingdom from wars and conflicts with other tribes. And he reigned peacefully for over 50 years until he was killed by the dragon.
The role of Beowulf in the poem is to show an example of a strong and brave warrior whose actions speak for themselves. Not only was he a skilled warrior, but also a wise, good king and a true hero.
You might also be interested in reading Beowulf summary
Hrothgar was the King of the Danes. He is portrayed as a very good ruler and a wise king, loved by his people. He built a beautiful mead-hall for his tribe. Unfortunately, he was too old to face Grendel. Grendel was strong, and everyone, including Hrothgar, feared him and his rage. Hrothgar’s children were way too young to stand up against Grendel as well. This is when Beowulf came along to save Hrothgar, his family and the army from the terrible beast. Hrothgar showed his gratitude in regards to Beowulf’s loyalty by gifting him armor, horses, gold, and many other gifts. The author trivializes Hrothgar role, for he was a great king unable to face the monster.
When Beowulf, who had already become the king of Geats, decided to stand up against the flame-breathing dragon who terrorized his land and people, he surrounded himself by many men who agreed to join him in the vicious fight. Although, when the dragon showed up, out of all of the men, only Wiglaf stayed and fought in deadly combat alongside Beowulf.
"Your deeds are famous, so stay resolute, my lord
Defend your life now with the whole of your strength.
I shall stand by you."
(Beowulf, lines 2666-68)
It’s in these lines where we see that Wiglaf swore his loyalty to Beowulf to stay with him till the last minute. Wiglaf lived up to his promise. Not only did he fight alongside Beowulf, but he washed his wounds, and fulfilled his last wishes before death. Wiglaf was rewarded in full for his good deeds – he became the next Geatish king. In the poem, Wiglaf is an example of a loyal, kind-hearted and brave warrior—giving readers an example of how people should treat their king.
As Beowulf and his army arrived at the mead-hall to help Hrothgar and his army fight Grendel, the Danes threw them an excellent party. After indulging in different festivities, one thane, a Danish warrior named Unferth, started disparaging Beowulf, treating him with disrespect and disgrace. Unferth did not believe that Beowulf had succeeded in all the feats that he was known for, such as the swimming contest. Unferth is a juxtaposition to Beowulf. He had a poor moral judgement; he was jealous of Beowulf and his strength. Although after Beowulf had defeated Grendel, Unferth gave his sword to Beowulf to go kill Grendel’s mother. This act by Unferth showcases that he changed his mind and, after all, he was not all that bad. Unferth’s character was created to show what jealousy does to a person, but also that everyone holds some good inside of them, and it was bound to show, when the moment was right.
Ecgtheow was Beowulf’s father. Once, he killed a man named Heatholaf. Because of this, he was in a blood-shedding war with a tribe called Wulfings. Trying to escape from the conflict and to avoid their revenge, he sought refuge and found it in the Kingdom of the Danes ruled by king Hrothgar. Hrothgar took matters into his own hands, apologized to Wulfings, and they forgave Ecgtheow. In return, Ecgtheow gave an oath of allegiance to Hrothgar. When Beowulf found out about Hrothgar’s trouble with Grendel, he decided to help Hrothgar by staying true to his father’s oath and to fulfill it even after his death. Beowulf spoke of his father as a “noble battle-beater” (line 263), and showed his respect and in loving memory.
Grendel was a beast that Beowulf had to fight to help Hrothgar. In the quote below we see that he had no mercy and terrorized Hrothgar’s warriors day by day.
"The monster relished his savage war
On the Danes, keeping the bloody feud
Alive, seeking no peace, offering
No truce, accepting no settlement, no price
In gold or land, and paying the living
For one crime only with another. No one
Waited for reparation from his plundering claws:
That shadow of death hunted in the darkness,
Stalked Hrothgar's warriors."
("Beowulf" lines 140-148)
Grendel was vicious and cruel in his nature. He suffered a curse that had befallen him as one of Cain’s descendants for killing his innocent brother Abel. He was lonely in nature; he had no friends and hardly any family. He was jealous of the Danes — the good relationship they had with each other, their laughing, friendships and celebrations. He attacked them every time he heard joy coming out of Heorot. His reaction symbolizes an attack on the human race overall and the concept of society. Grendel was portrayed as a merciless, violent, cruel and jealous creature thriving only to kill and destroy. He was a representation of all of the evil in the world.
Mother of Grendel
After Beowulf had killed Grendel, his mother came to avenge him. She represents grief, rage, despair, anger and love for her son. She decided that blood could only be repaid with blood and tried to kill Beowulf by tricking him to come to her cave. She fails and gets killed by Beowulf. In the poem she represents a “monster-woman” gone insane from her loss who’s ready to do anything to get back at Beowulf for her poor son’s death.
The dragon was another, and the final, beast that Beowulf fought. After Beowulf’s peaceful reign of over 50 years, the dragon attacked Geats. Somebody had stolen his treasure, and in rage the dragon destroyed everything and everyone that came along. He burnt down homes and killed innocent people. Just like Grendel, in his nature he was merciless, and nothing could stop him from spreading terror. He was greedy, the complete opposite of king Beowulf’s generosity.
There are plenty of other characters in Beowulf who have complicated relationships with each other and different characteristics. In this article we only looked at the ones that matter the most and play the greatest role in the poem, such as: Beowulf himself; king Hrothgar; the faithful warrior Wiglaf; the jealous thane Unferth; Beowulf’s father Ecgtheow; and three terrible beasts: the dragon, Grendel, and his mother.
Feel a Little Lost in These Complicated Matters?
Beowulf is a complex piece of literature. In order to fully understand it, one requires a solid knowledge of Anglo-Saxon myths and legends, culture and history of Scandinavia, historical references to other themes, and concepts. If you find yourself in a situation where you type "write my essay", you can always rely on our essay writing service. Our knowledgeable experts are ready to assist you with an essay on Beowulf or any other literature piece. | <urn:uuid:7312096c-754c-45b2-ae80-071f52ca0649> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://essaypro.com/blog/beowulf-characters/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250591431.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20200117234621-20200118022621-00171.warc.gz | en | 0.982505 | 2,232 | 3.8125 | 4 | [
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0.28366559743881226... | 3 | Beowulf is an Old English epic poem created anywhere from 975 to 1025. In the poem, Beowulf, a warrior and commander, faces dangerous beasts and magical creatures. He fights them to protect those who need help and cannot stand up to their enemies. The poem is considered an extremely important piece of Old English literature. It showcases everyday life of Anglo-Saxon tribes in the 6th century, provides historical evidence of certain events, and ties together many Scandinavian tales, historical events and myths.
In this article, we will look at Beowulf and all of the supporting characters around him.
Beowulf is the main character of the poem. He comes to help king Hrothgar, whose army was being terrorized by Grendel. Beowulf kills Grendel, and then kills Grendel’s mother—who came after Beowulf to avenge her son. He then becomes king of Geatland, but his reign as king was not peaceful; he gets attacked by a fire-breathing dragon. The dragon hurts Beowulf so badly that Beowulf dies from his wounds.
When speaking about his character traits, first and foremost, Beowulf is associated with bravery. There are numerous occasions to which he shows how fearless he is in fights against beasts and mysterious creatures. In the text we come across such narrative that portrays his bravery:
"When he comes to me
I mean to stand, not run from his shooting
Flames, stand till fate decides
Which of us wins. My heart is firm,
My hands calm: I need no hot
("Beowulf", lines 2456-2461)
Here Beowulf says that his “heart is firm”, which alludes that he is ready to face the dragon and stand up against him no matter how strong the dragon might be. This suggests that Beowulf is fearless, even though he knew that on his own he did not stand a chance against the dragon.
Another trait of character immanent to Beowulf is strength. He says:
"But the truth
Is simple: no man swims in the sea
As I can, no strength is a match for mine"
("Beowulf", lines 602-605)
Even though it might sound that Beowulf was showing off, and that all his words were just words, readers have an opportunity to see proof of his testimony throughout the poem. They see him beat Grendel and his mother with ease, realizing that, indeed, he was the strongest of all. He killed Grendel by ripping his arm out of his socket with the strength of 30 men.
Besides being a brave and strong warrior, Beowulf is also characterized as a very wise and righteous king who ruled over Geatland. He managed to free his land and kingdom from wars and conflicts with other tribes. And he reigned peacefully for over 50 years until he was killed by the dragon.
The role of Beowulf in the poem is to show an example of a strong and brave warrior whose actions speak for themselves. Not only was he a skilled warrior, but also a wise, good king and a true hero.
You might also be interested in reading Beowulf summary
Hrothgar was the King of the Danes. He is portrayed as a very good ruler and a wise king, loved by his people. He built a beautiful mead-hall for his tribe. Unfortunately, he was too old to face Grendel. Grendel was strong, and everyone, including Hrothgar, feared him and his rage. Hrothgar’s children were way too young to stand up against Grendel as well. This is when Beowulf came along to save Hrothgar, his family and the army from the terrible beast. Hrothgar showed his gratitude in regards to Beowulf’s loyalty by gifting him armor, horses, gold, and many other gifts. The author trivializes Hrothgar role, for he was a great king unable to face the monster.
When Beowulf, who had already become the king of Geats, decided to stand up against the flame-breathing dragon who terrorized his land and people, he surrounded himself by many men who agreed to join him in the vicious fight. Although, when the dragon showed up, out of all of the men, only Wiglaf stayed and fought in deadly combat alongside Beowulf.
"Your deeds are famous, so stay resolute, my lord
Defend your life now with the whole of your strength.
I shall stand by you."
(Beowulf, lines 2666-68)
It’s in these lines where we see that Wiglaf swore his loyalty to Beowulf to stay with him till the last minute. Wiglaf lived up to his promise. Not only did he fight alongside Beowulf, but he washed his wounds, and fulfilled his last wishes before death. Wiglaf was rewarded in full for his good deeds – he became the next Geatish king. In the poem, Wiglaf is an example of a loyal, kind-hearted and brave warrior—giving readers an example of how people should treat their king.
As Beowulf and his army arrived at the mead-hall to help Hrothgar and his army fight Grendel, the Danes threw them an excellent party. After indulging in different festivities, one thane, a Danish warrior named Unferth, started disparaging Beowulf, treating him with disrespect and disgrace. Unferth did not believe that Beowulf had succeeded in all the feats that he was known for, such as the swimming contest. Unferth is a juxtaposition to Beowulf. He had a poor moral judgement; he was jealous of Beowulf and his strength. Although after Beowulf had defeated Grendel, Unferth gave his sword to Beowulf to go kill Grendel’s mother. This act by Unferth showcases that he changed his mind and, after all, he was not all that bad. Unferth’s character was created to show what jealousy does to a person, but also that everyone holds some good inside of them, and it was bound to show, when the moment was right.
Ecgtheow was Beowulf’s father. Once, he killed a man named Heatholaf. Because of this, he was in a blood-shedding war with a tribe called Wulfings. Trying to escape from the conflict and to avoid their revenge, he sought refuge and found it in the Kingdom of the Danes ruled by king Hrothgar. Hrothgar took matters into his own hands, apologized to Wulfings, and they forgave Ecgtheow. In return, Ecgtheow gave an oath of allegiance to Hrothgar. When Beowulf found out about Hrothgar’s trouble with Grendel, he decided to help Hrothgar by staying true to his father’s oath and to fulfill it even after his death. Beowulf spoke of his father as a “noble battle-beater” (line 263), and showed his respect and in loving memory.
Grendel was a beast that Beowulf had to fight to help Hrothgar. In the quote below we see that he had no mercy and terrorized Hrothgar’s warriors day by day.
"The monster relished his savage war
On the Danes, keeping the bloody feud
Alive, seeking no peace, offering
No truce, accepting no settlement, no price
In gold or land, and paying the living
For one crime only with another. No one
Waited for reparation from his plundering claws:
That shadow of death hunted in the darkness,
Stalked Hrothgar's warriors."
("Beowulf" lines 140-148)
Grendel was vicious and cruel in his nature. He suffered a curse that had befallen him as one of Cain’s descendants for killing his innocent brother Abel. He was lonely in nature; he had no friends and hardly any family. He was jealous of the Danes — the good relationship they had with each other, their laughing, friendships and celebrations. He attacked them every time he heard joy coming out of Heorot. His reaction symbolizes an attack on the human race overall and the concept of society. Grendel was portrayed as a merciless, violent, cruel and jealous creature thriving only to kill and destroy. He was a representation of all of the evil in the world.
Mother of Grendel
After Beowulf had killed Grendel, his mother came to avenge him. She represents grief, rage, despair, anger and love for her son. She decided that blood could only be repaid with blood and tried to kill Beowulf by tricking him to come to her cave. She fails and gets killed by Beowulf. In the poem she represents a “monster-woman” gone insane from her loss who’s ready to do anything to get back at Beowulf for her poor son’s death.
The dragon was another, and the final, beast that Beowulf fought. After Beowulf’s peaceful reign of over 50 years, the dragon attacked Geats. Somebody had stolen his treasure, and in rage the dragon destroyed everything and everyone that came along. He burnt down homes and killed innocent people. Just like Grendel, in his nature he was merciless, and nothing could stop him from spreading terror. He was greedy, the complete opposite of king Beowulf’s generosity.
There are plenty of other characters in Beowulf who have complicated relationships with each other and different characteristics. In this article we only looked at the ones that matter the most and play the greatest role in the poem, such as: Beowulf himself; king Hrothgar; the faithful warrior Wiglaf; the jealous thane Unferth; Beowulf’s father Ecgtheow; and three terrible beasts: the dragon, Grendel, and his mother.
Feel a Little Lost in These Complicated Matters?
Beowulf is a complex piece of literature. In order to fully understand it, one requires a solid knowledge of Anglo-Saxon myths and legends, culture and history of Scandinavia, historical references to other themes, and concepts. If you find yourself in a situation where you type "write my essay", you can always rely on our essay writing service. Our knowledgeable experts are ready to assist you with an essay on Beowulf or any other literature piece. | 2,200 | ENGLISH | 1 |
The name has a rather unfortunate origin with the "Jim Crow laws" (named after a "minstrel" character) that enforced segregation in the Southern USA after The American Civil War. Though they were designed to prevent newly freed slaves from voting, the laws couldn't be written to say simply that "Black people can't vote." Thus, state legislatures enacted "poll taxes" (not a poll tax in the traditional sense of a fixed quantity everyone pays each year,note but a literal one: if you go to the polls and can't pay, you can't vote), which disqualified most black voters because they were almost all too poor, and "literacy tests," which disqualified most black voters because they were illiterate. Not that literacy would have helped them, since these "tests" were also arbitrarily difficult (with questions like "Name all the county judges in the state,"note or "Name the exact date Oklahoma was admitted to the Union,"note or "How many bubbles are there in a bar of soap?"note ) and had completely subjective scoring: If a white man took the test and got five out of ten, he could pass. If a black man took the test and got ten out of ten, he could be made to take it again. In French.
However, many white farmers were also poor and illiterate, meaning the Jim Crow laws would have affected them as well. In response, the legislatures changed the laws such that they had the effect of guaranteeing that any mannote whose grandfather had been able to vote — or would have been able to vote, had he lived in the state — could himself vote without paying the tax or proving literacy. As the grandfathers of most black farmers were slaves and thus unable to vote, while almost all the grandfathers of white farmers were citizens and able to vote, this served as an effective measure for disenfranchising African Americans without hurting poor whites. However, sometimes the laws were worded in such a way as also to discriminate against poor whites, especially in places where and times when they were hostile to the local Democratic Party. At some times more white men than black men were disenfranchised by laws ostensibly targeted at African Americans. These kinds of grandfather clauses were found unconstitutional in 1915; the rigged tests and taxes stayed until the Civil Rights Movement.
In more recent times, a grandfather clause can come into effect when any sort of laws are altered or updated, so that existing buildings, tenants or procedures are not affected. For example, when a realty company changes its regulations regarding pets, it's common to allow anyone who already had one to keep them, and simply disallow new pets. | <urn:uuid:200e39db-f834-4955-852c-6c8ffa889a45> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Analysis/GrandfatherClause | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250592636.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118135205-20200118163205-00260.warc.gz | en | 0.990576 | 533 | 3.796875 | 4 | [
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0.073221884... | 1 | The name has a rather unfortunate origin with the "Jim Crow laws" (named after a "minstrel" character) that enforced segregation in the Southern USA after The American Civil War. Though they were designed to prevent newly freed slaves from voting, the laws couldn't be written to say simply that "Black people can't vote." Thus, state legislatures enacted "poll taxes" (not a poll tax in the traditional sense of a fixed quantity everyone pays each year,note but a literal one: if you go to the polls and can't pay, you can't vote), which disqualified most black voters because they were almost all too poor, and "literacy tests," which disqualified most black voters because they were illiterate. Not that literacy would have helped them, since these "tests" were also arbitrarily difficult (with questions like "Name all the county judges in the state,"note or "Name the exact date Oklahoma was admitted to the Union,"note or "How many bubbles are there in a bar of soap?"note ) and had completely subjective scoring: If a white man took the test and got five out of ten, he could pass. If a black man took the test and got ten out of ten, he could be made to take it again. In French.
However, many white farmers were also poor and illiterate, meaning the Jim Crow laws would have affected them as well. In response, the legislatures changed the laws such that they had the effect of guaranteeing that any mannote whose grandfather had been able to vote — or would have been able to vote, had he lived in the state — could himself vote without paying the tax or proving literacy. As the grandfathers of most black farmers were slaves and thus unable to vote, while almost all the grandfathers of white farmers were citizens and able to vote, this served as an effective measure for disenfranchising African Americans without hurting poor whites. However, sometimes the laws were worded in such a way as also to discriminate against poor whites, especially in places where and times when they were hostile to the local Democratic Party. At some times more white men than black men were disenfranchised by laws ostensibly targeted at African Americans. These kinds of grandfather clauses were found unconstitutional in 1915; the rigged tests and taxes stayed until the Civil Rights Movement.
In more recent times, a grandfather clause can come into effect when any sort of laws are altered or updated, so that existing buildings, tenants or procedures are not affected. For example, when a realty company changes its regulations regarding pets, it's common to allow anyone who already had one to keep them, and simply disallow new pets. | 544 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Tubman was born Araminta "Minty" Ross to enslaved parents, Harriet ("Rit") Green and Ben Ross. Rit was owned by Mary Pattison Brodess (and later her son Edward). Ben was held by Anthony Thompson, who became Mary Brodess's second husband, and who ran a large plantation near the Blackwater River in the Madison area of Dorchester County, Maryland. As with many slaves in the United States, neither the exact year nor place of Tubman's birth is known, and historians differ as to the best estimate. Kate Larson records the year as 1822, based on a midwife payment and several other historical documents, including her runaway advertisement, while Jean Humez says "the best current evidence suggests that Tubman was born in 1820, but it might have been a year or two later". Catherine Clinton notes that Tubman reported the year of her birth as 1825, while her death certificate lists 1815 and her gravestone lists 1820.
Map of locations in Maryland, Pennsylvania, New York, and Ontario
Map showing key locations in Tubman's life
Modesty, Tubman's maternal grandmother, arrived in the United States on a slave ship from Africa; no information is available about her other ancestors. As a child, Tubman was told that she seemed like an Ashanti person because of her character traits, though no evidence exists to confirm or deny this lineage. Her mother Rit (who may have had a white father) was a cook for the Brodess family. Her father Ben was a skilled woodsman who managed the timber work on Thompson's plantation. They married around 1808 and, according to court records, had nine children together: Linah, Mariah Ritty, Soph, Robert, Minty (Harriet), Ben, Rachel, Henry, and Moses.
Rit struggled to keep her family together as slavery threatened to tear it apart. Edward Brodess sold three of her daughters (Linah, Mariah Ritty, and Soph), separating them from the family forever. When a trader from Georgia approached Brodess about buying Rit's youngest son, Moses, she hid him for a month, aided by other slaves and free blacks in the community. At one point she confronted her owner about the sale. Finally, Brodess and "the Georgia man" came toward the slave quarters to seize the child, where Rit told them, "You are after my son; but the first man that comes into my house, I will split his head open." Brodess backed away and abandoned the sale. Tubman's biographers agree that stories told about this event within the family influenced her belief in the possibilities of resistance.
Part of a series on
SlaveryIJzeren voetring voor gevangenen transparent background.pngContemporary
By country or region
Opposition and resistance
Tubman's mother was assigned to "the big house" and had scarce time for her family; consequently, as a child Tubman took care of a younger brother and baby, as was typical in large families. When she was five or six years old, Brodess hired her out as a nursemaid to a woman named "Miss Susan". Tubman was ordered to care for the baby and rock its cradle as it slept; when it woke up and cried, she was whipped. She later recounted a particular day when she was lashed five times before breakfast. She carried the scars for the rest of her life. She found ways to resist, such as running away for five days, wearing layers of clothing as protection against beatings, and fighting back.
As a child, Tubman also worked at the home of a planter named James Cook. She had to check the muskrat traps in nearby marshes, even after contracting measles. She became so ill that Cook sent her back to Brodess, where her mother nursed her back to health. Brodess then hired her out again. She spoke later of her acute childhood homesickness, comparing herself to "the boy on the Swanee River", an allusion to Stephen Foster's song "Old Folks at Home". As she grew older and stronger, she was assigned to field and forest work, driving oxen, plowing, and hauling logs.
As an adolescent, Tubman suffered a severe head injury when an overseer threw a two-pound metal weight at another slave who was attempting to flee. The weight struck Tubman instead, which she said "broke my skull". Bleeding and unconscious, she was returned to her owner's house and laid on the seat of a loom, where she remained without medical care for two days. After this incident, Tubman frequently experienced extremely painful headaches. She also began having seizures and would seemingly fall unconscious, although she claimed to be aware of her surroundings while appearing to be asleep. This condition remained with her for the rest of her life; Larson suggests she may have suffered from temporal lobe epilepsy as a result of the injury.
After her injury, Tubman began experiencing visions and vivid dreams, which she interpreted as revelations from God. These spiritual experiences had a profound effect on Tubman's personality and she acquired a passionate faith in God. Although Tubman was illiterate, she was told Bible stories by her mother and likely attended a Methodist church with her family. She rejected the teachings of the New Testament that urged slaves to be obedient, and found guidance in the Old Testament tales of deliverance. This religious perspective informed her actions throughout her life.
Family And Marriage
Anthony Thompson promised to manumit Tubman's father at the age of 45. After Thompson died, his son followed through with that promise in 1840. Tubman's father continued working as a timber estimator and foreman for the Thompson family. Several years later, Tubman contacted a white attorney and paid him five dollars to investigate her mother's legal status. The lawyer discovered that a former owner had issued instructions that Tubman's mother, Rit, like her husband, would be manumitted at the age of 45. The record showed that a similar provision would apply to Rit's children, and that any children born after she reached 45 years of age were legally free, but the Pattison and Brodess families ignored this stipulation when they inherited the slaves. Challenging it legally was an impossible task for Tubman.
Around 1844, she married a free black man named John Tubman. Although little is known about him or their time together, the union was complicated because of her slave status. The mother's status dictated that of children, and any children born to Harriet and John would be enslaved. Such blended marriages – free people of color marrying enslaved people – were not uncommon on the Eastern Shore of Maryland, where by this time, half the black population was free. Most African-American families had both free and enslaved members. Larson suggests that they might have planned to buy Tubman's freedom.
Tubman changed her name from Araminta to Harriet soon after her marriage, though the exact timing is unclear. Larson suggests this happened right after the wedding, and Clinton suggests that it coincided with Tubman's plans to escape from slavery. She adopted her mother's name, possibly as part of a religious conversion, or to honor another relative. | <urn:uuid:73f237d5-7e9b-4827-a4f3-57640dbd2464> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://player.captivate.fm/bd3ce7f2-2dfc-4e7d-9eda-bd70ae878d5a/website | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594209.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119035851-20200119063851-00376.warc.gz | en | 0.980151 | 1,504 | 3.4375 | 3 | [
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0.10468842089... | 4 | Tubman was born Araminta "Minty" Ross to enslaved parents, Harriet ("Rit") Green and Ben Ross. Rit was owned by Mary Pattison Brodess (and later her son Edward). Ben was held by Anthony Thompson, who became Mary Brodess's second husband, and who ran a large plantation near the Blackwater River in the Madison area of Dorchester County, Maryland. As with many slaves in the United States, neither the exact year nor place of Tubman's birth is known, and historians differ as to the best estimate. Kate Larson records the year as 1822, based on a midwife payment and several other historical documents, including her runaway advertisement, while Jean Humez says "the best current evidence suggests that Tubman was born in 1820, but it might have been a year or two later". Catherine Clinton notes that Tubman reported the year of her birth as 1825, while her death certificate lists 1815 and her gravestone lists 1820.
Map of locations in Maryland, Pennsylvania, New York, and Ontario
Map showing key locations in Tubman's life
Modesty, Tubman's maternal grandmother, arrived in the United States on a slave ship from Africa; no information is available about her other ancestors. As a child, Tubman was told that she seemed like an Ashanti person because of her character traits, though no evidence exists to confirm or deny this lineage. Her mother Rit (who may have had a white father) was a cook for the Brodess family. Her father Ben was a skilled woodsman who managed the timber work on Thompson's plantation. They married around 1808 and, according to court records, had nine children together: Linah, Mariah Ritty, Soph, Robert, Minty (Harriet), Ben, Rachel, Henry, and Moses.
Rit struggled to keep her family together as slavery threatened to tear it apart. Edward Brodess sold three of her daughters (Linah, Mariah Ritty, and Soph), separating them from the family forever. When a trader from Georgia approached Brodess about buying Rit's youngest son, Moses, she hid him for a month, aided by other slaves and free blacks in the community. At one point she confronted her owner about the sale. Finally, Brodess and "the Georgia man" came toward the slave quarters to seize the child, where Rit told them, "You are after my son; but the first man that comes into my house, I will split his head open." Brodess backed away and abandoned the sale. Tubman's biographers agree that stories told about this event within the family influenced her belief in the possibilities of resistance.
Part of a series on
SlaveryIJzeren voetring voor gevangenen transparent background.pngContemporary
By country or region
Opposition and resistance
Tubman's mother was assigned to "the big house" and had scarce time for her family; consequently, as a child Tubman took care of a younger brother and baby, as was typical in large families. When she was five or six years old, Brodess hired her out as a nursemaid to a woman named "Miss Susan". Tubman was ordered to care for the baby and rock its cradle as it slept; when it woke up and cried, she was whipped. She later recounted a particular day when she was lashed five times before breakfast. She carried the scars for the rest of her life. She found ways to resist, such as running away for five days, wearing layers of clothing as protection against beatings, and fighting back.
As a child, Tubman also worked at the home of a planter named James Cook. She had to check the muskrat traps in nearby marshes, even after contracting measles. She became so ill that Cook sent her back to Brodess, where her mother nursed her back to health. Brodess then hired her out again. She spoke later of her acute childhood homesickness, comparing herself to "the boy on the Swanee River", an allusion to Stephen Foster's song "Old Folks at Home". As she grew older and stronger, she was assigned to field and forest work, driving oxen, plowing, and hauling logs.
As an adolescent, Tubman suffered a severe head injury when an overseer threw a two-pound metal weight at another slave who was attempting to flee. The weight struck Tubman instead, which she said "broke my skull". Bleeding and unconscious, she was returned to her owner's house and laid on the seat of a loom, where she remained without medical care for two days. After this incident, Tubman frequently experienced extremely painful headaches. She also began having seizures and would seemingly fall unconscious, although she claimed to be aware of her surroundings while appearing to be asleep. This condition remained with her for the rest of her life; Larson suggests she may have suffered from temporal lobe epilepsy as a result of the injury.
After her injury, Tubman began experiencing visions and vivid dreams, which she interpreted as revelations from God. These spiritual experiences had a profound effect on Tubman's personality and she acquired a passionate faith in God. Although Tubman was illiterate, she was told Bible stories by her mother and likely attended a Methodist church with her family. She rejected the teachings of the New Testament that urged slaves to be obedient, and found guidance in the Old Testament tales of deliverance. This religious perspective informed her actions throughout her life.
Family And Marriage
Anthony Thompson promised to manumit Tubman's father at the age of 45. After Thompson died, his son followed through with that promise in 1840. Tubman's father continued working as a timber estimator and foreman for the Thompson family. Several years later, Tubman contacted a white attorney and paid him five dollars to investigate her mother's legal status. The lawyer discovered that a former owner had issued instructions that Tubman's mother, Rit, like her husband, would be manumitted at the age of 45. The record showed that a similar provision would apply to Rit's children, and that any children born after she reached 45 years of age were legally free, but the Pattison and Brodess families ignored this stipulation when they inherited the slaves. Challenging it legally was an impossible task for Tubman.
Around 1844, she married a free black man named John Tubman. Although little is known about him or their time together, the union was complicated because of her slave status. The mother's status dictated that of children, and any children born to Harriet and John would be enslaved. Such blended marriages – free people of color marrying enslaved people – were not uncommon on the Eastern Shore of Maryland, where by this time, half the black population was free. Most African-American families had both free and enslaved members. Larson suggests that they might have planned to buy Tubman's freedom.
Tubman changed her name from Araminta to Harriet soon after her marriage, though the exact timing is unclear. Larson suggests this happened right after the wedding, and Clinton suggests that it coincided with Tubman's plans to escape from slavery. She adopted her mother's name, possibly as part of a religious conversion, or to honor another relative. | 1,507 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Meet William Morris: The Most Celebrated Designer of the Arts & Crafts Movement
Elegant swirls of vines, flowers, and leaves in perfect symmetry, William Morris’ iconic patterns are instantly recognizable. Designed during the 1800s, Morris’ woodblock-printed wallpaper designs were revolutionary for their time, and can still be found all over the world, printed for furniture upholstery, curtains, ceramics, and even fashion accessories. But do you know the history of how they came to be?
The Arts and Crafts Movement
Beginning in Britain around 1880, the Arts and Crafts movement was born from the values of people concerned about the effects of industrialization on design and traditional craft. In response, architects, designers, craftsmen, and artists turned to new ways of living and working, pioneering new approaches to create decorative arts.
One of the most influential figures during this time was William Morris, who actively promoted the joy of craftsmanship and the beauty of the nature. Having produced over 50 wallpaper designs throughout his career, Morris became an internationally renowned designer and manufacturer. Other creatives such as architects, painters, sculptors and designers began to take up his ideas. They began a unified art and craft approach to design, which soon spread across Europe and America, and eventually Japan, emerging as its own folk crafts movement called Mingei.
Who was William Morris?
Born in Walthamstow, East London in March 1834, William Morris was a poet, artist, philosopher, typographer, political theorist, and arguably the most celebrated designer of the Arts & Crafts movement. He strived to protect and revive the traditional techniques of handmade production that were being replaced by machines during the Victorian era's Industrial Revolution. Although he dabbled in embroidery, carpet-making, poetry and literature, he mastered the art of woodblock printing, and created some of the most recognizable textile patterns of the 19th century.
Born into a wealthy middle-class family, Morris enjoyed a privileged childhood, as well as a sizable inheritance, meaning he would never struggle to earn his own income. He spent his childhood drawing, reading, and exploring forests and grand buildings, which triggered his fascination with natural landscapes and architecture.
Having developed his own particular taste from a young age, he began to realize the only way he could have the beautiful home he wanted was if he designed every part of it himself. As he famously once said, “Have nothing in your houses that you do not know to be useful or believe to be beautiful.”
The Red House
While studying at Oxford, Morris met his lifelong friend, architect Philip Webb. His dear friend helped him design and construct his Medieval-inspired, Neo-Gothic style family home in Bexleyheath, where he lived with his wife, Jane Morris, and his two children, Jane “Jenny” Alice Morris and Mary “May” Morris. Built in 1860, it became known as the Red House, and is now one of the most significant buildings of the Arts and Crafts era. Today, the house is owned by the National Trust and is open to visitors.
A number of Morris’ creative friends spent a lot of time at the Red House, including Pre-Raphaelite painters Edward Burne-Jones and Dante Gabriel Rossetti, who both helped him elaborately decorate the abode. While he envisioned living there for the rest of his life, Morris’ perfectionism caused him to move on after only five years. Over the course of his short stay, he discovered a number problems with the property. However, he enjoyed the process so much that he decided to set up his own design company, with a desire to create affordable “art for all.”
Morris, Marshall, Faulkner & Co. which was later known as simply Morris & Co., was incredibly successful, and produced reams of fabric and wallpaper designs for over 150 years.
Morris’ Wallpaper Designs
Featuring swirling leaves, thieving birds, rose-filled trellises, and fruit tree branches, the designs of William Morris have a unique timeless quality. He began designing wallpapers in 1862, but their sale was delayed by several years while he experimented with printing from zinc plates.
Inspired by nature, Morris’ designs feature leaves, vines, and flowers that he observed in his gardens or on walks in the countryside. Rather than life-like illustrations, his drawings are subtly stylized versions. Daisy, a simple design featuring meadow flowers, was the first of Morris’ wallpaper designs to go on sale in 1864.
Morris designed Trellis after being unable to find a wallpaper that he liked enough for his own home. Inspired by the rose trellis in the garden of the Red House, Morris designed the pattern which went on sale in 1864. Interestingly, Morris could not draw birds, and the birds for this design were actually sketched by Philip Webb, the same friend and architect who designed the Red House.
Morris had his wallpapers printed by hand, using carved, pear woodblocks loaded with natural, mineral-based dyes, and pressed down with the aid of a foot-operated weight. Each design was made by carefully lining up and printing the woodblock motifs again and again to create a seamless repeat. Morris once spoke about the precise process, saying, “Remember that a pattern is either right or wrong. It cannot be forgiven for blundering, as a picture may be which has otherwise great qualities in it. It is with a pattern as with a fortress, it is no stronger than its weakest point.”
He employed the printers Jeffrey & Co. to print his wallpapers up until his death in 1896, when the Merton factory took over production until the company’s voluntary liquidation in 1940.
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0.20824371278... | 1 | Meet William Morris: The Most Celebrated Designer of the Arts & Crafts Movement
Elegant swirls of vines, flowers, and leaves in perfect symmetry, William Morris’ iconic patterns are instantly recognizable. Designed during the 1800s, Morris’ woodblock-printed wallpaper designs were revolutionary for their time, and can still be found all over the world, printed for furniture upholstery, curtains, ceramics, and even fashion accessories. But do you know the history of how they came to be?
The Arts and Crafts Movement
Beginning in Britain around 1880, the Arts and Crafts movement was born from the values of people concerned about the effects of industrialization on design and traditional craft. In response, architects, designers, craftsmen, and artists turned to new ways of living and working, pioneering new approaches to create decorative arts.
One of the most influential figures during this time was William Morris, who actively promoted the joy of craftsmanship and the beauty of the nature. Having produced over 50 wallpaper designs throughout his career, Morris became an internationally renowned designer and manufacturer. Other creatives such as architects, painters, sculptors and designers began to take up his ideas. They began a unified art and craft approach to design, which soon spread across Europe and America, and eventually Japan, emerging as its own folk crafts movement called Mingei.
Who was William Morris?
Born in Walthamstow, East London in March 1834, William Morris was a poet, artist, philosopher, typographer, political theorist, and arguably the most celebrated designer of the Arts & Crafts movement. He strived to protect and revive the traditional techniques of handmade production that were being replaced by machines during the Victorian era's Industrial Revolution. Although he dabbled in embroidery, carpet-making, poetry and literature, he mastered the art of woodblock printing, and created some of the most recognizable textile patterns of the 19th century.
Born into a wealthy middle-class family, Morris enjoyed a privileged childhood, as well as a sizable inheritance, meaning he would never struggle to earn his own income. He spent his childhood drawing, reading, and exploring forests and grand buildings, which triggered his fascination with natural landscapes and architecture.
Having developed his own particular taste from a young age, he began to realize the only way he could have the beautiful home he wanted was if he designed every part of it himself. As he famously once said, “Have nothing in your houses that you do not know to be useful or believe to be beautiful.”
The Red House
While studying at Oxford, Morris met his lifelong friend, architect Philip Webb. His dear friend helped him design and construct his Medieval-inspired, Neo-Gothic style family home in Bexleyheath, where he lived with his wife, Jane Morris, and his two children, Jane “Jenny” Alice Morris and Mary “May” Morris. Built in 1860, it became known as the Red House, and is now one of the most significant buildings of the Arts and Crafts era. Today, the house is owned by the National Trust and is open to visitors.
A number of Morris’ creative friends spent a lot of time at the Red House, including Pre-Raphaelite painters Edward Burne-Jones and Dante Gabriel Rossetti, who both helped him elaborately decorate the abode. While he envisioned living there for the rest of his life, Morris’ perfectionism caused him to move on after only five years. Over the course of his short stay, he discovered a number problems with the property. However, he enjoyed the process so much that he decided to set up his own design company, with a desire to create affordable “art for all.”
Morris, Marshall, Faulkner & Co. which was later known as simply Morris & Co., was incredibly successful, and produced reams of fabric and wallpaper designs for over 150 years.
Morris’ Wallpaper Designs
Featuring swirling leaves, thieving birds, rose-filled trellises, and fruit tree branches, the designs of William Morris have a unique timeless quality. He began designing wallpapers in 1862, but their sale was delayed by several years while he experimented with printing from zinc plates.
Inspired by nature, Morris’ designs feature leaves, vines, and flowers that he observed in his gardens or on walks in the countryside. Rather than life-like illustrations, his drawings are subtly stylized versions. Daisy, a simple design featuring meadow flowers, was the first of Morris’ wallpaper designs to go on sale in 1864.
Morris designed Trellis after being unable to find a wallpaper that he liked enough for his own home. Inspired by the rose trellis in the garden of the Red House, Morris designed the pattern which went on sale in 1864. Interestingly, Morris could not draw birds, and the birds for this design were actually sketched by Philip Webb, the same friend and architect who designed the Red House.
Morris had his wallpapers printed by hand, using carved, pear woodblocks loaded with natural, mineral-based dyes, and pressed down with the aid of a foot-operated weight. Each design was made by carefully lining up and printing the woodblock motifs again and again to create a seamless repeat. Morris once spoke about the precise process, saying, “Remember that a pattern is either right or wrong. It cannot be forgiven for blundering, as a picture may be which has otherwise great qualities in it. It is with a pattern as with a fortress, it is no stronger than its weakest point.”
He employed the printers Jeffrey & Co. to print his wallpapers up until his death in 1896, when the Merton factory took over production until the company’s voluntary liquidation in 1940.
The post Meet William Morris: The Most Celebrated Designer of the Arts & Crafts Movement appeared first on My Modern Met. | 1,209 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Jawaharlal Nehru was an Indian freedom fighter and a politician. He was also called “Chacha Nehru” by the children as he shared an affectionate bond with them. His birthday on November 14th is celebrated as Children’s Day. Pandit Nehru became the first Prime Minister of India after independence.
Short and Long Paragraphs on Jawaharlal Nehru
Paragraph 1 - 100 Words
Jawaharlal Nehru or Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru was an Indian freedom fighter and a political leader. He also became the first Prime Minister of India after independence. He worked closely with the father of the nation, Mahatma Gandhi, during the independence struggle. He was also very fond of children and was called Chacha (uncle) Nehru by them.
Jawaharlal Nehru is also described as the architect of India. He belonged to a wealthy family and his father Motilal Nehru was a rich lawyer of Allahabad High Court. Nehru entered Indian politics in the early 1900s and with the approval of Gandhi became the President of the Indian National Congress in 1929.
Paragraph 2 - 120 Words
Jawaharlal Nehru was an Indian freedom fighter and the first Prime Minister of India. He was born at Allahabad in the British governed India. He was born into a rich family, so his childhood was largely safe and uneventful. He was taught at home by private tutors. He went for higher studies in England. There he got influenced by world independence movements and started thinking about India’s independence.
Unlike his father, Nehru had no interest in practicing as a lawyer. In 1913, Nehru collected funds for Mahatma Gandhi’s Civil Rights Movement in South Africa. After some time, he started campaigning for the rights of Indian farmers and laborers in other British colonies. Later on, he became an important figure in Indian politics and freedom struggle.
Paragraph 3 - 150 Words
Jawaharlal Nehru was the first Prime Minister of India. Although he belonged to a rich family, he wanted to take part in the freedom struggle. Graduating from Britain, he returned to India and became a member of the Indian National Congress.
His father Motilal Nehru was a two-time president of Congress. During his membership in the Congress, Jawaharlal became close to Mahatma Gandhi. Gandhi supported Nehru and unanimously made him the Congress President in 1929, succeeding his father Motilal Nehru.
Before becoming the Congress President, Nehru was also imprisoned for his role in the non-cooperation movement in 1921. Nehru became politically active as Congress President. Nehru also worked closely with Subhash Chandra Bose; however, the two parted their ways when Bose decided to fight militarily against the British.
On the proposal of Nehru, Mahatma Gandhi pressed the demand that the British to grant dominion status to India within two years, which was later curtailed to one year. The demand was rejected by the British inciting Nehru to demand Total Independence.
Paragraph 4 - 200 Words
Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru also called Chacha Nehru by the children was a popular Indian political leader and freedom fighter. He was a Kashmiri Brahmin, whose descendants have migrated Jammu Kashmir to Delhi, sometimes in the 18th century. His father Motilal Nehru had been the President of the Indian National Congress and was also a wealthy lawyer. Childhood of Jawaharlal Nehru was spent in luxury and richness.
Later he went to England for studies and stayed there for seven years. Nehru returned to India in 1912 and was called to the bar in Allahabad High Court. But, the profession didn’t generate his interest and he quit from the bar. Soon after, he attended the Patna session of the Indian National Congress.
From there on he drew closer to former Congress President and father of the nation, Mahatma Gandhi. Gandhi proposed Nehru as the Presidential candidate of the Indian National Congress in 1930. Nehru won and was declared the President of INC.
From there on began his journey into the Indian Freedom struggle, under the mentorship of Mahatma Gandhi. He was highly influenced by Gandhi’s principles and philosophy. Nehru was behind the idea of Dominion Status to India which he later changed to complete or total independence or Purna Swaraj.
Paragraph 5 - 250 Words
Jawaharlal Nehru was a freedom fighter and a political leader of India. His contribution to the Indian independence movement is immense. He also liked children very much and was commonly referred to as Chacha Nehru. He was also a close associate of Mahatma Gandhi and the latter was his mentor throughout. He had planned many movements demanding dominion status and total independence for India.
Jawaharlal Nehru organized the first Kisan March in Pratapgarh, then in United Province which is the present-day Uttar Pradesh. He was imprisoned twice from 1920-1922 for his role in Non-cooperation Movement. He was also active in opposing the Simon commission and was also baton-charged at Lucknow in 1928. The same year Jawaharlal Nehru formed the “Independence of India League” and was appointed as its General Secretary.
Nehru was the President of the Lahore session of the Indian National Congress in 1929 in which the resolution for India’s total independence was passed. Again from 1930 to 1935, Jawaharlal was imprisoned several times for his role in Salt Satyagraha and other similar movements. Nehru wrote his autobiography titled “Toward Freedom” when he was in prison between June 1934 and February 1935.
He was again arrested in 1940 for opposing the British
Government's decision to send Indian soldiers to participate in the First World
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0.347390472888946... | 4 | Jawaharlal Nehru was an Indian freedom fighter and a politician. He was also called “Chacha Nehru” by the children as he shared an affectionate bond with them. His birthday on November 14th is celebrated as Children’s Day. Pandit Nehru became the first Prime Minister of India after independence.
Short and Long Paragraphs on Jawaharlal Nehru
Paragraph 1 - 100 Words
Jawaharlal Nehru or Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru was an Indian freedom fighter and a political leader. He also became the first Prime Minister of India after independence. He worked closely with the father of the nation, Mahatma Gandhi, during the independence struggle. He was also very fond of children and was called Chacha (uncle) Nehru by them.
Jawaharlal Nehru is also described as the architect of India. He belonged to a wealthy family and his father Motilal Nehru was a rich lawyer of Allahabad High Court. Nehru entered Indian politics in the early 1900s and with the approval of Gandhi became the President of the Indian National Congress in 1929.
Paragraph 2 - 120 Words
Jawaharlal Nehru was an Indian freedom fighter and the first Prime Minister of India. He was born at Allahabad in the British governed India. He was born into a rich family, so his childhood was largely safe and uneventful. He was taught at home by private tutors. He went for higher studies in England. There he got influenced by world independence movements and started thinking about India’s independence.
Unlike his father, Nehru had no interest in practicing as a lawyer. In 1913, Nehru collected funds for Mahatma Gandhi’s Civil Rights Movement in South Africa. After some time, he started campaigning for the rights of Indian farmers and laborers in other British colonies. Later on, he became an important figure in Indian politics and freedom struggle.
Paragraph 3 - 150 Words
Jawaharlal Nehru was the first Prime Minister of India. Although he belonged to a rich family, he wanted to take part in the freedom struggle. Graduating from Britain, he returned to India and became a member of the Indian National Congress.
His father Motilal Nehru was a two-time president of Congress. During his membership in the Congress, Jawaharlal became close to Mahatma Gandhi. Gandhi supported Nehru and unanimously made him the Congress President in 1929, succeeding his father Motilal Nehru.
Before becoming the Congress President, Nehru was also imprisoned for his role in the non-cooperation movement in 1921. Nehru became politically active as Congress President. Nehru also worked closely with Subhash Chandra Bose; however, the two parted their ways when Bose decided to fight militarily against the British.
On the proposal of Nehru, Mahatma Gandhi pressed the demand that the British to grant dominion status to India within two years, which was later curtailed to one year. The demand was rejected by the British inciting Nehru to demand Total Independence.
Paragraph 4 - 200 Words
Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru also called Chacha Nehru by the children was a popular Indian political leader and freedom fighter. He was a Kashmiri Brahmin, whose descendants have migrated Jammu Kashmir to Delhi, sometimes in the 18th century. His father Motilal Nehru had been the President of the Indian National Congress and was also a wealthy lawyer. Childhood of Jawaharlal Nehru was spent in luxury and richness.
Later he went to England for studies and stayed there for seven years. Nehru returned to India in 1912 and was called to the bar in Allahabad High Court. But, the profession didn’t generate his interest and he quit from the bar. Soon after, he attended the Patna session of the Indian National Congress.
From there on he drew closer to former Congress President and father of the nation, Mahatma Gandhi. Gandhi proposed Nehru as the Presidential candidate of the Indian National Congress in 1930. Nehru won and was declared the President of INC.
From there on began his journey into the Indian Freedom struggle, under the mentorship of Mahatma Gandhi. He was highly influenced by Gandhi’s principles and philosophy. Nehru was behind the idea of Dominion Status to India which he later changed to complete or total independence or Purna Swaraj.
Paragraph 5 - 250 Words
Jawaharlal Nehru was a freedom fighter and a political leader of India. His contribution to the Indian independence movement is immense. He also liked children very much and was commonly referred to as Chacha Nehru. He was also a close associate of Mahatma Gandhi and the latter was his mentor throughout. He had planned many movements demanding dominion status and total independence for India.
Jawaharlal Nehru organized the first Kisan March in Pratapgarh, then in United Province which is the present-day Uttar Pradesh. He was imprisoned twice from 1920-1922 for his role in Non-cooperation Movement. He was also active in opposing the Simon commission and was also baton-charged at Lucknow in 1928. The same year Jawaharlal Nehru formed the “Independence of India League” and was appointed as its General Secretary.
Nehru was the President of the Lahore session of the Indian National Congress in 1929 in which the resolution for India’s total independence was passed. Again from 1930 to 1935, Jawaharlal was imprisoned several times for his role in Salt Satyagraha and other similar movements. Nehru wrote his autobiography titled “Toward Freedom” when he was in prison between June 1934 and February 1935.
He was again arrested in 1940 for opposing the British
Government's decision to send Indian soldiers to participate in the First World
War. The decision was taken without consulting the Indian political class and
was also against the public sentiments. His efforts into the Indian freedom
struggle bore fruits when India gained independence on 15th August 1947 and he
became the first Prime Minister of independent India. | 1,320 | ENGLISH | 1 |
The Habsburg emperors were all strict Catholics – with one exception: Maximilian II was not unsympathetic to the concerns of the Protestants.
Emperor Maximilian II
I am neither a Papist nor a Protestant, but a Christian.
Maximilian II stands out as an exception amongst the Catholic Habsburg rulers: even as a young man he had a relaxed approach to religious questions and was attracted to Protestantism. When suspicions were aroused in his father, Spanish relatives, and the Pope, he was married to his cousin Mary, who was a strict and pious Catholic, and sent to Spain. Although he officially remained loyal to the Catholic Church, he refused to receive the last rites before his death in 1576.
Emperor Ferdinand I was in fact to have been succeeded by Charles V’s son King Philip II, under whom the Spanish Habsburgs attained the peak of their world power. However, this intention had to be relinquished when the princes of the Holy Roman Empire, some of whom were Protestants, refused to accept a Spaniard as emperor. They preferred an Austrian, thinking that his geographical proximity would make him easier to control. This left the path open for Maximilian, who was elected Roman-German King in 1562 and Emperor following the death of his father Ferdinand I. Before his election, however, he had to swear an oath to remain a Catholic. Maximilian II strove to ensure peace and to act impartially in the field of politics and religion.
Maximilian was not sole heir to the Austrian lands, which his father had divided up between his three sons as a guarantee against the eventuality of his son becoming a Protestant. Maximilian ruled in Danubian Austria (present-day Upper and Lower Austria) and was king of Hungary and of Bohemia. He also made a bid for the royal crown of Poland but finally had to abandon this ambition. His foreign policy was dominated by resistance to the Turks, as his lands were constantly to some degree at war with the Ottoman Empire. In 1565 the situation escalated when a huge Turkish army marched on Hungary. In the sixteenth century, constant border hostilities necessitated concessions to the nobility: ‘The Turk is a blessing to the Lutherans,’ as a contemporary saying tersely put it. Maximilian granted the nobles freedom to practise their religion in accordance with the Confession of Augsburg. However, with the arrival of the Jesuits in Vienna in 1551 the Counter-Reformation had begun. | <urn:uuid:aa6af033-3a9f-4f86-b3fc-df0c4970eac3> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.habsburger.net/en/chapter/sympathetic-towards-protestants-maximilian-ii | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250606696.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122042145-20200122071145-00137.warc.gz | en | 0.988984 | 519 | 3.34375 | 3 | [
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0.1826374977827... | 1 | The Habsburg emperors were all strict Catholics – with one exception: Maximilian II was not unsympathetic to the concerns of the Protestants.
Emperor Maximilian II
I am neither a Papist nor a Protestant, but a Christian.
Maximilian II stands out as an exception amongst the Catholic Habsburg rulers: even as a young man he had a relaxed approach to religious questions and was attracted to Protestantism. When suspicions were aroused in his father, Spanish relatives, and the Pope, he was married to his cousin Mary, who was a strict and pious Catholic, and sent to Spain. Although he officially remained loyal to the Catholic Church, he refused to receive the last rites before his death in 1576.
Emperor Ferdinand I was in fact to have been succeeded by Charles V’s son King Philip II, under whom the Spanish Habsburgs attained the peak of their world power. However, this intention had to be relinquished when the princes of the Holy Roman Empire, some of whom were Protestants, refused to accept a Spaniard as emperor. They preferred an Austrian, thinking that his geographical proximity would make him easier to control. This left the path open for Maximilian, who was elected Roman-German King in 1562 and Emperor following the death of his father Ferdinand I. Before his election, however, he had to swear an oath to remain a Catholic. Maximilian II strove to ensure peace and to act impartially in the field of politics and religion.
Maximilian was not sole heir to the Austrian lands, which his father had divided up between his three sons as a guarantee against the eventuality of his son becoming a Protestant. Maximilian ruled in Danubian Austria (present-day Upper and Lower Austria) and was king of Hungary and of Bohemia. He also made a bid for the royal crown of Poland but finally had to abandon this ambition. His foreign policy was dominated by resistance to the Turks, as his lands were constantly to some degree at war with the Ottoman Empire. In 1565 the situation escalated when a huge Turkish army marched on Hungary. In the sixteenth century, constant border hostilities necessitated concessions to the nobility: ‘The Turk is a blessing to the Lutherans,’ as a contemporary saying tersely put it. Maximilian granted the nobles freedom to practise their religion in accordance with the Confession of Augsburg. However, with the arrival of the Jesuits in Vienna in 1551 the Counter-Reformation had begun. | 521 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Ships to: Worldwide,
Item:184106126635Horus was mentioned in a legend in ancient Egypt and was considered a symbol of good and justice. Osiris was his father who was the god of the Baath and the account of the ancient Egyptians. According to the religious legend, his uncle the wicked six killed his father and distributed parts throughout the country. His mother, Isis, gathered all the parts of his father's body, and this was the first process to mummify the dead and the body of his father. Horus was later born and wanted to avenge his uncle and take vengeance for his father, so Horus is sometimes called "protector of his father". Horus lost in that battle his left eye. And took the throne of Egypt. Osiris became the god of calculation in the afterlife, and Horus became king of this life. Each of the kings of Egypt was ruled by the representative of Horus, and uses the god Horus in the works and wars. Therefore, we find all the kings of Egypt characterized in one of their names (and the king usually has 5 titles) in the name of Horus. Among the ancient Egyptian curses, many of them are in the form of the eye of Horus, which is called "wagat" and is attached to the chest. Ain Horus was also used to represent fractions such as: 1/2, 1/4, 1/8, 1/16 and 1/32 to 1/64. His mother Isis was the moon goddess of the ancient Egyptians. Horus as the name of the king In the ratio  Parts of Horus' eye and their respective value.  Eye of Horus. The ancient Egyptians used fractions in arithmetic in the form of 1 / s, especially for the distribution and distribution of grain, such as 1/2 and 1/4 and others, using Horus to represent them. Each part of the eye of Horus represented a particular fracture (see figure) and it represented parts of the standard size. They had so-called "buttocks", representing 1/2 loops, 1/4 loops, or 1/32 buttocks, and so on. If we combine these fractions, we get a total of 63/64, which means that the total is less than 1/64. When one of the disciples asked his teacher in ancient Egypt, where did the missing 1/64 go ?, the teacher answered that God Tut - the god of reckoning - had hidden her. This was one of the beliefs of the ancient Egyptians.Condition:Very rare piece..leather, Material:leather, Provenance:Valley of the Kings west of Luxor
PicClick Insights for "
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Item:184106126635Horus was mentioned in a legend in ancient Egypt and was considered a symbol of good and justice. Osiris was his father who was the god of the Baath and the account of the ancient Egyptians. According to the religious legend, his uncle the wicked six killed his father and distributed parts throughout the country. His mother, Isis, gathered all the parts of his father's body, and this was the first process to mummify the dead and the body of his father. Horus was later born and wanted to avenge his uncle and take vengeance for his father, so Horus is sometimes called "protector of his father". Horus lost in that battle his left eye. And took the throne of Egypt. Osiris became the god of calculation in the afterlife, and Horus became king of this life. Each of the kings of Egypt was ruled by the representative of Horus, and uses the god Horus in the works and wars. Therefore, we find all the kings of Egypt characterized in one of their names (and the king usually has 5 titles) in the name of Horus. Among the ancient Egyptian curses, many of them are in the form of the eye of Horus, which is called "wagat" and is attached to the chest. Ain Horus was also used to represent fractions such as: 1/2, 1/4, 1/8, 1/16 and 1/32 to 1/64. His mother Isis was the moon goddess of the ancient Egyptians. Horus as the name of the king In the ratio  Parts of Horus' eye and their respective value.  Eye of Horus. The ancient Egyptians used fractions in arithmetic in the form of 1 / s, especially for the distribution and distribution of grain, such as 1/2 and 1/4 and others, using Horus to represent them. Each part of the eye of Horus represented a particular fracture (see figure) and it represented parts of the standard size. They had so-called "buttocks", representing 1/2 loops, 1/4 loops, or 1/32 buttocks, and so on. If we combine these fractions, we get a total of 63/64, which means that the total is less than 1/64. When one of the disciples asked his teacher in ancient Egypt, where did the missing 1/64 go ?, the teacher answered that God Tut - the god of reckoning - had hidden her. This was one of the beliefs of the ancient Egyptians.Condition:Very rare piece..leather, Material:leather, Provenance:Valley of the Kings west of Luxor
PicClick Insights for "
Horus symbol of good and justice civilization of ancient Egypt..leather | 605 | ENGLISH | 1 |
On July 24, 1915, hundreds of people perished when a passenger ship toppled over in the middle of Chicago. The SS Eastland shipwreck was one of the deadliest maritime disasters in American history. Yet, its story remains largely forgotten, even though it is no less tragic than the sinking of the better-known Titanic or Lusitania.
On that summer day in 1915, the Western Electric Company had contracted the Eastland to ferry some of its employees and their families across Lake Michigan for a company picnic. In total, roughly 2,500 passengers crowded onto the ship. Tragically, 844 people perished when the ship lost its balance and overturned into the Chicago River while only a few feet from shore.
The Eastland could be considered the Titanic of the Great Lakes. But unlike the Titanic, which sank in the open sea, the Eastland's disaster unfolded in the middle of a large, bustling city, a setting that added to the helpless horror that many eyewitnesses felt. Moreover, the Eastland wasn't carrying members of the moneyed set like the Titanic. Victims of the Eastland were mainly men, women, and children from working-class immigrant communities in an America that was largely hostile to them. More passengers lost their lives on the Eastland than the 832 passengers (not including crew) that perished on the Titanic.
From the litany of human errors that contributed to the disaster to the stories of victims and survivors, the sinking of the Eastland remains a tragedy worth remembering.
The Eastland disaster happened just three years after the Titanic sank in the icy waters of the North Atlantic. The two maritime tragedies may have been linked. The Titanic didn't have enough lifeboats for all of its passengers. So in order to prevent another similar disaster, the United States Congress passed a new regulation in March 1915: Ships needed enough lifeboats to hold at least 75% of passengers.
American passenger vessels, including the Eastland, scrambled to meet the new regulation. Thousands of pounds of new lifeboats were added to the top of the ship only weeks before the disaster. It had only been engineered to hold six lifeboats, so the extra weight from the addition of more lifeboats on an already unstable ship could have been enough for the Eastland to lose its balance.
Western Electric's picnic day was meant to be a festive affair, and employees were encouraged to bring their families on the outing. When the ship capsized, it also doomed whole families. In total, 22 families perished in the disaster.
Among the families were the Sindelars: George and Josephine Sindelar lost their lives alongside their five children and an aunt. Another victim was a young boy whose body went unidentified for days because his entire family passed with him in the Chicago River. Dubbed "little feller" in the press, he was eventually identified as Willie Novotny, whose father, mother, and sister's lives also ended that day.
When the Eastland capsized, it was only 19 feet away from the dock. Some ropes were still attached from the ship to the dock. As the ship tumbled away from the dock, it plunged into water that was only 20 feet deep. But that was deep enough for the passengers who didn't know how to swim to perish. Helpless bystanders watched in horror as people drowned before their eyes.
Knowing how to swim wasn't a guarantee of survival, however. People who were on the side of the ship that dropped into the river were pinned down or crushed by the weight of objects and bodies falling on them. Most people were dressed up for the day out, and their clothing became heavy in the water. Worse, general pandemonium broke out inside the ship and in the water, as passengers' survival instincts kicked in. Some people were pulled underwater as others tried to push themselves out of the river.
Built in 1903, the Eastland was designed by a relatively inexperienced engineer who was more familiar with freight, not passenger, ships - so the ship was built to hold weight low, not high. As a result, the Eastland's design was a mess: It was too short, too narrow, and too tall, giving the ship a high center of gravity. Worse, its system of ballasts and water tanks to balance the ship wasn't very user-friendly.
All of the design flaws came to a head on that fateful summer morning in 1915. One witness recalled there could have been between 700 and 1,000 passengers on the top deck of the boat before it had turned over. The enormous weight on top probably further destabilized the ship, causing it to basically lose its balance and tumble into the Chicago River. | <urn:uuid:ebeb221e-76ce-477a-83c9-7fc6f35f40ef> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.ranker.com/list/ss-eastland-shipwreck/setareh-janda?ref=browse_list | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250591234.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20200117205732-20200117233732-00017.warc.gz | en | 0.985274 | 946 | 3.9375 | 4 | [
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0.28650140762329... | 1 | On July 24, 1915, hundreds of people perished when a passenger ship toppled over in the middle of Chicago. The SS Eastland shipwreck was one of the deadliest maritime disasters in American history. Yet, its story remains largely forgotten, even though it is no less tragic than the sinking of the better-known Titanic or Lusitania.
On that summer day in 1915, the Western Electric Company had contracted the Eastland to ferry some of its employees and their families across Lake Michigan for a company picnic. In total, roughly 2,500 passengers crowded onto the ship. Tragically, 844 people perished when the ship lost its balance and overturned into the Chicago River while only a few feet from shore.
The Eastland could be considered the Titanic of the Great Lakes. But unlike the Titanic, which sank in the open sea, the Eastland's disaster unfolded in the middle of a large, bustling city, a setting that added to the helpless horror that many eyewitnesses felt. Moreover, the Eastland wasn't carrying members of the moneyed set like the Titanic. Victims of the Eastland were mainly men, women, and children from working-class immigrant communities in an America that was largely hostile to them. More passengers lost their lives on the Eastland than the 832 passengers (not including crew) that perished on the Titanic.
From the litany of human errors that contributed to the disaster to the stories of victims and survivors, the sinking of the Eastland remains a tragedy worth remembering.
The Eastland disaster happened just three years after the Titanic sank in the icy waters of the North Atlantic. The two maritime tragedies may have been linked. The Titanic didn't have enough lifeboats for all of its passengers. So in order to prevent another similar disaster, the United States Congress passed a new regulation in March 1915: Ships needed enough lifeboats to hold at least 75% of passengers.
American passenger vessels, including the Eastland, scrambled to meet the new regulation. Thousands of pounds of new lifeboats were added to the top of the ship only weeks before the disaster. It had only been engineered to hold six lifeboats, so the extra weight from the addition of more lifeboats on an already unstable ship could have been enough for the Eastland to lose its balance.
Western Electric's picnic day was meant to be a festive affair, and employees were encouraged to bring their families on the outing. When the ship capsized, it also doomed whole families. In total, 22 families perished in the disaster.
Among the families were the Sindelars: George and Josephine Sindelar lost their lives alongside their five children and an aunt. Another victim was a young boy whose body went unidentified for days because his entire family passed with him in the Chicago River. Dubbed "little feller" in the press, he was eventually identified as Willie Novotny, whose father, mother, and sister's lives also ended that day.
When the Eastland capsized, it was only 19 feet away from the dock. Some ropes were still attached from the ship to the dock. As the ship tumbled away from the dock, it plunged into water that was only 20 feet deep. But that was deep enough for the passengers who didn't know how to swim to perish. Helpless bystanders watched in horror as people drowned before their eyes.
Knowing how to swim wasn't a guarantee of survival, however. People who were on the side of the ship that dropped into the river were pinned down or crushed by the weight of objects and bodies falling on them. Most people were dressed up for the day out, and their clothing became heavy in the water. Worse, general pandemonium broke out inside the ship and in the water, as passengers' survival instincts kicked in. Some people were pulled underwater as others tried to push themselves out of the river.
Built in 1903, the Eastland was designed by a relatively inexperienced engineer who was more familiar with freight, not passenger, ships - so the ship was built to hold weight low, not high. As a result, the Eastland's design was a mess: It was too short, too narrow, and too tall, giving the ship a high center of gravity. Worse, its system of ballasts and water tanks to balance the ship wasn't very user-friendly.
All of the design flaws came to a head on that fateful summer morning in 1915. One witness recalled there could have been between 700 and 1,000 passengers on the top deck of the boat before it had turned over. The enormous weight on top probably further destabilized the ship, causing it to basically lose its balance and tumble into the Chicago River. | 986 | ENGLISH | 1 |
A Short History of Georgia
Georgia is located in the Caucasus region, bound by the Black Sea, Russia, Turkey, Azerbaijan and Armenia. Due to its strategic location (as it is found between the Black Sea and Caspian Sea), it has been a constant economic interest for many foreign countries since the early B.C. For many centuries, the country has experienced continuous wars and revolutions by civilizations of foreign lands both from the east and the west parts of the world.
Georgia has been dominated and invaded by the Greeks, Persians and Romans during the early times. The Arabs invaded the country as well in the 7th century. This proves the diverse culture of the country since it has quite a number of influences.
From the 11th to the 13th century, Georgia experienced its “Golden Age of cultural, political and military ascendancy,” following it is the invasion of the Mongols during the 14th century.
In 1921, Georgia was invaded by the Red Army and then became a part of the Soviet Union. Fifteen years after, they are considered as one of the 15 republics of the Soviet Union. However, they experienced extreme oppression under the leadership of Stalin. They have been repressed of their rights and freedom.
After the break-up of the Soviet Union, Georgia declared its independence in 1991. It became a member of the United Nations shortly a year after. A few years after, in 1995, the Georgian government made amendments in the constitution and held their presidential elections. From then on, Georgia has been exercising its freedom as a democratic country. | <urn:uuid:b9b73e90-0ea0-4d41-823a-1f61a42e0045> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.studycountry.com/guide/GE-history.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250626449.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124221147-20200125010147-00035.warc.gz | en | 0.984209 | 321 | 3.578125 | 4 | [
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Georgia is located in the Caucasus region, bound by the Black Sea, Russia, Turkey, Azerbaijan and Armenia. Due to its strategic location (as it is found between the Black Sea and Caspian Sea), it has been a constant economic interest for many foreign countries since the early B.C. For many centuries, the country has experienced continuous wars and revolutions by civilizations of foreign lands both from the east and the west parts of the world.
Georgia has been dominated and invaded by the Greeks, Persians and Romans during the early times. The Arabs invaded the country as well in the 7th century. This proves the diverse culture of the country since it has quite a number of influences.
From the 11th to the 13th century, Georgia experienced its “Golden Age of cultural, political and military ascendancy,” following it is the invasion of the Mongols during the 14th century.
In 1921, Georgia was invaded by the Red Army and then became a part of the Soviet Union. Fifteen years after, they are considered as one of the 15 republics of the Soviet Union. However, they experienced extreme oppression under the leadership of Stalin. They have been repressed of their rights and freedom.
After the break-up of the Soviet Union, Georgia declared its independence in 1991. It became a member of the United Nations shortly a year after. A few years after, in 1995, the Georgian government made amendments in the constitution and held their presidential elections. From then on, Georgia has been exercising its freedom as a democratic country. | 334 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Blake is a fifth-grade student who has been identified as gifted in the areas of reading and math. Test scores indicate that he is three grade levels ahead of his peers in both reading and math. Socially, he enjoys his peers, and he is very popular among his classmates. His teachers have approached Blake's parents about changing his placement in terms of receiving instruction because they cannot "keep his attention" and have noted that Blake's behavior is becoming "increasingly challenging" because they feel his unique needs are not being met. Name and describe two educational options available to Blake and his family in order to provide a more challenging and appropriate curriculum to meet Blake's needs.© BrainMass Inc. brainmass.com October 10, 2019, 2:52 am ad1c9bdddf
It's not an matter of approaching the parents for Blake to be challenged but rather an obligation, by law, in most cases, to meet with a team of school staff AND the parents to begin with an IEP. The classroom teacher needs to have accommodations included in her lesson plans, not only for low level special education students but also for gifted students. Some schools/districts have gifted programs and ... | <urn:uuid:5f65fa2c-4b4c-46ec-8a1a-2abbc7e1ecfe> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://brainmass.com/education/gifted-and-talented-education/math-and-reading-for-a-gifted-fifth-grade-student-397581 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251672537.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125131641-20200125160641-00187.warc.gz | en | 0.984155 | 242 | 3.46875 | 3 | [
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0.205852061510... | 1 | Blake is a fifth-grade student who has been identified as gifted in the areas of reading and math. Test scores indicate that he is three grade levels ahead of his peers in both reading and math. Socially, he enjoys his peers, and he is very popular among his classmates. His teachers have approached Blake's parents about changing his placement in terms of receiving instruction because they cannot "keep his attention" and have noted that Blake's behavior is becoming "increasingly challenging" because they feel his unique needs are not being met. Name and describe two educational options available to Blake and his family in order to provide a more challenging and appropriate curriculum to meet Blake's needs.© BrainMass Inc. brainmass.com October 10, 2019, 2:52 am ad1c9bdddf
It's not an matter of approaching the parents for Blake to be challenged but rather an obligation, by law, in most cases, to meet with a team of school staff AND the parents to begin with an IEP. The classroom teacher needs to have accommodations included in her lesson plans, not only for low level special education students but also for gifted students. Some schools/districts have gifted programs and ... | 247 | ENGLISH | 1 |
For well over three millennia, the story of Jason and his fellow Argonauts has enthralled the world.
Jason's quest to get the fabled Golden Fleece and bring it back to his homeland is a fabulous story of grit, compassion and revenge. Over the centuries many vervsions have been recorded, but the essence of the story remains the same; an adventure of epic proportions. Although it is believed that the story was firstly told in about 1,300 BC, the most authentic and comprehensive version comes much later in the 3rd century BC from Apollonius, head librarian at Alexandria. His account ends, however, before the return of Jason to Iolcu. Hereafter, much of the story is culled from common tales.
Let us embark on that fantastic and perilous voyage with Jason and his friends to faraway lands, chance upon fabulous beings and triumphant return.
Discover the myth of Jason and the Argonauts
The early story
The myth says that in the land of Iolcus, the modern city of Volos, there lived Pelius and his half-brother Aeson, born of the same mother Tyro, but of different fathers, Pelias of god Poseidon and Aeson of Cretheus, who was the King of Iolcus. After the death of Cretheus, Pelias usurped the throne from Aeson, the rightful heir and had him imprisoned. His plan was to murder all of the relatives of Aeson and even banish his twin brother Neleus. In despair over Aeson's situation, his wife Alcimede died, but before she had already secretly given birth to the son of Aeson, named Jason. Fearing Pelias would also kill the boy, Jason was sent away to Mount Pelion, to live with the Centaur Cheiron, a strange creature half-man half-horse. Centaur Cheiron became his tutor and Jason grew up to be a fine young man.
Meanwhile, in Iolcus, Pelias, still fearing he would lose his kingdom, approached the oracle at Delphi and was told to beware of a man with one sandal. Unknown to Pelias, this was going to be Goddess Hera's revenge. Many years ago he had angered Hera by committing the despicable act of killing his stepmother Sidero at the goddess's altar and by prohibiting the people from worshipping the Goddess. Hera had vowed to avenge herself such ignominy and she chose to do this through Jason.
When ha became twenty years old, Jason set out to reclaim the throne and kingdom of Iolcus from his uncle. While he was walking to Iolcus, across the river Anauros, Jason came across an old woman trying to cross over to the other side. Being a good-natured young man, Jason helped the woman across but the water drew away one of his sandals. The old woman thanked him and Jason continued on his journey unaware that he had helped Hera, Queen of the Gods, who had disguised herself into an old woman as part of her plan to punish Pelias, this arrogant mortal. Hera knew of his quest, but little did Jason know of the Gods participation in it.
At Iolcus, a celebration was being held to honor the sea god Poseidon, Pelias' father. Jason's arrival and his claim to the throne shocked Pelias who started seeing the old prophecy come true: here was the man with one sandal. To get rid of this dangerous stranger, Pelias agreed to abdicate the throne only if Jason brought him the Golden Fleece from the faraway land of Colchis, thought to be an impossible task. He was sure that Jason would never return and that he would remain king of Iolcus forever.
The story of the Golden Fleece
Well before the time of Jason, there lived two children, the boy Phrixos and his sister Helle, who were born of the union of King Athamas of Orchomenus and the cloud goddess Nephele. However, the King was seduced by the Queen of Thebes, Ino, and took her for his second wife. Ino, being jealous of his children, tricked Athamas into sacrificing them to the gods, as a sign of appeasement to end the long famine that was ruining their land. All of a sudden, during the sacrifice, a winged creature with a golden fleece appeared and took the two children away on its back to the far away land of Colchis. While flying over the sea, tragically Helle fell off the creature's back and drowned. The sea where Helle fell was named Hellespont after her.
The creature carried Phrixos safely to Colchis, where he later married the daughter of King Aeetes, sacrificed the creature to the gods and offered the king the Golden Fleece to give thanks for his hospitality. Sometime later, King Aeetes happened to hear a prophecy that not only foretold the loss of his kingdom to a stranger wishing to steal the Golden Fleece but also a betrayal by some member of his family. Aeetes killed Phrixos because he believed that he was the stranger man of the prophecy and nailed the Golden Fleece to a tree. He then had the tree and the Golden Fleece guarded by two fire breathing, bronze-hoofed bulls, known as the Khalkouri, and a dragon, to prevent anyone from stealing the fleece.
Preparation for the journey
Jason understood that the journey to Colchis would be long and arduous. He knew that he would need a strong and swift vessel to make such a long trip. Only one man in the land could build him such a craft, Argos, who was famous for his skill as a shipwright. Argos readily complied with his request and, with the help of Goddess Athena, they built the largest and sturdiest ship the ancient Greeks had ever seen, a ship that could withstand the ravages of the open sea. Built of oak and pine and over 22 meters in length, the ship had fifty oars and a low draught that allowed her to approach shallow waters without floundering. The construction was such that the mast, the rudder, the anchor and the oars could be removed and the ship then hauled ashore on cylindrical logs. This was significant, since it would prevent the ship from being destroyed or stolen.
As a gift from Zeus, Jason received the Dodona, a piece of speaking timber from the God's enchanted forest which was affixed to the prow. The Dodona had important roles to play, as an oracle offering the seafarers guidance on the best course of action and as a compass. The Dodona was oriented north and the ship's rudder, south, to help in navigation. The imaginary line that extended from the Dodona to the rudder had coordinates aligned with the stars above, helping Jason plot the ship's course with precision. The ship was named Argo after its builder and the crew was the Argonauts.
When the ship was ready, Jason asked the strongest Greek men to accompany him in his journey and in fact the prospect of a great adventure brought many to sail with him. Numbering fifty, the list of heroes was astounding. There were the most famous and brave men of all over Greece, all mighty fighters and some of them had also other skills. Among the Argonauts, we discern Hercules, who was renowned for his strength and agility; Castor and Polydeuces, brothers, boxers and horse tamers; Orpheus, skilled in playing excellent music with his lyre; Argos, the shipwright and lots of others legendary men. Without much further ado the heroes cast off and set sail for the inevitable, their death or glory.
Adventures on the way
The Argonauts started their trip with feelings of joy and enthusiasm. They were only seeking for some excitement and wanted to experience new ways, to see the world around them. They thought it was just a usual journey and didn't know that this journey would change the life of most of them. They had no idea about the adventures and horrible things to come, nor did they know that some would never return back.
Landing on Lemnos
For a long time, the island of Lemnos had been inhabited only by women and it was there that the Argo first weighed anchor. These women had provoked the wrath of Goddess Aphrodite for not worshipping her and as a sign of vengeance she had cursed them with horrible body odor. Unable to bear the awful stench, their husbands had deserted them to this isolate island. Humiliated and furious for their deplorable condition, the women had murdered every male on the island. There they lived with their queen Hypsipyle until the day Jason and his Argonauts arrived. The Argonauts were welcomed with open arms and made babies with these women. Jason himself fathered twin sons born of Queen Hypsipyle.
On the land of the Doliones
A few years went by and the Argonauts realized that they had to go on with their trip. The Argo sailed from Lemnos and crossed Hellespont landing at Propontis to replenish their supplies. This was the home of the Doliones and ruled over by King Cyzicus, a kind and noble man who greeted the Argonauts warmly. While the Argonauts were gathering supplies they were attacked by Gegenees, earth-born monsters with six arms. King Cyzicus had forgotten to warn Jason about these monsters who now attempted to destroy the Argo and kill the handful guarding it.
However, the fearless and mighty warrior Hercules was one of the men guarding the ship, repelling the monsters until Jason and the other Argonauts returned. Together they killed the monsters and took to the sea again but in the dark of the night, a twist of fate brought them back to the land of the Doliones. King Cyzicus, unable to recognize his friends, the Argonauts, thought them to be marauders and attacked them with his men. In the confusion that ensued King Cyzicus was killed. In the dawn, both sides realized their mistake and with heavy hearts held a grand funeral for the King.
Giving Hercules a goodbye
The Doliones gave the Argonauts a warm send-off and soon the heroes were sailing along the coast of Mysia. Hercules, realizing he had broken his oar, went ashore with his squire Hylas to make an oar from the woods. While Hercules was at work, Hylas went to fetch water but was bewitched by a water nymph and followed her into the water. Hercules, heart-broken for not being able to find Hylas, refused to accompany the rest of the men on their quest. Some wanted to leave him behind but most wished to wait for him since Hercules was an invaluable asset to the team. The situation aboard the Argo soon became mutinous but Glaucus, a minor sea-god, appeared and calmed them all. He told the Argonauts that it was the will of the gods that Hercules stays there and goes on to complete other tasks. The Argo put out to sea again leaving behind Polyphemus to assist the mighty Hercules in his mission.
The fight with Amycus
A few days later, the Argonauts approached the land of King Amycus, ruler of the tribe Bebryces. He had a strange quirk to challenge every stranger he met to a fistfight. Catching sight of the Argonauts, he challenged them and Polydeuces, the skilled boxer, took it up and, after a difficult fight, managed to kill Amycus. All hell broke loose as the Bebryces attacked the Argonauts to avenge their King but that was not to be. They were comprehensively driven back and Jason and his friends once again sailed for their destination.
The Argonauts were beyond a strange sight after passing theBosporus and reaching Thrace. An old blind man who had sat down to his meal was attacked by two wingedcreatures that appeared from nowhere and started tormenting him and desecrating his food. Unable to bear this vagary of fate, Jason and his friends ran to help the man and chased away the creatures. To thank Jason, the old man told him that his name was Phineus and that he had once been a seer. However, he had divulged too many of Zeus' secrets and the God had cursed him, taking his vision. To further torment him, Zeus had sent the Harpies, the two winged creatures that the Argonauts had earlier seen, to despoil his food every time he tried to eat.
Hearing of Jason's quest, Phineus agreed to tell the Argonauts what lie ahead but on one condition: Jason and his friends should help him to get rid of the Harpies. Zetes and Calais, who were amongst the Argonauts, were children of Boreas, the god of the north wind and they could fly. It fell upon them to rid Phineus of the Harpies. They lay in wait to kill the Harpies but Iris, sister to the two creatures, intervened, vowing that the creatures would never bother the old man again. Phineus thanked the Argonauts for their help and told them that the next task of their voyage would be very dangerous. In order to cross the Symplegades which lay ahead, they must release a dove to see if she has safe passage between these two gigantic rocks.
The Argonauts were unable to comprehend the gravity of Phineus warning. Approaching the Symplegades, they were appalled at what laid in their path. Separated by a narrow strait, the Symplegades were two gigantic rocks which constantly clashed against each other, seldom letting anything pass between them. Heeding Phineus' words, Jason let loose a white dove. With bated breath, the Argonauts waited to see if she would have a safe passage through the rocks. Luck favored them as the dove flew through without mishap.
The Argonauts, ecstatic that they too could be allowed to pass through safely, set forth towards the clashing rocks. However, the Argo just about managed to scrape through. As the ship pulled clear, the rock started closing in on it but Goddess Athena appeared and held the cliffs apart. The Argo was now safe in the calm waters of the Axeinus Pontus.
The Stymphalian Birds
Another misfortune came to the Argonauts since Tiphys died. The navigator, asleep at the helm, had fallen into the sea. Thereafter, the Argonauts would almost have a fight with the Amazons, but Zeus sent favorable winds which took them away from the land of the warrior women. While nearing the deserted island of Ares, the Argonauts were suddenly attacked by the Stymphalian Birds which had lethal, bronze-tipped feathers. Being the sacred birds of the God of War, the Birds could only be driven away, not killed. Fortunately, one amongst the Argonauts recalled how Hercules had once encountered these birds and driven them away by making loud noises. At his advice, the Argonauts unsheathed their swords and beat upon their shields with them. The Birds, scared by the commotion, flew away and left the adventurers alone. Only Oileus was struck and wounded by a stray feather.
Finally in Colchis
Seeing that Jason was about to approach Colchis, Goddess Hera realized he would need help. For this, she chose Medea, the daughter of King Aeetes, a skilled sorceress and high-priestess of the temple of Hecate, Goddess of magic and witchcraft. Hera knew that Jason would need Medea to weave her magic not only here, but in Iolcus as well. She told Aphrodite to send her son Eros to make Jason and Medea fall in love. It was a simple task for Eros to ensure that the first person Jason would meet in Colchis would be Medea. Landing safely on the banks of the river Phasis, the Argonauts went ashore and decided to make their way to the city of Aia, to the court of King Aeetes of Colchis. Strangely, on the way they noticed bodies wrapped in hides hanging from the trees.
Trying to get the Golden Fleece
There was much gaiety in the palace of King Aeetes for the arrival of the strangers, but the King became furious when Jason announced he had come to Colchis only to take the Golden Fleece. Aeetes wanted to kill Jason right that moment but he knew that such a dastardly act would only make matters worse. He consented, only if Jason beat the fire-breathing bronze-hoofed bulls guarding the Golden Fleece and make them plough a field in which he was to sow the dragon's teeth. These seeds would turn into warriors that he would have to defeat afterwards. Jason agreed, though not too readily, for he knew that only Hercules could overcome such obstacles and rued that they had left him behind.
Trying to get the Golden Fleece
Medea prepared an ointment for Jason which would make him impervious to fire, so he could face the bulls. She also told him how to defeat the warriors of the earth. Armed with sorcery and courage, Jason set out to accomplish his tasks. Medea’s ointment allowed Jason to approach the bulls without being burnt alive. He defeated them and sowed the fields with dragon's teeth. as from the earth rose great warriors.
Following Medea's advice, Jason threw a stone amongst the warriors, distracting them. Not knowing who had thrown the stone, the earth-born warriors attacked each other, destroying themselves. King Aeetes was enraged at Jason's success and realized he must have had help from someone on the inside. He suspected various family members but couldn't pinpoint anyone. Instead he planned to kill the Argonauts.
On the way home
Suspecting her father would do something evil, Medea informed Jason and agreed to help him steal the Golden Fleece, only if he took her away with him. Jason consented to take her away from her father and also to marry her. The Golden Fleece was nailed to a tree in a small garden and guarded by the Sleepless Dragon. Orpheus, the great music player who was one of the Argonauts, and Medea, in a concerted effort of music and sorcery, put the beast to sleep while Jason quietly took the Golden Fleece. They rushed back to the Argo and immediately set sail, for they knew King Aeetes would chase them once ha found out their treachery.
The Argonauts' route from Greece to Colchis is, with few exceptions, remarkably consistent across the Greek poets and historians. By contrast, the Argonauts' return route has been the subject of a bewildering array of interpretations, largely due to the changing Greek understanding of geography and the complications greater knowledge caused when trying to map a myth developed in an age of ignorance onto real terrain that rarely matched the speculation of the ancient bards. Below are a few of the many interpretations of the Argonauts' return route, beginning with the classic route as given by Apollonius, followed by many earlier and later variants.
Route by Apollonius:
Route by Herodotus:
Route by Bacon:
Route by Bacons:
Sure enough, King Aeetes and his son, Medea’s brother Apsyrtus, chased them across the seas. Medea to distract her father, through magical things, killed her brother, cut him into pieces and threw the pieces of his body in the sea. Aeetes, in his despair, gave up the chase. However, Aeetes asked Zeus to punish Medea and Jason in order to get revenge for his son’s unfair death. Zeus asked his pray and drove the ship off course, to the island of Aeaea, where lived Circe, Medea's aunt. Distraught upon learning of her nephew's death, she immediately asked the Argonauts to leave.
Meeting the Sirens
An uneasy feeling shrouded the Argonauts, as strange mellifluous music wafted over the waters, tugged at their hearts and they found themselves rushing towards the source. To their dismay, they found themselves amongst the Sirens. The Sirens were beautiful women who sat on rocks, seducing sailors with their irresistible songs. Unable to avoid the beauty of their sight and their song, the sailors would run their ships aground on the rocks and be killed.
The presence of Orpheus once more saved the Argonauts such a fate. He played his lyre far more powerful and captivating than that of the Sirens, breaking their enchanting spell. Finding that they were no longer affected by the Sirens' charm, Jason and his friends rowed with all their might and well away from the rocks but unfortunately, Butes fell over. Lured by the Sirens, he swam towards the rocks and imminent death but miraculously, Aphrodite appeared out of nowhere and saved him.
Thetis, the sea goddess, aided the Argonauts thenceforth and carried them safely past Scylla, a six-headed monster who had once been a maiden, and Charybdis, the deadly whirlpool, since a contact with either would have meant certain death for Jason and his men. The Argo was guided to the island of Drepane, territory of the Phaeacians and ruled by Alcinous and Arete. It was there where Jason and Medea got married.
Talos, the bronze giant
Nearing Crete, the Argonauts were exhausted from the long journey and wanted to land on the island but were fended off by a giant bronze man called Talos. He was the last of a race of giant bronze people and could only be killed in a certain manner, by rupturing the only vein in his body at the back of his ankle. Using her skills at sorcery, Medea cast a spell and a huge rock crashed against Talos' ankle, smashing his vein and causing him to bleed to death.
Leaving Crete, they neared the island called Anaphe. There Euphemus dreamt that he made love to a woman who was the daughter of sea god Triton and that she had nowhere to go. She advised him to throw the clod of earth that he carried with him into the sea and it would grow into an island where she would mother his children and his descendents would live there forever. Jason heard Euphemus' dream and told him to throw the clod of earth into the sea once they were clear of the island of Anaphe. Well out to sea, Euphemus threw the clod of earth onto the sea and it grew into an island which he called Calliste. Many generations afterwards, Euphemus' descendant, Theras, returned to the island and renamed it Thera, after himself. It is the present island of Santorini.
The return to Iolcus
Without much further adventure, Jason and the Argonauts arrived back in Iolcus. He handed the Golden Fleece to Pelias, unaware that his uncle had already killed his father Aeson. Furious for this unfairness, he swore he would exact a terrible revenge against Pelias and asked Medea to help him. Pelias' death was a result of Medea's trickery. She had convinced Pelias' daughters that she had the power to restore their father's youth.
Being a sorceress, she had demonstrated the procedure by killing a ram, cutting it into pieces, throwing it into a cauldron of boiling water and then bringing it back to life as a young sheep again. Believing it to be true, the daughters murdered him. Jason seized the throne thereafter but soon had to leave Iolcus, because the residents didn't want Medea the sorceress for their queen. So, Jason, after so many vain adventures to get the Golden Fleece and become a king, relinquished the kingdom to Pelias' son, Acastus.
The tragic end
Hera had finally avenged herself through Jason. The quest for the Golden Fleece had been a trick to bring Medea to Iolcus to kill Pelias. Hera no longer had use of Jason who went into exile with Medea in Corinth, where he led a very uneventful life. But even the most righteous of men are swayed. Jason wanted to marry the princess of Corinth even though he already had Medea. Inconsolable at Jason's deceit, Medea killed the princess and even did something horrible: she killed her own three young children, the children she had with Jason, to punish her husband! After that, she escaped to Athens. Jason's once glorious life had ended in tragedy.
One day, as an old man, Jason was sitting lost in reverie next to the dilapidated hull of his beloved Argo. The ship that had once seen fabulous adventures now creaked and groaned ominously as if bemoaning its existence. Jason, this glorious and tragic figure, had been so tired of living that he asked Zeus to show mercy on him. A lashing snapped and a beam fell on Jason, ending his life and making him a legend. | <urn:uuid:57872605-5a49-4498-af92-19041396f779> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | http://bristolgreeks.com/index.php/world-greeks/civilisation/legends/item/338-the-golden-fleece-jason-and-the-argonauts | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251688806.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126104828-20200126134828-00555.warc.gz | en | 0.986133 | 5,268 | 3.40625 | 3 | [
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-0.154409959912300... | 1 | For well over three millennia, the story of Jason and his fellow Argonauts has enthralled the world.
Jason's quest to get the fabled Golden Fleece and bring it back to his homeland is a fabulous story of grit, compassion and revenge. Over the centuries many vervsions have been recorded, but the essence of the story remains the same; an adventure of epic proportions. Although it is believed that the story was firstly told in about 1,300 BC, the most authentic and comprehensive version comes much later in the 3rd century BC from Apollonius, head librarian at Alexandria. His account ends, however, before the return of Jason to Iolcu. Hereafter, much of the story is culled from common tales.
Let us embark on that fantastic and perilous voyage with Jason and his friends to faraway lands, chance upon fabulous beings and triumphant return.
Discover the myth of Jason and the Argonauts
The early story
The myth says that in the land of Iolcus, the modern city of Volos, there lived Pelius and his half-brother Aeson, born of the same mother Tyro, but of different fathers, Pelias of god Poseidon and Aeson of Cretheus, who was the King of Iolcus. After the death of Cretheus, Pelias usurped the throne from Aeson, the rightful heir and had him imprisoned. His plan was to murder all of the relatives of Aeson and even banish his twin brother Neleus. In despair over Aeson's situation, his wife Alcimede died, but before she had already secretly given birth to the son of Aeson, named Jason. Fearing Pelias would also kill the boy, Jason was sent away to Mount Pelion, to live with the Centaur Cheiron, a strange creature half-man half-horse. Centaur Cheiron became his tutor and Jason grew up to be a fine young man.
Meanwhile, in Iolcus, Pelias, still fearing he would lose his kingdom, approached the oracle at Delphi and was told to beware of a man with one sandal. Unknown to Pelias, this was going to be Goddess Hera's revenge. Many years ago he had angered Hera by committing the despicable act of killing his stepmother Sidero at the goddess's altar and by prohibiting the people from worshipping the Goddess. Hera had vowed to avenge herself such ignominy and she chose to do this through Jason.
When ha became twenty years old, Jason set out to reclaim the throne and kingdom of Iolcus from his uncle. While he was walking to Iolcus, across the river Anauros, Jason came across an old woman trying to cross over to the other side. Being a good-natured young man, Jason helped the woman across but the water drew away one of his sandals. The old woman thanked him and Jason continued on his journey unaware that he had helped Hera, Queen of the Gods, who had disguised herself into an old woman as part of her plan to punish Pelias, this arrogant mortal. Hera knew of his quest, but little did Jason know of the Gods participation in it.
At Iolcus, a celebration was being held to honor the sea god Poseidon, Pelias' father. Jason's arrival and his claim to the throne shocked Pelias who started seeing the old prophecy come true: here was the man with one sandal. To get rid of this dangerous stranger, Pelias agreed to abdicate the throne only if Jason brought him the Golden Fleece from the faraway land of Colchis, thought to be an impossible task. He was sure that Jason would never return and that he would remain king of Iolcus forever.
The story of the Golden Fleece
Well before the time of Jason, there lived two children, the boy Phrixos and his sister Helle, who were born of the union of King Athamas of Orchomenus and the cloud goddess Nephele. However, the King was seduced by the Queen of Thebes, Ino, and took her for his second wife. Ino, being jealous of his children, tricked Athamas into sacrificing them to the gods, as a sign of appeasement to end the long famine that was ruining their land. All of a sudden, during the sacrifice, a winged creature with a golden fleece appeared and took the two children away on its back to the far away land of Colchis. While flying over the sea, tragically Helle fell off the creature's back and drowned. The sea where Helle fell was named Hellespont after her.
The creature carried Phrixos safely to Colchis, where he later married the daughter of King Aeetes, sacrificed the creature to the gods and offered the king the Golden Fleece to give thanks for his hospitality. Sometime later, King Aeetes happened to hear a prophecy that not only foretold the loss of his kingdom to a stranger wishing to steal the Golden Fleece but also a betrayal by some member of his family. Aeetes killed Phrixos because he believed that he was the stranger man of the prophecy and nailed the Golden Fleece to a tree. He then had the tree and the Golden Fleece guarded by two fire breathing, bronze-hoofed bulls, known as the Khalkouri, and a dragon, to prevent anyone from stealing the fleece.
Preparation for the journey
Jason understood that the journey to Colchis would be long and arduous. He knew that he would need a strong and swift vessel to make such a long trip. Only one man in the land could build him such a craft, Argos, who was famous for his skill as a shipwright. Argos readily complied with his request and, with the help of Goddess Athena, they built the largest and sturdiest ship the ancient Greeks had ever seen, a ship that could withstand the ravages of the open sea. Built of oak and pine and over 22 meters in length, the ship had fifty oars and a low draught that allowed her to approach shallow waters without floundering. The construction was such that the mast, the rudder, the anchor and the oars could be removed and the ship then hauled ashore on cylindrical logs. This was significant, since it would prevent the ship from being destroyed or stolen.
As a gift from Zeus, Jason received the Dodona, a piece of speaking timber from the God's enchanted forest which was affixed to the prow. The Dodona had important roles to play, as an oracle offering the seafarers guidance on the best course of action and as a compass. The Dodona was oriented north and the ship's rudder, south, to help in navigation. The imaginary line that extended from the Dodona to the rudder had coordinates aligned with the stars above, helping Jason plot the ship's course with precision. The ship was named Argo after its builder and the crew was the Argonauts.
When the ship was ready, Jason asked the strongest Greek men to accompany him in his journey and in fact the prospect of a great adventure brought many to sail with him. Numbering fifty, the list of heroes was astounding. There were the most famous and brave men of all over Greece, all mighty fighters and some of them had also other skills. Among the Argonauts, we discern Hercules, who was renowned for his strength and agility; Castor and Polydeuces, brothers, boxers and horse tamers; Orpheus, skilled in playing excellent music with his lyre; Argos, the shipwright and lots of others legendary men. Without much further ado the heroes cast off and set sail for the inevitable, their death or glory.
Adventures on the way
The Argonauts started their trip with feelings of joy and enthusiasm. They were only seeking for some excitement and wanted to experience new ways, to see the world around them. They thought it was just a usual journey and didn't know that this journey would change the life of most of them. They had no idea about the adventures and horrible things to come, nor did they know that some would never return back.
Landing on Lemnos
For a long time, the island of Lemnos had been inhabited only by women and it was there that the Argo first weighed anchor. These women had provoked the wrath of Goddess Aphrodite for not worshipping her and as a sign of vengeance she had cursed them with horrible body odor. Unable to bear the awful stench, their husbands had deserted them to this isolate island. Humiliated and furious for their deplorable condition, the women had murdered every male on the island. There they lived with their queen Hypsipyle until the day Jason and his Argonauts arrived. The Argonauts were welcomed with open arms and made babies with these women. Jason himself fathered twin sons born of Queen Hypsipyle.
On the land of the Doliones
A few years went by and the Argonauts realized that they had to go on with their trip. The Argo sailed from Lemnos and crossed Hellespont landing at Propontis to replenish their supplies. This was the home of the Doliones and ruled over by King Cyzicus, a kind and noble man who greeted the Argonauts warmly. While the Argonauts were gathering supplies they were attacked by Gegenees, earth-born monsters with six arms. King Cyzicus had forgotten to warn Jason about these monsters who now attempted to destroy the Argo and kill the handful guarding it.
However, the fearless and mighty warrior Hercules was one of the men guarding the ship, repelling the monsters until Jason and the other Argonauts returned. Together they killed the monsters and took to the sea again but in the dark of the night, a twist of fate brought them back to the land of the Doliones. King Cyzicus, unable to recognize his friends, the Argonauts, thought them to be marauders and attacked them with his men. In the confusion that ensued King Cyzicus was killed. In the dawn, both sides realized their mistake and with heavy hearts held a grand funeral for the King.
Giving Hercules a goodbye
The Doliones gave the Argonauts a warm send-off and soon the heroes were sailing along the coast of Mysia. Hercules, realizing he had broken his oar, went ashore with his squire Hylas to make an oar from the woods. While Hercules was at work, Hylas went to fetch water but was bewitched by a water nymph and followed her into the water. Hercules, heart-broken for not being able to find Hylas, refused to accompany the rest of the men on their quest. Some wanted to leave him behind but most wished to wait for him since Hercules was an invaluable asset to the team. The situation aboard the Argo soon became mutinous but Glaucus, a minor sea-god, appeared and calmed them all. He told the Argonauts that it was the will of the gods that Hercules stays there and goes on to complete other tasks. The Argo put out to sea again leaving behind Polyphemus to assist the mighty Hercules in his mission.
The fight with Amycus
A few days later, the Argonauts approached the land of King Amycus, ruler of the tribe Bebryces. He had a strange quirk to challenge every stranger he met to a fistfight. Catching sight of the Argonauts, he challenged them and Polydeuces, the skilled boxer, took it up and, after a difficult fight, managed to kill Amycus. All hell broke loose as the Bebryces attacked the Argonauts to avenge their King but that was not to be. They were comprehensively driven back and Jason and his friends once again sailed for their destination.
The Argonauts were beyond a strange sight after passing theBosporus and reaching Thrace. An old blind man who had sat down to his meal was attacked by two wingedcreatures that appeared from nowhere and started tormenting him and desecrating his food. Unable to bear this vagary of fate, Jason and his friends ran to help the man and chased away the creatures. To thank Jason, the old man told him that his name was Phineus and that he had once been a seer. However, he had divulged too many of Zeus' secrets and the God had cursed him, taking his vision. To further torment him, Zeus had sent the Harpies, the two winged creatures that the Argonauts had earlier seen, to despoil his food every time he tried to eat.
Hearing of Jason's quest, Phineus agreed to tell the Argonauts what lie ahead but on one condition: Jason and his friends should help him to get rid of the Harpies. Zetes and Calais, who were amongst the Argonauts, were children of Boreas, the god of the north wind and they could fly. It fell upon them to rid Phineus of the Harpies. They lay in wait to kill the Harpies but Iris, sister to the two creatures, intervened, vowing that the creatures would never bother the old man again. Phineus thanked the Argonauts for their help and told them that the next task of their voyage would be very dangerous. In order to cross the Symplegades which lay ahead, they must release a dove to see if she has safe passage between these two gigantic rocks.
The Argonauts were unable to comprehend the gravity of Phineus warning. Approaching the Symplegades, they were appalled at what laid in their path. Separated by a narrow strait, the Symplegades were two gigantic rocks which constantly clashed against each other, seldom letting anything pass between them. Heeding Phineus' words, Jason let loose a white dove. With bated breath, the Argonauts waited to see if she would have a safe passage through the rocks. Luck favored them as the dove flew through without mishap.
The Argonauts, ecstatic that they too could be allowed to pass through safely, set forth towards the clashing rocks. However, the Argo just about managed to scrape through. As the ship pulled clear, the rock started closing in on it but Goddess Athena appeared and held the cliffs apart. The Argo was now safe in the calm waters of the Axeinus Pontus.
The Stymphalian Birds
Another misfortune came to the Argonauts since Tiphys died. The navigator, asleep at the helm, had fallen into the sea. Thereafter, the Argonauts would almost have a fight with the Amazons, but Zeus sent favorable winds which took them away from the land of the warrior women. While nearing the deserted island of Ares, the Argonauts were suddenly attacked by the Stymphalian Birds which had lethal, bronze-tipped feathers. Being the sacred birds of the God of War, the Birds could only be driven away, not killed. Fortunately, one amongst the Argonauts recalled how Hercules had once encountered these birds and driven them away by making loud noises. At his advice, the Argonauts unsheathed their swords and beat upon their shields with them. The Birds, scared by the commotion, flew away and left the adventurers alone. Only Oileus was struck and wounded by a stray feather.
Finally in Colchis
Seeing that Jason was about to approach Colchis, Goddess Hera realized he would need help. For this, she chose Medea, the daughter of King Aeetes, a skilled sorceress and high-priestess of the temple of Hecate, Goddess of magic and witchcraft. Hera knew that Jason would need Medea to weave her magic not only here, but in Iolcus as well. She told Aphrodite to send her son Eros to make Jason and Medea fall in love. It was a simple task for Eros to ensure that the first person Jason would meet in Colchis would be Medea. Landing safely on the banks of the river Phasis, the Argonauts went ashore and decided to make their way to the city of Aia, to the court of King Aeetes of Colchis. Strangely, on the way they noticed bodies wrapped in hides hanging from the trees.
Trying to get the Golden Fleece
There was much gaiety in the palace of King Aeetes for the arrival of the strangers, but the King became furious when Jason announced he had come to Colchis only to take the Golden Fleece. Aeetes wanted to kill Jason right that moment but he knew that such a dastardly act would only make matters worse. He consented, only if Jason beat the fire-breathing bronze-hoofed bulls guarding the Golden Fleece and make them plough a field in which he was to sow the dragon's teeth. These seeds would turn into warriors that he would have to defeat afterwards. Jason agreed, though not too readily, for he knew that only Hercules could overcome such obstacles and rued that they had left him behind.
Trying to get the Golden Fleece
Medea prepared an ointment for Jason which would make him impervious to fire, so he could face the bulls. She also told him how to defeat the warriors of the earth. Armed with sorcery and courage, Jason set out to accomplish his tasks. Medea’s ointment allowed Jason to approach the bulls without being burnt alive. He defeated them and sowed the fields with dragon's teeth. as from the earth rose great warriors.
Following Medea's advice, Jason threw a stone amongst the warriors, distracting them. Not knowing who had thrown the stone, the earth-born warriors attacked each other, destroying themselves. King Aeetes was enraged at Jason's success and realized he must have had help from someone on the inside. He suspected various family members but couldn't pinpoint anyone. Instead he planned to kill the Argonauts.
On the way home
Suspecting her father would do something evil, Medea informed Jason and agreed to help him steal the Golden Fleece, only if he took her away with him. Jason consented to take her away from her father and also to marry her. The Golden Fleece was nailed to a tree in a small garden and guarded by the Sleepless Dragon. Orpheus, the great music player who was one of the Argonauts, and Medea, in a concerted effort of music and sorcery, put the beast to sleep while Jason quietly took the Golden Fleece. They rushed back to the Argo and immediately set sail, for they knew King Aeetes would chase them once ha found out their treachery.
The Argonauts' route from Greece to Colchis is, with few exceptions, remarkably consistent across the Greek poets and historians. By contrast, the Argonauts' return route has been the subject of a bewildering array of interpretations, largely due to the changing Greek understanding of geography and the complications greater knowledge caused when trying to map a myth developed in an age of ignorance onto real terrain that rarely matched the speculation of the ancient bards. Below are a few of the many interpretations of the Argonauts' return route, beginning with the classic route as given by Apollonius, followed by many earlier and later variants.
Route by Apollonius:
Route by Herodotus:
Route by Bacon:
Route by Bacons:
Sure enough, King Aeetes and his son, Medea’s brother Apsyrtus, chased them across the seas. Medea to distract her father, through magical things, killed her brother, cut him into pieces and threw the pieces of his body in the sea. Aeetes, in his despair, gave up the chase. However, Aeetes asked Zeus to punish Medea and Jason in order to get revenge for his son’s unfair death. Zeus asked his pray and drove the ship off course, to the island of Aeaea, where lived Circe, Medea's aunt. Distraught upon learning of her nephew's death, she immediately asked the Argonauts to leave.
Meeting the Sirens
An uneasy feeling shrouded the Argonauts, as strange mellifluous music wafted over the waters, tugged at their hearts and they found themselves rushing towards the source. To their dismay, they found themselves amongst the Sirens. The Sirens were beautiful women who sat on rocks, seducing sailors with their irresistible songs. Unable to avoid the beauty of their sight and their song, the sailors would run their ships aground on the rocks and be killed.
The presence of Orpheus once more saved the Argonauts such a fate. He played his lyre far more powerful and captivating than that of the Sirens, breaking their enchanting spell. Finding that they were no longer affected by the Sirens' charm, Jason and his friends rowed with all their might and well away from the rocks but unfortunately, Butes fell over. Lured by the Sirens, he swam towards the rocks and imminent death but miraculously, Aphrodite appeared out of nowhere and saved him.
Thetis, the sea goddess, aided the Argonauts thenceforth and carried them safely past Scylla, a six-headed monster who had once been a maiden, and Charybdis, the deadly whirlpool, since a contact with either would have meant certain death for Jason and his men. The Argo was guided to the island of Drepane, territory of the Phaeacians and ruled by Alcinous and Arete. It was there where Jason and Medea got married.
Talos, the bronze giant
Nearing Crete, the Argonauts were exhausted from the long journey and wanted to land on the island but were fended off by a giant bronze man called Talos. He was the last of a race of giant bronze people and could only be killed in a certain manner, by rupturing the only vein in his body at the back of his ankle. Using her skills at sorcery, Medea cast a spell and a huge rock crashed against Talos' ankle, smashing his vein and causing him to bleed to death.
Leaving Crete, they neared the island called Anaphe. There Euphemus dreamt that he made love to a woman who was the daughter of sea god Triton and that she had nowhere to go. She advised him to throw the clod of earth that he carried with him into the sea and it would grow into an island where she would mother his children and his descendents would live there forever. Jason heard Euphemus' dream and told him to throw the clod of earth into the sea once they were clear of the island of Anaphe. Well out to sea, Euphemus threw the clod of earth onto the sea and it grew into an island which he called Calliste. Many generations afterwards, Euphemus' descendant, Theras, returned to the island and renamed it Thera, after himself. It is the present island of Santorini.
The return to Iolcus
Without much further adventure, Jason and the Argonauts arrived back in Iolcus. He handed the Golden Fleece to Pelias, unaware that his uncle had already killed his father Aeson. Furious for this unfairness, he swore he would exact a terrible revenge against Pelias and asked Medea to help him. Pelias' death was a result of Medea's trickery. She had convinced Pelias' daughters that she had the power to restore their father's youth.
Being a sorceress, she had demonstrated the procedure by killing a ram, cutting it into pieces, throwing it into a cauldron of boiling water and then bringing it back to life as a young sheep again. Believing it to be true, the daughters murdered him. Jason seized the throne thereafter but soon had to leave Iolcus, because the residents didn't want Medea the sorceress for their queen. So, Jason, after so many vain adventures to get the Golden Fleece and become a king, relinquished the kingdom to Pelias' son, Acastus.
The tragic end
Hera had finally avenged herself through Jason. The quest for the Golden Fleece had been a trick to bring Medea to Iolcus to kill Pelias. Hera no longer had use of Jason who went into exile with Medea in Corinth, where he led a very uneventful life. But even the most righteous of men are swayed. Jason wanted to marry the princess of Corinth even though he already had Medea. Inconsolable at Jason's deceit, Medea killed the princess and even did something horrible: she killed her own three young children, the children she had with Jason, to punish her husband! After that, she escaped to Athens. Jason's once glorious life had ended in tragedy.
One day, as an old man, Jason was sitting lost in reverie next to the dilapidated hull of his beloved Argo. The ship that had once seen fabulous adventures now creaked and groaned ominously as if bemoaning its existence. Jason, this glorious and tragic figure, had been so tired of living that he asked Zeus to show mercy on him. A lashing snapped and a beam fell on Jason, ending his life and making him a legend. | 5,272 | ENGLISH | 1 |
It was not until late May or early June that Caesar finally stirred himself to move. There was bad news from Syria, and he sailed there with Legio VI, leaving the rest of his army to garrison Egypt. After the suicide of Mithridates of Pontus, his son Pharnaces had been left with only a small fraction of the old kingdom of Pontus. Seeing the disorder caused within the empire by the Civil War, Pharnaces decided to seize once more the lost territory, and invaded the old heartland of Pontus. Caesar's legate Domitius Calvinus had marched to oppose him, but suffered defeat. Pharnaces celebrated his victory in brutal manner, torturing and executing his prisoners, and castrating large numbers of young Romans who fell into his hands.
The forces at Caesar's disposal were small, consisting of the greatly reduced but veteran Legio VI, along with the survivors of Domitius's army. These included a legion of Deiotarus's Galatians which had fled before contact, another raised in Pontus, and Legio XXXVI which, although composed of former Pompeians, had fought well. Though outnumbered, Caesar characteristically chose to advance on Pharnaces, stopping five miles away from the enemy camp outside the town of Zela. In the night Caesar suddenly marched out and began to build a new camp on the opposite side of a valley to the Pontic army. On the next morning, 2 August 47, Pharnaces drew up his army in battle order. However, because the ravine separating them was steep, offering very bad going to any attacker trying to climb it, Caesar thought that this was simply a gesture of confidence, of the type commonly made by armies in this period, and so allowed his men to continue constructing the camp. He was amazed when Pharnaces led his troops down
Another scene from the monument at Adamklissi in Romania shows a legionary slashing with his gladius. Although the Roman army's training emphasised the use of the point rather than the edged of the sword, the gladius was in fact a very well balanced weapon that could be used effectively to cut or thrust. (Author's collection)
across the valley in a full-scale attack. The Romans were unprepared and hastily tried to put together a fighting line. Scythed chariots - all but useless against steady and properly formed troops - caused some losses among the dispersed Romans, before their teams were shot down with missiles. The fighting was long and bitter, but eventually Legio VI on the right flank punched through the enemy line and exploited the success to threaten the remainder of their army in the flank. Finally, the Pontic army dissolved into rout and the fleeing men were massacred by the vengeful Romans. The legionaries were so exhilarated that they crossed the valley and stormed the enemy camp, in spite of the resistance of its garrison.
Although the battle of Zela proved hard-fought, it decided the war within days of the beginning of the campaign. Caesar is said to have commented on how lucky Pompey had been to make his reputation as a commander fighting such opponents. Later, when he celebrated his triumph over Pontus, the procession included placards bearing just three Latin words: ' Veni, vidi, vici' (T came, I saw, I conquered').
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... | 1 | It was not until late May or early June that Caesar finally stirred himself to move. There was bad news from Syria, and he sailed there with Legio VI, leaving the rest of his army to garrison Egypt. After the suicide of Mithridates of Pontus, his son Pharnaces had been left with only a small fraction of the old kingdom of Pontus. Seeing the disorder caused within the empire by the Civil War, Pharnaces decided to seize once more the lost territory, and invaded the old heartland of Pontus. Caesar's legate Domitius Calvinus had marched to oppose him, but suffered defeat. Pharnaces celebrated his victory in brutal manner, torturing and executing his prisoners, and castrating large numbers of young Romans who fell into his hands.
The forces at Caesar's disposal were small, consisting of the greatly reduced but veteran Legio VI, along with the survivors of Domitius's army. These included a legion of Deiotarus's Galatians which had fled before contact, another raised in Pontus, and Legio XXXVI which, although composed of former Pompeians, had fought well. Though outnumbered, Caesar characteristically chose to advance on Pharnaces, stopping five miles away from the enemy camp outside the town of Zela. In the night Caesar suddenly marched out and began to build a new camp on the opposite side of a valley to the Pontic army. On the next morning, 2 August 47, Pharnaces drew up his army in battle order. However, because the ravine separating them was steep, offering very bad going to any attacker trying to climb it, Caesar thought that this was simply a gesture of confidence, of the type commonly made by armies in this period, and so allowed his men to continue constructing the camp. He was amazed when Pharnaces led his troops down
Another scene from the monument at Adamklissi in Romania shows a legionary slashing with his gladius. Although the Roman army's training emphasised the use of the point rather than the edged of the sword, the gladius was in fact a very well balanced weapon that could be used effectively to cut or thrust. (Author's collection)
across the valley in a full-scale attack. The Romans were unprepared and hastily tried to put together a fighting line. Scythed chariots - all but useless against steady and properly formed troops - caused some losses among the dispersed Romans, before their teams were shot down with missiles. The fighting was long and bitter, but eventually Legio VI on the right flank punched through the enemy line and exploited the success to threaten the remainder of their army in the flank. Finally, the Pontic army dissolved into rout and the fleeing men were massacred by the vengeful Romans. The legionaries were so exhilarated that they crossed the valley and stormed the enemy camp, in spite of the resistance of its garrison.
Although the battle of Zela proved hard-fought, it decided the war within days of the beginning of the campaign. Caesar is said to have commented on how lucky Pompey had been to make his reputation as a commander fighting such opponents. Later, when he celebrated his triumph over Pontus, the procession included placards bearing just three Latin words: ' Veni, vidi, vici' (T came, I saw, I conquered').
Was this article helpful? | 693 | ENGLISH | 1 |
By Ruth Fitzgerald*
Blacks first inhabited Virginia in 1619. They came to the sparsely settled Rappahannock Valley long before Fredericksburg was officially founded in 1728.
In colonial times, Fredericksburg and Falmouth, across the Rappahannock River in Stafford County, were important centers of trade. The towns were considered the gateway to the mountains and the way west, and they also served as major seaports.
Because of the thriving import-export business here, there were always many slaves in the area, both owned by local residents, or en route to the interior. Free blacks also lived in the Fredericksburg area, especially after the Revolutionary War. Some slaves were freed for their participation in the Revolutionary War. Some were freed by benevolent owners, while others were allowed to purchase their freedom. Still, others were free because of the legal status of their mothers.
Slaves worked on plantations, on the docks, in iron industries, mining and quarries, mercantile businesses, construction, domestic services, and others were skilled blacksmiths, coopers, cobblers, and draymen. African Americans were vital in the development of the area.
From the late 1700's to the mid-1800's there were about 12,000 slaves in this area, 14,000 whites, and about 900 free blacks. In the city of Fredericksburg, there were about 1,200 slaves, 3,000 whites, and about 350 free blacks.
Today, about one-fifth of the area's population is black.
Most owners had only a few slaves. Large plantations might have 50 or 60 slaves, and on rare occasions, especially after 1800, a plantation might have more than 100 slaves. Also, indentured white servants were available for hire in the late 1700's and early 1800's, and they were brought into the area by the boatload, just as slaves were brought here.
Alex Haley, the author of Roots, traced the story of his ancestor, Kunte Kinte, who was brought as a slave to nearby Spotsylvania County.
Many of the homes and businesses of blacks have been torn down, so it is necessary to use the imagination to picture much of Fredericksburg's black history.
[Barton Street | George Street | Sunken Road | Falmouth]
City Dock. The riverside was once a busy area with ships docking and wagons unloading and loading and leaving for the interior as well as bringing goods into Fredericksburg. The ships, docked all along the riverside, included large sea-going vessels. In colonial times, Fredericksburg was such a busy international port that Thomas Jefferson said sailors from all over the world could be found there.
Slave ships also docked here. John Duncan, a slave ship captain who landed here in 1771, wrote letters to the owner of his ship that a slaver had not been here since 1765, and he expected a good sale of slaves. However, a later letter reported that he did not have good luck in his sales because of a flood.
Most slavers sold their cargoes while sailing up the river and often the prime, young slaves were sold further downstream.
Also along the river in the antebellum era were slave pens where slaves were kept until they were sold or taken down south by slave traders known as "Georgy" men.
Shiloh Old Site Baptist Church, 801 Sophia Street. This was the first black church in the area. On this site was the original Fredericksburg Baptist Church, a white church with slave and free black members. When the white Baptists built elsewhere in 1854, their old church was sold to the black Baptists who renamed it the African Baptist Church.
George Rowe, a white man, was the minister before the Civil War. During the Civil War, it was used as a hospital. Repaired, it became known as the Shiloh Baptist Church and prospered until the 1880's.
The church is within a floodplain, and the old building, weakened by flood damage, collapsed in 1886. The congregation divided over where to rebuild, on this site or at a new site.
After a court decision, about half the church members remained to rebuild the church in 1890, calling their church Shiloh Old Site Baptist Church. Baptisms of church members were conducted in the river until the early twentieth century.
Its minister, Lawrence A. Davies, was the first black mayor of Fredericksburg, elected in 1976.
Sophia and Pitt. During the late 1700's Sophia Street extended northward for several blocks. One of the area residents was a black man, John De Baptiste from St. Kitts, who ran the ferry to Falmouth. At various times, his children owned a sea-going ship, were fishermen, contractors, plasterers and land speculators. They were considered to be among the aristocracy of Fredericksburg blacks and owned at least two slaves themselves.
Caroline and Pitt. Many taverns were located along Caroline Street because it was the main street. Often slave auctions were held outside these taverns as well as in front of the courthouse on Princess Anne Street.
Anthony Buck, a licensed auctioneer, sold slaves as well as other merchandise at Buck's Auction Room, thought to be located behind his home at 801 Caroline Street in the first half of the nineteenth century. The building is now a restaurant.
William Street. A plaque at Burgess Barber Shop, 207 William Street, commemorates Lewis Randolph Ball, a black man who worked for 60 years at the barber shop. He died in 1987.
A small brick building near the northwest corner of Princess Anne and Amelia Streets, The Quarters, was once the slave quarters for the Doggett House.
On the southeast corner of Princess Anne near William Street is Town Hall, now the Fredericksburg Area Museum and Cultural Center. Completed in 1816, free blacks helped whites to build it although blacks were not allowed to sell produce in the market square behind it.
In November 1824, when General Lafayette visited Fredericksburg, a reception was given for him at Town Hall. Free blacks and slaves were told to stay off the streets during his visit.
St. George's Episcopal Church, Princess Anne Street at George Street, is built on the site of the first church in this area. One of the ministers of the church co-sponsored a colonial slave school. Another minister helped to start the local chapter of the American Colonization Society in 1819 and several free blacks from the area migrated to Liberia.
The National Bank of Fredericksburg, 900 Princess Anne Street, once was named the Farmer's Bank of Virginia. Abraham Lincoln spoke to troops and residents from the building's steps on April 22, 1862. The Freedmen's Bureau had its offices in the bank in 1865.
The Fredericksburg Courthouse in the 800 block was designed by James Renwick and built in 1852. In antebellum Fredericksburg, petitions were posted on the courthouse doors requesting permission for free blacks to stay in Fredericksburg despite laws of the times. During the war, contraband or runaway slaves from the surrounding counties were quartered in the basement of this building by Union troops.
Near the southwest corner of Hanover and Princess Anne Streets is the Fredericksburg United Methodist Church. The earlier Methodist congregation divided in the 1840's over the question of slavery nationally as did this church.
On the northeast corner of Princess Anne and Wolfe Streets is the Fredericksburg Fire Station, built on the site of the Colored School of Fredericksburg, built in 1884.
Another school for the black children was built near lower Charles Street in 1935 and named Walker-Grant School after Joseph Walker and Jason Grant. Joseph Walker was a former slave, born in Spotsylvania in 1854, who worked as a custodian at the National Bank and at St. George's Episcopal Church. Jason Grant, son of a Kentucky slave who escaped to Canada, came to Fredericksburg in the 1880's to teach. Both were active in establishing higher education for black children.
Shiloh New Site Baptist Church, 214 Wolfe Street, was built in 1890 after the division of the Shiloh Baptist congregation on Sophia Street. In 1905, a black high school began in the basement of Shiloh New Site. Called Fredericksburg Normal and Industrial Institute (FNII), it was the only black high school in the area. Students from surrounding counties attended it.
In 1906 the high school moved to an area known as Mayfield, south of Fredericksburg and the school became known as Mayfield High School. Later it merged with the elementary school near lower Charles Street.
Nearby at 309 Wolfe Street is Mount Zion Church, which began in 1904. After a split with the Shiloh New Site congregation, the present church was built in the 1920's. The 500-600 blocks of Princess Anne was one business area for the local black community. Also, the 1500 block of Princess Anne had many black businesses. Others were located on William Street and scattered throughout the city.
James Monroe Museum and Memorial Library, 908 Charles Street. James Monroe practiced law in Fredericksburg from 1787 to 1789. Later he was governor of Virginia and President of the United States.
Monrovia, capital of the African country of Liberia, was named for him because of his interest and activity in the American Colonization Society which encouraged black migration to Liberia.
The slave auction block at the corner of William and Charles Streets was used for the sale of property and the sale and hire of slaves during the decades prior to the Civil War. Slaves were kept in warehouses near the block until the time of sale. Before buying a slave, a potential owner would check the slave's health, stamina, and disposition. The De Baptiste family, a family of free blacks, owned most of the east side of Charles Street from William to Amelia Streets in the first half of the nineteenth century.
The William De Baptiste family lived at the southeast corner of Amelia and Charles and held a secret school for black youth in their house. The female students pretended to sew and the male students pretended to make matches out of sticks and sulphur in case the Fredericksburg policeman, stationed outside, tried to catch them in their illegal school.
The Mary Washington House, 1200 Charles Street, was the home of the mother of the father of our country. She lived here from 1772 until her death in 1789. Slave quarters over the original kitchen standing behind the house. Some of her slaves were willed to relatives.
Pitt and Charles Streets. Free blacks lived in this area before the Civil War, and it remains a black residential area. Many moved here to work on the canal built in the 1830's to transport produce from the mountain area and interior to Fredericksburg and then on to the seacoast. Although the canal failed, many blacks remained. During the Civil War bombardments, they hid in warehouses built for canal trade.
Kenmore, 1201 Washington Avenue, was the home of Fielding and Betty Lewis. Betty was the sister of George Washington. Colonel Lewis owned a gunnery, which supplied arms for the Revolutionary War.
He also owned ships important in the Revolutionary War. The Dragon, built in Fredericksburg, was used to patrol the Rappahannock River and parts of the Chesapeake Bay. Some of the area's slaves were freed after service as sailors on his ships and prospered as free blacks.
Lewis also supported a pre-Revolutionary War slave school sponsored by the Bray Associates of England. The purpose of this school for black children was to teach them to read so that they might participate in church services.
The school existed in Fredericksburg from 1765 to 1770 and was discontinued because of the tensions of the coming war and because slave owners did not want their slaves educated.
This area was once known as Liberty Town and before the Civil War, many free blacks rented homes here. Old Maury School stands where the potter's field and the Colored Cemetery were located. When the school was built here in the 1920's, many bodies were moved to Shiloh Cemetery at Littlepage Street and Monument Avenue.
At the intersection of George Street with Barton and Liberty Street, on the south side of George Street is Free Alley, a path leading south where slaves could walk freely to town without having to obtain a pass.
Generally, slaves walking in town had to have a pass written by a responsible person or they could be arrested. The path is still used as a shortcut to Hanover Street. In antebellum days, the path led downtown.
The battles of Fredericksburg were fought in this area in 1862 and 1863. Blacks were active in the Civil War as body servants for Confederate officers, loading and unloading supply wagons for troops, digging trenches and other activities. After the war, blacks were employed burying Union soldiers in the National Cemetery at the end of Sunken Road.
The first black officer to be buried in the National Cemetery was Urbane Bass, a black Fredericksburg doctor who died in 1918 while serving in World War I in France.
Belmont, the Gari Melchers Memorial Gallery, was the home of the late artist, Gari Melchers, who painted portraits of area persons and scenes of Fredericksburg and Stafford County as well as many other subjects. Some of his models were area African Americans.
Chatham, which now belongs to the National Park Service, was the site of a rebellion in January 1805. Some of the estate's slaves refused to return to work after the Christmas holidays. Several persons were killed.
Chatham was also the home of Hannah Coalter who owned more than 90 slaves. When she died in 1857, her will gave her slaves the choice of becoming free and migrating to Liberia or the North, or remaining a slave and choosing one of her relatives to live with. The will was considered void because blacks were not considered to be people, and therefore had no freedom of choice. The slaves were not freed until the Civil War. Most may have chosen to stay in the area because of family living on nearby plantations.
*Brochure researched by Ruth C. Fitzgerald and based on her book A Different Story: A Black History of Fredericksburg, Stafford and Spotsylvania, with assistance from Janice P. Davies and Jervis Hairston.
This brochure is being reprinted on the Internet courtesy of:
City of Fredericksburg
Department of Tourism
706 Caroline Street
Fredericksburg, VA 22401
540-373-1776 or 1-800-678-4748
Crowe-Slaves Waiting for a Sale by Eyre Crowe, [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons
Denise Benedetto of the Women of the American Civil War Era Group portrays Mary Elizabeth Bowser, a spy for the Union based in Richmond, during the Black History Month Living History event, sponsored by Germanna Community College, in 2012. [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons. You can learn more about Mary Elizabeth Bowser here.
Slave Auction Block, Fredericksburg, Va, by Sarah Stierch, [CC BY-SA 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
Sunken Road Restored 2004 in Fredericksburg and Spotsylvania Military Park, [Public Domain], via Wikipedia | <urn:uuid:61c05483-c72a-406b-8ffd-66d73a594a42> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.librarypoint.org/blogs/post/african-american-history-fredericksburg/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250589861.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20200117152059-20200117180059-00244.warc.gz | en | 0.980007 | 3,180 | 4.125 | 4 | [
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0.03511645... | 1 | By Ruth Fitzgerald*
Blacks first inhabited Virginia in 1619. They came to the sparsely settled Rappahannock Valley long before Fredericksburg was officially founded in 1728.
In colonial times, Fredericksburg and Falmouth, across the Rappahannock River in Stafford County, were important centers of trade. The towns were considered the gateway to the mountains and the way west, and they also served as major seaports.
Because of the thriving import-export business here, there were always many slaves in the area, both owned by local residents, or en route to the interior. Free blacks also lived in the Fredericksburg area, especially after the Revolutionary War. Some slaves were freed for their participation in the Revolutionary War. Some were freed by benevolent owners, while others were allowed to purchase their freedom. Still, others were free because of the legal status of their mothers.
Slaves worked on plantations, on the docks, in iron industries, mining and quarries, mercantile businesses, construction, domestic services, and others were skilled blacksmiths, coopers, cobblers, and draymen. African Americans were vital in the development of the area.
From the late 1700's to the mid-1800's there were about 12,000 slaves in this area, 14,000 whites, and about 900 free blacks. In the city of Fredericksburg, there were about 1,200 slaves, 3,000 whites, and about 350 free blacks.
Today, about one-fifth of the area's population is black.
Most owners had only a few slaves. Large plantations might have 50 or 60 slaves, and on rare occasions, especially after 1800, a plantation might have more than 100 slaves. Also, indentured white servants were available for hire in the late 1700's and early 1800's, and they were brought into the area by the boatload, just as slaves were brought here.
Alex Haley, the author of Roots, traced the story of his ancestor, Kunte Kinte, who was brought as a slave to nearby Spotsylvania County.
Many of the homes and businesses of blacks have been torn down, so it is necessary to use the imagination to picture much of Fredericksburg's black history.
[Barton Street | George Street | Sunken Road | Falmouth]
City Dock. The riverside was once a busy area with ships docking and wagons unloading and loading and leaving for the interior as well as bringing goods into Fredericksburg. The ships, docked all along the riverside, included large sea-going vessels. In colonial times, Fredericksburg was such a busy international port that Thomas Jefferson said sailors from all over the world could be found there.
Slave ships also docked here. John Duncan, a slave ship captain who landed here in 1771, wrote letters to the owner of his ship that a slaver had not been here since 1765, and he expected a good sale of slaves. However, a later letter reported that he did not have good luck in his sales because of a flood.
Most slavers sold their cargoes while sailing up the river and often the prime, young slaves were sold further downstream.
Also along the river in the antebellum era were slave pens where slaves were kept until they were sold or taken down south by slave traders known as "Georgy" men.
Shiloh Old Site Baptist Church, 801 Sophia Street. This was the first black church in the area. On this site was the original Fredericksburg Baptist Church, a white church with slave and free black members. When the white Baptists built elsewhere in 1854, their old church was sold to the black Baptists who renamed it the African Baptist Church.
George Rowe, a white man, was the minister before the Civil War. During the Civil War, it was used as a hospital. Repaired, it became known as the Shiloh Baptist Church and prospered until the 1880's.
The church is within a floodplain, and the old building, weakened by flood damage, collapsed in 1886. The congregation divided over where to rebuild, on this site or at a new site.
After a court decision, about half the church members remained to rebuild the church in 1890, calling their church Shiloh Old Site Baptist Church. Baptisms of church members were conducted in the river until the early twentieth century.
Its minister, Lawrence A. Davies, was the first black mayor of Fredericksburg, elected in 1976.
Sophia and Pitt. During the late 1700's Sophia Street extended northward for several blocks. One of the area residents was a black man, John De Baptiste from St. Kitts, who ran the ferry to Falmouth. At various times, his children owned a sea-going ship, were fishermen, contractors, plasterers and land speculators. They were considered to be among the aristocracy of Fredericksburg blacks and owned at least two slaves themselves.
Caroline and Pitt. Many taverns were located along Caroline Street because it was the main street. Often slave auctions were held outside these taverns as well as in front of the courthouse on Princess Anne Street.
Anthony Buck, a licensed auctioneer, sold slaves as well as other merchandise at Buck's Auction Room, thought to be located behind his home at 801 Caroline Street in the first half of the nineteenth century. The building is now a restaurant.
William Street. A plaque at Burgess Barber Shop, 207 William Street, commemorates Lewis Randolph Ball, a black man who worked for 60 years at the barber shop. He died in 1987.
A small brick building near the northwest corner of Princess Anne and Amelia Streets, The Quarters, was once the slave quarters for the Doggett House.
On the southeast corner of Princess Anne near William Street is Town Hall, now the Fredericksburg Area Museum and Cultural Center. Completed in 1816, free blacks helped whites to build it although blacks were not allowed to sell produce in the market square behind it.
In November 1824, when General Lafayette visited Fredericksburg, a reception was given for him at Town Hall. Free blacks and slaves were told to stay off the streets during his visit.
St. George's Episcopal Church, Princess Anne Street at George Street, is built on the site of the first church in this area. One of the ministers of the church co-sponsored a colonial slave school. Another minister helped to start the local chapter of the American Colonization Society in 1819 and several free blacks from the area migrated to Liberia.
The National Bank of Fredericksburg, 900 Princess Anne Street, once was named the Farmer's Bank of Virginia. Abraham Lincoln spoke to troops and residents from the building's steps on April 22, 1862. The Freedmen's Bureau had its offices in the bank in 1865.
The Fredericksburg Courthouse in the 800 block was designed by James Renwick and built in 1852. In antebellum Fredericksburg, petitions were posted on the courthouse doors requesting permission for free blacks to stay in Fredericksburg despite laws of the times. During the war, contraband or runaway slaves from the surrounding counties were quartered in the basement of this building by Union troops.
Near the southwest corner of Hanover and Princess Anne Streets is the Fredericksburg United Methodist Church. The earlier Methodist congregation divided in the 1840's over the question of slavery nationally as did this church.
On the northeast corner of Princess Anne and Wolfe Streets is the Fredericksburg Fire Station, built on the site of the Colored School of Fredericksburg, built in 1884.
Another school for the black children was built near lower Charles Street in 1935 and named Walker-Grant School after Joseph Walker and Jason Grant. Joseph Walker was a former slave, born in Spotsylvania in 1854, who worked as a custodian at the National Bank and at St. George's Episcopal Church. Jason Grant, son of a Kentucky slave who escaped to Canada, came to Fredericksburg in the 1880's to teach. Both were active in establishing higher education for black children.
Shiloh New Site Baptist Church, 214 Wolfe Street, was built in 1890 after the division of the Shiloh Baptist congregation on Sophia Street. In 1905, a black high school began in the basement of Shiloh New Site. Called Fredericksburg Normal and Industrial Institute (FNII), it was the only black high school in the area. Students from surrounding counties attended it.
In 1906 the high school moved to an area known as Mayfield, south of Fredericksburg and the school became known as Mayfield High School. Later it merged with the elementary school near lower Charles Street.
Nearby at 309 Wolfe Street is Mount Zion Church, which began in 1904. After a split with the Shiloh New Site congregation, the present church was built in the 1920's. The 500-600 blocks of Princess Anne was one business area for the local black community. Also, the 1500 block of Princess Anne had many black businesses. Others were located on William Street and scattered throughout the city.
James Monroe Museum and Memorial Library, 908 Charles Street. James Monroe practiced law in Fredericksburg from 1787 to 1789. Later he was governor of Virginia and President of the United States.
Monrovia, capital of the African country of Liberia, was named for him because of his interest and activity in the American Colonization Society which encouraged black migration to Liberia.
The slave auction block at the corner of William and Charles Streets was used for the sale of property and the sale and hire of slaves during the decades prior to the Civil War. Slaves were kept in warehouses near the block until the time of sale. Before buying a slave, a potential owner would check the slave's health, stamina, and disposition. The De Baptiste family, a family of free blacks, owned most of the east side of Charles Street from William to Amelia Streets in the first half of the nineteenth century.
The William De Baptiste family lived at the southeast corner of Amelia and Charles and held a secret school for black youth in their house. The female students pretended to sew and the male students pretended to make matches out of sticks and sulphur in case the Fredericksburg policeman, stationed outside, tried to catch them in their illegal school.
The Mary Washington House, 1200 Charles Street, was the home of the mother of the father of our country. She lived here from 1772 until her death in 1789. Slave quarters over the original kitchen standing behind the house. Some of her slaves were willed to relatives.
Pitt and Charles Streets. Free blacks lived in this area before the Civil War, and it remains a black residential area. Many moved here to work on the canal built in the 1830's to transport produce from the mountain area and interior to Fredericksburg and then on to the seacoast. Although the canal failed, many blacks remained. During the Civil War bombardments, they hid in warehouses built for canal trade.
Kenmore, 1201 Washington Avenue, was the home of Fielding and Betty Lewis. Betty was the sister of George Washington. Colonel Lewis owned a gunnery, which supplied arms for the Revolutionary War.
He also owned ships important in the Revolutionary War. The Dragon, built in Fredericksburg, was used to patrol the Rappahannock River and parts of the Chesapeake Bay. Some of the area's slaves were freed after service as sailors on his ships and prospered as free blacks.
Lewis also supported a pre-Revolutionary War slave school sponsored by the Bray Associates of England. The purpose of this school for black children was to teach them to read so that they might participate in church services.
The school existed in Fredericksburg from 1765 to 1770 and was discontinued because of the tensions of the coming war and because slave owners did not want their slaves educated.
This area was once known as Liberty Town and before the Civil War, many free blacks rented homes here. Old Maury School stands where the potter's field and the Colored Cemetery were located. When the school was built here in the 1920's, many bodies were moved to Shiloh Cemetery at Littlepage Street and Monument Avenue.
At the intersection of George Street with Barton and Liberty Street, on the south side of George Street is Free Alley, a path leading south where slaves could walk freely to town without having to obtain a pass.
Generally, slaves walking in town had to have a pass written by a responsible person or they could be arrested. The path is still used as a shortcut to Hanover Street. In antebellum days, the path led downtown.
The battles of Fredericksburg were fought in this area in 1862 and 1863. Blacks were active in the Civil War as body servants for Confederate officers, loading and unloading supply wagons for troops, digging trenches and other activities. After the war, blacks were employed burying Union soldiers in the National Cemetery at the end of Sunken Road.
The first black officer to be buried in the National Cemetery was Urbane Bass, a black Fredericksburg doctor who died in 1918 while serving in World War I in France.
Belmont, the Gari Melchers Memorial Gallery, was the home of the late artist, Gari Melchers, who painted portraits of area persons and scenes of Fredericksburg and Stafford County as well as many other subjects. Some of his models were area African Americans.
Chatham, which now belongs to the National Park Service, was the site of a rebellion in January 1805. Some of the estate's slaves refused to return to work after the Christmas holidays. Several persons were killed.
Chatham was also the home of Hannah Coalter who owned more than 90 slaves. When she died in 1857, her will gave her slaves the choice of becoming free and migrating to Liberia or the North, or remaining a slave and choosing one of her relatives to live with. The will was considered void because blacks were not considered to be people, and therefore had no freedom of choice. The slaves were not freed until the Civil War. Most may have chosen to stay in the area because of family living on nearby plantations.
*Brochure researched by Ruth C. Fitzgerald and based on her book A Different Story: A Black History of Fredericksburg, Stafford and Spotsylvania, with assistance from Janice P. Davies and Jervis Hairston.
This brochure is being reprinted on the Internet courtesy of:
City of Fredericksburg
Department of Tourism
706 Caroline Street
Fredericksburg, VA 22401
540-373-1776 or 1-800-678-4748
Crowe-Slaves Waiting for a Sale by Eyre Crowe, [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons
Denise Benedetto of the Women of the American Civil War Era Group portrays Mary Elizabeth Bowser, a spy for the Union based in Richmond, during the Black History Month Living History event, sponsored by Germanna Community College, in 2012. [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons. You can learn more about Mary Elizabeth Bowser here.
Slave Auction Block, Fredericksburg, Va, by Sarah Stierch, [CC BY-SA 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
Sunken Road Restored 2004 in Fredericksburg and Spotsylvania Military Park, [Public Domain], via Wikipedia | 3,374 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Many families were torn apart and many people are killed but how had this happened.
The House of Commons was willing to vote the huge sums that the king needed to finance his war against the Scots, but not until their grievances—some dating back more than a decade—had been redressed.
Charles besides introduced ship revenue enhancement that meant crewmans had to pay to transport goods into the state.
Moreover, the trial and execution of an anointed sovereign and the presence of a standing army throughout the s, combined with the proliferation of radical religious sects, shook the very foundations of British society and ultimately facilitated the restoration of Charles II in He was known as one of the greatest leaders of the Civil War.
Words:Paragraphs: 8, Pages: 3 Publication date: April 22, Sorry, but copying text is forbidden on this website! Had Charles accepted the list of grievances presented to him by Parliament in the Grand Remonstrance of December and somehow reconciled their differences, the revolt in Ireland almost certainly would have been quashed with relative ease.
He also needed to control the uprisings in Scotland and he had to pay of his own expenses from his lavish lifestyle.
This made parliament and Charles angry at each other causing the country to split into two groups. Related documents. | <urn:uuid:ed1aae93-ed81-4327-8113-cc62cef91c29> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://vytovytypacady.whatshanesaid.com/why-did-the-civil-war-break-out-in-1642-essay-introduction389278945ow.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251728207.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127205148-20200127235148-00485.warc.gz | en | 0.984361 | 262 | 4 | 4 | [
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0.09153280407190... | 1 | Many families were torn apart and many people are killed but how had this happened.
The House of Commons was willing to vote the huge sums that the king needed to finance his war against the Scots, but not until their grievances—some dating back more than a decade—had been redressed.
Charles besides introduced ship revenue enhancement that meant crewmans had to pay to transport goods into the state.
Moreover, the trial and execution of an anointed sovereign and the presence of a standing army throughout the s, combined with the proliferation of radical religious sects, shook the very foundations of British society and ultimately facilitated the restoration of Charles II in He was known as one of the greatest leaders of the Civil War.
Words:Paragraphs: 8, Pages: 3 Publication date: April 22, Sorry, but copying text is forbidden on this website! Had Charles accepted the list of grievances presented to him by Parliament in the Grand Remonstrance of December and somehow reconciled their differences, the revolt in Ireland almost certainly would have been quashed with relative ease.
He also needed to control the uprisings in Scotland and he had to pay of his own expenses from his lavish lifestyle.
This made parliament and Charles angry at each other causing the country to split into two groups. Related documents. | 260 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Last week, I was pretty much focused on the situation in Cairo and the millions of people demonstrating for freedom. Ironically, it was also the 150 year anniversary of the Battle of Gettysburg. This was a time in the history of the United States when there was a war for freedom waged between the north and the south. Three days in July 1863 in rural Pennsylvania near the site of a small town Gettysburg became one of the most important battles of that war.
President Lincoln meeting with his generals.
Here is a photograph of a regiment of Confederate soldiers.
This is the first war documented with photography. The South had lead a ferocious war and if it had not been for several mistakes made by General Lee at Gettysburg, the outcome of the war might have been different. He let his men influence him against his better judgement not to pursue the Northern troops as they retreated, and he ordered the fateful Picket’s Charge on day 3 when 1/2 of Picket’s men of 12, 500 were either killed or wounded. Lee had to retreat and was never to invade the Northern territory again. Later, it was obvious that these three days of battle were the major turning point of the war.
What was the cause of the Civil War? President Lincoln said it was to preserve the Union of the United States after the Southern states succeeded. The South said the war was about their rights or States’ Rights to determine their own laws and way of life. The South was mostly agrarian with large plantations and many acres that were manned by slaves. The North was mainly urban and much more industrial. Well, the Southern way of life and livelihood would not survive without the slaves . Many plantation owners were unable to live within their means and if the “free” labor given by slaves was taken away, the Southern way of life would be over. This was the heart of the matter, the future of slavery in our country both in new territories and ultimately in the South. The question was the future of cheap or free labor in the South.
Jump ahead 150 years and guess what? In the United States the same question of cheap labor is taking place, but in the Capitol in Washington DC. This time , the question is not slavery but the cheap labor provided by immigrants from Mexico. Many of these people are so desperate for a better life that they risk life and limb to enter our country. At this very time, the House and Senate are presenting bills to determine the policy for these people who are already here,and came illegally. What should be done about them, their families and what is the policy for undocumented people in the future? It is a complicated, expensive, and difficult question but it all boils down to the question of providing the country with cheap labor for jobs Americans seem not to want to do.
Some tough questions stay the same in different context and time.
The desert in Southern Arizona littered by immigrants’ trash while entering the United States on foot.
Vans of workers who often pay their life’s savings to the “mule” or driver who brings them in hot paneled trucks into Arizona or Texas.
Mexican children celebrating Cinco de Mayo, their victory over the French.
“Life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness” and “freedom and justice for all ” are very strong magnets pulling on the human spirit of slaves, Egyptians, Mexicans, or people everywhere. | <urn:uuid:c74bf90a-7153-4f60-8ec2-cef685fef5f3> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://talesalongtheway.com/2013/07/09/same-old-question/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251779833.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128153713-20200128183713-00539.warc.gz | en | 0.984113 | 703 | 3.4375 | 3 | [
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0.75260066986083... | 5 | Last week, I was pretty much focused on the situation in Cairo and the millions of people demonstrating for freedom. Ironically, it was also the 150 year anniversary of the Battle of Gettysburg. This was a time in the history of the United States when there was a war for freedom waged between the north and the south. Three days in July 1863 in rural Pennsylvania near the site of a small town Gettysburg became one of the most important battles of that war.
President Lincoln meeting with his generals.
Here is a photograph of a regiment of Confederate soldiers.
This is the first war documented with photography. The South had lead a ferocious war and if it had not been for several mistakes made by General Lee at Gettysburg, the outcome of the war might have been different. He let his men influence him against his better judgement not to pursue the Northern troops as they retreated, and he ordered the fateful Picket’s Charge on day 3 when 1/2 of Picket’s men of 12, 500 were either killed or wounded. Lee had to retreat and was never to invade the Northern territory again. Later, it was obvious that these three days of battle were the major turning point of the war.
What was the cause of the Civil War? President Lincoln said it was to preserve the Union of the United States after the Southern states succeeded. The South said the war was about their rights or States’ Rights to determine their own laws and way of life. The South was mostly agrarian with large plantations and many acres that were manned by slaves. The North was mainly urban and much more industrial. Well, the Southern way of life and livelihood would not survive without the slaves . Many plantation owners were unable to live within their means and if the “free” labor given by slaves was taken away, the Southern way of life would be over. This was the heart of the matter, the future of slavery in our country both in new territories and ultimately in the South. The question was the future of cheap or free labor in the South.
Jump ahead 150 years and guess what? In the United States the same question of cheap labor is taking place, but in the Capitol in Washington DC. This time , the question is not slavery but the cheap labor provided by immigrants from Mexico. Many of these people are so desperate for a better life that they risk life and limb to enter our country. At this very time, the House and Senate are presenting bills to determine the policy for these people who are already here,and came illegally. What should be done about them, their families and what is the policy for undocumented people in the future? It is a complicated, expensive, and difficult question but it all boils down to the question of providing the country with cheap labor for jobs Americans seem not to want to do.
Some tough questions stay the same in different context and time.
The desert in Southern Arizona littered by immigrants’ trash while entering the United States on foot.
Vans of workers who often pay their life’s savings to the “mule” or driver who brings them in hot paneled trucks into Arizona or Texas.
Mexican children celebrating Cinco de Mayo, their victory over the French.
“Life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness” and “freedom and justice for all ” are very strong magnets pulling on the human spirit of slaves, Egyptians, Mexicans, or people everywhere. | 702 | ENGLISH | 1 |
The earliest Africans recorded in history to arrive in America arrived in the year 1619. It was the year a Dutch ship ferrying slaves traded them to the English men at port comfort modern-day fort Monroe. The blacks were 19 in number. 10 to 12 million Africans are said to have been transported to the western countries as slaves. Majority of the slaves were brought to Brazil and the West Indies. However, they did not survive for long. The weather conditions in those regions were unfavorable to them, so they died. Five hundred thousand slaves were taken to America where the conditions were more favorable with enough food and fewer diseases. These are the reasons for the high number of black Americans. Statistics show that in 1700, there were 25000 slaves in North America making 10% of its total population. The subsequent years saw a high number of slaves brought to America. The major African communities who had their men and women enslaved included; Hausa, Bakongo, Igbo, Mande, Wolof, Akan, Fon, Yoruba, and Makua. Slaves were also taken from the eastern parts of Africa including Tanzania and Madagascar regions. These regions had ethnic communities who were believed to be strong would work in the fields effortlessly.
Historians record that from the year 1750, a large number of American born slaves were registered. And the slaves born in Africa reduced in number. By the time revolution started in America, North America had begun outlawing slavery and the slave trade. The southern states, however, continued to source slaves to meet the high demand for labor. Slavery in these regions continued up until the year 1808. Slave trade in America was put to end in 1808. New America outlawed the importation of slaves. That was when an African population gained momentum in America. They increased in number, and that’s how we have the modern-day black Americans. Some of these African-American lived to become legends, and below are the inspiring stories of ten of them.
Colonel Allen Allensworth
Allen Allensworth was born in Louisville Kentucky to slave parents in the year 1842. While growing up, he had ambitions. And always was punished for his search for education. That time, Slaves in America were not allowed to read. That did not stop Allensworth from quenching his thirst for learning. He escaped during the time of war and served in the army hospital corps as a civilian nurse. In 1863, Allensworth served in the U.S navy up until 1865. He was later ordained and became a minister.
He got married to Josephine Leavell, a school teacher on September 20, 1877. They would then dedicate their lives to increasing education and spiritual awareness. They were blessed with two children. Allensworth later vied for the chaplaincy position at the Buffalo soldier’s regiment. He was appointed and retired in 1906. After retirement, he traversed the United States empowering African Americans. In 1904, together with his family, they relocated to Los Angeles where he met Professor William Payne who was born in West Virginia. Along with three other men; William Peck, J.W. Palmer, and Harry Mitchell established Allensworth township, California.
Alston is also another little-known African-American legend. Charles Alston was an African-American born painter and artist. He was born on November 28, 1907, in Charlotte, North Carolina. His parents were African American born slaves. He attended Dewitt Clinton High School. While at school, he exhibited his academic prowess and was nominated the school’s magazine editor, the magpie. He later joined the National academy of Art to perfect his skills in drawing and anatomy. He graduated in the year 1925 and then joined Columbia University. Surprisingly, he had secured a scholarship to join Yale School of Fine Arts, but he turned it down. He had entered a pre-architectural program, but the challenges faced by African Americans pursuing the course diminished his dreams of becoming an excellent architect.
While at Columbia University, he drew cartoons for the school magazine and also worked for the Daily Spectator. In his professional career, Charles would exhibit his love for arts through various magazines including; melody maker, the New Yorker, fortune and Mademoiselle. In 1963, he established a group by the name spiral. This group was well known as “306”.In 1968, he was appointed to the national council of culture and arts and later to the New York City art commission. In 1973 he became a professor at the city college of New York. Throughout his whole life, Charles Alston championed for African American rights. He dedicated his life through his artwork to bringing Africans-Americans together and fighting the racism that existed during his time. Charles Alston died on April 27, 1977, at the age of 69. However, his artwork continued to be celebrated. He was the first African American to have his artwork displayed in the White House.
Benjamin Banneker is well-known in the history books to have taken part in the design of Washington, DC. Benjamin was born in the year 1731 to African-American parents who at that time were free slaves. He grew up to be one of the best surveyors of that time. He was hired by Major Andre Ellicott to help design the boundaries of modern-day Washington, DC. Also, history records that at the age of 21, Banneker made a wooden clock that would strike at the top of every hour. He is also known for calculating solar eclipse in 1788.
Harry Belafonte is one great legend who is well-known for his musical career. However, he also marks African American history books. Harry was born in Jamaica in the year 1927 to African American parents. While living with his grandmother in Jamaica, Harry attended wonder schools from 1932 to 1940. He later moved to New York City and enrolled at George Washington High school. Harry also served in the Navy during World War II. He launched his music career in 1949 as a pop singer but later developed interests in the folk genre.
Harry was also an active human rights activists and a close friend of Martin Luther King Jr. together they had a mission of championing for political and human rights. He sang the song “we are the world” purposely to help raise money for assisting famine-stricken Africans at that time. And yes, the song brought in a lot of money. He also recorded songs in 1988 that championed against the apartheid policy in South Africa. Harry won the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 2000.
Famously known as the Dusky Demon, Bill Pickett was an African-American man born to an African-American father and a Cherokee mother on December 5, 1870, at Jenks Branch, Texas. His father, Thomas Jefferson Pickett was a former slave. Bill was the second born child in a family of thirteen children. Bill Pickett got married in the year 1890 to Maggie Turner. Together they had nine children. Surprisingly Bill dropped out of school but his abundant talent made him famous around the world during his time. He is well known for inventing Bulldogging sport. This sport is whereby one grabs the cattle by its horns and fighting them to the ground. This type of game later translated to steer wrestling. He has since been known to have invented steer wrestling. Bill taught his fellow cowboys on bulldogging and slowly he gained fame. He took up the sport a notch higher for commercial purposes and helped raise money to support his large family.
Bill became a part of 101 Ranch Wild West Show in 1905. It is during this time that he adopted the name Dusky Demon as his stage name. He traveled worldwide showing his great talent and is said to have been captured by the old cameras. He was featured in the film the Bull-Dogger and the crimson skull done by Richard E.Norman.Bill backed himself up with great legacies during his lifetime. In 1971, thirty-nine years later after his death, he was inducted to the Rodeo Hall of Fame. Then in 1989, he became part of Pro Rodeo Hall of Fame. In 1993, he was commemorated by the United States postal service, and the photograph was displayed on the postal stamps. However, the first dispatch of the stamps had the wrong picture. The stamps were recalled, and the right image of Bill was printed on the stamps. After retiring in 1916, he would occasionally ride his horses at his ranch. Sad he tripped off while riding a horse. He was injured severely, and he died 11 days later after the accident in April 1932.
Serving as the 66th United States secretary of states, Condoleezza Rice was born on November 14, 1954, to parents of African American origin in Birmingham, Alabama. She is the only child to her parents. Through finding my roots a series of the PBS, she discovered that she is 51% African and that her origin traces back to Cameroon. Being an academic prowess, Rice broke records when she enrolled at the University of Denver at the age of 16.
She earned her Ph.D. at the age of 26. She is also a talented pianist. A talent she practices till date. She developed this music talent at the age of three. At the University of Denver, she studied political science. This course would later shape up her political career. She was appointed on January 26, 2005, as the 66th United States secretary of states during George W Bush administration, making her as the first female African-American secretary of state.
Jackie Robinson, well known as the baseball legend, is another legendary African-American. He was born on January 31, 1919, as the last born son to Mallie and Jerry Robinson in Cairo, Georgia. He was given the middle name Roosevelt in honor of President Theodore Roosevelt. His athletic talent was evident while still in high school. His brothers who were athletes also encouraged him to pursue his talent. He participated in four major sports while at the university; baseball, football, basketball and track sports. In 1936, he participated in the annual Pacific Coast Negro tennis tournament and won. In his career life, he served the military in the U.S. Army. He won the world baseball championships in 1954.
Sugar Ray Robinson
Sugar Ray Robinson is another African-American legend of all time. He was a multi-talented boxer and was recognized worldwide for his great boxing techniques. He was born on May 31, 1921, to Walker Smith Sr. and Leila Hurst. His original names were Walker Smith Jr. he acquired the nickname sugar ray during one of his performances when the crowd cheered him “sugar.”During his career as a boxer, he garnered six world titles.
He won one hundred and seventy-three fights out of two hundred and two contests he participated in. He lost nineteen fights and had six draws. Apart from being the greatest boxer, Robinson tried his luck in the entertainment industry. He became a great singer and dancer. He inspired many African-American youths during his time.
Debra Janine Thomas, the world skating champion, was born on March 25, 1967, in New York. She is well known as the worlds’ greatest skate champion. Debra began her skating career officially at the age of nine when she participated in her first skating championship and won. Aside from being a great skater, Debi also had interests in the medical field from an early age. She graduated from the University of Arkansas medical sciences hospital as an orthopedic surgeon. Though she had a promising medical career, she experienced challenges working with other doctors due to her personality.
Madam C.J. Walker
The wealthiest African-American female entrepreneur was born on December 23, 1867, as Sara Breedlove. She acquired the name Madam C.J. Walker from her husband whom she married in 1906. She was born in Delta, Louisiana to Owen and Minerva Breedlove. Having lost her both parents by the age of seven, she confidently build her way up the entrepreneurial ladder to become a successful African-American businesswoman. History also records that she had only three months of formal education.
Her passion for cosmetics and hair care products propelled her into establishing Madam C.J. Walker Manufacturing Company. She was also a political philanthropist and an activist who championed for social welfare. During the time of her death, her net worth was estimated to be $600,000 ($8,000,000 in present-day dollars). As an activist, Walker helped many less fortunate African-American communities in America. She established the Young Men’s Christian Association through fundraising. Walker also contributed funds to the Tuskegee Institute to help the less fortunate students, Indiana polis’s Flanner house and Bethel African Episcopal Church. She succumbed to kidney failure and hypertension on May 25, 1919, at the age of 51. | <urn:uuid:9b558157-b8f6-4d5a-ba05-3d121f2b2eaa> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://listgecko.com/little-known-african-american-figures/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250607407.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122191620-20200122220620-00132.warc.gz | en | 0.989874 | 2,641 | 3.953125 | 4 | [
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0.307827204465866... | 3 | The earliest Africans recorded in history to arrive in America arrived in the year 1619. It was the year a Dutch ship ferrying slaves traded them to the English men at port comfort modern-day fort Monroe. The blacks were 19 in number. 10 to 12 million Africans are said to have been transported to the western countries as slaves. Majority of the slaves were brought to Brazil and the West Indies. However, they did not survive for long. The weather conditions in those regions were unfavorable to them, so they died. Five hundred thousand slaves were taken to America where the conditions were more favorable with enough food and fewer diseases. These are the reasons for the high number of black Americans. Statistics show that in 1700, there were 25000 slaves in North America making 10% of its total population. The subsequent years saw a high number of slaves brought to America. The major African communities who had their men and women enslaved included; Hausa, Bakongo, Igbo, Mande, Wolof, Akan, Fon, Yoruba, and Makua. Slaves were also taken from the eastern parts of Africa including Tanzania and Madagascar regions. These regions had ethnic communities who were believed to be strong would work in the fields effortlessly.
Historians record that from the year 1750, a large number of American born slaves were registered. And the slaves born in Africa reduced in number. By the time revolution started in America, North America had begun outlawing slavery and the slave trade. The southern states, however, continued to source slaves to meet the high demand for labor. Slavery in these regions continued up until the year 1808. Slave trade in America was put to end in 1808. New America outlawed the importation of slaves. That was when an African population gained momentum in America. They increased in number, and that’s how we have the modern-day black Americans. Some of these African-American lived to become legends, and below are the inspiring stories of ten of them.
Colonel Allen Allensworth
Allen Allensworth was born in Louisville Kentucky to slave parents in the year 1842. While growing up, he had ambitions. And always was punished for his search for education. That time, Slaves in America were not allowed to read. That did not stop Allensworth from quenching his thirst for learning. He escaped during the time of war and served in the army hospital corps as a civilian nurse. In 1863, Allensworth served in the U.S navy up until 1865. He was later ordained and became a minister.
He got married to Josephine Leavell, a school teacher on September 20, 1877. They would then dedicate their lives to increasing education and spiritual awareness. They were blessed with two children. Allensworth later vied for the chaplaincy position at the Buffalo soldier’s regiment. He was appointed and retired in 1906. After retirement, he traversed the United States empowering African Americans. In 1904, together with his family, they relocated to Los Angeles where he met Professor William Payne who was born in West Virginia. Along with three other men; William Peck, J.W. Palmer, and Harry Mitchell established Allensworth township, California.
Alston is also another little-known African-American legend. Charles Alston was an African-American born painter and artist. He was born on November 28, 1907, in Charlotte, North Carolina. His parents were African American born slaves. He attended Dewitt Clinton High School. While at school, he exhibited his academic prowess and was nominated the school’s magazine editor, the magpie. He later joined the National academy of Art to perfect his skills in drawing and anatomy. He graduated in the year 1925 and then joined Columbia University. Surprisingly, he had secured a scholarship to join Yale School of Fine Arts, but he turned it down. He had entered a pre-architectural program, but the challenges faced by African Americans pursuing the course diminished his dreams of becoming an excellent architect.
While at Columbia University, he drew cartoons for the school magazine and also worked for the Daily Spectator. In his professional career, Charles would exhibit his love for arts through various magazines including; melody maker, the New Yorker, fortune and Mademoiselle. In 1963, he established a group by the name spiral. This group was well known as “306”.In 1968, he was appointed to the national council of culture and arts and later to the New York City art commission. In 1973 he became a professor at the city college of New York. Throughout his whole life, Charles Alston championed for African American rights. He dedicated his life through his artwork to bringing Africans-Americans together and fighting the racism that existed during his time. Charles Alston died on April 27, 1977, at the age of 69. However, his artwork continued to be celebrated. He was the first African American to have his artwork displayed in the White House.
Benjamin Banneker is well-known in the history books to have taken part in the design of Washington, DC. Benjamin was born in the year 1731 to African-American parents who at that time were free slaves. He grew up to be one of the best surveyors of that time. He was hired by Major Andre Ellicott to help design the boundaries of modern-day Washington, DC. Also, history records that at the age of 21, Banneker made a wooden clock that would strike at the top of every hour. He is also known for calculating solar eclipse in 1788.
Harry Belafonte is one great legend who is well-known for his musical career. However, he also marks African American history books. Harry was born in Jamaica in the year 1927 to African American parents. While living with his grandmother in Jamaica, Harry attended wonder schools from 1932 to 1940. He later moved to New York City and enrolled at George Washington High school. Harry also served in the Navy during World War II. He launched his music career in 1949 as a pop singer but later developed interests in the folk genre.
Harry was also an active human rights activists and a close friend of Martin Luther King Jr. together they had a mission of championing for political and human rights. He sang the song “we are the world” purposely to help raise money for assisting famine-stricken Africans at that time. And yes, the song brought in a lot of money. He also recorded songs in 1988 that championed against the apartheid policy in South Africa. Harry won the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 2000.
Famously known as the Dusky Demon, Bill Pickett was an African-American man born to an African-American father and a Cherokee mother on December 5, 1870, at Jenks Branch, Texas. His father, Thomas Jefferson Pickett was a former slave. Bill was the second born child in a family of thirteen children. Bill Pickett got married in the year 1890 to Maggie Turner. Together they had nine children. Surprisingly Bill dropped out of school but his abundant talent made him famous around the world during his time. He is well known for inventing Bulldogging sport. This sport is whereby one grabs the cattle by its horns and fighting them to the ground. This type of game later translated to steer wrestling. He has since been known to have invented steer wrestling. Bill taught his fellow cowboys on bulldogging and slowly he gained fame. He took up the sport a notch higher for commercial purposes and helped raise money to support his large family.
Bill became a part of 101 Ranch Wild West Show in 1905. It is during this time that he adopted the name Dusky Demon as his stage name. He traveled worldwide showing his great talent and is said to have been captured by the old cameras. He was featured in the film the Bull-Dogger and the crimson skull done by Richard E.Norman.Bill backed himself up with great legacies during his lifetime. In 1971, thirty-nine years later after his death, he was inducted to the Rodeo Hall of Fame. Then in 1989, he became part of Pro Rodeo Hall of Fame. In 1993, he was commemorated by the United States postal service, and the photograph was displayed on the postal stamps. However, the first dispatch of the stamps had the wrong picture. The stamps were recalled, and the right image of Bill was printed on the stamps. After retiring in 1916, he would occasionally ride his horses at his ranch. Sad he tripped off while riding a horse. He was injured severely, and he died 11 days later after the accident in April 1932.
Serving as the 66th United States secretary of states, Condoleezza Rice was born on November 14, 1954, to parents of African American origin in Birmingham, Alabama. She is the only child to her parents. Through finding my roots a series of the PBS, she discovered that she is 51% African and that her origin traces back to Cameroon. Being an academic prowess, Rice broke records when she enrolled at the University of Denver at the age of 16.
She earned her Ph.D. at the age of 26. She is also a talented pianist. A talent she practices till date. She developed this music talent at the age of three. At the University of Denver, she studied political science. This course would later shape up her political career. She was appointed on January 26, 2005, as the 66th United States secretary of states during George W Bush administration, making her as the first female African-American secretary of state.
Jackie Robinson, well known as the baseball legend, is another legendary African-American. He was born on January 31, 1919, as the last born son to Mallie and Jerry Robinson in Cairo, Georgia. He was given the middle name Roosevelt in honor of President Theodore Roosevelt. His athletic talent was evident while still in high school. His brothers who were athletes also encouraged him to pursue his talent. He participated in four major sports while at the university; baseball, football, basketball and track sports. In 1936, he participated in the annual Pacific Coast Negro tennis tournament and won. In his career life, he served the military in the U.S. Army. He won the world baseball championships in 1954.
Sugar Ray Robinson
Sugar Ray Robinson is another African-American legend of all time. He was a multi-talented boxer and was recognized worldwide for his great boxing techniques. He was born on May 31, 1921, to Walker Smith Sr. and Leila Hurst. His original names were Walker Smith Jr. he acquired the nickname sugar ray during one of his performances when the crowd cheered him “sugar.”During his career as a boxer, he garnered six world titles.
He won one hundred and seventy-three fights out of two hundred and two contests he participated in. He lost nineteen fights and had six draws. Apart from being the greatest boxer, Robinson tried his luck in the entertainment industry. He became a great singer and dancer. He inspired many African-American youths during his time.
Debra Janine Thomas, the world skating champion, was born on March 25, 1967, in New York. She is well known as the worlds’ greatest skate champion. Debra began her skating career officially at the age of nine when she participated in her first skating championship and won. Aside from being a great skater, Debi also had interests in the medical field from an early age. She graduated from the University of Arkansas medical sciences hospital as an orthopedic surgeon. Though she had a promising medical career, she experienced challenges working with other doctors due to her personality.
Madam C.J. Walker
The wealthiest African-American female entrepreneur was born on December 23, 1867, as Sara Breedlove. She acquired the name Madam C.J. Walker from her husband whom she married in 1906. She was born in Delta, Louisiana to Owen and Minerva Breedlove. Having lost her both parents by the age of seven, she confidently build her way up the entrepreneurial ladder to become a successful African-American businesswoman. History also records that she had only three months of formal education.
Her passion for cosmetics and hair care products propelled her into establishing Madam C.J. Walker Manufacturing Company. She was also a political philanthropist and an activist who championed for social welfare. During the time of her death, her net worth was estimated to be $600,000 ($8,000,000 in present-day dollars). As an activist, Walker helped many less fortunate African-American communities in America. She established the Young Men’s Christian Association through fundraising. Walker also contributed funds to the Tuskegee Institute to help the less fortunate students, Indiana polis’s Flanner house and Bethel African Episcopal Church. She succumbed to kidney failure and hypertension on May 25, 1919, at the age of 51. | 2,812 | ENGLISH | 1 |
W. B. Yeats 1865-1939
William Butler Yeats was born in Sandymount near Dublin and moved to England with his family in 1867. Educated first at home, he went on to Godolphin School in Hammersmith. The family moved back to Ireland in 1880 and Yeats resumed his education Erasmus Smith School in Dublin where he studied Art for a time. He spent much of his early life in Sligo, his mother’s hometown, which, with its landscape and proximity to the sea, he came to think of as his spiritual home.
In 1887 the family moved back to London where Yeats co-founded The Rhymers’ Club, a group of aspiring poets who met regularly in The Cheshire Cheese pub in Fleet Street.
In 1889 Yeats met Maud Gonne, an ardent Irish nationalist, for whom he developed a lifelong infatuation and who was the inspiration for many of his poems. Having rejected several of his proposals of marriage, she married the Irish nationalist, Major John MacBride, who was later executed for his part in the 1916 Easter Uprising. In 1917, Yeats married a much younger woman, Georgie Hyde-Lees, and they had two children.
In 1923 Yeats was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature. His poetry drew heavily on Irish folklore and, although often dealing with contemporary events, is characterised by creativity, mysticism and symbolism. He is generally regarded as Ireland’s finest poet.
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William Butler Yeats was born in Sandymount near Dublin and moved to England with his family in 1867. Educated first at home, he went on to Godolphin School in Hammersmith. The family moved back to Ireland in 1880 and Yeats resumed his education Erasmus Smith School in Dublin where he studied Art for a time. He spent much of his early life in Sligo, his mother’s hometown, which, with its landscape and proximity to the sea, he came to think of as his spiritual home.
In 1887 the family moved back to London where Yeats co-founded The Rhymers’ Club, a group of aspiring poets who met regularly in The Cheshire Cheese pub in Fleet Street.
In 1889 Yeats met Maud Gonne, an ardent Irish nationalist, for whom he developed a lifelong infatuation and who was the inspiration for many of his poems. Having rejected several of his proposals of marriage, she married the Irish nationalist, Major John MacBride, who was later executed for his part in the 1916 Easter Uprising. In 1917, Yeats married a much younger woman, Georgie Hyde-Lees, and they had two children.
In 1923 Yeats was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature. His poetry drew heavily on Irish folklore and, although often dealing with contemporary events, is characterised by creativity, mysticism and symbolism. He is generally regarded as Ireland’s finest poet.
Books you might enjoy
© 2020 EnglishVerse.com | 346 | ENGLISH | 1 |
The technology of the Prussian, Austrian, and Russian systems were all three older than Gribeauvals. The Prussian designs dated from the 1740s, the Austrian from the early 1750s, and the Russian were copies of the Austrian models. The elevating system, the screw quoin was developed by von Holtzman in the 1740s and copied by the Austrians and Russians. The gun carriages were all of the older type, which absorbed recoil only to the rear and not of Gribeauval's new design which were designed to absorb the shock of recoil both to the rear and downward. The French ammunition caisson was water proof.
Some other innovations:
-the screw vent
-adjustable rear tangent sight
-a newer, more accurate and efficient elevating mechanism
-windage improvements for greater range and accuracy.
-better tooling for the testing of rounds regarding windage
-brass wheel housings for better and easier maneuverability-this was a mechanical advantage which assisted the gun crew
-better designed and constructed gun tubes in the 'three calibers' which were definitely superior to the Prussian and Austrian models, as well as being more robust with a longer service life.
There is no evidence that the French 8-pounder was too heavy. That's been stated too many times and with no documentation. The French artillery arm certainly didn't think so. You're neglecting the different weights used by the European powers. A French pound did not equal an English pound did not equal the Prussian or Austrian pound. The French 4-pounder was over four English pounds and a French 8-pounder was almost nine English pounds. The Austrian pieces had rounds that were less for each-the 3-pounder was less than three pounds, the 6-pounder less than six English pounds, etc. The later AN XI 6-pounder had more throw weight that the Austrian 6-pounder. Using captured ammunition was certainly possible, but it wasn't without inherent problems of windage which would affect range and accuracy.
I do not agree with your assessment that Gribeauval's technology was Seven Year's War vintage. There was too much new material, tooling, and practices that came with the new system. The Prussian and Austrian systems were pre-Seven Year's War, and technologically the Russian system was behind that of the French. | <urn:uuid:7911a7f9-5e02-4dc6-aedd-308edaba453a> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | http://www.napoleon-series.org/cgi-bin/forum/archive2009_config.pl?md=read;id=104880 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250608062.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123011418-20200123040418-00316.warc.gz | en | 0.988776 | 491 | 3.4375 | 3 | [
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0.1354117... | 1 | The technology of the Prussian, Austrian, and Russian systems were all three older than Gribeauvals. The Prussian designs dated from the 1740s, the Austrian from the early 1750s, and the Russian were copies of the Austrian models. The elevating system, the screw quoin was developed by von Holtzman in the 1740s and copied by the Austrians and Russians. The gun carriages were all of the older type, which absorbed recoil only to the rear and not of Gribeauval's new design which were designed to absorb the shock of recoil both to the rear and downward. The French ammunition caisson was water proof.
Some other innovations:
-the screw vent
-adjustable rear tangent sight
-a newer, more accurate and efficient elevating mechanism
-windage improvements for greater range and accuracy.
-better tooling for the testing of rounds regarding windage
-brass wheel housings for better and easier maneuverability-this was a mechanical advantage which assisted the gun crew
-better designed and constructed gun tubes in the 'three calibers' which were definitely superior to the Prussian and Austrian models, as well as being more robust with a longer service life.
There is no evidence that the French 8-pounder was too heavy. That's been stated too many times and with no documentation. The French artillery arm certainly didn't think so. You're neglecting the different weights used by the European powers. A French pound did not equal an English pound did not equal the Prussian or Austrian pound. The French 4-pounder was over four English pounds and a French 8-pounder was almost nine English pounds. The Austrian pieces had rounds that were less for each-the 3-pounder was less than three pounds, the 6-pounder less than six English pounds, etc. The later AN XI 6-pounder had more throw weight that the Austrian 6-pounder. Using captured ammunition was certainly possible, but it wasn't without inherent problems of windage which would affect range and accuracy.
I do not agree with your assessment that Gribeauval's technology was Seven Year's War vintage. There was too much new material, tooling, and practices that came with the new system. The Prussian and Austrian systems were pre-Seven Year's War, and technologically the Russian system was behind that of the French. | 490 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Paper type: Essay Pages: 4 (850 words)
Germany became a unified country in 1871 under the leadership of Otto Von Bismarck. The separate states up until this time were independent, Prussia being the strongest and most influential, followed by Austria. There are several contributing factors to the unification of Germany, the most influential of which being the leadership of Otto Von Bismarck. The three wars that Prussia fought with Denmark, Austria and France also played significant roles in the unification of the German states.
Another factor to consider is the increase in support of nationalism around Western Europe at the time, and the changes in German society.
Through an evaluation of these factors and relevant sources one can understand how they linked together and led to the eventual unification of Germany. During the nineteenth century, Europe was experiencing major social, economic and political changes. The middle class had grown in both wealth and numbers, and were demanding a change in government. Contributing to this were the ideas of the Enlightenment, and the philosophies of Liberalism and Nationalism.
The Age of Enlightenment was a period of intellectual development throughout the eighteenth century, during which time people began to question the Church and lean more towards the explanations of science. These ideals were still very much present during the nineteenth century and influenced the Government as the people of Europe believed their countries should be governed based on human rights rather than religion. Nationalism was the belief that people of a common language and culture should be joined as one country, and Liberalism believed in a representative government.
Bismarck, Prussian President at the time, favoured Nationalism, however he vehemently opposed Liberalism. Bismarck’s political preferences are significant to German unification as they played important roles in how he came to power and the decisions he made during his term. Otto Von Bismarck was appointed President of Prussia in 1862 by Kaiser Wilhelm I. He was called in to Parliament because the Prussian Chamber of Deputies, consisting mostly of liberals, was opposing the King’s army reform bill and the King wished the break the deadlock.
As president, Bismarck led Germany into unification through his opportunism and his various policies. Charismatic yet aggressive by nature, Bismarck was known for his ability to seize opportunities and manipulate situations to his advantage. It is debatable whether or not Germany would have achieved unification under the power of anyone other Bismarck. In his 1996 book The Problem of the German Nation State, Wolfgang Mommsen said, “Bismarck’s policies- admirable or satanic… occupy centre stage. ” This is particularly true for his infamous policy of “blood and iron”.
Also, Bismarck’s diplomatic abilities are able to be seen when looking at his foreign policy of 1871 to 1890. Bismarck’s policies and opportunism are predominantly evident when looking at the Three Wars. During the period of 1864 to 1871, Bismarck led Prussia into three significant wars. As said by G. A Craig in The Germans, 1991, the unified Germany was “created in 1871 by Bismarck’s diplomacy and Prussian military power. ” The first of these wars was the war with Denmark over the provinces of Schleswig-Holstein in 1864. Prussia and Austria combined their military forces and won against the much weaker Denmark with considerable ease.
This was a contributing factor in the second of the three wars, which was fought against Austria, as the two states fought over the control of the Provinces. The purpose of this war with Austria, which later was known as the ‘Seven Week War’, was to exclude Austria from the new Germany. Bismarck knew that Austria was Prussia’s main competition for leadership of Germany and therefore wanted the threat removed. The Prussian army annihilated the Austrians in the Battle of Sadowa, forcing them to surrender. Both states then signed a peace treaty known as the ‘Treaty of Prague’, as Bismarck did not want to create an enemy of Austria.
This war drew together most of Northern Germany, however it did not include southern German states such as Baden or Bavaria. The Franco-Prussian War of 1870-1871 was what finally united Germany as one nation, and was therefore seen as the most important of the three wars. War was declared over a disagreement with the French about the Spanish throne, the public statement of which was edited by Bismarck to sound hostile in order to create conflict. The Prussian army achieved victory quite easily, proving to be far better train and better equipped than France’s army. After six months of warfare the Treaty of Frankfurt was signed.
These three wars played a significant role in unifying Germany as they gave the people a common goal to band together for. They also established to the rest of Europe the strength that Germany possessed as a unified country. Before 1871, Germany was a weak and divided country. Due to many social and political factors, the most significant of which being the leadership of Otto Von Bismarck, Germany became one unified country, much stronger and wealthier than before. However, there were negative consequences that came of German unification, which were seen in the First World War which lied ahead.
Cite this page
Key Factors of German Unification 1871. (2017, Feb 02). Retrieved from https://studymoose.com/key-factors-of-german-unification-1871-essay | <urn:uuid:d1c838c3-46c9-4886-9fd8-c1fe907a54b5> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://studymoose.com/key-factors-of-german-unification-1871-essay | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251690095.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126165718-20200126195718-00135.warc.gz | en | 0.98424 | 1,157 | 3.859375 | 4 | [
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Germany became a unified country in 1871 under the leadership of Otto Von Bismarck. The separate states up until this time were independent, Prussia being the strongest and most influential, followed by Austria. There are several contributing factors to the unification of Germany, the most influential of which being the leadership of Otto Von Bismarck. The three wars that Prussia fought with Denmark, Austria and France also played significant roles in the unification of the German states.
Another factor to consider is the increase in support of nationalism around Western Europe at the time, and the changes in German society.
Through an evaluation of these factors and relevant sources one can understand how they linked together and led to the eventual unification of Germany. During the nineteenth century, Europe was experiencing major social, economic and political changes. The middle class had grown in both wealth and numbers, and were demanding a change in government. Contributing to this were the ideas of the Enlightenment, and the philosophies of Liberalism and Nationalism.
The Age of Enlightenment was a period of intellectual development throughout the eighteenth century, during which time people began to question the Church and lean more towards the explanations of science. These ideals were still very much present during the nineteenth century and influenced the Government as the people of Europe believed their countries should be governed based on human rights rather than religion. Nationalism was the belief that people of a common language and culture should be joined as one country, and Liberalism believed in a representative government.
Bismarck, Prussian President at the time, favoured Nationalism, however he vehemently opposed Liberalism. Bismarck’s political preferences are significant to German unification as they played important roles in how he came to power and the decisions he made during his term. Otto Von Bismarck was appointed President of Prussia in 1862 by Kaiser Wilhelm I. He was called in to Parliament because the Prussian Chamber of Deputies, consisting mostly of liberals, was opposing the King’s army reform bill and the King wished the break the deadlock.
As president, Bismarck led Germany into unification through his opportunism and his various policies. Charismatic yet aggressive by nature, Bismarck was known for his ability to seize opportunities and manipulate situations to his advantage. It is debatable whether or not Germany would have achieved unification under the power of anyone other Bismarck. In his 1996 book The Problem of the German Nation State, Wolfgang Mommsen said, “Bismarck’s policies- admirable or satanic… occupy centre stage. ” This is particularly true for his infamous policy of “blood and iron”.
Also, Bismarck’s diplomatic abilities are able to be seen when looking at his foreign policy of 1871 to 1890. Bismarck’s policies and opportunism are predominantly evident when looking at the Three Wars. During the period of 1864 to 1871, Bismarck led Prussia into three significant wars. As said by G. A Craig in The Germans, 1991, the unified Germany was “created in 1871 by Bismarck’s diplomacy and Prussian military power. ” The first of these wars was the war with Denmark over the provinces of Schleswig-Holstein in 1864. Prussia and Austria combined their military forces and won against the much weaker Denmark with considerable ease.
This was a contributing factor in the second of the three wars, which was fought against Austria, as the two states fought over the control of the Provinces. The purpose of this war with Austria, which later was known as the ‘Seven Week War’, was to exclude Austria from the new Germany. Bismarck knew that Austria was Prussia’s main competition for leadership of Germany and therefore wanted the threat removed. The Prussian army annihilated the Austrians in the Battle of Sadowa, forcing them to surrender. Both states then signed a peace treaty known as the ‘Treaty of Prague’, as Bismarck did not want to create an enemy of Austria.
This war drew together most of Northern Germany, however it did not include southern German states such as Baden or Bavaria. The Franco-Prussian War of 1870-1871 was what finally united Germany as one nation, and was therefore seen as the most important of the three wars. War was declared over a disagreement with the French about the Spanish throne, the public statement of which was edited by Bismarck to sound hostile in order to create conflict. The Prussian army achieved victory quite easily, proving to be far better train and better equipped than France’s army. After six months of warfare the Treaty of Frankfurt was signed.
These three wars played a significant role in unifying Germany as they gave the people a common goal to band together for. They also established to the rest of Europe the strength that Germany possessed as a unified country. Before 1871, Germany was a weak and divided country. Due to many social and political factors, the most significant of which being the leadership of Otto Von Bismarck, Germany became one unified country, much stronger and wealthier than before. However, there were negative consequences that came of German unification, which were seen in the First World War which lied ahead.
Cite this page
Key Factors of German Unification 1871. (2017, Feb 02). Retrieved from https://studymoose.com/key-factors-of-german-unification-1871-essay | 1,174 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Tocqueville (1805-1859) was a French diplomat, historian, and scientist. In the 1830s he came to America to examine our prison system but traveled extensively to study America as a whole. His conclusions were printed in 1835 in two volumes called Democracy in America. I have had both volumes in paperback for a while and decided to read volume 2 first because it covers a more general list of topics from morals to manners.
The reading is fairly difficult and requires attention to the author’s train of thought. After all, he was a French diplomat and an educated man of the aristocratic nineteenth century. Tocqueville’s assessment of early America has been one of the standard reviews since it was written. He calls the young American democracy a democratic revolution and says in his preface, “I wish to speak of it with all sincerity. Men will not receive the truth from their enemies, and it is very seldom offered to them by their friends; on this account I have very frankly uttered it.” Much of his critique is a comparison of the aristocratic countries of Europe, especially France and Great Britain, and the democracy of America. In the former, the greater part of the citizens were poor and not free to express themselves and the higher class had no challenge to their position. This leads to traditional ways of thinking and doing. In America Tocqueville saw equality in citizens and government officials. He also saw a more humble people who treated one another with equal respect and were thankful for equal opportunity. He writes, “Thus, to comprise all my meaning in a single proposition, the dissimilarities and inequalities of men gave rise to the notion of honor; that notion is weakened in proportion as these differences are obliterated, and with them it would disappear” (p. 242). Also, “If, then, a state of society can ever be founded in which every man shall have something to keep and little to take from others, much will have been done for the peace of the world” (p. 252). | <urn:uuid:1de165e4-18eb-4363-a56a-174b749c0c55> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | http://aletheiabaptistministries.org/Blog/book-review/democracy-in-america-vol-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250592636.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118135205-20200118163205-00427.warc.gz | en | 0.984398 | 426 | 3.296875 | 3 | [
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0.2797456681... | 1 | Tocqueville (1805-1859) was a French diplomat, historian, and scientist. In the 1830s he came to America to examine our prison system but traveled extensively to study America as a whole. His conclusions were printed in 1835 in two volumes called Democracy in America. I have had both volumes in paperback for a while and decided to read volume 2 first because it covers a more general list of topics from morals to manners.
The reading is fairly difficult and requires attention to the author’s train of thought. After all, he was a French diplomat and an educated man of the aristocratic nineteenth century. Tocqueville’s assessment of early America has been one of the standard reviews since it was written. He calls the young American democracy a democratic revolution and says in his preface, “I wish to speak of it with all sincerity. Men will not receive the truth from their enemies, and it is very seldom offered to them by their friends; on this account I have very frankly uttered it.” Much of his critique is a comparison of the aristocratic countries of Europe, especially France and Great Britain, and the democracy of America. In the former, the greater part of the citizens were poor and not free to express themselves and the higher class had no challenge to their position. This leads to traditional ways of thinking and doing. In America Tocqueville saw equality in citizens and government officials. He also saw a more humble people who treated one another with equal respect and were thankful for equal opportunity. He writes, “Thus, to comprise all my meaning in a single proposition, the dissimilarities and inequalities of men gave rise to the notion of honor; that notion is weakened in proportion as these differences are obliterated, and with them it would disappear” (p. 242). Also, “If, then, a state of society can ever be founded in which every man shall have something to keep and little to take from others, much will have been done for the peace of the world” (p. 252). | 429 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Social Darwinism Essay Example
During a time period known as the Gilded Age in 1877 to 1910, the United States underwent through changes that had a major impact on their economy. This post-Civil War period demonstrated the rise of cities as large populations shifted from rural to urban areas in addition to the growth of industry, new inventions, and immigration. The manufacturing output increased in factories, railroads were expanding quickly from place to place, and a few companies grew and became more sophisticated. Although this time was described as golden, there were factors that were shielded by the achievements of the Gilded Age that caused it to be one of the worst ages for the general public. Successful industrialists utilized the strategies of monopoly in order to remove their competition, leaving them at an unfair disadvantage. The laborers from several different types of industries worked through terrible and unhealthy conditions while earning low pay for their strenuous contributions. A social construct about how various groups of people was fabricated, segregating the rich to be at the top and the others to be placed below them in the pyramid. The early American industrialists from the Gilded Age were robber barons because their methods for achieving greater wealth included the use of monopoly, competition to be destroyed, the poor treatment of workers, and the concept of Social Darwinism to be applied in that society.
Monopolies are the Effective Method of Business Control
The detrimental strategy that industrialists would have is to construct their business into a monopoly in order to eliminate their competition. In addition, monopolies were used to business owners' advantage because that allowed them to acquire more wealth and control different areas of the process while being able to take out their competitors. For example, Rockefeller used vertical monopoly so that the prices can be lower in order to buy out his rival companies and that method allowed him to take away the competition but he used a lot of violence and intimidation to scare them off. Document D displays an image that expresses Vanderbilt and Fisk jockeying to beat each other in the construction of the Transcontinental Railroad. Although Vanderbilt is considered to be a larger person than Fisk, anyone can win and anyone can be a rival no matter how small their company was. There will always be competition in a monopoly, even the railroad industry because there are no businesses that have no competition. Vanderbilt demonstrated characteristics of a robber baron by being motivated to beat Fisk and how his intention of building his parts of the Transcontinental Railroad was not based on constructing something that would benefit the country. There are viewpoints that show their behavior for competition is normal because that mindset will bring the best out in these "captains of industry" because they will make exceptional improvements to the community. To an extent, this belief is true but that does not mean that they would go to extremes in order to have what the want. In addition to that, robber barons have the tendency to want to have the control of things that would be to their advantage such as the government. Rockefeller exhibited his control of the government with his oil company because of his bribery to them (Doc E). At that point, Rockefeller viewed the government and the president as inferior because of his depiction of him as a giant holding the white house. Since he loaned money to these higher forms of power he not only took control of them but a part of the country as well and that control meant he had the power to do what he wanted.
It was obvious in a sense that workers and laborers were not treated with much respect and they were not paid well either. There were constant instances where they were forced to work more hours but their bosses would refuse to pay them more money. The depiction where workers from various industries are holding up the robber barons show the unfairness of the system (Doc A). While the workers are barely living on about $6 a day, the big robber barons are being fed the money to the point where they are bloated with cash. The rich are justified by the constant explanation of how it is better off being poor because they would not know how to use wealth correctly. Allowing the rich to get richer and the poor to stay below them allows companies to have workers because these laborers would always need money in order to make a living. These robber barons take advantage of this situation because those workers will always be holding them up and keeping their business and money flowing.
Why Social Darwinism Idea Was Successful
The idea of Social Darwinism was present in these American societies because different groups of people were stratified based on their race and economic status. During this time, rich white males were placed at the top of this pyramid while minorities were placed below them. Document A displays an image where the laborers are the pillars of industries because they are working in order to feed the large industrialists with more money, which is why the rich are being held high by them. These robber barons have an immense amount of wealth to the extent of gluttony whereas the workers makes less than ten dollars while working in order take care of their families. This distinct difference between the salaries of the workers and the rich demonstrated the unequal distribution of wealth amongst the community and how it was unfair for the laborers to make only a tiny portion of what their bosses were receiving. Andrew Carnegie justified this inequality by stating, "While the law (of competition) may be sometimes hard for the individual, it is best for the race, because it insures the survival of the fittest in every department." (Doc B) and the main reasoning was to display that this situation was the best for the development. The inclusion of the word "race" in the evidence referred to white men due to the fact that Carnegie believed they were the ones that were capable of wealth and that it was better that way. That piece excluded not only the poor but minority groups as well and how they were incompetent to acquire money because white males were stratified at the top of the pyramid. In another sense, another point that Carnegie made was, "the man of wealth thus becoming the mere trustee and agent for his poorer brethren, bringing to their service his superior wisdom, experience and ability to administer, doing for them better than they would or could do for themselves." (Doc C). There are different perspectives in which these early American industrialists were seen as captains of industry due to the fact that they have had more experience and wisdom to understand how the wealth should be given out to improve their community such as fund churches, schools, or universities. However, this certain viewpoint condones the behavior of the robber barons to treat the poor and minority groups like animals because they are unfit to have that certain money. Furthermore, by stating that the wealth should be entrusted with the rich does not acknowledge the many disadvantages behind the statement and that includes how the majority treats the poor like animals that could not take care of themselves.
The Negative Outcome of Social Darwinism
Social Darwinism related to how the wealthy were believed to be capable of handling money as well as the organization of these various groups on the social pyramid that displayed how successful they would be in a society based on their race and wealth.
Despite the accomplishments of the Gilded Age, the means of reaching them were unfair to competition of businesses, factory workers, and other distinct groups of people. These early American industrialists are robber barons because of their strategies of monopoly in order to destroy competition, their atrocious treatment of workers from their companies, and the effect they had on minorities and the poor. If they were to be labeled as captains of industry instead, then these industrialists should not have had these issues with others and their high position would promote more positive aspects such as equality in wealth distribution and business strategies that did not involve the use of a monopoly.
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- Why Good Vocabulary Is so Important | EssayTopicsMasters.com | <urn:uuid:db7df0d8-be70-45c0-9926-252ae5354afc> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://samples.essaytopicsmasters.com/exploratory/social-darwinism-essay-example | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251690379.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126195918-20200126225918-00142.warc.gz | en | 0.981904 | 1,740 | 3.65625 | 4 | [
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During a time period known as the Gilded Age in 1877 to 1910, the United States underwent through changes that had a major impact on their economy. This post-Civil War period demonstrated the rise of cities as large populations shifted from rural to urban areas in addition to the growth of industry, new inventions, and immigration. The manufacturing output increased in factories, railroads were expanding quickly from place to place, and a few companies grew and became more sophisticated. Although this time was described as golden, there were factors that were shielded by the achievements of the Gilded Age that caused it to be one of the worst ages for the general public. Successful industrialists utilized the strategies of monopoly in order to remove their competition, leaving them at an unfair disadvantage. The laborers from several different types of industries worked through terrible and unhealthy conditions while earning low pay for their strenuous contributions. A social construct about how various groups of people was fabricated, segregating the rich to be at the top and the others to be placed below them in the pyramid. The early American industrialists from the Gilded Age were robber barons because their methods for achieving greater wealth included the use of monopoly, competition to be destroyed, the poor treatment of workers, and the concept of Social Darwinism to be applied in that society.
Monopolies are the Effective Method of Business Control
The detrimental strategy that industrialists would have is to construct their business into a monopoly in order to eliminate their competition. In addition, monopolies were used to business owners' advantage because that allowed them to acquire more wealth and control different areas of the process while being able to take out their competitors. For example, Rockefeller used vertical monopoly so that the prices can be lower in order to buy out his rival companies and that method allowed him to take away the competition but he used a lot of violence and intimidation to scare them off. Document D displays an image that expresses Vanderbilt and Fisk jockeying to beat each other in the construction of the Transcontinental Railroad. Although Vanderbilt is considered to be a larger person than Fisk, anyone can win and anyone can be a rival no matter how small their company was. There will always be competition in a monopoly, even the railroad industry because there are no businesses that have no competition. Vanderbilt demonstrated characteristics of a robber baron by being motivated to beat Fisk and how his intention of building his parts of the Transcontinental Railroad was not based on constructing something that would benefit the country. There are viewpoints that show their behavior for competition is normal because that mindset will bring the best out in these "captains of industry" because they will make exceptional improvements to the community. To an extent, this belief is true but that does not mean that they would go to extremes in order to have what the want. In addition to that, robber barons have the tendency to want to have the control of things that would be to their advantage such as the government. Rockefeller exhibited his control of the government with his oil company because of his bribery to them (Doc E). At that point, Rockefeller viewed the government and the president as inferior because of his depiction of him as a giant holding the white house. Since he loaned money to these higher forms of power he not only took control of them but a part of the country as well and that control meant he had the power to do what he wanted.
It was obvious in a sense that workers and laborers were not treated with much respect and they were not paid well either. There were constant instances where they were forced to work more hours but their bosses would refuse to pay them more money. The depiction where workers from various industries are holding up the robber barons show the unfairness of the system (Doc A). While the workers are barely living on about $6 a day, the big robber barons are being fed the money to the point where they are bloated with cash. The rich are justified by the constant explanation of how it is better off being poor because they would not know how to use wealth correctly. Allowing the rich to get richer and the poor to stay below them allows companies to have workers because these laborers would always need money in order to make a living. These robber barons take advantage of this situation because those workers will always be holding them up and keeping their business and money flowing.
Why Social Darwinism Idea Was Successful
The idea of Social Darwinism was present in these American societies because different groups of people were stratified based on their race and economic status. During this time, rich white males were placed at the top of this pyramid while minorities were placed below them. Document A displays an image where the laborers are the pillars of industries because they are working in order to feed the large industrialists with more money, which is why the rich are being held high by them. These robber barons have an immense amount of wealth to the extent of gluttony whereas the workers makes less than ten dollars while working in order take care of their families. This distinct difference between the salaries of the workers and the rich demonstrated the unequal distribution of wealth amongst the community and how it was unfair for the laborers to make only a tiny portion of what their bosses were receiving. Andrew Carnegie justified this inequality by stating, "While the law (of competition) may be sometimes hard for the individual, it is best for the race, because it insures the survival of the fittest in every department." (Doc B) and the main reasoning was to display that this situation was the best for the development. The inclusion of the word "race" in the evidence referred to white men due to the fact that Carnegie believed they were the ones that were capable of wealth and that it was better that way. That piece excluded not only the poor but minority groups as well and how they were incompetent to acquire money because white males were stratified at the top of the pyramid. In another sense, another point that Carnegie made was, "the man of wealth thus becoming the mere trustee and agent for his poorer brethren, bringing to their service his superior wisdom, experience and ability to administer, doing for them better than they would or could do for themselves." (Doc C). There are different perspectives in which these early American industrialists were seen as captains of industry due to the fact that they have had more experience and wisdom to understand how the wealth should be given out to improve their community such as fund churches, schools, or universities. However, this certain viewpoint condones the behavior of the robber barons to treat the poor and minority groups like animals because they are unfit to have that certain money. Furthermore, by stating that the wealth should be entrusted with the rich does not acknowledge the many disadvantages behind the statement and that includes how the majority treats the poor like animals that could not take care of themselves.
The Negative Outcome of Social Darwinism
Social Darwinism related to how the wealthy were believed to be capable of handling money as well as the organization of these various groups on the social pyramid that displayed how successful they would be in a society based on their race and wealth.
Despite the accomplishments of the Gilded Age, the means of reaching them were unfair to competition of businesses, factory workers, and other distinct groups of people. These early American industrialists are robber barons because of their strategies of monopoly in order to destroy competition, their atrocious treatment of workers from their companies, and the effect they had on minorities and the poor. If they were to be labeled as captains of industry instead, then these industrialists should not have had these issues with others and their high position would promote more positive aspects such as equality in wealth distribution and business strategies that did not involve the use of a monopoly.
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Yet another unexploded World War II allied bomb was found outside the German town of Kaiserslautern recently. Here, during World War II, 60 percent of the buildings in the area were destroyed by allied bombs. Many of those bombs did not go off, and were buried in the rubble. Since then, every few years, more are uncovered. Recently, Kaiserslautern has been the scene of several such finds. Last September, three unexploded bombs were found, one of them a hundred meters from a rail line, and 300 meters from a residential neighborhood. Everything in the area was shut down for half a day, as bomb disposal teams came in to disarm the weapons and haul them away. Around the same time, bombs were found in the Italian cities of Salerno and Padua. As with Germany, construction projects, for buildings or roads, are constantly uncovering these bombs.
Earlier this year, on the Japanese island of Okinawa, the operator of a excavating machine was injured when a World War II bomb or shell went off when it was struck by the powered shovel. The explosion left a crater five meters wide and nearly two meters deep. The machine operator was thrown from his seat, and suffered cuts to his face and chest. The excavator was digging a trench for a new water pipe, and the bomb went off less than ten meters from a retirement home. Windows were shattered and debris was thrown up to a hundred meters away. Fortunately, the 160 residents of the retirement home were in the cafeteria having breakfast, in a part of the building not facing the explosion. Many would have been injured by flying glass, had the explosion occurred at another time, as over a hundred windows of residents rooms, were blown in. In the last 35 years, 54 Okinawans have been killed or injured in similar incidents. Just last Fall, another unexploded World War II warhead was found inside the U.S. Kadena air base on Okinawa. Bomb disposal experts removed the five inch (127mm) aircraft rocket to where it could be destroyed. Bomb disposal experts estimate that 2,500 tons of munitions still lie buried all over the island, and that these weapons will remain a danger for another century.
Okinawa was the scene of a major battle during World War II, where millions of shells, rockets and bombs were used as invading Americans fought Japanese defenders. Most of the of the buildings on the island were destroyed by these explosive devices. But many of those explosives did not go off, and were buried in the rubble and earth. Since then, every few years, more are uncovered. The rocket found last Fall was near one of the base entry gates, a hundred meters from a residential neighborhood. Everything in the area was shut down for half a day, as bomb disposal teams came in to disarm the weapon and haul it away.
World War II era munitions continue to show up throughout Europe and Asia. Although most of the millions of land mines were removed from combat zones within a few years of the war ending in 1945, there are still a huge number of unexploded of grenades, shells and bombs buried all over the place. At least the mine fields were easy to find, although dangerous to clear. But the remaining munitions were left behind, in unrecorded locations, for some pretty simple reasons. First of all, many (over ten percent, for some manufacturers) bombs, artillery and mortar shells do not explode when they are supposed to, but just buried themselves into the ground. These shells are still full of explosives, and often have a fuze that, while defective, is often still capable of going off if disturbed. Other munitions were left in bunkers, or elsewhere on the battlefield, and get buried and lost. During the World War II battle for Okinawa, the Japanese troops used hundreds of caves for themselves, and stores of munitions. Many of these caves, which often had their entrances blown down by U.S. troops, may never be found. Many other lost munitions eventually get found by farmers, or anyone digging up the ground for construction. London, Tokyo and Berlin, three of the most heavily bombed cities during World War II, still suffer from construction crews unearthing unexploded bombs.
The problem goes back farther than World War II. Unexploded munitions from the World War I (which ended in 1918), and the American Civil War, which ended in 1865, are still showing up, and some of them are still deadly. Currently, over a thousand World War II munitions are discovered each year in Europe. | <urn:uuid:1646d6e9-c08a-4039-95e9-6df9a58537d7> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.strategypage.com/htmw/htpeace/20090824.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594662.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119151736-20200119175736-00132.warc.gz | en | 0.98573 | 920 | 3.296875 | 3 | [
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0.84449613094329... | 6 | Yet another unexploded World War II allied bomb was found outside the German town of Kaiserslautern recently. Here, during World War II, 60 percent of the buildings in the area were destroyed by allied bombs. Many of those bombs did not go off, and were buried in the rubble. Since then, every few years, more are uncovered. Recently, Kaiserslautern has been the scene of several such finds. Last September, three unexploded bombs were found, one of them a hundred meters from a rail line, and 300 meters from a residential neighborhood. Everything in the area was shut down for half a day, as bomb disposal teams came in to disarm the weapons and haul them away. Around the same time, bombs were found in the Italian cities of Salerno and Padua. As with Germany, construction projects, for buildings or roads, are constantly uncovering these bombs.
Earlier this year, on the Japanese island of Okinawa, the operator of a excavating machine was injured when a World War II bomb or shell went off when it was struck by the powered shovel. The explosion left a crater five meters wide and nearly two meters deep. The machine operator was thrown from his seat, and suffered cuts to his face and chest. The excavator was digging a trench for a new water pipe, and the bomb went off less than ten meters from a retirement home. Windows were shattered and debris was thrown up to a hundred meters away. Fortunately, the 160 residents of the retirement home were in the cafeteria having breakfast, in a part of the building not facing the explosion. Many would have been injured by flying glass, had the explosion occurred at another time, as over a hundred windows of residents rooms, were blown in. In the last 35 years, 54 Okinawans have been killed or injured in similar incidents. Just last Fall, another unexploded World War II warhead was found inside the U.S. Kadena air base on Okinawa. Bomb disposal experts removed the five inch (127mm) aircraft rocket to where it could be destroyed. Bomb disposal experts estimate that 2,500 tons of munitions still lie buried all over the island, and that these weapons will remain a danger for another century.
Okinawa was the scene of a major battle during World War II, where millions of shells, rockets and bombs were used as invading Americans fought Japanese defenders. Most of the of the buildings on the island were destroyed by these explosive devices. But many of those explosives did not go off, and were buried in the rubble and earth. Since then, every few years, more are uncovered. The rocket found last Fall was near one of the base entry gates, a hundred meters from a residential neighborhood. Everything in the area was shut down for half a day, as bomb disposal teams came in to disarm the weapon and haul it away.
World War II era munitions continue to show up throughout Europe and Asia. Although most of the millions of land mines were removed from combat zones within a few years of the war ending in 1945, there are still a huge number of unexploded of grenades, shells and bombs buried all over the place. At least the mine fields were easy to find, although dangerous to clear. But the remaining munitions were left behind, in unrecorded locations, for some pretty simple reasons. First of all, many (over ten percent, for some manufacturers) bombs, artillery and mortar shells do not explode when they are supposed to, but just buried themselves into the ground. These shells are still full of explosives, and often have a fuze that, while defective, is often still capable of going off if disturbed. Other munitions were left in bunkers, or elsewhere on the battlefield, and get buried and lost. During the World War II battle for Okinawa, the Japanese troops used hundreds of caves for themselves, and stores of munitions. Many of these caves, which often had their entrances blown down by U.S. troops, may never be found. Many other lost munitions eventually get found by farmers, or anyone digging up the ground for construction. London, Tokyo and Berlin, three of the most heavily bombed cities during World War II, still suffer from construction crews unearthing unexploded bombs.
The problem goes back farther than World War II. Unexploded munitions from the World War I (which ended in 1918), and the American Civil War, which ended in 1865, are still showing up, and some of them are still deadly. Currently, over a thousand World War II munitions are discovered each year in Europe. | 965 | ENGLISH | 1 |
More than 3,000 slaves lived in Washington County during its peak in 1820.
“The average slave owner had five or less slaves, and this would probably be the case here in Washington County,” said Ted Alexander, chief historian at Antietam National Battlefield.
The Warfield’s were one slave family in the area back then.
“Isaac and Letty Ann were slaves in the neighborhood of Boonsboro and Fairplay,” said Emilie Amt, chair of the history department at Hood College. “They lived around there and they had three little daughters.”
Although the county had 2.5 percent of the slaves in the state, it had an influx of runaways. Five escape routes went through the county, the majority of which led to Pennsylvania.
“Some would escape along the way of Hancock, and then they would come up on North Mountain, and there would be safe houses in the Mercersburg area,” Alexander said.
Many slave catchers roamed the area, and slaves were caught and thrown into the Hagerstown jail.
Some were sold on the steps of the courthouse, one of the four slave markets in the county.
“Washington County was a place where slave traders came looking for slaves to buy and sell into the Deep South,” Amt said. “Then, families were broken apart and never saw each other again.”
With the fear of being torn apart, the Warfield’s headed north.
“One day, Isaac overheard someone say that one of their daughters was going to be sold, so he and Letty Ann made the decision to run away with their children,” Amt said. “They made it across the Mason-Dixon line out of Washington County up to Williamsport, Pa., and they lived there until after the Civil War.”
It is possible the Warfield’s used one of those five escape routes, which also aided John Brown’s raid of Harper’s Ferry in October of 1859.
“Brown and his raiders were going to utilize people involved with the Underground Railroad in this region to have safe houses to stay at,” Alexander said.
Brown’s raid was unsuccessful, but was an example of the conflict in the region over slavery, and how times would soon change.
“By 1860, writings were on the wall that slavery was not going to last,” said Edith Wallace, historian at Paula S. Reed & Associates.
In November of 1864, Maryland ratified a new constitution, ending slavery.
By 1870, there were about 2,000 free blacks living in Washington County, which included the Warfield’s, who are buried at a church in Boonsboro. Although gone, their legacy, like many others, are still being told and remembered by those living in the county.
WHAG would like to thank the Washington County Free Library, Washington County Historical Society, Western Maryland Historical Library, the Doleman Black Heritage Museum and Paula S. Reed and Associates for their help on this story. | <urn:uuid:0619f48e-63cc-47f7-8185-80869c09898b> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.localdvm.com/news/exploring-the-history-of-slavery-in-washington-county/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250614880.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124011048-20200124040048-00452.warc.gz | en | 0.983867 | 652 | 3.53125 | 4 | [
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0.16486138105392456... | 1 | More than 3,000 slaves lived in Washington County during its peak in 1820.
“The average slave owner had five or less slaves, and this would probably be the case here in Washington County,” said Ted Alexander, chief historian at Antietam National Battlefield.
The Warfield’s were one slave family in the area back then.
“Isaac and Letty Ann were slaves in the neighborhood of Boonsboro and Fairplay,” said Emilie Amt, chair of the history department at Hood College. “They lived around there and they had three little daughters.”
Although the county had 2.5 percent of the slaves in the state, it had an influx of runaways. Five escape routes went through the county, the majority of which led to Pennsylvania.
“Some would escape along the way of Hancock, and then they would come up on North Mountain, and there would be safe houses in the Mercersburg area,” Alexander said.
Many slave catchers roamed the area, and slaves were caught and thrown into the Hagerstown jail.
Some were sold on the steps of the courthouse, one of the four slave markets in the county.
“Washington County was a place where slave traders came looking for slaves to buy and sell into the Deep South,” Amt said. “Then, families were broken apart and never saw each other again.”
With the fear of being torn apart, the Warfield’s headed north.
“One day, Isaac overheard someone say that one of their daughters was going to be sold, so he and Letty Ann made the decision to run away with their children,” Amt said. “They made it across the Mason-Dixon line out of Washington County up to Williamsport, Pa., and they lived there until after the Civil War.”
It is possible the Warfield’s used one of those five escape routes, which also aided John Brown’s raid of Harper’s Ferry in October of 1859.
“Brown and his raiders were going to utilize people involved with the Underground Railroad in this region to have safe houses to stay at,” Alexander said.
Brown’s raid was unsuccessful, but was an example of the conflict in the region over slavery, and how times would soon change.
“By 1860, writings were on the wall that slavery was not going to last,” said Edith Wallace, historian at Paula S. Reed & Associates.
In November of 1864, Maryland ratified a new constitution, ending slavery.
By 1870, there were about 2,000 free blacks living in Washington County, which included the Warfield’s, who are buried at a church in Boonsboro. Although gone, their legacy, like many others, are still being told and remembered by those living in the county.
WHAG would like to thank the Washington County Free Library, Washington County Historical Society, Western Maryland Historical Library, the Doleman Black Heritage Museum and Paula S. Reed and Associates for their help on this story. | 613 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Beer 'as much of a dietary staple as bread' in 16th century Ireland
Beer was ranked alongside bread as the most important dietary staple in early modern Ireland, and some workers were granted a daily allowance of 14 pints of ale, a study has found.
Dr Susan Flavin, Lecturer in Early Modern History at Anglia Ruskin University, examined evidence from household accounts, soldiers' rations and port books from 16th century Ireland.
She found that ale and beer were viewed as a vital source of calories and nutrition, and were consumed in incredible quantities.
Records from January 1565 show that stone masons working at a quarry in Clontarf, near Dublin, were provided with an allowance of 14 pints of ale per day by the proctor of Christ Church Cathedral in Dublin.
And documents from Dublin Castle showed that the household staff consumed 264,000 pints of beer in 1590, which averaged up to eight pints each per day - a similar amount to what was typically consumed in England in this period.
By examining contemporary accounts, Dr Flavin calculated that 16th century beer had a high calorific value, providing between 400-500 calories per pint, compared to 180-200 calories for a pint of modern bitter.
Beers typically had a high oat content, as barley proved difficult to grow in Ireland's wet climate, and most would not have been weak.
"People mistakenly think that 'household' beer in this period was a weak drink," said Dr Flavin.
"It has been estimated, however, that most beer at this time would have had an alcohol strength of between 7% and 10%, if they used similar quantities of yeast as they do today."
She said women were involved in the process of brewing, and drinking, beer at the time.
"The proctor of Christ Church Cathedral, Peter Lewis, would buy commercially-produced beer when his own beer ran out or wasn't up to scratch, and his supplier of 'good ale' was always a woman called Meg Hogg," she said.
"Domestic brewing was seen as the role of the housewife, and there are also records of women and children joining labourers to drink together at the end of the working day.
"At Dublin Castle there are even records of 'drinkings' which took place in the main entertaining area of the castle and were ladies-only events."
Dr Flavin will present her findings at the Institute of Historical Research's latest Food Research Seminar at the School of Advanced Study, University of London.
As part of the next stage of her research, she hopes to recreate 16th Century Irish ales and beers from the original recipes and examine their nutritional value.
The beer's high oat content would have produced a bitter and thick, creamy drink. | <urn:uuid:c7eba7c4-bea6-491a-8d06-1ca0a01632dc> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/republic-of-ireland/beer-as-much-of-a-dietary-staple-as-bread-in-16th-century-ireland-36217642.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250606226.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121222429-20200122011429-00112.warc.gz | en | 0.985629 | 578 | 3.46875 | 3 | [
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-0.0423145443201... | 1 | Beer 'as much of a dietary staple as bread' in 16th century Ireland
Beer was ranked alongside bread as the most important dietary staple in early modern Ireland, and some workers were granted a daily allowance of 14 pints of ale, a study has found.
Dr Susan Flavin, Lecturer in Early Modern History at Anglia Ruskin University, examined evidence from household accounts, soldiers' rations and port books from 16th century Ireland.
She found that ale and beer were viewed as a vital source of calories and nutrition, and were consumed in incredible quantities.
Records from January 1565 show that stone masons working at a quarry in Clontarf, near Dublin, were provided with an allowance of 14 pints of ale per day by the proctor of Christ Church Cathedral in Dublin.
And documents from Dublin Castle showed that the household staff consumed 264,000 pints of beer in 1590, which averaged up to eight pints each per day - a similar amount to what was typically consumed in England in this period.
By examining contemporary accounts, Dr Flavin calculated that 16th century beer had a high calorific value, providing between 400-500 calories per pint, compared to 180-200 calories for a pint of modern bitter.
Beers typically had a high oat content, as barley proved difficult to grow in Ireland's wet climate, and most would not have been weak.
"People mistakenly think that 'household' beer in this period was a weak drink," said Dr Flavin.
"It has been estimated, however, that most beer at this time would have had an alcohol strength of between 7% and 10%, if they used similar quantities of yeast as they do today."
She said women were involved in the process of brewing, and drinking, beer at the time.
"The proctor of Christ Church Cathedral, Peter Lewis, would buy commercially-produced beer when his own beer ran out or wasn't up to scratch, and his supplier of 'good ale' was always a woman called Meg Hogg," she said.
"Domestic brewing was seen as the role of the housewife, and there are also records of women and children joining labourers to drink together at the end of the working day.
"At Dublin Castle there are even records of 'drinkings' which took place in the main entertaining area of the castle and were ladies-only events."
Dr Flavin will present her findings at the Institute of Historical Research's latest Food Research Seminar at the School of Advanced Study, University of London.
As part of the next stage of her research, she hopes to recreate 16th Century Irish ales and beers from the original recipes and examine their nutritional value.
The beer's high oat content would have produced a bitter and thick, creamy drink. | 587 | ENGLISH | 1 |
This essay will explore the history of Western civilizations through the works of Einhard in his famous book titled “The Life of Charlemagne”. Einhard was conceived to a family of considerably inferior status in society. His parents took him to the monks of Fulda.
This was one of the most prestigious learning institutions within the Frank region. Under the guidance and mentorship of the monks, he acquired a lot of knowledge and intellectual skills. Basically, this book is an autobiography of Einhard’s master and foster parent known as Charlemagne.
He is revered as one of the most successful rulers of the ancient western civilizations. This essay discusses the life of Charlemagne based on his military conquest, association with the church, and the reforms instituted in his administration.
Charlemagne waged war on the Saxons with a lot of passion, emotion, anger, and determination that he had never displayed in any other conflicts. This was as a result of the Saxons religious beliefs. Most of the German sub-tribes were known to engage in the worship of evil spirits.
They were particularly hostile towards Christianity, a religion in which Charlemagne was a strong believer. The conflict between the Franks and Saxons took more than 30 years to be settled. The war could have ended earlier, but it was extended due to duplicity from the Saxons.
Each time the Saxons were conquered, they promised to denounce their worship of the devil and obey the king. However, they would breach these terms as quickly as they accepted them. These scenarios were replicated each year as Charlemagne fought the Saxons. Regardless of these occurrences, Charlemagne remained steadfast in his quest to defeat evil and spread Christianity (Einhard, 5).
When Charlemagne finally conquered the Saxons, he created settlements in Gaul and Germany. He later offered these settlements to his citizens. Ultimately, the Saxons finally submitted to Charlemagne’s orders and renounced their worship of the devil.
They abandoned their religious customs, embraced Christianity, and fused with the Franks to form a united nation. Charlemagne skillfully planned and executed his war strategies, which made him the most prosperous king of his time. During his reign, he significantly expanded the boundaries of the Frank kingdom. When Charlemagne died the kingdom was twice what he inherited from his father.
Church in society
Charlemagne was vehemently devoted to the Christian faith. He was introduced to Christianity from a very tender age by his father. Charlemagne constructed churches such as the Aix-la-Chapelle. The church was decorated with gold lamps. It also has solid brass doors and the floor was finished with marbles.
The marbles and columns in the church were specifically imported. They were brought in from Rome and Ravenna because they were not locally available. Charlemagne was fond of this church, and it is reported that he used to worship there regularly.
He was a constant guest of the church so long as his health permitted him. Apart from the regular mass service Charlemagne also made frequent nightly visits to the church, not excluding his usual dawn and evening visits. Charlemagne ensured that the mass was celebrated properly and also issued a directive that nothing offensive to the Christian faith should be allowed into the church.
Charlemagne donated a lot of clerical robes and sacred vases to the church. He went to great lengths to enhance the quality of reading and singing, activities which he was passionate about. Einhard argues that Charlemagne was a very talented singer and had an excellent command of language. He was well educated and read the biblical verses with eloquence (Einhard, 4-6).
Reforms in administration
After being ordained as the roman emperor, Charlemagne discovered that his people’s constitution or regulations were not appropriate. The Franks governance system was comprised of two mutually exclusive sections of law. After a long deliberation and consultation with his advisers, Charlemagne finally chose to include what he considered being the missing clauses.
This was done in an attempt to address the discrepancies and rectify what was considered inappropriate. However, these reforms did not achieve their intended outcomes. It is important to note that even though these reforms were not successful, Charlemagne was able to consolidate all the laws from his subjects’ sub-tribes. He later ensured that the laws were recorded in hard copies.
In recognition of the ancient rulers before him, Charlemagne ordered that all the dirges which acknowledged the work and wars fought by the previous rulers be recorded for future generations. Charlemagne is also credited with starting formal education in his native language.
The translated the name given to the months into his own language. This was contrary to the Latin names that were accustomed to Franks. Charlemagne also allocated names to the winds, which he classified as 12 distinct winds. Before his classification, only 4 types of wind were classified (Einhard, 37).
This essay discusses the life of Charlemagne based on his military conquest, association with the church, and the reforms instituted in his administration. This paper exemplifies the significance of history, how it has shaped the current world, and how it will influence the future.
Einhard, and A J. Grant. The Life of Charlemagne. San Ramon, Calif.: ReadHowYouWant.com, 2006. Print. | <urn:uuid:456f8d13-e934-4fe4-8a58-94d7f7b23c69> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://ivypanda.com/essays/history-of-western-civilizations-through-the-works-of-einhard-in-his-famous-book-titled-the-life-of-charlemagne/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251688806.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126104828-20200126134828-00552.warc.gz | en | 0.985819 | 1,112 | 3.640625 | 4 | [
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0.11205700039863... | 1 | This essay will explore the history of Western civilizations through the works of Einhard in his famous book titled “The Life of Charlemagne”. Einhard was conceived to a family of considerably inferior status in society. His parents took him to the monks of Fulda.
This was one of the most prestigious learning institutions within the Frank region. Under the guidance and mentorship of the monks, he acquired a lot of knowledge and intellectual skills. Basically, this book is an autobiography of Einhard’s master and foster parent known as Charlemagne.
He is revered as one of the most successful rulers of the ancient western civilizations. This essay discusses the life of Charlemagne based on his military conquest, association with the church, and the reforms instituted in his administration.
Charlemagne waged war on the Saxons with a lot of passion, emotion, anger, and determination that he had never displayed in any other conflicts. This was as a result of the Saxons religious beliefs. Most of the German sub-tribes were known to engage in the worship of evil spirits.
They were particularly hostile towards Christianity, a religion in which Charlemagne was a strong believer. The conflict between the Franks and Saxons took more than 30 years to be settled. The war could have ended earlier, but it was extended due to duplicity from the Saxons.
Each time the Saxons were conquered, they promised to denounce their worship of the devil and obey the king. However, they would breach these terms as quickly as they accepted them. These scenarios were replicated each year as Charlemagne fought the Saxons. Regardless of these occurrences, Charlemagne remained steadfast in his quest to defeat evil and spread Christianity (Einhard, 5).
When Charlemagne finally conquered the Saxons, he created settlements in Gaul and Germany. He later offered these settlements to his citizens. Ultimately, the Saxons finally submitted to Charlemagne’s orders and renounced their worship of the devil.
They abandoned their religious customs, embraced Christianity, and fused with the Franks to form a united nation. Charlemagne skillfully planned and executed his war strategies, which made him the most prosperous king of his time. During his reign, he significantly expanded the boundaries of the Frank kingdom. When Charlemagne died the kingdom was twice what he inherited from his father.
Church in society
Charlemagne was vehemently devoted to the Christian faith. He was introduced to Christianity from a very tender age by his father. Charlemagne constructed churches such as the Aix-la-Chapelle. The church was decorated with gold lamps. It also has solid brass doors and the floor was finished with marbles.
The marbles and columns in the church were specifically imported. They were brought in from Rome and Ravenna because they were not locally available. Charlemagne was fond of this church, and it is reported that he used to worship there regularly.
He was a constant guest of the church so long as his health permitted him. Apart from the regular mass service Charlemagne also made frequent nightly visits to the church, not excluding his usual dawn and evening visits. Charlemagne ensured that the mass was celebrated properly and also issued a directive that nothing offensive to the Christian faith should be allowed into the church.
Charlemagne donated a lot of clerical robes and sacred vases to the church. He went to great lengths to enhance the quality of reading and singing, activities which he was passionate about. Einhard argues that Charlemagne was a very talented singer and had an excellent command of language. He was well educated and read the biblical verses with eloquence (Einhard, 4-6).
Reforms in administration
After being ordained as the roman emperor, Charlemagne discovered that his people’s constitution or regulations were not appropriate. The Franks governance system was comprised of two mutually exclusive sections of law. After a long deliberation and consultation with his advisers, Charlemagne finally chose to include what he considered being the missing clauses.
This was done in an attempt to address the discrepancies and rectify what was considered inappropriate. However, these reforms did not achieve their intended outcomes. It is important to note that even though these reforms were not successful, Charlemagne was able to consolidate all the laws from his subjects’ sub-tribes. He later ensured that the laws were recorded in hard copies.
In recognition of the ancient rulers before him, Charlemagne ordered that all the dirges which acknowledged the work and wars fought by the previous rulers be recorded for future generations. Charlemagne is also credited with starting formal education in his native language.
The translated the name given to the months into his own language. This was contrary to the Latin names that were accustomed to Franks. Charlemagne also allocated names to the winds, which he classified as 12 distinct winds. Before his classification, only 4 types of wind were classified (Einhard, 37).
This essay discusses the life of Charlemagne based on his military conquest, association with the church, and the reforms instituted in his administration. This paper exemplifies the significance of history, how it has shaped the current world, and how it will influence the future.
Einhard, and A J. Grant. The Life of Charlemagne. San Ramon, Calif.: ReadHowYouWant.com, 2006. Print. | 1,092 | ENGLISH | 1 |
The Battle of Anzio also called Operation Shingle was the most important Allied amphibious landing of the Italian Campaign of World War II that took place from January 22, 1944 (beginning with the Allied amphibious landing) to June 5, 1944 (ending with the capture of Rome). The operation was opposed by German forces in the coastal area of Anzio and Nettuno, some 30 miles south of Rome. Although resistance had been expected, as seen at Salerno during 1943, the initial landings were essentially unopposed, with the exception of poor air attacks operated by the Luftwaffe German air force. By midnight of the same day about 36,000 soldiers and 3,200 vehicles had landed on the two principal beaches of Anzio and Nettuno. The Allied lost thirteen troops (killed), and 97 wounded; about 200 Germans had been taken as war prisoners. The 1st Division penetrated 3 km inland, the Rangers captured Anzio’s port, the... | <urn:uuid:98117150-4c6f-4737-a0bd-e1c1bbbbd5fe> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://books.apple.com/ca/book/the-battle-of-anzio/id1450798323 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250606975.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122101729-20200122130729-00171.warc.gz | en | 0.98003 | 204 | 3.484375 | 3 | [
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0.712956547737121... | 1 | The Battle of Anzio also called Operation Shingle was the most important Allied amphibious landing of the Italian Campaign of World War II that took place from January 22, 1944 (beginning with the Allied amphibious landing) to June 5, 1944 (ending with the capture of Rome). The operation was opposed by German forces in the coastal area of Anzio and Nettuno, some 30 miles south of Rome. Although resistance had been expected, as seen at Salerno during 1943, the initial landings were essentially unopposed, with the exception of poor air attacks operated by the Luftwaffe German air force. By midnight of the same day about 36,000 soldiers and 3,200 vehicles had landed on the two principal beaches of Anzio and Nettuno. The Allied lost thirteen troops (killed), and 97 wounded; about 200 Germans had been taken as war prisoners. The 1st Division penetrated 3 km inland, the Rangers captured Anzio’s port, the... | 232 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Future President Woodrow Wilson is born in Staunton, Virginia on December 28, 1856. He attended private schools and graduated from Princeton University in 1879 before studying law at the University of Virginia and earning his Ph.D. from Johns Hopkins University. He was hired by Princeton as a professor of political science in 1899 and went on to serve as the institution’s president from 1902 to 1910. As Princeton’s head administrator, he revolutionized its teaching program and was largely responsible for elevating Princeton to its current prestige. Wilson’s management of Princeton also earned the attention of Democratic Party leaders, who encouraged him to run for political office. Wilson once admitted that if he hadn’t entered politics he would have been happy to live out his life teaching and playing golf, his favorite past time.
Wilson’s political career, once launched, was meteoric. It began with his election as governor of New Jersey in 1910; two years later he was elected president of the United States, a position he held until 1921.
Wilson led the nation through World War I and left a legacy of international diplomacy. The war, fought between 1914 and 1919, grimly illustrated to Wilson the critical relationship between international stability and American national security. In January 1919, at the Paris peace conference that ended the war, Wilson urged Allied leaders to draft a Covenant of League of Nations to help prevent another devastating world conflict. Having sold the plan to European leaders, Wilson had to convince Congress to ratify it. This proved a tougher challenge: Congress regarded the League as a threat to America’s sovereignty and refused to adopt the agreement. Undeterred, Wilson embarked on a tour across the United States in 1919 to ask the public’s support for the League, hoping voters would pressure Congress to adopt the plan.
The arduous tour, during which he traveled 8,000 miles in 22 days, took such a toll on Wilson that he suffered a stroke on October 2. He recovered and finished out his second term in office. Though Congress never ratified the Versailles peace treaty or the covenant, Wilson was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1920. He died on February 23, 1924. | <urn:uuid:8df4218f-a36d-40d9-a126-6797083afae3> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/woodrow-wilson-born-in-staunton-virginia | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250595282.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119205448-20200119233448-00449.warc.gz | en | 0.980759 | 446 | 3.46875 | 3 | [
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0.7779145240783691... | 15 | Future President Woodrow Wilson is born in Staunton, Virginia on December 28, 1856. He attended private schools and graduated from Princeton University in 1879 before studying law at the University of Virginia and earning his Ph.D. from Johns Hopkins University. He was hired by Princeton as a professor of political science in 1899 and went on to serve as the institution’s president from 1902 to 1910. As Princeton’s head administrator, he revolutionized its teaching program and was largely responsible for elevating Princeton to its current prestige. Wilson’s management of Princeton also earned the attention of Democratic Party leaders, who encouraged him to run for political office. Wilson once admitted that if he hadn’t entered politics he would have been happy to live out his life teaching and playing golf, his favorite past time.
Wilson’s political career, once launched, was meteoric. It began with his election as governor of New Jersey in 1910; two years later he was elected president of the United States, a position he held until 1921.
Wilson led the nation through World War I and left a legacy of international diplomacy. The war, fought between 1914 and 1919, grimly illustrated to Wilson the critical relationship between international stability and American national security. In January 1919, at the Paris peace conference that ended the war, Wilson urged Allied leaders to draft a Covenant of League of Nations to help prevent another devastating world conflict. Having sold the plan to European leaders, Wilson had to convince Congress to ratify it. This proved a tougher challenge: Congress regarded the League as a threat to America’s sovereignty and refused to adopt the agreement. Undeterred, Wilson embarked on a tour across the United States in 1919 to ask the public’s support for the League, hoping voters would pressure Congress to adopt the plan.
The arduous tour, during which he traveled 8,000 miles in 22 days, took such a toll on Wilson that he suffered a stroke on October 2. He recovered and finished out his second term in office. Though Congress never ratified the Versailles peace treaty or the covenant, Wilson was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1920. He died on February 23, 1924. | 488 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Asia has a long and rich history and it has seen its share of wars for territory and dominance in the region. China, Japan, Korea and Taiwan have signed several treaties after World War II, which specifically outline the circumstances between the countries. The unique relationship that each nation has with the other can be seen by the conditions that are set out in each individual and unique agreement.
When the Second World War finished, Japan and Allied Powers signed “A Treaty of San Francisco”. This took place in 1951 when the war was officially over but there were two more treaties that were signed in the later years. Because the end of Second World War was made official, the nations felt that they must acknowledge the unified goal towards better relations and as such have included points that were same for all nations.
Even though these were peace treaties, the content was affected by the historical relationship among nations. The reason for treaties was in answer to Japan’s damaging treatment of China and its people. The treaty that was signed by Japan and Taiwan and the one between Japan and Korea had the same specificity.
Article II of “Treaty on Basic Relations between Japan and the Republic of Korea” states that “it is confirmed that all treaties or agreements concluded between the Empire of Japan and the Empire of Korea on or before August 22, 1910 are already null and void” (Radtke, 1990). A unique fact is that the third treaty did not have the same point of nullification which makes a distinct statement about the relationship of the two nations.
The date is of importance as this was the time when Japan overtook Korea and did it in a forceful way. It was necessary for the peace treaty to contain this acknowledgement of Japanese aggression in the past, so that such matter would not repeat itself in the future. There was much animosity between the two nations because a number of trade agreements were unfair and damaging to the whole country (Wang, 2000).
After the first Sino-Japanese War, Taiwan, Penghu and some territory of the islands went under Japan’s rule, ending in 1895 (Radtke, 1990). In relation to the matter, Sino-Japanese Peace Treaty between Japan and the Republic of China was signed in 1952 which put an end to the Second Sino-Japanese War. It has been known that Japan has treated Korea and Taiwan in an abusive way, using residents harshly and aggressively.
The peace treaty emphasized the fact to prevent any future occurrences. One of the most important differences in the treaties was the territorial ownership and domination (Oros, 2010). Those agreements signed between Japan and Korea, and Japan and Taiwan did not have any mention of regional dominance, whereas the treaty between Japan and the People’s Republic of China stated that neither had plans or goals to become dominant in the region.
This happened because in the late 19th century Japanese military had more advancement over China and has taken possession of parts of Chinese land and some islands in the area. The two Sino-Japanese wars were proof that Japan was actively seeking domination and so, this was an important factor to include in the peace treaty (Hook, 2013).
The way Japanese behaved towards Korean and Taiwanese people was extremely detrimental and was qualified as many years of oppression and abuse. Historically, the relationship Japan had with the surrounding nations has been very violent and torn by wars, so the treaty between Japan and People’s Republic of China had to definitely mention the past treatment.
At the same time, a later treaty was signed on August 12th, 1978 and had a linkage to the “San Francisco Peace Treaty” in relation to the Senkaku Islands. The problem was that there was no mention thereof and so, it was unclear how the matter will be resolved. Taiwan has made a claim regarding the islands with the reference to the previous peace treaty but Japanese response was that Taiwan was not in possession of the islands prior to the signage of any treaties and so, no references could be made to any previous agreements.
A common principle that was binding towards all nations was that “All Members shall settle their international disputes by peaceful means in such a manner that international peace and security, and justice, are not endangered” (Lee, 2002). Because many conflicts between Asian nations were enrooted in the past, the evidence that was brought forth had such unique character.
Even though the treaties were signed in good nature and reassurance of peace, some territory has stayed under questionable possession, leaving out details that were crucial in making a fair decision. Treaties signed between Japan, Korea, Taiwan and People’s Republic of China each have unique characteristics that are specific to the historical relationship amongst nations. The agreements have ended a part of the conflict but further actions were needed to completely resolve all problems.
Hook, G. (2013). Japan’s International Relations: Politics, Economics and Security. New York, United States: Routledge.
Lee, S. (2002). Territorial Disputes among Japan, China and Taiwan concerning the Senkaku Islands. Durham, United Kingdom: IBRU.
Oros, A. (2010). Global Security Watch—Japan. Santa Barbara, United States: ABC-CLIO.
Radtke, K. (1990). China’s Relations With Japan 1945-83. New York, United States: Manchester University Press.
Wang, Q. (2000). Hegemonic Cooperation and Conflict. Westport, United States: Greenwood Publishing Group. | <urn:uuid:a3c00c60-606e-4098-85b3-0f0c1f431ae0> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://ivypanda.com/essays/peace-and-normalisation-treaties-signed-after-world-war-ii/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251799918.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129133601-20200129163601-00548.warc.gz | en | 0.981184 | 1,127 | 3.921875 | 4 | [
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0.713114440441131... | 1 | Asia has a long and rich history and it has seen its share of wars for territory and dominance in the region. China, Japan, Korea and Taiwan have signed several treaties after World War II, which specifically outline the circumstances between the countries. The unique relationship that each nation has with the other can be seen by the conditions that are set out in each individual and unique agreement.
When the Second World War finished, Japan and Allied Powers signed “A Treaty of San Francisco”. This took place in 1951 when the war was officially over but there were two more treaties that were signed in the later years. Because the end of Second World War was made official, the nations felt that they must acknowledge the unified goal towards better relations and as such have included points that were same for all nations.
Even though these were peace treaties, the content was affected by the historical relationship among nations. The reason for treaties was in answer to Japan’s damaging treatment of China and its people. The treaty that was signed by Japan and Taiwan and the one between Japan and Korea had the same specificity.
Article II of “Treaty on Basic Relations between Japan and the Republic of Korea” states that “it is confirmed that all treaties or agreements concluded between the Empire of Japan and the Empire of Korea on or before August 22, 1910 are already null and void” (Radtke, 1990). A unique fact is that the third treaty did not have the same point of nullification which makes a distinct statement about the relationship of the two nations.
The date is of importance as this was the time when Japan overtook Korea and did it in a forceful way. It was necessary for the peace treaty to contain this acknowledgement of Japanese aggression in the past, so that such matter would not repeat itself in the future. There was much animosity between the two nations because a number of trade agreements were unfair and damaging to the whole country (Wang, 2000).
After the first Sino-Japanese War, Taiwan, Penghu and some territory of the islands went under Japan’s rule, ending in 1895 (Radtke, 1990). In relation to the matter, Sino-Japanese Peace Treaty between Japan and the Republic of China was signed in 1952 which put an end to the Second Sino-Japanese War. It has been known that Japan has treated Korea and Taiwan in an abusive way, using residents harshly and aggressively.
The peace treaty emphasized the fact to prevent any future occurrences. One of the most important differences in the treaties was the territorial ownership and domination (Oros, 2010). Those agreements signed between Japan and Korea, and Japan and Taiwan did not have any mention of regional dominance, whereas the treaty between Japan and the People’s Republic of China stated that neither had plans or goals to become dominant in the region.
This happened because in the late 19th century Japanese military had more advancement over China and has taken possession of parts of Chinese land and some islands in the area. The two Sino-Japanese wars were proof that Japan was actively seeking domination and so, this was an important factor to include in the peace treaty (Hook, 2013).
The way Japanese behaved towards Korean and Taiwanese people was extremely detrimental and was qualified as many years of oppression and abuse. Historically, the relationship Japan had with the surrounding nations has been very violent and torn by wars, so the treaty between Japan and People’s Republic of China had to definitely mention the past treatment.
At the same time, a later treaty was signed on August 12th, 1978 and had a linkage to the “San Francisco Peace Treaty” in relation to the Senkaku Islands. The problem was that there was no mention thereof and so, it was unclear how the matter will be resolved. Taiwan has made a claim regarding the islands with the reference to the previous peace treaty but Japanese response was that Taiwan was not in possession of the islands prior to the signage of any treaties and so, no references could be made to any previous agreements.
A common principle that was binding towards all nations was that “All Members shall settle their international disputes by peaceful means in such a manner that international peace and security, and justice, are not endangered” (Lee, 2002). Because many conflicts between Asian nations were enrooted in the past, the evidence that was brought forth had such unique character.
Even though the treaties were signed in good nature and reassurance of peace, some territory has stayed under questionable possession, leaving out details that were crucial in making a fair decision. Treaties signed between Japan, Korea, Taiwan and People’s Republic of China each have unique characteristics that are specific to the historical relationship amongst nations. The agreements have ended a part of the conflict but further actions were needed to completely resolve all problems.
Hook, G. (2013). Japan’s International Relations: Politics, Economics and Security. New York, United States: Routledge.
Lee, S. (2002). Territorial Disputes among Japan, China and Taiwan concerning the Senkaku Islands. Durham, United Kingdom: IBRU.
Oros, A. (2010). Global Security Watch—Japan. Santa Barbara, United States: ABC-CLIO.
Radtke, K. (1990). China’s Relations With Japan 1945-83. New York, United States: Manchester University Press.
Wang, Q. (2000). Hegemonic Cooperation and Conflict. Westport, United States: Greenwood Publishing Group. | 1,157 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Ophelia Ophelia’s words were described as “nothing,
Ophelia demonstrated that women were not able to express their opinions or make their own decisions as she acted outside of her normal self which alienated herself from society after her father’s death. Due to her instability, Ophelia’s words were described as “nothing, yet the unshaped use of it doth move the hearers to collection. They aim at it, and botch the words up fit to their own thoughts, which, as her winks and nods and gestures yield them” (4.5.8-11). Ophelia’s madness allows her to ramble on about topics that are considered to be “nonsense” that held no significance in society yet people were still interested in her words since they were out of the ordinary and were what the people wanted to hear. Her newfound freedom of speech brought up thoughts in others’ minds that were deemed “dangerous conjectures in ill-breeding minds” (4.5.16). Ophelia’s insanity allowed her to freely bring up topics that were not socially acceptable to be brought up in public which demonstrates how it was unacceptable for women to discuss their opinions openly. Due to her insanity, she freely insulted the queen and king for adultery with flowers. “There’s fennel for you, and columbines.—There’s rue for you, and here’s some for me. We may call it “herb of grace” o’ Sundays.—Oh, you must wear your rue with a difference.—There’s a daisy” (4.5.179-182). The flowers that Ophelia handed to gertrude and Claudius symbolized adultery, guilt, and unhappy love. Her madness have her the freedom of expression and allowed her to talk about what she knew and her feelings on topics such as the marriage between Gertrude and Claudius. Under normal circumstances, she would have been punished for speaking against royalty. However, since she was driven mad and they did not know how to deal with her, Ophelia was left unpunished. Her madness was an excuse for her sudden outbursts which meant she was able to speak her mind and say what she wanted to. Her alienation from society comes from her madness since she has strayed from social norms which allowed her to have the opportunity of free speech that was not given to other women during this time.Although Ophelia committed suicide, she was able to have a proper burial despite how suicide was considered a sin. Due to her insanity, her death was deemed an accident and her death by her own hand was overlooked. Even without her insanity as an excuse, her burial was due to her gender and class. Class enabled her to have the luxuries that the poor could not afford and provided her a burial she did not deserve. Her gender and madness worked together and gave her the opportunity to express herself which proved different with males seen in Hamlet. While Ophelia got locked up and remained unpunished for her outbursts, Hamlet’s madness was deemed dangerous and he was sent to England where death awaited him. The differences in how each gender were treated showed how society treated genders in that men held more power, therefore were more dangerous while women were seen as frail and harmless. | <urn:uuid:7b96f343-9aeb-4ae9-ab41-53996d724e8f> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://niagarafallshypnosiscenter.com/ophelia-ophelias-words-were-described-as-nothing/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251700675.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127112805-20200127142805-00489.warc.gz | en | 0.991914 | 708 | 3.4375 | 3 | [
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0.18988788127899... | 1 | Ophelia Ophelia’s words were described as “nothing,
Ophelia demonstrated that women were not able to express their opinions or make their own decisions as she acted outside of her normal self which alienated herself from society after her father’s death. Due to her instability, Ophelia’s words were described as “nothing, yet the unshaped use of it doth move the hearers to collection. They aim at it, and botch the words up fit to their own thoughts, which, as her winks and nods and gestures yield them” (4.5.8-11). Ophelia’s madness allows her to ramble on about topics that are considered to be “nonsense” that held no significance in society yet people were still interested in her words since they were out of the ordinary and were what the people wanted to hear. Her newfound freedom of speech brought up thoughts in others’ minds that were deemed “dangerous conjectures in ill-breeding minds” (4.5.16). Ophelia’s insanity allowed her to freely bring up topics that were not socially acceptable to be brought up in public which demonstrates how it was unacceptable for women to discuss their opinions openly. Due to her insanity, she freely insulted the queen and king for adultery with flowers. “There’s fennel for you, and columbines.—There’s rue for you, and here’s some for me. We may call it “herb of grace” o’ Sundays.—Oh, you must wear your rue with a difference.—There’s a daisy” (4.5.179-182). The flowers that Ophelia handed to gertrude and Claudius symbolized adultery, guilt, and unhappy love. Her madness have her the freedom of expression and allowed her to talk about what she knew and her feelings on topics such as the marriage between Gertrude and Claudius. Under normal circumstances, she would have been punished for speaking against royalty. However, since she was driven mad and they did not know how to deal with her, Ophelia was left unpunished. Her madness was an excuse for her sudden outbursts which meant she was able to speak her mind and say what she wanted to. Her alienation from society comes from her madness since she has strayed from social norms which allowed her to have the opportunity of free speech that was not given to other women during this time.Although Ophelia committed suicide, she was able to have a proper burial despite how suicide was considered a sin. Due to her insanity, her death was deemed an accident and her death by her own hand was overlooked. Even without her insanity as an excuse, her burial was due to her gender and class. Class enabled her to have the luxuries that the poor could not afford and provided her a burial she did not deserve. Her gender and madness worked together and gave her the opportunity to express herself which proved different with males seen in Hamlet. While Ophelia got locked up and remained unpunished for her outbursts, Hamlet’s madness was deemed dangerous and he was sent to England where death awaited him. The differences in how each gender were treated showed how society treated genders in that men held more power, therefore were more dangerous while women were seen as frail and harmless. | 680 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Mackintosh is a raincoat that provides maximum protection against rain, the first model of which appeared yet in the 19th century.
The invention of the raincoat is usually attributed to Charles Macintosh, a Scottish chemist and entrepreneur. However, James Syme, another Scot who lived in 1799-1870, made a significant contribution to this matter. Syme, who was better known as a surgeon, was also involved in chemical experiments. In 1818, the scientist discovered a method of coating a tissue with a liquid solution of rubber. Charles Mackintosh soon found out about Syme’s discovery and then improved the technology, as well as patented it.
The first samples were made of woolen fabrics and were much heavier than today. A layer of rubber was placed between the two layers of fabric, so the raincoats at that time were very heavy, uncomfortable, and also very hot to wear.
In the 1840s, the production of Mackintosh raincoats was improved thanks to the invention of Thomas Hancock who discovered and patented a method of rubber vulcanization in 1843. Then the seams of the raincoats began to be lubricated with rubber, so that heavy rain did not seep through the unprotected seams.
All the products of the brand are manufactured at the factory in Cumbernauld, Scotland, near Glasgow, and are almost entirely sewn manually. | <urn:uuid:a0650408-9db9-4ae3-83e6-04c45463678a> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://fashiongtonpost.com/mackintosh/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250614086.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123221108-20200124010108-00214.warc.gz | en | 0.983215 | 283 | 3.34375 | 3 | [
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0.05788828060... | 13 | Mackintosh is a raincoat that provides maximum protection against rain, the first model of which appeared yet in the 19th century.
The invention of the raincoat is usually attributed to Charles Macintosh, a Scottish chemist and entrepreneur. However, James Syme, another Scot who lived in 1799-1870, made a significant contribution to this matter. Syme, who was better known as a surgeon, was also involved in chemical experiments. In 1818, the scientist discovered a method of coating a tissue with a liquid solution of rubber. Charles Mackintosh soon found out about Syme’s discovery and then improved the technology, as well as patented it.
The first samples were made of woolen fabrics and were much heavier than today. A layer of rubber was placed between the two layers of fabric, so the raincoats at that time were very heavy, uncomfortable, and also very hot to wear.
In the 1840s, the production of Mackintosh raincoats was improved thanks to the invention of Thomas Hancock who discovered and patented a method of rubber vulcanization in 1843. Then the seams of the raincoats began to be lubricated with rubber, so that heavy rain did not seep through the unprotected seams.
All the products of the brand are manufactured at the factory in Cumbernauld, Scotland, near Glasgow, and are almost entirely sewn manually. | 297 | ENGLISH | 1 |
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